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Khichdi (franchise)

2026-05-08T15:19:26Z

Shawnzus: Starting a post more to come - done

{{Short description|Media franchise}}
{{About|Khichdi media franchise||Khichdi (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| title = ''Khichdi'' franchise
| image =
| caption = Theatrical release poster of the ''[[Khichdi: The Movie|film]]''.
| creator = Hats Off Productions
| origin = ''[[Khichdi (2002 TV series)|Khichdi]]''
| tv = ''[[Khichdi (2002 TV series)|Khichdi]]'' ''[[Instant Khichdi]]'' ''[[Khichdi (2018 TV series)|Khichdi Returns]]''
| films = ''[[Khichdi: The Movie]]'' (2010) ''[[Khichdi 2: Mission Paanthukistan]]'' (2023)
| musicals =
| vgs =
| soundtracks =
| otherlabel2 = Developed by
| otherdata2 = Aatish Kapadia [[Jamnadas Majethia]]
| otherlabel3 = Directed by
| otherdata3 = Aatish Kapadia [[Deven Bhojani]]
| otherlabel4 = Main cast
| otherdata4 = [[Supriya Pathak]] [[Rajeev Mehta]] [[Anang Desai]] [[Vandana Pathak]] [[Jamnadas Majethia]]
| otherlabel1 = Years
| otherdata1 = 2002–present
}}

The '''''Khichdi'' franchise''' is a [[Hindi]] language franchise of television series and films created by Hats Off Productions and [[UTV Software Communications]], written and directed by Aatish Kapadia. It is one of the earliest franchises on [[Indian Television]] to adopt the western model of appearing in [[Television season|seasons]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/9502_all-conquering-star-plus-focuses-on-8-9-pm-slots|title=All-conquering STAR Plus focuses on 8-9 pm slots|date=21 July 2004|website=www.afaqs.com|access-date=8 October 2023|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017202608/https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/9502_all-conquering-star-plus-focuses-on-8-9-pm-slots|url-status=live}}</ref> and also the first Indian television series to be adapted into a [[List of Indian film series|Bollywood film series]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Taste Khichdi's magic on the big screen|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/khichdi-review/20101001.htm|publisher=Boxofficeindia.com|access-date=5 August 2012|date=1 October 2010|archive-date=24 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524191937/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/khichdi-review/20101001.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The franchise began as a weekly sitcom, debuting its [[Khichdi (2002 TV series)|first season]] on 10 September 2002 on [[Star Plus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/aug/aug131.htm|title=Star to launch new weekly comedy in September|work=Indiantelevision.com|date=22 August 2002|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=16 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116064214/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/aug/aug131.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The principal cast, consisting of actors [[Supriya Pathak]], [[Rajeev Mehta]], [[Anang Desai]], and [[Vandana Pathak]], was joined by [[Jamnadas Majethia]] who also served as a co-producer of the series alongside Kapadia. It was succeeded by a direct continuation called ''[[Instant Khichdi]]'' that aired on Star Plus's sister channel, [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/11257_instant-khichdi-provides-instant-viewership-to-star-one|title=Instant Khichdi provides instant viewership to STAR One|date=19 April 2005|website=www.afaqs.com|access-date=8 October 2023|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017202608/https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/11257_instant-khichdi-provides-instant-viewership-to-star-one|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2010, the franchise was rebooted and adapted into a full-length feature film titled ''[[Khichdi: The Movie]]'', with most of the main cast reprising their roles from the television series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1738293/|title=Khichdi: The Movie|date=1 October 2010|via=www.imdb.com|access-date=30 June 2018|archive-date=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309001044/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1738293/|url-status=live}}</ref> 8 years later, the franchise returned with a [[Khichdi (2018 TV series)|third season]] (another [[Soft reboot (fiction)|soft reboot]] with the same main cast<ref name="Khichdi 3 Series"/>) as a prime-time weekend show on Star Plus and then on streaming platform [[Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brace Yourselves! 'Khichdi' Is All Set To Go Off Air This Month|date=June 2018 |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/tv/khichdi-to-go-off-air-this-month-second-season-of-the-comedy-show-lasted-for-barely-two-months/17076429|access-date=1 October 2023|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005215731/https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/tv/khichdi-to-go-off-air-this-month-second-season-of-the-comedy-show-lasted-for-barely-two-months/17076429|url-status=live}}</ref> A direct sequel to the first film, titled ''[[Khichdi 2: Mission Paanthukistan]]'', released in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=Khichdi 2: Parekh Family Is Back After 13 Years With 'Khatarnak Mission', Film To Release On Diwali |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/khichdi-2-parekh-family-is-back-after-13-years-with-khatarnak-mission-film-to-release-on-diwali-article-102647593 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812030844/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/khichdi-2-parekh-family-is-back-after-13-years-with-khatarnak-mission-film-to-release-on-diwali-article-102647593 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Khichdi 2 Film Review">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-18 |title=Khichdi 2 Movie Review : Hilarious in parts but over the top, taking away from its charm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/khichdi-2/movie-review/105292140.cms |access-date=2023-11-18 |newspaper=TheTimesOfIndia |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117184416/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/khichdi-2/movie-review/105292140.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Over the years, the franchise has seen several re-airings on Star Plus and its affiliated channels like [[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo]], [[Star Utsav]], [[Star Bharat]] etc<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarabhai vs Sarabhai, Khichdi to air on Star Bharat|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-khichdi-to-air-on-star-bharat-6348350/|date=1 April 2020|via=www.indianexpress.com|access-date=1 October 2023|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005215731/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-khichdi-to-air-on-star-bharat-6348350/|url-status=live}}</ref> and has garnered a [[cult following]].

== Development ==

After establishing their company "Hats Off Productions" to produce plays, [[Jamnadas Majethia]] and Aatish Kapadia engaged in various projects, including their collaborations for serials like ''[[Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka (TV series)|Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka]]'' with [[Vipul Amrutlal Shah|Vipul Shah]] and ''[[Babul Ki Duwayen Leti Jaa]]'' with Shobhana Desai.<ref name="Khichdi Jamnadas 2004 Interview"/> As they transitioned from [[Theatre of India|theatre]] to television, they recognized a void in the television landscape at that time with dearth of comedy-centric content.<ref name="Khichdi Jamnadas 2004 Interview"/> Aiming to fill this gap, they approached [[Star Plus]] with their proposal for a new show, inspired by the storyline of their first [[Gujarati theatre|Gujarati Play]] from Hats Off Productions which was titled '''''Ladakvaya''''', that led to the creation of ''Khichdi''.<ref name="Khichdi Jamnadas 2004 Interview">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/programming/production-house/profiles/interview-with-hats-off-productions-jamnadas|title=Interview with Hats Off Productions' Jamnadas Majethia|date=28 January 2004|website=www.indiantelevision.com|access-date=8 October 2023|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017202609/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/programming/production-house/profiles/interview-with-hats-off-productions-jamnadas|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Format ==
The first two seasons on television primarily followed an episodic format, with most plots resolving within one or two episodes. Occasionally, the show delved into subplots that spanned a few episodes and sometimes employeed flashbacks to advance the narrative. The initial episodes of the first season portrayed the trials and tribulations of a joint family and often touched an emotional cord. Subsequently, particularly in the second season, the focus shifted towards situational comedy as the characters started fitting themselves into their eccentricities.

Several new characters are introduced during the course of the television series, enriching the ensemble. With the film adaptation in 2010, the franchise took a new direction and dropped-off most of the recurring characters from the television series, focusing mainly on the principal ones.

== Television series==
===''Khichdi'' (2002–2004)===
{{main|Khichdi (2002 TV series)}}
The series introduces the Parekhs as an eccentric [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] joint family living in an old mansion in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020908/spectrum/tv.htm|title=House on fire|date=8 September 2002|work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]|access-date=8 October 2023|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017202609/https://m.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020908/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first season focuses on the idiosyncratic members of the family, led by the elderly Tulsidas Parekh who does not permit his family members to sell off their house and separate into [[nuclear families]]. Later, the Parekhs move into a much larger house left behind by a deceased aunt of Tulsidas. In the last episode, Parekhs become overnight millionaires when they discover oil in their older property.

===''Instant Khichdi'' (2004–2005)===
{{main|Instant Khichdi}}

The second season focused on the Parekhs as they try to settle themselves into higher society with their new-found wealth (in the first season).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/oct/14sup.htm|title=Supriya Pathak to play Bachchan's wife|date=14 October 2004|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=8 October 2023|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017202608/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/oct/14sup.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> They live on in their own eccentric way, trying to ace the lives of the super-rich.

===''Khichdi Returns'' (2018)===
{{main|Khichdi (2018 TV series)}}

The third season presents a rebooted story-line, as Parekhs gets stuck after the builder escapes in between the construction of their apartment and some people threaten them to kill until they do not return the money taken in exchange of apartments.<ref name="Khichdi 3 Series"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khichdi-teaser-praful-hansa-babuji-are-back-with-their-usual-banter/articleshow/63441586.cms|title=Khichdi Teaser: Praful, Hansa, Babuji are back with their usual banter|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 March 2018 |access-date=24 March 2018|archive-date=24 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324225521/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khichdi-teaser-praful-hansa-babuji-are-back-with-their-usual-banter/articleshow/63441586.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Films ==

[[File:Majethia and Modi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Jamnadas Majethia with [[Narendra Modi]], at the screening of ''Khichdi: The Movie'' in 2010.]]

===''Khichdi: The Movie'' (2010)===
{{Main| Khichdi: The Movie}}

A film based on the series, titled ''[[Khichdi: The Movie]]'', was released on 1 October 2010 starring most of the same principal cast. In the film, Parekhs deal with the murder mystery of their neighbor Chakku Singh.

=== ''Khichdi 2: Mission Paanthukistan'' (2023) ===
{{Main| Khichdi 2: Mission Paanthukistan}}
In the sequel, the Parekhs are sent on a covert operation to a country called "Paanthukistan" to abduct the tyrannical king and free an Indian nuclear scientist held captive to construct a weapon of mass destruction.<ref name="Khichdi 2 Film Review"/>

==Crossovers==
* In 2005, the series had a crossover with ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]'', where Himanshu and Hansa are revealed as distant cousins of [[Maya Sarabhai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/29sarabhai.htm|title=Lunching with the Sarabhais!|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=31 July 2019|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126011614/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/29sarabhai.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The crossover is titled as [[List of Sarabhai vs Sarabhai episodes#Season 1 (2004–06)|Khichdi with Sarabhai]], with Part 1 and Part 2 serving as the 25th episodes of ''Sarabhai vs Sarabhai'' and ''Instant Khichdi'', respectively.
* In 2010, the cast of ''Khichdi: The Movie'' made a special appearance in [[SAB TV]]'s sitcom ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'' to promote their film.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=31 August 2021 |title=Team "Khichdi" आई Gokuldham Society में |trans-title=Team "Khichdi" came to Gokuldham Society |language=hi |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=cFFEsxrdrns&pp=ygUka2hpY2hkaSB0YWFyYWsgbWVodGEga2EgdWx0YSBjaGFzaG1h |access-date=20 November 2023 |publisher=[[Sony SAB]] |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

==Cast and characters==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width:100%"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Character
! colspan="3" | TV series
! colspan="2" | Films
|-
! width="15%;"| ''[[Khichdi (2002 TV series)|Khichdi]]'' (2002–2004)
! width="15%;"| ''[[Instant Khichdi]]'' (2004–2005)
! width="15%;"| ''[[Khichdi (2018 TV series)|Khichdi Returns]]'' (2018)
! width="15%;"| ''[[Khichdi: The Movie]]'' (2010)
! width="15%;"| ''[[Khichdi 2: Mission Paanthukistan]]'' (2023)
|-
| colspan="8" {{CMain}}
|-
! Hansa Parekh
| colspan="5" | [[Supriya Pathak]]
|-
! Praful Parekh
| colspan="5" | [[Rajeev Mehta]]{{efn|Rajeev Mehta also portrays the character of Tulsidas's deceased wife, Damyanti Parekh, occasionally in the series.}}
|-
! Tulsidas Parekh ("Babuji")
| colspan="5" | [[Anang Desai]]
|-
! Jayshree Parekh
| colspan="3" | [[Vandana Pathak]]
| colspan="1" | [[Nimisha Vakharia]]{{efn|Nimisha Vakharia replaced Vandana Pathak in the 2010 film due to Pathak's unavailability. Vakharia had earlier appeared in a guest role in season one.}}
| colspan="1" | Vandana Pathak
|-
! Himanshu Seth{{efn|Himanshu's character is introduced midway through the first season and later becomes one of the main characters in the franchise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040215/spectrum/tv.htm|title=One for the laughs|date=15 February 2004|work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]|access-date=8 October 2023|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902121348/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040215/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| colspan="5" | [[Jamnadas Majethia]]
|-
! Parminder Singh-Seth{{efn|Parminder's character appears intermittently in the franchise as Himanshu's love interest or wife, occasionally taking on a more prominent role, especially noticeable in the films.}}
| colspan="2" | Anokhi Srivastava
| colspan="1" | [[Sameksha Singh]]
| colspan="2" | [[Kirti Kulhari]]
|-
| colspan="8" {{CRecurring}}
|-
! Chakki Parekh
| colspan="2" | Richa Bhadra
| colspan="1" | [[Mishri Majethia]]
| colspan="1" | [[Kesar Majethia]]
| colspan="1" | Shivika Rishi
|-
! Jacky Parekh
| colspan="2" | Yash Mittal
| colspan="1" | Agastya Kapadia
| colspan="1" | Markand Soni
| colspan="1" | Arisht Jain
|-
! Dheeman ''and various characters''
| colspan="3" | Deepesh Shah
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Tiwariben Parekh ("Badi Ma")
| colspan="1" | [[Dina Pathak]] / [[Lily Patel]]
| colspan="1" | Lily Patel
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Mira Parekh
| colspan="1" | [[Ami Trivedi]]
| {{NA|Ami Trivedi}} (archived footage)
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Raju Parekh
| colspan="2" | [[Amit Varma (actor)|Amit Varma]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Melissa Parekh
| colspan="2" | [[Tina Parekh]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Bhavesh Kumar
| colspan="2" | [[Kamlesh Oza]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Heera Parekh
| colspan="2" | [[Mukesh Rawal#Personal Life|Arya Rawal]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Madhuri
| colspan="2" | Sweety Nayak
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Mr. Mehta
| colspan="2" | [[Dinyar Contractor]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| colspan="1" | Dinyar Contractor{{efn|Dinyar Contractor appears in a brief role in the 2010 film as the Courtroom Judge.}}
| colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Rekha Teacher
| colspan="1" | [[Mukesh Rawal#Personal Life|Vipra Rawal]]
| colspan="4" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Saguna
| colspan="1" | Naini Shah
| colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| colspan="1" | Falguni Rajani
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Jayantilal / Chandrakant Seth
| colspan="1" | [[Vandana Pathak#Personal life|Arvind Vaidya]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| colspan="2" | Arvind Vaidya
| colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Hemlata Seth
| colspan="1" | [[Rita Bhaduri]]
| colspan="4" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Jagdamba Maami
| colspan="1" | Kalpana Diwan
| {{NA| Kalpana Diwan}} (photo, archived footage)
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Parminder Singh
| colspan="2" | [[Gireesh Sahedev]]
| colspan="1" | Balvinder Singh Suri
| colspan="1" | Gireesh Sahedev
| colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Bhabhi Parminder
| Seema Pandey
| colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| Anuradha Verma
| Ruby
| colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Bhai Parminder
| [[Damandeep Singh Baggan|Daman Baggan]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| colspan="2" | Nitin Handa
|-
! Jignesh ''and various characters''
| colspan="4" | Aatish Kapadia
|colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Rambha
| colspan="2" | [[Kishwar Merchant]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Sadhvi Sandhya Devi
| colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Smita Singh]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Savitri
| colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| Aanchal Dwiwedi
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Peter D'Souza
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Bakhtiyaar Irani]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Mrs. D'Souza
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Melissa Pais]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Tony
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Farhad Shahnawaz]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Advocate ''and various characters''
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| colspan="3" | [[Paresh Ganatra]]
|-
! Farah Khan
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| colspan="2" | [[Farah Khan]]{{efn|Bollywood filmmaker and choreographer Farah Khan plays a fictional version of herself in the film series.}}
|-
! Kushal
| colspan="4" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| colspan="1" | Anant Vidhaat Sharma
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Reception ==

{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:28em; max-width: 45%;" cellspacing="5"
| style="text-align: left;" |"The essence of comedy is to surprise people with as many unusual things as possible & make their eyes go wide in amazement."
— Jamnadas Majethia in 2004, on the success of the first season.<ref name="Khichdi Jamnadas 2004 Interview" />
|}

The first season consistently ranked among the top family-oriented shows on Star Plus till its last episode in July 2004.<ref name="Khichdi 3 Series">{{cite web|title=Your favourite TV show, Khichdi is back. Here is the new promo|date=24 March 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/your-favourite-tv-show-khichdi-is-back-here-s-the-new-promo/story-wqSFnlgL3ft3x9pSFqSY8L.html|access-date=1 October 2023|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108050226/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/your-favourite-tv-show-khichdi-is-back-here-s-the-new-promo/story-wqSFnlgL3ft3x9pSFqSY8L.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 2010 film initially performed below expectations at the [[Box Office India|Box Office]] and was declared "Below Average" but it ultimately recovered its costs and yielded decent profits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=366&catName=MjAxMA== |title=Boxofficeindia.com |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209083536/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=366&catName=MjAxMA%3D%3D |archive-date= 9 December 2013}}</ref> The sequel, released in 2023, received mixed critical response.<ref name="Khichdi 2 Film Review"/>

==Awards and nominations==
===''Khichdi''===
====Indian Television Academy Awards====
'''Winner'''
*2004: '''Best Actress-Comedy''' – [[Supriya Pathak]] as ''Hansa''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2004 |title=ITA Awards 2004 Winners |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526071531/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2004 |archive-date=26 May 2012 }}</ref>

====Indian Telly Awards ====
'''Winner'''
*2003: '''TV Actor in a Comic Role (Female)''' – [[Supriya Pathak]] as ''Hansa''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/nov/nov177.htm|title=Husband-wife duo Pankaj Kapoor, Supriya Pathak take the comedy cake|date=22 November 2003|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223020820/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/nov/nov177.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2004: '''BEST Actor in a Comic Role (Male)''' – Rajeev Mehta as ''Praful''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/telly_win_2004.htm|title=Winners list of the Sangini Indian Telly Awards 2004– Popular|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911073714/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/telly_win_2004.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*2004: '''Sitcom Writer of the Year''' – Aatish Kapadia<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/tradewin2004.htm|title=Winners list of the Sangini Indian Telly Awards 2004– Technical|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025300/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/tradewin2004.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Nominated'''
*2003: '''TV Child Artiste of the Year''' – Yash Mittal as ''Jacky''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/pop_nominee.htm|title=Nominees for the Popular Awards Indian Telly Awards 2003|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=16 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016115839/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/pop_nominee.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*2004: '''The TV Sitcom / Comedy programme of the Year'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/nominee.htm|title=Nominees for the Popular Awards Indian Telly Awards 2004|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016123453/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/nominee.htm|archive-date=16 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*2004: '''Lyricist of the Year''' – Aatish Kapadia
*2004: '''Music Director of the Year''' – [[Uttank Vora]]
*2004: '''Director of the Year (Sitcom)''' – Aatish Kapadia
*2004: '''Child Artiste of the Year (Female)''' – Richa Bhadra as ''Chakki''
*2004: '''Child Artiste of the Year (Male)''' – Yash Mittal as ''Jacky''
*2004: '''Actor in a Comic Role (Male)''' – Rajeev Mehta as ''Praful''
*2004: '''Actor in a Comic Role (Male)''' – Anang Desai as ''Tulsidas Parekh''
*2004: '''Actor in a Comic Role (Female)''' – [[Supriya Pathak]] as ''Hansa''
*2004: '''Actor in a Comic Role (Female)''' – [[Vandana Pathak]] as ''Jayshree''
*2004: '''Ensemble (complete star cast of a programme)'''
*2004: '''The Weekly Serial of the year'''
*2004: '''Scriptwriter of the year''' – Aatish Kapadia

===''Instant Khichdi''===
==== Indian Telly Awards ====
'''Winner'''
* 2005: '''Best Actor in a Comic Role ( Female )''' – [[Supriya Pathak]] as ''Hansa''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|title=Winners list of the Indian Telly Awards 2005|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917175616/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|archive-date=17 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2005: '''Best Child Artiste (Male)''' – Yash Mittal as ''Jacky''

'''Nominated'''
* 2005: '''Best Sitcom / Comedy Writer''' – Aatish Kapadia<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/tec_nom.htm|title=Nominees for the Indian Telly Awards 2005 – Technical|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=22 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922183243/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/tec_nom.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2005: '''Best Actor in a Comic Role (Female)''' – Vandana Pathak as ''Jayshree''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/pop_nom.htm|title=Nominees for the Indian Telly Awards 2005 – Popular|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025305/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/pop_nom.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2005: '''Best Actor in Comic Role (Male)''' – Rajeev Mehta as ''Praful''
* 2005: '''Best Sitcom/Comedy Programme '''

===''Khichdi: The Movie''===

;[[Star Guild Awards|6th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards]]

* '''Nominated''': Apsara Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role – [[Jamnadas Majethia]]

;[[Zee Cine Awards|2011 Zee Cine Awards]]
* '''Nominated''': Zee Cine Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role – [[Jamnadas Majethia]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of Zee Cine Awards 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/14/7016/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022195528/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/14/7016/index.html |archive-date=22 October 2011 }}</ref>

;[[2011 Filmfare Awards]]
* '''Nominated'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hindifilmnews.com/bollywood_buzz/56th-filmfare-awards-2011-nominations/|title=Hindifilmnews.com|website=hindifilmnews.com|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=23 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123215005/http://hindifilmnews.com/bollywood_buzz/56th-filmfare-awards-2011-nominations|url-status=live}}</ref> Best Actress in a Supporting Role — [[Supriya Pathak]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.startv.in/show/khichdi/367 Khichdi officially uploaded Episodes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082426/http://www.startv.in/show/khichdi/367 |date=6 October 2014 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071017023848/http://starutsav.indya.com/serials/khichdi/index.html Official Site on STAR Utsav]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090413030246/http://starone.indya.com/serials/khichdi/ ''Instant Khichdi'' official site on STAR One]
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q6401560|title=Khichdi: The Movie}}

{{Khichdi franchise}}

[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]
[[Category:Films based on television series]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Hats Off Productions]]
[[Category:2010s Hindi-language films]]

Pathanapuram Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T06:39:00Z

Shawnzus:

{{short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pathanapuram
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 120
| map_image = File:Kollam district wise kerala assambly election 2016 constituency map.svg
| map_caption = Pathanapuram within Kollam district
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency|Mavelikara]]
| established = 1957
| electors = 1,85,116 (2021)
| reservation = None =
| mla = [[Jyothi Kumar Chamakkala]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
}}
'''Pathanapuram Assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]], India. It is one of the seven assembly segments that constitute the [[Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://kollam.gov.in/constituencies/
|website = kollam.gov.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kollam district, Kerala
}}</ref> Since 2001, it has been represented by [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] of the [[Kerala Congress (B)]]. In the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], he was defeated by [[Jyothi Kumar Chamakkala]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Pathanapuram Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kollam.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kollam District
|access-date = 6 November 2019
|archive-date = 1 August 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190801123818/http://ceo.kerala.gov.in/kollam.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Pathanapuram]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Pathanapuram]]<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://kollam.gov.in/tehsil/
|website = kollam.gov.in
|title = Taluks and Villages in the Kollam district.
}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Pattazhy]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Pathanapuram]]
|-
|3
|[[Pattazhy Vadakkekara]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Pathanapuram]]
|-
|4
|[[Piravanthoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Pathanapuram]]
|-
|5
|[[Thalavoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Pathanapuram]]
|-
|6
|[[Vilakkudy]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Pathanapuram]]
|-
|7
|[[Melila, Kollam|Melila]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kottarakkara#Towns and villages in Kottarakara Taluk|Kottarakkara]]
|-
|8
|[[Vettikkavala]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kottarakkara#Towns and villages in Kottarakara Taluk|Kottarakkara]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all the members of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the Pathanapuram Assembly constituency during various legislative assemblies.<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/pathanapuram-assembly-constituency-map.html
|website = www.mapsofindia.com
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Pathanapuram
}}</ref>

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Communist Party of India}} {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} {{Party index link|Kerala Congress}} {{Party index link|Kerala Congress (B)}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="55%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[N. Rajagopalan Nair]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| [[R. Balakrishna Pillai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[P. K. Raghavan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|dab=y|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[E. K. Pillai]]
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| A. George
| {{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress}}
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| [[E. Chandrasekharan Nair]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|dab=y|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |[[K. Prakash Babu]]
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan="5" |[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress (B)|dab=y|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Jyothi Kumar Chamakkala]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}

|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Pathanapuram}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=[[Jyothi Kumar Chamakkala]]
|votes=68,275
|percentage=
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Kerala Congress (B)
|candidate=[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]
|votes=59,965
|percentage=
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Twenty20 Party
|candidate=S. Anilkumar
|votes=7,031
|percentage=
|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 8310
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Jyothi Kumar Chamakkala
|swing = INC Gain from KC(B)
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
There were 1,85,116 registered voters in the Pathanapuram constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/statistical_report.pdf |title=Legislative Assembly 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121075941/https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/statistical_report.pdf |website=ceo.kerala.gov.in |archive-date=21 January 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Pathanapuram}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress (B)
|candidate = [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]
|votes = 67,276
|percentage = 49.09
|change = {{loss}}3.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jyothikumar Chamakkala
|votes = 52,940
|percentage = 38.63
|change = {{gain}}3.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = V. S. Jithin Dev
|votes = 12,398
|percentage = 9.05
|change = {{gain}}0.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Marxist Communist Party of India (United)
|candidate = P. Krishnammal
|votes = 2,091
|percentage = 1.53
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Adv. Faizy. M. Pasha
|votes = 1,192
|percentage = 0.87
|change = {{loss}}1.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 474
|percentage = 0.35
|change = {{gain}}0.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Anna Democratic Human Rights Movement Party of India
|candidate = Baiju Pathanapuram
|votes = 411
|percentage = 0.30
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Aji Kadassery
|votes = 254
|percentage = 0.19
|change = –
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 14,336
|percentage = 10.47
|change = {{loss}}6.82
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,37,327
|percentage = 74.18
|change = {{loss}}0.65
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Kerala Congress (B)
|swing = {{loss}}3.30
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
There were 1,89,837 registered voters in the Pathanapuram constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|url=
https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website
= eci.gov.in|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Pathanapuram}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Kerala Congress (B)|candidate=[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]|votes=74,429|percentage=52.39%|change={{loss}}3.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Jagadish|P. V. Jagadish Kumar]]|votes=49,867|percentage=35.10%|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bheeman Raghu|Raghu Damodharan]]|votes=11,700|percentage=8.24%|change={{increase}}6.03}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Adv. Faizy M. Pasha|votes=3,843|percentage=2.71%|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Perinadu Gopalakrishnan|votes=846|percentage=0.60%|change={{loss}}0.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=454|percentage=0.32%|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Rekhu P.|votes=366|percentage=0.26%|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiv Sena|candidate=Sudheer M. G.|votes=254|percentage=0.18%|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Chandrasekhara Pillai M. G.|votes=194|percentage=0.14%|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Madhu R.|votes=105|percentage=0.07%|change=–}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes = 24,562|percentage = 17.29%|change = {{gain}}1.39}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,42,058|percentage=74.83%|change={{increase}}0.60}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner = Kerala Congress (B)|loser = Indian National Congress|swing ={{decrease}}3.25}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,72,946 registered voters in the Pathanapuram constituency for the 2011 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=
https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Pathanapuram}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Kerala Congress (B)|candidate=[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]|votes=71,421|percentage=55.64%|change={{gain}}2.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=K. Rajagopal|votes=51,019|percentage=39.74%|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=R. Subhash Pattazhy|votes=2,839|percentage=2.21%|change={{loss}}0.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Aneesh Anthony|votes=1,613|percentage=1.26%|change={{gain}}0.44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Punalur Salim|votes=864|percentage=0.67%|change={{gain}}0.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=N. Sunilkumar|votes=611|percentage=0.48%|change=–}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes= 20,402|percentage = 15.90%|change={{gain}}4.53}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,28,367|percentage=74.23%|change={{gain}}2.10}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner = Kerala Congress (B)|loser = Indian National Congress|swing={{gain}}2.16}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
There were 1,44,025 registered voters in the Pathanapuram constituency for the 2006 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala 2006 - Kerala - Election Commission of India |url=
http://webapp.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_2006_ST_REP.pdf
|url-status=live|archive-url=
https://web.archive.org/web/20260109051444/http://webapp.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_2006_ST_REP.pdf
|archive-date=9 January 2026}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Pathanapuram}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party = Kerala Congress (B)|candidate = [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]|votes = 55,554|percentage = 53.48|change = {{gain}}0.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party = Communist Party of India|candidate = K. R. Chandramohanan|votes = 43,740|percentage = 42.11|change = {{loss}}1.65}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party = Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate = Vilakkudi Chandran|votes = 2,334|percentage = 2.25|change = {{loss}}0.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party = Independent (politician)|candidate = Aneesh Antony|votes = 859|percentage = 0.82|change = –}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party = Independent (politician)|candidate = Madappara Muraleedharan|votes = 615|percentage = 0.59|change = –}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party = Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate = Kuzhicheyil Sunil|votes = 526|percentage = 0.51|change = –}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party = Independent (politician)|candidate = S. Krishnankutty|votes = 248|percentage = 0.24|change = –}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes = 11,814|percentage = 11.37|change = {{gain}}2.37}}
{{Election box turnout||votes = 103,883|percentage = 72.13|change = {{gain}}1.10}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner = Kerala Congress (B)|swing = {{gain}}0.72}}{{Election box end}}

===2001===
There were 1,55,397 registered voters in the Pathanapuram constituency for the 2001 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala 2001 - Kerala - Election Commission of India |url=
http://webapp.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_2001_ST_REP.pdf
|url-status=live|archive-url=
https://web.archive.org/web/20260109060755/http://webapp.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_2001_ST_REP.pdf
|archive-date=9 January 2026}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Pathanapuram}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party = Kerala Congress (B)|candidate = [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]|votes = 58,224|percentage = 52.76|change = {{gain}}7.44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party = Communist Party of India|candidate = [[K. Prakash Babu|Adv. K. Prakash Babu]]|votes = 48,293|percentage = 43.76|change = {{loss}}6.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party = Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate = A. V. Muraleedharan|votes = 2,525|percentage = 2.29|change = –}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party = Independent (politician)|candidate = Thomas Baby|votes = 1,319|percentage = 1.20|change = –}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes = 9,931|percentage = 9.00|change = {{gain}}4.43}}{{Election box turnout||votes = 110,383|percentage = 71.03|change = {{gain}}1.18}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner = Kerala Congress (B)|loser = Communist Party of India|swing = {{gain}}7.44}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Pathanapuram]]
* [[Kollam district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kollam district]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]

Third Modi ministry

2026-05-04T04:20:16Z

Shawnzus: Starting New Info.

{{Short description|Government of India (2024-present)}}
{{about|the 3rd Union Council of Ministers headed by Narendra Modi|the third Gujarat Council of Ministers headed by Narendra Modi|Third Modi ministry (Gujarat)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = [[List of Indian union ministries|26th]]
| jurisdiction = the [[Republic of India]]
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flag_border =
| incumbent =
| image = Modi_3.0_Ministry.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption =
| date_formed = 9 June 2024
| date_dissolved =
| state_head_title = [[President of India|President]]
| state_head = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| government_head_title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| government_head = [[Narendra Modi]]
| government_head_history =
| current_number = 31 cabinet ministers 5 ministers of state (Independent Charge) 36 ministers of state
| former_members_number =
| total_number = 72
| political_parties = {{Color box|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}|border=darkgray}} '''[[National Democratic Alliance]]'''
* {{Color box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* {{Color box|{{party color|Janasena Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Jana Sena Party]]
* {{color box|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
* {{color box|{{party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}|border=darkgray}} [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]]
* {{color box|{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Janata Dal (United)]]
* {{Color box|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Telugu Desam Party]]
* {{color box|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
* {{Color box|{{party color|
Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]]
* {{color box|{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}|border=darkgray}} [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
* {{color box|{{party color|Republican Party of India (A)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]
* {{color box|{{party color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Apna Dal (Soneylal)]]
| legislature_status = [[Coalition government|Coalition]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = [[Indian National Congress]] ([[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A.]])
| opposition_leader = [[Rahul Gandhi]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]] ([[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha]])
| election = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| last_election =
| legislature_term = {{ayd|9 June 2024}}
| budget = [[2024 Union budget of India|2024 Budget]] [[2025 Union budget of India|2025 Budget]] [[2026 Union budget of India|2026 Budget]]
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 = 
| incoming_formation = [[18th Lok Sabha]]
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[Second Modi ministry]]
| successor =
}}
{{Narendra Modi series}}
The '''Third Modi ministry''', also called '''Modi 3.0''', is the [[Union Council of Ministers of India|union council of ministers]] of [[India]] headed by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]], which was formed after the [[2024 Indian general election]] held in seven phases from 19 April to 1 June 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Modi 3.0 Highlights: Amit Shah retains Home, Rajnath gets Defence, Nadda gets Health |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/narendra-modi-cabinet-2024-live-updates-june-10-2024/article68272768.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=11 June 2024 |language=en-IN |date=10 June 2024}}</ref> The results of the election were announced on 4 June 2024, leading to the formation of the [[18th Lok Sabha]]. The union council of ministers was sworn in along with the Prime Minister on 9 June 2024. The [[Third oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi|oath ceremony]] was arranged in the forecourt of [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] at [[Raisina Hill]]. This ministry marks the second-largest [[Union Council of Ministers]] in Indian history, after the [[Third Vajpayee ministry]].[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi taking charge of the office of the Prime Minister of India at South Block, in New Delhi on June 10, 2024 (6).jpg|thumb|Modi taking charge of the Prime Minister of India for the third consecutive term]][[File:Third Modi Ministry First Meeting.jpg|thumb|right|Re-elected Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi, chairs the first Union Cabinet Meeting of his third term in New Delhi, to discuss the basic plans and distribute ministries among the ministers.]]

== History ==
{{Further|2024 Indian general election|Third oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi}}

The Third Modi ministry came into existence following the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]] to the [[18th Lok Sabha]] in which the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] emerged victorious winning 293 of the 543 seats of the Lok Sabha.

PM Modi chaired the first cabinet meeting on 10 June and the portfolios of the Union Council of Ministers was released shortly after.

==Criminal cases==
28 out of 71 ministers (39%) in PM Modi's third-term cabinet have declared criminal cases against them.<ref name="TOI2024CriminalCases">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-12 |title=Modi cabinet 3.0: 39% ministers have criminal cases against them |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/modi-cabinet-3-0-39-ministers-have-criminal-cases-against-them/articleshow/110926283.cms |access-date=2025-07-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=28 Ministers In Modi 3.0 Cabinet Face Criminal Cases: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/28-ministers-in-modi-3-0-cabinet-face-criminal-cases-report-5870854 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> Of these, 19 ministers (27%) face serious criminal charges such as attempted murder, crimes against women and hate speech.<ref name="TOI2024CriminalCases"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Ananya |date=2024-06-11 |title=ADR Report: Ministers In Modi 3.0 Cabinet Facing Criminal Cases? |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/india/adr-report-who-are-these-28-ministers-in-modi-3-0-cabinet-facing-criminal-cases/|access-date=2025-07-06 |website=The Daily Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

== List of ministers ==
The following is the complete list of the Cabinet Ministers of India:<ref name="Modi Cabinet 2024: List of Cabinet Ministers2" /><ref name="Full list of ministers with portfolios in Modi 3.0 government: Who gets what">{{cite news|last1=The Hindu|title=Full list of ministers with portfolios in Modi 3.0 government: Who gets what|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/full-list-of-portfolio-of-council-of-ministers-modi-government/article68274098.ece|accessdate=9 June 2024|date=9 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610155604/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/full-list-of-portfolio-of-council-of-ministers-modi-government/article68274098.ece|archivedate=10 June 2024|language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== Cabinet Ministers ===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!style=| Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|'''Prime Minister''']] [[Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] [[Department of Atomic Energy]] [[Department of Space]] All important policy issues; and All other portfolios not allocated to any Minister.
| image =
| minister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| minister1 = [[Rajnath Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] [[Ministry of Co-operation (India)|Minister of Co-operation]]
| minister1 = [[Amit Shah]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways]]
| minister1 = [[Nitin Gadkari]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janta Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]] [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (India)|Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
| minister1 = [[Jagat Prakash Nadda]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare]] [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]]
| minister1 = [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]] [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs (India)|Minister of Corporate Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[S. Jaishankar]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]] [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Manohar Lal Khattar]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Heavy Industries (India)|Minister of Heavy Industries]] [[Ministry of Steel|Minister of Steel]]
| minister1 = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Janata Dal (Secular)
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industry]]
| minister1 = [[Piyush Goyal]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of Education]]
| minister1 = [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (India)|Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]
| minister1 = [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj (India)|Minister of Panchayati Raj]] [[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying (India)|Minister of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying]]
| minister1 = [[Lalan Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Janata Dal (United)
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (India)|Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]]
| minister1 = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (India)|Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]]
| minister1 = [[Virendra Kumar Khatik]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]]
| minister1 = [[Kinjarapu Ram Mohan Naidu]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Telugu Desam Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (India)|Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]] [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of New and Renewable Energy]]
| minister1 = [[Prahlad Joshi]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs (India)|Minister of Tribal Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Jual Oram]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Minister of Textiles]]
| minister1 = [[Giriraj Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]] [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]] [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Minister of Electronics and Information Technology]]
| minister1 = [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications]] [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|Minister of Development of North Eastern Region]]
| minister1 = [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (India)|Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
| minister1 = [[Bhupender Yadav]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of Culture]] [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism]]
| minister1 = [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Women and Child Development (India)|Minister of Women and Child Development]]
| minister1 = [[Annpurna Devi]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]] [[Ministry of Minority Affairs|Minister of Minority Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Kiren Rijiju]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
| minister1 = [[Hardeep Singh Puri]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour and Employment]] [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
| minister1 = [[Mansukh L. Mandaviya]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Coal|Minister of Coal]] [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of Mines]]
| minister1 = [[G. Kishan Reddy]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Minister of Food Processing Industries]]
| minister1 = [[Chirag Paswan]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Jal Shakti|Minister of Jal Shakti]]
| minister1 = [[C. R. Patil]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

=== Ministers of State (Independent Charge) ===

{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!style=| Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]] [[Ministry of Planning (India)|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Planning]]
| image =
| minister1 = [[Rao Inderjit Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Science and Technology]] [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Earth Sciences]]
| minister1 = [[Jitendra Singh Rana|Jitendra Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Law and Justice|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Law and Justice]]
| minister1 = [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Ayush|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of AYUSH]]
| minister1 = [[Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Shiv Sena (2022–present)
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]]
| minister1 = [[Jayant Chaudhary]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

===Ministers of State===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!style=| Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Culture]]
| minister1 = [[Rao Inderjit Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Minister of State in the Prime Minister’s Office]] [[Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Minister of State in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] [[Department of Atomic Energy|Minister of State in the Department of Atomic Energy]] [[Department of Space|Minister of State in the Department of Space]]
| minister1 = [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitendra Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[L. Murugan]]
| minister2_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of State in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Shiv Sena (2022–present)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Anupriya Patel]]
| minister2_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Education]]
| minister1 = [[Jayant Chaudhary]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Sukanta Majumdar]]
| minister2_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry]] [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Minister of State in the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]]
| minister1 = [[Jitin Prasada]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Power]] [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of State in the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]]
| minister1 = [[Shripad Yesso Naik]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance]]
| minister1 = [[Pankaj Chaudhary]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Co-operation|Minister of State in the Ministry of Co-operation]]
| minister1 = [[Krishan Pal Gurjar]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Murlidhar Mohol]]
| minister2_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of State in the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]]
| minister1 = [[Ramdas Athawale]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Republican Party of India (Athawale)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[B. L. Verma (Uttar Pradesh politician)|B. L. Verma]]
| minister2_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[Ram Nath Thakur]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Janata Dal (United)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Bhagirath Choudhary]]
| minister2_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Nityanand Rai]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
| minister2_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Minister of State in the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
| minister1 = [[Anupriya Patel]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Jal Shakti|Minister of State in the Ministry of Jal Shakti]]
| minister1 = [[V. Somanna]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Raj Bhushan Choudhary]]
| minister2_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Railways]]
| minister1 = [[V. Somanna]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]
| minister2_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Rural Development]]
| minister1 = [[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani|Pemmasani Chandra Sekhar]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Telugu Desam Party
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Kamlesh Paswan]]
| minister2_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Communications]]
| minister1 = [[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani|Pemmasani Chandra Sekhar]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Telugu Desam Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying|Minister of State in the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying]]
| minister1 = [[S. P. Singh Baghel]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[George Kurian (Indian politician)|George Kurian]]
| minister2_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj|Minister of State in the Ministry of Panchayati Raj]]
| minister1 = [[S. P. Singh Baghel]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Minister of State in the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]] [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Labour and Employment]]
| minister1 = [[Shobha Karandlaje]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of State in the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
| minister1 = [[Kirti Vardhan Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Kirti Vardhan Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Pabitra Margherita]]
| minister2_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of State in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]
| minister1 = [[B. L. Verma (Uttar Pradesh politician)|B. L. Verma]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Nimuben Bambhaniya]]
| minister2_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|Minister of State in the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]]
| minister1 = [[Shantanu Thakur]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of State in the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]] [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Tourism]]
| minister1 = [[Suresh Gopi]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
| minister1 = [[L. Murugan]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of State in the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]
| minister1 = [[Ajay Tamta]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Harsh Malhotra]]
| minister2_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Coal|Minister of State in the Ministry of Coal]] [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Mines]]
| minister1 = [[Satish Chandra Dubey]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Defence]]
| minister1 = [[Sanjay Seth (Jharkhand politician)|Sanjay Seth]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Minister of State in the Ministry of Food Processing Industries]]
| minister1 = [[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs|Minister of State in the Ministry of Tribal Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Durga Das Uikey]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Minister of State in the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
| minister1 = [[Raksha Khadse]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|Minister of State in the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region]]
| minister1 = [[Sukanta Majumdar]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Minister of State in the Ministry of Women and Child Development]]
| minister1 = [[Savitri Thakur]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of State in the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Tokhan Sahu]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Heavy Industries|Minister of State in the Ministry of Heavy Industries]] [[Ministry of Steel|Minister of State in the Ministry of Steel]]
| minister1 = [[Bhupathi Raju Srinivasa Varma]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Minister of State in the Ministry of Corporate Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Harsh Malhotra]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Civil Aviation]]
| minister1 = [[Murlidhar Mohol]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Minority Affairs|Minister of State in the Ministry of Minority Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[George Kurian (Indian politician)|George Kurian]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Textiles]]
| minister1 = [[Pabitra Margherita]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 June 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==Demographics==

{{Pie chart
| caption = Representation of cabinet ministers by party
| label1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| value1 = 84.72
| color1 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| label2 = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| value2 = 2.78
| color2 = {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| label3 = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| value3 = 2.78
| color3 = {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| label4 = [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| value4 = 1.39
| color4 = {{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| label5 = [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]]
| value5 = 1.39
| color5 = {{party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
| label6 = [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
| value6 = 1.39
| color6 = {{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| label7 = [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]]
| value7 = 1.39
| color7 = {{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| label8 = [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| value8 = 1.39
| color8 = {{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| label9 = [[Republican Party of India (A)]]
| value9 = 1.39
| color9 = {{party color|Republican Party of India (A)}}
| label10 = [[Apna Dal (Soneylal)]]
| value10 = 1.39
| color10 = {{party color|Apna Dal}}
}}

=== Parties ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Colspan=2|Party
! Cabinet Ministers
! Ministers of State (Independent Charge)
! Ministers of State
! Total number of ministers
! Total number of ministries
|-
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|26{{Efn|Including Prime Minister}}
|3
|32
|61
|'''93''' (42 Cabinet; 5 MOS independent charge; 46 MOS (*Total of 4 ministries shared with [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]], [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]], [[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]], and [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]], with one ministry each))
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|1
|0
|1
|2
|'''3''' (2 Cabinet; 1 MOS (*shared with [[BJP]]))
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|1
|0
|1
|2
|'''3''' (1 Cabinet; 2 MOS (*1 shared with [[BJP]]))
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD (S)]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|'''1''' (1 Cabinet)
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}" |
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM (S)]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|'''1''' (1 Cabinet)
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP (RV)]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|'''1''' (1 Cabinet)
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]]
|0
|1
|0
|1
|'''2''' (1 MOS independent charge; 1 MOS (*shared with [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)|AD(S)]]))
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
|0
|1
|0
|1
|'''2''' (1 MOS independent charge; 1 MOS (*shared with [[BJP]]))
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Republican Party of India (A)}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India (A)|RPI (A)]]
|0
|0
|1
|1
|'''1''' (1 MOS (*shared with [[BJP]]))
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}" |
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)|AD (S)]]
|0
|0
|1
|1
|'''2''' (2 MOS (*1 shared with [[Shiv Sena|SHS]]))
|-
|Colspan=2|'''Total'''
|31
|5
|36
|72
|'''105''' (excluding important policies and other portfolios not allocated to any Minister)
|}{{notelist}}

===States===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! State
! Cabinet Ministers
! Ministers of State (Independent Charge)
! Ministers of State
! Total number of ministers
! Name of ministers
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| 1
| —
| 2
| 3
|
* [[Kinjarapu Ram Mohan Naidu]]

* [[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani]]
* [[Bhupathi Raju Srinivasa Varma]]
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| 1
| —
| —
| 1
|
* [[Kiren Rijiju]]
|-
| [[Assam]]
| 1
| —
| 1
| 2
|
* [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
* [[Pabitra Margherita]]
|-
| [[Bihar]]
| 4
| —
| 4
| 8
|
* [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
* [[Lalan Singh]]
* [[Giriraj Singh]]
* [[Chirag Paswan]]

* [[Ram Nath Thakur]]
* [[Nityanand Rai]]
* [[Satish Chandra Dubey]]
* [[Raj Bhushan Choudhary]]
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| —
| —
| 1
| 1
|
* [[Tokhan Sahu]]
|-
| [[Goa]]
| —
| —
| 1
| 1
|
* [[Shripad Yesso Naik]]
|-
| [[Gujarat]]
| 5
| —
| 1
| 6
|
* [[Amit Shah]]
* [[Jagat Prakash Nadda]]
* [[S. Jaishankar]]
* [[Mansukh L. Mandaviya]]
* [[C. R. Patil]]

* [[Nimuben Bambhaniya]]
|-
|[[Haryana]]
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 3
|
* [[Manohar Lal Khattar]]

* [[Rao Inderjit Singh]]

* [[Krishan Pal Gurjar]]
|-
| [[Jharkhand]]
| 1
| —
| 1
| 2
|
* [[Annpurna Devi]]

* [[Sanjay Seth (Jharkhand politician)|Sanjay Seth]]
|-
| [[Karnataka]]
| 3
| —
| 2
| 5
|
* [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
* [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
* [[Prahlad Joshi]]

* [[V. Somanna]]
* [[Shobha Karandlaje]]
|-
| [[Kerala]]
| —
| —
| 1
| 1
|
* [[Suresh Gopi]]
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 3
| —
| 4
| 7
|
* [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
* [[Virendra Kumar Khatik]]
* [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]

* [[L. Murugan]]
* [[Durga Das Uikey]]
* [[Savitri Thakur]]
* [[George Kurian (Indian politician)|George Kurian]]
|-
| [[Maharashtra]]
| 2
| 1
| 3
| 6
|
* [[Nitin Gadkari]]
* [[Piyush Goyal]]

* [[Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav]]

* [[Ramdas Athawale]]
* [[Raksha Khadse]]
* [[Murlidhar Mohol]]
|-
| [[Odisha]]
| 3
| —
| —
| 3
|
* [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
* [[Jual Oram]]
* [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]
|-
| [[Rajasthan]]
| 2
| 1
| 2
| 5
|
* [[Bhupender Yadav]]
* [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]]

* [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]

* [[Bhagirath Choudhary]]
* [[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]
|-
|[[Telangana]]
| 1
| —
| 1
| 2
|
* [[G. Kishan Reddy]]

* [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 3
| 1
| 7
| 11
|
* [[Narendra Modi]] (Prime Minister)
* [[Rajnath Singh]]
* [[Hardeep Singh Puri]]

* [[Jayant Chaudhary]]

* [[Jitin Prasada]]
* [[Pankaj Chaudhary]]
* [[Anupriya Patel]]
* [[S. P. Singh Baghel]]
* [[Kirti Vardhan Singh]]
* [[B. L. Verma (Uttar Pradesh politician)|B. L. Verma]]
* [[Kamlesh Paswan]]
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| —
| —
| 1
| 1
|
* [[Ajay Tamta]]
|-
| [[West Bengal]]
| —
| —
| 2
| 2
|
* [[Shantanu Thakur]]
* [[Sukanta Majumdar]]
|-
|[[Delhi]]
| —
| —
| 1
| 1
|
* [[Harsh Malhotra]]
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| —
| 1
| —
| 1
|
* [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitendra Singh]]
|-
|'''Total''' || 31 || 5 || 36 || 72
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[18th Lok Sabha]]
* [[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha]]
* [[2024 Speaker of the Lok Sabha election]]
* [[Union Council of Ministers]]
* [[Premiership of Narendra Modi]]
* [[2025 Mahadevapura Electoral Controversy]]

==External links==

{{Third Modi ministry|state=collapsed}}
{{Narendra Modi}}
{{Asia topic|Cabinet of |title=National cabinets of Asia}}
{{Indian federal ministries}}
{{Union ministries of India}}
{{Types of government minister}}

[[Category:Council of Ministers of India|India]]
[[Category:Modi administration]]
[[Category:Indian union ministries|Modi III]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry| ]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi-related lists]]
[[Category:2024 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Current governments in Asia|Modi]]
[[Category:Cabinets established in 2024|India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United)]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular)]]
[[Category:Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
[[Category:Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]
[[Category:Hindustani Awam Morcha]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2024|Modi III]]

Revolutionary Goans Party

2026-05-02T07:00:50Z

Shawnzus: created first data from scratch

{{short description|Indian political party}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Revolutionary Goans Party
|abbreviation = RGP
| logo = File:Revolutionary Goans Party logo.png
|colorcode = {{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}
|president = Manoj Parab
| treasurer = Ajay Kholkar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://goanewshub.com/rgp-shortlists-manoj-parab-ajay-kholkar-for-north-goa/|title=RGP shortlists Manoj Parab, Ajay Kholkar for North Goa|first=Goa News|last=Hub|date=14 December 2023|website=Goa News Hub}}</ref>
|leader = [[Manoj Parab]]
| general_secretary = Vishvesh Naik<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2024/03/03/goanews/dhavalikar-rgp-leader-lock-horns-at-bandora-plaint-lodged-against-min/|title=Dhavalikar, RGP leader lock horns at Bandora; plaint lodged against Min – The Navhind Times|date=3 March 2024}}</ref>
|founder = Manoj Parab
|headquarters = 312, 3rd Floor, Gera Imperium Grand, Patto [[Panjim]], [[Goa]]
| womens = Stree Kranti<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/rg-launches-womens-wing-stree-kranti/326747/|title=RG launches women’s wing Stree Kranti – 27 August 2021 | O Heraldo|date=27 August 2021}}</ref>
| youth = RGP Youth Wing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/rgp-focused-on-producing-youth-leaders-says-parab/129564.html|title=RGP focused on producing youth leaders, says Parab|website=The Goan EveryDay}}</ref>
|eci = [[List of political parties in India#State parties|State Party]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/rgp-recognised-as-state-political-party/108872.html|title=RGP recognised as State political party|website=The Goan EveryDay}}</ref>
| membership = 50,000 (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/shifting-the-goalposts-a-young-politician-s-battle-to-save-goa-and-its-way-of-life-magazine-182813|title=Shifting The Goalposts: A Young Politician’s Battle To Save Goa And Its Way Of Life|date=17 February 2022|website=Outlook India}}</ref>
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|1|40|hex=#E3C773}}
| alliance = {{ubl|
* [[Goa Su-Raj Party]] (2021–2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/rg-to-contest-under-the-banner-of-goa-su-raj-party/330215/|title=RG to contest under the banner of Goa Su-Raj Party – 15 November 2021 | O Heraldo|date=15 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-su-raj-party-severs-ties-with-rg/articleshow/88863564.cms|title=Goa Su-Raj party severs ties with RG|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
* G.O.A.{{efn|stands for the Grand Opposition Alliance, consisting of the [[Goa Pradesh Congress Committee]] and the [[Goa Forward Party]].}}(2025–2025; proposed)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1298300|title=Opposition parties form Grand Alliance for Goa Zilla Panchayat polls|website=daijiworld.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-nativist-rgps-absence-may-impact-congress-led-front-in-goa-local-polls-2834466-2025-12-11|title=How nativist RGP’s absence may impact Congress-led front in Goa local polls|first=Dhaval S.|last=Kulkarni|date=11 December 2025|website=India Today}}</ref>}}
|state_seats_name = [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = Revolutionary Goans (2017–2021)
|symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol football.jpg|150px]]
|ideology = {{ubl|
* [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goa's Revolutionary Goans organization objects to Karnataka's Kannada Bhavan proposal |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/goa-revolutionary-goans-organization-objects-to-karnataka-s-kannada-bhavan-proposal-ycb-r3brxu |website=[[Asianet Communications|Asianet]]}}</ref>
* [[Nativism (politics)|Nativism]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/will-a-regional-party-queer-the-pitch-for-bjp-congress-in-goa-lok-sabha-polls-2477021-2023-12-17|title=Will a regional party queer the pitch for BJP, Congress in Goa Lok Sabha polls?|website=India Today|date=17 December 2023 }}</ref>}}
|website = {{Url|rgpofficial.org}}
|foundation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|2021|11|24}}<ref name="registration">{{Cite web|title=Contribution Report of Revolutionary Goans Party|url= https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public//pdf/report/October/1760615501.pdf|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|language=en}}</ref>}}

The '''Revolutionary Goans Party''' ('''RGP''') is a [[regional party]] in the Indian state of [[Goa]]. It was first founded as a [[non-governmental organization]] on 3 March 2017 under the name '''Revolutionary Goans''' ('''RG''').<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-03-13 |title=Politics of Revolutionary Goans Party |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/03/14/opinions/opinion/politics-of-revolutionary-goans-party/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250115110622/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/03/14/opinions/opinion/politics-of-revolutionary-goans-party/ |archive-date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2026-01-20 |work=The Navhind Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The party later received recognition as a political party from the [[Election Commission of India]] on 1 January 2022.<ref name="registration"/> In its debut election, the party contested 38 seats in the [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] and won the [[St. Andre Assembly constituency|St. Andre constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Assembly Election Results 2022: How Goa's RG Party Left RG's Party All at Sea in Coastal State |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/assembly-election-results-2022-how-goas-rg-party-left-rgs-party-all-at-sea-in-coastal-state-4862564.html |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=News18 |date=11 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sutar |first1=Kamlesh Damodar |title=How this party emulated Raj Thackeray-led MNS' 2009 poll debut to help BJP retain Goa |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/goa-assembly-polls-2022/story/revolutionary-goans-party-emulated-raj-thackeray-led-mns-2009-poll-debut-to-help-bjp-retain-goa-1923988-2022-03-10 |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab, Goa assemblies get a younger profile, higher women representation |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/punjab-goa-assemblies-get-a-younger-profile-higher-women-representation-122031100952_1.html |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India |date=11 March 2022}}</ref>

==Person of Goan Origin Bill 2019==
A central component of the Revolutionary Goans Party's platform is a bill that defines "Person of Goan Origin." According to the proposed criteria, this includes individuals (or their ancestors up to two generations) who were born or resided in Goa [[Annexation of Goa|before 20 December 1961]]. The definition requires that the individual became an Indian citizen post-liberation, irrespective of nationality or passport they hold currently.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Foundation-of-RG%E2%80%99s-POGO-bill-had-legal-constitutional-flaws/187702|title=Foundation of RG's POGO bill had legal & constitutional flaws|website=oHeraldo|date=15 March 2022|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=21 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321180502/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Foundation-of-RG%E2%80%99s-POGO-bill-had-legal-constitutional-flaws/187702|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Blockquote
|multiline=1
|text=
To protect the rights of the person of Goan origin of State of Goa in respect of jobs, benefits of various government schemes, education, Comunidade land and Government, semi-Government plots/apartments/shops, promotions and to make certain other provisions connected therewith.

Where it is expedient to give better protection to the person of Goan origin in view of special Portuguese laws, provisions of code of Comunidade, effect of late independence of Goa on education opportunities for Goans, Peculiar social and economic changes affecting Goans and changing demography vis-a-vis small size of the state and its population.
|title=The Goa Person of Goan Origin Bill 2019 (introductory paragraphs)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Goa Person of Goan Origin Bill 2019 (POGO) |url=https://revolutionarygoans.com/ |website=Revolutionary Goans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121053224/https://revolutionarygoans.com/Pogo.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Electoral performance==
{{section update|date=February 2026}}
===Lok Sabha (General) election results===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}};color: brown"|Election
!style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}};color: brown"|Lok sabha
!style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}};color:brown"|Party leader
!style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}};color:brown"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}};color:brown"|Seats won
!style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}};color:brown"|+/- in seats
!style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}};color:brown"|Overall vote %
!style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}};color:brown"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}};color:brown"|Ref.
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|rowspan=3|[[Manoj Parab]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|
|{{increase}}
|
|-
|}
===Goa Legislative Assembly elections===
{|class="wikitable " style="text-align:center;"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}; color: brown" | Election Year
!style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}; color:brown" | Leader
! style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}; color:brown" | seats contested
! style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}; color:brown" | seats won
! style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}; color:brown" | +/- in seats
! style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}; color:brown" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}; color:brown" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}; color:brown" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}; color:brown" | Sitting side
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Manoj Parab]]
|38
| {{Composition bar|1|40|{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}}}
|{{Increase}}1
|93,255
|9.81%
|{{Increase}}9.81
|
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== See also ==
* [[List of political parties in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian political parties}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Regionalist parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties in Goa]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Goa]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Goa]]

Rose Valley financial scandal

2026-05-01T19:07:29Z

Shawnzus: created some info initial version

{{Short description|Financial and political scandal in India}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox criminal organization
| name = Rose Valley Group
| image = 
| founded = 1997
| founder = Kajal Kundu
| years_active = 1997–2015
| territory = India (West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Tripura, Jharkhand, and others)
| ethnicity = Indian
| leaders = Gautam Kundu (Chairman)
| criminal_activities = Ponzi scheme, financial fraud, money laundering
}}

The '''Rose Valley financial scandal''', also referred to as the '''Rose Valley chit fund scam''', is a substantial financial fraud case and alleged political scandal that took place in [[Northeastern India]]. The scam, exposed in April 2013 after the raids from the [[Enforcement Directorate]], centers around the [[Tripura]]-based [[Rose Valley Group]],<ref name="v457">{{cite web | last=Desk | first=India Today Web | title=Rose Valley chit fund: ED seizes jewellery worth Rs 40 crore from Adrija stores; All you need to know | website=India Today | date=2017-12-28 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/rose-valley-chit-fund-case-ed-seizes-gold-worth-rs-40-crore-precious-stones-1117777-2017-12-28 | access-date=2025-09-29}}</ref> a conglomerate accused of operating unauthorized [[collective investment schemes]] and Ponzi schemes, extracting over ₹15,000 crore from millions of depositors predominantly across eastern India.<ref name="et-scam">{{cite news |title=Rose Valley scam: All you need to know about the chit fund case |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/rose-valley-scam-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-chit-fund-case/story/316895.html |work=Business Today |date=4 February 2019}}</ref>

== Origins and Operations ==
The inception of the Rose Valley Group dates back to 1997, when Kajal Kundu, a former [[Life Insurance Corporation]] insurance salesman with extensive experience, founded Rose Resorts and Plantations in Tripura. Initially, the company focused on collective investment schemes linked to rose plantations, inviting investors to finance agricultural projects in return for promised dividends. However, this venture faced early regulatory challenges when, in 1999, the company sought formal approval from the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) but was denied due to non-compliance with regulatory requirements. Despite this setback, operations continued without authorization until a tragic incident in 2003, when Kajal Kundu's vehicle plunged into a lake while en route from Agartala to Guwahati, resulting in the deaths of him, his wife, and son. This event marked a significant turning point, with control shifting to his brother, Gautam Kundu, who would reshape the modest company into a sprawling financial entity marked by dubious practices.<ref>{{cite web | last=Desk | first=India Today Web | title=Rose Valley chit fund: ED seizes jewellery worth Rs 40 crore from Adrija stores; All you need to know | website=India Today | date=2017-12-28 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/rose-valley-chit-fund-case-ed-seizes-gold-worth-rs-40-crore-precious-stones-1117777-2017-12-28 | access-date=2025-09-17}}</ref>

Under Gautam Kundu's leadership, the company was revitalized through the launch of the "Ashirvad" scheme, which became a fundamental part of Rose Valley's growth. This scheme, marketed as a real estate investment opportunity, allowed investors to deposit funds as booking amounts for land parcels. Upon maturity, investors had the option to either take possession of the allotted land or receive their principal back along with extraordinarily high interest rates, ranging from 11.96% to 17.65%—far exceeding typical bank rates. This model appealed to many low-income investors in eastern India, who were often unaware of the complicated terms but were drawn in by the tantalizing returns. Kundu strategically expanded the business from Tripura to other states, including West Bengal, Odisha, and Assam, setting up regional offices that acted as collection hubs staffed by aggressive agents earning large commissions.

Between 2005 and 2011, the company experienced rapid financial growth that caught the attention of regulators. Starting with modest collections of ₹3.75 crore during 2005-2006, deposits soared to ₹1,271.98 crore by 2009-2010. This explosive growth led the Economic Offences Investigation Cell, under the Left Front government, to formally alert SEBI on December 7, 2009, prompting a request for an investigation into the group's operations. However, despite this warning, collections continued to rise, reaching ₹2,016.32 crore by March 31, 2011—just as the political landscape shifted with the rise of the Trinamool Congress in West Bengal. It was during this peak in January 2011 that SEBI finally prohibited Rose Valley Real Estate and Construction Limited from raising more funds, although by that point, Kundu had already diversified into various sectors.

Gautam Kundu's business expansion followed a notable pattern of using depositor funds to establish seemingly legitimate enterprises. In the hospitality sector, he opened one of Bengal's largest hotels at Mandarmani beach and subsequently acquired several properties, including the Chrome Hotel in Kolkata, and establishments in Durgapur, Siliguri, and other locations. These properties became integral to another fraudulent scheme launched in 2011—the Holiday Membership Plan operated through Rose Valley Hotels and Entertainment Ltd. Investors in this scheme paid monthly fees for supposed vacation accommodations or were promised the return of their principal plus interest (up to 17.65%) at maturity. SEBI would later identify about 21.9 lakh investors involved in this plan before it was terminated in 2013.

Simultaneously, Kundu launched Rose Valley Media and Entertainment Limited in 2009, aiming for a robust presence in television, radio, and cable networks. This media empire expanded to include various channels such as the entertainment channel Ruposhi Bangla and news channels like News Time (Bengal) and Odisha Time. Kundu also made significant investments in sports entertainment by becoming the main sponsor of the Kolkata Knight Riders in the Indian Premier League. Through Rose Valley Films, he emerged as a key player in Bengali cinema, investing nearly ₹10 crore annually in widely acclaimed films, which garnered respect in the industry for its artist-friendly payment practices and non-intrusive approach to creative decisions.

Throughout this diversification, Gautam Kundu crafted an image of lavish success, owning a Rolls-Royce and a collection of luxury vehicles. However, investigations by SEBI consistently indicated that these ostensibly legitimate business activities were financed entirely by illegal deposit schemes. The regulator repeatedly classified Rose Valley’s operations as unregistered collective investment schemes that posed significant risks to investors, highlighting that the company never secured necessary registration from the Reserve Bank of India for its financial activities. Despite facing multiple prohibitory orders beginning in 2011, the group managed to operate continuously by creating new companies and schemes, exploiting regulatory loopholes and leveraging political connections until its eventual collapse in 2015.<ref name="telegraph-rise">{{cite news |title=Rise and rise of Gautam Kundu |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/rise-and-rise-of-gautam-kundu/cid/1317368 |work=The Telegraph |date=26 March 2015}}</ref>

=== Regulatory evasion and public panic ===
Following the [[Saradha Group financial scandal|Saradha scandal]] in 2013, SEBI identified Rose Valley as part of a larger pattern of financial fraud in eastern India, with its estimated ₹4,000 crore deposits dwarfing Saradha's ₹1,200 crore operations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Saradha scam tip of iceberg, SEBI probing 5 companies including Rose Valley |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/saradha-scam-tip-of-iceberg-sebi-probing-5-companies-including-rose-valley-520213 |work=NDTV |date=26 April 2013}}</ref> When panicked depositors queued at Rose Valley branches to withdraw funds after Saradha's collapse, the company issued IOUs (coupons and token slips) instead of cash repayments.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chit fund collapse: Rose Valley investors stare at losses |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/chit-fund-collapse-rose-valley-investors-stare-at-losses-113050100028_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=1 May 2013}}</ref> Despite SEBI's 2011 restraining order, the group used legal delays to continue operations, with its real estate arm collecting ₹1,270 crore and its hotels division amassing ₹2,900 crore before being shut down in Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sebi slaps Rs 1 cr fine on Rose Valley, its directors |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/sebi-slaps-rs-1-cr-fine-on-rose-valley-its-directors/articleshow/19738348.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=23 April 2013}}</ref> In April 2013, SEBI imposed a ₹1 crore penalty and filed an FIR against company officials.

== Investigation ==
The situation intensified in 2015 when the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) detained Gautam Kundu under the [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act]], alleging he orchestrated one of India's most extensive Ponzi scams. Investigators discovered the group maintained over 3,000 bank accounts and possessed assets distributed across 12 Indian states.<ref name="et-arrest">{{cite news |title=Rose Valley chairman Gautam Kundu arrested by ED |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rose-valley-chairman-gautam-kundu-arrested-by-ed/articleshow/46692711.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=26 March 2015}}</ref> Estimates of the total fraud suggested it exceeded ₹15,400 crore.<ref name="et-150cars">{{cite news |title=Rose Valley Group's CMD Gautam Kundu has 150 cars, 3,078 bank accounts and more: ED |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rose-valley-groups-cmd-gautam-kundu-has-150-cars-3078-bank-accounts-and-more-ed/articleshow/48076369.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=15 July 2015}}</ref> In 2024, the ED filed a supplementary charge sheet that implicated Subhra Kundu—the wife of Gautam Kundu—among other accused individuals.<ref>{{cite news |title=ED files supplementary charge sheet in Rose Valley chit scam case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/enforcement-directorate-files-supplementary-charge-sheet-in-rose-valley-chit-scam-case-under-pmla-subhra-kundu-among-accused-101685019661630.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=2024}}</ref>

=== Enforcement Directorate raids ===
In April 2013, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) conducted surprise inspections at Rose Valley offices in Salt Lake, Baguiati, and Barasat, Kolkata, seizing financial records and documents. Investigators alleged the group illegally collected public deposits while violating SEBI regulations and diverted funds into hotels, media, spices, and real estate ventures.<ref name="oneindia-2013-raid">{{cite news |title=ED raids Rose Valley offices in Kolkata, chairman claims innocence |url=https://bengali.oneindia.com/news/west-bengal/ed-raids-rose-valley-offices-in-kolkata-chairman-claims-innocence-001640.html |work=OneIndia |date=30 April 2013 |language=bn}}</ref> These raids occurred amid parallel actions by the Odisha government, which had filed cases against Rose Valley and 42 other deposit-taking firms for financial fraud. Chairman Gautam Kundu claimed full cooperation, stating: "We operate within legal boundaries and aim to repay investors," while employees feared operational shutdowns akin to the Saradha Group's collapse.<ref name="oneindia-2013-raid"/>

On 3rd August 2021, the Economic Offences Wing (EOW) of Odisha arrested Vikramjit Bhowmik, the Odisha head of Rose Valley, from West Bengal's [[Medinipur]]. Bhowmik, who had been absconding since 2013, was accused of cheating depositors of more than ₹6 crore on the pretext of offering high returns. After being produced before the Balasore OPID court, he was remanded to 14 days of judicial custody. Allegations involved fraud through Rose Valley’s branch offices in Balasore and Soro. Earlier arrests in the case included Rose Valley chairman Gautam Kundu, managing director Shivamoy Dutta, and Soro branch manager Badal Chandra Kar. Authorities seized movable and immovable assets worth ₹83 crore and ₹11 crore in relation to the Odisha case.<ref>{{cite web | last=Reddy | first=Tanmaya | title=ରୋଜଭ୍ୟାଲି ଚିଟ୍‌ଫଣ୍ଡ ସଂସ୍ଥା ଓଡ଼ିଶା ମୁଖ୍ୟ କୋଲକାତାରୁ ଗିରଫ - | website=Nandighosha TV (ନନ୍ଦିଘୋଷ ଟିଭି) | date=2021-08-03 | url=https://nandighoshatv.com/rose-valley-odisha-head-arrested-from-kolkata/ | access-date=2025-09-09}}</ref>
According to the Bengali edition of ''The Indian Express'', the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) arrested self-styled businessman Sudipta Roy Chowdhury in connection with the Rose Valley investigation. ED officials reportedly alleged that Roy Chowdhury had threatened ED officers at the time of his arrest. He is accused of facilitating large-scale benami transactions linked to Rose Valley funds; authorities say 13 of his bank accounts have been seized and some 25–26 credit and debit cards recovered. The ED indicated it will seek custody after producing him in court for interrogation to trace the flow of funds and identify assets. The report also quoted investigators as alleging that Roy Chowdhury may have siphoned off large sums (reported estimates suggest up to around ₹100 crore) prior to his arrest and used his connections to promote Rose Valley funds and extract monies from the market.<ref name="IEbn-Sudipta">{{cite news |title=Rose Valley case: Sudipta Roy Chowdhury is arrested by ED |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/general-news/rose-valley-case-sudipta-roy-chowdhury-is-arrested-by-ed/ |work=The Indian Express (Bengali) |language=bn |access-date=2025-09-09}}</ref>

Following his arrest, ED officials produced Sudipta Roy Chowdhury before a special ED court. The ED sought his custody for 18 days, arguing that documents seized from his residence contained multiple names connected to Rose Valley and that interrogation was necessary to unravel a large money-laundering network; the court granted ED custody for five days. ED counsel Abhijit Bhadra told the court that the seized papers pointed to channels used to launder Rose Valley funds and that Roy Chowdhury had close contacts with a former ED investigator, Manoj Kumar, and a senior CBI officer in Kolkata. ED sources told the press they had found material suggesting that some earlier probes may have been influenced and said investigators would examine whether any financial transactions were used to affect inquiries. The CBI was reported to be likely to seek custody of Roy Chowdhury as part of parallel investigations. <ref name="AnandaSudipta">{{cite news |title=এনফোর্সমেন্ট ডিরেক্টরেটের হেফাজতে সুদীপ্ত, জেরা করতে ৫ দিন মঞ্জুর |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/enforcement-directorate-got-trader-sudipta-roy-chowdhury-in-their-custody-in-rose-valley-case-dgtl-1.896795#goog_rewarded |work=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn |access-date=2025-09-09}}</ref>

The same report noted increased coordination between the CBI and the ED in the run-up to major festivals, with both agencies holding meetings to accelerate investigations into chit-fund cases. Investigators told the press that the intensified action aimed to identify suspects and recover diverted funds across multiple probe streams.<ref name="IEbn-Sudipta" />

=== 2025 Calcutta High Court Ruling ===
In a significant legal setback on August 17, 2025, the [[Calcutta High Court]] dismissed Rose Valley Real Estate and Construction Company's petition challenging SEBI's regulatory authority over deposit-mobilizing firms. The company had contested Sections 11AA and 12 of the SEBI Act, which empower the regulator to compel registration of collective investment schemes and take enforcement action against violations. Justice Dipankar Dutta upheld the validity of these sections, stating they were "valid and in accordance with the law," while imposing ₹10 lakh costs on the petitioner payable to the court registrar. This ruling followed SEBI's earlier August 2025 order shutting down Rose Valley's holiday membership plan and directing refunds to depositors. The company announced plans to appeal the single-bench judgment before a division bench.<ref name="telegraph-2025-ruling">{{cite news |title=Blow to Rose Valley in SEBI cases |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/blow-to-rose-valley-in-sebi-cases/cid/285139 |work=The Telegraph |date=17 August 2025}}</ref>

== Asset Seizures and Restitution ==
The ED took significant action in 2018 by seizing assets worth over ₹4,200 crore, which included various properties such as hotels, land, luxury vehicles, and other valuable assets. Following judicial approval from a special PMLA court, the ED successfully facilitated the restitution of ₹19.40 crore to defrauded investors in August 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rose Valley Group Ponzi scheme: ED facilitates restitution of Rs 19.40 cr to defrauded investors |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/rose-valley-group-ponzi-scheme-ed-facilitates-restitution-of-rs-19-40-cr-to-defrauded-investors/articleshow/112931711.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=30 August 2024}}</ref>
In September 2025, the Union Minister of State for Finance, [[Pankaj Chaudhary]], handed over a demand draft of ₹515.31 crore to the Assets Disposal Committee (ADC) chaired by retired Justice D.K. Seth; the funds were identified from ED attachments and are intended to be used to compensate approximately 7.5 lakh claimants out of some 31 lakh registered claims. The ED had earlier located proceeds across 2,987 bank accounts and attached assets during 2015–17, and has since extended attachment of movable and immovable properties with a notional market valuation in excess of ₹2,000 crore.
In October 2024, the Indian government commenced a large restitution program, distributing ₹515 crore to approximately 7.5 lakh victims of the scam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Govt begins restitution in Rose Valley scam |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/govt-begins-restitution-in-rose-valley-scam-hands-over-%E2%82%B9515-cr-for-7-5-lakh-victims/ |publisher=NewsOnAir |date=October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Press Information Bureau release |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2121170 |publisher=PIB |date=2024}}</ref> Further disbursements included ₹5 crore to 7,346 victims<ref>{{cite news |title=Rose Valley chit fund scam: Restitution process of Rs 5 crore begins |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rose-valley-chit-fund-scam-restitution-process-rs-5-crore-7346-victim-depositors-2611629-2024-10-05 |work=India Today |date=5 October 2024}}</ref> and ₹100.5 crore to another group of affected individuals.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rose Valley victims get another Rs 100.5 crore |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/rose-valley-financial-scam-victims-get-another-rs-1005-crore |work=The Sentinel |date=October 2024}}</ref> By March 2025, the ED reported securing ₹450 crore designated for future restitution efforts.<ref>{{cite news |title=ED secures Rs 450 crore for Rose Valley victims |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rose-valley-chit-fund-scam-enforcement-directorate-secures-rs-450-crore-to-return-to-duped-investors-2693473-2025-03-14 |work=India Today |date=14 March 2025}}</ref> Additionally, the ED initiated the auctioning of properties located in Tripura to fund restitution initiatives.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chit fund scam: Auction of properties begins |url=https://tripuratimes.com/ttimes/chit-fund-scam-auction-of-properties-owned-by-ponzi-firms-begins-says-tripura-minister-26715.html |work=Tripura Times |date=2024}}</ref>

The chit fund scams in Odisha, including those involving Rose Valley and Golden Land Developers, affected lakhs of small investors. Victims such as Balakrishna Pradhan of Ganjam district and Sadananda Dora were lured by high-return schemes and invested several lakh rupees, but never received maturity payouts after the companies were sealed by the Central Bureau of Investigation.<ref name="otv-depositors">{{cite news |title=Chit fund depositors in Odisha desperately await return of money |url=https://otvkhabar.in/news/crime/chit-fund-depositors-in-odisha-desperately-await-return-of-money/98897 |work=OTV |date=2023 |language=or}}</ref>

To address depositor grievances, the Odisha government set up the Justice R.K. Patra Commission in July 2013, later replaced by the Justice Madan Mohan Das Commission in February 2015. By February 2020, 8.86 lakh small depositors had filed affidavits.<ref name="otv-depositors" /> According to state government submissions in the Assembly, around three lakh depositors of Rose Valley alone filed claims, but refunds were sanctioned only for about 4,000 depositors, amounting to ₹4 crore.<ref name="otv-depositors" />

In January 2021, the government launched the portal opid.odisha.gov.in for depositors to upload documents for refund claims. However, only limited progress has been made. While ₹180 crore of Rose Valley’s bank deposits were transferred to the state exchequer, opposition parties criticised the ruling Biju Janata Dal for the slow refund process.<ref name="otv-depositors" /> The Supreme Court subsequently issued notice to the Odisha government, seeking clarity on measures to return money to affected depositors.<ref name="otv-depositors" />

== Political involvement ==
The Rose Valley chit fund scam had significant political ramifications, particularly for the [[All India Trinamool Congress]]. Several leaders of the party faced questioning and arrest due to their alleged links to the group.

=== 2013 regulatory warnings ===
SEBI had warned the West Bengal government for over a year about fraudulent chit funds through official communications and public newspaper campaigns.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEBI warned Bengal govt about chit funds a year ago |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/sebi-warned-bengal-govt-about-chit-funds-a-year-ago/1109606/ |work=The Financial Express |date=27 April 2013}}</ref> Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee acknowledged receiving a SEBI letter about "a chit fund" two months prior but avoided naming Rose Valley specifically,<ref>{{cite news |title=Mamata admits receiving SEBI letter on chit funds, but mum on Rose Valley |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mamata-admits-receiving-sebi-letter-on-chit-funds-but-mum-on-rose-valley/article4657874.ece |work=The Hindu |date=27 April 2013}}</ref> even as her government established a ₹500 crore relief fund for Saradha victims while taking no comparable action for Rose Valley depositors.

=== Sudip Bandyopadhyay ===
In January 2017, Trinamool Congress MP [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]] was arrested by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) for allegedly promoting Rose Valley schemes and benefiting financially.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rose Valley chit fund scam: TMC MP Sudip Bandyopadhyay gets bail |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tmc-mp-sudip-bandyopadhyay-gets-bail-by-odisha-hc-rose-valley-chitfund-scam-4663292/ |work=The Indian Express |date=20 May 2017}}</ref>

=== Tapas Paul ===
Actor and Trinamool MP [[Tapas Paul]] was also implicated in the scam, serving as a director in Rose Valley's media wing, and was arrested in relation to the alleged misconduct.<ref name="telegraph-minister">{{cite news |title=Rose Valley road to minister daughter |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/rose-valley-road-to-minister-daughter/cid/1523081 |work=The Telegraph |date=9 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Trinamool MP Tapas Paul arrested in Rose Valley chit fund scam |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/trinamool-mp-tapas-paul-arrested-in-connection-with-rose-valley-chit-fund-scam/story-htQJKBml4AztlBrsoPxbCO.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 December 2016}}</ref>

=== Sadhan Pande and family ===
In 2016, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) uncovered transactions showing that Shrreya Pande, daughter of the late Trinamool MLA and Minister of State for Consumer Affairs Sadhan Pande, had received nearly ₹2 crore from Rose Valley Group for alleged interior design work at their Kolkata and Mandarmani properties. Shrreya, a socialite with film and modeling experience, claimed these were legitimate professional fees, though she acknowledged outstanding dues of ₹25 lakh from the company.

Despite asserting she was hired based on her experience with clients like the Tata Group and the Reserve Bank of India, ED officials raised questions about the lack of formal interior design training and the process through which she was selected. She initially avoided personal appearances before the ED, sending her legal representatives with documentation instead. Shrreya maintained that she was being targeted due to her political lineage. At the time, Sadhan Pande refused to comment, becoming the second TMC minister after Tapas Paul to be drawn into the Rose Valley investigation.

In 2024, the CBI named Shrreya as the prime accused in a fresh chargesheet, alleging Rose Valley routed funds to her companies and financed her China tour.<ref>{{cite web | last=Bangla | first=TV9 | title=Rose Valley: রোজভ্যালির টাকায় চিন ঘুরেছেন, CBI চার্জশিটে এক নম্বর অভিযুক্ত হিসাবে নাম সাধন কন্যা শ্রেয়ার | website=TV9 Bangla | date=2024-04-25 | url=https://tv9bangla.com/kolkata/sadhan-pandars-daughter-shreya-pandey-named-as-accused-number-one-in-cbi-charge-sheet-in-rose-valley-case-1057704.html | language=bn | access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref>

=== 2017 political fallout ===
The arrests of Bandyopadhyay and Paul in January 2017 triggered intense political conflict in West Bengal. Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] condemned the arrests as a "political vendetta" by the central government. She called for mass protests and questioned why leaders from the BJP, specifically [[Narendra Modi]] and [[Amit Shah]], were not subjected to similar scrutiny in light of the scam. In response, Banerjee convened an emergency meeting with TMC MPs and party leaders demonstrated at the CBI office in support of Bandyopadhyay, with West Bengal minister [[Firhad Hakim]] among them.

The reactions split along party lines. Leaders from the [[BJP]], such as [[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]], welcomed the arrests, suggesting that more were imminent, while [[Sidharth Nath Singh]] cited the "ongoing violence in Bengal" as a concern. [[CPI(M)]] MP [[Md Salim]] noted Bandyopadhyay's "swift fall from prominence." Meanwhile, the Indian National Congress rallied behind the TMC, with spokesperson [[Randeep Singh Surjewala]] accusing Modi of "vendetta politics" and raising questions about why central minister [[Babul Supriyo]] had not been arrested despite being named in the scam. Additionally, senior Congress leader [[Ahmed Patel]] contacted Banerjee to express his solidarity during the crisis.

Amid the political upheaval, Bandyopadhyay's wife, who is a TMC MLA, refrained from making public comments, stating that the party would manage the situation.The events underline the intricate connections between politics and crime in West Bengal and reflect the ongoing tensions within the state's political environment.

== Role of the Film Industry ==
The case of producer [[Shrikant Mohta]], co-founder of [[SVF Entertainment]], who was arrested by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) in January 2019, serves as a crucial turning point for the film industry in Bengal. Mohta was implicated in an alleged ₹24 crore fraud involving Rose Valley's Brand Value Communication through questionable film distribution agreements. This incident highlighted deep-seated issues within the industry, revealing that approximately 30% of Tollywood's investments were controlled by [[chit fund]] companies through about 35 registered producers.<ref name="firstpost">{{cite news |title=ED summons Bengali superstar Prosenjit Chatterjee: How Rose Valley scam pushed Tollywood onto a thorny path |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/ed-summons-bengali-superstar-prosenjit-chatterjee-how-rose-valley-scam-pushed-tollywood-onto-a-thorny-path-6969291.html |work=Firstpost |date=10 July 2019}}</ref> The Rose Valley scandal, which investigators estimated to be worth ₹17,520 crore, significantly influenced Bengal's film economy, illustrating the need for more robust regulatory frameworks to safeguard creative industries against corruption.<ref name="ED-NDTV">{{cite news |title=Rose Valley Scam Case: Rituparna Sengupta, Prosenjit Chatterjee summoned |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rose-valley-scam-case-rituparna-sengupta-bengali-actor-summoned-in-rose-valley-scam-case-2067486 |work=NDTV |date=11 July 2019}}</ref>

Mohta's arrest was marked by dramatic events at his Kolkata office, reflecting the complexity and challenges faced by law enforcement in addressing such entrenched issues. The CBI's inquiry revealed inconsistencies in Mohta's testimony regarding a 2010 agreement, drawing attention to the importance of transparency in all business dealings within the film sector.<ref name="toi-mohta">{{cite news |title=Film producer Shrikant Mohta held by CBI in Rose Valley case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/film-producer-shrikant-mohta-held-by-cbi-in-rose-valley-case/articleshow/67681356.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 January 2019}}</ref> Investigators also seized 20 artworks allegedly acquired with misappropriated funds, underscoring the need for oversight mechanisms in financial transactions within the industry.<ref name="toi-mohta" />

From 2009 to 2014, Rose Valley's investment of over ₹100 crore in Tollywood financed more than 40 films, showcasing the potential for positive contributions to the film industry. However, this involvement was marred by allegations of money laundering, with production costs being artificially reported at a fraction of their true value, as evidenced by the film ''[[Hangover (2011 film)|Hangover]]'' being recorded on paper for just ₹5 lakh. This situation emphasizes the need for clarity and accuracy in financial reporting to maintain trust within the industry.<ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite news |title=Rose Valley scam: Bengali superstar Prosenjit Chatterjee summoned by ED |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rose-valley-chit-fund-scam-ed-summons-prosenjit-chatterjee-1565311-2019-07-09 |work=India Today |date=9 July 2019}}</ref> Cross-investment strategies among 27 group companies exacerbated financial obscurity, prompting discussions about better governance practices to maintain integrity in film financing. BJP leader [[Rahul Sinha]] remarked, "There is no better place than the film industry to invest black money... using stars to earn people's trust," highlighting the essential role of reputation in financial dealings.<ref name="firstpost" />

As investigations continued, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) summoned various prominent industry figures in July 2019 to clarify financial activities. Actor [[Rituparna Sengupta]] was questioned for several hours regarding payments made to her production house ''Bhavana Aaj O Kaal'', reinforcing the need for diligence and accountability in the financial engagements of industry professionals.<ref name="millenniumpost">{{cite news |title=ED questions Rituparna Sengupta; claims her firm was paid Rs 7.5 crore |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/nation/ed-questions-rituparna-sengupta-claims-her-firm-was-paid-rs-75-crore-364132 |work=Millennium Post |date=19 July 2019}}</ref> Investigators suggested that some funds were misallocated, complicating matters and underlining the importance of ethical standards in financing and production. Similarly, actor [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] was summoned regarding ₹2.75 crore his company received during its affiliation with Rose Valley, showcasing the interconnectedness of financial transactions in the industry.<ref name="IndiaToday" /> The inquiries also extended to notable figures such as actor-politician [[Tapas Paul]] and TMC MP [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]<ref name="firstpost" />—highlighting how widespread the impact of financial misconduct can be.

The aftermath of the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]]'s 2013 order for Rose Valley to repay investors, along with Kundu's 2015 arrest, stirred significant changes in the industry. Monthly film releases fell from an average of 10 to just 3 by 2016, with Brand Value Communications canceling projects valued at ₹500 crore.<ref name="firstpost" /> This decline in production highlights the need for a revitalized approach to financing and creativity within Tollywood. Average film budgets were reported to shrink significantly from ₹4-5 crore to "₹1 crore or less," according to assistant director Bijoy Majhi, which has posed challenges for technicians and crew.<ref name="Hindu-impact">{{cite news |title=Rose Valley effect: Tollywood budgets shrink |work=The Hindu |date=August 2016}}</ref> East India Motion Pictures Association's VP, Krishna Daga, noted that the retreat of chit funds due to outstanding dues severely impacted filmmaking interests, resulting in a livelihood crisis for over 10,000 technicians. This crisis emphasizes the necessity for innovative models of funding and support systems to ensure the film industry's sustainability going forward.<ref name="Hindu-impact" />

In restitution efforts, the ED auctioned Rose Valley properties to compensate victims, returning ₹515 crore to 7.5 lakh affected investors by October 2024,<ref>{{cite web |title=Rose Valley financial scandal |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Valley_financial_scandal |website=Wikipedia |access-date=14 August 2025}}</ref> with an additional ₹2.29 crore disbursed to 3,741 victims in February 2025.<ref name="Hindu-restitution">{{cite news |title=ED restitutes ₹2.29 crore to defrauded investors of Rose Valley Group |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ed-restitutes-229-crore-to-defrauded-investors-of-rose-valley-group/article69275073.ece |work=The Hindu |date=28 February 2025}}</ref> Recent developments included Rituparna Sengupta's 2024 summons concerning a ration distribution scam, though she delayed appearance citing overseas commitments before eventually complying with ED questioning.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ration scam: ED summons Bengali actress to appear on June 5 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/ration-scam-ed-summons-bengali-actress-to-appear-on-june-5/article68231539.ece |work=The Hindu |date=30 May 2024}}</ref>

Local media reports have also named actor–politician [[Deepak Adhikari|Dev]] in connection with the Rose Valley investigation. According to a Bengali news report, the CBI's chargesheet filed in Bhubaneswar lists several individuals and mentions Dev's presence at a Rose Valley event; the report said this led to his name appearing in the matter. Dev was quoted as saying that he had attended and performed at the event as an actor, that many other artists were present, and that he had not received any formal notice in the case at the time of the report.<ref name="KhaborDev">{{cite web |title=Name of Dev in Rose Valley case; CBI filed the chargesheet |url=https://khabor24x7.com/news/west-bengal/name-of-dev-in-rose-valley-case-cbi-filed-the-chargesheet-109742/ |work=Khabor24x7 |date=18 May 2024 |language=bn |access-date=2025-09-09}}</ref>
The same report noted that Dev had previously been summoned by investigators in relation to other financial and recruitment-related allegations; he reportedly appeared before authorities and denied receiving any payments. As with other industry figures, the reporting indicates investigators are examining links between film personalities and Rose Valley transactions to determine whether funds were routed into the film sector or used for promotional activities.<ref name="KhaborDev" />

== Related Companies ==
The Rose Valley Group operated through an array of subsidiaries and associated companies, many of which were subsequently identified as shell companies. By 2013, the Indian government had initiated investigations into over 150 companies for financial irregularities, including numerous entities affiliated with Rose Valley.<ref>{{cite news |title=Probing 154 companies for financial frauds: Pilot |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/probing-154-companies-for-financial-frauds-pilot-113080500580_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=5 August 2013}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Saradha Group financial scandal]]
* [[Chit fund]]
* [[List of Ponzi schemes]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.ed.gov.in Enforcement Directorate]
* [https://cbi.gov.in Central Bureau of Investigation]

{{Scams and confidence tricks}}
{{Corruption in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rose Valley Scam}}
[[Category:21st-century scandals]]
[[Category:Pyramid and Ponzi schemes]]
[[Category:Corporate scandals]]
[[Category:Financial scandals]]
[[Category:Political scandals in India]]
[[Category:2016 scandals]]
[[Category:2014 scandals]]
[[Category:Crime in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Crime in Odisha]]
[[Category:Crime in Assam]]
[[Category:Confidence tricks]]

Kosaraju

2026-04-25T20:59:56Z

Shawnzus: Starting new info more to come

{{Short description|Indian lyricist and poet (1905–1987)}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Kosaraju
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Kosaraju Raghavayya
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1905|06|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Appikatla, Guntur district]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1987|10|27|1905|6|23|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| occupation = Lyricist, poet, actor
| subject =
| movement = Raithu Udyamam
| notableworks =
| spouse = Seetharamamma
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
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}}

'''Kosaraju Raghavayya''' (23 June 1905 – 27 October 1987), known [[Mononym|mononumously]] by his [[surname]] '''Kosaraju''', was an Indian [[lyricist]] and poet known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He wrote about 3,000 songs in 350 films.<ref name="veethi">{{cite web |title=Kosaraju Raghavaiah Profile |url=http://www.veethi.com/india-people/kosaraju_raghavaiah-profile-6030-24.htm |access-date=19 August 2016 |website=Veethi.com}}</ref><ref name="shodhganga">{{cite web |last=Rao |first=Akkina Mareswara |date=1997 |title=Celluloid and its past: Cultural and ideological mediation of Telugu cinema in colonial Andhra's Past |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/25594/7/07_chapter%202.pdf |access-date=19 August 2016 |website=[[Shodhganga]]}}</ref> His lyrics are steeped in Telugu folklore and rural idiom. He was awarded the prestigious [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]] by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] for his contribution to Telugu cinema in 1984.

He wrote memorable songs like "Eruvaka Sagaro", "Niluvave Vaalu Kanuladhana", "Illarikamlo Unna Maza", "Chethilo Dabbulu Poyene", "Anukunnadokkati Ainadi Okkati", "Ye Nimishana Yemi Jaruguno", "Jayammu Nischayammu ra", "Maa Voollo Oka Paduchundi".

==Early life==
He was born on 23 June 1905 in [[Appikatla]] village, [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] to Sri Subbaiah and Smt Lakshmamma whose occupation was agriculture . As Appikatla, his native village was small and the local school had the facility to teach up to 4th class, Kosaraju could not study beyond it. But he studied Telugu literature, epics and puranas at home .Moreover, he was influenced by a Telugu scholar Kondamudi Narasimham Pantulu in whose play based on the ''[[Ramayana]]'' he acted when still in his teens.

Initially, he worked as a journalist in the ''Raithu Patrika'' where he met the famous writer [[Samudrala Sr.]] and the director [[Gudavalli Ramabrahmam]]. He published his first poetry anthology, ''Kadagandlu''. He died in 1987.

==Film career==
Kosaraju acted in the [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu]] film ''[[Raithu Bidda]]'' (1939). Later, he shifted his focus to writing lyrics for films. He penned humorous lyrics for [[K. V. Reddy]]'s ''[[Pedda Manushulu (1954 film)|Pedda Manushulu]]'' (1954), followed by one of his most famous songs, "Jebulo Bomma Je Jela Bomma" (in [[B. A. Subba Rao]]'s ''[[Raju Peda]]'', 1954). He was well known for his earthy poetry, often referring to popular tales of morality and ethics. Kosaraju wrote about 3,000 lyrics for 350 Telugu films.

He wrote memorable songs like "Eruvaka Sagaro", "Illarikamlo Unna Maza" and "Chethilo Dabbulu Poyene".

===Filmography===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Songs
|-
| 1939 || ''[[Raithu Bidda]]'' ||Actor
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Pedda Manushulu (1954 film)|Pedda Manushulu]]'' || ''Nandamaya Guruda Nandamaya''
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Raju Peda]]'' || ''Jebulo Bomma Jejela Bomma''
|-
| 1955 || ''Nammina Bantu'' || ''Chengu Chenguna Gantulu Veyyandi''
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Rojulu Marayi]]'' || ''Eruvaaka Sagaroranno Chinnanna''
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Thodi Kodallu]]'' || ''Aaduthu Paaduthu Panichestunte'' ''Townu Pakkakelloddura Dingari''
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Manchi Manasuku Manchi Rojulu]]'' || ''Anukunndokkati Ainadi Okkati Bolta Kottindile Bulbul Pitta'' ''Kalavari Swartham Nirupeda Dukham Yenatikaina Marena''
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Illarikam]]'' || ''Bhale Chansele.. Illarikam lo Unna Mazaa'' ''Niluvave Vaalukanuladaanaa!''
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Jayabheri]]'' || ''Unnaaraa Jodunnaaraa, Mammodinche Vaarunnaaraa''
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Kula Gothralu]]'' || ''Ayyayo Chetilo Dabbulu Poyene''
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Manchi Manasulu]]'' || ''Maama Maama Mama Eme Eme Bhaama''
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Chaduvukunna Ammayilu]]'' || ''Emitee Avataram''
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' || ''Ye Nimishaniki Yemi Jaruguno Evaroohinchedaru''
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Mooga Manasulu]]'' || ''Gowaramma Nee Mogudevaramma Evaramma Vaadevaramma''
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Devatha (1964 film)|Devatha]]'' || ''Mavooru Madarasu Naa Peru Ramdasu''
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Ramudu Bheemudu]]'' || ''Desammu Maarindoy Kaalammu Maarindoy'' ''Saradaa Saradaa Cigarettu''
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Antastulu]]'' || ''Dulapara Bulloda Dummu Dulapara Bulloda''
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Sri Krishna Pandaveeyam|Sri Krishna Pandaviyam]]'' || ''Bhala Bhala Naa Bandi Parugu Teese Bandi'' ''Mattu Vadalara Niddura Mattu Vadalala''
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Aada Paduchu]]'' || ''Rikshavaalanu Nenu Pakshilaga Pothanu''
|-
| 1967 || ''Ave Kallu'' || ''Maa Voollo Oka Paduchundi Dayyamante Bhayamannadi''
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Poola Rangadu (1967 film)|Poola Rangadu]]'' || ''Neetiki Nilabadi Nijayateega Padara Munduku Padara''
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Varakatnam]]'' || ''Sai Sai Jodedla Bandi''
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Dharma Daata]]'' || ''Evvarikosam Evadunnaadu Pondiraa Pondi''
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Bomma Borusa]]'' || ''Bomma Borusa Pandem Veyyi Needo Naado Paicheyi''
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Chelleli Kapuram]]'' || ''Bhale Bhale Maa Annayya''
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1971 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]'' || ''Ramaya Tandri O Ramaya Tandri.. Maa Nomulanni Pandinayi Ramaya Tandri''
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Papam Pasivadu]]'' || ''Manchi Annadhey Kaanaraadu''
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Balipeetam]]'' || ''Takku Tikku Takkuladi Bandira'' ''Yesukundam Buddoda''
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Pooja (1975 film)|Pooja]]'' ||
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Manushulanta Okkate]]'' || ''Muthyalu Vasthava Adigindi Isthava''
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Sri Vinayaka Vijayamu]]'' ||
|}

==Awards and honours==
*He was awarded the prestigious [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]] by the State Government of Andhra Pradesh for his outstanding contribution to Telugu cinema in 1984.
*He was given the titles ''Janapada Kavi Sarvabhouma'' and ''Kaviratna''.

==See also==
* [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100825112405/http://www.oldtelugusongs.com/cgi-bin/search2/search.pl?lycode=P0092 Listen to some of the songs of Kosaraju at Old Telugu Songs]
* [http://www.chimatamusic.com/searchlyr.php?st=Kosaraju%20Raghavaiah%20Chowdary Listen to some of the songs of Kosaraju at Chimata Music.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509160839/http://www.chimatamusic.com/searchlyr.php?st=Kosaraju%20Raghavaiah%20Chowdary |date=9 May 2011 }}

{{Raghupathi Venkaiah Award Recipients}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghavaiah, Kosaraju}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Writers from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Telugu-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Poets from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]

Bidhannagar City Police

2026-04-22T20:49:09Z

Shawnzus: stub

{{Short description|Indian police force}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
|agencyname = Bidhannagar City Police
|nativename = '''বিধাননগর সিটি পুলিশ'''
|commonname = Bidhannagar City Police বিধাননগর শহর পুলিশ
|abbreviation = BDNCP
|logo = Bidhannagar Police logo.png
|logocaption =
|motto = Courage Care Commitment
|mottotranslated = {{langx|bn|সাহস সতর্কতা প্রতিজ্ঞাবদ্ধ}}
|mission =
|formedyear = 2012 <ref>{{citation| url=http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/history.php|title=Bidhan Nagar Police History|work=BPC}}</ref>
|formedmonthday = 20 January
|preceding1 =
|dissolved =
|superseding =
|employees = 
|volunteers =
| budget = {{INRConvert|174.49|c|1|lk=on}} {{small|(2025{{ndash}}26)}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2025 |title=Detailed Demands for Grants for 2025-2026 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url=https://finance.wb.gov.in/writereaddata/Budget_Publication/2025_bp22.pdf |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref>
|legalpersonality =
|country = India
|countryabbr = IN
|divtype =
|divname = Bidhan Nagar & New Town area
|map =
|mapcaption =
|sizearea = {{convert|146.34|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Bidhannagar City Police Total Area |url =http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/juridiction_map.php}}</ref>
|sizepopulation = {{estimation}} 15 lacs
|legaljuris = [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]]; [[New Town, Kolkata]] (WBHIDCO Area) & Bidhannagar Constituency Area.
|governingbody = [[Government of West Bengal]]
|governingbodyscnd = West Bengal Police
|police = yes
|local = yes
|headquarters = Bidhannagar Police Headquarters, Sec-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata - 700 106
| minister1name = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| minister1pfo = [[Department of Home and Hill Affairs|Minister of Home and Hill Affairs, Government of West Bengal]]
|chief1name = Gaurav Sharma, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|chief1position = [[Commissioner of Police]]<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-govt-transfers-43-ips-officers-1537075-2019-05-28|title=West Bengal govt transfers 43 IPS officers, including 3 police commissioners|work=India Today|date=2019-05-28}}</ref>
|parentagency = [[West Bengal Police]]
|stationtype =
|stations = 13 (Police Stations); 8 (Traffic Guards); 1 (Women PS); 1 (Cyber Crime PS)<ref>{{cite news |title=Police Stations List|url=http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/org_police.php}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Women Police Stations of West Bengal|url=http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/women_ps/main.php|archive-date=24 June 2019|access-date=24 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624024356/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/women_ps/main.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|website = {{URL|http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/}}
|footnotes =
|reference =
}}

'''Bidhannagar City Police''' (Bengali: বিধাননগর সিটি পুলিশ), established on 20 January 2012, is a [[police force]] with primary responsibilities in law enforcement and investigation within [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]] and certain adjacent areas in [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area|Greater Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite news|title=North 24 Parganas district|url=https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas#lb7|access-date=23 June 2019|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608011413/https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas#lb7|url-status=dead}}</ref> (Saltlake, Dum Dum Park, Lake Town, Bangur Avenue, Kestopur, Baguiati, Raghunathpur, Teghoria, Arjunpur, Kaikhali, Rajarhat, New Town, Dumdum/Kolkata Airport Area, Inside of NSCBI Airport, Gouripur, Michael Nagar, Ganganagar).<ref>{{cite web|title=Police Commissionerate|url=http://wbpolice.gov.in/WBP/Common/WBP_Comm_Websites.aspx}}</ref> The Commissionerate is part of the [[West Bengal Police]] and is under the administrative control of [[Ministry of Home Affairs (West Bengal)|Home Ministry of West Bengal]]. '''Shri Gaurav Sharma''' is the current Commissioner of the Bidhannagar City Police. '''Shri Rajeev Kumar''' was the '''first commissioner''' of '''Bidhan Nagar City Police'''.<ref>{{cite news|title=DGP orders probe against Lake Town IC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/DGP-orders-probe-against-Lake-Town-IC/articleshow/11773206.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715110617/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-06/kolkata/31029772_1_dgp-orders-probe-fresh-probe-police-station|url-status=live|archive-date=15 July 2012|access-date=6 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 February 2012}}</ref>

==Structure and jurisdiction==
The Police commissionerate is situated at [[Bidhannagar]] and is divided into three geographical divisions: '''Bidhannagar Division''', '''Newtown Division''', and '''Airport Division'''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Division-wise Police Stations|url=http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/police_station.php}}</ref> The commissionerate is responsible for law enforcement over an area of {{cvt|146.34|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Bidhannagar City Police Jurisdiction|url=http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/juridiction_map.php}}</ref> with 13 Police Stations; 8 Traffic Guards; 1 Women Police Station and 1 Cyber Crime Police Station under it.<ref>{{cite news |title=All Police Stations|url=http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/police_station.php}}</ref> As like Kolkata Traffic Police, Only Bidhan Nagar City Traffic Police has traffic guards offices headed by an Officer-In-Charge. Bidhannaagar City Police is headed by the Commissioner of Police, who is an [[Indian Police Service]] officer in the rank of Inspector-General of Police (IGP). The city police commissioner is assisted by a joint commissioner at the headquarters and several deputy police commissioners handling the matters on law and order, traffic, investigations and intelligence.<ref name=newforce>{{cite news|title=Township task force: What it means for you|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120117/jsp/calcutta/story_15015467.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122025223/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120117/jsp/calcutta/story_15015467.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2012|access-date=6 February 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=17 January 2012}}</ref> Other specialized departments, including the Detective Department and the Special Branch are headed by Additional deputy commissioners, who are in the rank of additional superintendent of police.<ref name=newforce/> The police stations are headed by an Officer-In-Charge, an Inspector rank officer.

==Police stations==
* On 27 November 2019, 2 new police station Eco Park and Technocity was inaugurated after dividing New Town Police Station.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/2-new-ps-for-30sq-km-satellite-town/articleshow/72267674.cms| title=2 New PS for 300 sq KM satellite town| work=Times of India| date=27 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/police_station.php| title= Total Police Stations| work=BPC}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
# Airport PS
# [[Baguiati]] PS
# [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|NSCBI Airport]] PS
# [[Bidhannagar]] East PS
# [[Bidhannagar]] North PS
# [[Bidhannagar]] South PS
# Electronics Complex PS
# [[Lake Town, Kolkata|Lake Town]] PS
# Narayanpur PS
# [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] PS
# [[New Town Eco Park|Eco Park]] PS
# [[Rajarhat]] PS
# Technocity PS
{{div col end}}

==Specialised Police Stations==
<ref>{{cite news |title=Specialised Police Stations|url=http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/org_police.php}}</ref>
*'''1.[[Bidhannagar]] [[Cyber Crime]] PS'''
*'''2.[[Bidhannagar]] [[Women]] PS''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Women Police Stations List|url=http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/women_ps/main.php|archive-date=24 June 2019|access-date=24 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624024356/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/women_ps/main.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Traffic Guards==
{{div col}} <ref>{{cite news |title=Traffic Guards|url=http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/docs/TrafficGuard.pdf}}</ref>
* 1. [[Airport]] Traffic Guard
* 2. [[Baguiati]] Traffic Guard
* 3. [[Narayanpur, Kolkata|Narayanpur]] Traffic Guard
* 4. [[Rajarhat]] Traffic Guard
* 5. [[Bidhannagar]] Traffic Guard
* 6. [[Lake Town, Kolkata|Lake Town]] Traffic Guard
* 7. [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] Traffic Guard
* 8. [[Salt Lake Sector-V|Nabadiganta]] Traffic Guard
* 9. [[Eco Park, New Town|Eco Park]] Sub-Traffic Guard
{{div col end}}

==See also==
*
* [[Howrah Police Commissionerate]]
*
* [[Kolkata Police]]
* [[Police Commissioner of Kolkata]]

==External links==
* [http://www.bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/ Official website]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Law enforcement in India}}

[[Category:Metropolitan law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Government of Kolkata]]
[[Category:West Bengal Police]]
[[Category:Police Commissionerate in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2012]]
[[Category:Bidhannagar]]

Indranil Naik

2026-04-19T16:00:57Z

Shawnzus: Starting some details basic info - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Indranil Manohar Naik
| native_name =
| image =
| office = [[Third Fadnavis ministry|Minister of State]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = [[Third Fadnavis ministry]]
| minister =
| term_start = 15 December 2024
| term_end =
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| 2blankname = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy CM]]
| 2namedata =
*[[Eknath Shinde]]
*[[Ajit Pawar]] (till his demise in 2026) [[Sunetra Pawar]] (from 2026)
| 3blankname = Guardian Minister
| 3namedata = *[[Ministry of Tribal Development (Maharashtra)|Tribal Development]]
*[[Ministry of Soil and Water Conservation (Maharashtra)|Soil and Water Conservation]]
*[[Ministry of Tourism (Maharashtra)|Tourism]]
*[[Ministry of Higher and Technical Education (Maharashtra)|Higher and Technical Education]]
*[[Ministry of Industries (Maharashtra)|Industries]]
*[[Ministry of Public Works (Excluding Public Undertakings) (Maharashtra)|Public Works]]
| governor = [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] [[Acharya Devvrat]] additional charge
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = (2019-2024), (2024-Present)
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Manohar Naik]]
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|28 January 1982}}
| birth_place = [[Pusad]] Dist., [[Yavatmal District]]
| occupation = Politician, Agriculturist and Social Worker
| children =
| party = '''[[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|25 px]][[Nationalist Congress Party]]'''
| other_party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| constituency1 = [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad]]
| profession =
| spouse = Mohini Naik
| father = [[Manohar Naik]]<ref name="In many seats of Maharashtra, election contest all in the family">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=In many seats of Maharashtra, election contest all in the family |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/in-many-seats-election-contest-all-in-the-family-6056829/ |access-date=14 December 2024 |date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214115031/https://indianexpress.com/elections/in-many-seats-election-contest-all-in-the-family-6056829/ |archive-date=14 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
| mother = Anita Naik
| education = Post Graduate & BSL., LLB From Shri Shivaji Law College, [[Kandhar]], in 2017{{Cite source|date=November 2025}}
| sibling =
| website =
}}
'''Indranil Manohar Naik''' (born 28 January 1982) is a leader of [[Nationalist Congress Party]] and a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elected from [[Pusad Assembly constituency]]. He is nephew of former chief minister of Maharashtra [[Sudhakarrao Naik]] and he is grandson of former chief minister of Maharashtra [[Vasantrao Naik]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=Pusad Election Results 2019 Live Updates (पुसद): Naik Indranil Manohar of NCP Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/pusad-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2358439.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101235003/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/pusad-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2358439.html |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |website= [[News18 India]] |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Pusad’s ‘blue bloods’ have not lost seat since Maha formation">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Pusad’s ‘blue bloods’ have not lost seat since Maha formation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/pusads-naik-family-the-unbeaten-political-legacy-in-maharashtra/articleshow/115609094.cms |access-date=14 December 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214114309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/pusads-naik-family-the-unbeaten-political-legacy-in-maharashtra/articleshow/115609094.cms |archive-date=14 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra polls: Naik family has won Yavatmal's Pusad seat for 72 years">{{cite news |last1=Hindustan Times |title=Maharashtra polls: Naik family has won Yavatmal's Pusad seat for 72 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/unvanquished-naik-family-has-won-pusad-seat-for-72-years-101732561397046.html |access-date=14 December 2024 |date=26 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214114430/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/unvanquished-naik-family-has-won-pusad-seat-for-72-years-101732561397046.html |archive-date=14 December 2024 |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Career ==
Naik became an MLA for the first time winning the 2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=राज्यातील विजयी उमेदवारांची यादी येथे पाहा|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/articleshow/71749478.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026162142/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/amp_articleshow/71749478.cms |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Maharashtra Election 2019 Winners Full List: Check full list of winning candidates in Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha Chunav 2019 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026205732/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=English
}}</ref> He retained the seat in the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election.<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pusad">{{cite news |date=23 November 2024 |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pusad |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1381.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214121321/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1381.htm |archive-date=14 December 2024 |access-date=14 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref>

He is also the president of the Yavatmal District Football Association.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Indranil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Yavatmal]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1982 births]]

{{Maharashtra-NCP-politician-stub}}

Jatara Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:40:35Z

Shawnzus: Starting new entry w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jatara
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 44
| map_image = 44-Jatara.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Tikamgarh district|Tikamgarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tikamgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Tikamgarh]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Harishankar Khatik]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Dinesh Ahirwar|Dinesh Kumar Ahirwar]]
}}
'''Jatara''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]]. This constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Dalit|Scheduled castes]] since 2008, following the delimitation of the legislative assembly constituencies.<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=18 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> It came into existence in 1951, as one of the 48 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Vindhya Pradesh]] state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_VP.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Vindhya Pradesh|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website}}</ref>

==Overview==
Jatara (constituency number 44) is one of the 3 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Tikamgarh district]]. This constituency covers the Jatara and Lidhorakhas [[nagar panchayat]]s and parts of Jatara and Palera [[tehsil]]s of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=230, 250}}</ref>

Jatara is part of [[Tikamgarh Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Tikamgarh Assembly constituency|Tikamgarh]], [[Prithvipur Assembly constituency|Prithvipur]], [[Niwari Assembly constituency|Niwari]] and [[Khargapur Assembly constituency|Khargapur]] in this district and [[Maharajpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Maharajpur]], [[Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chhatarpur]] and [[Bijawar Assembly constituency|Bijawar]] in [[Chhatarpur district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

=== Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name=eci2/>
|Narayan Das
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Kamta Prasad (politician)|Kamta Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" | Narendra Singh Dev
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Akhand Pratap Singh Yadav
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Swami Prasad Pastor
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Thakurdas Yadav
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Surendra Pratap Singh Bundela
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Akhand Pratap Singh Yadav
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" | Sunil Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Harishankar Khatik]]
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Dinesh Kumar Ahirwar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Harishankar Khatik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jatara<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Harishankar Khatik]]
|votes = {{formatnum:75943}}
|percentage = 45.7
|change = +0.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kiran Ahirwar
|votes = {{formatnum:64727}}
|percentage = 38.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = R. R. Bansal
|votes = {{formatnum:15060}}
|percentage = 9.06
|change = -6.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ahirwar Dharmendra
|votes = {{formatnum:1878}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change = -12.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1077}}
|percentage = 0.65
|change = -1.07
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11216}}
|percentage = 6.75
|change = -19.67
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:166169}}
|percentage = 75.3
|change = +3.36
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jatara<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2018 Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Harishankar Khatik]]
|votes = {{formatnum:63315}}
|percentage = 45.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Mahan Dal
|candidate = R.R. Bansal
|votes = {{formatnum:26600}}
|percentage = 19.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Anita Prabhu Dayal Khatik
|votes = {{formatnum:21040}}
|percentage = 15.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dwarika Prasad Ahirwar
|votes = {{formatnum:18349}}
|percentage = 13.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2385}}
|percentage = 1.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:36715}}
|percentage = 26.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:138984}}
|percentage = 71.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jatara<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh - Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/MPAE_2013_stat_report.pdf|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Dinesh Kumar Ahirwar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 51149
|percentage = 39.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Harishankar Khatik]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 50916
|percentage = 39.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Santosh
|party = MD
|votes = 15516
|percentage = 12.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Anil Ravi
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 3310
|percentage = 2.58
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Dinesh Ahirwar
|party = ABGP
|votes = 1289
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Kewra Devi Khangar
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1130
|percentage = 0.88
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Suresh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 938
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Satish Ahirwar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 934
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Duli Chandra Ahirwar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 654
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Bhagchandra Ahirwar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 611
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1755
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 128202
|percentage = 70.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Jatara]]
* [[Lidhorakhas]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|25.00|79.06|display=title}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Tikamgarh district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Baglan Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T13:21:25Z

Shawnzus: stub

{{short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baglan
| constituency_no = 116
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 116-Baglan.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhule Lok Sabha constituency|Dhule]]
| district = [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Dilip Manglu Borse]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| incumbent_image =
| alliance =
| electors =299,634
}}
'''Baglan Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=4 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=25 February 2009 }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baglan Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/baglan.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan=2| Party
|-
|[[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Pandit Dharma Sonawane
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Motabhau Bhamre
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan="2" |Laxman Pawar
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Runja Gangurde
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Lahanu Ahire
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Dilip Manglu Borse|Dilip Borse]]
| {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|Shankar Ahire
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Sanjay Chavan
| {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|Umaji Borse
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Dipika Sanjay Chavan|Dipika Chavan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|Rowspan=2|[[Dilip Manglu Borse|Dilip Borse]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Baglan<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Baglan">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Baglan |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13116.htm |access-date=15 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215162055/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13116.htm |archive-date=15 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dilip Manglu Borse]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,59,681 |percentage = 78.30% |change={{increase}}20.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dipika Sanjay Chavan]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 30,384 |percentage = 14.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Garud Jayshree Sahebrao |party=Prahar Janshakti Party |votes = 4,413 |percentage = 2.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bapu Ananda Pawar Sir |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,054 |percentage = 1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,573 |percentage = 0.77% |change={{decrease}}0.23 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,29,297 |percentage = 63.41% |change= {{increase}}42.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,05,495 |percentage = 68.58% |change= {{increase}}8.60 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,03,922}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,99,634|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.23 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}20.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Baglan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dilip Manglu Borse]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 94,683 |percentage = 57.52% |change={{increase}}16.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sau. Dipika Sanjay Chavan |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 60,989 |percentage = 37.05% |change={{decrease}}6.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rakesh Pandurang Ghode |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,196 |percentage = 3.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,652 |percentage = 1.00% |change={{increase}}0.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gulab Mahadu Gavit |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,547 |percentage = 0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandit Dodha Borse |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,204 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,694 |percentage = 20.47% |change= {{increase}}17.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,66,329 |percentage = 60.08% |change= {{decrease}}3.08 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,64,600}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,76,851|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}13.49 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Baglan<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dipika Sanjay Chavan]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 68,434 |percentage = 44.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Borse Dilip Manglu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 64,253 |percentage = 41.34% |change={{decrease}}3.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadhana Vasant Gavli |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 9,108 |percentage = 5.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jayshree Machindra Barde |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 6,946 |percentage = 4.47% |change={{decrease}}3.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mali Bapu Shravan |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,322 |percentage = 1.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,212 |percentage = 0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Alka Pandit Mali |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,152 |percentage = 0.74% |change={{decrease}}0.35 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,181 |percentage = 2.69% |change= {{increase}}0.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,56,638 |percentage = 63.02% |change= {{increase}}11.18 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,55,424}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,48,555|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Baglan<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Umaji Manglu Borse |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 55,022 |percentage = 45.33% |change={{increase}}11.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Sanjay Kantilal |party=Independent politician |votes = 52,460 |percentage = 43.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonawane Somnath Ravan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 9,245 |percentage = 7.62% |change={{decrease}}14.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Navare Barku Bhavrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,270 |percentage = 1.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Narayan Ananda |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,328 |percentage = 1.09% |change={{decrease}}2.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Annasaheb Dashrath Bagul |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,061 |percentage = 0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,562 |percentage = 2.11% |change= {{increase}}0.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,21,438 |percentage = 51.37% |change= {{decrease}}1.52 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,21,386}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,36,388|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}10.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Baglan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Sanjay Kantilal |party=Independent politician |votes = 37,155 |percentage = 34.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Umaji Manglu Borse |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 35,714 |percentage = 33.45% |change={{increase}}0.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gangurde Rajaram Mahipat |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 23,732 |percentage = 22.23% |change={{decrease}}0.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhaudas Maniram Mahale |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,837 |percentage = 5.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Barde Machhindranath Suryabhan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,333 |percentage = 4.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,441 |percentage = 1.35% |change= {{decrease}}8.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,06,779 |percentage = 52.88% |change= {{increase}}9.13 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,06,771}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,01,934|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Baglan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ahire Shankar Daulat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 27,902 |percentage = 32.48% |change={{increase}}13.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonawane Abhiman Fula |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,392 |percentage = 22.57% |change={{increase}}0.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Borse Dilip Manglu |party=Swatantra Bharat Paksha |votes = 16,573 |percentage = 19.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Sanjay Kantilal |party=Independent politician |votes = 16,498 |percentage = 19.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Murlidhar Piraji |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,255 |percentage = 6.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,510 |percentage = 9.91% |change= {{decrease}}25.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,770 |percentage = 47.75% |change= {{decrease}}23.15 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 85,902}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,96,387|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.31 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}25.07 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Baglan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Borase Dilip Mangalu |party=Independent politician |votes = 65,004 |percentage = 57.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Sanjay Kantilal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,047 |percentage = 22.18% |change={{decrease}}21.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Pandit Dada |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 21,173 |percentage = 18.75% |change={{decrease}}3.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bagul Baraku Ratan |party=Independent politician |votes = 691 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 39,957 |percentage = 35.38% |change= {{increase}}24.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,17,139 |percentage = 69.38% |change= {{increase}}14.28 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,12,949}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,68,847|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.32 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.82 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Baglan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ahire Lahanu Bala |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 33,111 |percentage = 43.73% |change={{increase}}4.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Borse Dilip Mangalu |party=Janata Dal |votes = 25,080 |percentage = 33.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhongade Uttamrao Dashrath |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 16,484 |percentage = 21.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gazi Mubinkhan Mardankhan |party=Bharatiya Krishi Udyog Sangh |votes = 512 |percentage = 0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,031 |percentage = 10.61% |change= {{decrease}}6.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,541 |percentage = 53.88% |change= {{decrease}}8.92 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,719}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,43,916|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing= {{decrease}}13.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Baglan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gangurde Runja Punjaram |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 40,703 |percentage = 57.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ahire Shankar Daulat |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 28,271 |percentage = 39.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dongar Rama More |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,122 |percentage = 1.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,432 |percentage = 17.44% |change= {{increase}}16.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,749 |percentage = 62.81% |change= {{increase}}16.37 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,268}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,15,816|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}8.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Baglan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Laxman Totaram |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 23,154 |percentage = 48.24% |change={{decrease}}1.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ahire Lahanu Bala |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 22,838 |percentage = 47.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kuvar Sampatrao Lahu |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,217 |percentage = 2.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Punjaram Kalu |party=Independent politician |votes = 791 |percentage = 1.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 316 |percentage = 0.66% |change= {{decrease}}24.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,259 |percentage = 46.35% |change= {{decrease}}19.09 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,000}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,06,283|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}1.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Baglan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Laxman Totaram |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 30,992 |percentage = 49.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pimpalse Vasantrao Bhuraji |party=Janata Party |votes = 15,378 |percentage = 24.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Tulsiram Dawal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 7,897 |percentage = 12.72% |change={{decrease}}49.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Talware Nimba Bajan |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,564 |percentage = 12.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,614 |percentage = 25.15% |change= {{decrease}}20.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,643 |percentage = 66.91% |change= {{increase}}0.99 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,073}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,612|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}12.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Baglan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mothabhau Gorakh Bhamre |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,682 |percentage = 62.07% |change={{decrease}}2.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Udaram Tulshiram Deore |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 10,127 |percentage = 16.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sampat Lahu Kuvar |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,907 |percentage = 8.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Keshao Gopal More |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,264 |percentage = 7.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandit Ambar More |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 3,616 |percentage = 5.96% |change={{decrease}}29.58 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,555 |percentage = 45.39% |change= {{increase}}16.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,843 |percentage = 65.48% |change= {{decrease}}9.63 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,711}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,977|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Baglan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=P. D. Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,138 |percentage = 64.46% |change={{increase}}1.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Udaram Tulshiram Deore |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 19,925 |percentage = 35.54% |change={{increase}}17.91 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,213 |percentage = 28.92% |change= {{decrease}}16.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,657 |percentage = 76.26% |change= {{increase}}3.04 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,063}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,922|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Baglan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Pandit Dharma Sonawane |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,383 |percentage = 63.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayan Mansaram Sonawane |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 8,760 |percentage = 17.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vinayakedu Jaykhedkar |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 6,662 |percentage = 13.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Krishna Bhouru Pawar |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,871 |percentage = 5.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,623 |percentage = 45.54% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,406 |percentage = 75.09% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,676}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,125|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Baglan Taluka|Baglan]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nashik district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|20.68|74.17|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nashik district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Nashik district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Bipadtarini Chandibari, Rajpur

2026-04-16T04:34:55Z

Shawnzus: Made Pg

{{short description|Hindu temple dedicated to goddess Bipadtarini in Rajpur, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Bipadtarini Chandibari
|native_name = বিপত্তারিণী চণ্ডীবাড়ি
|native_name_lang = bn
|image = File:Maa Bipadtarini.jpg
|caption = Maa Bipadtarini
|map_type = India West Bengal
|map_caption = Location in West Bengal
|coordinates = {{coord|22.4268803|N|88.4122443|E|region:IN-WB|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|country = [[India]]
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|district = [[South 24 Parganas]]
|location = [[Rajpur Sonarpur]]
|deity = [[Bipodtarini Devi|Bipadtarini Devi]]
|festivals =
* [[Bipodtarini Devi|Bipadtarini Puja]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Bipodtarini Pujo: বিপদ থেকে রক্ষা করেন দেবী বিপত্তারিণী! জানুন এই পুজোর দিনক্ষণ, ব্রতর নিয়ম |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/dharm-religion/story/bipodtarini-pujo-2022-date-rituals-goddess-bipadtarini-worshipped-overcome-troubles-know-bipodtarini-vrat-and-puja-significance-soc-420036-2022-07-02 |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=2 July 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>
* [[Rathyatra]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy Chowdhury |first1=Arpita |title=এ বছর বিপত্তারিণী ব্রত কবে? এখনই জেনে রাখুন দিনক্ষণ তারিখ ও শুভ সময় |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/astrology/bipattarini-vrat-2024-to-be-celebrated-in-july-arc-1675062.html |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=24 May 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
* [[Rathyatra|Ulto Rath]]<ref>{{cite news |title=সংকট থেকে রক্ষা পেতে করা হয় বিপত্তারিণী পুজো! জানুন দিনক্ষণ, ব্রতর নিয়ম |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/dharm-religion/story/bipadtarini-pujo-2023-date-time-fixture-devi-bipodtarini-puja-samagri-rules-importance-the-goddess-saves-from-all-problems-crisis-bipadtarini-pujo-kobe-soc-565856-2023-05-26 |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=26 May 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>
|temple_quantity =
|monument_quantity =
|established =
|creator = Baba Dulal
|website = {{URL|https://bipadtarinichandibari.org/|Maa Bipadtarini Chandibari - Official Website}}
}}

'''Bipadtarini Chandibari''' or '''Bipattarini Chandibari''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the [[Hindu goddess]] [[Bipodtarini Devi|Bipadtarini]], one of the aspect goddess and 108 [[avatars]] of Maa [[Durga]].<ref name="ie">{{cite news |title=রাজপুরের জাগ্রত চণ্ডী মন্দির, যেখানে বাসনা পূরণ করেন দেবী বিপত্তারিণী |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/rajpur-barendrapara-bipadtarini-chandibari-temple-551394/ |access-date=10 January 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250303072511/https://bengali.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/rajpur-barendrapara-bipadtarini-chandibari-temple-551394/ |archive-date=3 March 2025 |url-status=live |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=4 March 2023 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=See Durga's 51 avatars under a single roof |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/see-durgas-51-avatars-under-a-single-roof/ |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=4 October 2008}}</ref> Located on S.B. Das Road in [[Rajpur Sonarpur]], [[South 24 Parganas]] in [[West Bengal]], it is one of the few and most important shrines of Maa Bippatarini in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Every year, the temple is visited by thousands of devotees from all over Bengal, who come here for her darshan and pray to her to protect them from all kinds of danger.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Anamika |title=Bipadtarini Maa Puja: জেনে নিন পুজোর পদ্ধতি |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/bipadtarini-maa-puja-2022-timing-rituals-and-importance-31655385479317.html |access-date=10 January 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=16 June 2022 |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Siddhartha |title=করোনা মোকাবিলায় বিপত্তারিণী ব্রতের দিনেও ভক্তদের জন্য খোলা হল না বিপত্তারিণী চণ্ডীবাড়ি মন্দির |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/bipadtarini-chandi-bari-of-rajpur-still-closed-for-devotees-due-to-covid-scare-ss-466066.html |access-date=27 March 2026 |work=[[News18 India]] |date=27 June 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
The temple was established by Baba Dulal. Born as Dulal Chandra Das to father Sadhan Chandra Das and mother Basantakumari Das, he took interest in spirituality from a very young age. With time, he became a well known ''matri-sadhak'' and later, established a idol of Maa Bipattarini Chandi in his house.<ref name="bipadtarinichandibari" /><ref name="db">{{cite news |title=রাজপুরে বিপত্তারিণী চণ্ডী মন্দির প্রতিষ্ঠার ইতিহাস জানেন? |url=https://drishtibhongi.in/do-you-know-the-history-of-the-establishment-of-the-bipattarini-chandi-temple-in-rajpur/ |access-date=16 April 2026 |work=Drishti Bhongi |date=22 March 2023}}</ref>

Baba Dulal saw Maa Bipadtarini not in his dreams but with his open eyes in the disguise of a teenage girl. He started Bipattarini Brata and her worship in a new manner and always asked his followers to worship her as their mother, instead of a goddess. It is believed by her devotees that if someone is in any trouble, if he chants ''"Jay Maa Bipattarini Chandir Jay"'' 3 times, Maa will protect them from their trouble.<ref name="db"/><ref name="bipadtarinichandibari">{{cite news |title=Maa Bipadtarini Chandibari, Rajpur, South 24 Parganas |url=https://bipadtarinichandibari.org/ |access-date=11 January 2025 |work=www.bipadtarinichandibari.org}}</ref>

Another legend follows that he established the idol after getting ''swapnadesh'' from Maa Bipadtarini herself. She instructed him regarding how will be the appearance of her ''murti''. Hence, he built her idol according to her instructions. She also told him regarding what her puja procedures will be and till today, those rituals are followed.<ref name="ie" /><ref name="db"/>

== Maa Bipadtarini ==
Maa Bipadtarini's idol is of dark complexion. Her [[vahana]] is a lion. The idol has 4 hands, each of which has a separate significance. The upper left hand holds a ''kharga'', symbolising her anger and punishment for the wrongdoers. The lower left hand holds a [[Trishula|trishul]], symbolising her victory over the evil. Her upper right hand is posed in a ''aashirvad mudra'' for her devotees who perform good deeds while her lower right hand is posed in ''abhay mudra''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Nibedita |title=আজ মা বিপত্তারিণীর পুজো, কী কী নিয়ম মানলে তুষ্ট হন দেবী, কাটে সব বিপদ? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/religion/bipodtarini-puja-2023-important-rituals-to-follow-987719 |access-date=11 January 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=24 June 2023 |language=bn}}</ref><ref name="db"/>

Baba Dulal meditated under a ''bel gach - bilwo briksha'' ([[Aegle marmelos]]) for 3 consecutive days. On the third day at dusk, he saw full grace Maa Bipattarini Chandi. After this incident, he started residing there along with his wife Shakti Sadhana Devi. That place is now known as the "Ratnabedi".<ref name="db"/> Everyday the temple remains open to the devotees from 7:30 a.m. to 11 a.m. and in the evening from 5 p.m. to 6:30 p.m. Devotees believe that their wishes are fulfilled after praying to Maa Bipattarini.<ref>{{cite news |title=বিপদতারিনী চন্ডি পূজা |url=https://www.instagram.com/pujographic/p/C9MF5qHJMhb/?hl=en |access-date=11 January 2025 |work=Pujographic |date=9 July 2024}}</ref>

== Puja rituals ==
Although devotees visit the temple everyday, large number of devotees visit the temple on Tuesdays and Saturdays, specially during the main puja week. They worship her with candles and [[incense|incense sticks]]. The principle annual festival takes place in the month of ''[[Hindu calendar#Months|Ashar]]'' (June–July) between the days of "Shukla dwitiya" and "Shukla dashami", according to the [[Lunisolar calendar|lunisolar]] [[Hindu calendar|Bengali Hindu calendar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=দেবী দুর্গার ১০৮ রূপের মধ্যে দেবী বিপত্তারিণীর রূপের মাহাত্ম্য রয়েছে। |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/astro/bipattarini-puja-2024-bipattarini-vrat-date-time-rituals-know-in-details-1077167 |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=14 June 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Bipadtarini Chandi Brata is done to worship Maa Bipadtarini Chandi and take her blessings, so that she protects the worshipper and his or her family from all kinds of danger. The temple registers the highest number of crowds every year on this day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Dipta |title=Bipattarini Puja: রথের পর প্রথম মঙ্গলবার,পঞ্চাঙ্গ মতে বিপত্তারিণী পুজো কবে ও কখন পড়েছে? |url=https://tv9bangla.com/spiritual/when-is-the-auspicious-and-correct-time-of-bipattarini-puja-1090986.html |access-date=11 January 2025 |work=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh|TV9 Bangla]] |date=8 July 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

The Brata utsav is also observed after [[Ratha Yatra]] and before Ulto Rath on the Tuesday and Saturday every year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy Chowdhury |first1=Arpita |title=Bipattarini Puja Offerings: আজ দেবী বিপত্তারিণীর পুজোয় কোন ১৩ টি ফুল নিবেদন করবেন? ডালিতে অবশ্যই রাখুন এই লাল ফুল |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/astrology/bipattarini-puja-offerings-must-include-thirteen-kinds-of-flowers-following-all-rituals-arc-1745260.html |access-date=11 January 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=9 July 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Special pujas are conducted on these days, following the rituals of Bipattarini Puja. The Bipattarini Chandi Brata is followed by the devotees by eating only vegetarian and ''[[sattvic diet]]'' on the previous day of puja.<ref>{{cite news |title=সংকট থেকে রক্ষা পেতে করা হয় বিপত্তারিণী পুজো! জানুন এই পুজোর মাহাত্ম্য |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/dharm-religion/story/bipadtarini-pujo-2021-date-time-rituals-significance-and-goddess-saves-all-problems-286037-2021-07-08 |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=8 July 2021 |language=bn}}</ref> The Brata also requires 13 pieces of every element required including flowers, ''amra pallab'', ''[[Areca nut|supari]]'', ''[[ghot]]'', ''[[Cynodon dactylon|durba ghash]]'', ''[[Coconut|sish dab]]'' and others. After the person gives puja the next day, he or she breaks the fast by eating the 13 luchi along with 13 sweets and 13 fruits, which were offered to the deity as the [[Prasad (food offering)|prasad]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Anamika |title=এবছরের প্রথম বিপত্তারিণী পুজো, জেনে নিন মায়ের পুজোয় মানতে হবে কোন নিয়ম |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/on-july-8-the-first-bipattarini-puja-of-this-year-know-what-rules-should-be-followed-in-mother-puja-31720382346902.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111151503/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/on-july-8-the-first-bipattarini-puja-of-this-year-know-what-rules-should-be-followed-in-mother-puja-31720382346902.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2025 |access-date=11 January 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 July 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

The number 13 is significant and auspicious in Bipadtarini Puja, contrary to the other houses of beliefs in [[Hinduism]]. In the [[Kurukshetra War]], to protect the [[Pandavas]] and prevent herself from "vaidhvya", [[Draupadi]] worshipped [[Parvati|Maa Gauri]] and tied 13 dhagas on the hands of each of the Pandavas. Following this ritual till today, the "[[Puja thali|puja dali]]" of Maa Bipadtarini is decorated with all the puja necessities each in 13 number. The rituals of Maa Bipadtarini puja with 13 essential elements each has also been mentioned in the Markandeya Purana.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Dipta |title=বর্তমান সমাজে বিপত্তারিণী পুজো নিয়ে পৌরাণিক কাহিনি অনুপ্রাণিত করবে আপনাকেও! |url=https://tv9bangla.com/spiritual/in-todays-society-the-myth-of-bipattarini-pujo-will-inspire-you-too-383545.html |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh|TV9 Bangla]] |date=14 July 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>

13 types of fruits, 13 type of sweets, 13 luchis, 13 fried vegetable items, basanti pulao and many other food items are offered to the deity.<ref>{{cite news |last1=গোস্বামী |first1=শ্রমণা |title=সব বিপদ থেকে রক্ষা পেতে আজ বিপত্তারিণী পুজোয় কী করবেন অবশ্যই জেনে নিন |url=https://eisamay.com/astrology/dharma-karma/rituals-and-festivals/bipodtarini-puja-27-june-2023-brata-katha-rules-and-rituals-all-you-need-to-know/101295867.cms |access-date=11 January 2025 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=27 June 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> The number 13 has a special significance. 12 fruits signifies the 12 months of a year and 1 fruit for the worshipper who is performing the rituals. Red coloured "dhagas" with 13 knots are tied on the hands of both men and women after they break their fast, as a Maa Bipattarini's symbol to protect them from any danger. Besides, special puja is also given to Maa Bipadtarini on the day of Navami of [[Durga Puja]] every year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bipadtarini Puja: পরের সপ্তাহে বিপত্তারিণী পুজো, জানুন সংকট থেকে রক্ষা পেতে কবে- কখন- কীভাবে ব্রত পালন করবেন |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/dharm-religion/festivals/story/bipadtarini-puja-2024-date-time-fixture-bengali-bipodtarini-vrat-rules-dos-donts-devi-bipadtarini-is-worshipped-to-overcome-troubles-life-maa-bipadtarini-puja-nirghanta-soc-1042568-2024-07-04 |access-date=11 January 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=4 July 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=অপালা |first1=শ্রীমতী |title=বিপত্তারিণী পুজোয় এই মন্ত্র জপ করলে বিপদ থেকে মুক্তি মেলে ও মনস্কামনা পূরণ হয় |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/horoscope/chant-these-mantras-to-get-rid-of-problems-in-bipodtarini-puja-dgtl-1/cid/1167323 |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=26 June 2020 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Arati ==
One of the main spiritual attractions at the temple is the divine "[[Arti (Hinduism)|Sandhya Arati]]". It starts at 5 after Shiv-ratri and then 4:30 in the evening. With the sound of dhak and knasha, the priest starts with preaching the vanis, followed by the Sandhya Arati. The divine grace of the Sandhya Arati is believed by her devotees to be an essential event to observe, even after worshipping the deity.<ref name="bipadtarinichandibari" />

== Temple complex ==
The temple complex also houses deities of other [[Hindu deities|Hindu gods and goddesses]]. To the left of Maa Bipadtarini Chandi is the idol of [[Jagannath|Lord Jagannath]]. On further left is the idol of [[Radha Krishna]]. On the right of Maa Bipadtarini Chandi is the picture of Baba Dulal, the establisher of the temple. On further right is a smaller idol of Maa Bipadtarini. On further right is a idol of Maa [[Kali]]. In the front right is a [[Shiva Lingam]] and in the front left is a small statue of Maa [[Lakshmi]]. In the front, at the centre of the main temple is a place where the bhog is served to the deities. At the base of the marble platform on which the idols of these deities are placed, are several other smaller idols of many other [[Hindu deities]].

All around the temple, there are deities of several other [[Hindu deities|Hindu gods and goddesses]] including Maa [[Durga]] killing the demon [[Mahishasura]] and [[Narasimha]] Bhagwan killing the demon [[Hiranyakashipu]]. In the temple complex, there is also a sub-temple dedicated to Baba Dulal and Shakti Sadhana Devi. Their white stone statues are established inside the temple.

The sacred [[Aegle marmelos]] tree is surrounded by a fence beyond which commoners cannot go. They have to worship it from outside the boundary. The base of the tree is covered by red marble stones and the tree base is adorned with garlands made of [[jasmine]], [[Tagetes|yellow and orange marigold]], [[rose]], [[tuberose]] and [[chrysanthemum]]. Close to the Aegle marmelos tree is the house of Baba Dulal and his wife. The room in which he meditated has been maintained along with his belongings. Devotees visit the room after offering their puja to Maa Bipadtarini Chandi.<ref name="bipadtarinichandibari" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India}}
{{Hindu temples in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in South 24 Parganas district]]

Agra West Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:38:31Z

Shawnzus: put up

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| name = Agra West
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| established = 1967
| abolished = 2008
| district = [[Agra district|Agra]]
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Agra West Assembly constituency''' was a legislative assembly of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]. As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], Agra West Assembly constituency it ceased to exist from 2008.

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
The Members of Legislative Assembly are given follows<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/agra-constituencies/agra-west.aspx |title=Agra West Election Results since 1977 |access-date=28 August 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903070942/http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/agra-constituencies/agra-west.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>-
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! Party
! Ref.
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|M. Singh
|[[Republican Party of India]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Hukam Singh
|[[Bharatiya Lok Dal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1969 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Gulab Sehra
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1974 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Gulab Sehra
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Azad Kumar Kardam
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1980 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Virendra Son
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1985 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Kishan Gopal
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1989 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Kishan Gopal
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1991 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Ram Babu Harit
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1993 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Ram Babu Harit
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1996 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Ram Babu Harit
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2002 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Guteyari Lal Duves
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2007 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="4" |Delimitation:- After 2008, known as [[Agra South Assembly constituency]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070824032233/http://eci.gov.in/electionanalysis/AE/S24/partycomp343.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20070824032233/http://eci.gov.in/electionanalysis/AE/S24/partycomp343.htm]

{{coord|27.19|77.93|display=title}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Agra]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Agra district]]
[[Category:Agra district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Amritsar Central Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:14:57Z

Shawnzus: stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Amritsar Central
| map_image = 17-Amritsar Central.svg
| mla = [[Ajay Gupta]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amritsar]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:147058}} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 17
}}
'''Amritsar Central Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 17) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Amritsar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amritsar Central Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/punjab/assembly-constituencies/amritsar-central.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Amir Chand Gupta
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Balram Das Tandon]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh| rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Partap Chand
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Balram Das Tandon]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Darbari Lal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|[[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Laxmi Kanta Chawla]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Darbari Lal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Laxmi Kanta Chawla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Om Parkash Soni]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Ajay Gupta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Amritsar Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Ajay Gupta]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Punjab Election 2022: Complete List of AAP Candidates, Check Names HERE|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/punjab-election-2022-complete-list-of-aap-candidates-check-names-announced-5198549/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-22|website=www.india.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122030948/https://www.india.com/news/india/punjab-election-2022-complete-list-of-aap-candidates-check-names-announced-5198549/ |archive-date=22 January 2022 }}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:40837}}
|percentage = 46.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Om Parkash Soni]]<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:26811}}
|percentage = 30.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ram Chawla
|votes = {{formatnum:13551}}
|percentage = 15.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dalvir Kaur
|votes = {{formatnum:4016}}
|percentage = 4.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:697}}
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:14026}}
|percentage = 16.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:87205}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:147058}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Amritsar Central<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/22|title= Amritsar Central Assembly election result, 2012|accessdate= 13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Om Parkash Soni]]
|votes = 51242
|percentage = 53.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Tarun Chugh]]
|votes = 34,560
|percentage = 36.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Ajay Gupta]]
|votes = 7171
|percentage = 7.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = rajesh kumar
|votes = 500
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 919
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:21116}}
|percentage = 23.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:89789}}
|percentage = 66.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:135954}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: Amritsar Central}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/22|title= Amritsar Central Assembly election result, 2012|accessdate= 13 January 2017}}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Om Parkash Soni]]
|votes = 47,357
|percentage = 55.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tarun Chugh
|votes = 30126
|percentage = 40.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Vijay Kumar Misra
|votes = 1212
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jagdish Raj
|votes = 808
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar
|votes = 737
|percentage = 0.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Baldev Bhardwaj
|votes = 304
|percentage = 0.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Narinder Shekhar Luthra
|votes = 180
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Om Prakash
|votes = 166
|percentage = 0.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.63|74.87|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Amritsar district]]
[[Category:Amritsar]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in East Punjab]]

Match Fixing (film)

2026-04-10T17:59:53Z

Shawnzus: starting new info

{{Short description|Indian Hindi language political thriller film directed by Kedaar Gaekwad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Match Fixing: The Nation At Stake
| image = Match Fixing (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical Poster
| director = Kedar Gaekwad
| producer = Pallavi Gurjar
| based_on = ''The Game Behind Saffron Terror'' by Col. Kanwar Khatana (Retd.)
| writer = Anuj S Mehta
 Sameer Garud
| starring = [[Vineet Kumar Singh]] [[Anuja Sathe]] [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]]
| music = Hrishi Giridhar Rimi Dhar
| studio = Artarena Creations
| distributor =
| editing = Ashish Mhatre
| cinematography = Kedar Prabhakar Gaekwad Ninad Gosavi
| runtime = 146 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Match Fixing (film) |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTE2MDcyMDI0MDAxODM= |website=Central Board of Film Certification}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|01|10}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|5}} crore{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
}}
'''''Match Fixing: The Nation At Stake''''' is an Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[political thriller film]] directed by Kedar Gaekwad<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gulati |first1=Triya |title=My film is against the 2008 govt's narrative of 'Hindu terror': Director Kedar Gaekwad |url=https://theprint.in/feature/my-film-against-2008-govts-hindu-terror-narrative-kedar-gaekwad/2358241/ |access-date=8 December 2024 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=15 November 2024}}</ref> and produced by Pallavi Gurjar under ArtArena Creations Pvt. Ltd. Film is based on the book ''The Game Behind Saffron Terror'' written by Retired Col. Kanwar Khatana.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Simran |title=Match Fixing: Vineet Kumar Singh leads political thriller based on controversial book The Game Behind Saffron Terror |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-match-fixing-vineet-kumar-singh-leads-political-thriller-based-on-controversial-book-the-game-behind-saffron-3113647 |access-date=8 December 2024 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]] |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208132131/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-match-fixing-vineet-kumar-singh-leads-political-thriller-based-on-controversial-book-the-game-behind-saffron-3113647 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What's real, what's not: Unpacking the 'Match Fixing' movie real story and controversy |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/entertainment/movies/match-fixing-movie-true-story/ |access-date=8 December 2024 |work=[[Lifestyle Asia|Lifestyle Asia India]] |date=15 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The film stars [[Vineet Kumar Singh]], [[Anuja Sathe]] and [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pande |first1=Shreyas |title=Vineet Kumar Singh plays a cop in upcoming film Match Fixing, motion poster unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Oct/16/vineet-kumar-singh-plays-a-cop-in-upcoming-film-match-fixing-motion-poster-unveiled |access-date=8 December 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=16 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on January 10, 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Features |first1=C. E. |title=Vineet Kumar Singh-starrer Match Fixing gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Dec/27/vineet-kumar-singh-starrer-match-fixing-gets-new-release-date |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=1 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Political-thriller #MatchFixing is set for *theatrical release* on 10 Jan 2025 |url=https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1875052164466307313 |access-date=5 January 2025 |work=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>

==Synopsis==

The Nation at Stake sheds light on a boiling conspiracy operating on two fronts: the internal politics within India, centered on the divisive narrative of 'Saffron Terror,' and the calculated strategies of Pakistan’s high command and intelligence networks to destabilize India, resulting in the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11 attacks]]. The movie offers a stark revelation of power games and their far-reaching consequences.

== Cast ==
* [[Vineet Kumar Singh]] as Avinash Patwardhan
* [[Raj Arjun]] as Col. Imam
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as [[Pervez Musharraf]]
* [[Ekavali Khanna]] as Rubia
* [[Shataf Figar]] as Parvez Kayani
* [[Anuja Sathe]] as Anuradha Patwardhan
* [[Lalit Parimoo]] as Ranvijay Singh
* [[Kishor Kadam]] as Savant Karmarkar
* Rajesh Tripathi as Zubair Naik
* Rajeev Pandey as [[Hafiz Saeed]]
* Ramanjit Kaur as Asifa Andrabi
* Elena Tuteja

== Controversy ==

The film was earlier scheduled to be released in theatres on 15 November 2024<ref>{{cite news |title='Match Fixing' to release in theatres on 15 November |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/movies/hindi/%27match-fixing%27-to-release-in-theatres-on-15-november-241016 |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=Indian Television |date=16 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> but a petition was filed in the [[Bombay High Court]] to stop its release.<ref>{{cite news |title='Match Fixing' slated for theatrical release on January 17, 2025 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/match-fixing-slated-for-theatrical-release-on-january-17-2025-article-12867859.html |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref> The petition stated that the film promotes negative stereotypes against Muslims.<ref>{{cite news |title=High Court to hear plea against release of Hindi film based on 2008 Malegoan blast |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/law-news/story/army-officer-prasad-purohit-plea-release-match-fixing-the-nation-at-stake-hidni-film-2008-malegoan-blast-high-court-2631695-2024-11-11 |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=11 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

But the Bombay High Court dismissed the petition,<ref>{{cite news |title=Bombay High Court Rejects Stay On Film 'Match Fixing-The Nation Is At Stake', Citing It As Fictional Work |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bombay-high-court-rejects-stay-on-film-match-fixing-the-nation-is-at-stake-citing-it-as-fictional-work |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref> and saying that the film is a work of fiction and gave the green signal for its release.<ref>{{cite news |title=HC clears film release, nixes Lt Col Purohit's plea |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/bombay-high-court-approves-release-of-controversial-film-match-fixing-the-nation-at-stake-despite-purohits-plea/articleshow/115308874.cms |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vineet Kumar Singh-starrer 'Match Fixing' to now release on Jan 17 |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/index.php/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1244266 |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=[[Daijiworld Media]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film is scheduled to release in theatres on 10 January 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Web |first1=Statesman |title='Match Fixing' set for theatrical release on THIS date after legal delay |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/match-fixing-set-for-theatrical-release-on-this-date-after-legal-delay-1503364787.html |access-date=8 December 2024 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=14 November 2024 |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208121030/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/match-fixing-set-for-theatrical-release-on-this-date-after-legal-delay-1503364787.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Ganesh Aglave from [[Firstpost]] described the film as a "slow, complicated, verbose political thriller" but lauded Vineet Kumar Singh's shining performance, noting his ability to carry the narrative despite the film's convoluted storytelling.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aglave |first=Ganesh |title=Match Fixing Movie Review: Vineet Kumar Singh shines in this slow, complicated, verbose political thriller |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/match-fixing-movie-review-vineet-kumar-singh-shines-in-this-slow-complicated-verbose-political-thriller-13851350.html |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Dhaval Roy of [[The Times of India]] gave a balanced review, appreciating the film's intense political drama and Singh's compelling portrayal but pointing out that the slow pacing and dense plot might not appeal to all audiences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Dhaval |title=Match Fixing: The Nation at Stake Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/match-fixing-the-nation-at-stake/movie-review/117087547.cms |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A reviewer from [[Zee News]] called it a "gripping political thriller that unravels dark truths," highlighting its bold narrative and Singh's nuanced performance as key strengths.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Match Fixing: The Nation at Stake Movie Review - A Gripping Political Thriller That Unravels Dark Truths |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/match-fixing-the-nation-at-stake-movie-review-a-gripping-political-thriller-that-unravels-dark-truths-2841910.html |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>
Pankaj Shukla of [[Amar Ujala]] praised the film's exploration of the Malegaon bomb blast and its political undertones, crediting Singh's intense portrayal and the director's vision, though he noted some narrative inconsistencies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Pankaj |title=Match Fixing Movie Review: मालेगांव बम ब्लास्ट की कहानी, विनीत कुमार सिंह की दमदार एक्टिंग |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/movie-review/match-fixing-movie-review-in-hindi-by-pankaj-shukla-vineet-kumar-singh-malegaon-bomb-blast-abhinav-bharat-2025-01-09 |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=[[Amar Ujala]]}}</ref> A reviewer from [[Jagran]] labeled it a "must-watch thrilling ride through politics and terrorism," emphasizing Singh's stellar performance and the film's ability to keep viewers engaged with its suspenseful plot.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Match Fixing Movie Review: Must-Watch Thrilling Ride Through Politics And Terrorism, Vineet Kumar Movie Rating |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/match-fixing-movie-review-must-watch-thrilling-ride-through-politics-and-terrorism-vineet-kumar-movie-rating-10211702 |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=[[Jagran]]}}</ref> Madhav Sharma of [[Times Now|Times Now Hindi]] stated that the political drama "is going to leave you speechless," commending its bold storytelling, Singh's commanding presence, and the film's ability to tackle sensitive themes effectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Madhav |title=Match Fixing Review In Hindi: यह पॉलिटिकल ड्रामा आपको स्तब्ध कर देगा |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/match-fixing-review-in-hindi-this-political-dram-is-going-to-leave-you-speechless-review-117105416 |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=[[Times Now|Times Now Hindi]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|34038181}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|match-fixing}}

[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2020s political thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]

Telugu Indian Idol

2026-04-03T22:11:23Z

Shawnzus: Starting A Details

{{short description|Indian version of the Pop Idol format}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Indian Idol Season 3 960x1200.jpg
| image_alt = The host and Karthik, Thaman and Geetha
| genre = [[Reality television]]
| creator = [[Simon Fuller]]
| based_on = [[Simon Fuller]]
| director = Advait Shelke, Ujjwal Anand
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
*[[Sreerama Chandra]] {{small|(Season 1, 3-)}}
*[[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]] {{small|(Season 2)}}
}}
| judges = {{Plainlist|
*[[Thaman S]] {{small|(Season 1{{ndash}}present)}}
*[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] {{small|(Season 1{{ndash}}present)}}
*[[Geetha Madhuri]] {{small|(Season 2{{ndash}}present)}}
*[[Nithya Menen]] {{small|(Season 1)}}
}}
| theme_music_composer = Julian Gingell Barry Stone [[Cathy Dennis]]
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 4
| num_episodes = 90
| camera = Multi-camera
| company = [[Fremantle (company)|Fremantle]]
| network = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.aha.video/webseries/telugu-indian-idol |title=Watch latest Episodes of Telugu Indian Idol Season 3 on aha in HD Quality. |last=Ltd |first=Arha Media & Broadcasting Pvt |language=en |access-date=2024-06-24 |via=www.aha.video}}</ref>
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2022|2|25}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Telugu Indian Idol''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Reality television|music competition]] television series and is part of ''[[Indian Idol]]''. It is Telugu version of the ''[[Pop Idol]]'' format. First season of the show was premiered on 25 February 2022 on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2022-02-19 |title=Telugu 'Indian Idol' hosted by Sreerama Chandra to debut on Feb 25 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/telugu-indian-idol-hosted-by-sreerama-chandra-to-debut-on-feb-25 |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Watch Telugu Indian Idol on Aha Video |url=https://www.aha.video/webseries/telugu-indian-idol |website=Aha Video}}</ref> Vagdevi was announced as the winner of the first season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-19 |title=Exclusive - Telugu Indian Idol winner Vagdevi: I gave the responsibility of the prize money (Rs. 10 lakh) to my parents, wanted Rs 1 lakh for myself but got only Rs 50,000 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/exclusive-telugu-indian-idol-winner-bvk-vagdevi-i-gave-the-responsibility-of-the-prize-money-rs-10-lakh-to-my-parents-wanted-rs-1-lakh-for-myself-but-got-only-rs-50000/photostory/92315399.cms |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Third season was premiered on 14 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-07 |title=Telugu Indian Idol Season 3 Grand Launch On This Date; Aha To Stream Every Friday & Saturday |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/telugu-indian-idol-season-3-grand-launch-on-this-date-aha-to-stream-every-friday-saturday-article-110805216 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Season 1 ==

=== Production ===
The finale episode of the season was initially scheduled to be shot on 6 June 2022, but was postponed to 7 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Telugu Indian Idol' grand finale featuring Megastar Chiranjeevi to be shot today? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/telugu-indian-idol-grand-finale-featuring-megastar-chiranjeevi-to-be-shot-today/articleshow/92053390.cms |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Judges and presenters ===
[[Sreerama Chandra]] was signed as the presenter of the first season after becoming the runner-up of the reality show [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 5)|''Bigg Boss 5'']].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sreerama Chandra-hosted Indian Idol Telugu to premiere on TV soon? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sreerama-chandra-hosted-indian-idol-telugu-to-premiere-on-tv-soon/articleshow/88683583.cms |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hymavathi |first=Ravali |date=2022-06-22 |title=Modern Love Hyderabad: This Tale Of Six By-Stories Is All Set To Release On This Date |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/modern-love-hyderabad-this-tale-of-six-by-stories-is-all-set-to-release-on-this-date-749984 |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> While, the judges of the first season are [[Nithya Menen]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] and [[Thaman S]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=Nithya Menen, S Thaman, Karthik, Sreerama Chandra papped on the sets of Indian Idol Telugu; PICS |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/nithya-menen-s-thaman-karthik-sreerama-chandra-papped-sets-indian-idol-telugu-pics-1050256 |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622142836/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/nithya-menen-s-thaman-karthik-sreerama-chandra-papped-sets-indian-idol-telugu-pics-1050256 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After Karthik was announced as one of the judges, the show faced criticism. Several netizens argued that he is accused of [[MeToo movement|MeToo]] and slammed the production for choosing him.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Netizens fume as Indian Idol Telugu ropes in singer Karthik as judge - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/netizens-fume-as-indian-idol-telugu-ropes-in-singer-karthik-as-judge/articleshow/89803498.cms |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Contestants ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Standing
!Name
!Hometown
!Result
|-
|1st
|Kumara Vagdevi
|| [[Nellore]]
|{{won|Winner}}
|-
|2nd
|Srinivas Darimisetty
|[[Kadapa]]
|{{Runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|-
|3rd
|[[Super Singer 10#Contestants|Vaishnavi Kovvuri]]
|[[Chennai]]
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |2nd Runner-up
|-
|
|K Pranathi
|| [[Hyderabad]]
|{{eliminated|Finalist}}
|-
|
|Boda Jayanth Maadhur
|| [[Ramagundam]]
|{{eliminated|Finalist}}
|-
|
|Lalasa Rachapudi
|| [[Hyderabad]]
|{{eliminated|Semi-Finalist }}
|-
|
|Sake Renu Kumar
|| [[Tirupati]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated 6th}}
|-
|
|Aditi Bhavaraju
|| [[Hyderabad]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated 5th}}
|-
|
|Maruthi Kodimoju
|[[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated 4th}}
|-
|
|A. Manya Chandran
|| [[Tirupati]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated 3rd}}
|-
|
|Chitta Lakshmi Sravani
|| [[Kothagudem]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated 2nd}}
|-
|
|Jaskiran Singh
|| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated 1st}}
|}

== Season 2 ==

=== Judges and presenters ===
[[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]] was signed as the presenter of the season. Thaman S and Karthik returned as the guests for the third time, while Nithya Menen was replaced by [[Geetha Madhuri]] as the judge.

=== Contestants ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Standing
!Name
!Hometown
!Result
|-
|1st
|Soujanya Bhagavatula
|[[Visakhapatnam]]
|{{Won |Winner}}
|-
|2nd
|Jayaram
|[[Hyderabad]]
|{{Runner up |1st Runner Up}}
|-
|3rd
|Lasya Priya
|[[Siddipet]]
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |2nd Runner-up
|-
|
|Sruthi Nanduri
|[[New Jersey]]
|{{No |Finalist}}
|-
|
|Karthikeya
|[[Hyderabad]]
|{{No |Finalist}}
|-
|
|Pranathi
|[[Visakhapatnam]]
|{{No |Semi-Finalist}}
|-
|
|Chakrapani
|[[Palasa]]
|{{No |Eliminated 7th}}
|-
|
|Hitesh Sai (wildcard)
|[[Vizag]]
|{{No |Eliminated 6th}}
|-
|
|Saketh
|[[Hyderabad]]
|{{No |Eliminated 5th}}
|-
|
|Aditya
|[[Hyderabad]]
| {{No|Eliminated 4th}}
|-
|
|Sai Vaishnavi
|[[Vijayawada]]
|{{No|Eliminated 3rd}}
|-
|
|Manasa
|[[Hyderabad]]
|{{No|Eliminated 2nd}}
|-
|
|Yuti Harshavardhana
|[[Bengaluru]]
|{{No|Eliminated 1st}}
|}

=== Celebrity guests ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Episode No
!Guest Name
|-
|5 - 7
|[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
|-
|8 - 9
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|-
|10 - 11
|[[Baba Sehgal]]
|-
|12 - 13
|[[S. P. Charan]]
|-
|13
|[[Nani (actor)|Nani]]
|-
|14 - 15
|[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
|-
|16 - 17
|[[B. V. Nandini Reddy]], [[Santosh Sobhan]], [[Malvika Nair]]
|-
|20 - 21
|[[Smita]]
|-
|22 - 23
|[[K.S Chithra]]
|-
|24 - 25
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
|28 - 29
|[[Allu Arjun]]
|}

== Season 3 ==
According to reports, for season 3 there were 150,000 auditions were conducted to shortlist 12 contestants,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohkh |first=Shiva |date=2024-06-25 |title=Telugu Indian Idol Season 3 on Aha From 15,000 Auditions to Top 12 – The Journey to Stardom |url=https://thecultsbay.com/telugu-indian-idol-season-3-on-aha-from-15000-auditions-to-top-12-the-journey-to-stardom/ |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=The Cults Bay |language=en-US}}</ref> Third season was premiered on 14 June 2024,<ref name=":0" /> with two episodes being released every week.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-06-07 |title='Telugu Indian Idol' Season 3 set to premiere from June 14th |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/telugu-indian-idol-season-3-set-to-premiere-from-june-14th-883328 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Judges and presenters ===
Sreerama Chandra returned as the presenter of the season for the second time, after the first season. Thaman S, Karthik and Geetha Madhuri returned as the judges of the season.

=== Contestants ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Standing
!Name
!Hometown
!Status
|-
|1st
|Nazeeruddin
|[[Tadepalligudem]]
|{{Won |Winner}}
|-
|2nd
|Anirudh Suswaram
|[[Kurnool]]
|{{Runner up |1st Runner Up}}
|-
|3rd
|Sri Keerthi
|[[Vizag]]
|style="background:#7FFFD4;" |2nd Runner-up
|-
|
|Keerthana
|[[Kakinada]]
|{{No|Finalist}}
|-
|
|Skanda Veluvali
|[[Hyderabad]]
|{{No|Finalist}}
|-
|
|Bharat Raj
|[[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]
|{{No|Semi Finalist}}
|-
|
|Keshav Ram
|[[Melbourne]]
|{{No|Eliminated 7th}}
|-
|
|Sai Vallabha
|[[Nandyal]]
|{{No|Eliminated 6th}}
|-
|
|Abhigna (Wildcard Entry)
|[[Virginia]]
|{{No|Eliminated 5th}}
|-
|
|Sri Dhruthi
|[[Hyderabad]]
|{{No|Eliminated 4th}}
|-
|
|Rajani Sree Poornimaa
|[[Hyderabad]]
|{{No|Eliminated 3rd}}
|-
|
|Hari Priya
|[[Hyderabad]]
|{{No|Eliminated 2nd}}
|-
|
|Kushal Sharma
|[[Jagtial]]
|{{No|Eliminated 1st}}
|}

=== Celebrity guests ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Episode No
!Guest Name
|-
|5{{Ndash}}6
|[[Vijay Deverakonda]]
|-
|11{{Ndash}}12
|[[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
|12
|Ankith Koyya, Narne Nithin,[[Ram Miriyala]]
|-
|15{{Ndash}}16
|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|-
|19{{Ndash}}20
|[[Nani (actor)|Nani]]
|-
|21{{Ndash}}22
|[[Naveen Polishetty]]
|}
[[Thaman S|Thaman]] had promised to give talented singers from the season a chance, and he kept his word by letting Nazeer and Bharat Raj sing the track “[[They Call Him OG (soundtrack)|Firestorm]]” from [[They Call Him OG|OG]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sree |date=2025-08-03 |title=Telugu Indian Idol Singers Get Big Break in OG Movie |url=https://www.telugubulletin.com/telugu-indian-idol-singers-get-big-break-in-og-movie-222416 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=TeluguBulletin.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Season 4 ==
Season 4 premiered on 29 August 2025, with the theme ''“Gully to Global – Manamera Idol”''. The producers described the theme as a celebration of grassroots musical talent rising to international recognition. The season continued the show’s mission of discovering musical talent from across Telugu-speaking regions and abroad. Auditions were held on August 3rd in [[Kukatpally]], [[Hyderabad]]. The event took place near the [[JNTU College metro station|JNTU Metro station]] and was promoted by the official [[Aha (streaming service)|aha]].

=== Judges and Presenters ===
Singer and actor [[Sreerama Chandra]] returned as the main host for his third time, joined by Sameera Bharadwaj as the new co-host.

The judging panel remained consistent with the previous season, featuring S. S. Thaman, Geetha Madhuri, and Karthik.

=== Contestants ===

Below is the list of contestants for Season 4 (Top 12)

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Standing
!Name
!Hometown
!Status
|-
|1st
|Brinda
|[[Hyderabad]]
|{{Won |Winner}}
|-
|2nd
|Pavan Kalyan
|[[Hyderabad]]
|{{Runner up |1st Runner Up}}
|-
|3rd
|D. Dheeraj
|[[Vizag]]
|style="background:#7FFFD4;" |2nd Runner-up
|-
|
|Snigdha Eleswarapu
|[[Dallas]]
|{{No|Finalist}}
|-
|
|Sristi Chilla
|[[Michigan]] & [[Warangal]]
|{{No|Finalist}}
|-
|
|Kurma Sahasra
|[[Hyderabad]]
|{{No|Finalist}}
|-
|
|Darshan
|[[Bangalore, Karnataka]]
|{{No|Double Eliminated 5th & 6th}}
|-
|
|Sai Sashank
|[[Hyderabad]]
|{{No|Double Eliminated 5th & 6th}}
|-
|
|Shwetha Somasundaram
|[[Kerala]]
|{{No|Eliminated 4th}}
|-
|
|Nihal Banda
|[[Hyderabad]]
|{{No|Double Eliminated 2nd & 3rd}}
|-
|
|Manojna
|
|{{No|Double Eliminated 2nd & 3rd}}
|-
|
|Hemant Madduri
|[[Hyderabad]]
|{{No|Eliminated 1st}}
|}

=== Episodes ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! Episode No.
! Title
!Date
! Description
|-
| 1
| Launch Episode – Part 1
|29 August 2025
| Grand launch, theme introduction, new co-host joins, auditions begin
|-
| 2
| Launch Episode – Part 2
|30 August 2025
| More audition glimpses, guest appearances by Sridevi & Nara Rohit
|-
| 3
| Gully to Global – Journey Begins Part 1
|5 September 2025
| Auditions, decision week to choose theatre round participants
|-
| 4
| Gully to Global – Journey Begins Part 2
|6 September 2025
| Final selection of Top 12 contestants
|-
| 5
| Grand Premiere with Genelia Part 1
|12 September 2025
| Genelia Deshmukh presents the Top 12 contestants
|-
| 6
| Grand Premiere with Genelia Part 2
|13 September 2025
| Continuation of the premiere celebrations
|-
| 7
| OG Idol Party Part 1
|19 September 2025
| Judges host “OG’s party”; guest of honor: Kanmani, Priyanka Mohan
|-
| 8
| OG Idol Party Part 2
|20 September 2025
| Party continues, elimination occurs
|-
| 9
| Panduga Special Part 1
|26 September 2025
| Festive special episode, featuring Telusu Kada team
|-
| 10
| Panduga Special Part 2
|27 September 2025
| Continuation of festive celebrations
|-
| 11
| Prema O Prema Part 1
|3 October 2025
| Romantic themed performances, love secrets from judges
|-
| 12
| Prema O Prema Part 2
|4 October 2025
| Double elimination, surprises, emotional performances
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt18336500|title=Telugu Indian Idol}}
{{Idol series}}

[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on British television series]]
[[Category:Telugu Indian Idol]]
[[Category:Indian Idol]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series by Fremantle (company)]]
[[Category:Indian music television series]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Indian singing talent shows]]

Anti-mosque campaigning in India

2026-03-31T17:05:42Z

Shawnzus: put up

{{Short description|none}}

'''Anti-mosque campaigning in India''' refers to a series of assertions predominantly advanced by [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] and [[Far-right politics|far-right]] Hindu organisations, alleging that numerous present-day [[List of mosques in India|mosque sites]] were originally the locations of [[Hindu temple|Hindu temples]]. These claims are widely regarded as politically motivated and surface during electoral periods. They are also interpreted as manifestations of the broader [[Hindutva|Hindutva ideology]] espoused by the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a right-wing Hindutva [[Paramilitary|paramilitary organisation]], and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), India’s current ruling political party.<ref name="indianexpress" >{{Cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mosque-temple rows and elections: A look at 11 disputed sites |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/mosque-temple-rows-and-elections-disputed-sites-9771932/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sambhal: India city tense after violence over mosque survey |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3de7k5gk78o |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=www.bbc.com |date=25 November 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Ellis-Petersen | first=Hannah | title=Thousands of mosques targeted as Hindu nationalists try to rewrite India's history | website=the Guardian | date=2022-10-30 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/30/thousands-of-mosques-targeted-as-hindu-nationalists-try-to-rewrite-indias-history | access-date=2025-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Fatima | first=Heena | title=Masjids, migrants, mobility. Himachal is becoming a new anti-mosque hotspot | website=ThePrint | date=2024-10-17 | url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/masjids-migrants-mobility-himachal-is-becoming-a-new-anti-mosque-hotspot/2315232/ | access-date=2025-01-10}}</ref>

== History ==
Following the [[partition of India]], two weeks before [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|his assassination]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] conducted a six-day fast in part to demand evacuation of mosques occupied by non-Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |last=Coward |first=Harold |title=Indian Critiques of Gandhi |date=2012-02-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8588-0 |publication-place=Albany |page=213}}</ref>

In 1991, the [[Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991|Places of Worship Act]] was passed to ban conversion of any worship place and to provide "for the maintenance of the religious character of any place of worship as it existed on the 15th day of August, 1947."<ref name="b474">{{cite web | last=Azeefa Fathima | first=Binu Karunakaran | title=Explained: The Places of Worship Act and why it is being challenged in SC | website=The News Minute | date=2024-12-11 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/explained-the-places-of-worship-act-and-why-it-is-being-challenged-in-sc | access-date=2025-04-16}}</ref>

==Major incidents==
===Gyanvapi Mosque===
The [[Gyanvapi Mosque]] was constructed in 1678. In 1991, a suit was filed claiming that mosque had been built on the site of a supposed Kashi Vishwanath temple.<ref name="indianexpress"/> In 2024, a district court in Varanasi passed an order to allow Hindus to worship in a previously sealed basement inside the mosque. The verdict came following a report by the [[Archeological Survey of India]] (ASI), which determined that a "large Hindu temple" existed in the location prior to the construction of the mosque. The management committee of the mosque vehemently denied the claims. S. M. Yasin, the joint secretary of the mosque committee said, "Now we have no hope of justice in this country."<ref>{{cite web | title=A Day Before Retiring, Varanasi Judge Hands Over Gyanvapi Masjid Basement to Hindus For Worship | website=The Wire | date=2019-01-23 | url=https://thewire.in/religion/judge-hands-over-gyanvapi-basement-to-hindus | access-date=2025-01-15}}</ref>

===1992 Babri Masjid demolition===
{{Main|Ayodhya dispute|Demolition of the Babri Masjid|Consecration of the Ram Mandir}}

The claim that the [[Babri Masjid]], or Babri Mosque, was built on a site near the birthplace of the [[Hindu deities|Hindu deity]] [[Rama]] was first made by [[Joseph Tiefenthaler]], a [[Jesuits|Jesuit missionary]]. In 1788, Johann Barnoulli translated his account from French. In 1822 Hafizullah, an official of the Faizabad law court suggested that the Babri mosque was built on birthplace of Rama.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Udayakumar | first=S. P. | title=Historicizing Myth and Mythologizing History: The 'Ram Temple' Drama | journal=Social Scientist | volume=25 | issue=7/8 | year=1997 | issn=0970-0293 | jstor=3517601 | pages=11–26 | doi=10.2307/3517601 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3517601 | access-date=2025-01-15| url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1853, ''[[Bairagi Brahmin (caste)|Bairagi Brahmins]]'', a group of [[Caste system in India|upper-caste]] Hindu ascetics claimed that the mosque was built on the site of the "Ramjanmabhoomi temple," which was supposedly destroyed by [[Babur]] (16th century), leading to a series of clashes between Hindus and Muslims at [[Ayodhya]] in 1855.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEOFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=Destruction and Conservation of Cultural Property |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=9781134604982 |editor-last1=Layton |editor-first1=Robert |pages=8–9 |editor-last2=Thomas |editor-first2=Julian}}</ref> Afterwards, a compromise was made that allowed Hindus to worship Rama on a ''chabootra'' (platform) close to the mosque. In 1883, a local ''[[pandit]]'' requested the construction of a temple on the ''chabootra'', but the British denied the request due to its closeness to the mosque. In 1949, after Indian independence, idols of Rama and Sita were surreptitiously installed inside the mosque, which led to the closure of the mosque by the authorities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o17XAAAAMAAJ |title=Hindu Nationalism: A Reader |date=2010 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6 |publication-place=Princeton, N.J |page=280-284 |language=en |chapter=Ayodhya, the Babri Masjid, and the Ramjanmabhumi Dispute}}</ref>

The demand for the temple was revived in the 1980s and early 1990s by the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). The demands led to [[Ram Rath Yatra|a high-profile political rally]] which culminated in [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|the demolition of the mosque]] by [[Hindutva|a far-right Hindu mob]] on 6 December 1992, with the goal of forcibly constructing a Hindu temple on the disputed site.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nussbaum |first=Martha C. |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x0k4v |title=The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-674-02482-3 |page=17 |chapter=Genocide in Gujarat |doi=10.2307/j.ctt13x0k4v |jstor=j.ctt13x0k4v |access-date=2024-12-15}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Following the demolition, a report by the ASI claimed a temple had once existed on the site, though the claim was disputed by archaeologists and Muslim communities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=22 January 2024 |title=Babri mosque to Ram temple: A timeline from 1528 to 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/22/babri-mosque-to-ram-temple-a-timeline-from-1528-to-2024 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> In 2019 the Supreme Court of India ruled that the disputed land should be handed over to Hindus for the construction of a Ram temple.<ref>{{Cite news |title=What was the Supreme Court’s 2019 verdict on the Ram Janmabhoomi–Babri Masjid site? {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/question/What-was-the-Supreme-Courts-2019-verdict-on-the-Ram-Janmabhoomi-Babri-Masjid-site |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251011142740/https://www.britannica.com/question/What-was-the-Supreme-Courts-2019-verdict-on-the-Ram-Janmabhoomi-Babri-Masjid-site |archive-date=2025-10-11 |access-date=2026-03-31 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2019-11-10 |title=Ayodhya verdict {{!}} Supreme Court agrees Muslims were wronged but allows Ram temple |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-verdict-supreme-court-agrees-muslims-were-wronged-but-allows-ram-temple/article61621466.ece |access-date=2026-03-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2019 |title=Supreme Court of India |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2010/36350/36350_2010_1_1502_18205_Judgement_09-Nov-2019.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=31 March 2026 |website=Supreme Court of India}}</ref> Under the [[premiership of Narendra Modi]], the [[Ram Mandir]], or Ram Temple, [[Consecration of the Ram Mandir|was consecrated]] on 22 January 2024, ahead of the [[2024 Indian general election|Indian general election]] later that year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |last2=Hassan |first2=Aakash |date=15 January 2024 |title=Divine moment or political gimmick? India gears up to inaugurate huge Hindu temple |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/15/divine-moment-or-political-gimmick-india-gears-up-to-inaugurate-huge-hindu-temple |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

===Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque===
A 2020 case filed on behalf of Hindu god Vishnu sought reinstatement of Hindu and Jain idols inside the [[Qutb Minar complex#Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque|Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque]]. It also alleged that 27 Hindu and Jain temples had been destroyed for the construction of the mosque. The suit was later dismissed by a civil judge in 2021.<ref name="indianexpress"/>

===Shamsi Jama Masjid===
[[Jama Masjid Shamsi|Shamsi Jama Masjid]] is a mosque in Badaun, [[Uttar Pradesh]], originally built in the year 1223 by [[Iltutmish]]. In July 2022, a lawsuit was filed that alleged that Mosque was an "illegal structure" constructed on the site of a [[Shiva]] temple, the lawsuit also demanded the ownership of land and right to pray there. It was filed on behalf of a local farmer with the backing of Hindu nationalist right wing organisation Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ellis-Petersen | first=Hannah | title=Thousands of mosques targeted as Hindu nationalists try to rewrite India's history | website=the Guardian | date=2022-10-30 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/30/thousands-of-mosques-targeted-as-hindu-nationalists-try-to-rewrite-indias-history | access-date=2025-01-15}}</ref>

===Sanjauli Mosque===
On 5 September 2024, Hindu right-wing groups organized a large protest at Chaura Maidan near the Vidhan Sabha in [[Shimla]], Himachal Pradesh, calling for the demolition of [[Sanjauli Mosque]] located in Sanjauli.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-09-05 |title=Hindu groups protest in Shimla over 'illegal' mosque in Sanjauli |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/himachal-pradesh/hindu-groups-stage-mass-protest-in-shimla-over-illegal-mosque/article68609172.ece |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Atala Mosque, Jaunpur===

The Swaraj Vahini Association claims the [[Atala Mosque, Jaunpur|Atala Mosque]] was built after allegedly demolishing a 13th-century temple dedicated to Atala Devi. They filed a suit in May 2024 to declare the mosque as the Atala Devi Mandir and permit Hindu worship. The Waqf Atala Mosque challenged this in the [[Allahabad High Court]], asserting it has always been a Muslim place of worship and denying the claims of it being a converted temple.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-12-16 |title=Court in Uttar Pradesh's Jaunpur refuses to order survey of Atala mosque |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jaunpur-court-refuses-to-order-survey-of-atala-mosque/article68992220.ece |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Uttarkashi protests===
{{Main|2024 Haldwani riots}}

In October 2024, the anti-mosque protests were organised by Hindutva groups to demand demolition of a 55-year-old mosque situated near the Kashi Vishwanath temple in [[Uttarkashi district]]. These protests soon turned violent after Muslim-owned shops were vandalised. Four police officers were also injured.<ref name="s333">{{cite web | title=Muslim-owned shops vandalised, police injured as anti-mosque protest in Uttarkashi turns violent | website=Scroll.in | date=2024-10-25 | url=https://scroll.in/latest/1074917/muslim-owned-shops-vandalised-police-injured-as-anti-mosque-protest-in-uttarkashi-turns-violent | access-date=2025-01-15}}</ref>
===Shahi Jama Masjid===
{{Main|2024 Sambhal violence}}

In November 2024, a petition was filed by Hari Shankar Jain, a pro-Hindutva advocate in the Chandausi Civil Court alleging that the [[Shahi Jama Masjid]] in [[Sambhal]] was built over a 'Shri Hari Har Temple'. Following this, Civil Judge Aditya Singh directed the survey of the mosque, which resulted in [[2024 Sambhal violence|violence]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Uttar Pradesh: Court-Appointed Commissioner Surveys Mughal-Era Mosque Amid Claims of Ancient Hindu Temple | website=The Wire | date=2024-11-20 | url=https://thewire.in/religion/uttar-pradesh-court-appointed-commissioner-surveys-mughal-era-mosque-amid-claims-of-ancient-hindu-temple | access-date=2025-01-15}}</ref> Commentators and scholars note the litigation to be part of a broader [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] assault on Indian Muslims.<ref>
{{Cite journal |title=Past Continuous, Present Tense |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2024/49/editorials/past-continuous-present-tense.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=LIX |issue=49 |date=7 December 2024 |pages=7–8}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news |title=Express view: Tragedy in Sambhal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/express-view-tragedy-in-sambhal-9690194/ |website=The Indian Express |date=2024-11-26}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |title=Revanchist suits: The Hindu Editorial on the Shahi Jama Masjid |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2024-12-01 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/%E2%80%8Brevanchist-suits-the-hindu-editorial-on-the-shahi-jama-masjid/article68935041.ece}}
</ref>

=== Shahi Idgah dispute ===
In [[Mathura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] a dispute originated when the Hindu side filed an original suit before the civil court claiming that the [[Shahi Idgah, Mathura|Shahi Idgah Masjid]] (mosque) was built on [[Krishna]] (a Hindu deity) Janmabhoomi (birthplace) land. The original suit filed in 2023 along with other connected petitions is pending before [[Allahabad High Court]]. In a recent hearing, the High Court directed the press to exercise caution when reporting court proceedings relating to the Krishna Janmabhoomi-Shahi Idgah case.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ratna |date=2024-12-13 |title=The 11 disputes over religious sites across India that will now be stayed |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/11-religious-sites-dispute-india-7-uttar-pradesh |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Karthikeyan |first=Suchitra |date=2024-06-12 |title=Krishna Janmabhoomi and Shahi Idgah timeline: History, 'compromise' & legal battle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/krishna-janmabhoomi-and-shahi-idgah-timeline-history-compromise-legal-battle/article67871384.ece |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Ishita |date=2024-08-01 |title=Mathura's Shri Krishna Janmabhoomi-Shahi Idgah Masjid dispute: Allahabad HC upholds maintainability of suits |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/krishna-janmabhoomi-shahi-idgah-dispute-allahabad-hc-upholds-hindu-sides-suit-dismisses-muslim-partys-challenge/article68472309.ece |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Violence against Muslims in independent India]]
* [[Hindutva pseudohistory]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India]]
[[Category:Islamophobia in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on mosques in India|*]]
[[Category:Hindutva]]

Ufff Yeh Siyapaa

2026-03-28T19:05:36Z

Shawnzus: Starting Stub.

{{short description|Indian comedy thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ufff Yeh Siyapaa
| image = Ufff Yeh Siyapaa film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[G. Ashok]]
| writer = G. Ashok
| based_on =
| producer = {{ubl|[[Luv Ranjan]]||[[Ankur Garg]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sohum Shah]]|[[Nushrratt Bharuccha]]|[[Nora Fatehi]]|[[Omkar Kapoor]]|[[Sharib Hashmi]]}}
| cinematography = Nuthan Nagaraj
| editing = Chetan M. Solanki
| music = {{ubl|[[A. R. Rahman]]}}
| studio = [[Luv Films]]
| distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|09|05|df=yes}}
| runtime = 116 minutes
| country = India
| language =
}}
'''''Ufff Yeh Siyapaa''''' a 2025 Indian [[comedy thriller]] film written and directed by [[G. Ashok]] and produced by [[Luv Ranjan]] and [[Ankur Garg]]'s [[Luv Films]]. The film's score was composed by [[A. R. Rahman|A.R. Rahman]]. It stars [[Sohum Shah]], [[Nushrratt Bharuccha]], [[Nora Fatehi]], [[Omkar Kapoor]] and [[Sharib Hashmi]]. The film has no spoken dialogue. The film was released theatrically on 5 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nushrratt Bharuccha, Nora Fatehi's Ufff Yeh Siyapaa Trailer Is A Riot Of Fun, Suspense |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-nora-fatehis-ufff-yeh-siyapaa-trailer-is-a-riot-of-fun-suspense-aa-ws-l-9526531.html |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Ufff Yeh Siyapaa Trailer {{!}} Sohum Shah, Nushrratt Bharuccha, Nora Fatehi, Omkar Kapoor, Sharib Hashmi {{!}} 5th Sept {{!}} Video Trailer - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/ufff-yeh-siyapaa-trailer-sohum-shah-nushrratt-bharuccha-nora-fatehi-omkar-kapoor-sharib-hashmi-5th-sept/ |access-date=2025-08-25 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ufff Yeh Siyapaa Trailer: बिना डायलॉग दिखेगी डार्क कॉमेडी, नुसरत भरूचा की 'उफ्फ ये सियापा' का ट्रेलर हुआ रिलीज |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/ufff-yeh-siyapaa-trailer-nushrratt-bharuchcha-nora-fatehi-sohum-shah-dark-comedy-crime-chaos-2025-08-25 |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-25 |title=ए.आर. रहमान के खास म्यूजिक के साथ बिना शब्दों का मजेदार सफर है जी. अशोक की ''उफ्फ ये सियापा'' - mobile |url=https://bollywood.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/g-ashok-s--uff-yeh-siyaapa--is-a-fun-wordless-journey-with-ar-rahman-s-special-2202059 |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In this uniquely wordless comedy of errors, Kesari Lal Singh ([[Sohum Shah]]), a sheepish common man, finds himself entangled in a spiralling mess when his wife, Pushpa ([[Nushrratt Bharuccha|Nushratt Bharuccha]]), leaves him - convinced he's been flirting with their neighbour, Kamini ([[Nora Fatehi]]). He hasn't. But before he can clear his name, a wrongly delivered drug parcel sets off a chain of escalating disasters, the worst of which is a dead body turning up in his home. As Kesari scrambles to fix the situation, another corpse appears - turning his house into a full-blown crime scene. To make matters worse, Police Inspector Hasmukh ([[Omkar Kapoor]]) arrives with a personal agenda, only adding to the madness. What follows is a wildly absurd, darkly comic chain of events —unfolding without a single spoken word.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Ufff Yeh Siyapaa Trailer {{!}} Sohum Shah, Nushrratt Bharuccha, Nora Fatehi, Omkar Kapoor, Sharib Hashmi {{!}} 5th Sept {{!}} Video Trailer - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/ufff-yeh-siyapaa-trailer-sohum-shah-nushrratt-bharuccha-nora-fatehi-omkar-kapoor-sharib-hashmi-5th-sept/ |access-date=2025-08-25 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ufff Yeh Siyapaa Trailer: बिना डायलॉग दिखेगी डार्क कॉमेडी, नुसरत भरूचा की 'उफ्फ ये सियापा' का ट्रेलर हुआ रिलीज |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/ufff-yeh-siyapaa-trailer-nushrratt-bharuchcha-nora-fatehi-sohum-shah-dark-comedy-crime-chaos-2025-08-25 |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-25 |title=ए.आर. रहमान के खास म्यूजिक के साथ बिना शब्दों का मजेदार सफर है जी. अशोक की ''उफ्फ ये सियापा'' - mobile |url=https://bollywood.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/g-ashok-s--uff-yeh-siyaapa--is-a-fun-wordless-journey-with-ar-rahman-s-special-2202059 |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Sohum Shah]] as Kesarilal Singh
* [[Nushrratt Bharuccha|Nushtratt Bharuccha]] as Pushpa
* [[Nora Fatehi]] as Kamini
* [[Omkar Kapoor]] as Hasmukh
* [[Sharib Hashmi]] as Gungra
* Vijay Kumar Dogra as Undercover Cop

== Music ==
The film's original soundtrack is composed by [[A. R. Rahman|A.R. Rahman]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muskan (Niyukti) |date=2025-08-25 |title='Ufff Yeh Siyapaa' Trailer Out: Sohum Shah, Nushrratt Bharuccha, Nora Fatehi And Omkar Kapoor Lead A Wordless Comedy With A.R. Rahman's Music |url=https://boxofficeworldwide.com/movies-latest-news/ufff-yeh-siyapaa-trailer-out-sohum-shah-nushrratt-bharuccha-nora-fatehi-and-omkar-kapoor-lead-a-wordless-comedy-with-a-r-rahmans-music/ |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=Box Office Worldwide |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dil Parinda
| length1 = 3:43
| lyrics1 = [[Kumaar]]
| extra1 = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| title2 = Tamancha
| length2 = 3:33
| lyrics2 = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| extra2 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| title3 = Naazuka
| length3 = 3:18
| lyrics3 = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| extra3 = [[Mallika Barot]]
| title4 = Darr Ke Aage Dance
| length4 = 3:18
| lyrics4 = [[Kumaar]]
| extra4 = [[Benny Dayal]]
| title5 = Darr Ke Aage Dance - Female
| length5 = 3:30
| lyrics5 = [[Kumaar]]
| extra5 = [[Nomi Gene]]
}}

==Reception==
Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Ufff Yeh Siyapaa is a fun ride — imperfect but inventive, proving silence can indeed be golden in comedy."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Archika|last=Khurana|date=2025-09-05|title=Ufff Yeh Siyapaa Movie Review: A wordless comedy of errors that mostly lands the laughs|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ufff-yeh-siyapaa/movie-review/123720565.cms|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Times of India|language=en-US}}</ref> Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' observed that "It’s hard to imagine a more misguided Hindi movie idea than that of a 116-minute comedy without any dialogue."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Rahul|last=Desai|date=2025-09-05 |title='Ufff Yeh Siyapaa' Movie Review: There Are No Words|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/ufff-yeh-siyapaa-movie-review-sohum-shah-nushrratt-bharuccha-nora-fatehi-starrer-leaves-you-speechless|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated it 0 stars out of 5 writes in her review that "What happened to Sohum Shah, the actor who left such an impact in The Ship Of Theseus and played the lead so assuredly in Tumbaad? Here his character, who gets major screen time, is just plain embarrassing."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shubhra|last=Gupta|date=2025-09-05 |title=Ufff Yeh Siyapaa movie review: Two hours of drivel|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ufff-yeh-siyapaa-movie-review-two-hours-of-drivel-10231791/|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Indian Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

BH Harsh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave it 2 stars out of 5 and wrote that "Nushrratt Bharrucha is the only saving grace of this farcical comedy that is all over the place."<ref>{{Cite web |first=B H|last=Harsh|date=2025-09-05 |title=Ufff Ye Siyapaa Movie Review: A misguided experiment|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/review/2025/Sep/06/ufff-ye-siyapaa-movie-review-a-misguided-experiment|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Cinema Express|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave it 2 stars out of 5 and writes that "Silent it may aim to be, but Ufff Yeh Siyapaa is as headache-inducing as an out-of-tune brass band."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Deepa|last=Gahlot|date=2025-08-25 |title=Ufff Yeh Siyapaa Review: Senseless!|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ufff-yeh-siyapaa-review/20250905.htm|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Rediff.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' observed that "Ufff this movie, whose lack of dialogue is its only distinguishing element. G Ashok’s Ufff Yeh Siyapaa has little reason to exist beyond its gimmick."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|date=2025-09-05|title=Review: 'Ufff Yeh Siyapaa' has no dialogue and little reason to exist|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1086208/review-ufff-yeh-siyapaa-has-no-dialogue-and-little-reason-to-exist|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated it 2.5/5 stars and wrote that "Yet, for all its flaws, Ufff Yeh Siyapaa must be acknowledged for breaking out of formula and attempting the unthinkable in today’s Bollywood landscape. It may be drivel in parts, but it is also a reminder that experimentation, however messy, is still possible."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Devesh|last=Sharma|date=2025-09-05|title=Ufff Yeh Siyapaa Review: A Brave Mess|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/ufff-yeh-siyapaa-review-a-brave-mess-77354.html|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Filmfare|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt37867075}}

{{Improve categories|date=September 2025}}

[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]

Kolathur taluk

2026-03-28T01:48:41Z

Shawnzus: Starting some data more to come - done

{{Short description|Taluk of Chennai district in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kolathur taluk
| settlement_type = [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|13.1240|N|80.2121|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File: TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| established_title = <! -- Established -->
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 6.24
| population_total = 3.78 lakh
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Speech
| demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_code_type = [[Telephone]] code
| area_code = +9144********
| registration_plate = TN 05 ** xxxx
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Neighbourhood]]s
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kolathur, Chennai|Kolathur]], [[Peravallur]], [[Thiru. Vi. Ka Nagar]], [[Agaram]], [[Jawahar Nagar]], [[Periyar Nagar]], [[Sembium]], [[Siruvallur]], [[Perambur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Corporation]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Greater Chennai Corporation]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[District Magistrate|District Collector]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = Rashmi Siddharth Zagade, [[Indian Administrative Service|I. A. S.]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]
| blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| blank6_info_sec1 = [[Kalanidhi Veeraswamy]]
| blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| blank7_info_sec1 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
}}

'''Kolathur taluk''' is a new [[Tehsil|taluk]] in [[Chennai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in [[India]].

== Details ==
This taluk was created by bifurcating [[Ayanavaram taluk]] into Ayanavaram and Kolathur taluks. With this addition, Chennai district now comprises 17 taluks.<ref name="TOI-29A">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=Ayanavaram bifurcation: Stalin’s Kolathur now taluk |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/stalin-inaugurates-new-kolathur-taluk-in-chennai/articleshow/112878427.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831155847/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/stalin-inaugurates-new-kolathur-taluk-in-chennai/articleshow/112878427.cms |archive-date=2024-08-31 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Kolathur taluk covers an area of 6.24 km² and has an estimated population of approximately 3.78 lakh as of August 2024. Kolathur serves as its headquarters. This taluk falls under the [[Ambattur division|Central Chennai Revenue Division]] and is part of the [[Kolathur Assembly constituency]] and the [[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="TOI-29A" />

The revenue villages of [[Kolathur, Chennai|Kolathur]], [[Peravallur]], and [[Siruvallur]] are part of Kolathur taluk.<ref name="TOI-28A">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-28 |title=Stalin’s Kolathur becomes taluk |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/stalins-kolathur-becomes-taluk/articleshow/112870236.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830142738/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/stalins-kolathur-becomes-taluk/articleshow/112870236.cms |archive-date=2024-08-30 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chennai district}}

[[Category:Taluks of Chennai district]]

{{Chennai-geo-stub}}

Rasalingam

2026-03-26T09:15:41Z

Shawnzus: created basic bio added tags.

{{Short description|Symbol of the Hindu god Shiva made from mercury}}
{{For|people with the surname Rasalingam|Rasalingam (surname)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Original research|date=August 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2020}}
}}
{{Saivism}}
[[File:Pouring liquid mercury bionerd.jpg|thumb|right|Mercury]]
In [[Hinduism]], '''Rasalingam''' or '''Parad Lingam''' is a [[Lingam]], the symbol of the god [[Shiva]], made of [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] (or possibly [[Gallium]]; see [[#Composition|Composition]] below.) [[Siddha medicine|Tamil Siddhas]] carved Shiva Lingam from solidified mercury. The process of solidification of mercury is the secret process enunciated by Tamil Siddhas. In [[Tamil language|Tamil]], mercury is called Pada-rasam and the Shiva Lingam made using pada-rasam is called Rasalingam. In Sanskrit, mercury is called Parad and the Shiva Lingam made using parad is called Parad Lingam. Rasalingams or Parad Lingams are consecrated in Hindu Shiva temples, Ashrams and other places of worships.

==Siddhic beliefs==

[[Shiva Puja]] must be performed with linga. The Rasalingam has a place in the worship of Shiva.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last = Parmeshwaranand | first = Swami | encyclopedia = Encyclopedic dictionary of Puranas | title = Linga | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FdIkaccgneAC | access-date = 2012-05-04 | edition = 1st | year = 2001 | publisher = Sarup & Sons | volume = 5 | location = New Delhi | pages = 1238–1243| isbn = 9788176252263 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.rudrablessings.com/files/Parad_shivalingam.pdf Parad Shiva lingam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606083807/http://www.rudrablessings.com/files/Parad_shivalingam.pdf |date=2012-06-06 }}</ref> [[Siddha medicine|Tamil Siddhas]] identify mercury as Shiva's metal (Shivadhatu). According to Siddha alchemy, mercury is the representation of male (Shiva) form, and the chemical element [[sulfur]] associated in the solidification process is considered as the representation of female ([[Parvati|Shakti or Gauri]], consort of Shiva) form.<ref>[http://www.siththarkal.com/2010/07/blog-post.html இரசவாதம் - ரசமணியும், ரசலிங்கமும்.]</ref>

==Notable rasalinga==
===Masilamaniswara Temple, Thirumullaivoyal===
[[File:Tirumullaivayil2.jpg|right|thumb|Kodiyidai Amman Sametha Masilamaniswara Temple, Thirumullaivoyal]]
[[Masilamaniswara Temple, Thirumullaivoyal|Kodiyidai Amman Sametha Masilamaniswara Temple]] is situated at [[Thirumullaivoyal]], a small town forming part of west Chennai and the temple is 2 km away from [[Ambattur]]. The prime deity Shiva at this temple was incarnated by the hymns of Sundarar, Ramalinga Adigalar and Arunagirinathar. A Rasalingam is installed in the second corridor near sanctum sanctorum of Shiva. The huge Shiva Linga in the sanctum sanctorum is covered with sandal paste. Every year in the month of ''Chittirai'' (Mar-Apr), on ''Sadaya nakshatra'' (Sadayam star), the ''Santhana kappu'' (sandal paste cover) is refurbished with ''Veru kappu''.<ref>[http://www.shivatemples.com/tnaadut/tnt21.html மாசிலாமணி ஈஸ்வரர் கோவில், திருமுல்லைவாயில்] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210024220/http://www.shivatemples.com/tnaadut/tnt21.html |date=2008-02-10 }}</ref>

===Shiva Temple, Visakhapatnam===
[[File:Shiva Bijapur.jpg|thumb|right|Shiva]]
[[Shiva]] temple is located in [[Visakhapatnam]] (also known as Vizag and Waltair), the first largest city in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The temple is situated on Rama Krishna Beach road. The uniqueness of this Siva Temple is its Rasalingam, which is made of a 10 kg single stone.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vizaginformation.com/Placesofworship.html |title=Places of Worship in vizag |access-date=2012-04-18 |archive-date=2012-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421131516/http://www.vizaginformation.com/Placesofworship.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Siddha Ashram, Ujjain===

Siddha Ashram is located near to [[Harsidhhi|Harsiddhi Temple]] in [[Ujjain]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. The area contains a temple, meditation chamber and gardens, and attracts hundreds visitors each year.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} The World's Largest Paredeshvar temple at the ashram is unique. It houses a mercury (parad) shivalinga which weighs 2500 kilograms, the largest of its kind in the world. The [[ashram]] is run by Acharya Mahamandaleshwara Swami Nardanandji who is known for his Kundalini Shaktipath initiation and research into ayurvedic based medicinal remedies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.siddhaashram.net/ |title=Siddha Ashram (Website) |access-date=2012-04-18 |archive-date=2012-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427044331/http://www.siddhaashram.net/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Siddha Ashram has consecrated the world's largest Parad Lingam weighing about 2500 kg. during November, 2005. The Parad Lingam temple is located at Ashram complex. People are allowed to see, touch and worship this Lingam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hinduism.about.com/od/lordshiva/a/murcurylingam.htm |title=Mercury Shivalingam of Ujjain |access-date=2012-04-18 |archive-date=2012-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216024124/http://hinduism.about.com/od/lordshiva/a/murcurylingam.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Dhyanalinga and Theerthakund, Coimbatore ===

The Dhyanalinga is a [[Yogic]] temple located {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Coimbatore]], [[India]]. Dhyanalinga temple was consecrated using ''prana prathista'' by [[Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev]], a [[yogi]] and mystic.<ref>Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev: "Dhyanalinga: The Silent Revolution", Isha Foundation, 2000, {{ISBN|978-81-87910-00-8}}</ref> The Dhyanalinga Yogic Temple offers a meditative space.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121109234053/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/07/25/stories/2003072501630600.htm Rangaswamy and Sudhakshina. Transformation of the inner] The Hindu 25 July 2003</ref> At this temple complex there is Theerthakund, a subterranean tank located 35 ft (10.7 m) below holds a lingam immersed in water. Followers claim that the lingam is made of solidified and 99.8% purified [[Mercury (element)|mercury]].<ref>Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev: "Encounter the Enlightened: Conversations with the Master", Wisdom Tree, 2004, {{ISBN|978-81-86685-60-0}}</ref> People can take a dip in this water before they go to the Dhyanalinga temple. A semi-circular brick vault covers this tank, the inner sides of which have [[mural]]s depicting a [[Kumbha Mela]] scene.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

===Sri Dattashram, Anksapoor Village, Velpoor mandal, Nizamabad dist, Telangana===

At Dattashram Anksapoor village near Nizamabad in Telangana a Rasalingam, one of the huge rasalingam weighing about 411 kg. was consecrated on April 25, 2004, by the Jagadguru Pushpagiri Shankaracharya and Hampi Virupaksha Vidyaranya Peethadhipati. The Rs.6 lakh worth Rasalingam was brought from Banaras, Uttar Pradesh. It is a world largest rasalingam. The temple was established by pujya sri vittal goud (bapu) maharaj.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040511195208/http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/30/stories/2004043002660500.htm Huge Sivalingam draws crowds]</ref>

=== Paradeswar Temple in Dharamgarh ===

Paradeswar Siva Temple located in [[Dharamgarh]], [[Kalahandi]] has a Rasalingam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.touristlink.com/india/paradeswar-temple/overview.html|title = Paradeswar Temple, India Tourist Information}}</ref>

==Composition==
Rasalingam is likely an [[amalgam (chemistry)|amalgam]] alloyed with copper or [[gallium]], a liquid metal with properties similar to, but not as toxic as, mercury. The density of rasalingam is approximately 6g/cc,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dhyanalinga.org/theerthakund_qa.htm|title = Yoga&Meditation}}</ref> far below the density of [[mercury (element)|mercury]], at above 14g/cc. This matches the density of gallium, which melts at 29.6 degrees Celsius, just above the typically cooler temperatures in India.<ref>[[Climate of India]]</ref> It is also notable that India imports, rather than exports, mercury, and is not a major producer of it.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Mercury Pollution from Mining and Ore Processing | url=http://www.worstpolluted.org/files/FileUpload/pics/2011/mercury-mining-pollution-world-map.jpg | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422201139/http://www.worstpolluted.org/files/FileUpload/pics/2011/mercury-mining-pollution-world-map.jpg | archive-date=2012-04-22}}</ref><ref>[[Mining in India]]</ref> India is, however, the fifth most prolific exporter of [[bauxite]], from which gallium is extracted.<ref>[[Mining in India]]</ref> It also may be a copper amalgam. When fine powdered copper amalgamates with mercury, a soft clay like material forms. It can be molded and formed into a [[lingam]].

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Shaivism}}
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Shiva temples]]
[[Category:Ashrams]]
[[Category:Metallic objects]]

Augustus Ekka

2026-03-17T10:32:06Z

Shawnzus:

{{Short description|Indian Lutheran bishop}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific_prefix = [[The Most Reverend]]
| name = Rev. Augustus Ekka
| native_name_lang = रेव्ह अगस्तुस एक्का
| church = [[North Western Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church|N.W.G.E.L.Church]]
| diocese = Dakshini Diocese
| appointed = 24 January 2022
| predecessor = Position Established
| birth_name = Augustus Ekka
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|5|15|df=y}}
| nationality = [[India]]n
| religion = [[Lutheran]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Augastina Ekka|1993}}
| children = Anugrah Ekka (son)
| birth_place = Galgotri, [[Gumla]], [[Jharkhand]]
| parents = {{unbulleted list|Immanuel Ekka (father)|Jasmani Ekka (mother)}}
| term = 2022–present
| successor = [[Incumbent]]
| ordination = 23 June 1991
| rank = [[Bishop]]
| title = Bishop of Dakshini Diocese
| consecration = 24 January 2024
}}

'''Rev. Augustus Ekka''' (born 15 May 1962) is an Indian [[Bishop]]. Ekka is born in India and Ordained to the priesthood in 1991. He serves as the first Bishop of [[Dakshini Diocese]] of [[North Western Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=About NWGEL |url=http://www.nwgelcommunity.in/p/about-nwgel.html |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=NWGEL COMMUNITY}}</ref> since 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New elected Bishop Augustus Ekka of North Western Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church |url=https://archive.org/details/new-elected-archbishop-rajiw-satish-toppo-bishop-augastus-ekka-bishop-nistar-kuj |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Internet Archive |date=26 January 2022 |language=Hi}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rev. Augustus Ekka<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-23 |title=परमेश्वर के आगमन के लिए आत्मिक तैयारी जरूरी : रेव्ह अगस्तुस |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/993162 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=[[Prabhat Khabar]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कंपटीशन छोड़ आपसी भाईचारगी के साथ रहें - अगस्तुस एक्का |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-leave-compaction-stay-with-mutual-brotherhood-19389306.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=[[Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chathanatt |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN9789402422412 |title=Christianity |date=2024-04-09 |publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] |isbn=9789402422412 |publication-date=2024-01-08 |pages=541 |language=En}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=bharat |first=news11 |title=आज रात 12 बजे अवतरित होंगे प्रभु यीशु |url=http://www.news11bharat.com/lord-sishu-will-appear-tonight-at-12-o-clock/ranchi/news/14315.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=news11bharat |language=Hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=सेवकाई का र्मागर्दशन करता है "नवीन बंधु" - रेव्ह अगस्तुस एक्का |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/jha-ran-mat-latest-ranchi-news-033502-1418416-nor.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar|Bhaskar]] |language=Hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=जीईएल चर्च के बिशप जॉनसन की चंगाई के लिए सामूहिक प्रार्थना |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/ranchi/news/collective-prayer-for-the-healing-of-bishop-johnson-of-gel-church-033623-4026783.html#:~:text=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AA%20%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%8F%20:%20%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2,%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%20%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80 |access-date=2024-04-07 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar|Bhaskar]] |language=Hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रभु येसु के स्वागत के लिए सजे गिरजाघर, आराधना के लिए समय-सारणी जारी - अगस्तुस एक्का |url=https://newswing.com/church-decorated-to-welcome-lord-jesus-schedule-released-for-worship/329830/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=NEWSWING |language=en-GB}}</ref> was born on 15 May 1962 in the small village of Galgotri, [[Gumla district|Gumla]], [[Jharkhand]]. He is the eldest son of his parents. He completed his primary education in his village and secondary education in Sursang. After completing his secondary education he completed his [[Intermediate of Arts|I.A.]] and [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in Kartik Oraon College, Gumla, in geography.

He completed his spiritual study of [[Bachelor of Divinity]] in [[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore Theological College]], West Bengal. Then he completed his Diploma in E.C.M. in Mindolo Ecumenical Foundation, [[Kitwe]], [[Zambia]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ekka, Augustus}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:People from Gumla district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Lutheran clergy]]
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Education in Kollam district

2026-03-15T00:29:57Z

Shawnzus: Made Place

{{Short description|Overview of education in Kollam, Kerala, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=April 2023}}
{{directory|date=March 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}

'''Kollam district''', earlier called Quilon district, is one of the 14 districts of [[Kerala]] [[States and territories of India|state]], [[India]]. The district is representative of all the natural attributes of Kerala states, and is endowed with a long coastal region, a major sea port on the [[Arabian Sea]], plains and the mountains, lakes, [[lagoon]]s and [[Kerala Backwaters]], forests and the farm land, and rivers and streams. The area had mercantile relationship with [[Phoenicia]]ns and the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]].

There is a variety of education institutions within the [[Kollam]] district including: medical and engineering colleges, business management, architectural institutes and state institutes dealing with fashion, design, construction and marine studies. The [[Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering]] in [[Karikode]] is the first government aided engineering institution after India's independence and is the first of its kind in the state. [[Mount Carmel Convent Anglo-Indian Girls High School|Mount Carmel Anglo-Indian School]] and the Infant Jesus Anglo-Indian School are among the state's oldest prominent educational institutions, situated at [[Tangasseri]].

There are several prominent arts and science, law, engineering and management education institutions situated at the heart of the city namely [[Fatima Mata National College]], SN College, SN Law College, Bishop Jerome Institute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/colleges/autonomous_colleges-list.pdf|title=Approved Autonomous Colleges in India|publisher=UGC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925161355/https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/colleges/autonomous_colleges-list.pdf|language=en|access-date=2019-07-29|archive-date=25 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralauniversity.edu/snckollam.htm|title= Sree Narayana College|publisher=Kerala University|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060108161632/http://www.keralauniversity.edu/snckollam.htm|language=en|access-date=2019-07-29|archive-date= 8 January 2006}}</ref>
There are also 3 prominent medical institutions within the district; [[Government Medical College, Kollam|Government Medical College kollam]] in [[Parippally]], Travancore Medical College Hospital in [[Mevaram]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tmc.ac.in/|title=Travancore Medical College Hospital|newspaper=TMC|access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref> and [[Azeezia Medical College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.azeezia.com/|title=Azeezia Institute of Medical Sciences & Research|newspaper=Azeezia - Official Website|access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref> in Meeyannoor that encompasses all medical teaching within the district.

Mount Carmel Anglo-Indian School and Infant Jesus Anglo-Indian School are two of the state's oldest famous educational schools, both located in [[Tangasseri]]. [[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham]] operates schools of arts and sciences, ayurveda, biotechnology, business, engineering, and social work in [[Amritapuri]], Kollam metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amrita.edu/campus/amritapuri|title=Amritapuri Campus - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham|date=7 June 2019 |publisher=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham|language=en|access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref> Kendriya Vidyalaya is situated at [[Ramankulangara]], Chinmaya Vidyalaya at Chandanathope, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya at Kottarakkara. Within engineering institutions the [[Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering]] in [[Karikode]] is a government aided institution that was established after India's independence and is the first of its kind in the state.

The state owned institutions including the [[Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction]] in chavara,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/kase-to-sign-pact-with-ulccs-for-courses-in-iiic/States/news/1245868.html |title=KASE to sign pact with ULCCS for courses in IIIC |publisher=UNI |date=29 May 2018 |access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref> [[Institute of Fashion Technology Kerala]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/iftk-phase-ii-activities-begin/article1467457.ece |title=IFTK phase II activities begin |newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 February 2011 |access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref> Kerala Maritime Institute<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Kerala-Maritime-Institute-Inaugurated/2016/02/22/article3289896.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223102351/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Kerala-Maritime-Institute-Inaugurated/2016/02/22/article3289896.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2016 |title=Kerala Maritime Institute Inaugurated |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=22 February 2016 |access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref> and [[Kerala State Institute of Design]] [<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2017/jan/09/top-notch-design-in-keralas-serenity-1556871.html|title = Top-notch design in Kerala's serenity|access-date = 2019-07-29|via = TNIE}}</ref> currently range on the outskirts of Kollam City. Vocational training and skill development within Ayurveda Panchakarma Therapy, Spa Therapy, Cosmetology and Ayurvedic Massage provide diploma courses that enable participants to extend upon their knowledge associated with the disciplines.

Apart from colleges, there are a number of bank coaching centres in Kollam city.<ref name="Bank test coaching Centres - Kollam">{{cite web | url = http://careeradda.co.in/index.php?topic=3021.0 | title = Which is the best banking coaching centre in India - Kollam | access-date = 2014-08-09}}</ref> It's been categorised as India's hub for bank test coaching centres with approximately 40 such institutes. The student demographic for the centres range from a variety of Indian states including [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]].

== Professional Colleges ==
===Engineering and Technology Colleges===
Source:<ref>[http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/ET/Kerala_ET.pdf List of Approved Engineering and Tech Institutes in Kerala by AICTE ]</ref>

[[File:Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering, Kollam, Kerala.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Entrance, TKMCE]]
* [[TKMCE|Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering, Kollam, Karikode]]<ref name="TKM">[http://www.tkmce.org.in TKM college website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921133635/http://www.tkmce.org.in/ |date=21 September 2013 }}, TKM engg college website.</ref> (first government-aided engineering college of the state)
* [[College of Engineering, Karunagapally|College of Engineering, Karunagappally]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ceknpy.ac.in|title=CEK|website=www.ceknpy.ac.in|access-date=2016-12-03}}</ref> (first government engineering college in the district, under IHRD)
[[File:CEK MainbBlock.jpg|thumb|right|College of Engineering Karunagappally]]
* College of Engineering, Perumon
* College of Engineering, Kottarakkara
* College of Engineering, Pathanapuram
'''Private Self-Financing Engineering Colleges'''
* Basilous Mathew II College of Engineering, Sasthamcottah<ref name="BMII">{{cite web|url=http://www.bmce.ac.in/ |title=BMII college website |publisher=Bmce.ac.in |access-date=2011-11-01}}</ref>
* Bishop Jerome College of Engineering and Technology, [[Kollam]]
* Hindustan College of Engineering, Arippa, Kulathuppuzha
* [[MES Institute of Technology and Management|MES Institute of Technology And Management, Chathannoor]]
* SHM Engineering College, Kadakkal
* [[TKM Institute of Technology|TKM Institute of Technology, Karuvelil]]<ref name="TKMI">[http://www.tkmit.ac.in/main/profile.asp college website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210194011/http://www.tkmit.ac.in/main/Profile.asp |date=2013-12-10 }}, TKM Institute engg college website.</ref>
* Travancore Engineering College, Roadvila, Oyoor<ref name="TEC">{{cite web|url=http://www.tec-engg.com/ |title=TEC college website |publisher=Tec-engg.com |access-date=2011-11-01}}</ref>
* [[UKF College of Engineering and Technology]], Meenambalam
* Younus College of Engineering and Technology, Pallimukku<ref name="YCE">{{cite web|url=http://www.ycet.ac.in/ |title=YCE college website |publisher=Ycet.ac.in |date=1991-10-26 |access-date=2011-11-01}}</ref>
* Younus College of Engineering for Women, Kottarakkara, Kollam
* Younus Institute of Technology, Kannanalloor
* Pinnacle College of Engineering, Anchal, Kollam
* Amrita Institute of Technology and Science, Vallikavu, Clappana, Kollam<ref name="Amrita">{{cite web|url=http://www.amrita.edu |title=Amrite college website |publisher=Amrita.edu |access-date=2011-11-01}}</ref>

===Medical Institutions===
[[File:Azeezia Institute of Medical Science and Research.jpg|right|thumb|350px|[[Azeezia Medical College|Azeezia Institute of Medical Science and Research]], Meeyannoor, Kollam]]
* [[Azeezia Medical College|Azeezia Medical College, Meeyannoor]]
* Travancore Medical College, Medicity, Kollam
* [[Government Medical College, Kollam]] and ESIC Hospital, [[Parippally]], [[Kollam]]
* Sree Narayana Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, Karimpinpuzha, Puthoor, Kollam
* Amrita Ayurveda Medical College, Karunagappally, Kollam

===Business and Management Institutes===
[[File:Bishop Jerome Institute, Kollam City.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Panoramic view of Bishop Jerome Group of Institutions, Kollam]]
* TKM Institute of Management, Kollam
* Member Sree Narayana Pillai Institute of Management and Technology, Mukundapuram, Chavara, Kollam
* Bishop Jerome School of Management, [[Kollam]]
* Institute of Management-Kerala, Kollam
* Institute of Management-Kerala, Kundara
* Travancore Business Academy, Vadakkevila, Kollam
* Gurudev Institute of Management Studies (GIMS), Kadakkal
* Sankar Institute of Science, Technology and Management, Chathannoor
* Horizon Educational Foundation, Kollam
* Quilon Institute of Technology for Women, Kollam
<ref>[http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/MGMT/Kerala_MGMT.pdf List of Approved Management Institutes in Kerala by AICTE ]</ref>

===Architecture Colleges===
Source:<ref>[http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/ATP/Kerala_ATP.pdf List of Approved Architecture and Town Planning Institutes in Kerala by AICTE ]</ref>

* [[TKMCE|Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering, Kollam, Karikode]]
* Nizar Rahim and Mark School of Architecture, Madannada, Kollam<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=768371 |title=New allotment to have 4 self finansing architecture colleges - Deccan chronicle |access-date=2016-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808055113/http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=768371 |archive-date=2014-08-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Bishop Jerome Institute, Karbala, Kollam
[[File:KSID Campus.png|thumb|337x337px|A view of [[Kerala State Institute of Design]] campus]]

=== Design Institutes ===
* Creative Institute of Fashion Technology, Kottiyam
* Creative Institute of Fashion Technology, Kottarakkara
* Venad Technical College, Kottarakkara
* [[Kerala State Institute of Design]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = KSID|url = http://www.ksid.co.in|website = www.ksid.co.in|access-date = 2015-11-14}}</ref>

===Law Colleges===
* [[Sree Narayana Guru College of Legal Studies]], Kollam
* NSS Law College, Kottiyam

===Nursing Colleges===
* Bishop Benziger College of Nursing, Kollam
* Upasana College of Nursing, Kollam
* Travancore College of Nursing, Kollam
* Holy Cross College of Nursing, Kottiyam
* Azeezia Nursing College, Meeyannoor, Kollam
* Mercy College of Nursing, Kottarakkara, Kollam
* Vijaya College of Nursing, Kottarakkara, Kollam
* Vellapalli Natesan Shashtiabdapoorthi Smaraka College of Nursing, Kollam
* St. Joseph's College of Nursing, Kollam
* Royal College of Nursing, Chathannoor

===Polytechnic Colleges===
[[File:SN Poly (S N P T C) kottiyam in 2008.jpg|thumb|right|300px|SN Polytechnic College (S.N.P.T.C) Kottiyam in 2008]]
* [[Sree Narayana Poly (SN Poly) Technic College (S N P T C), Kottiyam|Sree Narayana Polytechnic College, Kottiyam]]<ref name="SNPTC">[http://www.snptc.org/ SNPTC Website], SNPTC Kottiyam.</ref>
* Government Polytechnic College, Punalur
* Government Polytechnic College, Ezhukone
* Model Polytechnic College, Karunagappally, Kollam

===Fashion Technology Colleges===
* Creative Institute of Fashion Technology, Kottiyam
* Creative Institute of Fashion Technology, Kottarakkara
* Venad Technical College, Kottarakkara
* Apparel Training and Design Center (ATDC Vocational College)<ref>[http://www.atdcindia.co.in ATDC Vocational College Website].</ref>
* Institute of Fashion Technology Kerala (IFTK), Vellimon, Kollam

===MCA Colleges===
* Mar Baselios Institute of Technology, Anchal
* Marthoma College of Science and Technology, Ayur
* Sree Narayana Institute of Technology, Vadakkevila, Kollam<ref>[http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/MCA/Kerala_MCA.pdf List of Approved MCA Institutes in Kerala by AICTE ]</ref>

===Training and BEd Centres===
* Badhiriya BEd. Training College
* Tax Study Vocational Training Centre, Kottarakkara
* Jamia Training College
* Valiyam Memorial College of Teacher Education
* Haneefa Kunju Memorial College of Education
* Sri Vidyadhiraja Model College of Teacher Education
* Millath College of Teacher Education, Sooranadu
* College of Teacher Education, Arkannoor, Ayur
* Sabarigiri College of Education, Anchal
* Fathima Memorial Training College, Mylapore
* Mannam Foundation Centre For Education Technology, Kollam
* Rama Vilasom Training College, Valakom
* Mannam Memorial Training College, Punalur
* Baselios Marthoma Mathews II Training College
* Fathima Memorial Training College, Pallimukku
* Karmela Rani Training College, Kollam
* Mount Tabor Training College, Pathanapuram
* Manjappara Educational And Charitable Trust BEd College

==Arts and Science Colleges==
* [[Sree Narayana College for Women]], Kollam
* [[Fatima Matha National College|Fatima Mata National College]], Kollam
* MMNSS College Kottiyam
* TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam
* Sree Sankara Sanskrit Vithyapeedom College Edakkidom
* Devaswom Board College, Sasthamcotta
* IHRD College of Applied Science, Kundara
* Baby John Memorial Government College, Chavara
* [[St. John's College, Anchal]]<ref name="SJC">[http://www.stjohns.ac.in/ SJC Anchal, Website], SJC Anchal.</ref>
* [[St. Stephen's College, Pathanapuram]]
* St. Gregorios College, Kottarakkara
* NSS College, Nilamel
* Sree Narayana College, Punalur
* Sree Narayana College, Chathannur<ref name="SNCC">[http://sncollegechathannur.org/ SNC Chathannoor, Website], SNC Chathannoor.</ref>
* Sree Vidyadhiraja College of Arts and Science
* PMSA Pookoya Thangal Memorial Arts and Science College, Kadakkal

==List of Schools==
This is a list of public and private educational institutions in the [[Kollam district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]].

=={{anchor|Schools under Department of Higher Education}}Department of Higher Education Schools==

[[File:Meenakshi Vilasam Govt Vocational Higher Secondary School, Peroor.jpg|thumb|Meenakshi Vilasam Government Vocational Higher Secondary School, covering two acres|alt=Two buildings, separated by a dirt road and trees]]
Kollam has a total of 129 educational institutions under the Department of Higher Education. The [[Meenakshi Vilasam Government Vocational Higher Secondary School]] (M.V.G.V.H.S.S.) is one of the oldest schools in the district; over 1,000 students study there. B J S M Madathil Vocational Higher Secondary School tops the list of schools in the district in students strength, with about 2700 students studying there.

===Higher secondary schools under DHSE===
Source:<ref name="DHSE">{{cite web|url=http://www.dhsekerala.gov.in/|title=Website of DHSE}}</ref>

* Govt. BHSS, Chavara, Kollam
* Ayyankoyikkal HSS, Chavara, Mukundapuram, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Karunagappally, Kollam
* [[Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School, Kollam|Govt. Model Boys HSS, thevally, Kollam]]
* Govt. Boys HSS, Kottarakkara, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Kulasekharapuram, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Kuzhimathikad, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Vellamanal, Kollam
* [[Govt Higher Secondary School, Bhoothakkulam]]
* Govt. HSS, Punalur, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Valathungal, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Vayala, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Ottakkal, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Karukone, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, West Kallada, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Vallikeezhu, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Panmanamanayil, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Anjalummoodu, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Mangad, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Kummil, Kadakkal, Kollam
* Govt. Fisheries HSS, Kuzhithura, Alappat, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Sooraanad, Kollam
* Govt. MG HSS, Chadayamangalam, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Anchal West, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Sasthamkotta, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Pallimon, Kollam
* [[Meenakshi Vilasam Government Vocational Higher Secondary School|Meenakshi Vilasom HSS, Peroor, Kollam]]
* Govt. VHSS, Pattazhi, Kollam
* Mohammeden Govt. HSS, Edathara, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Kulathupuzha, Kollam
* Govt. Model HSS, Vettikkavala, Kollam
* Govt. Girls HSS, Thazhava, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Chathannoor, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Puthur, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, [[Thekkumbhagam]], [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]]
* Guhanandapuram HSS, Chavara South, Kollam
* Amrutha Sanskrit HSS, Parippally, Kollam
* Milade Sherif HSS, Mynagappally, Kollam
* Odanavattom Girls HSS, Odanavattom, Kollam
* V V HSS, poredam, Kollam
* S.N. HSS, chithara, Kadakkal, Kollam
* St. Gregorious HSS, Kottarakkara, Kollam
* S.M HSS, Kottara, Kollam
* S.M HSS, Patharam, Kollam
* B.J.S.M Madathil HSS, Thazhava, Kollam
* S.V HSS, Clappana, Kollam
* St. Antony's HSS, Kanjirakode, Kollam
* S.N.D.P.Y HSS, Neeravil, Kollam
* M.S.M HSS, Chathinamkulam, Kollam
* N.S.S HSS, Chathannoor, Kollam
* S.N.S.M HSS, Elampalloor, Kollam
* M.K.L.M. HSS, Kannanalloor, Kollam
* CP HSS, Kuttikkadu, Kadakkal, Kollam
* Chempakassery HSS, Poothakulam, Kollam
* Irumpanangadu HSS, Irumpanangadu, Kollam
* [[Krist Raj Higher Secondary School, Kollam|Kristraj HSS, Kollam]]
* St. Stephen's HSS, Pathanapuram, Kollam
* E V HSS, Neduvathur, Kollam
* Dr CT Eapen Memorial HSS, Sasthamcotta, Kollam
* Ezhippuram HSS, Parippalli, Kollam
* Mayyanadu HSS, Mayyanadu, Kollam
* Vimala Hridaya Girls HSS, Kollam
* AKM HSS, Mailapur, Eravipuram, Kollam
* Thadikad HSS, Thadikad, Anchal, Kollam
* St. Goretti HSS, Punalur, Kollam
* Poovathoor HSS, Kottarakkara, Kollam
* [[St. Aloysius Higher Secondary School|St. Alosious HSS, Kollam]]
* N S S HSS, Prakkulam, Kollam
* Sivaram N S S HSS, Karikode, Kollam
* V.G.S.S Ambikodayam HSS, Kunnathoor East P.O, Kollam
* HSS, for Boys, Punalur, Kollam
* C V K M HSS, East Kallada, Kollam
* K P M E M HSS, Cheriyavelinelloor, Kollam
* M M HSS, Uppodu, East Kallada, Kollam
* B V HSS, Karunagappally, Kollam
* M M HSS, Nilamel, Kollam
* T K M HSS, Karikkode, Kollam
* Sree Narayana Trust HSS, Kollam
* S V R VHSS, Vendar, Kollam
* C S I Vocational HS&HSS, for Deaf, Valakom, Kollam
* St. Joseph's Convent HSS, Kollam
* St. Jude's HSS, Alumoodu, Mukhathala, Kollam
* St. Mary's HSS, Kizhakkekara, Kollam
* Vellimon HSS, Vellimon, Kollam
* VHSS, Manjappara, Kollam
* John F Kennady M HSS, Karunagappally, Kollam
* Lourd Matha HSS, Kovilthottam, Kollam
* Nehru Memorial HSS, Kaithakuzhy, Kollam
* Mount Carmel E M HSS, Mathilakom, Kollam
* St. John's HSS, Karuvelil, Ezhukone, Kollam
* S D A HSS, Kottarakkara, Kollam
* Sabarigiri HSS, Anchal, Kollam
* Mount Tabore HSS, Pathanapuram, Kollam
* R V HSS, Valakom, Kollam
* T V T M HSS, Veliyam, Kollam
* VHSS, Vayanakom, Kollam
* M A E M HSS, Karikkodu, Kollam
* Jawahar HSS, Ayur, Kollam
* A K M V HSS, Thadikkadu, Anchal, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Koikkal, Kollam
* T K D M Govt. VHSS, Kadappakada, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Peringalam, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Ashtamudi, Kundara, Kollam
* Govt. VHSS, Punnala, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Chithara, Kadakkal, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Muttara, Kottarakkara, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, [[Nedungolam]], [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]]
* Govt. HSS, Oachira, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Yeroor, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Thevannoor, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Thodiyoor, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Kulakkada, Kottarakkara, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Poruvazhy, Kunnathoor, Kollam
* Govt. VHSS, Chingeli, Kadakkal, Kollam
* Vakkanad Govt. HSS, Kottarakkara, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Perinad, Kollam
* Govt.HSS, Anchal East, Kollam
* Sadanandapuram Govt. HSS, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Quilon West, Kollam
* S N Trust HSS, Chathannoor, Kollam
* S N Trust HSS, Punalur, Kollam
* Technical HSS, Chadayamangalam, Kollam.
* D.V.V. HSS, Thalavoor, Pathanapuram, Kollam
* St. Thomas HSS, Punalur, Kollam
* M E S English Medium HSS, Panmanam, Kollam
* Sreeniketan HSS, Chathannoor, Kollam
* Sree Narayana E M HSS, Valiyakulangara, Oachira, Kollam
* Vivekananda HSS, Changankulangara, Kollam
* N.G.P.M. HSS, Venchempu, Punalur
* T C N M GHSS, Nedumpara
* Govt.VHSS, Kottankulangara
* G P VHSS, Perumkulam
* Govt.A S HSS, Puthanthura
* M G D HSS for Boys, Kundara
* M A M HSS, Chengamanadu
* M T D M HSS, Malur
* K N N M VHSS, Pavithreswaram
* Devi Vilasom VHSS, Thalavoor
* M T HSS Valakam, Kottarakkara
* M M HSS, Vilakkudy
* Adichanalloor Panchayath HSS, Adichanalloor
* H.K.M HSS, Kallukuzhi, Umayanalloor, Kollam
* The King's School, Kottiyam, Kollam

===Institutions under Directorate of VHSE===
Source:<ref name="VHSE">{{cite web|url=http://www.vhse.kerala.gov.in//|title=Website of VHSE}}</ref>

* Govt. VHSS for Boys, Kottarakkara
* Govt. VHSS, Anchal East
* Govt. VHSS, Punnala
* Govt. VHSS for Girls, Kottarakkara
* Govt. VHSS, Cheriazheekal
* Technical High School, Ezhukone
* Govt. VHSS, Muttara
* Govt. VHSS, Karunagappally
* Govt. VHSS for Boys, Kollam
* Govt. VHSS, Kulakkada
* Govt. VHSS, Pattazhi
* Govt. VHSS, Kottankulangara
* Govt. VHSS, Chathanoor
* Govt. VHSS, Eravipuram
* Meenakshi Vilasom Govt. VHSS, Peroor, Kollam
* Govt. VHSS, Kadakkal
* T.K.D.M Govt. VHSS, Uliyakovil
* Govt. VHSS for Girls, Valathungal
* Govt. VHSS, Achancoil
* Govt. RFTH School, Karunagapally
* Edamon VHSS, Edamon
* K.S.M VHSS, Edavattom
* St.John's VHSS, Ummannoor
* St. George VHSS, Chowalloor, [[Edakkidom]]
* VHSS, Odanavattom
* Manjappara VHSS
* Jayajyothi VHSS, Poruvazhi, Ambalathumbhagam
* R VHSS, Valakom
* V VHSS, Ayathil
* Sri Vidyadiraja Memorial Model VHSS, Vendar
* B.J.S.M Madathil VHSS, Thazava
* Thadikkad VHSS, Thadikkad, Pathanapuram
* Matha VHSS, Vilakkumpara
* Vivekananda VHSS, Chadayamangalam, Poredam
* VHSS, Arkannur
* K.N Nair Memorial VHSS, Pavithreswaram
* T.E.M VHSS, Mylode
* Sivavilasam VHSS, Thamarakudy
* D.V VHSS, Thalavur, Kottarakkara
* A.K.M VHSS, Thadikad
* K.P.S.P.M VHSS, East Kallada
* V.S VHSS, Ezhukone
* I.G.M VHSS, Manjakkala
* J.E. Kennedy Memorial VHSS, Karunagappally
* A.P.P.M VHSS, Avaneeswaram
* D. VHSS, Mylom
* VHSS, Vellimon
* St.Michael VHSS Kumbalam, Mulavana
* Kuzhikkal Edavaka VHSS, Pavithreswaram, Karupinpuzha
* Vayanakom VHSS, Oachira
* NS VHSS, Valacode, Punalur
* SK VHSS, Thrikkannamangal, Kottarakkara

==Schools affiliated to CBSE==
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya, Kollam]].
* [[T.K.M. Centenary Public School|T.K.M. Centenary Public School, Kollam]]
* Sree Narayana Trust Central School, Kollam
* Sree Buddha Central School, Kurunagapally, Kollam
* K.N.S.M Sree narayana Central school kadaikodu [[Edakkidom]]
* National Public school, Thazhuthala, Mukhathala P.O, Kollam
* Lake Ford School, Kavanad, Kollam
* [[St. Mary's Residential Central School|St. Mary's Residential Central School, Kavanad, Kollam]]
* B R Memorial Central School, Chethady, Kollam - Thirumangalam Highway, Chengamanadu
* A P R M Central School, Kizhukkumbagam, Chithara P.O, Kollam
* Sreeniketan Central School, Chathannoor Karamcodu P.O, Kollam
* Siddhartha Central School Pallimon, Kollam
* River De International School, Kulathupuzha, Kollam
* St. John's School, Anchal, Kollam
* Sree Narayana Central School, [[Nedungolam]], [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]]
* St. George central School, Anchal, Kollam
* Nehru Memorial Model School, Kadakkal, Kollam
* Vimala Central School, Chathannoor, Kollam
* Toc H Residential Public School, Punalur, Kollam
* City Central School, Uliyakovil, Kollam
* Sabarigiri School Punalur, Kollam
* Mar Baselios School Maruthamonpally, Pooyappally, Kollam
* The Oxford School Village, Thazhuthala, Umayannalloor P.O, Kollam
* Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Chanthanathope, Kollam, Kerala
* Amrita Vidyalayam, Puthiyakavu, Karunagappally, Kollam
* Navdeep Public School, Vettilathazham, Decent Jn P.O, Kollam
* Sree Narayana Central School, Karunagappally, Kollam
* St. Gregorious Central School, Karunagappally, Kollam
* Divine Public School, Puthoor, Kollam
* Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kottarakara, Kollam
* Aiswarya Public School, Kalakkode, [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]]
* St.Jude.Central School, Mukhathala, Kollam
* Fathima Public School, Punalur
* Travancore Devaswom Board central school, vettikavala)
* Sabarigiri English School, Anchal, Kollam
* [[Delhi Public School Kollam (DPS Kollam)]]
* Sri Sri Academy, Ezhukone ( SSA, Kollam )

== Schools affiliated to ICSE ==
* Amrita Vidyalayam
* Auxilium English Medium School
* Holy Trinity Anglo - Indian School
* Infant Jesus School Kollam
* Maria Agnes English Medium Convent School
* Mary Giri Vidya Mandir
* [[Mount Carmel Convent Anglo-Indian Girls High School]]
* Preshithamatha School
* St. Charles Borromeo Convent School, Chittayam
* St. Charles Borromeo Convent School, Thrikkannapuram
* St. John's Residential School
* St. Joseph's Convent School
* St. Joseph's Convent School and Junior College, Edamon
* St. Joseph International Academy
* St. Mary's Residential School
* St. Vincent's Convent School
* [[Trinity Lyceum School, Kollam]]
* Vimala Hridaya School

== Schools affiliated to IGCSE (Cambridge) ==
* The King's School, Kottiyam, Kollam<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kingsschool.in|title=The King's School: An English-medium, International, Christian school in Kollam, India.|website=The King's School|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-05}}</ref>

==Education in Kottarakkara==

=== Schools ===
* Creative institute of fashion technology, Kottarakkara.
* Venad technical college, Kottarakkara.
* Mar Baselios English Medium School, Kottapuram,
* Sri Vidyadhiraja Memorial Model HSS, Vendar, Kottarakara.
* Govt. Boys' Higher Secondary School, Kottarakara,
* St. Gregorios High School, College Junction, Kottarakara,
* St. Gregorios Higher Secondary School, College Junction, Kottarakara
* Marthoma Girls' Higher Secondary School, Kottarakara
* St.Mary's HS, Kizhekketheruvu
* Mar Baselious English Medium School, Kottapuram
* Town UP school, Kottarakara
* MAMHS-Chengamanadu,
* MTMM LPS-Chengamanadu,
* Chethady UPS-Chengamanadu,
* BRM Central School -Chengamanadu,
* MGM Residential Public School -Mylom, Kottarakara,
* Govt. Model Higher Secondary School, Vettikavala.
* Carmel Residential Senior Secondary School, Kadalavila, Nellikunnam P.O.,
* KNNMVHSS, Pavithreswaram
* K .N .Sathyapalan Memorial Central school [[Edakkidom]] ഇടയ്ക്കിടം
* Divine Public School, Puthoor
* Easwara Vilasom Higher Secondary School, Neduvathoor
* Siddhartha Central School, Puthoor
* S K V V H S S, Thrikkannamangal
* Sreenarayana Guru Senior Secondary School, Ezhukone
* Mar Ivanios Bethany Secondary School, Kalayapuram
* MSCLPS, Neeleswaram
* DVUPS, Neduvathoor
* WLPS, Ambalappuram
* Veluthampi Memorial High School, Ambalappuram
* DVUPS, Annoor
* WLPS, Anakottoor
* Govt. HSS, Kaniyapoika, Puthoor
* St. George English Medium School, Puthoor
* Little Flower LPS, Kallumpuram, Puthoor
* Junior Technical School, Irumpanangadu
* S.V.V.H.S.S, Thamarakudy
* Seventhday Adventist Higher Secondary School, Karickom
* Sadanandapuram Govt. Higher Secondary School
* Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kottarakkara

===Colleges===
* St. Gregorios College
* University Institute of Technology (UIT)
* IHRD College of Engineering, Thrikkannamangal
* Mercy college of Nursing, Valakom
* Vijaya Nursing College
* Sree Sankara Sanskrit Vidhyapeedom, Edakkidam (ഇടയ്ക്കിടം)

==See also==
* [[List of colleges affiliated to University of Kerala]]
* [[List of colleges affiliated with Cochin University of Science and Technology]]
* [[List of Engineering Colleges in Kerala]]
* [[List of Medical Colleges in Kerala]]
* [[List of Kollam District Schools]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Education in Kollam district| ]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in Kerala]]
[[Category:Schools in Kollam district]]
[[Category:Lists of schools in Kerala]]

Paṭṭiṉappālai

2026-03-12T04:30:06Z

Shawnzus: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Ancient Tamil poem in Sangam literature}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Ancient tamilakam ports.png|thumb|right|upright=1.1|The ''Pattinappalai'' describes the Kaveripumpattinam and Chola kingdom in the above map.]]
{{Sangam literature}}
__NOTOC__
'''''Paṭṭiṉappālai''''' ({{langx|ta|பட்டினப் பாலை}}) is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poem in the ancient [[Sangam literature]].{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=29, 57}} It contains 301 lines, of which 296 lines are about the port city of [[Puhar, Mayiladuthurai|Kaveripoompattinam]], the [[Early Cholas|early Chola]] kingdom and the Chola king [[Karikalan]].{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=57–58}} The remaining 5 lines are on the proposed separation by a man who wants to move there and the separation pain of his wife who would miss her husband's love.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=57–58}} Of the 301 lines, 153 are in the ''vanci'' meter and the rest are in ''akaval''.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=22}} It is sometimes referred to as '''''Vancinetumpattu''''', or the "long song in the vanci meter".{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=22}} The poem was composed by [[Kadiyalur Uruttirangannanar|Katiyalur Uruttirankannanar]],{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=22}} sometime around 1st century and 2nd century CE,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ayyar|first=C. P. Venkatarama|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ASr9CVOlOYC&dq=info:0B46z76QEqsJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PA1|title=Town Planning in Ancient Dekkan|date=1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0972-3|language=en}}</ref> states Kamil Zvelebil – a Tamil literature scholar.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=22}}{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=42 Chart 4}} There are mentions of [[Mahalakshmi]] painted on walls and considered her as the goddess of fortune and wealth. The poem explains that the high and strong walls of the city secure the king where [[Mahalakshmi]] sits enthroned.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/pattupattutentamilidyllschelliahj.v._108_Q/page/46/mode/2up | title=Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V. }}</ref><ref>Paṭṭiṉappālai lines 360 to 370</ref> There are mentions in ''Paṭṭiṉappālai'' that many Tamilians worshiped tall pillars or posts as [[Vishnu|Mayon (Vishnu)]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/pattupattutentamilidyllschelliahj.v._108_Q/page/n81/mode/2up | title=Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V. }}</ref> There are Many mentions of Maha Vishnu throughout the poem.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/pattupattutentamilidyllschelliahj.v._108_Q/page/26/mode/2up | title=Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V. }}</ref> There are temples present even now, where [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu]] is worshiped in a pillar form. A well known example is the [[Kaliyuga Varadaraja Perumal Temple]].<ref name=dinamalar>[https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1132, Dinamalar Temples, Kaliyuga Varadaraja Perumal Temple]</ref> It mentions the worship of [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu]], [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]] and [[Murugan]].{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=57–58}}{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=17–20}}{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|p=33}} [[Muruga]] was worshiped as the red god and the god of war.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/pattupattutentamilidyllschelliahj.v._108_Q/page/38/mode/2up | title=Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V. }}</ref>

The title ''Pattinappalai'' is combination of two words, ''pattinam'' (city) and ''palai'' (desert, metonymically "separation, love division").{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|p=17}}{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=57}} The poem has a lengthy initial section on the harbor capital city of the ancient Cholas, Kaveripattinam, also referred to as Kavirippattinam, Kaveripumpattinam, Pugar, [[Puhar, Nagapattinam|Puhar]], or Kakanthi.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=17–19}} This section contains a vivid description of a busy maritime coastal city, the big ships, the fishermen, the markets, its festivals and feasts, and the people. The lines about the lover's separation appear in lines 261–264 and lines 379–382.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|p=17}} Between these, is the description of the generous Chola king and the kingdom. The husband is so moved by his wife's inconsolable pain that he postpones his move.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|p=17}}

The poem is an important and rich source of historical information about the ancient Chola kingdom and its capital city. The ''Pattinappalai'' mentions the city's music and dance traditions, cock and ram fights, the thriving alcohol and fisheries business, the overseas and domestic trade among the Indian peninsular port cities.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=22}}{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=57–58}} There is a mention of goods coming from Burma, Ceylon, northern India, and the River Ganges valley.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=17–20}}<ref name="Mukund1999p15">{{cite book|author=Kanakalatha Mukund|title=The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXdDYChdGsC&pg=PA15 |date=1999 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1661-8|pages=15–22 with footnotes}}</ref> The section on the Chola king describe the king's initial struggles to gain his throne because neighboring kingdoms had invaded the Chola territory when he was a child. The poem then describes the wars he won, the slaves he took, his return to the throne, his generosity to his people, the artists and the bards.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=57–58}}

The ''Pattinappalai'' gives a window into the ethical premises that were idealised by the ancient Tamil society in the Chola kingdom. The peaceful lives of the people is thus described, according to JV Chellaih:{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|p=41}}

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
Quite free and happy are their lives
Amidst their multiplying kin
They know no foes; the fishes play
Near the fishers' quarters unafraid,
And cattle multiply untouched
In butchers haunts.
The merchants thus
Condemn the taking of these lives,
They tolerate not thieving vile,
They do their duties by the gods,
Oblations offer, tend with care
Fine bulls and cows, exalt the priests
That teach the [[Veda]]s four, they give
Their guests food cooked and uncooked too
Unstintingly they dispense alms
And live a life of gracious love
</poem>
|''Pattinappalai 227–241''{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|p=41}}}}

For the merchants plying their trade, some of the lines in this poem state:

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
They speak the truth and deem it shame
To lie. For others' good they have
The same regard as for their own
In trade. Nor do they try to get
Too much in selling their own goods
Nor give too little when they buy
They set a fair price on all things.
</poem>
|''Pattinappalai 245–251''{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|p=41}}}}

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
The borders of the city with great fame
are protected by the celestials. Swift
horses with lifted heads arrive on ships
from abroad, sacks of black pepper arrive
from inland by wagons, gold comes from
northern mountains, sandalwood and akil
wood come from the western mountains,
and materials come from the Ganges.

The yields of river Kāviri, food items from
Eelam, products made in [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D#Proper_Noun Burma (Kedah)], and many
rare and big things are piled up together on
the wide streets, bending the land under.
</poem>
|''Pattinappalai 183-193''{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|p=40}}}}

This ancient poem regained popularity during 9th to 12th century CE, the later Chola empire, when the court poets used it glorify the ancient heritage and success of the dynasty centuries ago.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=57–58}} It is quoted in Tamil literature and temple inscriptions composed during the 11th and 12th century.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=57–58}} The ''Pattinappalai'' is notable for its mention of the early Chola kingdom as a cosmopolitan region, where Hindu and Jain monasteries and communities co-existed.

According to scholars such as Miksic, Yian, Meenakshisundararajan and others, the ''Pattinappalai'' is an early textual evidence of the significance of overseas trade that economically and culturally linked Tamil regions with southeast Asian communities in Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia.<ref>{{cite book|author1-link=John N. Miksic|author1=John Norman Miksic|author2=Goh Geok Yian|title=Ancient Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8tCDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT512|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-27903-7|pages=512–513}}</ref><ref name="KulkeKesavapany2009">{{cite book|author=A Meenakshisundararajan|editor=Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja|title=Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2swhCXJVRzwC |year=2009 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-230-937-2|pages=169–174}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=K. Rajan|editor=Pierre-Yves Manguin, A. Mani and Geoff Wade|title=Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ni9AlOLTFZYC |year=2011|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-4345-10-1|pages=187–189}}</ref> One of the trade destinations "Kadaram" in this poem has long been proposed to be the same as modern [[Kedah]] in Malaysia, starting with the proposal of K A Nilakanta Sastri in his ''History of Sri Vijaya''.<ref>{{cite journal| title= Excavations in Kedah and Province Wellesley, 1957| author =Michael Sullivan| journal=Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society| volume=31| number=1| year=1958| pages= 188–219|jstor= 41503132}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= Notes on Ancient Times in Malaya (Continued)| author= Roland Braddell| journal = Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society| volume=22 | number=1| year=1949| pages= 1–24|jstor=41560491}}</ref> The poem is also an early record attesting to the cultural practice of dedicating memorial [[Hero stone]]s in South India (lines 88–89).<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gwen Robbins Schug|author2=Subhash R. Walimbe|title=A Companion to South Asia in the Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xv-CwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-05547-1|pages=312–315}}</ref>{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=21, 35}}

==See also==
* [[Eighteen Greater Texts]]
* [[Sangam literature]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book|author= JV Chelliah|title= Pattupattu - Ten Tamil Idylls (Tamil Verses with Englilsh Translation)| year= 1946|url = https://archive.org/details/PattupattuTenTamilIdylls_20180715/page/n1| publisher= Tamil University (1985 print)}}
* Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)
* Selby, Martha Ann (2011) Tamil Love Poetry: The Five Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, an Early Third-Century Anthology. Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|9780231150651}}
* {{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-03591-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=Tamil Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC|year=1974| publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn= 978-3-447-01582-0}}
{{refend}}
{{Tamil language}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pattinappaalai}}
[[Category:Sangam literature]]

Bengal Sultanate

2026-03-09T23:48:51Z

Shawnzus: Article enhanced with better details

{{Short description|1352–1576 kingdom in Bengal}}
{{Other uses|Bengal (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Bengal Sultanate
| native_name = {{Native name|ben|শাহী বাঙ্গালা}} {{Native name|fas|سلطنت بنگاله}}
| today = [[Bangladesh]] [[India]] [[Myanmar]] [[Nepal]]
| life_span = 1352–1539 1554–1576
| status = [[Sultanate]]
| event_start = Unification
| year_start = 1352
| image_flag =
| flag_type =
| event_end = [[Battle of Raj Mahal]]
| date_end = 12 July 1576
| event1 = [[Bengal Sultanate–Delhi Sultanate War|Independence from Delhi]]
| date_event1 = 1353–1359
| event2 = [[Raja Ganesha]]'s rebellion
| date_event2 = 1414
| event3 = [[Bengal Sultanate–Jaunpur Sultanate War|Bengal–Jaunpur War]]
| date_event3 = 1415–1420
| event4 = [[Reconquest of Arakan]]
| date_event4 = 1429–1430
| event5 = [[Bengal-Kamata War]]
| date_event5 = 1498
| event6 = [[Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512–1516|Conquest of Chittagong]]
| date_event6 = 1512–1516
| event7 = [[Turbak's invasion of Assam|Gauda–Ahom War]]
| date_event7 = 1532–1533
| event8 = [[Sur Empire|Suri]] invasion
| date_event8 = 1539
| event9 = Restoration
| date_event9 = 1554
| event10 = [[Mughal invasion of Bengal|Mughal invasion]]
| date_event10 = 1572–1576
| p3 = Delhi Sultanate
| p1 = Mubarak Shahi Dynasty#Mubarak Shahi Dynasty, 14th century {{!}} Mubarak Shahi dynasty
| p2 = Saptagram#Independence from Delhi Sultanate {{!}} Satgaon Sultanate
| p4 = Bhoi dynasty
| p5 = Oiniwar dynasty
| p6 = Eastern Ganga dynasty
| s1 = Bengal Subah
| s2 = Mughal Empire{{!}}of the Mughal Empire
| s3 = Baro-Bhuyan
| flag_caption = Flag of the Bengal Sultanate in the Catalan Atlas
| image_coat =
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Map of Ilyas Shahis–Ganesha.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|[[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]] and [[House of Ganesha]] {{Circa|1390–1450}}{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=39}}|[[File:Hussain Shahis of Bengal.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|[[Hussain Shahi dynasty]] {{Circa|1519}}{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=40}}}}
| symbol =
| symbol_type =
| image_map_caption =
| capital = [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]]{{Efn|Under the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]] and [[Raja Ganesha]].{{Sfn|Michell|1984|p=28}}}} {{small|(1352–1390, 1410-1433)}} [[Sonargaon]]{{efn|Sultan [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]] (r. 1390-1410) held his court in Sonargaon.<ref name="Banglapedia-Sonargaon" />}} {{small|(1390–1410)}} [[Gauda (city)|Gaur]]{{Efn|Under Sultan [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]],{{Sfn|Bhattacharya|2020|p=41}} the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty#Restored dynasty|Restored Ilyas Shahi dynasty]], the [[Habshi dynasty]], and the [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]].{{Sfn|Michell|1984|p=28}}}} {{small|(1433–1565)}} [[Tanda, Bengal|Tanda]]{{Efn|Under the [[Karrani dynasty]].{{Sfn|Michell|1984|p=28}}}} {{small|(1565–1576)}}
| official_languages = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Persian language|Persian]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] (official) [[Hinduism]] [[Buddhism]]
| government_type = [[Absolute monarchy]]
| leader1 = [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]]
| year_leader1 = 1342–1358 (first)
| leader2 = [[Daud Khan Karrani]]
| year_leader2 = 1572–1576 (last)
| title_leader = [[List of rulers of Bengal#Bengal Sultanate era|Sultan]]
| currency = [[History of the taka|Tanka]]
| legislature =
}}
The '''Bengal Sultanate''' (Middle Bengali: {{lang|bn|শাহী বাঙ্গালা}}, [[Classical Persian]]: {{Nastaliq|سلطنت بنگاله}})<ref>{{cite web | title=History | quote=Shah-i-Bangalah, Shah-i-Bangaliyan and Sultan-i-Bangalah | url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=History | website=Banglapedia | access-date=23 September 2017 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929104319/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=History | archive-date=29 September 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> was a [[Post-classical history|late medieval]] [[sultanate]] based in the [[Bengal]] region in eastern [[South Asia]] between the 14th and 16th century. It was the dominant power of the [[Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta]], with a network of mint towns spread across the region. The Bengal Sultanate had a circle of [[vassal states]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]], including parts of [[Odisha]] in the southwest,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orissa – Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Orissa |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref> parts of [[Bihar]] in the northwest,<ref>[https://munger.nic.in/history-2/ Munger, the part of Bengal Sultanate]</ref> parts of [[Assam]] in the northeast,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam History {{!}} Assam State Portal |url=https://assam.gov.in/about-us/394#:~:text=In%201874,%20Assam%20became%20a%20separate%20province%20with%20Shillong%20as%20its%20capital.&text=The%20medieval%20era%20began%20with%20the%20attacks,medieval%20kingdoms%20and%20chieftain-ships%20in%20its%20place. |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=assam.gov.in}}</ref> [[Arakan]] in the southeast,<ref name="Ooi2004">{{cite book |author=[[Keat Gin Ooi]] |title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA171 |year=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-770-2 |page=171 |access-date=31 October 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022222946/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA171 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Tripura]] in the east.{{Sfn|Eaton|1996|loc=p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA64&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 64]}}

The Bengal Sultanate controlled large parts of eastern South Asia during its five dynastic periods, reaching its peak under [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]]. Its raids and conquests reached [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]] in the north, [[Brahmaputra Valley]] (modern-day [[Assam]]) in the east, and [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur]] and [[Varanasi]] in the west. It was reputed as a thriving trading nation. Its decline began with an [[interregnum]] by the [[Sur Empire]], followed by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Mughal conquest of Bengal|conquest]] and disintegration into petty kingdoms. The Bengal Sultanate was a Sunni Muslim monarchy<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&pg=PA139|title=Indo-Islamic society: 14th – 15th centuries|last=Wink|first=André|date=2003|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9004135611}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica|last=Uhlig|first=Siegbert|year=2003|page=151}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Asian history|last=Embree|first=Ainslie|publisher=[[Asia Society]]|year=1988|page=149}}</ref> with [[Bengalis|Bengali]], [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turco-Persian]], [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] and [[Habshi|Abyssinian]] elites.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/gaur-and-pandua-architecture|title=Gaur and Pandua Architecture|website=Sahapedia|access-date=27 September 2019|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113111721/https://www.sahapedia.org/gaur-and-pandua-architecture|url-status=live}}</ref> The most prominent dynasties were the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty|Ilyas Shahi]], [[House of Ganesha]] and [[Hussain Shahi dynasty|Hussain Shahi]]. The kingdom was known for its religious pluralism where non-Muslim communities co-existed peacefully. While [[Persian language|Persian]] was used as the primary official, diplomatic and commercial language, it was under the Sultans that [[Bengali language|Bengali]] first received court recognition as an official language.<ref name=stars/><ref>{{cite book|year=1978|author=Saikia, Mohini Kumar|title=Assam-Muslim Relation and Its Cultural Significance|publisher=Luit Printers|page=20}}</ref> The cities of the Bengal Sultanate are termed as Mint Towns where the historical [[History of the taka|taka]] was [[Mint (facility)|minted]]. These cities were adorned with stately medieval buildings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/once-upon-a-fort-gaurs-firoz-minar-is-still-an-imposing-sight/article26407049.ece|title=Once upon a fort: Gaur's Firoz Minar is still an imposing sight|first=Rana|last=Safvi|date=2 March 2019|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=27 September 2019|archive-date=31 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031230453/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/once-upon-a-fort-gaurs-firoz-minar-is-still-an-imposing-sight/article26407049.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1500, the royal capital of [[Gauda (city)|Gaur]] was the fifth-most populous city in the world.<ref name="ft" /><ref name="scroll" /> Other notable cities included the initial royal capital of [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]], the economic hub of [[Sonargaon]], the [[Mosque City of Bagerhat]], and the seaport and trading hub of [[Chittagong]]. The Bengal Sultanate was connected to states in Asia, Africa, the Indian Ocean, and Europe through maritime links and overland trade routes. The Bengal Sultanate was a major trading center on the coast of the Bay of Bengal. It attracted immigrants and traders from different parts of the world. Bengali ships and merchants traded across the region, including in Malacca, China, and the Maldives.

Contemporary European and Chinese visitors described the Bengal Sultanate as a prosperous and thriving kingdom. Due to the abundance of goods in Bengal, the region was described as the "richest country to trade with". The Bengal Sultanate left a strong architectural legacy. Buildings from the period show foreign influences merged into a distinct Bengali style.<ref name="auto1"/> The Bengal Sultanate was also the largest and most prestigious authority among the independent medieval Muslim-ruled states in the [[history of Bengal]].<ref name="AndayaAndaya2015">{{cite book|author1=Barbara Watson Andaya|author2=Leonard Y. Andaya|title=A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400–1830|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rh2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-88992-6|page=114|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022222946/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rh2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
===Background (13th and 14th centuries)===
{{See also|Mubarak Shahi Dynasty}}
Bengal was gradually absorbed into the [[Delhi Sultanate]] during the 1200s. It began with [[Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji|Bakhtiyar]]'s 1202–1204 conquest of Gauda during the reign of [[Muhammad of Ghor]]. This saw the beginning of the rise of [[Khalaj people|Turko]]-[[Pashtuns|Afghans]] in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Know Your State West Bengal|publisher=Arihant Experts|year=2019|isbn=|location=|pages=15|quote=Turk-Afghan Rule: Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khilji's invasion to Bengal marked the advent of Turk-Afghan rule in Bengal.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526)|publisher=|year=2004|isbn=|location=|pages=226|quote=Although the Afghans formed a large group in the army of the Delhi Sultanat, only few Afghan nobles had been accorded important positions. That is why Bakhtiyar Khalji who was part - Afghan had to seek his fortune in Bihar and Bengal.}}</ref> Bakhityar Khalji served as a military general of the [[Ghurid]] ruler Muhammad of Ghor. He formed the [[Khalji dynasty of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections |date= 2020 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-43736-4 |page=237 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ml75DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237 |language=en |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022222946/https://books.google.com/books?id=ml75DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> After the assassination of Bakhtiar Khalji by his own officer [[Ali Mardan Khalji|Ali Mardan]] in 1206, Bengal was administered by various Maliks belonging to the Khalji tribe (except a brief interregnum by Ali Mardan himself) until Delhi Sultan [[Iltutmish]] sent forces under his son, Nasir-ud-din Mahmud, to bring Bengal under the direct control of the Delhi Sultans.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Minhaj-ud-din|first=Maulana Abu' Umar-i-Usman|title=Tabakat-i-Nasiri translated from Original Persian texts by Maj. H. G. Raverty|publisher=The Asiatic Society|year=1881|location=Kolkata|pages=572–595}}</ref> Iltutmish declared Bengal as a province of Delhi in 1225. The Delhi Sultans attempted to govern Bengal through appointed governors, however, Delhi could not succeed given the considerable overland distance with Bengal. Ambitious governors rebelled and ruled as independent rulers until being suppressed militarily by the Delhi Sultanate. However, there were capable rulers among the rebels, including Yuzbak Shah (1257), [[Tughral Tughan Khan|Tughral Khan]] (1271–1282), and [[Shamsuddin Firoz Shah]] (1301–1322). The latter achieved the [[Conquest of Sylhet]] and established a strong administration in eastern and south-western Bengal. In 1325, the Delhi Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq reorganized the province into three administrative regions, with [[Sonargaon]] ruling eastern Bengal; [[Gauda (city)|Gauda]] ruling northern Bengal; and [[Satgaon]] ruling southern Bengal. Even this arrangement broke down. By 1338, the three administrative regions had separatist [[Sultan]]s, including [[Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah]] in Sonargaon; [[Alauddin Ali Shah]] in Gauda, and [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] in Satgaon.<ref name="Kunal Chakrabarti 2013 p. 12">Kunal Chakrabarti; Shubhra Chakrabarti (22 August 2013). Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. Scarecrow Press. p. 12. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-8024-5}}.</ref> Fakhruddin conquered Chittagong in 1340 and was succeeded by his son [[Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah]] in 1349. Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah (or just ''Ilyas Shah'') defeated Alauddin Ali Shah and secured control of Gauda. He then defeated Ikhtiyaruddin of Sonargaon. By 1352, Ilyas Shah emerged victorious among the Bengali triad.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

===Early Bengal Sultanate (14th and 15th centuries)===
{{See also|Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah}}[[File:Adina Mosque at Malda district of West Bengal 07.jpg|thumb|right|Ruins of [[Adina Mosque]], the largest mosque in the subcontinent, in [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]], the first capital of the Bengal Sultanate.]]
[[File:DG 36 - 08 GRAVE YARD OF SULTAN GIAS UDDIN AZAM SHAH 14 CENTURY MUGRA PARA SONARGAON IMG 5650.jpg|thumb|The 14th-century tomb of Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah in [[Sonargaon]]]]
Ilyas Shah established his capital in [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]]. He unified the [[Bengal delta|delta]] of Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna Rivers into the Sultanate of Bengal. Ilyas Shah waged wars and raids against several city-states and kingdoms in the eastern subcontinent. He conquered eastern Bengal and northern Bihar. He led the first Muslim army into [[Nepal]], raided the [[Kathmandu Valley]], and returned to Bengal with treasures.<ref name=":2">{{cite web | url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iliyas_Shah | title=Iliyas Shah | website=Banglapedia | access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202205855/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iliyas_Shah |archive-date=2 December 2024 | url-status=live }}</ref> He controlled an area stretching from Assam in the east to [[Varanasi]] in the west.<ref name="Kunal Chakrabarti 2013 p. 12"/> In 1353, Ilyas Shah was defeated by Delhi Sultan [[Firuz Shah Tughluq]] in the Siege of Ekdala Fort during the [[Ekdala Wars]]. Bengal agreed to pay a tribute to the Delhi Sultan. Despite losing control of many conquered areas, Ilyas Shah remained in firm control of Bengal.<ref name="Kunal Chakrabarti 2013 p. 12"/>

Ilyas Shah founded the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]] which ruled Bengal for fifteen decades. His son and successor [[Sikandar Shah]] defeated Delhi Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq during the second Siege of Ekdala Fort in 1359. A peace treaty was signed between Delhi and Bengal, with the former recognizing the independence of the latter. Firuz Shah Tughluq gave a golden [[Crown (headgear)|crown]] estimated to be worth 80,000 [[History of the taka|taka]] to Sikandar Shah. The peace treaty ensured Bengal's independence for two centuries.<ref>Nitish K. Sengupta (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. p. 73. {{ISBN|978-0-14-341678-4}}.</ref>

Sikandar Shah's reign lasted three decades. The [[Adina Mosque]] was built during his reign. The mosque's design was based on the [[Great Mosque of Damascus]], style used during the introduction of Islam in new areas. During this time, much of the agricultural land was controlled by Hindu [[zamindar]]s, which caused tensions with Muslim [[taluqdar]]s.<ref name="Lewis2011">{{cite book|author=David Lewis|title=Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lH40gT7xvYC&pg=PA44|date= 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50257-3|pages=44–45}}</ref>

The third Sultan [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]] began expanding Bengal's influence abroad. He began to send embassies to [[Ming China]], which continued as a tradition during the reigns of his successors. Ghiyasuddin also sponsored construction projects in [[Arabia]]. He exchanged letters and poetry with the Persian poet [[Hafez]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah | title=Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah | website=Banglapedia | access-date=5 April 2018 | archive-date=15 January 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115000851/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah | url-status=live }}</ref> The Bengal Sultans pledged nominal allegiance to the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] in Cairo. The coins of the Bengal Sultans often bore the name of the contemporary Abbasid Caliph.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Coins | title=Coins | website=Banglapedia | access-date=3 September 2019 | archive-date=9 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909191203/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Coins | url-status=live }}</ref> Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah held his court in the central Bengali city of Sonargaon, in addition to Pandua. The travel accounts of Chinese envoys state that the Sultan lived in a palace near the [[river port]] of Sonargaon. The river port had shipping links to China, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. In 1406, Ma Huan found Sonargaon as a large metropolis. Other Chinese envoys provided descriptions of a fortified walled city. Sonargaon was a center of [[Sufi]] education and Persian literature and Azam Shah even invited Hafez to settle there. The institutions founded by [[Abu Tawwama]] during the Delhi Sultanate were maintained by his successors in the Bengal Sultanate, including the Sufi preachers [[Ibrahim Danishmand]], Saiyid Arif Billah, Muhammad Kamel, Saiyid Muhammad Yusuf and others.<ref name="Banglapedia-Sonargaon">{{cite web | url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sonargaon | title=Sonargaon | website=Banglapedia | access-date=7 June 2019 | archive-date=18 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218050811/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sonargaon | url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 14th century, Islamic kingdoms stretched from [[Muslim Spain]] in the west to the Indian subcontinent in the east. The Islamic kingdoms had [[multiethnic]] elites. Persian and Arabic were used alongside local languages. Persian was used as a diplomatic and commercial language. Arabic was the liturgical language of the clergy. In Bengal, the Bengali language became a court language and was the main vernacular language under Muslim rule.<ref name=stars>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/cover-story/news/evolution-bangla-1705177|title=Evolution of Bangla|date=21 February 2019|website=The Daily Star|access-date=31 December 2019|archive-date=11 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911153955/https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/cover-story/news/evolution-bangla-1705177|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Rise of nativists (15th century)===
[[File:Sixty dome mosque in the evening.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Sixty Dome Mosque]] is a UNESCO World Heritage Site]]
[[File:India in 1525 Joppen.jpg|thumb|upright|The Indian subcontinent in 1525, with Bengal in the east]]
During the early 15th century, the Ilyas Shahi rule was challenged by [[Raja Ganesha]], a powerful Hindu landowner, who managed to place his son (a convert to Islam), [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]], on the throne. Jalaluddin had a relatively short-lived but significant reign, during which he helped an Arakanese king to achieve the [[reconquest of Arakan]]. Jalaluddin established control over [[Faridpur District|Fatehabad]].<ref name="banglapedia.org1"/> Jalaluddin also promoted more native Bengali elements into the architecture and governance of the sultanate. He was initially loyal to the Abbasid Caliph but later declared himself as the Caliph of Allah.{{Sfn|Eaton|1996|p=57}} The Ilyas Shahi dynasty was restored in 1432.

Nine kings ruled Bengal from Pandua over the course of ten decades. They built palaces, forts, bridges, mosques, and mausoleums.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/cover-story/2018/06/25/pandua-the-lost-capital-of-the-sultanate-of-bengal | title=Pandua: The Lost Capital of the Sultanate of Bengal | access-date=7 October 2019 | archive-date=5 June 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605200520/https://www.livehistoryindia.com/cover-story/2018/06/25/pandua-the-lost-capital-of-the-sultanate-of-bengal | url-status=dead }}</ref> Chinese envoy [[Ma Huan]] described the city at the time in his travel accounts, which state that "the city walls are very imposing, the bazaars well-arranged, the shops side by side, the pillars in orderly rows, they are full of every kind of goods". Pandua was an export center for cloth and wine. At least six varieties of fine [[muslin]] and four types of wine were found in Pandua. High-quality paper was produced from the bark of Pandua's mulberry trees.<ref>María Dolores Elizalde; Wang Jianlang (2017). ''China's Development from a Global Perspective''. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 57–70. {{ISBN|978-1-5275-0417-2}}.</ref> Sultan [[Mahmud Shah of Bengal]] shifted the capital from Pandua to Gaur in 1450. One of the probable reasons behind the move was a change in the course of nearby rivers.<ref>Aniruddha Ray (2016). ''Towns and Cities of Medieval India: A Brief Survey''. Taylor & Francis. p. 165. {{ISBN|978-1-351-99731-7}}.</ref>

The reign of Mahmud Shah witnessed greater control over the [[Sundarbans]]. The governor of the Sundarbans, [[Khan Jahan Ali]], built the mint town of [[Mosque City of Bagerhat|Khalifatabad]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321 | title=Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat | access-date=19 December 2019 | archive-date=3 July 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703185032/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321 | url-status=live }}</ref> In 1459, [[Jessore District|Jessore]] and [[Khulna Division|Khulna]] became part of Bengal Sultanate.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bhattacharya|2020|p=41}}</ref> Like many other officials, Khan Jahan had settled in Bengal after [[Timur]]'s sack of Delhi. During the reign of [[Rukunuddin Barbak Shah]], the [[Kingdom of Mrauk U]] conquered Chittagong. The late 1480s saw four usurper Sultans from the [[Abyssinian people|Abyssinian]] mercenary corps. Tensions between different Muslim communities often affected the sultanate.<ref name="Lewis2011"/>

===Regional kingdom (15th and 16th centuries)===
[[Alauddin Hussain Shah]] gained control of Bengal in 1494 when he was prime minister. Alauddin Husain Shah founded the [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]] which was of Bengali Origin. [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]]'s writings make mention of a manuscript found in the former Bengali capital [[Hazrat Pandua|Pandua]] which labels Hussain as a native of a village named [[Gobindaganj Upazila|Devnagar]] in Rangpur who seized an opportunity to redeem the throne of Bengal that his grandfather, Sultan Ibrahim, had held seventy years prior.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}} The local traditions of Rangpur verify these claims.{{Sfn|Majumdar|1980|loc=p. [https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate0006rcma/page/215/mode/1up 215]}} [[Nitish Sengupta]] also asserts that Husain's mother was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=9780143416784 |publication-date=2011 |pages=10}}</ref> [[Nitish Sengupta]] also states that [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]] must be given the credit of being the first Bengali ruler of Gaur. It is also possible the dynasty had [[Sayyid]] of [[Arab]]{{Sfn|Eaton|1996|p=63|loc=Ala al-Din Hasan, a Mecan Arab...}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Markovits |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC&pg=PA38 |title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 |date=2004|publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-152-2 |language=en |page=38 |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802114425/https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC&pg=PA38&dq=&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwihouG78b2AAxWLXqQEHajIBks4ChDoAXoECAMQAw |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jr |first=Everett Jenkins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBIkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA335 |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570–1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas |date=2015 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-0888-4 |language=en |page=335 |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802114426/https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=xBIkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA335&dq=&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiggbf08b2AAxVaQaQEHeZgAzE4FBDoAXoECAQQAw |url-status=live}}</ref> or [[Afghans|Afghan]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |title=The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2012 |isbn=9781118274026|quote=In their embassy to Bengal, at the time under the control of the Afghan Hussain Shahi dynasty,}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Basistha |first=Dr Nandini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0l9YEAAAQBAJ |title=Politics Of Separatism |date=2022-01-09 |publisher=K.K. Publications |language=en|page=48|quote=Though he was a valiant fighter in the battlefield, yet, he had to give in to the tricks and military game-plans used by the generals of the army of Alauddin Hussain Shah (c1493—1519), the Afghan ruler of Gaur.}}</ref> origin. He brought end to a period of instability. As Sultan, Hussain Shah ruled until 1519. The dynasty he founded reigned until 1538. Muslims and Hindus jointly served in the royal administration during the Hussain Shahi dynasty. This era is often regarded as the golden age of the Bengal Sultanate, in which Bengali territory included areas of [[Arakan]], [[Odisha|Orissa]], [[Tripura]], and [[Assam]].<ref name="Lewis2011"/> Under the order of Hussain Shah, [[Shah Ismail Ghazi]] commanded the Bengali forces in the [[Conquest of Kamata]], conquering large parts of Assam. After overthrowing the Hindu [[Khen dynasty]], Prince [[Shahzada Danyal|Danyal]] was appointed the governor of the new region. Hussain Shah also restored Bengali sovereignty in Chittagong and northern Arakan after the [[Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512–1516]]. Hussain Shah minted coins with the proclamation "conqueror of Kamrupa, Kamata, Jajnagar and Orissa".<ref>{{cite Banglapedia |article=Kamata-Kamatapura}}</ref> According to historian [[Jadunath Sarkar]], a 1513 inscription from Sonargaon indicates that Hussain Shah annexed a part of the [[Twipra Kingdom]].{{Sfn|Majumdar|1980|p=219, 243}} The [[Pratapgarh Kingdom]] came under Bengali [[suzerainty]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |script-title=bn:শ্রীহট্রের ইতিবৃত্ত: উত্তরাংশ |title=Srihattar Itibritta: Uttarrangsho |wslink=পাতা:শ্রীহট্টের_ইতিবৃত্ত_-_উত্তরাংশ.pdf/৪৮৪ |wslanguage=bn |last=Choudhury |first=Achyut Charan |author-link=Achyut Charan Choudhury |year=1917 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Katha |page=484}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Motahar |first1=Hosne Ara |editor-last1=Ahmed |editor-first1=Sharif Uddin |chapter=Museum Establishment and Heritage Preservation: Sylhet Perspective |title=Sylhet: History and Heritage |year=1999 |publisher=Bangladesh Itihas Samiti |isbn=984-31-0478-1 |pages=714–715}}</ref> Hussain Shah also waged several campaigns against the [[Gajapati rulers]] of Orissa.{{Sfn|Majumdar|1980|p=218}} Hussain Shah extended Bengali territory in the west beyond Bihar, up to [[Saran district|Saran]] in [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur]]. The Sultan of Jaunpur took refuge in Bengal after an invasion by the [[Lodi dynasty]] of Delhi. The Delhi Sultan attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Jaunpur Sultan. Unable to make headway, the Delhi Sultan withdrew after concluding a peace treaty with Bengal.<ref>{{Harvard citation|Hasan|2007|ps=“[Husayn Shah pushed] its western frontier past Bihar up to Saran in Jaunpur ... when Sultan Husayn Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur fled to Bengal after being defeated in battle by Sultan Sikandar Lodhi of Delhi, the latter attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Jaunpur ruler. Unable to make any gains, Sikandar Lodhi returned home after concluding a peace treaty with the Bengal sultan.”|pp=16-17}}</ref> Under [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah]], the Sultanate pushed into the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region and annexed the ruling [[Oiniwar dynasty]] in 1526 with the ruler of the Oiniwars, Laksminathasimha, being killed in battle.<ref name=Schwartzberg1992>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph |title=A Historical Atlas of South Asia |date=1992 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780195068696 |page=40 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=077 |archive-date=22 February 2024 |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222200743/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=077 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=Vijaykanta |title=Chronology of the Oiniwara Dynasty of Mithila |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1953 |volume=16 |pages=200–210 |jstor=44303873}}</ref>

Embassies from [[Portuguese India]] frequented Bengal after the landing of [[Vasco Da Gama]] in the principality of Calicut.<ref name="en.banglapedia.org">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Portuguese, The}}</ref> Individual Portuguese merchants are recorded to have lived in the Bengal Sultanate's capital of Gaur. Portuguese politics played out in Gaur as a reflection of contradictions in contemporary Portugal.<ref name="en.banglapedia.org"/> The Portuguese provided vivid descriptions of Gaur. They compared the affluence of Gaur with [[Lisbon]]. The city included a citadel, a royal palace and [[Durbar (court)|durbar]], mosques, houses for the rich, and bustling bazaars. Portuguese historian Castenhada de Lopez described the houses of Gaur as being one-storeyed with ornamental floor tiles, courtyards, and gardens. Gaur was the centre of regional politics. The Sultan of Bengal gave permission for establishing the [[Portuguese settlement in Chittagong]]. During the period of the [[Iberian Union]], there was no official Portuguese sovereignty over Chittagong. The Portuguese trading post was dominated by [[pirate]]s who allied with the Arakanese against Bengal.
[[File:Babur crossing the river Son.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Babur]] crossing the Son River. The river was the western boundary of the Bengal Sultanate during the Karrani dynasty]]

===Decline (16th century)===
The absorption of Bengal into the [[Mughal Empire]] was a gradual process. It began with the defeat of Bengal forces under Sultan [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah]] by the first Mughal ruler [[Babur]] at the Battle of Ghaghra. The second Mughal ruler [[Humayun]] occupied the Bengal capital of Gaur during the invasion of [[Sher Shah Suri]] against both the Mughals and Bengal Sultans. Humayun later took refuge in the [[Safavid Empire]] in Persia. Sher Shah Suri succeeded in conquering Bengal, forming the [[Sur Empire]], which was of Afghan origin. During this period, the [[Grand Trunk Road]] was renovated, while the Sur rulers placed successive governors in Bengal.<ref name="Elisseeff1998">{{cite book|author=Vadime Elisseeff|title=The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVVoRKSZxagC&pg=PA161|year=1998|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-221-6|page=161|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515014103/https://books.google.com/books?id=nVVoRKSZxagC&pg=PA161|archive-date=15 May 2018}}</ref> The third governor [[Muhammad Khan Sur]] declared independence after the death of [[Islam Shah Suri]]. Muhammad Khan ended the interrupting period of Delhi's rule and re-established the Bengal Sultanate under the Muhammad Shahi dynasty, which was also of Afghan origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarker |first=Sunil Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8GH0MBWfcoC&q=muhammad+khan+sur+independence |title=Himu, the Hindu "Hero" of Medieval India: Against the Background of Afghan-Mughal Conflicts |date=1994 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-483-5 |language=en|page=46}}</ref>

The [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] [[Karrani dynasty]] was the last ruling dynasty of the sultanate. According to the ''[[Riyaz-us-Salatin]]'', Sultan [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani]] shifted the capital from Gaur to [[Tanda, Bengal|Tanda]] in 1565.{{Sfn|Eaton|1996|p=143}} Sulaiman Khan Karrani annexed large parts of Orissa. During his reign, the Bengal Sultanate's territory extended from [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]] in the north to [[Puri]] in the south and from the [[Son River]] in the west to the [[Brahmaputra River]] in the east. The Mughals became determined to bring an end to the expansionism of the Bengal Sultanate; while eager to absorb the Bengal region for its riches. The [[Battle of Tukaroi]] in Orissa saw Mughal forces led by [[Akbar]] overwhelm the Bengal Sultanate's forces led by the last Sultan [[Daud Khan Karrani]], resulting in the Treaty of [[Cuttack]]. Mughal rule formally began with the [[Battle of Raj Mahal]] when the last reigning Sultan of Bengal was defeated by the forces of Akbar. The Mughal province of [[Bengal Subah]] was created. The eastern deltaic [[Bhati (region)|Bhati]] region remained outside of Mughal control until being absorbed in the early 17th century. The delta was controlled by a confederation of twelve aristocrats of the former sultanate, who became known as the [[Baro Bhuyans]]. Their leader was [[Isa Khan]], a zamindar and a former nobleman of the sultanate through his mother Princess [[Syeda Momena Khatun]]. The confederation was made up of [[petty kingdoms]]. The Mughal government eventually suppressed the remnants of the sultanate in the Bhati area and brought all of Bengal under full Mughal control.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

==Administration==
[[File:Inside Kusumba Mosque (02).jpg|thumb|The Sultan's Throne in [[Kusumba Mosque]]. Many mosques across the sultanate had an in-built throne for the Sultan. The mosques served as royal courts.]]
The Bengal Sultanate was an [[absolute monarchy]], and took influence from [[Persianate society|Persianate]] traditions. Its revenue system was maintained in the [[Bengali language]] throughout the course of its history.<ref name="auto">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal|title=Bengal|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930180854/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal|archive-date=30 September 2017}}</ref> The government employed both Muslims and Hindus, promoting a form of religious pluralism.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lewis |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lH40gT7xvYC&pg=PA44 |title=Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-139-50257-3 |pages=44–45}} "He founded the Bengali Husayn Shahi dynasty, which ruled from 1493 to 1538, and was known to be tolerant to Hindus, employing many on them in his service and promoting a form of religious pluralism"</ref> In addition to the royal family and government body, the Sultan also relied on the support of the ''[[ulama]]'' (Islamic scholars).<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Nur Qutb Alam|author=Karim|first=Abdul|author1-link=Abdul Karim (historian)}}</ref>

The Sultanate was divided into administrative subdivisions such as ''arsa'' and ''iqlim'', which were further divided into ''mahals'', ''[[thana]]s'' and ''[[qasba]]s''.<ref name="dani">{{cite book |author=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani |title=Asiatic Society Of Pakistan Vol II |year=1957 |pages=114–116 |chapter=Analysis of the Inscriptions |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126929/page/n125}}</ref>

=== Capital city ===
[[File:Silver Coin of Jalaluddin.jpg|thumb|Silver coin of [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah|Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] with a lion inscription]]
From 1342 to 1415, the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]] ruled Bengal from [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]], followed by the [[House of Ganesha|House of Raja Ganesh]] in Pandua (1415–1433). During the reign of [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]] ({{Reign|1390|1411}}), [[Sonargaon]] became the capital of the sultanate.<ref name="Banglapedia-Sonargaon" /> The restored Ilyas Shahi dynasty governed from [[Gaur]] (1433–1486), succeeded by the [[Habshi dynasty|Abyssinian Sultans]] (1486–1493) and [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]] (1493–1538) in Gaur. The Afghan Sultans of the House of [[Sher Shah Sur]] (1538–c. 1553) and House of Muhammad Khan (c. 1553–1564) both ruled from Gaur while the [[Karrani dynasty]] (1564–1576) ruled in [[Tanda, Bengal|Tanda]].{{Sfn|Michell|1984|p=28}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Period
! Dynasty
! Capital
|-
| 1342–1415
| [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]]
| Pandua
|-
| 1415–1433
| [[House of Ganesha]]
| Pandua
|-
| 1433–1486
| [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty#Restored dynasty|Restored Ilyas Shahi dynasty]]
| Gaur
|-
| 1486–1493
| [[Habshi dynasty]]
| Gaur
|-
| 1493–1538
| [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]]
| Gaur
|-
| c. 1553–1564
| [[House of Muhammad Khan]]
| Tanda
|-
| 1564–1576
| [[Karrani dynasty]]
| Tanda
|}
===Mint towns===
Mint towns consisted of royal and provincial capitals where taka coins were minted, thus developing the areas as important economic urban centres within the Sultanate. With the expansion of the empire, the number of mint towns increased gradually. The following is a partial listing of mint towns:<ref name="banglapedia1">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Mint Towns}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
# Jannatabad ([[Lakhnauti]])
# Muzzamabad ([[Sonargaon]])
# Ghiyaspur ([[Mymensingh]])
# [[Satgaon]]
# Firuzabad ([[Hazrat Pandua]])
# Shahr-i-Naw (Hazrat Pandua)
# Fathabad ([[Faridpur District|Faridpur]])
# Chatgaon ([[Chittagong]])
# Mahmudabad ([[Jessore (city)|Jessore]] and [[Nadia district|Nadia]])
# Barbakaabad ([[Dinajpur]])
# Muzaffarabad (Pandua)
# Muhammadabad ([[Baro Bazar Union|Baro Bazar]])
#[[Hasnabad|Husaynabad]]
# Chandrabad ([[Murshidabad district]])
# Nusratabad ([[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur district]])
# [[Khalifatabad]]/Badarpur (Bagerhat district)
# Sharifabad ([[Birbhum district]])
# [[Tanda, Bengal|Khwaspur Tandah]] (Malda district)
# [[Rohtasgarh|Rotaspur]]
}}

== Military ==
[[File:Attributed to Hiranand - Illustration from a Dictionary (unidentified)- Da'ud Receives a Robe of Honor from Mun'im Khan - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Sultan Daud Khan Karrani receives a robe of honour from Mughal general Munim Khan]]The Sultans had a well-organised army, including cavalry, artillery, infantry and war elephants; and a navy. Due to the riverine geography and climate, it was not feasible to use cavalry throughout the year in Bengal. The cavalry was probably the weakest component of the Bengal Sultanate's army, as the horses had to be imported from foreign countries. The artillery was an important section. Portuguese historian [[João de Barros]] opined that the military supremacy of Bengal over Arakan and Tripura was due to its efficient artillery. The artillery used cannons and guns of various sizes.<ref name="banglapedia2">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Military}}</ref> The ''paiks'' formed the vital part of the Bengal infantry during this period. There were occasions when the paiks also tackled political situations. The particular battle array of the foot-soldiers who used bows, arrows and guns attracted the attention of Babur.<ref name="banglapedia2" />

[[War elephant]]s played an important part in the Bengal army. Apart from carrying war materials, elephants were also used for the movement of the armed personnel. In riverine Bengal the usefulness of elephants, though very slow, could not be minimised. The navy was of prime necessity in riverine Bengal. In fact, the cavalry could ensure the hold over this country for a period of six months whereas the boats backed by the paiks could command supremacy over the other half of the year. Since the time of Iwaz Khalji, who first organised a naval force in Islamic Bengal, the war boats played an important role in the political affairs of the country. The chief of the admiralty had various responsibilities, including [[Shipbuilding in Bangladesh|shipbuilding]], river transport, to fit out strong boats for transporting war elephants; to recruit seamen; to patrol the rivers and to collect tolls at ghats. The efficiency of the navy eroded during the Hussain Shahi dynasty. The Sultans also built forts, including temporary mud walled forts.<ref name="banglapedia2" />

== Campaigns and conquests ==
[[File:Defeat of the last Bengal Sultan by Akbar.jpg|thumb|Akbar leads his army into battle against Daud Khan Karrani, the last Sultan of Bengal]]

===Bengal–Delhi Wars===
{{Main|Bengal Sultanate–Delhi Sultanate War}}

In 1353, the Sultan of Delhi attacked the newly formed Bengal Sultanate. After the siege of Ekdala Fort, Bengal agreed to pay a tribute to the Sultan of Delhi. In 1359, Delhi again invaded Bengal after the previous peace treaty collapsed and this time the Delhi forces were repulsed leading to Bengali victory. However, negotiations ultimately resulted in a new treaty in which Delhi recognized the independence of Bengal.<ref name="Kunal Chakrabarti 2013 p. 12" /> The Bengal Sultans also received support from South Indian allies. During the 16th century, the Lodi dynasty of Delhi again attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Sultan of Jaunpur. The Lodis eventually agreed to a peace treaty with Bengal.
===Bengal–Jaunpur War===
{{Main|Bengal Sultanate–Jaunpur Sultanate War}}

The Jaunpur Sultanate attacked Bengal during the 15th century. With diplomatic help from Ming China and the [[Timurid Empire|Timurid]] ruler of [[Herat]], Bengal fended off the Jaunpuri invasion.{{Sfn|Eaton|1996|p=53}}<ref>{{Harvard citation|Hasan|2007|p=15|ps=“He also wrote to Sultan Ibrahim Sharqi of the neighbouring kingdom of Jaunpur imploring him to invade Bengal and rid them of Raja Ganesh, but the Raja was able to deal successfully with the invader.”}}</ref> The motivation behind this sudden war was the newly emerged Hindu [[House of Ganesha]] which rose to prominence after [[Raja Ganesha]] rose to power by assassinating the Sultans of the previous dynasty. Qutb al Alam a powerful Muslim holy man was asked by [[Raja Ganesha]] for help due to the imminent threat of invasion soon after Ganesha usurped the throne. Qutb Alam eventually came to the agreement that Raja Ganesha's son, Jadu, would convert to Islam and rule in his place. Raja Ganesha agreed and Jadu started ruling Bengal as [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] in 1415.

The war began in 1415 and ended in 1420.{{Sfn|Eaton|1996|p=53}} The [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpaur Sultanate]] challenged the newly emerged Hindu dynasty of [[Raja Ganesha]]. [[Raja Ganesha]] was later removed as a result but his son [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] converted to Islam and ruled the Sultanate. Parts of the [[Jaunpur Sultanate]] were annexed by Bengal and peace was established between the two states.

The [[Timurid Empire]] and also [[Ming China]] mediated the war. A diplomat in the court of Shahrukh Mirza recorded that the Timurid ruler of Herat intervened during the Bengal-Jaunpur conflict after a request from the Sultan of Bengal. The record speaks of Shahrukh Mirza "directing the ruler of Jaunpur to abstain from attacking the King of Bengal, or to take the consequence upon himself. To which the intimation of the Jaunpur ruler was obedient, and desisted from his attacks upon Bengal".{{Sfn|Eaton|1996|p=53}} Records from Ming China state that the Yongle Emperor also mediated between Jaunpur and Bengal after the Bengali ambassador in his Peking court complained of the conflict.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tan |first=Chung |title=India and China Twenty Centuries of Civilization Interaction and Vibrations |publisher=Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and Culture, Centre for Studies in Civilizations |isbn=9788187586210 |publication-date=2005 |pages=361}}</ref>

=== Bengali–Assamese Wars ===
{{See also|Bengal Sultanate–Kamata Kingdom War|Turbak's invasion of Assam|Muslim Invasions of Assam}}

==== Ilyas Shahi Dynasty ====
[[Shamsuddin Ilyas shah]] led the first military engagement and led a successful campaign against the [[Kamarupa]] kingdom in present-day [[Assam]], being the first Muslim king to capture [[Guwahati]].{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

The invasion of Assam by [[Sikandar Shah]] (son of Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah) weakened Indranarayan. Though Shah had to retreat from central Assam because of an attack on Bengal by [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]], Indranarayana was sufficiently damaged that a Bhuyan from [[Darrang]], Arimatta, was able to usurp power.{{efn|Indranarayan's inability to resist the Muslims paved the way for the rise of the Bhuyans. Indeed, one of them, Arimatta or Sasanka became so ambitious that he killed Indranarayan and usurped the throne of Kamata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dorji |first=Lham |year=2005 |title=The Historical Anecdotes of Kheng Nobilities |journal=Journal of Bhutan Studies |publisher=Centre for Bhutan Studies |volume=13 |issn=1608-411X |place=Thimpu}}</ref>}}

==== Habshi Conquest of Assam ====
[[Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah]], the last ruler of the [[Habshi dynasty]] defeated the [[Kamata Kingdom]] of Assam. He developed an army of 40,000 soldiers; recruiting thousands of [[Afghans]] and 5,000 Abyssinians.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Ibrahim, Muhammad|article=Rule of Afghans}}</ref> In 896 AH (1490–1491 AD), he constructed a [[mosque]] in [[Gangarampur]], adjacent to the [[Dargah]] of Makhdum Mawlana Ata. On 30 December 1492, his governor [[Khurshid Khan]] established a [[Jama Mosque]] near [[Chapai Nawabganj District|Nawabganj]] on the banks of the [[Mahananda River]].<ref name="dani2">{{cite book |author=Ahmad Hasan Dani |author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani |title=Asiatic Society Of Pakistan Vol-ii |date=20 April 2024 |chapter=Analysis of the Inscriptions |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126929/page/n51/mode/2up}}</ref> He defeated the [[Kamata Kingdom]] in battle and conquered their territory in the year 898 AH (1492–93 AD) and subsequently issued coins bearing ''Kamata Mardan 898''.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Coins|author=Muhammad Rezaul Karim}}</ref>
[[File:Rangamati_Mosque.jpg|thumb|The [[Panbari Mosque]] built by Sultan [[Alauddin Husain Shah|Husain Shah]] to after the successful [[Conquest of Kamata]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Rupkamal |date=3 June 2011 |title=A forgotten chapter of history – Panbari mosque |url=http://itsmynortheast.com/2011/06/a-forgotten-chapter-of-history-panbari-mosque/#comment-502 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404144612/http://itsmynortheast.com/2011/06/a-forgotten-chapter-of-history-panbari-mosque/#comment-502 |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=26 December 2012 |publisher=Its my northeast}}</ref>]]

==== Hussein Shah's conquest ====
{{See also|Bengal Sultanate–Kamata Kingdom War}}
During [[Alauddin Husain Shah|Husain Shah]]'s rule, Bengali control over Assam reached its zenith. Under the military command of [[Shah Ismail Ghazi]], the Bengali army overthrew the [[Kamata Kingdom]]'s Hindu [[Khen dynasty]] in 1498. In 1499, Husain Shah's general [[Shah Ismail Ghazi]] led an expedition to the [[Kamata Kingdom]]. Husain Shah's army imprisoned King Nilambar of Kamata, pillaged the capital city and annexed the territory up to [[Hajo]]. The victory was publicly recorded in an inscription at [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]].{{Sfn|Majumdar|1980|p=217}}

==== Gauda-Ahom War ====
{{See also|Turbak's invasion of Assam}}
In 1532, a [[Bengali Muslims|Bengali Muslim]] commander named Turbak invaded [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] territory with a force comprising 1,000 cavalry, 30 elephants, and numerous guns and cannons. He set up camp near the fort at Singiri.{{sfn|Acharyya|1966|p=95}} Ahom forces, under [[Suklenmung|Suklen]], crossed the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] and attacked the Muslim encampment, despite warnings from astrologers. However, the battle ended in disaster for the Ahoms, who suffered heavy losses, with eight commanders killed. [[Suklenmung|Suklen]] barely escaped with a serious wound. The Muslim forces stopped advancing for the rainy season at Koilabar.{{sfn|Basu|1970|p=25}}{{sfn|Shakespear|2012|p=31–32}}

The [[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]] retreated to Sala after their initial setbacks,{{sfn|Shakespear|2012|p=31–32}} where they regrouped with reinforcements and appointed Senglung as the new Commander-in-Chief. By March 1533, however, the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]] turned the tide in their favor. In a naval [[Battle of Duimunisila|battle at Duimunisila]], they inflicted significant losses on the Muslim forces, The Muslim commanders, Taju and Sangal, were killed, The invading forces lost 2,500 men, 20 ships, and several large cannons, marking a turning point in the war in favor of the Ahoms.{{sfn|Shakespear|2012|p=31–32}}{{sfn|Basu|1970|p=25}}

During this time, Husain Khan, another [[Muslim]] general, arrived to reinforce Turbak's forces with six elephants, 100 cavalry, and 1,000 infantry troops. Reinforced by Hussain Khan, Turbak took position near the Dikrai River, across from the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] camp. However, the Ahoms were now better prepared and managed to defeat the [[Muslims]] in several engagements. The final confrontation occurred near the [[Bharali river|Bharali River]], where Turbak was killed by a spear, and the Muslims were thrown into disarray. The Ahoms pursued the retreating forces all the way to the [[Karatoya River]], where they achieved a complete victory.{{sfn|Acharyya|1966|p=96}}

=== Campaigns in Arakan ===
{{See also|Restoration of Min Saw Mon|3=Bengal–Mrauk U War (1512–1516)|4=Mrauk U invasion of Chittagong}}

Arakan and the [[Brahmaputra Valley]] was often subjected to Bengali invasions. The restoration of Min Saw Mon was a military campaign led by the Bengal Sultanate to help [[Min Saw Mon]] regain control of his [[Launggyet Dynasty]]. The campaign was successful. Min Saw Mon was restored to the Launggyet throne, and [[Arakan]] became a [[vassal state]] of the Bengal Sultanate. However, conflict later emerged between Arakan and Bengal based on the control of [[Chittagong]]. Arakan asserted its independence as a coastal power. Under [[Alauddin Husain Shah]], Bengali sovereignty was restored in Chittagong and northern Arakan. However, the [[Maghs|Arakanese]] persisted to fight over Chittagong, often allying with [[Portuguese people|Portuguese pirates]].

=== Campaigns in Orissa ===
{{See also|Bengal Sultanate conquest of Orissa}}

==== Eastern-Ganga Dynasty ====
The first conflict between the Bengal Sultanate and the [[Odia people|Odias]] dates back to the time of [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] where on his conquests subjugated Orissa. He defeated Bhanudeva II of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]. He further sacked [[Jajpur]], [[Cuttack]] and reached as far as the [[Chilika Lake]].

==== Gajapati Empire ====
During the reign of Alauddin Hussain Shah, his commander Shah Ismail Ghazi led his first campaign against the confronting [[Kapilendra Deva]] of the [[Gajapati Empire]] on the south-western frontier. He defeated the Gajapati Empire, recovering [[Gar Mandaran|Mandaran]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-05 |title=Gold Tanka of Bengal Sultan Rukn Al-Din Barbak Shah |url=http://www.mintageworld.com/media/detail/10736-gold-tanka-of-bengal-sultan-rukn-Al-din-barbak-shah |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=Mintage World}}</ref> where he constructed a fort.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Bankim Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PobpAgAAQBAJ&q=Shah+Ismail+Ghazi+mandaran&pg=PT73 |title=Durgeshnandini |date=2014-02-25 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5083-240-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bader Maqams or the shrines of Badr Al-Din-Auliya (Part II) - Kaladan Press Network |url=https://www.kaladanpress.org/index.php/scholar-column-mainmenu-36/arakan/1135-bader-maqams-or-the-shrines-of-badr-al-din-auliya-part-ii.html |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=www.kaladanpress.org |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215031725/https://www.kaladanpress.org/index.php/scholar-column-mainmenu-36/arakan/1135-bader-maqams-or-the-shrines-of-badr-al-din-auliya-part-ii.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Chalukya and Bhoi dynasty ====
Orissa was also conquered again by [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani]] and Orissa was annexed into the Bengal Sultanate in 1568. The [[Eastern Chalukyas|Chalukya dynasty]] and Mughal Empire forged a close alliance through Akbar and his increasing desire to annex Bengal. Akbar and [[Mukunda Deva]] the ruler of the [[Eastern Chalukyas|Chalukya dynasty]] exchanged many gifts in the hopes of defeating Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranjan |first=Patnaik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIzXAAAAMAAJ |title=Religious History of Orissa |publisher=Indian Publishers' Distributors |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7341-339-1 |pages=271}}</ref> However the [[Bhoi dynasty]] and [[Eastern Chalukyas|Chalukya dynasty]] were defeated leading to Bengali sovereignty over Orissa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anwarul |first=Haque |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co8eAAAAMAAJ |title=Muslim Administration in Orissa, 1568–1751 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |year=1980 |pages=50–58}}</ref>

=== Campaigns in Nepal ===
{{See also|Bengal Invasion of Nepal (1349)}}

[[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] was the first Sultan of the Bengal and unified the three city-states into what is now known as the Bengal Sultanate. He was the first to lead a Muslim army into Nepal.<ref name=":2" /> He began his expedition with the occupation of [[Tirhut]] which he divided into north and south. Ilyas kept the southern part for himself stretching from [[Begusarai district|Begusarai]] to [[Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal|Nepal Terai]] and restored the northern part of Tirhut, north of the [[Budhi Gandaki River]] to the ruler of the [[Oiniwar dynasty]], Raja Kameshwar. Its headquarters was situated in the village of [[Hajipur|Ukkacala]] (later known as [[Hajipur]] in his honor),<ref>''Prajñā-bhāratī''. Vol. 6. K.P. Jayaswal Research Institute. 1992. pp. 175–178.</ref> where Ilyas had constructed a large fort and urbanised the area.<ref>Hussain, Syed Ejaz (2000). ''Numismatic Digest''. Vol. 21–22. Numismatic Society of Bombay. pp. 63–64.</ref> Ilyas then thrust through the [[Terai]] plains with his army, into the [[Kathmandu Valley]] ruled by [[Malla dynasty (Nepal)|Jayaraja Deva]]. His army sacked the temple of [[Swayambhunath]] and looted [[Kathmandu]] city for three days, returning to [[Bengal]] with plentiful spoils.<ref name=":2" />

Later on during the period of the [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]] under [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah]], the Sultanate pushed into the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region and annexed the ruling [[Oiniwar dynasty]] in 1526 with the ruler of the Oiniwars, Laksminathasimha, being killed in battle.<ref name="Schwartzberg1992" /><ref name=":1" />

===Sher Shah Suri's invasion===
{{See also|Sur Empire|Battle of Surajgarh}}

Bengal was overwhelmed during the pan-Indian invasion of [[Sher Shah Suri]] and became part of the [[Sur Empire]]. The invasion prompted the Mughal Empire to occupy parts of Bengal. Both the Mughals and Bengal Sultanate were overrun by the Suri forces. Bengal regained its independence after Suri governors rebelled and re-established the sultanate.

===Bengal–Mughal Wars===
{{Main|Mughal conquest of Bengal}}

The first Mughal emperor Babur turned his sights on Bengal after the Battle of Panipat in 1526. At the Battle of Ghaghra in 1529, Bengal reached a peace treaty with Babur. During the invasion of Sher Shah Suri, the second Mughal emperor Humayun occupied [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]]. The third Mughal emperor Akbar launched a war against Bengal at the Battle of Tukaroi in 1575. Akbar finally defeated the last Sultan of Bengal at the Battle of Raj Mahal in 1576.

== Vassal states ==
[[Vassal states]] were a number of tributary states and [[protectorate]]s on the periphery of the Bengal Sultanate under the [[suzerainty]] of the Sultan of Bengal. Direct control was not established over these territories for various reasons. Vassal states had Muslim, Hindu and Buddhist rulers.

=== Arakan ===
[[File:Muhghazi.jpg|thumb|Coinage from Arakan during its vassalage to the Bengal Sultanate]]
In the southeast, [[Arakan]] was a prominent vassal of the Bengal Sultanate. In 1430, the Bengal Sultanate restored the Arakanese throne in [[Mrauk U]] after driving out Burmese invaders who came from [[Bagan]]. The [[Kingdom of Mrauk U]] paid tributes to the Sultan of Bengal for a sustained period, with the timeframe ranging between estimates of a century or a few decades.{{Sfn|Eaton|1996|p=64}}<ref name="Ooi2004" /> Arakanese rulers replicated the Sultan's governing techniques, including adopting the title of ''[[Shah]]'' and minting coins in Arabic and Bengali inscriptions. A close cultural and commercial relationship developed across the Bay of Bengal.<ref name="Smithsonian">{{Cite magazine |last=Hammer |first=Joshua |date=December 2019 |title=The Hidden City of Myanmar |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/hidden-city-myanmar-180973486/ |magazine=Smithsonian |access-date=31 December 2019 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219143126/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/hidden-city-myanmar-180973486/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Eventually, Arakan asserted its independence. The Kingdom of Mrauk U became a formidable coastal power.

=== Chandradwip ===
In southern Bengal, the island of [[Chandradwip]] hosted remnants of the pre-Islamic Hindu [[Deva dynasty]]. The kingdom was a vassal state of the Bengal Sultanate until the reign of the [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]], when it was formally annexed by the sultanate.<ref name="Hasan1987">{{cite book |author=Sayed Mahmudul Hasan |title=Muslim Monuments of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vdtAAAAMAAJ |year=1987 |publisher=Islamic Foundation Bangladesh |edition=2nd |oclc=21044013 |page=196 |quote=Chandradwip-Bakla was the kingdom of Chandradwip, founded by Danuj Rai. This Hindu Kingdom was annexed by Sultan Alauddin Huasain Shah to his Kingdom in the 15th century A. D. ... Chandrawip-Bakla continued to be a vassal state to Muslim Sultanate until the end of the Husain Shahi rule.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Population Census of Bangladesh, 1974: District census report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cE7C3wpNgX4C |year=1979 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |access-date=29 November 2019 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092905/https://books.google.com/books?id=cE7C3wpNgX4C |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Pratapgarh ===
In the northeastern [[Barak Valley]], the ruler Bazid of the [[Pratapgarh Kingdom]] declared himself as a Sultan on par with the Sultan of Bengal. This invited the retribution of [[Alauddin Husain Shah]], who dispatched [[Majumdars of Sylhet|Sarwar Khan]] to suppress the newly formed sultanate in Pratapgarh. Bazid was defeated and agreed to pay a tribute to the Sultan of Bengal. He was also made to relinquish his claims over [[Sylhet]], which was under direct Sultanate rule.<ref>{{cite conference |year=1999 |author=Hosne Ara Motahar |editor=Sharif Uddin Ahmed |book-title=Sylhet: History and Heritage |publisher=Bangladesh Itihas Samiti |isbn=978-984-31-0478-6 |page=715 |title=Museum Establishment and Heritage Preservation: Sylhet Perspective}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |script-title=bn:শ্রীহট্রের ইতিবৃত্ত: উত্তরাংশ |title=Srihattar Itibritta: Uttarrangsho |wslink=পাতা:শ্রীহট্টের_ইতিবৃত্ত_-_উত্তরাংশ.pdf/২৮৮ |wslanguage=bn |last=Choudhury |first=Achyut Charan |author-link=Achyut Charan Choudhury |year=1917 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Katha |page=288}}</ref>

=== Tripura ===
In the east, [[Tripura]] was vital to Bengal for the supply of gold, silver and other commodities. Tripura had coarse gold mines and mountain trade networks linked to the Far East. In 1464, the Sultan of Bengal helped [[Ratna Manikya I]] assume the Tripuri throne. Tripura was a prominent vassal of Bengal.{{Sfn|Eaton|1996|p=64}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Rila Mukherjee |title=Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA34 |year=2011 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-20-7 |pages=34– |quote=The ''Sri Rajmala'' indicates that the periodic invasions of Tripura by the Bengal sultans were part of the same strategy [to control the sub-Himalayan routes from the south-eastern delta]. Mines of coarse gold were found in Tripura. |access-date=29 November 2019 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092412/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA34 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation|Hasan|2007|ps=“[Husayn Shah] reduced the kingdoms of ... Tripura in the east to vassalage.”|p=15}}</ref>

=== Orissa ===
In the southwest, Orissa was prominent in the military history of the Bengal Sultanate. The first Bengali Sultan Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah defeated the rulers of Orissa and extended his realm up to [[Chilika Lake]]. He raided [[Jajpur]] and Cuttack. Ilyas Shah returned to Bengal with plunders from Orissa, including 44 elephants.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Iliyas Shah}}</ref> During the reign of Alauddin Hussain Shah, Orissa was a vassal state of Bengal.{{Sfn|Eaton|1996|p=64}}<ref>{{Harvard citation|Hasan|2007|p=13|ps=“[Ilyas Shah] extended his domain in every direction by defeating the local Hindu rajas (kings)—in the south to Jajnagar (Orissa).”}}</ref> Northern Orissa was directly ruled by Bengal. During the Karrani dynasty, Orissa was the scene of the Battle of Tukaroi and the Treaty of Cuttack between the Mughals and Bengal Sultanate in 1575.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Economy==
{{See also|Muslin trade in Bengal|History of the taka}}
[[File:Chinese porcelain and coins of Bengal Sultans in British Museum.jpg|thumb|left|[[Porcelain|Chinese porcelain]] and coins from the Bengal Sultanate in the [[British Museum]]]]
[[File:Maritime links of the Sultanate of Bengal.png|thumb|Maritime links of the Bengal sultanate]]
[[File:Sd2-baggala.JPG|thumb|The [[Baghlah]] was a type of ship widely used by traders in the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, the Malacca Straits and the South China Sea]]
The economy of the Bengal Sultanate inherited earlier aspects of the Delhi Sultanate, including mint towns, a salaried bureaucracy and the [[jagirdar]] system of land ownership. The production of silver coins inscribed with the name of the Sultan of Bengal was a mark of Bengali sovereignty.<ref name=iranica>{{cite web |website=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=Bengal |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103102347/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal |archive-date=3 January 2018}}</ref> Bengal was more successful in perpetuating purely silver coinage than Delhi and other contemporary Asian and European governments. There were three sources of silver. The first source was the leftover silver reserve of previous kingdoms. The second source was the tribute payments of subordinate kingdoms which were paid in silver bullion. The third source was during military campaigns when Bengali forces sacked neighboring states.<ref>John H Munro (2015). ''Money in the Pre-Industrial World: Bullion, Debasements and Coin Substitutes''. Routledge. p. 176. {{ISBN|978-1-317-32191-0}}.</ref>

The apparent vibrancy of the Bengal economy in the beginning of the 15th century is attributed to the end of tribute payments to Delhi, which ceased after Bengali independence and stopped the outflow of wealth. [[Ma Huan]]'s testimony of a flourishing shipbuilding industry was part of the evidence that Bengal enjoyed significant seaborne trade. The expansion of [[muslin]] production, [[sericulture]] and the emergence of several other crafts were indicated in Ma Huan's list of items exported from Bengal to China. Bengali shipping co-existed with Chinese shipping until the latter withdrew from the Indian Ocean in the mid-15th century. The testimony of European travelers such as [[Ludovico di Varthema]], [[Duarte Barbosa]] and [[Tomé Pires]] attest to the presence of a large number of wealthy Bengali merchants and shipowners in [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]].<ref name="Habib2011">{{cite book |author=Irfan Habib |title=Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA185 |year=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-2791-1 |page=185 |author-link=Irfan Habib |access-date=29 May 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404212706/https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA185 |url-status=live }}</ref> Historian [[Rila Mukherjee]] wrote that ports in Bengal may have been [[entrepot]]s, importing goods and re-exporting them to China.<ref name="Mukherjee2011">{{cite book |author=Rila Mukherjee |year=2011 |title=Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA30 |publisher=Primus Books |page=30 |isbn=978-93-80607-20-7 |quote=Some of them [items exported from Bengal to China] were probably re-exports. The Bengal ports possibly functioned as entrepots in Western routes in the trade with China. |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092905/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA30 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A vigorous riverine shipbuilding tradition existed in Bengal. The shipbuilding tradition is evidenced in the sultanate's naval campaigns in the Ganges delta. The trade between Bengal and the Maldives, based on rice and cowry shells, was probably done on Arab-style [[baghlah]] ships. Chinese accounts point to Bengali ships being prominent in Southeast Asian waters. A vessel from Bengal, probably owned by the Sultan of Bengal, could accommodate three tribute missions- from Bengal, [[Brunei]] and Sumatra- and was evidently the only vessel capable of such a task. Bengali ships were the largest vessels plying in those decades in Southeast Asian waters.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book |editor1=Tapan Raychaudhuri |editor1-link=Tapan Raychaudhuri |editor2=Irfan Habib |editor2-link=Irfan Habib |year=1982 |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India |volume=I |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=130 |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9}}</ref>

All large business transactions were done in terms of silver taka. Smaller purchases involved [[shell currency]]. One silver coin was worth 10,250 cowry shells. Bengal relied on shiploads of cowry shell imports from the Maldives. Due to the fertile land, there was an abundance of agricultural commodities, including bananas, jackfruits, pomegranate, sugarcane, and honey. Native crops included rice and sesame. Vegetables included ginger, mustard, onions, and garlic among others. There were four types of wines, including coconut, rice, ''tarry'' and ''kajang''. Bengali streets were well provided with eating establishments, drinking houses and bathhouses. At least six varieties of fine muslin cloth existed. Silk fabrics were also abundant. [[Pearling in Bangladesh|Pearls]], rugs and [[ghee]] were other important products. The finest variety of paper was made in Bengal from the bark of [[mulberry]] trees. The high quality of paper was compared with the lightweight white muslin cloth.<ref name="auto3">{{cite book |author1=María Dolores Elizalde |author2=Wang Jianlang |title=China's Development from a Global Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjI9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-0417-2 |pages=57–70 |access-date=30 May 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022222947/https://books.google.com/books?id=mjI9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

Europeans & Ming Chinese referred to Bengal as "the richest country to trade with".<ref>{{cite book |author=J. N. Nanda |year=2005 |title=Bengal: the unique state |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |page=10 |isbn=978-81-8069-149-2 |quote="Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with."}}</ref> Bengal was the eastern pole of Islamic India. Like the [[Gujarat Sultanate]] in the western coast of India, Bengal in the east was open to the sea and accumulated profits from trade. Merchants from around the world traded in the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name="Markovits2004">{{cite book |editor=Claude Markovits |year=2004 |orig-year=1994 as Histoire de L'Inde Moderne |title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA37 |publisher=Anthem Press |page=37 |isbn=978-1-84331-004-4 |access-date=22 September 2017 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022222947/https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Cotton textile exports were a unique aspect of the Bengali economy. [[Marco Polo]] noted Bengal's prominence in the textile trade.<ref name=trade>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Chaudhury, Sushil|article=Trade and Commerce}}</ref> In 1569, Venetian explorer Caesar Frederick wrote about how merchants from [[Pegu]] in Burma traded in silver and gold with Bengalis.<ref name=trade/> Overland trade routes such as the Grand Trunk Road connected Bengal to northern India, Central Asia and the Middle East.

==Foreign relations==
The Bengal Sultanate had robust [[foreign relations]]. Records show that the Bengal Sultanate exchanged embassies with states in China, Europe, Africa, Central Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. Diplomatic allies helped Bengal to fend off invasions from neighbouring kingdoms. For example, the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] ruler of Herat and the [[Ming]] emperor of China helped bring an end to the [[Bengal Sultanate–Jaunpur Sultanate War]]. Bengal was also active in regional diplomacy. For example, the ship of the Bengali embassy to China also transported the envoys of [[Bruneian Empire|Brunei]] and [[Aceh Sultanate|Aceh]] ([[Sumatra]]) to China.<ref name="auto2"/> Bengal gave consent to envoys from [[Portuguese India]] for setting up Portuguese trading posts in coastal areas.<ref name="en.banglapedia.org"/> Other European visitors included [[Niccolo De Conti]], [[Ludovico di Varthema]] and Caeser Fredrick from the [[Republic of Venice]] and [[Bologna]].<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Conti, Nicolo de}}</ref><ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Frederick, Caeser}}</ref>

In the Islamic world, the sultanate pledged allegiance to the contemporary [[Abbasid Caliphate]], which was at the time held by the [[Mamluk Egypt|Mamluk Sultan]] of [[Cairo]]. The Abbasid caliph was still considered to be the symbolic leader of Sunni Islam at the time, despite dwindling territory under direct caliphate rule. For the Bengali Sultans, relations with the caliphate provided legitimacy among the Muslim clergy. For example, the [[religious conversion|converted Sultan]] [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] received recognition from [[Al-Mu'tadid II]], which strengthened Jalaluddin's legitimacy in the eyes of the clergy.<ref name="banglapedia.org1"/> Many coins minted by the Bengal Sultanate bore the names of both the Bengali Sultans and the Abbasid Caliphs.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Coins}}</ref>
[[File:Tribute Giraffe with Attendant.jpg|thumb|200px|Chinese manuscript ''Tribute Giraffe with Attendant'', depicting a giraffe presented by Bengali envoys to the Ming court (Philadelphia Museum of Art)]]
During the latter part of his reign, [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] established amicable diplomatic relations with [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firuz Shah Tughluq]] ({{Reign|1351|88}}). The both courts exchange of gifts, with Ilyas Shah sending elephants to the Delhi court in return for Turkish and Arabian horses.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bhattacharya|2020|p=40}}</ref> Sultan [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]] sponsored the construction of [[madrasa]]s (Islamic theological schools) in the pilgrimage cities of [[Makkah]] and [[Madinah]].{{Sfn|Eaton|1996|p=47}} The schools became known as the [[Ghiyasia Madrasa]] and Banjaliah Madrasa. [[Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Fasi|Taqi al-Din al-Fasi]], a contemporary Arab scholar, was a teacher at the madrasa in Makkah. The madrasa in Madinah was built at a place called Husn al-Atiq near the [[Prophet's Mosque]].<ref name=bpedia>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Abdul Karim|article=Ghiyasia Madrasa}}</ref> Several other Bengali Sultans also sponsored madrasas in the [[Hejaz]].<ref name="banglapedia.org1"/>

In Africa, Sultan [[Barsbay|Ashraf Barsbay]] of Egypt sent the Bengali Sultan a robe of honour and a letter of recognition.{{Sfn|Eaton|1996|p=57}} There are also records of envoys from the East African city-state of [[Malindi]] being hosted in the Bengali court.<ref name="Sobania2003">{{cite book|author=N. W. Sobania|title=Culture and Customs of Kenya|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00soba|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-31486-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00soba/page/14 14]}}</ref> Animals constituted a significant part of tributes in medieval courts.<ref name="MaBrakel2016"/> The East African envoys brought giraffes, which were also noticed by the Chinese envoys in Bengal.<ref name="Sobania2003"/> In Central Asia, there are records of contacts between Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah and Sultan [[Shahrukh Mirza]] of the Timurid Empire. In Southeast Asia, European accounts refer to the presence of a large number of Bengali merchants in the [[Malacca Sultanate]]. The merchants were wealthy shipowners. It is yet to be ascertained whether these merchants had a significant role in the Sultan's court.<ref name="Habib2011"/> Ship-owning merchants were often royal envoys.<ref>{{cite book|author1=María Dolores Elizalde|author2=Wang Jianlang|title=China's Development from a Global Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjI9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date= 2017|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-5275-0417-2|page=68|access-date=30 May 2019|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022222947/https://books.google.com/books?id=mjI9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Contacts between Bengal and the Bruneian Empire and the Sumatran Aceh Sultanate are recorded in Chinese accounts.<ref name="auto2"/> Arab traveller and scholar Aḥmad ibn Sulaymān ibn Aḥamd al-Tarūjī (d. 1410), who visited Bengal mentioned the country very prosperous.{{Sfn|Siddiq|2015|p=38}}

Within the subcontinent, Bengal had both tense and peaceful relations with the Delhi Sultanate and the Jaunpur Sultanate. The [[Delhi Sultanate]] initially received tributes from the Bengal Sultanate between 1353 and 1359. Tributes stopped after a war and peace treaty in 1359. Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam sent envoys to the neighboring [[Jaunpur Sultanate]]. He sent elephants as gifts to Sultan Malik Sarwar Khwajah-i-Jahan.<ref name="banglapedia.org"/> The two sultanates fought a war between 1415 and 1420. The end of the war brought a long period of peace between the neighbouring states. In 1494, the Jaunpuri Sultan Hussain Shah Sharqi was given refuge in Bengal after being defeated by the [[Lodi dynasty]] of Delhi.<ref>{{Harvard citation|Hasan|2007|ps=“[Husayn Shah pushed] its western frontier past Bihar up to Saran in Jaunpur ... when Sultan Husayn Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur fled to Bengal after being defeated in battle by Sultan Sikandar Lodhi of Delhi, the latter attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Jaunpur ruler. Unable to make any gains, Sikandar Lodhi returned home after concluding a peace treaty with the Bengal sultan.”|pp=16-17}}</ref>

On the coastline of the Bay of Bengal, the Bengal Sultanate became influential in the control of Arakan. [[Min Saw Mon]], a deposed Arakanese king, fled to Bengal after a Burmese invasion. With the support of Bengali forces led by a Pashtun general, he regained control of his country during the [[Reconquest of Arakan]]. The restored Arakanese realm became a vassal state of Bengal. A war with Arakan in 1459 led to the defeat of Bengali Sultan [[Rukunuddin Barbak Shah]]. The Arakanese developed an alliance with [[Portuguese Chittagong]] against Bengal. Despite achieving independence from the Sultans of Bengal, the Arakanese kings continued to fashion themselves after the Bengali Sultans by copying clothes, coins, titles and administrative techniques. Bengali Muslim influence on Arakan lasted for 350 years.<ref name="TopichLeitich2013">{{cite book|author1=William J. Topich|author2=Keith A. Leitich|title=The History of Myanmar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIuaa5yKv-sC&pg=PA17|date= 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35725-1|page=20}}</ref> In the Indian Ocean, the Bengal Sultanate was involved in trading with the Maldives where Bengali rice was exchanged for Maldivian shell currency.

Historians have focused on Bengal's relations with Ming China during the early 15th century. For example, ''Trade and Diplomacy in India-China Relations: A Study of Bengal During the Fifteenth Century'' chronicles the relationship between the Bengal Sultanate and Ming China.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/trade-and-diplomacy-in-indiachina-relations-a-study-of-bengal-during-the-fifteenth-century-by-ray-haraprasad-pp-ix-221-3-maps-new-delhi-radiant-publishers-london-sangam-books-1993-rs-200/BE39CDDE8F973EED2E7AC4BA9A22D6AD|title=Trade and Diplomacy in India-China Relations: A Study of Bengal During the Fifteenth Century. By Haraprasad Ray. pp. ix, 221, 3 maps. New Delhi, Radiant Publishers; London, Sangam Books, 1993. Rs 200.|first=Roderich|last=Ptak|year=1995|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=5|issue=2|pages=300–303|via=Cambridge Core|doi=10.1017/S1356186300015637|s2cid=164048218|access-date=27 September 2019|archive-date=1 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101193711/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/trade-and-diplomacy-in-indiachina-relations-a-study-of-bengal-during-the-fifteenth-century-by-ray-haraprasad-pp-ix-221-3-maps-new-delhi-radiant-publishers-london-sangam-books-1993-rs-200/BE39CDDE8F973EED2E7AC4BA9A22D6AD|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> This relationship was also noted by Indian independence leader Jawaharlal Nehru in his book ''[[The Discovery of India]]''.<ref name="Nehru1985">{{cite book|author=Jawaharlal Nehru|title=The discovery of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BSjQhakjAAC|year=1985|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-562359-8|page=198|access-date=27 September 2019|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022223949/https://books.google.com/books?id=9BSjQhakjAAC|url-status=live}}</ref> Political relations between China and the Indian subcontinent became nonexistent after the decline of Buddhism in India.<ref>{{cite book|title=India and China: Interactions through Buddhism and Diplomacy: A Collection of Essays by Professor Prabodh Chandra Bagchi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrA1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|date= 2011|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-0-85728-821-9|page=109|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515014104/https://books.google.com/books?id=hrA1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|archive-date=15 May 2018}}</ref> In the 15th century, the Bengal Sultanate revived the subcontinent's relations with China through regular contacts. Sultan [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]] began sending envoys to the [[Ming dynasty]]. He sent ambassadors in 1405, 1408 and 1409.<ref name="banglapedia.org">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah}}</ref> Emperor [[Yongle]] of China responded by sending ambassadors to Bengal between 1405 and 1433, including members of the [[Treasure voyages]] fleet led by [[Admiral Zheng He]].<ref name="sagepub.com">{{cite journal |last1=Church |first1=Sally K. |s2cid=161549135 |year=2016 |title=The Giraffe of Bengal: A Medieval Encounter in Ming China |journal=The Medieval History Journal |volume=7 |pages=1–37 |doi=10.1177/097194580400700101}}</ref> The exchange of embassies included the gift of an East African giraffe by Sultan [[Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah]] to the Chinese emperor in 1414.<ref name="MaBrakel2016">{{cite book|author1=Lin Ma|author2=Jaap van Brakel|title=Fundamentals of Comparative and Intercultural Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vPjSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|date=2016|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-6017-8|page=135|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022223950/https://books.google.com/books?id=vPjSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RielloBiedermann2017">{{cite book|author1=Giorgio Riello|author2=Zoltán Biedermann|author3=Anne Gerritsen|title=Global Gifts: The Material Culture of Diplomacy in Early Modern Eurasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJNADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|date= 2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-41550-7|page=18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515014104/https://books.google.com/books?id=KJNADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|archive-date=15 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="sagepub.com"/> China also mediated an end to the Bengal-Jaunpur War after a request from Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah.<ref name="banglapedia.org1">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah}}</ref> Ming China considered Bengal to be "rich and civilized" and one of the strongest countries in the entire chain of contacts between China and Asian states during the 15th century.<ref>{{cite book|author1=María Dolores Elizalde|author2=Wang Jianlang|title=China's Development from a Global Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjI9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date= 2017|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-5275-0417-2|page=70|access-date=30 May 2019|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022222947/https://books.google.com/books?id=mjI9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Sino-Bengali contacts was the main feature of relations between China and the Indian subcontinent during the 15th century.

==Culture and society==
[[File:Codice Casanatense Bengalis.jpg|thumb|"People of the Kingdom of Bengal", 16th-century Portuguese illustration]]
The [[Bengali language]] was the most spoken language while [[Persian language|Persian]] was an administrative and commercial language. Men wore white [[Shirt|shirts]], [[Cotton Fabric|cotton fabrics]] of various colors, [[Turban|turbans]], [[Sarong|sarongs]], [[Lungi|lungis]], [[Dhoti|dhutis]], [[Leather|leather shoes]], and belts to wrap their robes on the waist. Women wore cotton [[Sari|saris]]. Upper-class women wore gold jewelry. There were various classes of artisans, as well as physicians and fortune tellers. There was a class of musicians who would gather by the houses of the rich during dawn and play music; and they would be rewarded with wine, food and money during breakfast hours. Some men would have performances with a chained tiger. The [[Hindu]] minority did not eat beef. The streets and markets included bathing areas, eating and drinking places, and dessert shops. [[Betel nut]] was offered to guests. The population included royalty, aristocrats, natives and foreigners. Many of the rich built ships and went abroad for trade. Many were agriculturalists. Punishments for breaking the law included expulsion from the kingdom, as well as bamboo flogging.<ref name="auto3"/>

Bengali male clothing is mentioned in a Chinese envoy of 1415 which described men of [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]] who “wear a white cotton [[turban]] and a long white cotton shirt. On their feet they wear low sheep-skin shoes with [[gold thread]]. The smarter ones think it the correct thing to have designs on them. Everyone of them is engaged in business, the value of which may be ten thousand pieces of gold.”{{Sfn|Eaton|1996|p=99}}

Bengal was rich in textile production and export. [[Marco Polo]] mentioned the commercial importance of Bengali cotton. Maghrebi traveler [[Ibn Battuta]] admired the local fine Muslin during his visit. Between 1415 and 1432 [[Ming dynasty|Chinese diplomats]] wrote of [[muslin]], rugs, [[Veil|veils]] of various colours, [[Gauze|gauzes]], [[turban]] materials, embroidered silks etc. In early 16th Century [[Ludovico di Varthema]] noted “Fifty ships are laden every year in this place with cotton and silk stuffs..... These same stuffs go through all Turkey, through Syria, through Persia, through Arabia Felix, through Ethiopia, and through all India." Contemporary Tome Pires described the export of Bengali textiles to ports in the eastern half of the Indian Ocean.{{Sfn|Eaton|1996|p=97|loc=Economy, Society and Culture}}

Chinese traveler [[Wang Dayuan]] who visited Bengal writes on the Bengali people

{{blockquote|text=These people [the Bengalis] owe all their tranquility and prosperity to themselves, for its source lies in their devotion to agriculture, whereby a land originally covered with jungle has been reclaimed by their unremitting toil in tilling and planting.{{Sfn|Eaton|1996|p=95}} |author=Wang Dayuan (1349)
|source=}}

Bengal received settlers from North India, the Middle East and Central Asia. They included Turks, Afghans, Persians and Arabs.<ref name="Khan2013">{{cite book|author=Muhammad Mojlum Khan|title=The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|year=2013|publisher=Kube Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-84774-062-5|pages=5–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515014104/https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|archive-date=15 May 2018}}</ref> An important migrant community were Persians. Many Persians in Bengal were teachers, lawyers, scholars and clerics.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Iranians, The}}</ref> Mercenaries were widely imported for domestic, military and political service. One particular group of mercenaries were the Abyssinians.<ref name="auto" />

The Hindu and Muslim populations had their own endogamous communities (jāti) with distinctive occupations 16th century poet [[Mukundaram Chakrabarti|Mukundaram]], mentions fifteen Muslim communities inhabiting an idealized Bengali city of his day. The Muslim population engaged in professions like weavers, livestock herders, cake sellers, [[Fishmonger|fishmongers]], loom makers, circumcisers, [[Bow maker|bow makers]], [[Papermaking|papermakers]], wandering holy men, [[Tailor|tailors]], weavers of thick cord, dyers, users of hoes, and [[Butcher|beef sellers]].{{Sfn|Eaton|1996|p=101|loc=Economy, Society and Culture}} Saraikhanas (hotels) with [[Hammam|Turkish baths]] had established for the merchants and travellers.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bhattacharya|2020|p=40}}</ref>

==Arts==
===Literature and painting===
[[File:Sharafnama of Nizami, Bengal.jpg|thumb|A sultanate-era Persian manuscript showing [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] sharing his throne with Queen Nushabah. The scene is based on [[Nizami Ganjavi|Nizami Ganjavi's]] ''[[Iskandarnameh of Nizami|Iskandar Nama]]'' ''(Book of Alexander)''. [[British Library]].]]
Muslim poets were writing in the Bengali language by the 15th century. By the turn of the 16th century, a vernacular literature based on concepts of [[Sufism]] and [[Islamic cosmology]] flourished in the region. Bengali Muslim mystic literature was one of the most original in Islamic India.<ref name="Markovits2004"/>

{{poemquote|And with the three washers [cups of wine], this dispute is going on.
All the parrots [poets] of India have fallen into a sugar shattering situation (become excited)
That this Persian candy [ode], to Bangalah [Bengal] is going on.|Excerpt of a poem jointly written by [[Hafez]] and Sultan [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]] in the 14th century<ref name=abumusa/>}}

With Persian as an [[official language]], Bengal witnessed an influx of [[Persian people|Persian]] scholars, lawyers, teachers and clerics. It was the preferred language of the aristocracy and the [[Sufi]]s. Thousands of Persian books and manuscripts were published in Bengal. The earliest Persian work compiled in Bengal was a translation of Amrtakunda from Sanskrit by Qadi Ruknu'd-Din Abu Hamid Muhammad bin Muhammad al-'Amidi of Samarqand, a famous Hanafi jurist and Sufi. During the reign of Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah, the city of Sonargaon became an important centre of [[Persian literature]], with many publications of prose and poetry. The period is described as the "[[golden age]] of Persian literature in Bengal". Its stature is illustrated by the Sultan's own correspondence with the Persian poet Hafez. When the Sultan invited Hafez to complete an incomplete [[ghazal]] by the ruler, the renowned poet responded by acknowledging the grandeur of the king's court and the literary quality of Bengali-Persian poetry.<ref name=abumusa>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Persian|author=Abu Musa Mohammad Arif Billah}}</ref>

Manuscript paintings depict the fashion and architecture of the Bengal Sultanate. Persian manuscripts with paintings are a key artistic hallmark of the Bengal Sultanate. One of the best-known examples of this heritage is Sultan [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah|Nasrat Shah's]] copy of Nizami's ''Iskandar Nama.'' The manuscript was published sometime during Nasrat Shah's reign, lasting from 1519 to 1538. It includes epic poetry by [[Nizami Ganjavi]] about the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]].<ref name="Grabar1989">{{cite book|author=Oleg Grabar|title=Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0NCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA58|year=1989|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=978-90-04-09050-7|pages=58–72|author-link=Oleg Grabar|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022223953/https://books.google.com/books?id=O0NCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eskandar-nama|title=ESKANDAR-NĀMA|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=31 December 2019|archive-date=19 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519181117/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eskandar-nama|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 15th century, the court scholar [[Nur Qutb Alam]] pioneered [[Bengali Muslim]] poetry by establishing the [[Dobhashi]] tradition, which saw poems written half in Persian and half in colloquial Bengali. The invocation tradition saw Islamic figures replacing the invocation of Hindu gods and goddesses in Bengali texts. The literary romantic tradition saw poems by [[Shah Muhammad Sagir]] on [[Yusuf and Zulaikha]], as well as works of Bahram Khan and Sabirid Khan. The ''Dobhashi'' culture featured the use of [[Arabic]] and Persian words in Bengali texts to illustrate Muslim stories. [[Epic poetry]] included ''Nabibangsha'' by [[Syed Sultan]], ''Janganama'' by [[Abdul Hakim (poet)|Abdul Hakim]] and ''Rasul Bijay'' by Shah Barid. Sufi literature flourished with a dominant theme of [[cosmology]]. Bengali Muslim writers produced translations of numerous Arabic and Persian works, including the [[Thousand and One Nights]] and the [[Shahnameh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.edgehill.ac.uk/sacs/files/2012/07/Document-6-Billah-A.-M.-M.-A-The-Development-of-Bengali-Literature-during-Muslim-Rule.pdf |title=The development of Bengali literature during Muslim rule |access-date=22 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809050525/https://blogs.edgehill.ac.uk/sacs/files/2012/07/Document-6-Billah-A.-M.-M.-A-The-Development-of-Bengali-Literature-during-Muslim-Rule.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Sufi Literature}}</ref>

Hindu poets from the period included [[Maladhar Basu]], [[Bipradas Pipilai]] and [[Vijay Gupta (poet)|Vijay Gupta]].

===Architecture===
{{See also|Bengali architecture|Architecture of Bangladesh|Islamic architecture}}
A majority of the Bengal Sultanate's mint towns and surviving structures are found in Bangladesh. These structures have been studied in the book ''Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh'' by Perween Hasan.{{Sfn|Hasan|2007}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-36880|title=Royalty, aesthetics and the story of mosques|date=17 May 2008|website=The Daily Star|access-date=18 September 2020|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105030930/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-36880|url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian state of West Bengal is home to two of the sultanate's former capitals [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]] and [[Pandua, Hooghly|Pandua]], as well as several notable structures including a watchtower, fortified walls and mausoleum. The oldest mosque in the Indian state of Assam dates from the Bengal Sultanate. A 15th-century sultanate-era mosque lies in ruins and covered with vegetation in Myanmar's Rakhine State.<ref name="Smithsonian" />

====Urban architecture====
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 365
| image1 = "DAKHIL DARWAZA, GOUR".jpg
| image2 = Baisgazi Wall 03.jpg
| image3 = Firoz Minar.JPG
| image4 = Gumti Gateway (Gaur).jpg
| footer = Urban architecture of Bengal Sultanate. Clockwise from upper left: [[Dakhil Darwaza]], Baisgazi Wall was a city wall, [[Gumti Darwaza]] eastern gate of citadel of Lakhnauti, The [[Firoz Minar]]
}}

Cities in the Bengal Sultanate had stately medieval architecture, particularly in the royal capitals of Gaur and Pandua. In 1500, the royal capital of Gaur had the fifth-largest urban population in the world after [[Beijing]], [[Vijayanagara]], [[Cairo]] and Canton. It had a population of 200,000 (at the time, the global population is estimated to have ranged between 400 and 500 million).<ref name="ft">{{Citation|title=Bar chart race: the most populous cities through time|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMs5xapBewM| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/pMs5xapBewM| archive-date=17 November 2021 | url-status=live|work=Financial Times| date=20 March 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="scroll">{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/917929/medieval-cities-in-gujarat-were-once-the-biggest-in-the-world-their-culture-deeply-influential|title=Gujarat's medieval cities were once the biggest in the world – as a viral video reminds us|last=Kapadia|first=Aparna|website=Scroll.in|date=30 March 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108003030/https://scroll.in/article/917929/medieval-cities-in-gujarat-were-once-the-biggest-in-the-world-their-culture-deeply-influential|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Data from History Database of the Global Environment. K. Klein Goldewijk, A. Beusen and P. Janssen, "HYDE 3.1: Long-term dynamic modeling of global population and built-up area in a spatially explicit way", from table on p. 2, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.</ref><ref>Data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
1950–2100 estimates (only medium variants shown): (a) World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision.
Estimates prior to 1950: (b) "The World at Six Billion", 1999.
Estimates from 1950 to 2100: (c) "Population of the entire world, yearly, 1950–2100", 2013. Archived 19 November 2016, at the Wayback Machine
2014: (d) http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102043800/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf |date=2 November 2014 }} "2014 World Urbanization Prospects", 2014.
2015: (e) http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320035709/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm |date=20 March 2014 }} "2015 World Urbanization Prospects", 2015.</ref> The Portuguese historian Castenhada de Lopez described houses in Gaur as being one-storeyed with ornamental floor tiles, courtyards and gardens. The city had a citadel, [[Durbar (court)|durbar]], watchtowers, canals, bridges, large gateways, and a city wall.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia |article=Gaur, City}}</ref> The royal palace was divided into three compartments. The first compartment was the royal court. The second was the living quarter of the Sultan. The third was the harem. A high wall enclosed the palace. A moat surrounded the palace on three sides and was connected to the Ganges. The city of Pandua developed from a small hamlet into a military garrison. It included imperial mosques and mausolea. Urban architecture in the Bengal Sultanate was based on Arab, Bengali, Persian, Indo-Turkish, and Byzantine influences. A glimpse of houses in the Bengal Sultanate can be seen in the ''Iskandar Nama'' (Book of Alexander) published by Sultan Nasrat Shah.<ref name="Grabar1989" /> There were significant indigenous developments. The [[Bengal roofs]] began appearing in concrete forms during the 15th century. These roofs were later widely replicated in the Mughal Empire and the Rajput kingdoms of the northwestern Indian subcontinent.
====Mosque architecture====
{{Category see also|Bengal Sultanate mosques}}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float: right; margin-left:1em;"
|+Construction of Dated Mosques in Bengal from 1200–1800{{Sfn|Eaton|1996|p=67}}
|- style="text-align:left;"
! Date
! style="text-align:center;" | Ordinary
! Congregational
! Total
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | 1200-1250
| 2
| 0
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | 1250–1300
| 3
| 1
| 4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | 1300–1350
| 2
| 0
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | 1350–1400
| 4
| 1
| 5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | 1400–1450
| 5
| 0
| 5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | 1450–1500
| 52
| 9
| 61
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | 1500–1550
| 28
| 28
| 56
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | 1550–1600
| 15
| 2
| 17
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | 1600–1650
| 7
| 0
| 7
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | 1650–1700
| 17
| 0
| 17
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | 1700–1750
| 8
| 0
| 8
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | 1750–1800
| 4
| 0
| 4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | '''Total'''
| 147
| 41
| 188
|}
According to Perween Hasan, the mosques of the Bengal Sultanate have several common features, including pointed arches, multiple [[mihrab]]s, engaged corner towers, and [[terracotta]] and stone decoration.<ref name="Grabar1989" /> In particular, the art of the mihrab is meticulous and unique to Bengal's mosque architecture.<ref name="thedailystar.net">{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/badshah-ka-takth-and-the-gem-bengal-kusumba-mosque-1840753 |title=Badshah-ka Takth and the gem of Bengal, Kusumba Mosque |date=16 December 2019 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=31 December 2019 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219145658/https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/badshah-ka-takth-and-the-gem-bengal-kusumba-mosque-1840753 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mosques were either rectangular and multi-domed or square and single-domed. The large number of mosques built during the Bengal Sultanate indicates the rapidity with which the local population converted to Islam. The period between 1450 and 1550 was an intensive mosque building era.{{Efn|Out of 127 mosques constructed between 1200-1800, 92 were built during 1450-1550, almost three-quarters of total.{{Sfn|Michell|1984|p=28}}}} These mosques dotted the countryside, ranged from small to medium sizes and were used for daily devotion. [[Ponds]] were often located beside a mosque. Arabic inscriptions in the mosques often include the name of the patron or builder. The most commonly cited verse from the Quran in inscriptions was Surah 72 ([[Al-Jinn]]).<ref name="Grabar1989" /> The buildings were made of brick or stone. The brick mosque with terracotta decoration represented a grand structure in the Bengal Sultanate. They were often the gift of a wealthy patron and the fruit of extraordinary effort, which would not be found in every Muslim neighborhood.<ref name="Grabar1989" /> {{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 365
| image1 = Adina Mosque, Malda, West Bengal 02.jpg
| image2 = গোয়ালদি মসজিদ 3.jpg
| image3 = Choto Shona Mosque Rajshahi.jpg
| image4 = Sixty Dome Mosque,Bagerhat.jpg
| footer = Bengal Sultanate era Mosque architecture. Clockwise from upper left: Arches in [[Adina Mosque]], [[Goaldi Mosque]] in [[Sonargaon]], [[Sixty Dome Mosque]], Pointed arches and a Bengal roof in [[Choto Sona Mosque]].
}}

Mosques were built across the length and breadth of the Bengal Sultanate. The highest concentration of mosques from the Bengal Sultanate can be found in the [[North Bengal]] regions of Bangladesh and Indian West Bengal. A [[Mosque City of Bagerhat|mosque city]] developed near the southwestern Bengali Sundarbans forest as a result of the patronization of Governor Khan Jahan Ali. In 1985, UNESCO designated the city as a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321/ |title=Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=31 December 2019 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206133932/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321 |url-status=live}}</ref> In central areas, the [[Pathrail Mosque]] in Faridpur is one of the best-preserved sultanate-era structures. In the northeast, the [[Shankarpasha Shahi Masjid]] in [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] is a well-preserved structure of the Bengal Sultanate. In the northeastern Indian state of [[Assam]], the [[Panbari Mosque]] was built during the reign of Sultan Alauddin Hussain Shah. Other mosques can be found in coastal areas of West Bengal and parts of [[Bihar]], such as the [[Sayed Jamaluddin Mosque]]. In the southeast, the Santikan Mosque (built in the 1430s) stands in ruins in Rakhine State (formerly Arakan) of [[Myanmar]] (formerly Burma).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/06/150625-myanmar-burma-rohingya-refugees-archaeology-world/ |title=Lost Myanmar Empire Is Stage for Modern Violence |date=26 June 2015 |website=National Geographic News |access-date=31 December 2019 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211080917/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/06/150625-myanmar-burma-rohingya-refugees-archaeology-world/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Imperial mosques had an in-built throne for the Sultan. These thrones are termed as ''Badshah-e-Takht'' (King's Throne). The Sultans sat on the elevated throne and addressed his subjects below. The Sultans also administered justice and managed government affairs while sitting on these thrones. Mosques served as royal courts.<ref name="thedailystar.net"/> Mosques across the Bengal Sultanate had these thrones. The Sultans traveled from one town to another and hosted royal court activities in mosques with a Badshah-e-Takht. The Badshah-e-Takht in [[Kusumba Mosque]] is heavily decorated with a small intrinsically designed mihrab. The Adina Mosque has one of the largest royal galleries in the subcontinent.<ref name="thedailystar.net"/>

====Tomb architecture====
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 365
| image1 = Eklakhi Mausoleum at Pandua in Malda district 02.jpg
| image2 = The Tomb of Fateh Khan.jpg
| image3 = Chapai ChotoSonaMashjidShomadhi MG 5051.jpg
| image4 = বাঘা মসজিদের সম্মুখভাগের মাজার (৩).jpg
| footer = Tomb architecture of Bengal Sultanate. Clockwise from upper left: [[Eklakhi Mausoleum]], [[Qadam Rasul Mosque#Tomb of Fateh Khan|Tomb of Fateh Khan]], [[Bagha Mosque]] cemetery, [[Choto Sona Mosque]] cemetery.
}}

Mausoleums of the Bengal Sultanate are an important architectural hallmark. Initially, [[sarcophagus|sarcophagi]] were erected based on Iranian models, such as the [[Tomb of Cyrus]]. Sarcophagi would include mihrabs and arches resembling the architecture in Adina Mosque. For example, the tomb of Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah in Sonargaon has features similar to the architecture of [[Adina Mosque]] built by his father Sultan Sikandar Shah. An indigenous Islamic mausolea style developed with the [[Eklakhi Mausoleum]], which is the royal tomb chamber of Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah. Other mausolea, such as the [[Qadam Rasul Mosque#Tomb of Fateh Khan|Tomb of Fateh]] Khan in Gaur, featured Bengali ''do-chala'' roof.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Tomb Architecture}}</ref>

====Legacy====
The architecture of the Bengal Sultanate has influenced [[modern architecture]] in Bangladesh. The sultanate era inspired the [[Baitur Rauf Mosque]], which won the [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/architect-marina-tabassum-on-her-aga-khan-award-winning-design-for-the-bait-ur-rouf-mosque-in-dhaka-1.160592 |title=Architect Marina Tabassum on her Aga Khan Award-winning design for the Bait Ur Rouf mosque in Dhaka |work=The National |date=6 October 2016 |access-date=18 September 2020 |archive-date=29 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229061654/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/architect-marina-tabassum-on-her-aga-khan-award-winning-design-for-the-bait-ur-rouf-mosque-in-dhaka-1.160592 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==List of dynasties==
;Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1342–1414)
{{Main|Ilyas Shahi dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]]
| 1342–1358
| Became the first sole ruler of whole [[Bengal]] comprising [[Sonargaon]], [[Satgaon]] and [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]].
|-
| [[Sikandar Shah]]
| 1358–1390
| Assassinated by his son and successor, [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]]
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]]
| 1390–1411
|
|-
| [[Saifuddin Hamza Shah]]
| 1411–1413
|
|-
| Nasiruddin Muhammad Shah bin Hamza Shah
| 1413
| His coins were minted from Muazzamabad. Noman Nasir theorizes, based on numismatic evidence, that he was a son of Hamza Shah.<ref>Nasir, Noman. “Nasir Al-Din Muhammad - A New Sultan of Bengal.” Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, 2010</ref> Assassinated by either his half-brother or his father's slave [[Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah]] on the orders of the landlord of [[Dinajpur]], [[Raja Ganesha]]
|-
| [[Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah]]
| 1413–1414
|Assassinated by [[Raja Ganesha]]
|-
| [[Alauddin Firuz Shah I]]
| 1414
| Son of Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah. Assassinated by Raja Ganesha
|}
In 2009 a coin of a ruler named Nasiruddin Ibrahim Shah was found in Bangladesh, which was struck in 818 AH (around 1416 CE). It is possible he was a claimant to the throne. An undated coin of another ruler called Siraj-al Din Sikandar Shah was found in southwestern Bengal in 2014. MD. Sharif Islam theorizes that this Siraj-al Din is the same Siraj-al Din mentioned by Riyaz As Salatin, who was a judge serving under Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah.<ref>Nasir N, Islam MS (2014) Siraj al-Din ‘Sikandar’ (?) Shah – a new ruler of the Bengal Sultanate. J Orient Numismat Soc 220:39–40</ref>
;House of Raja Ganesha (1414–1435)
{{Main|Ganesha dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Raja Ganesha]]
| 1414–1415
|
|-
| [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]]
| 1415–1416
| Son of Raja Ganesha and converted into Islam
|-
| [[Raja Ganesha]]
| 1416–1418
| Second Phase
|-
| [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]]
| 1418–1433
| Second Phase
|-
| [[Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah]]
| 1433–1435
|
|}
Two ephemeral rulers: Qutbuddin Azam Shah and Ghiyasuddin Nusrat Shah ruled Eastern Bengal for a brief period and struck coins in AH 837 (1434 CE). Siraj-al Din Sikandar Shah is only known from his undated coins, it is possible he ruled in this time period. It is not known if any of them were related to Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah or the Ilyas Shahis.<ref>Nasir N, Islam MS (2014) Siraj al-Din ‘Sikandar’ (?) Shah – a new ruler of the Bengal Sultanate. J Orient Numismat Soc 220:39–40</ref>

;Restored Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1435–1487)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Bengal)|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah I]]
|1435–1459
|
|-
| [[Rukunuddin Barbak Shah]]
| 1459–1474
|
|-
| [[Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah]]
| 1474–1481
|
|-
| [[Sikandar Shah II]]
| 1481
|
|-
| [[Jalaluddin Fateh Shah]]
| 1481–1487
|
|}

;Habshi rule (1487–1494)
{{Main|Habshi dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Shahzada Barbak]]
| 1487
|
|-
| [[Saifuddin Firuz Shah]]
| 1487–1489
|
|-
| [[Mahmud Shah II of Bengal|Mahmud Shah II]]
| 1489–1490
|
|-
| [[Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah]]
| 1490–1494
|
|}

;Hussain Shahi dynasty (1494–1538)
{{Main|Hussain Shahi dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]]
| 1494–1518
|
|-
| [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah]]
| 1518–1533
|
|-
| [[Alauddin Firuz Shah II]]
| 1533
|
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah]]
| 1533–1538
|
|}

;Governors under Suri rule (1539–1554)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Khidr Khan Surak|Khidr Khan]]
| 1539–1541
|Declared independence in 1541 and was replaced
|-
| [[Qazi Fazilat]]
| 1541–1545
|
|-
| [[Muhammad Khan Sur]]
| 1545–1554
|Declared independence upon the death of [[Islam Shah Suri]]
|}

;Muhammad Shahi dynasty (1554–1564)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Muhammad Khan Sur]]
| 1554–1555
| Declared independence and styled himself as ''Shamsuddin Muhammad Shah''
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah II]]
| 1555–1561
|
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah]]
| 1561–1563
|
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah III]]
| 1563–1564
|
|}

;Karrani dynasty (1564–1576)
{{Main|Karrani dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Taj Khan Karrani]]
| 1564–1566
|
|-
| [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani]]
| 1566–1572
|
|-
| [[Bayazid Khan Karrani]]
| 1572
|
|-
| [[Daud Khan Karrani]]
| 1572–1576
|Last independent Sultan of Bengal Sultanate
|}

==Family trees==
{{History of Bangladesh}}
{{Bengal Sultanate}}

===Ilyas Shahi Dynasty (1342–1414)===
{{Chart top|width=60%|collapsed=yes|Ilyas Shahi Dynasty}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | A01 | | | |A01='''[[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah|Ilyas Shah]]''' ?–1358 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1342–1358 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |!| | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | A01 | | | |A01='''[[Sikandar Shah|Sikandar Shah I]]''' ?–1390 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1358–1390 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |!| | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | A01 | | | |A01='''[[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah|Azam Shah]]''' ?–1411 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1390–1411 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |!| | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | A01 | | | |A01='''[[Saifuddin Hamza Shah|Hamza Shah]]''' ?–1412 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1411–1412 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | |,|-|^|-|.| | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | | A02 | |A01='''[[Muhammad Shah (Ilyas dynasty)|Muhammad Shah I]]''' ?–1413 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1412–1413 |A02='''[[Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah|Bayazid Shah]]''' ?–1414 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1413–1414 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | A01 | |A01='''[[Alauddin Firuz Shah I|Firuz Shah II]]''' ?–1414 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1414 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

===Ganesha Dynasty (1414–1436)===
{{Chart top|width=60%|collapsed=yes|Ganesha Dynasty}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | |A01='''[[Raja Ganesha|Ganesha]]''' ?–1418 '''Raja of Bengal''' R.1414–1415, 1416–1418 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | |A01='''[[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah|Muhammad Shah II]]''' ?–1433 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1415–1416, 1418–1433 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | |A01='''[[Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah|Ahmad Shah]]''' 1419–1436 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1433–1436 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

===Restored Ilyas Shahi Dynasty (1436–1487)===
{{Chart top|width=60%|collapsed=yes|Restored Ilyas Shahi Dynasty}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | A01 | | | | | |A01='''[[Mahmud Shah of Bengal|Mahmud Shah I]]''' ?–1459 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1436–1459 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | |A01='''[[Ruknuddin Barbak Shah|Barbak Shah I]]''' ?–1474 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1459–1474 |A02='''[[Nuruddin Sikandar Shah|Sikandar Shah II]]''' ?–1481 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1481 |A03='''[[Jalaluddin Fateh Shah|Fateh Shah]]''' ?–1487 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1481–1487 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A03=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | | | | | | | | | |A01='''[[Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah|Yusuf Shah]]''' ?–1481 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1474–1481 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

===Habshi Rule (1487–1494)===
{{Chart top|width=60%|collapsed=yes|Habshi Rulers}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | A04 | |A01='''[[Shahzada Barbak|Barbak Shah II]]''' ?–1487 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1487 |A02='''[[Saifuddin Firuz Shah|Firuz Shah III]]''' ?–1489 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1487–1489 |A03='''[[Mahmud Shah II]]''' ?–1490 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1489–1490 |A04='''[[Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah|Muzaffar Shah]]''' ?–1494 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1490–1494 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A03=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A04=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

===Hussain Shahi Dynasty (1494–1538)===
{{Chart top|width=60%|collapsed=yes|Hussain Shahi Dynasty}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | A01 | | | | | |A01='''[[Alauddin Husain Shah|Hussain Shah]]''' ?–1519 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1494–1519 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | |A01='''[[Danyal (Hussain Shahi dynasty)|Daniyal]]''' ?–1515 |A02='''[[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah|Nasrat Shah]]''' ?–1533 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1519–1533 |A03='''[[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah|Mahmud Shah III]]''' ?–1538 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1533–1538 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A03=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | A01 | | | | | |A01='''[[Alauddin Firuz Shah II|Firuz Shah IV]]''' ?–1533 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1533 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

===Muhammad Shahi Dynasty (1554–1564)===
{{Chart top|width=60%|collapsed=yes|Muhammad Shahi Dynasty}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | A01 | | | |A01='''[[Muhammad Khan Sur|Muhammad Shah III]]''' ?–1555 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1554–1555 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | |,|-|^|-|.| | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | | A02 | |A01='''[[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah II|Bahadur Shah II]]''' ?–1561 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1555–1561 |A02='''[[Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah|Jalal Shah]]''' ?–1563 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1561–1563 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | | | | | |A01='''[[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah III|Bahadur Shah III]]''' ?–1564 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1563–1564 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

===Karrani Dynasty (1564–1576)===
{{Chart top|width=60%|collapsed=yes|Karrani Dynasty}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | A01 | | | |A01=Unnamed}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | |,|-|^|-|.| | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | | A02 | |A01='''[[Taj Khan Karrani|Taj Khan]]''' ?–1565 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1564–1565 |A02='''[[Sulaiman Khan Karrani|Sulaiman Khan]]''' ?–1572 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1565–1572 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | |,|-|-|-|(| | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | | A02 | |A01='''[[Bayazid Khan Karrani|Bayazid Khan]]''' ?–1572 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1572 |A02='''[[Daud Khan Karrani|Daud Khan]]''' ?–1576 '''Sultan of Bengal''' R.1572–1576 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

==See also==
* [[Bengal Subah]]
* [[List of rulers of Bengal]]
* [[List of medieval great powers]]
* [[Madrasa Al-Bangaliyyah]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Schwartzberg |first=Joseph E. |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0226742210 |location=Chicago}}
* {{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard Maxwell |author-link=Richard M. Eaton |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA64 |year=1996 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |access-date=31 October 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022222946/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA64#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R. C. |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=The Delhi Sultanate |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate0006rcma/page/219/mode/1up |year=1980 |orig-year=1960 |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |volume=VI |edition=3rd |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Bombay |oclc=664485}}
* {{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Perween |author-link=Perween Hasan |title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC |year=2007 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-84511-381-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shakespear |first=Leslie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dA5E8UJ7TpkC |title=History of Upper Assam, Upper Burmah and North-Eastern Frontier |date=2012-04-26 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-04607-7 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Nirmal Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8UBAAAAMAAJ |title=Assam in the Ahom Age, 1228-1826: Being Politico-economic and Socio-cultural Studies |date=1970 |publisher=Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Acharyya |first=Nagendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7cKAQAAIAAJ |title=The History of Medieval Assam, from the Thirteenth to the Seventeenth Century: A Critical and Comprehensive History of Assam During the First Four Centuries of Ahom Rule, Based on Original Assamese Sources, Available Both in India and England |date=1966 |publisher=Dutta Baruah |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iiNUAAAAMAAJ |title=The Islamic Heritage of Bengal |publisher=UNESCO |year=1984 |isbn=978-92-3-102174-9 |editor-last=Michell |editor-first=George |location=France |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Siddiq |first=Mohammad Yusuf |author-link=Mohammad Yusuf Siddiq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wQBCwAAQBAJ |title=Epigraphy and Islamic Culture: Inscriptions of the Early Muslim Rulers of Bengal (1205-1494) |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-58745-3 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sabyasachi |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Comprehensive_History_of_Modern_Bengal.html?id=Z3GxzQEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |title=A Comprehensive History of Modern Bengal, 1700-1950 |date=2020 |publisher=Asiatic Society |isbn=978-93-89901-95-5 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category|Bengal Sultanate}}
* {{cite book |last=Yegar |first=Moshe |year=2002 |title=Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar |location=Lanham, Maryland |publisher=Lexington Books |pages=23–24 |isbn=978-0-7391-0356-2}}
* Hussain, Syed Ejaz (2003). The Bengal Sultanate: Politics, Economy and Coins, A.D. 1205–1576. Manohar. {{ISBN|978-81-7304-482-3}}.
* ''The Grammar of Sultanate Mosque in Bengal Architecture'', Nujaba Binte Kabir (2012)

{{coord|24|52|0|N|88|8|0|E|region:IN_type:country|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bengal Sultanate| ]]
[[Category:Former sultanates]]
[[Category:Bay of Bengal]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 14th century]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1570s]]
[[Category:Former empires]]

No Bed of Roses

2026-03-04T00:34:02Z

Shawnzus: created a stub basic info

{{short description|2017 Bangladeshi drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = No Bed of Roses (Doob)
| image = Doob (2017) Poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Mostofa Sarwar Farooki]] ([[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]])
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Abdul Aziz (filmmaker)|Abdul Aziz]] ([[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]])
* [[Irrfan Khan]] ([[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
* [[Ashok Dhanuka]] ([[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
* [[Himanshu Dhanuka]] ([[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
}}
| writer = [[Mostofa Sarwar Farooki]] ([[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]])
| based_on =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Irrfan Khan]] ([[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
* [[Nusrat Imrose Tisha]] ([[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]])
* [[Rokeya Prachy]] ([[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]])
* [[Parno Mittra]] ([[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
}}
| music = {{Plainlist|
* [[Chirkutt]] ([[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]])
* Pavel Areen (Dhaka, Bangladesh)
}}
| cinematography = [[Sheikh Rajibul Islam]] (Dhaka, Bangladesh)
| editing = Momin Biswas (Dhaka, Bangladesh)
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jaaz Multimedia]] ([[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]])
* [[Eskay Movies]] ([[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
}}
| released = {{Film date|2017|06|25|World premiere|2017|10|27|Bangladesh & India|ref2=<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.banglatribune.com/entertainment/news/240411/|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশ ও ভারতে ২৭ অক্টোবর ‘ডুব’ |work=Bangla Tribune |language=bn |access-date=25 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225135636/http://www.banglatribune.com/entertainment/news/240411/|archive-date=25 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kader |first1=Manzur |date=9 August 2017 |title=Doob gets censor certificate |url=http://en.prothom-alo.com/entertainment/news/155849/No-bar-to-screen-film-‘Doob’ |newspaper=Prothom-alo |access-date=10 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809151104/http://en.prothom-alo.com/entertainment/news/155849/No-bar-to-screen-film-%E2%80%98Doob%E2%80%99 |archive-date=9 August 2017 }}</ref>|df=y}}
| runtime = 105 min 85 min (International cut)
| country = [[Bangladesh]] [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[English language|English]]
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jaaz Multimedia]] ([[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]])
* Irrfan Khan Films (Mumbai, Maharashtra, India)
* [[Eskay Movies]] ([[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
}}
}}

'''''No Bed of Roses''''' ('''''Doob''''' as the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] version) is a 2017 [[Indo-Bangladesh joint production]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by [[Mostofa Sarwar Farooki]]. It was produced by [[Abdul Aziz (filmmaker)|Abdul Aziz]], [[Himanshu Dhanuka]] and [[Irrfan Khan]] under the banner of [[Jaaz Multimedia]] and [[Eskay Movies]] along with Irrfan Khan Films.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhaskaran |first1=Gautaman |date=7 March 2016 |title=Irrfan Khan to play lead in Bangladesh's No Bed of Roses |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-cinema/irrfan-khan-to-play-lead-in-bangladesh-s-no-bed-of-roses/story-X3zBamgNNrNR5Svk15rTRJ.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=31 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330162357/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-cinema/irrfan-khan-to-play-lead-in-bangladesh-s-no-bed-of-roses/story-X3zBamgNNrNR5Svk15rTRJ.html |archive-date=30 March 2016 }}</ref> It stars [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Nusrat Imrose Tisha]], [[Rokeya Prachy]] and [[Parno Mittra]]. The story builds up around the members of two families discovering the finer fabric of love when the headman of a family dies. The theme is that death does not always take things away: Sometimes it gives back.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |date=29 February 2016 |title=Irrfan Khan Climbs Into Mostofa Sarwar Farooki's 'No Bed of Roses' |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/asia/irrfan-khan-no-bed-of-roses-1201718142/ |magazine=Variety |access-date=31 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402121138/http://variety.com/2016/film/asia/irrfan-khan-no-bed-of-roses-1201718142/ |archive-date=2 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Irrfan Khan to play lead in Bangladesh's film |url=http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2016/03/08/19986 |newspaper=The Financial Express |location=Dhaka |date=8 March 2016 |access-date=31 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103012023/http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2016/03/08/19986 |archive-date=3 January 2017 }}</ref> The film was selected as the Bangladeshi entry for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] at the [[91st Academy Awards]], but it was not nominated.<ref name="Bangladesh">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-2018-bangladesh-selects-no-bed-roses-foreign-language-category-1145300 |title=Oscars: Bangladesh Selects 'No Bed of Roses' for Foreign-Language Category |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |first=Nyay |last=Bhushan |date=23 September 2018 |access-date=23 September 2018 |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927193007/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-2018-bangladesh-selects-no-bed-roses-foreign-language-category-1145300 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film marked Khan's last Bengali film till date.

==Cast==
* [[Irrfan Khan]] as Javed Hasan
* [[Nusrat Imrose Tisha]] as Saberi
* [[Rokeya Prachy]] as Maya
* [[Parno Mittra]] as Nitu
* Rashad Hossain as Ahir
* [[Nader Chowdhury]]
* [[Ashok Dhanuka]] as Aynal
* [[Mujib Pardeshi]]
* [[Mohammed Rakibul Hasan Reza]] as Lotus

==Production==
===Filming===
Principal photography began in March 2016 in Dhaka. Filming locations include [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]], [[Sylhet]], and [[Dhaka]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Eager to explore 'No Bed Of Roses: Irrfan Khan |url=http://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/eager-to-explore-no-bed-of-roses-irrfan-khan-127501.html |newspaper=The Statesman |date=3 March 2016 |access-date=31 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111021616/http://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/eager-to-explore-no-bed-of-roses-irrfan-khan-127501.html |archive-date=11 January 2017}}</ref> On 17 March 2016, [[Irrfan Khan]] arrived in Dhaka, [[Bangladesh]] to scout for filming locations.

Internationally acclaimed director [[Mostofa Sarwar Farooki|Farooki]] describes ''No Bed of Roses'' as a family story of loss and regain.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutt |first1=Shobhita |date=4 March 2016 |title=Irrfan Khan Bags Another International Film, Bangladeshi Director's 'No Bed Of Roses' |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/irrfan-khan-bags-another-international-film-bangladeshi-director-s-no-bed-of-roses-251553.html |newspaper=India Times |access-date=31 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323014959/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/irrfan-khan-bags-another-international-film-bangladeshi-director-s-no-bed-of-roses-251553.html |archive-date=23 March 2016 }}</ref> Regarding the film Khan said, "When I saw his first film '[[Ant Story]]', it immediately got me interested. I was impressed with his approach, style, and the way he unravels the story ... His works carry a strong humane angle, which is why his characters are multi layered."<ref>{{cite news |title=Irrfan Khan to star in Bangladesi director's film 'No Bed Of Roses' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/irrfan-khan-to-co-produce-act-in-his-next-international-film/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |agency=PTI |date=3 March 2016 |access-date=31 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407122113/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/irrfan-khan-to-co-produce-act-in-his-next-international-film/ |archive-date=7 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Irrfan Khan's next, an international film, No Bed Of Roses |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/17579386 |date=3 March 2016 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325102519/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/17579386 |archive-date=25 March 2016 |access-date=31 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Release ==

''No Bed of Roses'' had its world premiere at the Shanghai International Film Festival on 25 June 2017.<ref name="ht12Jun2017">{{cite news |title=Irrfan Khan's Bangladeshi film, Doob, heads to Shanghai film fest for world premiere |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/irrfan-khan-s-bangladeshi-film-doob-heads-to-shanghai-film-fest-for-world-premiere/story-RGz3ZvXrHKkmy9MClniOWO.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |agency=IANS |date=12 June 2017 |access-date=14 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614095650/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/irrfan-khan-s-bangladeshi-film-doob-heads-to-shanghai-film-fest-for-world-premiere/story-RGz3ZvXrHKkmy9MClniOWO.html |archive-date=14 June 2017 }}</ref> After months of waiting for clearance, the film was finally announced to be released on 27 October 2017 in Bangladesh and India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://en.prothom-alo.com/entertainment/news/158613/%E2%80%98Doob%E2%80%99-to-release-27-Oct|title='Doob' to release 27 Oct|work=Prothom Alo|access-date=6 September 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225135636/http://en.prothom-alo.com/entertainment/news/158613/%E2%80%98Doob%E2%80%99-to-release-27-Oct|archive-date=25 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/9045012_Indo-Bangla-production--Doob--to-be-released-on-Oct-27.html|title=Indo-Bangla production 'Doob' to be released on Oct 27|date=6 September 2017|work=Press Trust of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906125206/http://ptinews.com/news/9045012_Indo-Bangla-production--Doob--to-be-released-on-Oct-27.html|archive-date=6 September 2017}}</ref> Talks were on with distributors of respective countries whether it can be released in Australia and Singapore on 27 October.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/indo-bangla-jt-production-doob-to-be-released-on-oct-27-1038927-2017-09-06|title=Indo-Bangla jt production Doob to be released on Oct 27|magazine=India Today|access-date=25 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225135636/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indo-bangla-jt-production-doob-to-be-released-on-oct-27/1/1041877.html|archive-date=25 December 2017}}</ref>

=== Reception ===

Upon release "No bed Of Roses" received positive critical acclaim from the prominent critics of both Bangladesh and India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/doob-stunning-flow-crafted-images-1502522442.html/amp|title='Doob': Stunning flow of crafted images |date=4 November 2017|work=The Statesman|access-date=25 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225135636/http://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/doob-stunning-flow-crafted-images-1502522442.html/amp|archive-date=25 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/doob-no-bed-of-roses/movie-review/61274679.cms|title=Doob: No Bed of Roses Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225135636/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/doob-no-bed-of-roses/movie-review/61274679.cms|archive-date=25 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="firstpost.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/doob-no-bed-of-roses-movie-review-this-bengali-film-starring-irrfan-khan-is-a-must-watch-4218613.html|title=Doob: No Bed of Roses movie review — This Bengali film starring Irrfan Khan is a must watch|work=First Post|access-date=25 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123083640/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/doob-no-bed-of-roses-movie-review-this-bengali-film-starring-irrfan-khan-is-a-must-watch-4218613.html|archive-date=23 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/cover-story/doob-the-frontier-new-wave-cinema-1489282|title=Doob: The Frontier of a New Wave of Cinema|date=11 November 2017|work=The Daily Star|access-date=25 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207113328/http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/cover-story/doob-the-frontier-new-wave-cinema-1489282|archive-date=7 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/film/review-doob-movie-1482652|title=Film Review: Doob|date=28 October 2017|work=The Daily Star|access-date=25 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028123753/http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/film/review-doob-movie-1482652|archive-date=28 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kalerkantho.com/online/entertainment/2017/11/06/562324|script-title=bn:ডুব : একটি অনবদ্য কাব্যাশ্রয়ী চলচ্চিত্র - কালের কণ্ঠ|work=Kaler Kantho|access-date=25 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106133421/http://www.kalerkantho.com/online/entertainment/2017/11/06/562324|archive-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>

====Film festivals====
This movie has been selected to compete at the main competition round of the [[Shanghai International Film Festival]] 2017, which commenced from 17 June 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Doob goes to Shanghai film fest |url=http://www.newagebd.net/article/17545/doob-goes-to-shanghai-film-fest |newspaper=New Age |date=11 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613123034/http://www.newagebd.net/article/17545/doob-goes-to-shanghai-film-fest |archive-date=13 June 2017}}</ref>

''No Bed of Roses'' has been selected for the main competition section of the 39th [[Moscow International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Farooki's Doob to compete for top prize at Moscow International Film Festival |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2017/06/02/farookis-doob-compete-top-prize-moscow-international-film-festival/ |newspaper=Dhaka Tribune |date=2 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606105015/http://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2017/06/02/farookis-doob-compete-top-prize-moscow-international-film-festival/ |archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> The film wins the Kommersant Weekend Prize in the festival.<ref>{{cite news|title=Farooki's Doob wins Kommersant Weekend Prize in Moscow|url=http://m.bdnews24.com/en/detail/film/1357513|newspaper=bdnews24.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018133904/https://m.bdnews24.com/en/detail/film/1357513|archive-date=18 October 2017}}</ref>

* Film Bazaar 2013 - Winner - Dubai Film Market Award
* Shanghai International Film Festival, June 2017 - Competition<ref name="ht12Jun2017" />
* Moscow International Film Festival, June 2017 - Winner - Kommersant Jury Prize<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/irrfan-khans-doob-wins-at-moscow-international-film-festival-1450551.html|title=Irrfan Khan's Doob Wins At Moscow International Film Festival|work=news18.com|access-date=25 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926235846/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/irrfan-khans-doob-wins-at-moscow-international-film-festival-1450551.html|archive-date=26 September 2017}}</ref>
* In competition, El Gouna Film Festival, September 2017
* Official selection, Vancouver International Film Festival, September 2017
* Official selection, Busan International Film festival, October 2017
* Closing film, South Asian Film Festival, Paris, October 2017
* In competition, Asia Pacific Screen Awards, November 2017<ref>{{cite news |url=https://dailyasianage.com/news/80455/doob--nominated--for-asia-pacific-screen-awards|title=Doob nominated for Asia Pacific Screen Awards |work=The Asian Age |location=Bangladesh |access-date=25 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225135636/https://dailyasianage.com/news/80455/doob--nominated--for-asia-pacific-screen-awards|archive-date=25 December 2017}}</ref>
* Official selection, 48th International Film Festival of India, Goa, 20–28 November 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iffigoa.org/cinema-of-the-world/|title=Cinema of the world|date=10 November 2017|website=iffigoa.org|access-date=25 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033100/http://iffigoa.org/cinema-of-the-world/|archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref>
* Official Selection, IFFK Kerala 2017.
* Official Selection, Munich IFF 2018.
* Official Selection, SIFF 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.siff.net/festival/no-bed-of-roses |title=No Bed of Roses |access-date=3 May 2018 |archive-date=3 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003215349/https://www.siff.net/festival/no-bed-of-roses |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Official Selection, Asian World Film Festival 2018, California.

====Reviews====
<blockquote>Thoroughly modern and unlike Farooki's previous work, this is a sobering, engrossing separation drama... It takes an actor of Irrfan Khan's stature and magnetism to turn an intimate separation drama into something special, and a writer-director like Bangladesh's happy maverick Mostofa Sarwar Farooki to layer on subtleties and shades of meaning with realistic detachment that never slips into melodrama... Its visual style and pacing make as much of an impression as the head-shaking story.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/no-bed-of-roses-doob-1016626|title='No Bed of Roses' ('Doob'): Film Review - Shanghai 2017|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=25 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128033808/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/no-bed-of-roses-doob-1016626|archive-date=28 November 2017}}</ref> — Deborah Young, ''The Hollywood Reporter''</blockquote>
<blockquote>Directed with an assured and graceful touch that evokes the elegiac tone of a requiem, Mostofa Sarwar Farooki proves he's a singular voice in Bangladeshi cinema. With Irrfan Khan delivering another sublime lead performance (while being billed as co-producer), the film should bloom at festivals and secure a limited release in India, despite some censorship issues back home…..Other actors in the mixed cast of Bangladeshis and Indians are equally absorbing, especially Tisha.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/asia/no-bed-of-roses-review-1202496880/|title=Film Review: 'No Bed of Roses' ('Doob')|first=Maggie|last=Lee|date=28 July 2017 |magazine=Variety |access-date=25 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128032743/http://variety.com/2017/film/asia/no-bed-of-roses-review-1202496880/|archive-date=28 November 2017}}</ref> — Maggie Lee, Chief Asia Film Critic, ''Variety''</blockquote>

<blockquote>The latest work from Mostofa Sawar Farooki No Bed Of Roses (Doob) is an intimate family drama which eschews the usual melodramatic trappings of such fare to explore the quietly devastating impact of a husband's infidelity on those closest to him... Boasting an excellent central performance from acclaimed Indian actor Irrfan Khan... Khan is characteristically magnetic and surprisingly empathetic... While the story is salacious, Farooki's nuanced screenplay avoids cliche — sex scenes are notably absent — to instead focus on the very real pain of the situation... Alongside Khan, who will be familiar to Western audiences, the cast is universally strong... the evolving relationship between mother and daughter in the wake of Javed's seismic betrayal provides the emotional heart of the narrative, along with Saberi's feelings towards her father, and it's refreshing to see this age-old story told from the equal perspective of the women involved. Farooki handles the piece with grace and sensitivity; an approach augmented by Pavel Arin's evocative score, which mixes the traditional and the contemporary, and debut cinematographer Sheikh Rajibul Islam's arresting, contemplative visuals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/no-bed-of-roses-doob-shanghai-review/5119648.article|title='No Bed Of Roses' ('Doob'): Shanghai Review|website=screendaily.com|access-date=25 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126181523/https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/no-bed-of-roses-doob-shanghai-review/5119648.article|archive-date=26 November 2017}}</ref> — Nikki Baughan, Screen International</blockquote>

<blockquote>Farooqi never quite ventures to spoon-feed us with an explanation of exactly why and how Javed Hasan reached the tipping point of leaving his family and marrying the girl who had broken his home. The human mind, with all its complexities, is simply left to itself here, the viewer encouraged to make his or her own interpretation with ample hints that could mean more things than one.<ref name="firstpost.com"/></blockquote>

==Controversy==
On 16 February 2017, the [[Ministry of Information (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Information]] halted the film's "no-objection" certificate.<ref name=stall>{{cite news |author=Rudra Haque |date=18 February 2017 |title=Director Farooki's "Doob: No Bed of Roses" stalled |url=http://bdnews24.com/entertainment/2017/02/18/director-farooki-s-doob-no-bed-of-roses-stalled |newspaper=bdnews24.com |access-date=25 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225032822/http://bdnews24.com/entertainment/2017/02/18/director-farooki-s-doob-no-bed-of-roses-stalled |archive-date=25 February 2017}}</ref> Earlier, writer [[Humayun Ahmed]]'s wife [[Meher Afroz Shaon]] had brought to the government's notice that part of the film resembles a period of her deceased husband's life.<ref name=stall/>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Album infobox soundtrack|name=Doob (No Bed of Roses)|type=soundtrack|artist=[[Chirkutt]]|cover=|alt=|released=2017|genre=[[Soundtrack]]|length=|label={{flatlist|
* [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
* [[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
}}|producer={{flatlist|
* [[Abdul Aziz (filmmaker)|Abdul Aziz]]
* [[Ashok Dhanuka]]
* [[Himanshu Dhanuka]]
* [[Irrfan Khan]]
}}|prev_title=|next_title=|prev_year=|next_year=}}

The soundtrack music composed by [[Chirkutt]].
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ahare Jibon
| note1 = Composed by Chirkutt
| length1 = 4:15
| lyrics1 = [[Sharmin Sultana Sumi]]
| music1 = [[Chirkutt]]
| extra1 = [[Sharmin Sultana Sumi]]
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== Accolades ==
''Doob'' was nominated for five awards from the [[Filmfare Awards East]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-jio-filmfare-awards-east-2018_-26583-2.html|title=Nominations for the Jio Filmfare Awards (East) 2018|work=filmfare.com|access-date=14 February 2018|language=en|archive-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506090842/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-jio-filmfare-awards-east-2018_-26583-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Ciromonies
! Year
! Category
! Recipients and nominees
! Result
! Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan=5| [[Filmfare Awards East]]
| rowspan=5| [[3rd Filmfare Awards East|2017]]
| Best Lyricist
| Sharmin Sultana Sumi - "Ahare Jibon"
| {{nom}}
| rowspan=4| <ref name=":1" />
|-
| [[Filmfare Award East for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer - Female]]
| Sharmin Sultana Sumi - "Ahare Jibon"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor (Critics' awards)
| [[Irrfan Khan]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Background Score
| Pavel Areen
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Cinematography
| Sheikh Rajibul Islam<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-10-28 |title=Film Review: Doob |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/film/review-doob-movie-1482652 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008180417/https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/film/review-doob-movie-1482652 |archive-date=2024-10-08 |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Meril-Prothom Alo Awards]]
| [[20th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards|2017]]
| [[Meril-Prothom Alo Award for Best Film Actress|Best Film Actress]]
| [[Nusrat Imrose Tisha]]
| {{won}}
|
|}

==See also==
* [[List of submissions to the 91st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[List of Bangladeshi submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Allocine title}}
* {{BMDb title}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Mojo title}}

{{Mostofa Sarwar Farooki}}
{{Bangladeshi submission for Academy Awards}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2017 drama films]]
[[Category:English-language Bangladeshi films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Bangladeshi films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chirkutt]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mostofa Sarwar Farooki]]
[[Category:Jaaz Multimedia films]]
[[Category:Eskay Movies films]]

Virattu

2026-03-03T03:30:22Z

Shawnzus: Starting A Data

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Kumar T}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Virattu
| image = Virattu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical poster
| native_name =
| director = Kumar T
| producer = Kumar T
| writer = Kumar T
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = Sujiv [[Erica Fernandes]]
| music = [[Dharan Kumar]]
| cinematography = K. Prasad
| editing = S. Karthik
| studio = White Candy Entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|3|21}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Virattu''''' ({{Translation|Scare}}) is a 2014 Indian Tamil-language [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] film produced and directed by Kumar T. The film stars T Kumar's son Sujiv and [[Erica Fernandes]], while [[Pragya Jaiswal]] and [[Manobala]] appear in other pivotal roles. The film was released on 21 February 2014 to average reviews, while the dubbed Telugu version ''Dega'' was released on 28 November 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dega release on 28 November – Telugu cinema news |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/dega-28november.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210608/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/dega-28november.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=29 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dega is soon in offing – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Dega-is-soon-in-offing/articleshow/32608248.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328035256/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Dega-is-soon-in-offing/articleshow/32608248.cms |archive-date=28 March 2014 |access-date=24 March 2014}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Sujiv as Sujiv
*[[Erica Fernandes]] as Sri
*[[Amit Tiwari]] as Kalki
*[[Pragya Jaiswal]] as Mavi
*[[Manobala]]
*[[Suman Setty]]
*[[Shankar Melkote]]

==Production==
Sequences were filmed on a train travelling from Thailand to Malaysia and the stunt scenes were composed by Dho Dho of Thailand and Williams of Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Audio beat: Virattu – Action-packed drama – The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-virattu-actionpacked-drama/article4840583.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330005226/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-virattu-actionpacked-drama/article4840583.ece |archive-date=30 March 2014 |access-date=24 March 2014}}</ref> Further scenes were canned in [[New Zealand]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Hollywood-style-action-in-Virattu/articleshow/19573875.cms Hollywood style action in Virattu – The Times of India]</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Virattu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Dharan Kumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Front cover
| released = 25 June 2013
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = Dharan Kumar
| prev_title = [[Podaa Podi]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Endrendrum]]
| next_year = 2013
}}
The film's audio was released in June 2013 by [[R. B. Choudary]], while [[S. J. Surya]] received the first copy at a launch event. The film has four songs with four different lyricists contributing – [[Madhan Karky]], [[Na. Muthukumar]], [[Vignesh Shivan]] and [[Lallu]]. The film's soundtrack opened to average reviews, with a music critic noting it was as "mercurial as its composer".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virattu Songs Review Virattu, Kumar Ravilla, Sujiv |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/virattu/virattu-songs-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428183618/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/virattu/virattu-songs-review.html |archive-date=28 April 2014 |access-date=24 March 2014}}</ref> The song "Podhum Podhum" was released with a promotional video featuring the lead singers [[Andrea Jeremiah]] and [[Naresh Iyer]] and was well received by critics.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130504152116/http://www.sify.com/movies/Andrea-Naresh-Iyer-rock-imagegallery-Kollywood-nfdnePbibbh.html Andrea & Naresh Iyer rock]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Andrea-hot-in-Virattu-promo-song/articleshow/19214039.cms Andrea hot in 'Virattu' promo song – The Times of India]</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =

| title1 = Mouname Mouname
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra1 = [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Haricharan]]
| length1 = 5:18
| title2 = En Life In Angel
| lyrics2 = [[Vignesh Shivan]]
| extra2 = [[Dharan Kumar]]
| length2 = 4:50
| title3 = Meeta Paanu
| lyrics3 = [[Lallu]]
| extra3 = [[M. M. Manasi]], Santhosh Hariharan
| length3 = 5:01
| title4 = Podhum Podhum
| lyrics4 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra4 = [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Naresh Iyer]]
| length4 = 5:06
}}

==Release and reception==
The film opened on 21 March 2014 to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virattu movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/moviereviewarticlelist/virattu/movie-review/32504057.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608220807/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/moviereviewarticlelist/virattu/movie-review/32504057.cms |archive-date=8 June 2016 |access-date=24 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An Unexciting Chase |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/mar/29/an-unexciting-chase-592019.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727092648/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/mar/29/An-Unexciting-Chase-592019.html |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dharan Kumar]]
[[Category:2014 thriller films]]

Fort (Mumbai precinct)

2026-02-26T05:08:36Z

Shawnzus: updated page

{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=September 2020}}
{{Fanpov|date=April 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Fort
| native_name = Fort District
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Tehsil|Subdistrict]] or [[Historic district|Historic area]]
| image_skyline = Mumbai fort remains 6.jpg
| image_alt = Remains of the old Fort George walls
| image_caption = Remains of the [[Fort George, Bombay|Fort George]] walls
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Mumbai
| pushpin_label_position = blue
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.935|N|72.8359|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai]]
| subdivision_type4 = Zone
| subdivision_name4 = 1
| subdivision_type5 = Ward
| subdivision_name5 = A
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (MCGM)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 11
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]],
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 400 001
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Mumbai South
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Fort''' is a business and art [[Tehsil|Subdistrict]] in the city of [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India. The area gets its name after the erstwhile defensive fort, Bombay Fort and its annexe [[Fort George, Bombay|Fort George]], built by the [[British East India Company]] around [[Bombay Castle]].

The area extends from the docks in the east, to [[Azad Maidan]] in the west; [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] in the north to [[Kala Ghoda]] in the south. This area is the heart of the financial markets of the city & multiple British era structures are located in this neighbourhood.

==History==
[[File:Bombay fort.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Bombay Fort, 1771]]
The Fort area was declared protected under regulations of the Maharashtra Government Urban Development Department. An advisory committee now oversees the development, repairs and renovations of structures in the precinct. In 1882, [[Bomanjee Hormarjee Wadia Clock Tower]] was erected using public funds as a token of appreciation for Bomanjee Hormarjee, a Parsi philanthropist who made contributions towards improving education in Bombay. The Fort neighbourhood of Mumbai was the first part to be developed by the British. Then, over the years it stood as a reminder of India's colonial history, and today it is sort of a jewel in the crown of the city's cultural scene.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/a-look-into-the-fort-area-of-mumbai/as65842763.cms|title=A look into the Fort area of Mumbai|first=Arka Roy|last=Chowdhury|website=Times of India Travel}}</ref>

It had been listed as a [[notorious market]] in 2009 and 2010 by the [[USTR]] for selling counterfeit software, media and goods.<ref>{{cite wikisource|chapter=Section 3|wslink=Special 301 Report/2009|plaintitle=Special 301 Report|last=|first=|year=|publisher=|page=|wspage=|scan=}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource|chapter=Section 3|wslink=Special 301 Report/2010|plaintitle=Special 301 Report|last=|first=|year=|publisher=|page=|wspage=|scan=}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Nariman Point]]
*[[Colaba]]
*[[Bandra Kurla Complex]]
*[[Marine Lines]]
*[[Grant Road (South Mumbai, India)|Grant Road]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Fort (Mumbai precinct)}}
*[http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/history/c18.html 18th Century History of Mumbai]
*[https://historyin.co/maharashtra/1860-street-in-bombay-fort 1860 Street in Bombay Fort]

==See also==
*[[List of forts in Maharashtra]]

{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Central business districts in India]]
[[Category:Notorious markets]]

Daniel Quasar

2026-02-18T08:38:10Z

Shawnzus: enhance formatting per sources and updated info per sources

{{Short description|American graphic designer and vexillographer}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Daniel Quasar
| occupation = Artist; graphic designer; musician
| known_for = Designer of the [[Progress Pride flag]]
| website = {{URL|danielquasar.com}}
}}
'''Daniel Quasar''' is an American artist and graphic designer, known for their{{efn|Quasar is [[non-binary]] and uses ''[[xe/xem]]'' or ''[[they/them]]'' pronouns. This article uses ''they/them'' for consistency.<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1319172769788141568|user=danielquasar|title=My name is Daniel Quasar. My pronouns are xe/xem or they/them (if it makes it easier) and I'm non-binary. I don't think I'm any one gender and never have. #InternationalPronounsDay #ImLate|author=Daniel Quasar|date=Oct 22, 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250512062214/https://x.com/danielquasar/status/1319172769788141568|archive-date=May 12, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>|name=pronouns|group=lower-alpha}} design of the [[Progress Pride flag]], a variation of the [[Rainbow flag (LGBT)|rainbow pride flag]] that incorporates additional colors to explicitly represent [[Transgender|trans people]] and LGBTQ+ [[Person of color|people of color]].

== Education and career ==
Quasar graduated with a BFA in Communication Design from [[Pacific Northwest College of Art]]. During the degree program, they were involved in the local drag community; their design career has since included animations and graphics for ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race]]'' world tours, as well as work with ''Drag Race'' winner [[Jinkx Monsoon]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=June 29, 2018|title=Rainbow Flag Refresh: An Interview With Daniel Quasar, The Designer Behind "Progress: A Pride Flag Reboot"|url=http://riselifescience.com/2018/06/29/rainbow-flag-refresh-an-interview-with-daniel-quasar-the-designer-behind-progress-a-pride-flag-reboot/|access-date=June 18, 2021|website=RISE Life Science|language=en-US|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203514/http://riselifescience.com/2018/06/29/rainbow-flag-refresh-an-interview-with-daniel-quasar-the-designer-behind-progress-a-pride-flag-reboot/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Flag design==
[[File:LGBTQ+ rainbow flag Quasar "Progress" variant.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Quasar's "Progress" variant of the LGBTQ+ rainbow flag]]

=== History ===
In 2018, Quasar re-designed the existing rainbow flag to incorporate the [[transgender flag]], as well as black and brown stripes to represent LGBTQ+ people of color, with the black stripe having an additional meaning for "those living with AIDS, those no longer living, and the stigma surrounding them".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Progress Pride Flag Initiative: Office of Equity – Northwestern University|url=https://www.northwestern.edu/equity/about/initiatives/progress-pride-flag-initiative.html|access-date=June 18, 2021|website=www.northwestern.edu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-T7DwAAQBAJ&q=Daniel+Quasar&pg=PT61|title=Queerstory: An Infographic History of the Fight for LGBTQ+ Rights|date=October 6, 2020|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-9821-4237-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rossi|first=Andrea|date=September 1, 2020|title=The rainbow flag between protection and monopolization: iconic heroine or damsel in distress?|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpaa107|journal=Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice|volume=15|issue=9|pages=727–737|doi=10.1093/jiplp/jpaa107|issn=1747-1532|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="lgbtqn" /> The additional colors were added in a [[Chevron (insignia)|chevron]] shape along the [[Hoist (flag)|hoist]] to represent forward movement.<ref name=":1" /> They began a [[crowdfunding]] campaign to fund the first production of the flags.<ref name="lgbtqn">{{Cite web|last=Bollinger|first=Alex|title=Could this new more inclusive flag replace the rainbow flag?|url=https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2018/06/new-inclusive-flag-replace-rainbow-flag/|access-date=June 18, 2021|website=LGBTQ Nation|date=June 8, 2018 }}</ref> In 2021, [[Deliveroo]] adopted the progress pride flag for [[Gay pride|Pride Month]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Briggs|first=Fiona|title=Deliveroo launches rider pronoun bags by Daniel Quasar to help fly the flag for World Pride Month|url=https://www.retailtimes.co.uk/deliveroo-launches-rider-pronoun-bags-by-daniel-quasar-to-help-fly-the-flag-for-world-pride-month/|access-date=June 18, 2021|website=Retail Times|language=en-US|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200340/https://www.retailtimes.co.uk/deliveroo-launches-rider-pronoun-bags-by-daniel-quasar-to-help-fly-the-flag-for-world-pride-month/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The flag has been flown in many international cities above official buildings, including New York City, London, Boston, and Sydney.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Magaletti|first=Douglas|date=September 22, 2021|title=City of Sydney Votes to Replace Rainbow Flag with Progress Pride Flag|work=Star Observer|url=https://www.starobserver.com.au/news/city-of-sydney-votes-to-replace-rainbow-flag-with-progress-pride-flag/205895|access-date=October 19, 2021}}</ref>

=== Criticism ===
In 2022 anonymous flyers were posted in the Castro district of San Francisco, which claimed that the flag had been made without consent of the LGBTQ community and for the purpose of profit.<ref name=":2" /> Quasar responded to these claims in an article by [[KGO-TV|ABC7News]] by stating "The information is false and anything you need to know about the Progress Flag and its use is clear and explicit on my website."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Melendez |first=Lyanne |title=Mysterious flyers asking to boycott Progress Pride Flag posted around SF's Castro District |url=https://abc7news.com/post/progress-pride-flag-flyers-sf-castro-district-rainbow-lgbtq/12077610 |website=[[ABC News (United States)]]}}</ref> The Terms of Use section on Quasar's website describes its use as follows: "For any use that involves art-making that isn’t being sold, or any non-commercial use, there is a [[CC BY-NC-SA]] license on the design."<ref name=":3" /> Commercial use is allowed for small businesses or creators, but for large and corporate-level business and creators, the website suggests reaching out through email for further discussion.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Quasar |first=Daniel |title=Terms of Use |url=https://progress.gay/pages/terms-of-use |website=Progress Initiative}}</ref>

==Personal life==
As of 2021, Quasar resided in Portland, Oregon.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ettlin|first=Galen|date=February 7, 2021|title=Portland creator of Progress Pride Flag pushes LGBTQ culture, movement forward|work=KGW8|url=https://www.kgw.com/article/features/producers-picks/progress-pride-flag-creator-from-portland-celebrates-global-recognition/283-1c03133a-1acc-45d3-b64b-13cae809c0e3|access-date=October 19, 2021}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|25em}}

== External links ==
* [https://danielquasar.com/ Official website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Quasar, Daniel}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:American graphic designers]]
[[Category:American non-binary artists]]
[[Category:Non-binary activists]]
[[Category:LGBTQ American activists]]
[[Category:LGBTQ designers]]
[[Category:Flag designers]]
[[Category:21st-century American LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Pacific Northwest College of Art alumni]]
[[Category:American LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people from Oregon]]
[[Category:Artists from Portland, Oregon]]

Roosh Sindhu

2026-02-16T19:19:12Z

Shawnzus: created first entry needs work

{{Short description|Indian beauty pageant titleholder}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Roosh Sindhu
| photo =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], Maharashtra, India
| education =
| height =
| occupation =
| title = Miss International India 2025
| competitions = {{ubl|[[Miss Universe India 2025]] (Winner - Miss International India 2025)|[[Miss International 2025]] (Top 20)}}
}}
'''Roosh Sindhu''' is an Indian beauty pageant titleholder who won [[Miss Universe India 2025|Miss International India 2025]]. She represented India at [[Miss International 2025]], reaching the top 20.

== Early life ==
Roosh Sindhu was born in [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], to a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Sikhs|Sikh]] [[Jat Sikh|Jatt]] family, and is currently based in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/miss-international-india-2025-roosh-sindhu-receives-warm-homecoming-in-nagpur-watch-2959293.html | title=Miss International India 2025 Roosh Sindhu Receives Warm Homecoming In Nagpur | publisher=[[Zee News]] | date=13 September 2025 | accessdate=14 September 2025 | archive-date=29 October 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251029054907/https://zeenews.india.com/people/miss-international-india-2025-roosh-sindhu-receives-warm-homecoming-in-nagpur-watch-2959293.html | url-status=live }}</ref> She began working in entertainment at the age of four, appearing in a television commercial. She holds a degree in Journalism and a Fashion Design certification from Inter National Institute of Fashion Design, and was selected as a student designer at [[New York Fashion Week]] in 2019. Sindhu has over six years of academic training in Psychology and holds UK-accredited certifications in mental health and psychotherapy. Her personal experiences with bullying and anxiety informed her later involvement in mental health advocacy. She served as an NCC sergeant. She has also worked in international marketing.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pristinemagazine.com/post/meet-roosh-sindhu-the-national-finalist-of-miss-universe-india-2025 | title=Meet Roosh Sindhu, the national finalist of Miss Universe India 2025 | publisher=Pristine Magazine | work=Gagan Singh | date=7 July 2025 | accessdate=26 August 2025 | archive-date=12 September 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250912065106/https://www.pristinemagazine.com/post/meet-roosh-sindhu-the-national-finalist-of-miss-universe-india-2025 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2024/05/07/nsui-commends-roosh-sindhu-with-national-recognition-for-mental-health-advocacy/ | title=NSUI Commends Roosh Sindhu with National Recognition for Mental Health Advocacy | publisher=The Live Nagpur | date=7 May 2024 | accessdate=26 August 2025}}</ref>

== Pageantry ==
=== Miss Universe India 2024 ===
In 2024, Sindhu won Miss Universe Gujarat and represented the state at [[Miss Universe India 2024]], held on 22 September in Jaipur. Although unplaced in the final competition, she received the awards of Miss Beautiful Skin and Best in Personal Interview.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://firstindia.co.in/epapers/city-first-jaipur/20082025 | title=Tears of Joy, Dreams of Glory | work=Mitali Dusad | date=20 August 2025 | agency=First India | accessdate=26 August 2025 | location=Jaipur | pages=1}}</ref>

=== Miss Universe India 2025 ===
On 20 June 2025, Sindhu was announced as a national finalist for Miss Universe India 2025 as a wildcard entrant during the final audition event held in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://firstindia.co.in/epapers/city-first-jaipur/20062025?page=1 | title=Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions | work=Mitali Dusad | date=20 June 2025 | agency=First India | accessdate=20 June 2025 | location=Jaipur | pages=1}}</ref> At the grand finale on 18 August 2025, she reached the top six and was crowned Miss International India 2025. During the competition, she received awards for Best National Costume, Miss Photogenic, and Miss Glowing Skin.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://firstindia.co.in/epapers/city-first-jaipur/24092024?page=1 | title=From Dreams to Reality | work=Mitali Dusad | date=24 September 2024 | agency=First India | accessdate=26 August 2025 | location=Jaipur | pages=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/nagpurs-roosh-sindhu-to-represent-india-at-miss-international-2025/09122101|title=Nagpur's Roosh Sindhu to Represent India at Miss International 2025|publisher=Nagpur Today|date=12 September 2025|accessdate=12 September 2025|archive-date=9 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009195659/https://www.nagpurtoday.in/nagpurs-roosh-sindhu-to-represent-india-at-miss-international-2025/09122101|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Miss International 2025 ===
Sindhu represented India at [[Miss International 2025]], on 27 November 2025 in [[Tokyo]], Japan. She reached the top 20. This is India's first placement since 2012.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-rajasthan-s-manika-wins-miss-universe-india-2025-title-set-to-represent-india-in-thailand-3176896 | title=Roosh Sindhu Expresses Surprise and Joy: "This Is What All My Fans Wanted" After Miss India International Win | work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] | date=19 August 2025 | accessdate=26 August 2025 | archive-date=20 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820185142/https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-rajasthan-s-manika-wins-miss-universe-india-2025-title-set-to-represent-india-in-thailand-3176896 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Roosh Sindhu inspires students with lessons on empowerment and career growth |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/roosh-sindhu-inspires-students-with-lessons-on-empowerment-and-career-growth/ |website=The Tribune |access-date=12 November 2025 |language=en-in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-roosh-sindhu-miss-international-india-2025-c1c2-01-cw2f3-pqxf4x|title=7 Portraits of Roosh Sindhu Miss International India 2025, Angelic!|publisher=[[IDN Times]]|work=Dewi Andini|date=26 August 2025|accessdate=26 August 2025|language=Luxembourgish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lokmarg.com/miss-international-india-2025-roosh-sindhu-gets-grand-nagpur-homecoming/|title=Miss International India 2025 Roosh Sindhu Gets Grand Nagpur Homecoming|publisher=Lokmarg|date=13 September 2025|accessdate=13 September 2025|archive-date=10 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010180957/https://lokmarg.com/miss-international-india-2025-roosh-sindhu-gets-grand-nagpur-homecoming/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Ankita |title=Miss International 2025 Winner: Colombia's Catalina Duque Wins The 63rd Crown, India's Roosh Sindhu Finishes In The Top 20 |url=https://www.bombaytimes.com/entertainment/global/miss-international-2025-winner-colombia-s-catalina-duque-wins-the-63rd-crown-india-s-roosh-sindhu-finishes-in-the-top-20/1764308721536 |website=Bombay Times |access-date=1 December 2025 |archive-date=7 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207183817/https://www.bombaytimes.com/entertainment/global/miss-international-2025-winner-colombia-s-catalina-duque-wins-the-63rd-crown-india-s-roosh-sindhu-finishes-in-the-top-20/1764308721536 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before=Rashmi Shinde}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Glamanand Group|Miss International India]]
|years=[[Miss Universe India 2025|2025]]}}
{{S-aft|after=Incumbent}}
{{S-end}}

{{Miss International 2025 delegates}}
{{Indian beauty pageant representatives}}

{{Portal bar|India|Biography}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sindhu, Roosh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:People from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Miss International 2025 delegates]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Amaravati Quantum Valley

2026-02-13T20:00:34Z

Shawnzus: done

{{Short description|Quantum Valley in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Amaravati Quantum Valley
| type = Tech Park
| industry = Quantum computing and technologies
| genre = Quantum technology park
| hq_location = Andhra Pradesh
| hq_location_city = Amaravati
| hq_location_country = India
| products = Quantum technology
}}

'''Amaravati Quantum Valley''' is a planned quantum technology park and hub dedicated for innovations and researches in the field of [[quantum computing]] and technologies in India. It is located in [[Amaravati]] city of [[Andhra Pradesh]] state in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 July 2025 |title=Andhra govt unveils Amaravati Quantum Valley plan, eyes USD 1 bn investment by 2029 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/andhra-govt-unveils-amaravati-quantum-valley-plan-eyes-usd-1-bn-investment-by-2029/articleshow/122298618.cms?from=mdr |access-date=29 October 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> It is planned that the [[Quantum engineering|quantum technology]] hub will attract huge investments of worth 1 billion USD dollar. It is alignment with the goals of the [[National Quantum Mission India|National Quantum Mission]] to increase productivity and create wealth through the advanced technologies going to be developed from the Amaravati Quantum Valley.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Varma |first=P. Sujatha |date=26 June 2025 |title=Amaravati to host India's first Quantum Computing Valley |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/amaravati-to-host-indias-first-quantum-computing-valley/article69735727.ece |access-date=29 October 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The foreign company [[IBM]] and the Indian company [[Tata Consultancy Services]] have planned to establish [[India's quantum computer|India’s largest quantum computer]] at the tech park of the Amaravati Quantum Valley, featuring a 156-qubit IBM Heron processor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choucair |first=Cierra |date=2 May 2025 |title=IBM and TCS to Deploy India's Largest Quantum Computer in Andhra Pradesh's Quantum Valley Tech Park |url=https://thequantuminsider.com/2025/05/02/ibm-and-tcs-to-deploy-indias-largest-quantum-computer-in-andhra-pradeshs-quantum-valley-tech-park/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=The Quantum Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> The planned Amaravati Quantum Valley is seen as a historic opportunity for the state of Andhra Pradesh to become a global hub for the future advanced quantum technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=K. Kalyan Krishna |date=6 October 2025 |title=Interview{{!}} Quantum Valley will turn Andhra into a global tech hub: Dasari Ramakrishna |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Oct/06/interview-quantum-valley-will-turn-andhra-into-a-global-tech-hub-dasari-ramakrishna |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It is also considered as the first dedicated "Quantum Valley" tech park in the region of Southern asia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=archit_tandon |date=2025-10-23 |title=AP IT Minister announces South Asia's first quantum valley in Amaravati |url=https://www.communicationstoday.co.in/ap-it-minister-announces-south-asias-first-quantum-valley-in-amaravati/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=Communications Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
In the March month of 2025, the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] planned to establish Quantum Valley in the capital city Amaravati as part of National Quantum Mission in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choucair |first=Cierra |date=12 March 2025 |title=Andhra Pradesh Plans 'Quantum Valley' to Advance India's National Quantum Mission |url=https://thequantuminsider.com/2025/03/12/andhra-pradesh-plans-quantum-valley-to-advance-indias-national-quantum-mission/ |access-date=30 October 2025 |website=The Quantum Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> On 4 May 2025, the government signed MoU with [[IBM]], [[Tata Consultancy Services]] (TCS), and [[Larsen & Toubro]] (L&T) for establishing most powerful quantum computer of the country at the planned Amaravati Quantum Valley in state of Andhra Pradesh. In the MoU Signing Ceremony, the chief minister [[N. Chandrababu Naidu|N Chandrababu Naidu]] announced that the ''156-qubit Quantum System Two'' would be installed at the Amaravati Quantum Valley by IBM.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=4 May 2025 |title=India's first Quantum Valley tech park to launch in Amaravati by January 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/indias-first-quantum-valley-tech-park-to-launch-in-amaravati-by-january-2026-2719326-2025-05-04 |access-date=30 October 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{Tech-company-stub}}

[[Category:Quantum computing]]
[[Category:Science parks in India]]

P. M. Satheesh

2026-02-09T05:59:43Z

Shawnzus: created first info v1.

{{Short description|Indian film sound designer, sound editor and mixer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = PM Satheesh
| image = P.m Satheesh.jpg
| birth_place = [[kannur]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = [[Film]] [[sound design]]
| yearsactive = 1998{{ndash}}present
| website = {{URL|http://fireflyspostsound.com}}
}}
'''PM Satheesh''' is an [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] [[sound designer]], [[Sound editor (filmmaking)|sound editor]] and [[audio mixing (film and television)|mixer]]. In 1999 he received the [[46th National Film Awards|National award]] for best sound recording and design for his work on ''Kumar Talkies''.<ref>[[46th National Film Awards]]</ref> He has worked in [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]], Hindi, Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam films.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/resounding-success/article3333654.ece|title=Resounding success|first1=Athira|last1=M|newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 April 2012|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

== Biography ==

He was born in [[Kerala]], India. He is a graduate of the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] or FTII, Pune, India. He has worked as sound recordist and sound designer on numerous documentaries for [[BBC]], Channel 4, [[National Geographic Channel|National Geographic]], [[National Film Board of Canada]] and the CBC and feature films like [[15 Park Avenue]] and [[Dreaming Lhasa]], [[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]] and Fakir of Venice.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/section/movies|title=Movies|work=The New York Times |via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> For six years he held exclusive contract for MTV India for sound on live music events and broadcast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fireflyspostsound.com/people.html |title=People.HTML |access-date=2014-10-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210084938/http://fireflyspostsound.com/people.html |archive-date=2015-02-10 }}</ref>
He is Chief sound designer and founder of Fireflys Post Sound P.M Satheesh has over two decades of experience in location sound and sound design.
PM Satheesh established Scuba Location Sound, painstakingly putting together high end location sound equipment and a dozen freelance sound recordists working under his guidance. This set up allowed Scuba to record location sound for documentaries and television where there was hardly any time for post dubbing.Braving all logistical nightmares PM Satheesh used Pro Tools on location in the Himalayas for a multi track hard disk based recording for the Tibetan feature film Dreaming Lhasa.

P.M Satheesh is working for [[S. S. Rajamouli|S.S Rajamouli]]’s ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]'', scheduled to have been released in April 2015.{{update inline|date=November 2015}} Regarding his experience with the film, he said "''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]'' is one of the very few films in South where a lot of importance is being given to sound recording. We dropped the idea of shooting with sync sound since the dialogue delivery has to be modified accordingly. The sound design team embeds various types of micro-phones throughout the set to record the ambient sound, which will lend a natural feel to the film. It's necessary, because some of these sounds aren't available in the market. It's quite a challenge for everyone".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamouli-demands-silence-on-the-sets-of-Baahubali/articleshow/40128406.cms|title=Rajamouli demands silence on the sets of Baahubali | date=15 January 2017 | newspaper=The Times of India| access-date=18 February 2019 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year!! Film
|-
| 1999-|| Kumar Talkies
|-
| 2002 || [[Agni Varsha]]
|-
| 2005 || [[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]
|-
| 2005 ||[[Dreaming Lhasa]]
|-
| 2005|| [[15 Park Avenue]]
|-
| 2006 ||[[Mixed Doubles (2006 film)|Mixed Doubles]]
|-
| 2006 ||[[Printed Rainbows]]
|-
| 2009 || [[Kaminey]]
|-
| 2009|| [[Road]]
|-
| 2009 || [[Nero's Guest]]
|-
| 2010|| [[Ishqiya]]
|-
| 2011 || [[7 Khoon Maaf]]
|-
| 2011|| [[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]
|-
| 2012 || [[The Reluctant Fundamentalist]]
|-
| 2012 || [[Talaash (2012 film)|Talaash]]
|-
| 2013 || [[Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola]]
|-
| 2013 || [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2768766/ Faith Connections]
|-
| 2014|| [[Darr @ The Mall]]
|-
| 2014 ||[[Hawaa Hawaai]]
|-
| 2014 ||[[Watchdogs (Marvel Comics)|Watchdogs]]
|-
| 2014 ||[[True Love Story (film)|True Love Story]]
|-
| 2015 ||[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]
|-
| 2015 ||[[Angry Indian Goddesses]]
|-
| 2016 ||[[Pulimurugan]]
|-
| 2017 ||[[Baahubali: The Conclusion|Baahubali]]
|-
| 2018 ||[[Kaalakaandi]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141027063642/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/1495805/PM-Satheesh The New York Times P.m Satheesh]
* https://web.archive.org/web/20141031212603/http://baahubali.com/news/our-sound-designer-pm-satheesh-watching-rushes-of-the-movie-to-help-him-get-started/
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141027063642/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/1495805/PM-Satheesh The New York Times P.m Satheesh]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141026114139/http://www.semainedelacritique.com/EN/films/2014/2014_comp_truelovestory.php Cannes 2014 P.M Satheesh]
* [[46th National Film Awards|best audiography National Film Award 46th]]

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1259675}}
* {{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/resounding-success/article3333654.ece | title=Resounding success | first=Athira | last=M. | work=The Hindu | date=20 April 2012}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150210102815/http://fireflyspostsound.com/home.html P. M. Satheesh profile at Firefly Post Sound website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141031212603/http://baahubali.com/news/our-sound-designer-pm-satheesh-watching-rushes-of-the-movie-to-help-him-get-started/ Baahubali ]
* [http://www.fandango.com/pmsatheesh/overview/p439832/ P. M. Satheesh at Fandango ]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satheesh, P.M.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Indian sound designers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kannur]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian sound editors]]
[[Category:Film people from Kerala]]

Ilahi Jamadar

2026-02-07T22:54:08Z

Shawnzus: Starting some details v1 - done

{{Short description|Marathi language poet from India (1946–2021)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ilahi Jamadar
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1946|3|1}}
| birth_place = Dudhgaon, [[Miraj]], [[Sangli State]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2021|1|31|1946|3|1}}
| death_place = Dudhgaon, Maharashtra<ref>{{cite news |last1=ओहोळ |first1=जगदीश |title='कोहिनूर-ए-गझल' इलाही जमादार आणि काळजावर वार करणारा मोगरा... |url=https://www.maxmaharashtra.com/news-update/ghazalkar-ilahi-jamadar-passed-away-778983 |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=www.maxmaharashtra.com |date=31 January 2021 |language=mr}}</ref>
| occupation = {{Hlist|Poet|lyricist|[[ghazal]]kar}}
}}

'''Ilahi Jamadar''' (March 1, 1946 – 31 January 2021<ref name="loksatta"/><ref name="bridgechronicle"/>) was an Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]] poet from [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. He was known for blending [[Urdu]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] verses in his [[ghazal]]s.

==Career==
Jamadar began writing poetry at the young age of 18.<ref name="sakal_sangli"/> He soon became a disciple of noted poet [[Suresh Bhat]].<ref name="lokmat">{{cite news |last1=Niphadkar |first1=Pradeep |title=अबोल, मिश्किल इलाही |url=https://www.lokmat.com/manthan/ghazalkar-ilahi-jamadar-a296/ |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=Lokmat |date=7 February 2021 |language=mr-IN}}</ref> His ghazals often were an amalgamation of alternating Marathi and Urdu lines.<ref name="loksatta">{{cite news |title=ज्येष्ठ गझलकार इलाही जमादार यांचे निधन |url=https://www.loksatta.com/pune-news/senior-ghazal-writer-ilahi-jamadar-passes-away-abn-97-2391393/ |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=[[Loksatta]] |date=1 February 2021 |language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=इलाही जमादार |url=https://www.loksatta.com/vyakhtivedh-news/ilahi-jamadar-profile-abn-97-2392707/ |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=[[Loksatta]] |date=3 February 2021 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

He was associated [[All India Radio]] where he presented work through various programs including ''YuvaWani'' (युववाणी), ''Marathi Sugam Sangeet'' (मराठी सुगम संगीत), ''SwarChitra'' (स्वरचित्र). He also presented his work on with [[Doordarshan]] in ''Arohi'' (आरोही).<ref name="Facebook"/> He conducted the ''Ilahi Ghazal Clinic'' training workshops for upcoming poets.<ref name="abplive_Mahfil"/><ref name="tarun bharat"/>

Jamadar organized ghazal [[mehfil]]s called ''Jakhma asha Sugandhi'', and ''Mahfil-e-Ilahi'' all over [[Maharashtra]] and even in [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="abplive_Mahfil">{{cite news |title=Gazalkar Ilahi Jamadar: प्रसिद्ध गझलकार इलाही जमादार यांचं निधन, वयाच्या 74व्या वर्षी अखेरचा श्वास |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/maharashtra/illahi-jamadar-death-gazalkar-illahi-jamadar-passes-away-859571 |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=[[ABP Majha]] |date=31 January 2021 |language=mr}}</ref> His works were often presented by noted Ghazal singer [[Bhimrao Panchale]].<ref name="sakal_sakhare">{{cite news |last1=Sakhare |first1=Manoj |title=जखमा कशा सुगंधी! |url=https://www.esakal.com/marathwada-news/aurangabad/aurangabad-latest-news-death-ghazalkar-ilahi-jamadar-age-75-406595 |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=[[Sakal]] |date=7 February 2021 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

===Works===
Jamadar wrote 25 poetry books and wrote hundreds of ghazals; many of which have been published over years in prominent newspapers, magazines in Marathi, Hindi and Urdu.<ref name="lokmat"/> His work also featured in TV shows and movies.<ref name="Facebook">{{cite news |title=गजलसम्राट इलाही जमादार |url=https://www.facebook.com/ilahiJamadargazal/posts/1777480722276734/ |access-date=27 March 2021 |date=November 2, 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tilekar |first1=Swapnal |title=Ilahi Jamadar's ghazal gets a qawwali version |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/ilahi-jamadars-ghazal-gets-a-qawwali-version/articleshow/45335586.cms |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=December 19, 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

Jamadar translated [[Kabir|Saint Kabir's]] [[Doha (poetry)|Dohe]] in Marathi and wrote over 15,000 Doha couplets.<ref name="sakal_sakhare"/><ref name="sakal_nawathe"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=पुराणिक |first1=हरिता |title=इलाही जमादार यांचं वयाच्या 75व्या वर्षी निधन |url=https://www.mumbaitak.in/news/marathi-gazalkar-ilahi-jamadar-passes-away |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=Mumbai Tak |language=mr}}</ref>

In Marathi his ghazal books/compilations included ''Ek Jamkham Sugandhi''(एक जखम सुगंधी)/''Jamkhama Asha Sugandhi'' (जखमा अशा सुगंधी), ''ShabdaSurachi BhavYatra'' (शब्दसुरांची भावयात्रा), ''Swapna Tarkanche'' (स्वप्न तारकांचे), ''Samgra Dohe Ilahiche'', ''Bhavananchi Wadale'' (भावनांची वादळे).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Metkar |first1=Vivek |title=वाचलेली, ऐकलेली माणसे गेली कुठे?; साहित्य क्षेत्रावर शोककळा, प्रसिध्द गझलकार इलाही जमादार यांचे निधन |url=https://www.esakal.com/maharashtra/akola-marathi-news-ghazal-writer-ilahi-jamadar-passed-away-bhimrao-panchale-404122 |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=[[Sakal]] |date=31 January 2021 |language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=गझलकार इलाही जमादार यांचे निधन, सांगलीतील मूळ गावी अंत्यसंस्कार होणार |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/maharashtra/death-of-ghazalkar-ilahi-jamadar-the-age-of-75-385480.html |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=TV9 Marathi |date=31 January 2021 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=इलाही जमादार - भावनांची वादळ, Ilahi Jamadar, मराठी गझल संग्रह, marathi ghazhal, marathi gazal, marathi gazhal, marathi gajhal |url=http://marathimati.com.103-21-58-247.bhin-pp-wb2.webhostbox.net/Ghazal/Nasel_Jar_Ka_Tula_Bharavasa.asp |website=marathimati.com |access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref> In Hindi, he wrote popular film songs as well as musicals. Hindi musicals included ''SwaptaSwar'' (सप्तस्वर), ''Maya aur Saya'' (माया और साया), ''Neer Kshir Vivek'' (नीर क्षीर विवेक). ''Swapna Miniche (स्वप्न मिनीचे)'' was a Marathi musical.<ref name="sakal_sangli">{{cite news |title=सुप्रसिद्ध गझलकार इलाही जमादार यांचे निधन |url=https://www.esakal.com/paschim-maharashtra-news/kolhapur/ghazalkar-ilahi-jamadar-pass-away-404107 |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=[[Sakal]] |date=31 January 2021 |language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=विख्यात गझलकार इलाही जमादार यांचं निधन |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/gazalkar-ilahi-jamadar-pass-away/550612 |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=Z 24 Taas |date=31 January 2021}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Jamadar was born on March 1, 1946, in a [[Muslim]] family in Dudhgaon village on the banks of [[Warana River|Warana river]] in [[Miraj]] taluka, erstwhile [[Sangli State]].<ref name="bridgechronicle">{{cite news |last1=Urunkar |first1=Salil |title=Renowned Ghazal writer Ilahi Jamadar passes away at 75 |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/lifestyle/entertainment/renowned-ghazal-writer-ilahi-jamadar-passes-away-at-75 |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=The Bridge Chronicle |date=31 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="गझलांजली"मधून इलाही जमादारांना सांगलीकरांनी वाहिली श्रद्धांजली |url=https://react.etvbharat.com/marathi/maharashtra/state/sangli/sanglikars-pay-homage-to-ilahi-jamadar-from-ghazalanjali/mh20210212164907397 |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=ETV Bharat News |date=February 12, 2021 |location=Sangli |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He held a full-time job in [[Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority]] and chose [[Retirement#Early retirement|voluntary retirement]] to focus on poetry.<ref name="lokmat"/><ref name="sakal_nawathe">{{cite news |last1=Nawathe |first1=Ghanshyam |title=जखम सुगंधी देऊनी इलाही गेला.... |url=https://www.esakal.com/paschim-maharashtra/gazal-poet-ilahi-jamadar-died-404284 |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=[[Sakal]] |date=1 February 2021 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

After untimely death of his wife and son, Jamadar lived alone in a small dwelling in [[Yerawada]] neighborhood in [[Pune]]. He was favorite composer of noted music director [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]. Mangeshkar helped fund Jamadar's medical bills late in his life.<ref name="loksatta"/>

In July 2020, Jamadar suffered a fall injury and damage to his brain and was admitted to the [[Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital]] in Pune.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Govind |first1=Wakde |title=प्रसिद्ध गझलकार इलाही जमादार यांच्यावर उपचार सुरू, तोल जाऊन पडल्याने डोक्याला लागला होता मार |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/maharashtra/pimpari-chinchwad-famous-ghazal-singer-ilahi-jamadar-admitted-to-hospital-mhas-462456.html |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=News18 Lokmat |date=July 4, 2021 |language=mr-IN}}</ref> He suffered from [[Dementia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pune: Renowned Marathi ghazal writer Ilahi Jamadar passes away |url=https://deccanexpress.co/cultural/pune-renowned-marathi-ghazal-writer-ilahi-jamadar-passes-away-16746/ |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=deccanexpress.co |date=31 January 2021}}</ref> He died of prolonged illness on January 31, 2021 at the age of 74.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kshirsagar |first1=Mansi |title=मराठीतील 'कोहिनूर-ए-गझल' इलाही जमादार यांचे निधन |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/ghazalkar-ilahi-jamadar-passed-away-at-the-age-of-75/articleshow/80612158.cms |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |date=31 January 2021 |language=mr}}</ref> He was buried in Dudhagaon in [[Sangli]].<ref name="tarun bharat">{{cite news |title=गझलकार इलाही जमादार यांचे निधन |url=https://tarunbharat.com/dailynews/925548 |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=[[Tarun Bharat]] |date=31 January 2021 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204051929/https://tarunbharat.com/dailynews/925548 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=दुःखद निधन: प्रसिद्ध गझलकार इलाही जमादार यांचे निधन, वयाच्या 74व्या वर्षी घेतला अखेरचा श्वास |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/local/maharashtra/mumbai/news/famous-ghazal-singer-ilahi-jamadar-passed-away-at-the-age-of-74-128179200.html |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=[[Divya Bhaskar|Divya Marathi]] |date=31 January 2021 |language=mr}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.bookganga.com/eBooks/Books?AID=5062398464124497729 Jamadar's Books on Bookganga]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamadar, Ilahi}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Buddhists]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Marathi-language poets]]
[[Category:People from Sangli]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Writers from Pune]]

Suwap, Jodhpur

2026-02-06T21:36:37Z

Shawnzus: Starting Data.

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
'''Suwap'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suwap Village Population - Phalodi - Jodhpur, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/84317-suwap-rajasthan.html#:~:text=Suwap%20is%20a%20medium%20size%20village%20located,district,%20Rajasthan%20with%20total%20234%20families%20residing. |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> is a village and gram panchayat in the [[Phalodi]] Tehsil of the [[Jodhpur District]], [[Rajasthan]], India,<ref>{{Cite web |title=अस्पताल में दो साल से चिकित्सक बढ़े न सुविधाएं, हो गया क्रमोन्नयन |url=https://www.patrika.com/jodhpur-news/doctors-grow-up-to-two-years-in-hospital-3516168 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref> known as a historic settlement granted to [[Charan]] families by Mehaji Mangaliya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Charans.org |date=2015-09-06 |title=करणी धाम – सुवाप |url=https://charans.org/suwaap/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Charans.org (चारण समागम) |language=en-US}}</ref> It's a medium-sized village with around 234 families, part of the Aau Block, offering insights into rural Rajasthani life and its historical connections, especially to the Charan community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Suwap Pin Code - 342311, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search jodhpur Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/jodhpur/suwap-pincode-342311.html |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Villages in Jodhpur district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

List of awards and nominations received by Manju Warrier

2026-02-05T07:28:19Z

Shawnzus: improved article

{{short description|Manju Warrier}}

'''[[Manju Warrier]]''' is an Indian actress and dancer who primarily appears in [[Malayalam]] films. She is one of the most successful leading actresses in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/manju-warrier-malayalam-cinema-female-superstar-back-to-work|title=How Malayalam cinema's only female superstar got back to work|first=Leena Gita|last=Reghunath|website=The Caravan|access-date=2020-05-15|archive-date=2019-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329161240/https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/manju-warrier-malayalam-cinema-female-superstar-back-to-work|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/manju-warrier-nayanthara-jyothika-female-stars-are-marching-to-a-different-but-no-less-successful-beat-4025507.html|title=Manju Warrier, Nayanthara, Jyothika: Female stars are marching to a different, but no less successful, beat|date=9 September 2017|website=Firstpost|access-date=15 May 2020|archive-date=28 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528052146/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/manju-warrier-nayanthara-jyothika-female-stars-are-marching-to-a-different-but-no-less-successful-beat-4025507.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Warrier won the [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Mention]] for her performance as Bhadra in ''[[Kannezhuthi Pottum Thottu]]''. She also won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] for her performance as Anjali in ''[[Ee Puzhayum Kadannu]]'', along with six [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Filmfare Awards for Best Actress]], a record in that category.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~kailasan/news/rahman_bags_12th_filmfare_award.htm |title=Rahman bags 12th Filmfare award |publisher=Pvv.ntnu.no |accessdate=19 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020130651/http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~kailasan/news/rahman_bags_12th_filmfare_award.htm |archivedate=20 October 2013 }}</ref>. She also won the [[ Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]] for her performance as Pachaiyamal in ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''.

== [[National Film Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
| 1999 || [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Mention (Feature Film)]] || ''[[Kannezhuthi Pottum Thottu]]'' || {{Won}}
|}

== [[Kerala State Film Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
| 1996 || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] || ''[[Ee Puzhayum Kadannu]]'' || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web|title=State Film Awards (1991–99)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234157/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm|publisher=[[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]|access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref>
|}

== [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
| 2019 || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] || ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'' || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web|title=T.N. govt. announces awards for best films, actors, directors for 2016-2022 | archive-url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-govt-announces-awards-for-best-films-actors-directors-for-2016-2022/article70566614.ece/amp/}}</ref>
|}

== [[Filmfare Awards South]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
| 1996 || rowspan="8" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress (Malayalam)]] || ''[[Ee Puzhayum Kadannu]]'' || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com:80/site/october97/south3e.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991103180423/http://www.filmfare.com/site/october97/south3e.htm|archive-date=3 November 1999|title=Filmfare – South Special|date=3 November 1999|access-date=23 September 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Kaliyattam]]'' & ''[[Aaram Thamburan]]''|| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/45thFilmfareSouthBestActresses|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170205073121/https://archive.org/details/45thFilmfareSouthBestActresses|url-status=dead|title=45th Filmfare South Best Actresses : Santosh : Free Download & Stream…|date=5 February 2017|archive-date=5 February 2017|access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Kanmadam]]'' || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/download/46thFilmfareAwardsSouthWinners/46th%20Filmfare%20Awards%20south%20winners.jpg |title=Photo |website=ia601501.us.archive.org |format=JPG|access-date=23 September 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Pathram]]'' || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~kailasan/news/rahman_bags_12th_filmfare_award.htm|title=Rahman bags 12th Filmfare award|website=pvv.ntnu.no|access-date=23 September 2021|archive-date=20 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020130651/http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~kailasan/news/rahman_bags_12th_filmfare_award.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You]]'' || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dekhnews.com/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-winners-name-list-malayalam-tamil-telugu-kannada|title=62nd Filmfare Awards South Winners Name List Malayalam Tamil Telugu Kannada|work=Dekh News|access-date=23 September 2021|archive-date=26 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026175625/https://dekhnews.com/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-winners-name-list-malayalam-tamil-telugu-kannada/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Rani Padmini (film)|Rani Padmini]]'' || {{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/nominations-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13750.amp|title=Nominations for the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)|date=7 June 2016|access-date=23 September 2021|work=Filmfare News|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210161737/https://m.filmfare.com/features/nominations-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13750.amp|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Karinkunnam 6's]]'' || {{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/64th-filmfare-awards-south-2017-full-nominations-list-983224-2017-06-17|title=64th Filmfare Awards South 2017: Here is the full nominations' list|date=17 June 2017|work=India Today|access-date=23 September 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210150012/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/64th-filmfare-awards-south-2017-full-nominations-list-983224-2017-06-17|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]]'' || {{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018-official-list-of-nominations/articleshow/64478687.cms | title=65th Jio Filmfare Awards South 2018: Official list of nominations | work=Times Of India | date=6 June 2018 | access-date=23 September 2021 | archive-date=8 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008194657/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018-official-list-of-nominations/articleshow/64478687.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Critics Best Actress (Malayalam)]]|| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/Jun/17/65th-filmfare-awards-south-heres-a-full-list-of-winners-1829417.html | title=65th Filmfare Awards (South): Here's a full list of winners | work=The New Indian Express | date=17 June 2018 | access-date=23 September 2021 | archive-date=22 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022133436/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jun/17/65th-filmfare-awards-south-heres-a-full-list-of-winners-1829417.amp | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress (Malayalam)]] || ''[[Aami]]'' || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/filmfare-awards-south-2019-the-complete-list-of-winners-kgf-yash-dhanush-dulquer-salmaan-ram-charan-6179256/lite |title=Filmfare Awards South 2019: The complete list of winners |date=22 December 2019 |access-date=23 September 2021 |work=The Indian Express |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518073100/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/filmfare-awards-south-2019-the-complete-list-of-winners-kgf-yash-dhanush-dulquer-salmaan-ram-charan-6179256/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress (Malayalam)]] || ''[[Ayisha]]'' || {{nom}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/filmfare-awards-south-2024-full-winners-list-nanis-dasara-siddharths-chithha-win-big-101722757273293.html |title=Filmfare Awards South 2024 full winners list: Nani's Dasara, Siddharth's Chithha win big |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>
|}

== [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
|1996 || [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] || ''[[Sallapam]]'', ''[[Ee Puzhayum Kadannu]]'', ''[[Thooval Kottaram]]'' || {{Won}}<ref name="Critics Awards">[https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html "കേരള ഫിലിം ക്രിട്ടിക്‌സ് അവാര്‍ഡ് 1977 – 2012"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125200724/https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html |date=2023-01-25 }}. Kerala Film Critics Association. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</ref>
|-
|1999 || Special Jury Mention || ''[[Kannezhuthi Pottum Thottu]]'' || {{Won}}<ref name="Critics Awards"/>
|-
|2017 || rowspan="2" | [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] || ''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]] &'' ''[[C/O Saira Banu]]''|| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/film-critics-awards-announced/article23621153.ece/amp | title=Film critics awards announced | work=The Hindu | date=20 April 2018 | access-date=23 September 2021 | archive-date=4 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104060458/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/film-critics-awards-announced/article23621153.ece/amp/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Prathi Poovankozhi]]'' || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/movie-news/kerala-film-critics-award-2019-nivin-pauly-manju-warrier-bag-top-honours-1.5145037 | title=Kerala Film Critics Award 2019: Nivin Pauly, Manju Warrier bag top honours | date=20 October 2020 | access-date=23 September 2021 | work=English Mathrubhumi News }}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|}

== [[Screen Awards#History|Screen Videocon Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
| 1996 || rowspan="2" | Best Actress (Malayalam) || ''[[Ee Puzhayum Kadannu]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
|1997 || ''[[Aaram Thampuran]] &'' ''[[Krishnagudiyil Oru Pranayakalathu]]''|| {{Won}}
|}

== [[South Indian International Movie Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
| 2014 || rowspan="4" | [[SIIMA for Best Actress - Malayalam|Best Actress (Malayalam)]] || ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You]]'' || {{Won}}{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Vettah]]'' || {{Nom}}
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]]'' || {{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/siima-awards-2018-nominations-vijays-mersal-leads-with-nine-nods-followed-by-vikram-vedha-4976241.html | title=SIIMA Awards 2018 nominations: Vijay's Mersal leads with nine nods, followed by Vikram Vedha | date=16 August 2018 | access-date=23 September 2021 | archive-date=18 September 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918090208/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/siima-awards-2018-nominations-vijays-mersal-leads-with-nine-nods-followed-by-vikram-vedha-4976241.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019 || ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'' & ''[[Prathi Poovankozhi]]''|| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/09/20/siima-awards-malayalam-winners-list-2019-2020-films.html | title=SIIMA awards: Check out Malayalam winners of 2019 and 2020 | work=Manorama News Online | date=20 September 2021 | access-date=23 September 2021 | archive-date=6 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006205331/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/09/20/siima-awards-malayalam-winners-list-2019-2020-films.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress (Tamil) || rowspan="2"| ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'' || {{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/siima-awards-2020-2021-check-out-the-nominations-ceremony-date-and-time-of-this-most-awaited-gala-event-707033 | title=SIIMA Awards 2020 & 2021: Check Out The Nominations, Ceremony Date And Time Of This Most Awaited Gala Event | work=The Hans India | date=18 September 2021 | access-date=23 September 2021 | archive-date=18 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918200600/https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/siima-awards-2020-2021-check-out-the-nominations-ceremony-date-and-time-of-this-most-awaited-gala-event-707033 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress – Critics (Tamil) || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/soorarai-pottru-and-asuran-wins-big-at-siima-2020-and-2021-news-tamil-vjuflkcdfiiji.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921074856/https://www.sify.com/movies/soorarai-pottru-and-asuran-wins-big-at-siima-2020-and-2021-news-tamil-vjuflkcdfiiji.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 21, 2021 | title='Soorarai Pottru' and 'Asuran' wins big at SIIMA 2020 and 2021 | date=21 September 2021 | access-date=23 September 2021 | work=Sify News}}</ref>
|}

== [[Asianet Film Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
| 1998 || rowspan="8" | Best Actress || ''[[Kanmadam]]'' || {{Won}}{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Kannezhuthi Pottum Thottu]]'' and ''[[Pathram]]''|| {{Won}}{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| 2014 || ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You?]]'' || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://techuloid.com/winners-17th-asianet-film-awards-2015 | title=Winners of 17th Asianet Film Awards 2015 | work=Techloid | date=11 January 2015 | access-date=23 September 2021 | archive-date=17 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917195030/https://techuloid.com/winners-17th-asianet-film-awards-2015/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Rani Padmini (film)|Rani Padmini]]'' and ''[[Ennum Eppozhum]]''|| {{Nom}}
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Vettah]]'' || {{Won}}{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]]'' and ''[[C/O Saira Banu]]''|| {{Nom}}
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Aami]]'' and ''[[Odiyan]]''|| {{Won}}
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2019 ||''[[Prathi Poovankozhi]]'' || {{Nom}}
|-
| Most Popular Tamil Actress || [[Asuran (2019 film)|''Asuran'']]|| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/industry-briefing-news/uyare-wins-best-film-award-at-22nd-asianet-film-awards-2020-102592.html | title=Uyare wins best film award at 22nd Asianet Film Awards 2020 | access-date=23 September 2021 | work=Exchange 4 Media | date=10 February 2020 | archive-date=27 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027180527/https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/industry-briefing-news/uyare-wins-best-film-award-at-22nd-asianet-film-awards-2020-102592.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== [[Vanitha Film Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
| 2015 || rowspan="5" | Best Actress || ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You?]]'' || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2015/03/winners-of-vanitha-film-awards-2015.html?m=1 |title=Winners of Vanitha Film Awards, 2015 |access-date=23 September 2021 |work=Vinodadarshan |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026182322/https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2015/03/winners-of-vanitha-film-awards-2015.html?m=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Karinkunnam 6's]]'' || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/vanitha-film-awards-mohanlal-manju-warrier-win.html | title=Vanitha-Cera film awards 2017: Mohanlal, Manju Warrier win top honors | date=8 February 2017 | access-date=23 September 2021 | work=Onmaorama | archive-date=26 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026200517/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/vanitha-film-awards-mohanlal-manju-warrier-win.amp.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]]'' || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2018/02/winners-of-vanitha-film-awards-2018-list.html?m=1|title=Vanitha Film Awards 2018 : Winner's List|work=Vinodadarshan|access-date=23 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925125920/https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2018/02/winners-of-vanitha-film-awards-2018-list.html?m=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Aami]] &'' ''[[Odiyan]]''|| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/03/02/vanitha-film-awards-winners-list-live-show-kochi.html |title=Vanitha Film Awards: Mohanlal wins Best Actor, Manju Warrier is Best Actress |date=2 March 2019 |access-date=23 September 2021 |work=Onmanorama |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164614/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/03/02/vanitha-film-awards-winners-list-live-show-kochi.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Prathi Poovankozhi]]'' & ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]''|| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/02/09/vanitha-film-awards-2020-winners-list-madhuri-jacqueline-kochi.html | title=Vanitha film awards 2020: Mohanlal wins best actor, Manju Warrier is best actress | date=9 February 2020 | work=Onmanorama | access-date=23 September 2021 | archive-date=28 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928051410/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/02/09/vanitha-film-awards-2020-winners-list-madhuri-jacqueline-kochi.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== [[Asiavision Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
| 2014 || rowspan="5" | Best Actress || ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You?]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Rani Padmini (film)|Rani Padmini]]''|| {{Nom}}
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Vettah]]'' & ''[[Karinkunnam 6's]]''|| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/asiavision-movie-awards-2016-nivin-pauly-manju-warrier-mohanlal.html | title=Asiavision Movie Awards 2016 announced: and the winners are. | date=16 November 2016 | work=Onmaorama | access-date=23 September 2021 | archive-date=10 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610104843/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/asiavision-movie-awards-2016-nivin-pauly-manju-warrier-mohanlal.amp.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]]'' || {{Won}}{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Aami]]'' || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2019/02/asiavision-movie-awards-2018-winners.html?m=1 | title=Winners of Asiavision Movie Awards 2018 – Complete List | access-date=23 September 2021 | work=Vinodadarshan | archive-date=27 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027174046/https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2019/02/asiavision-movie-awards-2018-winners.html?m=1 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== [[IIFA Utsavam]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
| 2015 || rowspan="2" | Best Actress || ''[[Ennum Eppozhum]]'' || {{Nom}}
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Vettah]]'' || {{Nom}}
|}

== North American Film Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
| 2017 || rowspan="2" | Best Actress || ''[[Vettah]]'' & ''[[Karinkunnam 6's]]''|| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nafaawards.com/winners |title=The Winners of NAFA Awards 2017 |work=NAFA Website |access-date=23 September 2021 |archive-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015223525/http://nafaawards.com/winners |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]]'' || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nafaawards.com/winners2018 |title=The Winners of NAFA Awards 2018 |work=NAFA Website |access-date=23 September 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603202247/http://www.nafaawards.com/winners2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Other Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
| 1996 || Film Fans Awards || rowspan="2" | Best Actress || ''[[Thooval Kottaram]]'' || {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014 || Mangalam Film Awards || | ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You?]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
|| [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] || [[Kuchipudi]] || {{N/A}} || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/dance-a-ksna/466|title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Dance|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227050002/http://www.keralaculture.org/dance-a-ksna/466|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|| [[Manorama Awards]] || Newsmaker of the Year || {{N/A}} || {{Won}}{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| 2016 || Janmabhumi Awards || rowspan="6" | Best Actress || ''[[Vettah]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=3|2017
|| Anand TV Awards || ''[[Vettah]]'' & ''[[Karinkunnam 6's]]''|| {{Won}}
|-
| Movie Street Film Excellence Awards || rowspan="2"| ''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]] &'' ''[[C/O Saira Banu]]''|| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/02/05/fahadh-manju-aishwarya-corner-movie-street-film-excellence-awards.html |title=Fahad Manju Aiswaraya Corner Movie Street Film Awards |date=5 February 2018 |access-date=23 September 2021 |work=Online Manorama News |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411002623/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/02/05/fahadh-manju-aishwarya-corner-movie-street-film-excellence-awards.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Asianet Comedy Awards || {{Nom}}
|-
| 2018 || Flowers Indian Film Awards || ''[[Aami]] &'' ''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]]''|| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2018/05/flowers-indian-film-awards-2018-winners.html?m=1 |title=Flowers Indian Film Awards : 2018 Winners |work=www.vinodadarshan.com |access-date=23 September 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027174337/https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2018/05/flowers-indian-film-awards-2018-winners.html?m=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019 || Nana Film Awards || ''[[Aami]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Behindwoods Gold Medals || Best Actress (Malayalam) || ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| Best Actress – Special Mention (Tamil) || rowspan="2" | ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| 2020 || JFW Movie Awards || Best Actress || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://jfwonline.com/article/twin-birds-presents-jfw-movie-awards-2020-an-unforgettable-night-with-impeccable-style-and-substance/amp | title=Twin Birds Presents JFW Movie Awards 2020: An Unforgettable Night With Impeccable Style And Substance | work=JFW Online | access-date=23 September 2021 | archive-date=17 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117010420/https://jfwonline.com/article/twin-birds-presents-jfw-movie-awards-2020-an-unforgettable-night-with-impeccable-style-and-substance/amp/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Mazhavil Entertainment Awards || Best Entertainer Actress || ''[[Prathi Poovankozhi]]'' || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://totalreporter.com/mazhavil-entertainment-awards-2022-winners-telecast-date-time-and-more-details/|title=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards 2022 Winners, Telecast Date, Time and More Details|work=totalreporter.com|access-date=2022-09-08|archive-date=2022-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908140450/https://totalreporter.com/mazhavil-entertainment-awards-2022-winners-telecast-date-time-and-more-details/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor|Warrier, Manju]]

K. Hari Kumar

2026-02-04T03:37:10Z

Shawnzus: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian author and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = K. Hari Kumar
| native_name = Harikumar Krishnamoorthy
| native_name_lang = [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
| image = Haristranger.jpg
| alt =
| caption = K. Hari Kumar, Mumbai
| pseudonym = K Hari Kumar
| birth_name = Harikumar Krishnamoorthy
| birth_date = 1989
| birth_place = [[Tripunithura]]
| occupation = Author, screenwriter
| language = English, [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Hindi]], [[Malayalam]]
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools System|DAV]]
| genre = Horror, folklore and mythology, [[psychological thriller]]
| notableworks = Daiva, India's Most Haunted, [[Bhram (web series)]]
| years_active = 2013–present
| website = {{URL|theharikumar.com}}
| citizenship = Indian
| subject = folklore, mythology, horror, psychological thriller
}}

'''Harikumar Krishnamoorthy''' (born 3 January 1989), better known as '''K. Hari Kumar''', is an Indian author and screenwriter born in [[Cochin]] and brought up in [[Gurgaon]]. He did his schooling from DAV Public School. His first book ''When Strangers Meet'' was published in 2013,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/An-Extrasensory-Tale/2015/02/11/article2662581.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125134326/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/An-Extrasensory-Tale/2015/02/11/article2662581.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 November 2015|title=An Extrasensory Tale|access-date=2016-08-04}}</ref> followed by ''That Frequent Visitor'' (2015), ''India's Most Haunted'' (2019), ''Daiva'' (2024) and ''Dakini'' (2024). He has penned the story and screenplay for [[E (Malayalam Movie)]] and the Hindi language psychological horror web-series [[Bhram (web series)]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://metromatinee.com/news/carnival-motion-pictures-release-sangeeth-sivan-kukku-surendran-movie-e|title=Carnival Motion Pictures Worldwide releasing E|work=www.topmovierankings.com|access-date=2017-04-07|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205182519/http://metromatinee.com/news/carnival-motion-pictures-release-sangeeth-sivan-kukku-surendran-movie-e|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has been featured as one of the top horror writers of India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/top-7-indian-horror-authors|title=Top 7 Indian Horror Authors to be Read {{!}} DESIblitz|date=10 July 2017|work=DESIblitz|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-GB}}</ref> He has written 50 horror short stories which featured in the 2019 book called ''India's Most Haunted''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harpercollins.co.in/book/indias-most-haunted/|title=India's Most Haunted|website=HarperCollinsPublishers India|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Harikumar Krishnamoorthy was born on 3 January 1989 in [[Tripunithura]], Kerala,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130610/lifestyle-offbeat/article/storyteller-heart|title=Storyteller at heart|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2016-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005184810/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130610/lifestyle-offbeat/article/storyteller-heart|archive-date=5 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> but grew up in Gurgaon, [[Haryana]]. After completing his engineering, he started making documentaries and short films with friends. In 2010, he fell ill and finished writing his first book<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/for-the-people/article4981708.ece|title=For the people|date=2 August 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-04}}</ref> ''When Strangers Meet'', published in 2013 by Srishti Publishers. His second book ''That Frequent Visitor'' was published in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/An-Extrasensory-Tale/2015/02/11/article2662581.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125134326/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/An-Extrasensory-Tale/2015/02/11/article2662581.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 November 2015|title=An Extrasensory Tale|access-date=2016-08-04}}</ref> ''The Other Side Of Her'', is a psychological thriller published in 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeetv.zee5.com/kalki-koechlin-to-play-a-novelist-suffering-from-ptsd-in-zee5-original-web-series-bhram/|title=Kalki Koechlin To Play A Novelist Suffering From PTSD in ZEE5 Original Web Series Bhram|date=17 July 2019|website=Zee TV|access-date=2019-07-17|archive-date=17 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717195629/https://zeetv.zee5.com/kalki-koechlin-to-play-a-novelist-suffering-from-ptsd-in-zee5-original-web-series-bhram/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and inspired the Hindi language web-series Bhram starring [[Kalki Koechlin]], [[Sanjay Suri]], [[Eijaz Khan]], [[Bhumika Chawla]], [[Omkar Kapoor]], [[Rajendranath Zutshi]] and Harsh Vashisht.

Under the mentorship of filmmaker, [[Sangeeth Sivan]], K Hari Kumar ventured into mainstream feature films with [[E (Malayalam Movie)]] which marks the comeback of actress [[Gautami]] in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.topmovierankings.com/news/gautami-tadimalla-is-returning-for-e|title=Gautami Tadimalla is returning for E- Sangeeth Sivan, Kukku S|work=www.topmovierankings.com|access-date=2017-04-07|language=en|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411103335/https://www.topmovierankings.com/news/gautami-tadimalla-is-returning-for-e/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
=== Books ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Publisher
!ISBN
!Note
|-
|2013
|When Strangers Meet.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130909/lifestyle-booksart/article/writers%E2%80%99-blog|title=The Deccan Chronicle|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005184500/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130909/lifestyle-booksart/article/writers%E2%80%99-blog|archive-date=5 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|Srishti Publishers
|978-9380349930
|Novel
|-
|2015
|That Frequent Visitor
|Srishti Publishers
|978-9382665304
|Novel
|-
|2018
|The Other Side of Her
|Srishti Publishers
|978-9387022416
|Novel, inspired web-series Bhram
|-
|2019
|India's Most Haunted
|[[HarperCollins]]
|978-9353573553
|Collection of fifty horror short stories based on real haunted places in India
|-
|2021
|Dakhma
|[[HarperCollins]]
|978-9354890628
|Novel
|-
|2022
|Asian Ghost Stories
|Flame Tree Publishing
|978-1839648823
|Foreword only
|-
|2022
|Indiayile Prethalayangal
|Mathrubhumi Books
|978-9390865826
|Malayalam translation of India's Most Haunted
|-
|2024
|Daiva - Discovering the Extraordinary World of Spirit Worship
|[[HarperCollins]]
|978-9354899744
|A book on folklore and regional mythology of Tulunadu
|-
|2024
|Dakini
|[[HarperCollins]]
|978-9362130143
|Novel
|-
|2025
|Naaga - Discovering the Extraordinary World of Serpent Worship
|[[HarperCollins]]
|978-9369892655
|A book on Indian serpent lore and ophiolatry
|}

== Filmography ==
=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Film
![[Screenwriter|Screenplay]]
![[Screenwriter|Story]]
![[Screenwriter|Dialogues]]
!Actor
!Role
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2017
|''[[E (2017 film)|E]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/telugu-actress-nithya-naresh-to-debut-in-m-town-with-the-film-e/articleshow/57606381.cms|title=Telugu actress Nithya Naresh to debut in M-Town with the film, E – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-04-07}}</ref>
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|As Mr. Menon<ref>{{Citation|title=E: The Movie (2017)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6765840/?ref_=nm_knf_i3|access-date=2017-09-04}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Film
![[Screenwriter|Screenplay]]
![[Screenwriter|Story]]
![[Screenwriter|Dialogues]]
!Actor
!Role
!Platform
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2019
|''Bhram''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/showbiz/bollywood-news-kalki-koechlin-to-play-a-novelist-with-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-in-psychological-thriller-bhram-3719659/|title=Kalki to Play a Novelist With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Psychological Thriller Bhram|last=Desk|first=India com Entertainment|date=17 July 2019|website=India.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-17}}</ref>
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Journalist
|[[List of ZEE5 original web series|ZEE5]]
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hari Kumar, K.}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian horror writers]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kochi]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]

Polavaram mandal

2026-02-04T01:20:41Z

Shawnzus: created basic stub w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Polavaram mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.2479|N|81.6432|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Polavaram, West Godavari district|Polavaram]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Mandal Parishad]]
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - West Godavari|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=20 February 2016|pages=22,176}}</ref>
| area_rank = 119.59
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 45392
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}
}}
'''Polavaram mandal''' is one of the 27 [[mandal]]s in [[Eluru district]] of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Jangareddigudem [[revenue division]] and the headquarters are located at [[Polavaram, Eluru district|Polavaram]].<ref name=map>{{cite web|title=West Godavari District Mandals|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part31.pdf|publisher=Census of India|access-date=20 February 2016|pages=422,464}}</ref> The mandal lies on the banks of [[Godavari River]] which separates it from [[East Godavari district]] and is bounded by Gopalapuram and [[Buttayagudem]] mandals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in West Godavari district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/WestGodavari.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|access-date=20 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429220632/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/westgodavari.html|archive-date=29 April 2015}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[census of India]], the mandal had a population of 45,392 with 13,677 households. The total population constitute, 22,345 males and 23,047 females —a sex ratio of 983 females per 1031 males. 4,846 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 2,514 are boys and 2,332 are girls. The literacy rate stands at 23.12 with 9,497 literates.<ref name=census />

== Government and politics ==
Polavaram mandal is one of the [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly#West Godavari district|4 mandals]] under [[Polavaram (ST) (Assembly constituency)]], which in turn represents [[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="delimitation">{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf
|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=20 February 2016|page=20,30}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

{{As of|2011}} [[census of India]], the mandal has 23 settlements and all are villages.<ref name=map /><ref name=census />

The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|style=width:650px;|
# Cheeduru
# Chegondapalle
# Chilakaluru
# Dharvada
# Geddapalle
# Gutala
# Kondrukota
# Koruturu
# Lakshminarayana Devipeta
# Nagampalem
# Pattisam (Pattisema or PathaPattisema)
# [[Polavaram, Eluru district|Polavaram]] (CT) †
# Pragada Palle
# Pydipaka
# Ravigudem ‡
# Saripallekunta
# Singanapalle
# Sirivaka
# Sivagiri
# Tekuru
# Thutigunta
# Venkatapuram ‡
# Vinjaram
}}

{{refbegin}}
;Notes
:(†) Mandal headquarter
:(‡) Uninhabited
{{refend}}

== See also ==
* [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Eluru district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Eluru district]]

Dharmapuri district

2026-01-23T11:40:51Z

Shawnzus: Improved article clarity and structure

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dharmapuri district
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a =
|photo2a = Vathalmalai in dharmapuri.jpg
|photo2b = Hogenakkal Tamil Nadu.JPG
|photo3a = Vaiyar Dam, Pappireddipatti 2.jpg
|photo3b = St. Mary's Church - Kadagathur.jpg
|photo4a = Chendrayaperumal Temple Easternside view.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left:[[Sri Kalyana Ramaswamy temple]], Vathalmalai, [[Hogenakkal Falls|Hogenakkal Waterfalls]], St. Mary's Church in [[Kadagathur, Dharamapuri|Kadagathur]], [[Chenraya Perumal Temple]], Vaiyar Dam near [[Pappireddipatti]]
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|12|7|33.6|N|78|9|14.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|22px]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 2 October 1965
| founder = [[M. Bhakthavatsalam]]
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu|Dharmapuri]]
| parts_type = [[Taluka|Taluks]]
| parts = [[Dharmapuri taluk|Dharmapuri]], [[Nallampalli taluk|Nallampalli]], [[Palacode taluk|Palakcode]], [[Karimangalam taluk|Karimangalam]], [[Pennagaram taluk|Pennagaram]], [[Harur taluk|Harur]], [[Pappireddipatti taluk|Pappireddipatti]], [[Eriyur taluk|Eriyur]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = [[District Collector]]
| leader_name1 = R.Sadheesh, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title2 = [[Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name2 = S.S.Maheswaran, [[Indian Police Service|I.P.S]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 4497.77
| area_rank = 11
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,506,843
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = 24
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 636(xxx)
| area_code = 04342
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#TN—Tamil Nadu|TN]]-29<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/sta/a2.pdf |title=www.tn.gov.in |access-date=26 September 2011 |archive-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823194333/https://www.tn.gov.in/sta/a2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = Largest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu|Dharmapuri]]
| website = {{URL|dharmapuri.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Largest metro
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu|Dharmapuri]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[IUCN protected area categories|IUCN category]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = 
| blank4_name_sec1 = Central location:
| blank4_info_sec1 = {{coord|12|7|N|78|9|E}}
| official_name =
}}

'''Dharmapuri district''' is one of the 38 districts in the state of [[Tamil-Nadu]], India. It is the [[List of districts in Tamil Nadu|first district]] created in Tamil Nadu after the [[independence of India]] by splitting it from then-[[Salem district]] on 2 October 1965. Dharmapuri District is one of the major producers of mango in the state, fine quality [[granite]] is found in the district. It is also one of the main [[sericulture]] belts in the state. Around 30 percent of the district's area is under forest cover. [[Kaveri]] enters Tamil Nadu through this district. Dharmapuri district had the lowest literacy rate of 74.23% in Tamilnadu during the 2011 census.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dharmapuri District Population, Tamil Nadu, List of Taluks in Dharmapuri|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/tamil-nadu/dharmapuri-population.html|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Censusindia2011.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Dharmapuri was called ''Thagadur'' during the [[Sangam period|Sangam era]]. The name Thagadur is derived from two [[Tamil language|Tamil]] words, ''Thagadu'' meaning iron ore, and ''ur'' meaning place. The name Thagadur was changed to Dharmapuri after the Sangam period, possibly during the period of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] or the period of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. The name Thagadur is still used by some of the people of Dharmapuri.

==History==
The region is believed to have been controlled by the [[Pallava dynasty]] in the 8th century. The [[Rashtrakuta]]s took over in the 9th century. They were defeated by the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] in the 11th century, and subsequently the district came under the Chola sphere of governance.<ref name="hstry"/>

[[File:Adimoolaperumal.j.jpg|thumb|[[Adi Srinivasa perumal temple]], Dharmapuri built by Pallavas]]

During 18th century, present-day Dharmapuri district was part of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and was called Baramahal. As part of the [[Treaty of Seringapatam]] (signed on 18 March 1792) after the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]], Tipu Sultan agreed to give part of his territories including present-day Dharmapuri district to the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] which was then merged into the [[Madras Presidency]] an [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|administrative subdivision]] of [[British India]].

The present-day district was part of the [[Salem District]] under British rule, until the founding of Dharmapuri district on 2 October 1965. The Dharmapuri district was split into Dharmapuri and [[Krishnagiri district]]s in 2004.<ref name="hstry">{{cite web | url=http://www.dharmapuri.tn.nic.in/history.htm | title=History of Dharmapuri District | publisher=Dharmapuri District Official TN Website | access-date=1 March 2014 | archive-date=17 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217043639/http://www.dharmapuri.tn.nic.in/history.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Many historical rock sculptures are found in this district. Modhur, a village near Dharmapuri has remains that date back to the [[Neolithic age]]. A government museum in Dharmapuri town displays some of these significant sculptures. Excavations at another village, [[Perumbalai]], have unearthed artifacts dating back centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muruganandham |first=T. |date=2024-07-03 |title=Artefacts in TN's Perumbalai excavation site reveal an Iron Age story |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Jul/03/artefacts-in-tns-perumbalai-excavation-site-reveal-an-iron-age-story |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
The district is located between latitudes N 11 47’ and 12 33’ and longitudes E 77 02’ and 78 40’. Occupies an area of {{convert|4497.77|km²|abbr=on}} (i.e. 3.46% of Tamil Nadu). It is bounded on the north by [[Krishnagiri District]], on the east by [[Tiruvannamalai District]] and [[Kallakurichi district]], on the south by [[Salem District]], and on the west by Karnataka's [[Chamarajanagar District]]. The whole district is surrounded by hills and forests, and the terrain consists mostly of rolling plains.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmapuri District Disaster Management Plan |url=https://tnsdma.tn.gov.in/img/document/DDMPPDF/Dharmapuri%20District%20DDMA%20Plan-24.pdf}}</ref>

===Forests===
The whole district is predominantly covered with forests. Spider Valley located near [[Hogenakkal (village)|Hogenakkal]] is home to many wild animals. The district falls in the migratory path of elephants. Conflicts between man and elephant are most common in these parts. Many tribal communities depend on these forests. Vathalmalai, a mountain hamlet on top of Shervarayan hill chain has suitable conditions to cultivate coffee and [[jackfruit]]. Wild boars and [[spotted deer]] are commonly seen in Morappur and [[Harur]] forest region. [[Gaur]]s sometimes stroll near villages in the [[Bommidi]] region. [[Thoppur|Thoppur ghat]] has one of the area's scenic highways surrounded by mountains and forests.

'''Rivers and dams'''

Waterbodies in Dharmapuri - Pappireddipatti-Vaniyaru Dam is most important river and dam in this district. This river joined to Thenpennai river, [[Harur taluk]], [[Chinnar River|Chinnaru river]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Flood alert in Dharmapuri district; lake overflows in Krishnagiri |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/flood-alert-in-dharmapuri-dist-lake-overflows-in-krishnagiri/articleshow/95000522.cms |access-date=2023-10-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Ramakkal Lake]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramakkal lake in TN polluted & emits foul smell, residents demand rejuvenation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/sep/14/ramakkal-lake-in-tn-polluted--emits-foul-smell-residents-demand-rejuvenation-2614615.html |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Governance==
[[Dharmapuri]] is the district headquarters. The district has been divided into two revenue divisions, namely, Dharmapuri and Harur consisting seven [[Tehsil|taluks]].

===Administrative divisions===
'''Municipality:'''

#[[Dharmapuri]],
#[[Harur]]

'''Town Panchayats:'''

#[[Bommidi]]
#[[Kadathur (Dharmapuri)|Kadathur]]
#[[Kambainallur]]
#[[Kariamangalam]]
#[[Marandahalli]]
#[[Palakkodu]]
#[[Papparapatti, Dharmapuri|Papparapatti]]
#[[Pappireddipatti]]
#[[Pennagaram]]
#[[Koothapadi]]

'''Proposed Municipal Corporations:'''

#[[Dharmapuri]]

'''Proposed Municipality:'''

#[[Palakkodu]]
#[[Pennagaram]]

'''Proposed Town Panchayats:'''

#[[Nallampalli]]
#[[Morappur block|Morappur]]
#[[Thoppur]]

'''Panchayat Unions:'''

#[[Dharmapuri]]
#[[Harur]]
#[[Nallampalli]]
#[[Palacode]]
#[[Pennagaram]]
#[[Karimangalam block|Karimangalam]]
#[[Morappur block|Morappur]]
#[[Pappireddipatti]]
#[[Kadathur]]
#[[Eriyur Block|Eriyur]]

'''Revenue divisions:'''

#[[Dharmapuri division|Dharmapuri]]
#[[Harur division|Harur]].

'''Revenue taluks:'''

#[[Dharmapuri taluk|Dharmapuri]]
#[[Harur taluk|Harur]]
#[[Karimangalam taluk|Karimangalam]]
#[[Nallampalli taluk|Nallampalli]]
#[[Palacode taluk|Palacode]]
#[[Pappireddipatti taluk|Pappireddipatti]]
#[[Pennagaram taluk|Pennagaram]].

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,28,897|13=1911|14=3,44,203|15=1921|16=3,28,877|17=1931|18=3,83,902|19=1941|20=4,43,969|21=1951|22=4,99,582|23=1961|24=6,15,809|25=1971|26=7,96,404|27=1981|28=9,40,175|29=1991|30=11,23,583|31=2001|32=12,95,182|33=2011|34=15,06,843|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}

According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Dharmapuri district had a population of 1,506,843 with a sex-ratio of 946 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 167,940 were under the age of six, constituting 87,777 males and 80,163 females. The average literacy of the district was 91.2% compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The district had a total of 375,873 households. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 16.29% and 4.18% of the population respectively. There were a total of 751,170 workers, comprising 191,080 cultivators, 217,062 main agricultural labourers, 11,308 in house hold industries, 233,546 other workers, 98,174 marginal workers, 10,248 marginal cultivators, 50,283 marginal agricultural labourers, 4,033 marginal workers in household industries and 33,610 other marginal workers. 17.32% of the population lived in urban areas.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Dharmapuri district|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=703298|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> The population of the district is roughly equal to the nation of [[Gabon]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote =Gabon 1,576,665}}</ref> or the US state of [[Hawaii]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=2011-09-30
|quote=Hawaii 1,360,301
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=2013-10-19
}}</ref>
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Dharmapuri district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Tamil Nadu |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11392/download/14505/DDW33C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hinduism]]|darkorange|96.42}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|2.54}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christianity]]|purple|0.94}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.10}}
}}
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Dharmapuri district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value1 = 87.90 |color1 = royalblue
|label2 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value2 = 6.51 |color2 = steelblue
|label3 = [[Kannada]] |value3 = 2.95 |color3 = darkslateblue
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 2.26 |color4 = green
|label5 = Others |value5 = 0.38 |color5 = gray
|thumb=left
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 87.90% of the population spoke [[Tamil language|Tamil]], 6.51% [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 2.95% [[Kannada]] and 2.26% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Tamil Nadu |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222/download/13334/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3300.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Politics==
{{transcluded section|source=16th Tamil Nadu Assembly}}
{{#section:16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|Dharmapuri district}}
|}

==Economy==

===Agriculture===
Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri districts account for more than 60% to 70% total mango production in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Mango cultivation in TN">{{cite web|title= Mango cultivation in TamilNadu(Dharmapuri & Krishnagiri Districts)|url=http://tnhorticulture.tn.gov.in/horti/horticulture-map|publisher=National Horticulture Board, Government Of INDIA}}</ref> It is a major producer of Ragi and saamai crops in the state. Exotic crops like dates are also being cultivated by some farmers in the areas around Ariyakulam.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Crop !! Area under cultivation (in hect.) !! in %
|-
| Paddy (Sornavari / Kuruvai / Kar / Samba / Thallady / Pisanam/ Navarai / Kodai) || 9,465 || 5.60%
|-
| Millets (Ragi) || 18,243 || 10.80%
|-
| Other Minor Millets || 69,162 || 40.90%
|-
| Pulses || 40,441 || 23.90%
|-
| Sugar Cane || 11,971 || 07.10%
|-
| Mango || 6,506 || 03.80%
|-
| Coconut || 7,037 || 04.20%
|-
| Tamarind || 1,197 || 00.70%
|-
| Other Crops || 5,067 || 03.00%
|-
| '''Total'''|| 1,69,089 ||100%
|}

[[Kaveri river]], [[Ponnaiyar river]], Thoppaiyaru river, Chinnar river, Nagavathy river, [[Vanniyar river]] and Sanathkumara river are the major water sources but mostly Agriculture here is dependent on groundwater resources and Tank Irrigation

==See also==
*[[Tribal Health Initiative]]
*[[List of districts of Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://dharmapuri.nic.in/ Dharmapuri District's Government website]
* [http://www.dpi.net.in/ Dharmapuri District's Support website]
* [http://www.facebook.com/dharmapurinambaooru Dharmapuri- Idhu Namba Ooru Machi]

{{Dharmapuri district}}
{{Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dharmapuri district| ]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Districts of Tamil Nadu]]

Surya Prakash Meena

2026-01-15T11:22:25Z

Shawnzus:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Shamshabad Assembly constituency|Shamshabad]]
| term_start = 2008-2018 , 2023
| term_end = present
| profession = Politician
| predecessor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Surya Prakash Meena''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a three time elected [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]], [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]], and [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Shamshabad Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shamshabad Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Shamshabad Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/shamshabad-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shamshabad assembly election results 2023: Shamshabad Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/shamshabad-assembly-result-12148 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meena, Surya Prakash}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Road

2026-01-11T16:54:08Z

Shawnzus: created new entry added tags.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2026}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Road
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Road in Kolkata (Calcutta)
| image_caption = Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Road
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
| coordinates = {{coord|22.48348|N|88.352948|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata District|Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
| subdivision_name4 = {{Bulleted list|[[Masterda Surya Sen metro station|Masterda Surya Sen]]|[[Gitanjali metro station|Gitanjali]]}}
| governing_body = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
}}

'''Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Road''' is a road that runs through [[South Kolkata]] connecting [[Tollygunge]] area near [[Mahanayak Uttam Kumar metro station|Mahanayak Uttam Kumar metro station]] and [[Garia]] near Garia Crossing or Garia More.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/netaji-subhas-chandra-boses-wanderer-w24-that-changed-indian-history/cid/2108125|title=Midnight machine: The Wanderer W24 that changed Indian history|publisher=The Telegraph|access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>

The road is narrow, but carries a considerable amount of traffic throughout the day.

==Landmarks==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2026}}
* The [[Indrapuri Film Studio]]s
* The [[ITC Sangeet Research Academy]]
* The Assembly of God Church School (Tollygunge branch)
* Sri Aurobindo Institute of Culture
* Swetamber [[Gujarati Jain]] Temple
* [[Bansdroni]] Supermarket
* [[Masterda Surya Sen metro station]]
* [[Naktala High School]]
* [[Gitanjali metro station]]
* Malancha Cinema
* BSNL Telephone Exchange
* The Tolly Residency
* [[Garia]] Bus Stand

==Transport==
Several Buses ply on NSC Bose Road are:
* AC-6 (Garia 6 no Bus stand- Howrah Stn)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youfindgo.com/listing/ac-6-bus-services/|title=AC 6 Bus Services|publisher=You Find Go|access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>
* S-7 (Garia 6 no Bus stand - Howrah Stn)
* 80A (Garia - Esplanade)
* 205 (Bansdroni - Babughat)
* 205A (Bansdroni - Babughat)
* 228 (Garia - Babughat)
* S-112 Mini (Naktala - Howrah Stn)
* S-113 Mini (Harinavi - Howrah Stn)
* 41 (Layelka - Howrah Stn)
* 41B (Netaji Nagar - Howrah Stn)
* SD 5 (Khariberia - Sonarpur Stn)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Roads in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Memorials to Subhas Chandra Bose]]

{{India-road-stub}}

Telangana State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission

2025-12-23T19:22:49Z

Shawnzus: Starting Entry.

{{Short description|Indian constitutional institution}}
{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Telangana State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
| native_name =
| established = 1986
| jurisdiction = [[Telangana]]
| location = 6-3-609/5/2, Anand Nagar Colony, Khairtabad, [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]] 500004.<ref name="tscd ref1">{{cite web |title=Telangana State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission |url=https://scdrc.tg.nic.in/index.jsp |website=Telangana State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref>
| appealsto =
| terms = 3 years from the date of entering office or up to 65 years of age (whichever is earlier)
| website = https://scdrc.tg.nic.in/index.jsp
| chiefjudgetitle = President, Telangana State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
| chiefjudgename = Hon'ble Mr. Justice M.S.K. Jaiswal
| chiefjudgetitle2 =
| chiefjudgename2 =
}}

The '''Telangana State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission''' is an [[autonomous]], [[statutory]] and [[constitution]]al institution formed as a [[quasi-judicial body]] in [[Telangana]] under Section 24-B of the [[Consumer Protection Act, 1986]] to protect the rights of [[consumer]]s. It is a system of [[Alternative dispute resolution|alternate dispute resolution]] between conflicting parties during the process of [[trade]]. The president of the States Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission is appointed by the [[State governments of India|state government]] in consultation with the [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]] of state [[High courts of India|high court]].

== History and objective ==

Telangana State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission was formed to promote and protect the rights of consumers as per the Consumer Protection Act 1986.<ref name="scd ref17">{{cite news |title=Consumer Protection Act, 2019: Meaning and Key Features |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/meaning-and-features-of-consumer-protection-act-2019-1578557665-1 |access-date=29 January 2022 |publisher=Jagranjosh |date=23 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="scd ref15">{{cite news |title=Consumer commission vacancies: SC warns of imposing exemplary costs on state govts for non-compliance {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/consumer-commission-vacancies-sc-warns-of-imposing-exemplary-costs-on-state-govts-for-non-compliance/articleshow/87631508.cms |access-date=28 January 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=10 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="scd ref8">{{cite news |title=No chambers or even staff washrooms — bleak state of India's consumer courts reaches SC |url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/no-chambers-or-even-staff-washrooms-bleak-state-of-indias-consumer-courts-reaches-sc/780705/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=ThePrint |date=14 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="scd ref5">{{cite news |title=Consumer cases in district levels drop 26% in 2020 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/consumer-cases-in-district-levels-drop-26-in-2020/article37902841.ece |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=thehindubusinessline.com |date=8 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Following shall be the composition of Telangana State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission:<ref name="scd ref3">{{cite news |title=The Role Of Consumer Dispute Redressal Agencies - Academike |url=https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/consumer-dispute-redrsal-agencies/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=lawctopus.com |date=14 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="scd ref9">{{cite news |title=Consumer Protection Act and Medical Profession - Consumer Disputes Redressal Agencies |url=https://www.medindia.net/indian_health_act/consumer_protection_act_and_medical_profession_consumer_disputes_redressal_agencies.htm |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=medindia.net}}</ref>

#President and
#Not less than two members and not more than that prescribed in State Act.

President will be appointed by state Government in consultation with the Chief Justice of state High Court. The eligibility for president is that he should be serving or served as Judge in any High Court. Members should be of 1. Not less than 35 years of age and 2. recognised university bachelor degree 3. With good ability, integrity and standing and with proficient experience of 10 years and expertise knowledge in subjects of accountancy, law, commerce, economics, industry, administration and public affairs and problem solving ability in same.

Also not more than fifty percent of members of committee should be from judicial background.

Hon'ble Mr. Justice M.S.K. Jaiswal is the President of Telangana State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission.<ref name="tscd ref2">{{cite news |last1=Mohammed |first1=Syed |title=Doctor dragged to consumer forum gets respite after 16 years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/doctor-dragged-to-consumer-forum-gets-respite-after-16-years/article37603892.ece |access-date=2 February 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=21 November 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="tscd ref4">{{cite news |title=Jaiswal as Chairman of Telangana State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission |url=http://www.uniindia.net/~/jaiswal-as-chairman-of-telangana-state-consumer-disputes-redressal-commission/States/news/1270446.html |access-date=2 February 2022 |publisher=uniindia.net |date=25 June 2018}}</ref>

== Levels and jurisdiction ==

Telangana State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission was formed for promoting and protecting the rights of consumers through three levels with the below mentioned jurisdiction:<ref name="scd ref2">{{cite news |title=Government notifies new rules for consumer commissions; national body's jurisdiction enhanced |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/government-notifies-new-rules-for-consumer-commissions-national-bodys-jurisdiction-enhanced/articleshow/88596171.cms |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=30 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="scd ref1">{{cite news |title=District Consumer Forum is now District Commission; will hear cases of value up to ₹1 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/district-consumer-forum-is-now-district-commission-will-hear-cases-of-value-up-to-1-crore/story-13pfET9A7TCnpHPkchnZ1O.html |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=16 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="scd ref6">{{cite news |title=NCDRC's ambit widened for faster disposal of plaints {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ncdrcs-ambit-widened-for-faster-disposal-of-plaints/articleshow/88603193.cms |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=31 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="scd ref10">{{cite news |title=Central govt notifies new rules for enhancing consumer protection |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/central-govt-notifies-new-rules-for-enhancing-consumer-protection-121123100116_1.html |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
* '''District Commission''' (earlier referred to as '''District Forum''') can accept complaints from consumer if the value of goods or services is up to ₹1 crore (Earlier limit was ₹20 lakh).
* '''State Commission''' can accept complaints from consumer if the value of goods or services is more than ₹1 crore but less than ₹10 crores ( earlier limit was between ₹20 lakh and ₹1 crore).<ref name="tscd ref3">{{cite news |title=Telangana State Consumer Dispute Redressal Commission directs college to pay Rs 1 Lakh for dropping course |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/sep/11/telangana-state-consumer-dispute-redressal-commission-directs-college-to-pay-rs-1-lakh-for-dropping-course-2031912.html |access-date=2 February 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=11 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="tscd ref2" /><ref name="tscd ref5">{{cite news |last1=Misra |first1=Barsha |title=Consumer Court holds No Medical Negligence in Subcapsular Nephrectomy, Exonerates Urologist Surgeon |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/medico-legal/consumer-court-holds-no-medical-negligence-in-subcapsular-nephrectomy-exonerates-urologist-surgeon-87601 |access-date=2 February 2022 |publisher=medicaldialogues.in |date=23 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''National Commission''' can accept complaints from consumer if the value of goods or services is more than 10 crores.

== Filing complaints ==
{{main|E-Daakhil}}
Telangana State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission laid down below process of filing and resolving complaints:<ref name="scd ref11">{{cite news |title=New rules for consumer commissions: Government issues notification - All you need to know |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-new-rules-for-consumer-commissions-government-issues-notification-all-you-need-to-know-174930 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Zee Business |date=30 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="scd ref4">{{cite news |title=The State Commission, Under Consumer Protection Act |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/stco.htm |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=legalserviceindia.com}}</ref><ref name="scd ref14">{{cite news |title=Be it defective saree or tawa, consumers getting speedy justice via e-Daakhil: CCPA |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/be-it-defective-saree-or-tawa-consumers-getting-speedy-justice-via-e-daakhil-ccpa/articleshow/87926927.cms |access-date=28 January 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=26 November 2021}}</ref>

Complaints can be filed electronically and examination of disputing parties is done through video-conferencing, which includes hearing and/or examination through any other mode. The time period for resolving dispute in case the complaint does not require analysis and testing of product quality is 3 months from the date of receipt of notice by the opposite party. However, if the complaint requires analysis or testing of product quality the time limit for resolving dispute is within 5 months. Complaints can be filed using [[E-Daakhil]] portal.

== Penalties and imprisonment ==
* Manufacturers and Service providers are made punishable as a criminal offence for giving misleading information or for wrong advertisement of product.
* Punishment may include fine of Rs 10 lakhs or imprisonment for 2 years or both.

== Investigative agency ==
* Violation of consumer rights or unfair trade practices is investigated by the Investigation wing headed by Director-General level position in [[Central Consumer Protection Authority]] (CCPA).

==Important terms==

Following are the important terms in Telangana State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission:<ref name="scd ref7">{{cite news |title=Changes in India's Consumer Protection Act 2019 |url=https://www.lawyer-monthly.com/2020/01/changes-in-indias-consumer-protection-act-2019/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Lawyer Monthly {{!}} Legal News Magazine |date=31 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="scd ref13">{{cite news |title=State Commission Under Consumer Protection Act - Composition and Powers {{!}} Law column |url=https://www.lawcolumn.in/state-commission-under-consumer-protection-act-composition-and-powers/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=lawcolumn.in |date=20 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="scd ref16">{{cite news |title=National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission - NCDRC |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/calendars-causelists/NCDRC.htm |access-date=29 January 2022 |publisher=legalserviceindia.com}}</ref>
* As per the act "Goods" means anything purchased by consumers either in retail or wholesale from retailers or wholesalers. They can either be produced or manufactured.
* As per the act "services" means those which are in the form of "[[transport]], [[telephone]], [[electricity]], [[housing]], [[banking]], [[insurance]], [[medical treatment]] etc".
* As per the act consumer means " any person who buys any goods or hires or avails any services for a consideration which has already been paid or promised or partly paid and partly promised or under any system of deferred payment".
* Person includes anyone buying goods, either through online system or direct or offline, by way of teleshopping, or through mode of electronic includes direct selling or in a [[multi-level marketing]].
* Consumer does not include person buying or availing goods or services for resale or for any other commercial purpose.
* For the purpose of commission the terms are referred in [[Consumer Protection Act, 2019|Consumer Protection Act'2019]].

== Challenges ==
* The district, state and national level commissions face challenges of understaffing or non fulfillment of vacancies in time.<ref name="scd ref12">{{cite news |title=4 of 28 state consumer bodies at full strength, SC told, court says 'completely unacceptable' |url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/only-4-of-28-state-consumer-bodies-at-full-strength-sc-says-completely-unacceptable/714835/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=ThePrint |date=16 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="scd ref5" /><ref name="scd ref18">{{cite journal |title=THREE TIER MECHANISM OF CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR FUNCTIONING |journal=ResearchGate |date=2017 |volume=4 |issue=4 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349412457 |access-date=31 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* The report prepared by senior advocate on the directions of [[Supreme Court of India]] found out many shortcomings in the offices of district and state consumer redressal bodies in many states of India. These include absence of storage rooms for case files, lack of member chambers for convenience of members hearing complaints, non availability of court rooms and washrooms in selective cases.<ref name="scd ref8" />

== See also ==
* [[National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission]]
* [[Odisha State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://scdrc.tg.nic.in/index.jsp Official Website]


[[Category:Consumer Disputes Redressal Commissions of India]]

Bhola Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2025-12-13T02:59:56Z

Shawnzus:

{{short description|Politician from India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhola Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|09|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = Bohich, [[Bulandshahr]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| residence = Bohich, [[Bulandshahr]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency|Bulandshahr]]
|term_start = 16 May 2014
|term_end =
| occupation = Agriculturist
| predecessor = [[Kamlesh Balmiki]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| religion =
| spouse = {{marriage|Anuradha Singh|2002}}
| father = Kishan Lal Singh
| mother = Mallo Devi
| children = 2 sons
| alma_mater =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 17 December
| year = 2016
| source = http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4605
}}

Dr '''Bhola Singh''' (born 10 September 1977; {{IPA|hi|bʱoːlaː sɪŋgʱ}}) is an Indian politician from Shikarpur, Bulandshahr district belonging to [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party]]. He is director of Yaskin Infotech and Yaskin Enterprises.

He contested and was elected in 2014 and 2019 Lok Sabha elections from [[Bulandshahr (Lok Sabha constituency)]] as BJP candidate.<ref>{{ cite web |title=Profile on MyNeta Site |url=http://myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=1214 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/results/bulandshahr-sc-up.html|title=Bulandshahr SC General (Lok Sabha) Election Results 2019, 2014 & 2009 - (Uttar Pradesh)|website=www.elections.in|access-date=2019-05-30}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Bhola Singh was born on 10 September 1977 to Shri Kishan Lal Singh and Smt. Mallo Devi. He was born in a village named Bohich in Bulandshahr district in Uttar Pradesh. Bhola Singh completed his graduation from Chaudhary Charan Singh (CCS) University, Meerut. He married Anuradha Singh on 6 May 2002.

== Positions held ==
Bhola Singh has been elected 3 times as [[Lok Sabha]] MP.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4605 |title=Member Profile: 17th Lok Sabha |work=Lok Sabha |access-date=12 October 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" width=50%
! # !! From !! To !! Positions !! Party
|-
| 1. || 2014 || 2019 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (1st term) in [[16th Lok Sabha]] from [[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency|Bulandshahr]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 2. || 2019 || 2024 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (2nd term) in [[17th Lok Sabha]] from [[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency|Bulandshahr]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 3. || 2024<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bulandshahr">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bulandshahr |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2414.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001062720/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2414.htm |archivedate=1 October 2024 |accessdate=1 October 2024}}</ref>|| Present|| [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (3rd term) in [[18th Lok Sabha]] from [[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency|Bulandshahr]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}{{17th LS members from Uttar Pradesh}}{{16th LS members from Uttar Pradesh |state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bhola}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:People from Bulandshahr district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

Khoob Ladi Mardaani – Jhansi Ki Rani

2025-12-11T02:27:13Z

Shawnzus: Starting some stub more to come - done

{{short description|Indian historical television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = Jhansi Ki Rani
| image = Khoob Ladi Mardaani Jhansi Ki Rani.jpeg
| genre = [[Historical Fiction]] [[Drama]]
| based_on = [[Rani of Jhansi]]
| creator = [[Abhimanyu Singh (producer)|Abhimanyu Singh]]
| developer = Abhimanyu Singh
| story = Manikya Raju Faizal Akhtar Roshni Suvrna ''' Dialogues- ''' Jyoti Jha
| screenplay = Faizal Akhtar
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 110
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Abhimanyu Singh Roopali Singh
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22–30 minutes
| company = [[Contiloe Entertainment]]
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2019|2|11}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2019|7|12}}
| related = ''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2009 TV series)]]''
}}

'''''Khoob Ladi Mardaani – Jhansi Ki Rani''''' ('Fought Very Bravely – The Queen of Jhansi') is an Indian historical drama television series based on the life of warrior queen Lakshmi Bai, the [[Rani of Jhansi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/colors-to-premiere-tv-show-on-lakshmibai-titled-khoob-ladi-mardaani-jhansi-ki-rani-5864061.html|website=firstpost.com|title=Colors to premiere TV show on Lakshmibai titled Khoob Ladi Mardaani — Jhansi Ki Rani|date=9 January 2019 }}</ref> The show, starring [[Anushka Sen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/jan/09/anushka-sen-to-play-manikarnika-on-tv-1922790.html|website=newindianexpress.com|title=to play Manikarnika on TV|access-date=19 January 2019|archive-date=20 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020172536/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/jan/09/anushka-sen-to-play-manikarnika-on-tv-1922790.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> went to air on [[Colors TV]] on 11 February 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/manikarnika-now-heads-to-tv/articleshow/67444274.cms|website=indiatimes.com|title=Manikarnika now heads to TV}}</ref> Due to low TRPs, the show ended on 12 July 2019 completing 110 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/jhansi-ki-rani-on-colors-to-go-off-air-in-july/2019/06/11|title=Jhansi Ki Rani on Colors to go off air in July|last=Rajesh|first=Author: Srividya|date=11 June 2019|website=IWMBuzz|language=en-US|access-date=16 June 2019}}</ref> It was replaced by ''[[Bahu Begum (2019 TV series)|Bahu Begum]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/jhansi-ki-rani-colors-go-air-date-190611|title=Jhansi Ki Rani to go off air on this date?|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en|access-date=16 June 2019|archive-date=16 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616110031/http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/jhansi-ki-rani-colors-go-air-date-190611|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
The show depicts the life of Manikarnika, a female warrior who becomes [[Rani Lakshmi Bai]]. The story begins with Manikarnika stealing the British flag and unfurling the flag of their nation. This angers the British and they search for the person who burnt their flag. As part of her journey, Manu marries King Gangadhar Rao of Jhansi, taking a position giving her the power to fight for independence for Jhansi as well as the rest of India. She becomes the Queen of Jhansi, one of the most abundant kingdoms, but not yet free from British rule. She fights both traitors to Jhansi and British rule despite the restrictions of traditional roles for women.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Anushka Sen]] as Manikarnika Rao or Manu Tambe/[[Rani Lakshmi Bai]] / [[Rani of Jhansi|Jhansi Ki Rani]], Mahakaali, Durga
* [[Vikkas Manaktala]] as [[Gangadhar Rao|Raja Gangadhar Rao]]; Rani Lakshmi Bai's husband; King of Jhansi

===Recurring===
* [[Anuja Sathe]] as Rani Janki Bai, Gangadhar's sister-in-law
* [[Jason Shah]] as Captain Ross
* Aishwarya Raj Bhakuni as Ramabai, Gangadhar's first wife
* [[Rajesh Shringarpure]] as Morapant Tambe, Manu's father
* [[Anshul Trivedi]] as [[Tantia Tope]]
* Ryan Larson as Captain Robb, Ross' brother
* Mukesh Tripathi as Shiva Krantikari & Manjari's husband
* [[Ankur Nayyar]] as Gangadas
* [[Dolly Sohi]] as [[Newalkar dynasty|Sakubai]], Gangadhar's eldest sister-in-law
* Himanshu Bamzai as Raghunath Rao
* [[Vijay Kashyap]] as [[Baji Rao II]]
* Piyali Munshi as [[Newalkar dynasty|Lachcho Bai]], Gangadhar's younger sister-in-law
*Gaurav Vasudev as Captain Smith
* [[Naveen Pandita]] as [[Newalkar dynasty|Ali Bahadur]]
* Andy Von Eich as British Officer Masion
* [[Namit Shah]] as [[Nana Sahib]]
* Jagriti Sethia As Kaashi
* Athar Siddiqui as Veerbhadra
* Naren Kumar as Madanpal
*Nadeem Ahmad Khan as Britisher
* [[Chandan Anand|Chandan K Anand]] as Ghaus Khan
* Trupti Mishra as Manjari

==Production==
===Development===
In 2019, the production house [[Contiloe Entertainment|Contiole Entertainment]] rebooted their 2009 [[Zee TV]] series ''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2009 TV series)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]'' for [[Colors TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=27 December 2018|title=Contiloe Pictures to reboot their historical series Jhansi Ki Rani for Colors|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/contiloe-pictures-to-reboot-their-historical-series-jhansi-ki-rani-for-colors/|access-date=|website=Eastern Eye}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=11 February 2019|title=Anushka Sen: Khoob Ladee Mardani…Jhansi Ki Rani is very different from Manikarnika|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/jhansi-ki-rani-tv-show-actor-anushka-sen-manikarnika-5575632/|access-date=|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

{{blockquote|It is a privilege and an honor to play the warrior queen who epitomized the spirit of patriotism, bravery and love for her family. The viewers will see two varied avatars of Manikarnika – the wife of a king who was pro-British and a young queen who wanted Jhansi’s freedom. This is my first major lead role and I am incredibly excited to portray one of the most iconic heroes from the history of Indian freedom struggle.|Anushka Sen|source=}}

{{blockquote|Khoob Ladi Mardani...Jhansi Ki Rani is an evergreen inspirational nationalist story that needs to be told to every generation. While the viewers have heard stories of this legendary queen, not many are aware of the challenges she faced after getting married at a tender age. To revive a historical saga, it’s very critical that we take the viewers back in time with the scale, costumes, presentation and the production value. They say it was during this revolt that the new and young India was born, and it is very important that we represent it right by focusing on the nuances of that time. We are confident that the viewers will connect to this emotional journey of our Jhansi Ki Rani.|[[Abhimanyu Singh]] CEO of [[Contiloe Entertainment]]}}

In January 2019, a massive fire broke out on the sets at [[Amgaon|Aamgaon]] where initial sequences were shot.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=22 January 2019|title=Fire breaks out on the set of 'Jhansi Ki Rani'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/fire-breaks-out-on-the-set-of-jhansi-ki-rani/articleshow/67641906.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|www.colorstv.com/in/shows/jhansi-ki-rani-3885.html}}
* {{IMDb title|tt9710650}}
{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Historical television series]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Rani Laxmibai]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 19th century]]

Veterinary education

2025-12-08T19:58:16Z

Shawnzus: slightly updated page per standard format additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Field of study}}
[[Image:Norges-veterinarhogskole.jpg|thumb|300px|right|alt=Large, grey building behind a grassy area|[[Norwegian School of Veterinary Science]] (Norges veterinærhøgskole), a veterinary school in [[Oslo]]]]

'''Veterinary education''' is the [[tertiary education]] of [[veterinarian]]s. To become a veterinarian, one must first complete a degree in veterinary medicine '''Doctor of Veterinary Medicine''' (DVM, '''V.M.D.''', BVS, BVSc, BVMS, BVM etc.).

In the United States and Canada, almost all veterinary medical degrees are first entry degrees, and require several years of previous study at the university level. Many veterinary schools outside North America use the title "Faculty of Veterinary Science" instead of "College of Veterinary Medicine" or "School of Veterinary Medicine", and some veterinary schools in [[China]], [[Japan]] and [[South Korea]] (such as the DVM degree-awarding Department of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry at [[Guangxi University]] in China and the Department of Veterinary Medicine at [[Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology]] use the term "Department".<ref name="AVMAlisting">[https://www.avma.org/ProfessionalDevelopment/Education/Foreign/Documents/ecfvg12.pdf "AVMA-Listed Veterinary Colleges of the World." Educational Commission for Foreign Veterinary Graduates/American Veterinary Medical Association. June 5, 2008.] Accessed December 4, 2012.</ref>) Veterinary schools are distinct from departments of animal science offering a pre-veterinary curriculum, teaching the [[biomedical research|biomedical sciences]] (and awarding a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree or the equivalent), and providing graduate veterinary education in disciplines such as [[microbiology]], [[virology]], and [[molecular biology]].

==Degrees==
[[Image:TAMU Vet.JPG|thumb|alt=Low white building with trees, a lawn and parked cars|[[Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences|College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences]] at [[Texas A&M University]]]]
Veterinarians can earn several types of degrees, differing by country and involving undergraduate or graduate education.<ref name="AVMAlisting" /> In the United States, schools award the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree (DVM).<ref>The School of Veterinary Medicine at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] awards the Veterinariae Medicinae Doctoris (VMD) degree, which is the same as the D.V.M. degree. See: [http://www.vet.upenn.edu/EducationandTraining.aspx "Education and Training." University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine. 2008.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627193017/http://www.vet.upenn.edu/EducationandTraining.aspx |date=2008-06-27 }} Accessed July 26, 2008.</ref> This degree is also awarded in [[Bangladesh]], [[Canada]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Hungary]], [[Iran]], [[Malaysia]], [[Nigeria]], [[Pakistan]], [[Philippines]], [[South Korea]], [[Thailand]], [[Tobago]] and [[Trinidad]].<ref name="AVMAlisting" /> Other countries offer a degree equivalent to the North American DVM. In the [[United Kingdom]] and countries which have adopted the [[undergraduate education|undergraduate system of higher education]], a bachelor's degree is equivalent to a DVM (after five or six years of study).{{fact|date=August 2021}} In the US, a four-year DVM degree such as [[Bachelor of Veterinary Science]], Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine or Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery follows a four-year undergraduate degree (eight years of study after high school).{{fact|date=August 2021}} In [[Ireland]], the Veterinary Medicine Programme at the [[University College Dublin]] awards the Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine (BVM).<ref>[http://www.ucd.ie/agandvet/veterinary%20medicine.htm "Veterinary Medicine." UCD Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Programme Office. No date.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402235846/http://www.ucd.ie/agandvet/veterinary%20medicine.htm |date=2012-04-02 }} Accessed July 26, 2008.</ref> At the [[University of Edinburgh]], the degree is BVM&S (Bachelors of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, and the [[University of Glasgow]], the degree awarded is the Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery (BVMS).<ref>Pettigrew, G. "The BVM and S at the University of Edinburgh." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Fall 2003.</ref> Some veterinary schools offer a degree enabling the recipient to practice veterinary medicine in their home country but does not permit the individual to take a licensing examination abroad; for example, veterinary schools in [[Afghanistan]] offer only the Bachelor of Science (BS) degree.<ref name="VetsNet">[http://www.vets-net.com/other/GlobalVetSchools.pdf "Universities, Institutions, Colleges and Schools Awarding Veterinary Degrees." Vets-Net.com. September 15, 2007.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194907/http://www.vets-net.com/other/GlobalVetSchools.pdf |date=March 3, 2016 }} Accessed July 26, 2008.</ref> Although [[Ethiopia]] awards a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree, it is not recognized in the US or Western Europe.<ref name="Mayen">{{cite journal|last1= Mayen|first1= Friederike|date= Summer 2006|title=A Status Report of Veterinary Education in Ethiopia: Perceived Needs, Past History, Recent Changes, and Current and Future Concerns |journal=[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]] |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=244–247 |doi=10.3138/jvme.33.2.244 |pmid= 16849305|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Nearly every country requires an individual with a veterinary degree to be [[licensure|licensed]] before practicing. Most countries require a non-national with a veterinary degree to pass a separate licensure exam for foreign graduates before practicing. In the US, the Educational Commission for Foreign Veterinary Graduates (ECFVG) administers a four-step examination recognized by all American state and territorial veterinary licensing boards, the US federal government, and the [[District of Columbia]].<ref>[https://www.avma.org/professionaldevelopment/education/foreign/pages/default.aspx Educational Commission for Foreign Veterinary Graduates. AVMA.org. 2008.] Accessed July 26, 2008.</ref> The [[European Union]] enacted [[Directive 2005/36/EC]] to provide for Union-wide standards for veterinary medical education and the recognition of veterinary degrees from member states.<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32005L0036:EN:HTML "Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of professional qualifications (Text with EEA relevance)." ''Official Journal.'' L 255, September 30, 2005.] Accessed July 26, 2008; for a list of national licensing bodies in EU member states, see: [http://www.fve.org/veterinary/pdf/education/2008_03_18_competent_authorities_list.pdf "Competent Authorities and Information Centres in the European Union (Articles 2, 3 and 14.1 of Directive 78/1026/EEC; Article 1 of Directive 75/1027/EEC; Article 56.3 of Directive 2005/36/EC) - VETERINARY SURGEONS." Federation of Veterinarians of Europe. March 18, 2008.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023942/http://www.fve.org/veterinary/pdf/education/2008_03_18_competent_authorities_list.pdf |date=March 4, 2016 }} Accessed July 26, 2008.</ref>

Licensure requirements are diverse. In [[South Africa]], the ''Veterinary and Para-Veterinary Professions Act, Act 19 of 1982'' provides for automatic licensure if an individual has graduated from one of several universities in South Africa, New Zealand, or the United Kingdom (including the [[University of Pretoria]], [[Massey University]], [[University of Bristol]], [[University of Cambridge]], [[University of Edinburgh]], [[University of Glasgow]], [[University of Liverpool]], and the [[University of London]] as of 2008) or has passed the licensure examination administered by the [[Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons]]. All others must pass an examination and register with the South African Veterinary Council.<ref>[http://www.savc.co.za/vetsregulations.htm "Automatic registration: Registration with the South African Veterinary Council." South African Veterinary Council. No date.] Accessed July 26, 2008.</ref> [[India]] has a similar system, in which degrees awarded by certain schools are "deemed" to qualify an individual to practice veterinary medicine, but has forgone an exam in favor of state tribunals which investigate credentials and control a registry of licensed practitioners.<ref>[http://www.vci.nic.in/index2.asp "IVC Act: IVC Acts & Rules." Veterinary Council of India. No date.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813152826/http://www.vci.nic.in/index2.asp |date=2008-08-13 }} Accessed July 26, 2008.</ref>

==Accreditation==
All [[Developed country|developed countries]] and most [[newly industrialized country|newly industrialized]] and [[Developing country|developing countries]] accredit veterinary schools.<ref>Simmons, Don. "Developing an Accreditation System." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Summer 2004.</ref> Those in the US are accredited by the [[American Veterinary Medical Association]] (AVMA) Council on Education (COE)<ref>[https://www.avma.org/professionaldevelopment/education/accreditation/pages/default.aspx AVMA Center for Veterinary Education Accreditation. AVMA.org.] The AVMA COE has accredited veterinary schools overseas, and as of July 2008 had accredited veterinary schools in Australia, Canada, Ireland, the [[Netherlands]], New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.</ref><ref>Krehbiel, Jan. "The AVMA COE Accreditation Site Visit." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Summer 2004; Simmons, Don and American Veterinary Medical Association Council on Education (COE) Accreditation. "The American Veterinary Medical Association Council on Education (COE) Accreditation." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Summer 2004; Barzansky, Barbara. "Comparison of Accreditation Practices and Standards of US Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Summer 2004.</ref> The EU is developing an accreditation standard, with accreditation usually provided by the European Association of Establishments for Veterinary Education (EAEVE) as of 2008.<ref>Halliwell, R.E. "Accreditation of Veterinary Schools in the United Kingdom and the European Union: The Process, Current Issues and Trends, and Future Concerns." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Summer 2004.</ref><ref>Fernandes, Tito. "The Role of Vet2020 Project on Quality of European Veterinary Education." ''Journal Veterinary Research Communications.'' August 2004; [http://www.fve.org/news/publications/pdf/education.pdf Veterinary Education and Free Movement of Veterinary Surgeons in Europe: Towards an Accreditation System." Federation of Veterinarians of Europe. November 2000.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234834/http://www.fve.org/news/publications/pdf/education.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} Accessed July 26, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.eaeve.org/ European Association of Establishments for Veterinary Education Web site].</ref>

Accreditation systems vary widely in developing nations. In Mexico El Consejo Nacional de Educación de la Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (CONEVET) accredits veterinary medical colleges, although few schools are accredited.<ref>Berruecos, J.M.; Trigo, Francisco J.; and Zarco, Luis A. "The Accreditation System for Colleges of Veterinary Medicine in Mexico and a Comparison with the AVMA System." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Summer 2004.</ref> The accreditation system is poor (or nonexistent) in other developing nations; for example, Ethiopia has focused on building veterinary medical colleges rather than accrediting existing schools.<ref name="Mayen" />

==Admissions and costs==
[[Image:Usydfaculties.png|thumb|250px|left|alt=Multicolored line graph|Proportion of students enrolling in each faculty at the [[University of Sydney]] from 1900 to 2000. Veterinary students are the thin pink line near the top, indicating the small number of places open to applicants.]]
Admissions practices, requirements and difficulty vary widely among veterinary schools and by country. Admission is generally competitive, due to the small number of places available.<ref name="VMSAR">''Veterinary Medical School Admission Requirements.'' Indianapolis, Ind.: Purdue University Press, 2008. {{ISBN|1-55753-499-3}}</ref> Most AVMA-accredited institutions in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States share an online application system, known as the [[Veterinary Medical College Application Service]] (VMCAS).<ref name="VMSAR" /> Many VMCAS colleges also have additional, individualized application requirements, and admissions standards are high.<ref name="VMSAR" /><ref>Kogan, L.R. and McConnell, S.L. "Gaining Acceptance Into Veterinary School: A Review of Medical and Veterinary Admissions Policies." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Winter 2001; Haynes, Emily N. "Your Path to Success: Advice to People Considering a Career in Health Sciences." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Spring 2007.</ref>

Admissions standards in Europe, South America, Asia, and Africa also vary widely, with many veterinary schools limiting admission to students from their area, state or country. Twenty-five of the 28 veterinary schools in the US are public universities and, by law, may reserve few places for out-of-state residents.<ref name="VMSAR" /> Other countries have similar schemes. In [[India]], federal law requires each veterinary college to reserve 15 percent of its places for students from other parts of India. The Veterinary Council of India (a body of the federal government) conducts the All India Common Entrance Examination, and the top scorers are placed throughout the country.<ref>[http://www.vci.nic.in/sublinkmain.asp?sublinkid=13 "All India Common Entrance Examination (AICEE)." Veterinary Council of India. No date.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416184742/http://www.vci.nic.in/sublinkmain.asp?sublinkid=13 |date=2009-04-16 }} Accessed July 26, 2008.</ref>
{{clear}}

==Curriculum==
[[Image:Vet Students Cattle RVC 2006-08.jpg|thumb|250px|right|alt=Veterinary student listening to a calf's side with a stethoscope|Student at the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine receives clinical training in [[bovine]] health.]]
Veterinary school curricula are not standardized, with programs lasting from three to six years. In the United States and Canada the program is generally four years long, usually after a four-year pre-vet undergraduate degree). For the first three years, students learn [[anatomy]], [[physiology]], [[histology]], [[neuroanatomy]], [[pharmacology]], [[immunology]], [[bacteriology]], [[virology]], [[pathology]], [[parasitology]], [[toxicology]], herd health (also called [[population health]]), [[nutrition]], [[radiography]], and [[epidemiology]]. During the third year, students learn [[anesthesiology]], [[diagnostics]], [[veterinary surgery|surgery]], [[ophthalmology]], [[orthopedics]], and [[dentistry]]. For the fourth year, often 12 months long instead of nine, students care for a wide range of animals.<ref>Turnwald, Grant H.; Sponenberg, D. Phillip ; and Meldrum, J. Blair. "Part II: Directions and Objectives of Curriculum Structure at Veterinary Medical and Other Health Professions Schools." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Spring 2008; Fuentealba, Carmen; Mason, Robert V.; and Johnston, Shirley D. "Community-Based Clinical Veterinary Education at [[Western University of Health Sciences]]." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Spring 2008; Lloyd, James W.; Fingland, Roger; Arighi, Mimi; Thompson, James; de Laforcade, Armelle; and McManus, Joseph. "Satellite Teaching Hospitals and Public–Private Collaborations in Veterinary Medical Clinical Education." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Spring 2008; Cornell, Karen K. "Faculty Expectations of Veterinary Students in Clinical Rotations." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Spring 2008.</ref> Clinical education is a focus of most veterinary school curricula worldwide. In 2005, for the first time in its 104-year-history, the Veterinary Medicine Programme at [[University College Dublin]] instituted a lecture-free final year focusing on clinical training.<ref>Doherty, Michael L. and Jones, Boyd R. "Undergraduate Veterinary Education at University College Dublin: A Time of Change." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Summer 2006.</ref> The Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the [[University of Zurich]] has implemented a curriculum for teaching pathology with an extensive clinical component.<ref>Pospischil, Andreas; Djamei, Vahid; Rütten, Maja; Sydler, Titus; and Vaughan, Lloyd. "Introduction to the Swiss Way of Teaching Veterinary Pathology in the Twenty-First Century: Application of e-Learning Modules." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Fall 2007.</ref> Veterinary schools in [[Israel]],<ref>Shahar, Ron and Bark, Hylton. "Veterinary Education in Israel." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Summer 2006.</ref> [[Spain]],<ref>González-Soriano, Juncal. "The Present and Future of Veterinary Education in Spain." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Summer 2006.</ref> the [[Czech Republic]],<ref>Veerek, Vladimír. "Two Differentiated Programs of Veterinary Medical Education at the University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences in the Czech Republic." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Summer 2006.</ref> and [[Slovakia]]<ref>Cabadaj, Rudolph; Pilipcinec, Emil; and Bajová, Viera. "The Curricula of Veterinary Study at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Koice in the Slovak Republic." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Summer 2006.</ref> also emphasize clinical training.

However, clinical training is limited in some schools and countries; In [[Sri Lanka]], until recently there were few [[pet|companion animals]]; veterinary education focused on herd health, with little attention to clinical skills.<ref>Obeyesekere, N. "Needs, Difficulties, and Possible Approaches to Providing Quality Clinical Veterinary Education With the Aim of Improving Standards of Companion Animal Medicine in Sri Lanka." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Spring 2004.</ref> In Ethiopia few schools have clinical training facilities, and the government has prioritized opening more schools over improving existing colleges.<ref name="Mayen" />

[[Image:Vet Student Wisc 2005.jpg|thumb|150px|left|alt=Students taking notes in a classroom|Students at the School of Veterinary Medicine at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] take notes during a June 2005 classroom lecture.]]
Most veterinary schools do not allow students to engage in "species specialization", and students must be able to treat a broad range of species.<ref>Karg, Michael. "Designated Licensure—The Case for Speciation Within the Veterinary Degree." ''Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.'' December 15, 2000.</ref> However, most veterinary programs allow students to take elective courses which will enable them to specialize at graduation. Veterinary schools in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States engage in "tracking", and students are asked which branch of veterinary medicine they intend to practice (such as companion animal, bovine, equine, food supply, avian, wildlife, and public health).<ref>Center for Emerging Issues. Committee for the Future of Veterinary Services. Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. United States Department of Agriculture. "Veterinary Medicine." in ''Current Trends and Uncertainties for the Future of Agriculture.'' Washington, D.C.: USDA/Center for Emerging Issues, 2002.</ref> Although tracking is controversial, about 60 percent of US and Canadian veterinary schools engage in full or partial tracking of students and there are calls for full tracking by some North American veterinary medical education organizations.<ref name="Foresight">[http://www.jvmeonline.org/cgi/content/full/34/1/1 Willis, Norman G.; Monroe, Fonda A.; Potworowski, J. Andre; Halbert, Gary; Evans, Brian R.; Smith, John E.; Andrews, Kenneth J.; Spring, Lynelle; and Bradbrook, Andrea. "Envisioning the Future of Veterinary Medical Education: The Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges Foresight Project, Final Report."] ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Special Issue. January 2007. Accessed July 26, 2008.</ref><ref>Tyler, Jeff W. "Assessing Veterinary Medical Education With Regard to the Attraction, Admission, and Education of Students Interested in Food Supply Veterinary Medicine and Retention of Student Interest in a Career in the Food Supply Sector." ''Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.'' September 15, 2006; Karg, Michael. "The Need for a Food Supply–Exclusive College of Veterinary Medicine." ''Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.'' February 1, 2007; Radostits, Otto M. "Engineering Veterinary Education: A Clarion Call for Reform in Veterinary Education--Let's Do It!" ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Summer 2003; Hooper, Billy E. "Ongoing Curricular Change in Veterinary Medical Colleges." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Fall 1994; Lavictoire, Suzanne. "Education, Licensing, and the Expanding Scope of Veterinary Practice: Members Express Their Views." ''Canadian Veterinary Journal.'' April 2003; Prescott, John F.; Bailey, Jeremy; Hagele, W. Curt; Leung, Dominic; Lofstedt, Jeanne; Radostits, Otto M.; and Sandals, David. "CVMA Task Force on 'Education, Licensing, and the Expanding Scope of Veterinary Practice.'" ''Canadian Veterinary Journal.'' November 2002.</ref> It is argued that enhanced tracking should be linked to "limited licensure" of veterinarians to practice only in the species (or specialty) in which they were trained.<ref name="Foresight" /><ref>Shadduck, John A. "Challenges Facing Veterinary Medical Education and Some Strategies for the Future." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Fall 1994; [http://veterinarynews.dvm360.com/dvm/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=510608&pageID=1&sk=&date= Fiala, Jennifer. "Limited Licensure Ignites Debate: National Organizations, Regulators Explore Options." ''DVM Newsmagazine.'' April 1, 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710160758/http://veterinarynews.dvm360.com/dvm/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=510608&pageID=1&sk=&date= |date=July 10, 2011 }}; [http://veterinarynews.dvm360.com/dvm/Veterinary+news/Commentary-on-limited-licensure-Has-its-day-finall/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/529578?contextCategoryId=44923 McLaughlin, Michael A. "Commentary on Limited Licensure: Has Its Day Finally Arrived?" ''DVM Newsmagazine.'' July 1, 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210053525/http://veterinarynews.dvm360.com/dvm/Veterinary+news/Commentary-on-limited-licensure-Has-its-day-finall/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/529578?contextCategoryId=44923 |date=February 10, 2012 }}; [http://veterinarynews.dvm360.com/dvm/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=420817&sk=&date=&pageID=2 Fiala, Jennifer. "Future Veterinarians: A 25-Year Look Ahead." ''DVM Newsmagazine.'' April 1, 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710160833/http://veterinarynews.dvm360.com/dvm/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=420817&sk=&date=&pageID=2 |date=July 10, 2011 }}.</ref> Although very few veterinary schools require students to enroll in an internship or residency upon graduation, internships and residencies are often required for veterinarians seeking [[veterinary specialties|board certification]] in Canada, Europe and the US.<ref>Lloyd, K.C. Kent. "The Scientific Component of Residency Training." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Spring 2008; Lumeij, Johannes T. and Herrtage, Michael E. "Veterinary Specialization in Europe." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Summer 2006.</ref>

[[Lecture]]s and [[rote learning]] are two of the most common teaching methods in veterinary education.<ref>Edmondson, Katherine M. "Applying What We Know About Learning to Veterinary Education." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Summer 2001; Moore, Dale A.; Leamon, M.H.; Cox, P.D.; and Servis, M.E. "Teaching Implications of Different Educational Theories and Approaches." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Summer 2002.</ref> To a lesser degree, [[outcome-based education]],<ref>Trent, A.M. "Outcomes Assessment Planning: An Overview With Applications in Health Sciences." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Spring 2002; Black, L.S.; Turnwald, Grant H.; and Meldrum, J.B. "Outcomes Assessment in Veterinary Medical Education." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Spring 2002; Kleine, L.J.; Terkla, D.G.; and Kimball, G. "Outcomes Assessment at Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Spring 2002; Walsh, Donal A.; [[Bennie Osburn|Osburn, Bennie I.]]; and Schumacher, R.L. "Defining the Attributes Expected of Graduating Veterinary Medical Students, Part 2: External Evaluation and Outcomes Assessment." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Spring 2002.</ref> [[discovery learning]], and [[inquiry-based learning]] are also used.<ref>Powell, V. and Steel, C.H. "Search for the Woolly Mammoth: A Case Study in Inquiry-Based Learning." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Fall 2003.</ref> [[Problem-based learning]] has been adopted in most veterinary schools in developed countries, particularly Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United States, and [[Western Europe]].<ref>Howell, N.E.; Lane, India F.; Brace, James J.; and Shull, R.M. "Integration of Problem-Based Learning in a Veterinary Medical Curriculum: First-Year Experiences with Application-Based Learning Exercises at the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Fall 2002; [http://eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/15/3e/a0.pdf Pickrell, John A. ''Enhancing Large-Group Problem-Based Learning in Veterinary Medical Education.'' Washington, D.C.: Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education, August 31, 1997] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225233106/http://eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/15/3e/a0.pdf |date=February 25, 2009 }} (accessed July 26, 2008); [https://www.vet.cornell.edu/admissions/newsletters/March99news.htm Piekunka, Joseph M. "Cornell's DVM Program Is Problem-Based Learning." ''Admissions Newsletter.'' March 1999] (accessed July 26, 2008); Rand, J.S. and Baglioni, Jr., A.J. "Subject-Based Problem-Based Learning in the Veterinary Science Course at the University of Queensland." ''Australian Veterinary Journal.'' February 1997; Rivarola V.A. and Garca M.B. "Problem-Based Learning in Veterinary Medicine: Protein Metabolism." ''Biochemical Education.'' January 2000; Klemm, W.R. "Using a Formal Collaborative Learning Paradigm for Veterinary Medical Education." ''[[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]].'' Spring 1994.</ref>

In the last years, the concept of competency-based teaching has been given a lot of attention and several universities teaching veterinary medicine are now adapting their curricula.<ref>Burger, C., Pirker, M., Bergsmann E. M., & Winter, P. (2015). Qualitätsmanagement in der kompetenzorientierten Lehre: Theorie und Praxis an der Veterinärmedizinischen Universität Wien [Quality management in competence-oriented teaching: Theory and practice at the Vetmeduni Vienna]. In O. Vettori, G. Salmhofer, L. Mitterauer & K. Ledermüller (Eds.), Eine Frage der Wirksamkeit? Qualitätsmanagement als Impulsgeber für Veränderungen an Hochschulen. Reihe 6: Qualität - Evaluation - Akkreditierung [A question of effectiveness? Quality management as innovation generator for changes at universities. Series 6: quality - evaluation - accreditation] (pp. 145-160). Bielefeld, Germany: UniversitätsVerlagWebler. ({{ISBN|978-3-946017-00-4}})</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1080/02602938.2017.1378617|title = The Competence Screening Questionnaire for Higher Education: Adaptable to the needs of a study programme|journal = Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education|volume = 43|issue = 4|pages = 537–554|year = 2018|last1 = Bergsmann|first1 = Evelyn|last2 = Klug|first2 = Julia|last3 = Burger|first3 = Christoph|last4 = Först|first4 = Nora|last5 = Spiel|first5 = Christiane|s2cid = 148700628}}</ref> Furthermore, the importance of institutionalized systematic teacher feedback has been recognized and tools such as clinical encounter cards are being implemented in clinical veterinary education.<ref>[http://jvme.utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/jvme.0316-073R Buchner, H. H. F., Nawrocik, D., & Burger, C. (2017, in press). Student-initiated feedback using clinical encounter cards during clinical rotations in veterinary medicine: A feasibility study]. [[Journal of Veterinary Medical Education]]. http://jvme.utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/jvme.0316-073R</ref>
{{clear}}

==See also==
*[[WikiVet]]
*[[List of schools of veterinary medicine]]
*[[Veterinary Medical College Application Service]]
*[[First professional degree]]
*[[Veterinarian]]
*[[Veterinary medicine]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Veterinary medicine}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Veterinary education| ]]

Phatichar

2025-11-25T07:04:56Z

Shawnzus: created first article w/ sources.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| director = [[Anil Chaudhary (filmmaker)|Anil Chaudhary]]
| writer = [[Anil Chaudhary (filmmaker)|Anil Chaudhary]]
| producer = Indu Prakash
| music = Sharang Dev
| editor = Gajendra Singh
| cinematography = Sunil Sharma
| starring = [[Pankaj Kapur]]
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| runtime =
| first_aired = {{start date|1991}}
| last_aired =
| channel = [[DD National]]
}}

'''''Phatichar''''' (translation: poor, wearing tattered clothes) is an Indian television series on [[Doordarshan]] in 1991, starring [[Pankaj Kapur]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19911031-tv-artistes-outshine-their-cinema-counterparts-in-depth-range-and-popularity-of-roles-814989-1991-10-30|title=TV artistes outshine their cinema counterparts in depth, range and popularity of roles|work=India Today|access-date=26 June 2016}} - {{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k2/actor/pankaj.htm|title="TV today is a paler version of bad commercial cinema" : Pankaj Kapoor|website=Indian Television Dot Com|accessdate=26 June 2016}}</ref> in the title role. His character lived in a cement pipe and the show portrayed, in a bitter-sweet manner, the life of the disadvantaged living on the margins.

This is a black humor telecasted as TV series in [[Doordarshan]], written and directed by [[Anil Chaudhary (filmmaker)|Anil Chaudhary]]. Sharang Dev was the music director. The catch phrase of the show was "''Arre yaar phatichar, tu itna emotional kyun hain''?"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/kc/20070212.htm|title=Karamchand: Not quite the same|accessdate=26 June 2016}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Writer [[Ajit Vachhani]] (Character has the same name of the actor) gets a project from the renowned publisher Paul to write his biography. But before he could finish the writing the character runs away from the unfinished novel. The character got the name "Phatichar" given by a bell boy in a hotel. By accident Phatichar gets involved with a poor family of a blind sister, a dwarf brother and their drunkard uncle. He started living in a water pipe of municipality. While living with this family he becomes familiar with harsh reality of the common man's life. He becomes concerned and worried about this despondency of poor people. He tries to solve these in his candid but comical way.

== Cast and crew ==
=== Cast ===
* [[Pankaj Kapoor]] as Phatichar
* [[Ajit Vachhani]] as Writer Ajit Vachhani
* [[Nina Gupta]] as Sapna
* [[Avtar Gill]] as Banke
* Preeti Khare as Mala
* [[Rajesh Puri]] as chacha
* [[Anupam Kher]] in a cameo role

=== Crew ===
* Writer and Director: Anil Chaudhary
* Cinematographer: Sunil Sharma
* Music Director: Sharang Dev
* Producer: Indu Prakash
* Editor: Gajendra Singh

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:1991 Indian television series debuts]]

Nassak Diamond

2025-11-11T14:18:55Z

Shawnzus: starting a article

{{Short description|43.38 carats (8.676 g) diamond originated from India}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox diamond
| image = Nassak Diamond copy3.JPG
| alt = Blue, translucent diamond, shaped roughly like a pyramid
| caption = [[Munich]], Germany's Reich der Kristalle museum replica of the 1820s [[Rundell and Bridge]] recut of the Nassak Diamond. In reality the diamond was nowhere near this blue, being a white Type IIa classic Golconda diamond. The term "blue-white" is often used to describe these diamonds but in reality alongside a modern D-color diamond it would have had an extremely faint blue cast. Its cut was also more complex (see below images).
| name = Nassak Diamond
| weight = {{convert|43.38|carat|g}}
| dimensions = 23.35 x 21.73 x 11.51 mm (estimate)<ref>{{cite web|last=Sucher|first=Scott|year=2006|title=Nassak|publisher=museumdiamonds.com|access-date=15 November 2008|quote=The dimension estimate was derived from GemCad modelling.|url=http://www.museumdiamonds.com/NassakDiamond.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201190135/http://www.museumdiamonds.com/NassakDiamond.htm |archive-date=1 December 2008}}</ref>
| color = Blue-white
| cut = Emerald
| mine = [[Kollur Mine]] [[Golconda Diamonds]]
| country = {{flagicon|India}} India
| cutter = [[Harry Winston]]
| found = 15th century
| original_owner = [[Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple]]
| owner = Edward J. Hand
| value = ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|500000|1970}}|-2}} (inflation adjusted 1970 value)
}}

The '''Nassak Diamond''' (also known as the '''Nassac Diamond'''<ref name="CCPA118">[[#CCPA1930|CCPA 2003]]: p. 118.</ref> and the '''Eye of the Idol'''<ref>{{cite book|last=Oldershaw|first=Cally|year=2004|title=Firefly Guide to Gems|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fireflyguidetoge0000olde/page/33 33]|publisher=Firefly Books|isbn=1-55297-814-1|access-date=15 November 2008|url=https://archive.org/details/fireflyguidetoge0000olde|url-access=registration|quote=Nassak Diamond.}}</ref>) is a large, {{convert|43.38|carat|g}} [[Golconda Diamonds|Golconda Diamond]] that originated as a larger 89-carat diamond in the 15th century in India.<ref name="CCPA121">[[#CCPA1930|CCPA 2003]]: p. 121.</ref> Found in the Golconda mine of [[Kollur Mine|Kollur]] and originally cut in India, the diamond was the adornment in the [[Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple]], near [[Nashik]], in the state of [[Maharashtra]], India from at least 1500 to 1817.<ref name="CCPA121"/> The British [[East India Company]] captured the diamond through the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] and sold it to British jewellers [[Rundell and Bridge]] in 1818.<ref name="CCPA121"/> Rundell and Bridge recut the diamond in 1818,<ref name="CCPA117">[[#CCPA1930|CCPA 2003]]: p. 117.</ref> after which it made its way into the [[hilt|handle]] of the [[Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster|1st Marquess of Westminster]]'s dress sword.<ref name="CCPA121"/>

The Nassak Diamond was imported into the United States in 1927, and was considered one of the 24 great diamonds of the world by 1930.<ref name="CCPA121"/> American jeweller [[Harry Winston]] acquired the Nassak Diamond in 1940 in Paris, France and recut it to its present flawless {{convert|43.38|carat|g}} emerald-cut shape.<ref name="Romance">{{cite book|last=Dickinson|first=Joan Y.|year=2001|title=The Book of Diamonds: Their History and Romance from Ancient India to Modern Times|pages=215|publisher=[[Courier Dover Publications]]|isbn=0-486-41816-2|access-date=15 November 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2K8rVeAhlZsC&q=Nassak+Diamond&pg=PA214}}</ref> Winston sold the diamond to a New York jewellery firm in 1942. Mrs. William B. Leeds of New York received the gem in 1944 as a sixth anniversary present and wore it in a ring.<ref name="Romance"/> The Nassak Diamond was last sold at an auction in New York in 1970 to Edward J. Hand, a trucking firm executive from [[Greenwich, Connecticut]].<ref name="Sold">{{cite news|date=17 April 1970|work=The New York Times|title={{convert|43|carat|g}} Diamond, Once an Idol's Eye, Sold for $500,000|pages=32|access-date=14 November 2008|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0616FF395A157493C5A8178FD85F448785F9}}</ref> Currently the diamond is held at a private museum in [[Lebanon]], though there have been some calls for its return and restoration to the Indian temple.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/bring-back-indias-nassak-diamond-from-lebanon/article23346247.ece|title='Bring back India's Nassak diamond from Lebanon'|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 March 2018}}</ref>

==History==
{{see also|List of the Golconda Diamonds}}
[[Image:Trimbhakeshwar Temple.jpg|alt=An ancient Hindu temple with large vimana (tower)|left|thumb|150px|[[Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple]] in [[Nashik]], India]]
The Nassak Diamond originated in the 15th century in India.<ref name="CCPA121"/> Although the date of the original cutting is unknown, the original cutting was performed in India and had sacrificed everything to size while giving the diamond a form and appearance similar to that of the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond.<ref name="CCPA121"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Streeter|first=Edwin W.|year=1884|title=The Great Diamonds of the World: Their History and Romance|chapter=XXXV|pages=229|publisher=[[George Bell & Sons]]|quote=When it reached Europe the "Nassak," which had been badly cut in India, presented very much the form and appearance of the "[[Koh-i-Nur]]", the native cutter having, as usual, sacrificed everything to size.|access-date=15 November 2008|url=https://archive.org/stream/greatdiamondsofw00stre/greatdiamondsofw00stre_djvu.txt|edition=The Nassak}}</ref> According to local legend, this diamond was donated to the [[Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple]] of [[Nashik]] by an aristocratic Maratha family. It was believed as a divine eye of Lord Shiva and was adorned in Shivalinga around 15th C.E.
From 1680 C.E. During [[Mughal-Maratha Wars]] the temple was attacked several times but [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] saved Shivalinga time to time. Later it became one of important temples in [[Maratha Empire]]<ref name="CCPA121"/> As priests worshiped Shiva, the diamond eventually acquired its name from its long-term proximity to Nashik.<ref name="CCPA121"/>

In 1817, the British [[East India Company]] and the [[Maratha Empire]] in India began the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]. During the Maratha war, the Nassak Diamond disappeared from the Shiva temple.<ref name="CCPA121"/> The war ended in 1818 and the British East India Company was left decisively in control of most of India.

As per the claims made by British The [[Baji Rao II]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Gemmologist|volume=1–2 |year=1931–1933 |pages=385|access-date=15 November 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWw5AAAAMAAJ&q=Bajerow+nassak}}</ref> the last independent Indian ''[[Peshwa]]'' Prince, who handed over the diamond to an English colonel named J. Briggs.<ref name="CCPA121"/> In turn, Briggs delivered the diamond to [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Francis Rawdon-Hastings]], the 1st Marquess of Hastings who had conducted the military operations against the Peshwa.<ref name="CCPA121"/> Rawdon-Hastings delivered the diamond to the East India Company as part of the [[Looting|spoils]] of the Maratha war.<ref name="CCPA121"/> The East India Company then sent the Nassak Diamond to England, to be sold on the London diamond market in 1818.<ref name="CCPA121"/>
[[Image:NassakDiamond1876.svg|alt=Drawing resolve into a rounded pyramidal shape.|thumb|{{center|Vectorized drawings of an 1876 sketch of the Nassak Diamond.}}]]
At the London diamond market, the Nassak Diamond was presented as an approximately {{convert|89|carat|g}} diamond of great purity "but of bad form," having a somewhat [[Diamond cut#Modified brilliants|pear-shape]].<ref name="CCPA121"/> The diamond further was characterised as a "rudely faceted, lustreless mass." Illustrations in Herbert Tillander's book "Diamond Cuts in Historic Jewelry – 1381 to 1910" show it as being a semi-triangular moghal cut with a plateau top, similar looking to the 115-carat Taj-E-Mah Diamond which resides in the [[Iranian Crown Jewels]]. Despite its appearance, the diamond was sold for about 3,000 pounds (equivalent today to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|3000|1818|r=-3}}}}) to [[Rundell and Bridge]], a British jewellery firm based in London.<ref name="CCPA121"/>

Rundell and Bridge held onto the diamond for the next 13 years.<ref name="CCPA121"/> During that time, the jewellery firm instructed its [[Diamond cutting|diamond cutter]] "to keep as closely as possible to the traces of the Hindu cutter, 'amending his defects, and accommodating the pattern to the exigencies of the subject matter.'" The recut by Rundell and Bridge from {{convert|89.75|carat|mg}} to {{convert|78.625|carat|mg}} resulted of a loss of no more than 10 percent of the original weight of the diamond.<ref name="CCPA121"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Emanuel|first=Harry|year=1873|title=Diamonds and Precious Stones: Their History, Value, and Distinguishing Characteristics. With Simple Tests for Their Identification|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diamondsandprec00emangoog/page/n27 84]|publisher=[[John Camden Hotten]]|access-date=14 November 2008|url=https://archive.org/details/diamondsandprec00emangoog|quote=Nassak Diamond.}}</ref>

In 1831, Rundell and Bridge sold the diamond to the Emanuel Brothers for about 7,200 pounds (today about £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|7200|1831|r=-3}}}}).<ref name="CCPA121"/> Six years later in 1837, the Emanuel Brothers sold the Nassak Diamond at a public sale to [[Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster|Robert Grosvenor]], the 1st Marquess of Westminster.<ref name="CCPA121"/> At one point, the Marquess mounted the diamond in the [[hilt|handle]] of his [[dress sword]].<ref name="CCPA121"/> In 1886, the diamond was valued at between 30,000 and 40,000 pounds (today between £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|30000|1886|r=-3}}}} and £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|40000|1886|r=-3}}}}), due in part to its vast gain in brilliancy from the re-cut by Rundell and Bridge.<ref name="CCPA121"/>

==Mauboussin and the lawsuit==
[[Image:NassakDiamondPlate1904.svg|alt=Various views of the diamond, all roughly pyramidal in shape.|thumb|right|200px|Side view 13a, top view 13b, and bottom view 13c drawings of the Nassak Diamond as it appeared between the [[Rundell and Bridge]] recut and the 1940 [[Harry Winston|Winston]] recut. A US court ruled in 1930 that the shown recut revealed nothing more than "a large diamond, cut in an ordinary way." These drawings are from Max Bauer's 1904 book "Precious Stones".]]
In 1922, George Mauboussin had become the named partner of "Mauboussin, Successeur de Noury," a French jewellery house that traced its roots to its founding by M. Rocher in 1827.<ref name="Auction">{{cite web|year=1993|title=Desc-A Ruby and Diamond Clip by Trabert & Hoeffer, Mauboussin|location=Auction Location: United States of America – 1993|publisher=artfact.com|access-date=15 November 2008|url=http://www.artfact.com/auction-lot/desc-a-ruby-and-diamond-clip-by-trabert-hoeffer-1-c-p0fsfqqea1}}</ref> In March 1927, the Duke of Westminster used US importers Mayers, Osterwald & Muhlfeld to sell the diamond to Parisian jeweller George Mauboussin, who was living in the United States at the time.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 March 1927|work=The New York Times|title=Jeweler Here buys Nassak Diamond; World-Famous Stone, Held by the Westminster Family Since 1831, Purchased From Duke.|location=Shipping and Mails Steamships and Tours|pages=52|access-date=14 November 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1927/03/23/archives/jeweler-here-buys-nassak-diamond-worldfamous-stone-held-by-the.html}} For the name George Mauboussin, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=OIcdAAAAMAAJ&q=E.+F.+BENDLER A Brief History of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals]</ref> Mauboussin's importation of the diamond into the United States was [[tariff|tax]] free, since the diamond was determined to be an artistic antiquity produced more than one hundred years prior to the date of importation.<ref name="CCPA121"/> However, E. F. Bendler, an American wholesaler and dealer in diamonds and a rival of Mauboussin, filed a protest that resulted in a lawsuit to determine whether a tax should be imposed on the diamond's entry into the United States.<ref name="CCPA121"/> By November 1927, Mauboussin considered selling the diamond to friends of [[Miguel Primo de Rivera|General Primo de Rivera]], who planned to give the diamond to the dictator on the occasion of his forthcoming investiture as marshal of Spain.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 November 1927|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|title=Nassak Diamond May be Gift to Dictator. Friends of Primo de Rivera Talk of Purchasing Gem For Baton of Rank|pages=1|access-date=14 November 2008|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/119687506.html?dids=119687506:119687506&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=NOV+07%2C+1927&author=(Special+Cable+Dispatch.)&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=NASSAK+DIAMOND+MAY+BE+GIFT+TO+DICTATOR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525102034/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/119687506.html?dids=119687506:119687506&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=NOV+07,+1927&author=(Special+Cable+Dispatch.)&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=NASSAK+DIAMOND+MAY+BE+GIFT+TO+DICTATOR|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2011}}</ref> That sale never materialised and the lawsuit continued. The diamond was nearly lost in a theft that occurred in January 1929, when four gunmen robbed the [[Park Avenue]] jewellery store where the Nassak Diamond was being kept.<ref name="Miss">{{cite news|date=18 January 1929|work=The New York Times|title=Miss $400,000 Gem in Park Av. Hold-up; Four Gunmen Rain Mauboussin's, Bind Girl and 5 Othersand Carry Off Jewelry. Nassak Diamond is left. Noted Jewel in Soiled Wrapper Tossed Aside—Whalen Says Thugs Knew Shop's Routine. Gem Once the Eye of Shiva. Four Persons in the Shop. Miss $400,000 Gem Opens Door to Find Gunmen. Asks About Absent Guard. Asks Three Minutes to Get Away. Find Fingerprints in Shop. Guard Describes the Raid. Whalen Thinks Thugs Saw Big Gem. Valued at $150,000 Century Ago.|pages=8|access-date=14 November 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/01/18/archives/miss-400000-gem-in-park-av-holdup-four-gunmen-rain-mauboussins-bind.html?sq=nassak%2520diamond&scp=1&st=cse}}</ref> However, the thieves missed finding the diamond because it was being stored in a soiled envelope.<ref name="Miss"/><ref>{{cite news|date=19 January 1929|work=The New York Times|title=Park Av. Gem Theft A puzzle to Police; No Clues Unearthed and Value of Jewelry Stolen by Four in Hold-Up is Not Yet Fixed. $165,000 Bracelet in Loot But Shop Has Still to Check on Other Items—Several Pieces in Showcases Missed by Gang.|pages=12|access-date=14 November 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/01/19/archives/park-av-gem-theft-a-puzzle-to-police-no-clues-unearthed-and-value.html?sq=nassak%2520diamond&scp=11&st=cse}}</ref>

After the first robbery attempt, Mauboussin's jewellery firm opened a branch in New York City on 1 October 1929, only to be met by the [[Wall Street crash of 1929]] at the end of October.<ref>{{cite book|last=Traina|first=John|year=1994|title=Extraordinary Jewels|pages=99|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=0-385-26644-8|access-date=15 November 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12lHAAAACAAJ}}</ref> To compound matters, the same gang of international robbers tried to steal the Nassak Diamond again in May 1930, but once again missed it.<ref name="MissAgain">{{cite news|date=27 May 1930|work=The New York Times|title=$300,000 in Loot, Woman and 4 Men are Seized in Hotel; Found Seated Around Stolen Jewels as Detectives Break Open the Door of Their Room. Woman Swallows Paper. Mulrooney Says the Recovered Articles Were Stolen by an International Gang. Hunt Led Over Country. Suspects Are Linked to Park Avenue Robbery and Thefts in Miami Hotels and in C.F. Carson Home. Trail Started in Miami. $300,000 in Loot is Seized in Hotel. List of the Recorded Jewelry. Watson Arrested Eight Times.|pages=1|access-date=14 November 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/05/27/archives/300000-in-loot-woman-and-4-men-are-seized-in-hotel-found-seated.html?sq=NASSAK%2520DIAMOND%2520&scp=10&st=cse}}</ref>

Prior to the outcome of the lawsuit, the insured diamond was valued between US$400,000 and $500,000 (allowing for inflation, this would now be ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|400000|1930}}|-2}} and ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|500000|1930}}|-2}}).<ref name="MissAgain"/> At the time the lawsuit was pending, imported diamonds that were cut and suitable for use in the manufacture of jewellery, without actually being set as jewellery were subject to an ''[[w:Ad valorem tax|ad valorem]]'' tax of 20% its value.<ref name="CCPA118"/> However, artistic antiquities produced more than one hundred years prior to the date of importation could be imported into the United States duty-free; that is to say, without having to pay a 20% tax.<ref name="CCPA118"/> The final decision of the lawsuit was released on 4 June 1930.<ref name="CCPA117"/> In that decision, the court determined that the unset {{convert|78.625|carat|mg}} Nassak Diamond was not an artistic antiquity and was suitable for use in manufacture of jewellery.<ref name="CCPA117"/> In particular, the court said that the 1930 Nassak Diamond was nothing more than "a large diamond, cut in an ordinary way."<ref name="CCPA125">[[#CCPA1930|CCPA 2003]]: p. 125.</ref> As a result, the importer owed an ad valorem tax of 20% of the diamond's value under [[Fordney–McCumber Tariff|US Tariff Act of 1922]].<ref name="CCPA125"/>

==Harry Winston's influence==
In 1930, the Nassak Diamond had a somewhat elongated triangle form with rounded corners.<ref name="CCPA121"/> The depth of one side of the triangle was thicker than the other.<ref name="CCPA122">[[#CCPA1930|CCPA 2003]]: p. 122.</ref> The diamond was "without flaw, unusually brilliant, and so cut as to well display its clear, crystal brilliancy."<ref name="CCPA122"/> While on exhibit at the [[Century of Progress|1933 World's Fair]] in [[Chicago]], Illinois, the "Official guide book of the fair, 1933" described the diamond as a flawless, blue-
white stone with a reputation of being "the finest diamond outside [[Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom|crown jewels]] collections."<ref>{{cite book|year=1933|title=Official guide book of the fair, 1933|pages=97|publisher=[[Century of Progress|A Century of Progress]], Administration Building, Chicago|access-date=15 November 2008|url=https://archive.org/stream/officialguideboo00centrich/officialguideboo00centrich_djvu.txt|edition=The U.S. Government and the States}}</ref>

In 1940, American jeweller [[Harry Winston]] acquired the Nassak Diamond in Paris, France and recut it to its present flawless {{convert|43.38|carat|g}} emerald cut shape.<ref name="Romance"/> Winston sold the diamond to a New York jewellery firm in 1942. In 1944, Commander William Bateman Leeds Jr., millionaire son of [[William B. Leeds|the inventor of a tin plating process]] and friend of George Mauboussin, purchased the diamond for his wife, Reflexion Olive Leeds (born Olive Hamilton), and gave it to her in a set ring as a sixth anniversary present.<ref name="Romance"/><ref name="Auction"/>

==Present information==
In early 1964, [[gemologist]] G. Robert (Bob) Crowningshield evaluated the Nassak Diamond at the [[Gemological Institute of America]] gem laboratory to produce a Diamond Grading Report.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Moses|first=Thomas M.|date=Fall 2003|journal=[[Gems & Gemology]]|title=. Robert (Bob) Crowningshield:A :egendary Gemologist|volume=38|issue=3|pages=190|publisher=[[Gemological Institute of America]]|quote=Entry:Famous diamond. Comments: 43.38 ct Nassak diamond submitted for examination. Lab notes volume: 11. No. 8. Issue: W 1964–1965. Page: 245|access-date=15 November 2008|url=http://lgdl.gia.edu/pdfs/crowningshield_article.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119102534/http://lgdl.gia.edu/pdfs/crowningshield_article.pdf|archive-date=19 November 2008}}</ref> In that same year, the Nassak Diamond was placed in the hands of J. & S.S. DeYoung, a then 100-year-old estate jewellery house located in New York. The [[Gemological Institute of America]] Diamond Grading Report that came with the diamond indicated that it was [[Diamond clarity#The GIA grading system today|Internally Flawless]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stegman|first=Emily|date=Spring 2006|journal=Loupe Online|title=History Repeating. After 170 years in the industry, the DeYoung family continues to support GIA with each passing generation|volume=15|issue=2|publisher=[[Gemological Institute of America]]|access-date=15 November 2008|url=http://www.gia.edu/loupeonline/29962/25709/2561/current_issue_detail.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609213231/http://www.gia.edu/loupeonline/29962/25709/2561/current_issue_detail.cfm|archive-date=9 June 2007}}</ref>

In early April 1970, the diamond was rated one of the thirty great stones of the world and placed on display at [[Parke-Bernet Galleries]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 April 1970|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Nassak Diamond Set for Auction; Parke-Bernet to Sell Indian Rarity on April 16|pages=75|access-date=14 November 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/04/05/archives/nassak-diamond-set-for-auction-parkebernet-to-sell-indian-rarity-on.html}}</ref> On 16 April 1970, the diamond was sold at auction for $500,000 (allowing for inflation, this would now be ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|500000|1970}}|-2}}) to Edward J. Hand, a then 48-year-old trucking firm executive from [[Greenwich, Connecticut]].<ref name="Sold"/> This was the second highest auction price ever for a diamond at that time, the first being circa $1.1 million for the [[Taylor-Burton Diamond]] several years earlier.<ref name="Sold"/> Six years later, the diamond was placed on display in November 1976 at a charity benefit as a means to attract donors to that benefit.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nemy|first=Enid|date=17 November 1976|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=How Could $25 Million in Jewels Be Boring?|location=Westchester Weekly|pages=77|access-date=14 November 2008|quote=The jewels displayed, out of the, Rome, New York and Geneva vaults of Bulgari, included the flawless and colorless {{convert|43|carat|g}} emerald cut Nassak diamond|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/11/17/archives/westchester-weekly-how-could-25-million-in-jewels-be-boring.html}}</ref>

==Trivia==
In December 1982, [[BMI (airline)|British Midland Airways]] purchased a [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9]] aircraft from [[KLM]]; two months later, the plane was in the United Kingdom with the name "The Nassak Diamond".<ref>{{cite web|date=15 May 2006|title=Douglas DC-9|publisher=1000aircraftphotos.com|access-date=15 November 2008|url=http://1000aircraftphotos.com/Contributions/Damen/5318.htm}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Koh-i-Noor]]
* [[Darya-ye Noor]]
* [[List of diamonds]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book|last=The Court|year=1930|work=[[United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals|Court of Customs and Patent Appeals Reports]]|title=Mayers, Osterwald & Muhlfeld v. Bendler|ref=CCPA1930|volume=18|pages=117–125|publisher=[[United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals]]|access-date=14 November 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&um=1&ie=UTF-8&q=The%20Nassak%20diamond%20derives%20its%20name%20from%20the%20fact%20that%20it%20long%20remained%20in%20the%20temple%20of%20Shiva%2C%20near%20Nassak%2C%20on%20the%20upper%20Godavery%20River%20in%20India&sa=N&tab=np}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{good article}}

[[Category:Blue diamonds]]
[[Category:Individual diamonds]]
[[Category:Golconda diamonds]]

Syed Barkatullah Barkat

2025-10-30T21:24:51Z

Shawnzus:

{{Short description|Indian Urdu and Persian poet (1905–1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Moulvi
| name = Syed Barkatullah Barkat
| birth_date = 1905
| birth_place = Odia Bazar, [[Cuttack]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1979|12|16|1905}}
| death_place = Odia Bazar, Cuttack, [[Orissa]] (now Odisha), India
| occupation = Scholar, poet, orator
| known_for = Urdu and Persian poetry, leadership in Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind (Odisha)
}}

'''Syed Barkatullah Barkat''' (1905 – 16 December 1979) was an Indian Urdu and Persian poet, Islamic scholar, and orator from [[Cuttack]], Odisha. He was involved in the Indian freedom movement and remained active in literary, religious, and political life in Odisha. He was the first president of the Odisha unit of [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]] and served in that role for many years.

==Early life and education==
Syed Barkatullah Barkat was born in 1905 in Odia Bazar, [[Cuttack]]. His father, Syed Mukarram Ali, was a well-known trader. His ancestors migrated from [[Murshidabad]] to Cuttack in 1856 and belonged to the [[Sadaat-e-Bara]] lineage. Barkat received his early education at home from private tutors and became proficient in Arabic, Persian, and Urdu.<ref name="Newalpuri">{{cite book |last=Newalpuri |first=Hafeezullah|author-link=Hafizullah Newalpuri|title=Odisha mein Urdu |trans-title=Urdu in Odisha |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/odisha-mein-urdu-hafeezullah-newalpuri-ebooks |date=2001 |publisher=[[National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]] |location=Delhi |language=ur |page=223}}</ref>

He later travelled to Allahabad, where he studied the qirāʼat of [[Hafs|Ḥafṣ]] under Muhammad Husain Allahabadi, a student of [[Abdul Rehman Makki]]. He then completed the advanced ten qirāʼāt ([[Ten recitations|ʿAsharah]]) under Muhammad Abdullah Moradabadi.<ref name="mirza">{{cite book |last=Baig |first=Mirza Bismillah |title=Tazkira Qariyan e Hind |url=https://archive.org/details/about-orissa-in-tazkira-qariyan-e-hind-by-imadul-qurra-mirza-bismillah-baig-p.-1970-vol.-3 |volume=3 |date=1970 |publisher=Meer Muhammad Kutubkhana |location=Aram Bagh, [[Karachi]] |pages=112–113 |chapter=Qari Syed Barkatullah |language=ur}}</ref>

He also studied poetry under Abdul Rahim Ahsan Sungarvi and was spiritually affiliated with [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]].<ref name="Rahmani1">{{cite book |last=Rahmani |first=Saeed |title=Odisha mein Urdu Shayari (Tazkira) |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/odisha-mein-urdu-shairi-saeed-rahmani-ebooks |date=2018 |publisher=[[Odisha Urdu Academy]] |location=Bhubaneswar |language=ur |page=28}}</ref>

==Career==
Barkat was engaged in religious teaching and Qurʼanic instruction in Cuttack.{{Sfn|Baig|1970|p=113}} He was involved in India's freedom movement and social reform. He presided over a public meeting held at the [[Qadam e Rasool, Cuttack|Qadam e Rasool shrine]] in Cuttack during the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942, attended by leaders of both Hindu and Muslim communities and the [[Congress party|Congress Party]].<ref name="Nazish">{{cite book |last=Nazish |first=Motiullah|author-link=Motiullah Nazish|title=Odisha ke Mujahideen-e-Azadi |trans-title=Freedom Fighters of Odisha |publisher=Odisha Urdu Academy |location=Sanskriti Bhavan, Bhubaneswar |date=2018 |language=ur |page=226}}</ref> He supported communal harmony and took part in interfaith efforts to promote peace and dialogue in the region.{{Sfn|Newalpuri|2001|p=323}}

In June 1937, Syed Fazlur Rahman Qasmi called for the formation of a provincial branch of [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]] in Odisha through the weekly ''[[Muslim Gazette]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Naqeeb|first=Khawar|author-link=Khawar Naqeeb|title=Odisha ka Pehla Urdu Akhbar|trans-title=Odisha's First Urdu Newspaper|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/odisha-ka-pehla-urdu-akhbar-khawar-naqeeb-ebooks|publisher=Odisha Urdu Academy|location=Odisha, India|date=2023|language=ur|edition=1st|pages=30–31, 72–73}}</ref> On 15 August 1937, a public gathering was held after [[Maghrib prayer]] at Qadam-e-Rasool in Cuttack under the banner of Jamiat Ulama-e-Odisha, where Barkat was listed as president.{{Sfn|Naqeeb|2023|pp=172–174}} According to later sources, he remained president of the Odisha unit for many years.{{Sfn|Newalpuri|2001|p=323}}

==Literary career==
Barkat wrote poetry in both Urdu and Persian. His works often addressed national, religious, and social themes. Notable poems include ''Muslim Gazette se Sargoshi'' (A Whisper to the Muslim Gazette), ''Gandhi Ji'' (a tribute to [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and his role in India's freedom struggle), ''Dil'' (The Heart), and ''Insaan'' (The Human).{{Sfn|Newalpuri|2001|pp=323–324}}{{Sfn|Rahmani|2018|p=28}}

His ghazals reflect Sufi themes. One couplet reads:{{Sfn|Newalpuri|2001|p=324}}{{Sfn|Nazish|2018|p=227}}
<blockquote>
Tabassum-raiz hai yak Ghaznavi shakl-e-Ayāzi mein 
Haqīqat dekh le pinhāñ hai poshāk-e-majāzi mein
</blockquote>
"There is a Ghaznavid smile on the face of an Ayaz; see the reality—hidden beneath a cloak of illusion."

Another pair of verses illustrates his blending of mystical reflection with emotional longing:{{Sfn|Rahmani|2018|p=28}}
<blockquote>
Kis munh se āfiyat kī tamanna kare koī 
Shaidā-e-gham ho dil hī agar kyā kare koī 
Zarre mein mehr, qatre mein daryā liye huʼe 
Āyā hūñ bazm-e-hast mein kyā kyā liye huʼe
</blockquote>

"With what face can one desire peace, if the heart itself is a devoted lover of sorrow?
In a single speck there is sunlight; in each drop, an ocean — I have entered the assembly of existence carrying countless such depths."


Later, some of his poetry also reflected progressive ideas:{{Sfn|Newalpuri|2001|p=324}}
<blockquote>
Maikhāna-e-jamhūr ke sāqī yeh batānā 
Kyūñ chhīn liyā jātā hai paimāna kisī kā
</blockquote>
"O cupbearer of the tavern of democracy, tell me—why is someone’s goblet taken away?"

He served as president of the literary society ''Bazm-e-Adab'' in Cuttack for many years and had numerous disciples across Odisha.<ref name="Aab-e-Khizar">{{cite book |last=Karamat |first=Karamat Ali|author-link=Karamat Ali Karamat|title=Aab-e-Khizr: Shora-e-Odisa ka Intikhab-e-Kalam ma'a Tazkira |trans-title=Elixir of Life: Selected Works and Biographical Notes of Odisha's Poets|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/aab-e-khizr-shora-e-odisa-ka-intikhab-e-kalam-ma-tazkira-ebooks |location=Cuttack |publisher=Odisha Urdu Publishers |date=August 1963 |language=ur |page=169}}</ref>

Although he left behind a large collection of poetry, much of it remains unpublished.{{Sfn|Newalpuri|2001|p=324}} According to Hafeezullah Newalpuri, a significant portion of his literary legacy was lost or scattered due to a lack of preservation by his heirs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Newalpuri |first=Hafeezullah |year=1983 |editor-last=Anjum |editor-first=Khaliq |title=Odisha mein Urdu sahafat |trans-title=Urdu journalism in Odisha |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/urdu-adab-new-delhi-shumara-number-003-004-khaliq-anjum-magazines-5 |journal=Quarterly Urdu Adab |language=ur |publisher=[[Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu]] |issue=3–4 |page=119 |via=[[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]}}</ref>

==Death==
Barkat died on 16 December 1979 at his residence, Mukarram Manzil, in Odia Bazar, Cuttack.{{Sfn|Newalpuri|2001|p=324}} One of his ghazals was later included in the 10th-grade Urdu textbook ''Gulistan-e-Urdu'' published by the [[Odisha Board of Secondary Education]].{{Sfn|Nazish|2018|p=227}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last1=Mohanty|first1=Gopinath|author-link1=Gopinath Mohanty|title=Cultural Heritage of [Orissa] |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Cultural_Heritage_of_Orissa_pts_1_2_Kata.html?id=e7ZKAQAAIAAJ |date=2002 |edition=|publisher=State Level Vyasakabi Fakir Mohan Smruti Samsad|location= [[Bhubaneswar]] |page=30|isbn=9788190276153|language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Behera |first1=Karuna Sagar |last2=Paṭṭanāẏaka |first2=Jagannātha | last3=Das|first3=H. C. |title=Cuttack, One Thousand Years |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Cuttack_One_Thousand_Years.html?id=JRVuAAAAMAAJ |date=1990|volume=2|publisher=Cuttack City Millennium Celebrations Committee, The Universe |location=[[Cuttack]] |page=14|language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barkat, Syed Barkatullah}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack]]
[[Category:Poets from Odisha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Persian-language poets]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Odisha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

David Lalhlansanga

2025-10-09T09:42:17Z

Shawnzus: Made Pg

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = David Lalhlansanga
| image =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|11|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mizoram]], [[India]]
| height =
| currentclub = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| clubnumber = 14
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| youthyears1 = 2019–2020
| youthclubs1 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| years1 = 2020–2023
| clubs1 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| caps1 = 30 | goals1 = 6
| years2 = 2023–2024
| clubs2 = [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| caps2 = 22 | goals2 = 28
| years3 = 2024–
| clubs3 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| caps3 = 32 | goals3 = 9
| club-update = 12:15, 16 February 2025 (UTC)
}}

'''David Lalhlansanga''' '''Hmar''' (born 27 November 2001), is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] for [[I-League|Indian Super League]] club [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]].

== Club career ==
=== Aizawl ===
David made his professional debut for [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] in the [[I-League]] in the [[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]] season. He scored 5 goals in 26 appearances for Aizawl in the I-League.

=== Mohammedan Sporting ===
In 2023, David signed for Kolkata giant [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] and became the top scorer of the [[2023 CFL Premier Division]] with 23 goals as Mohammedan won the title.<ref name=cfl2023>{{cite web|first=Nilesh|last=Bhattacharya|date=30 September 2023|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/mohammedan-sporting-beat-mohun-bagan-to-seal-cfl-title/articleshow/104058256.cms|title=Mohammedan Sporting beat Mohun Bagan to seal CFL title|work=The Times of India|accessdate=11 March 2024}}</ref> He also won Golden Boot(top scorer) of the [[2023 Durand Cup]] with 6 goals in just three matches.<ref name=durand2023>{{cite web|date=23 August 2023|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-08-indian-football-david-lalhlansanga-scouting-report|title=David Lalhlansanga: A display of promise and goal-scoring prowess - Scouting Report|work=Khel Now|accessdate=11 March 2024}}</ref> David won the [[2023–24 I-League]] with Mohammedan Sporting helping them earn a promotion to the [[Indian Super League]].<ref name=ileague2024>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/mohammedan-sc-wins-i-league-title-isl-promotion-joins-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-legacy-club/article68037061.ece|title=Mohammedan SC beats Shillong Lajong to win maiden I-League title, joins Mohun Bagan SG, East Bengal in ISL|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|access-date=7 April 2024|date=6 April 2024|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407072051/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/mohammedan-sc-wins-i-league-title-isl-promotion-joins-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-legacy-club/article68037061.ece|location=Shillong|archive-date=7 April 2024}}</ref> David also received the [[AIFF Player of the Year Awards|AIFF Emerging Player of the Year]] award for his performance in the 2023–24 season.<ref name=2024AIFFAwards>{{cite news |title=Lallianzuala Chhangte, Indumathi Kathiresan bag Player of the Year honours at AIFF awards ceremony |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/lallianzuala-chhangte-indumathi-kathiresan-bag-player-of-the-year-honours-at-aiff-awards-ceremony/articleshow/111869623.cms |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720071419/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/lallianzuala-chhangte-indumathi-kathiresan-bag-player-of-the-year-honours-at-aiff-awards-ceremony/articleshow/111869623.cms |archive-date=20 July 2024}}</ref>

=== East Bengal ===
On 18 June 2024, it was announced that David has signed on a three-year contract with another Kolkata giant [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]].<ref name=davidlalhlansanga>{{cite web|date=18 June 2024|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-david-lalhlansanga-east-bengal-fc-three-year-deal-transfer-mohammedan-sporting-i-league-india-vs-qatar-wc-qualifiers-news/article68303088.ece|title=ISL: David Lalhlansanga joins East Bengal FC on a three-year deal|work=Sportstar|accessdate=18 June 2024}}</ref>

== International career ==
David was called up for the [[Indian national football team]] camp for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)|2026 FIFA World Cup Qualifier]] match against [[Kuwait national football team|Kuwait]] in May 2024,<ref>{{cite web|date=4 May 2024|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-probables-i-league-players-bhubaneswar-camp-fifa-world-cup-qualifiers-indian-football-news/article68139168.ece|title=Who are the four I-League players called up by Igor Stimac to the national camp in Bhubaneswar?|work=Sportstar|accessdate=15 May 2024}}</ref> and got selected in the 27-member squad for the match against Kuwait.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=24 May 2024|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/india-squad-for-fifa-wc-qualifier-against-kuwait-gogoi-hammad-miss-out-due-to-injuries/article68210434.ece|title=India squad for FIFA WC Qualifier against Kuwait: Gogoi, Hammad miss out due to injuries|work=The Hindu|accessdate=24 May 2024}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|8 October 2025}}<ref name=soccerway>{{soccerway|david-lalhlansanga/645166}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
! colspan="2" |Others
! colspan="2" |[[AFC Cup|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan=4 |[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|[[2020–21 Aizawl FC season|2020–21]]
|rowspan=3 |[[I-League]]
| 3 || 1 ||colspan=6 | – || 3 || 1
|-
|[[2021–22 Aizawl FC season|2021–22]]
| 14 || 2 ||colspan=6 | – || 14 || 2
|-
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
| 9 || 2 || 4{{efn|name=Super Cup|Appearances in the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]].}} || 1 ||colspan=4 | – || 13 || 3
|-
!colspan=2 |'''Aizawl total'''
! 26 !! 5 !! 4 !! 1 !! 0 !! 0 !! 0 !! 0 !! 30 !! 6
|-
|rowspan=1 |[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|[[2023–24 Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) season|2023–24]]
|rowspan=1 |I-League
| 22 || 5 || 3{{efn|name=Durand Cup|Appearances in the [[Durand Cup]].}} || 6 || 17{{efn|name=CFL|Appearances in the [[Calcutta Football League]].}} || 23 ||colspan=2 | – || 42 || 34
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|[[2024–25 East Bengal FC season|2024–25]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Indian Super League]]
| 17 || 4 || 4{{efn|Three appearances in the [[Durand Cup]] and One appearance(s) in the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]].}} || 1 || 1{{efn|name=CFL}} || 0 || 3{{efn|name=AFC2425|One Appearance(s) in the [[AFC Champions League Two]] and Two Appearances in the [[AFC Challenge League]].}} || 1 || 25 || 6
|-
|[[2025–26 East Bengal FC season|2025–26]]
| 0 || 0 || 5{{efn|Four appearances in [[Durand Cup]] and One appearance(s) in the [[IFA Shield]]}} || 1 || 8{{efn|name=CFL}} || 5 ||colspan=2| {{sort dash}} || 13 || 6
|-
!colspan=2 |'''East Bengal total'''
! 17 !! 4 !! 9 !! 2 !! 9 !! 5 !! 3 !! 1 !! 38 !! 12
|-
!colspan=3 |'''Career total'''
! 65 !! 14 !! 16 !! 9 !! 26 !! 28 !! 3 !! 1 !! 110 !! 52
|}
{{notelist}}

== Honours ==
''' Mohammedan Sporting'''
* [[I-League]]: [[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]<ref name=ileague2024/>
* [[Calcutta Football League]]: [[2023 CFL Premier Division|2023]]<ref name=cfl2023/>

''' East Bengal'''
* [[Calcutta Football League]]: [[2024 CFL Premier Division|2024]], [[2025 CFL Premier Division|2025]]

'''Individual'''
* [[Calcutta Football League]] Golden boot: [[2023 CFL Premier Division|2023]]<ref name=cfl2023/>
* [[Durand Cup]] Golden boot: [[2023 Durand Cup|2023]]<ref name=durand2023/>
* [[AIFF Player of the Year Awards|AIFF Emerging Player of the Year]]: 2023–24<ref name=2024AIFFAwards/>
* [[Indian Super League|ISL Fan's goal of the week]]: [[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25 Week 13]],<ref>{{cite web|title=A diving header of 𝙥𝙪𝙧𝙚 𝙘𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙨 against #PunjabFC won #DavidLalhlansanga the Matchweek 13 #FGOTW! 🤌🎯
|url=http://youtube.com/post/UgkxTW_Lv0Sdh-aWJ_cCLyh6Y98WfXXcGMpO}}</ref> [[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25 Week 15]]<ref>{{cite web|title=A stunning first-time volley earned #DavidLalhlansanga the #FGOTW for Matchweek 15! 👑
|url=http://youtube.com/post/UgkxO2r6MV_qVGa3i0TQgELUAGtR-XnHjVSK}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{soccerway|david-lalhlansanga/645166}}

{{East Bengal FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalhlansanga, David}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Footballers from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Aizawl FC players]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]

Raghunath Gomango

2025-09-30T00:00:22Z

Shawnzus: created initial article from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Gunupur Assembly constituency|Gunupur]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Trinath Gomango
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| image =
}}
'''Raghunath Gomango''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Gunupur Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Gunupur Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/gunupur-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917219.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gunupur Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Gunupur Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/gunupur-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gomango, Raghunath}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Devika & Danny

2025-09-02T18:34:44Z

Shawnzus:

{{Short description|Indian supernatural drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Devika & Danny.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = [[Supernatural drama]]
| writer = Deepak Raj
| director = B. Kishore
| creative_director =
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[Ritu Varma]]
* Surya Vashistta}}
| theme_music_composer =
| music = Jay Krish
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Rohith Pisapati
| producer = Sudhakar Chaganti
| location =
| cinematography = Venkat C. Dillip
| editor = Karthikeyan Rohini
| runtime =
| company = Joy Films
| budget =
| network = [[JioHotstar]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2025|6|6}}
| last_aired =
| related =
}}
'''''Devika & Danny''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[supernatural drama]] television series written by Deepak Raj and directed by B. Kishore. The series was produced by Sudhakar Chaganti under the banner of Joy Films. It stars [[Ritu Varma]] and Surya Vashistta.

== Cast ==
''Source''<ref>{{cite news |title=Devika And Danny OTT Release: When And Where To Watch Ritu Varma's Much-Awaited Web Series |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/when-and-where-to-watch-devika-and-danny-ritu-varma-webseries-article-151680037 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=20 May 2025 |language=en |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523155528/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/when-and-where-to-watch-devika-and-danny-ritu-varma-webseries-article-151680037 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ritu Varma]] as Devika
* Surya Vashistta as Danny
* [[Shiva Kandukuri]] as Subbu; who has a one side love interest on Devika.
* [[Subbaraju]] as Jagganatham "Jaggi"; Devika's fiance
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Gayathri Amma
* Soniya Singh as Bhavani Rajeswari "Raji"; Devika's best friend
* [[Goparaju Ramana]] as Devika's uncle
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Devika's father
* [[Harsha Chemudu]] as John
* Shanmukh as Durga
* [[Abhinayashree]] as Durga's wife
* Mounika Reddy as Annie; Devika's friend and colleague
* Ishwarya Vullingala as Pinky, Subbu's niece
}}

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #87CEEB
| link1 = Devika & Danny#Season 1 (2025)
| episodes1 = 7
| released1 = {{Start date|2025|6|6|df=yes}}
}}

===Season 1 (2025)===
{{Episode table|background=#87CEEB|overall=|title=|director=|writer=|airdate=|episodes=
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 1 |Title = The Priest's Prediction |DirectedBy = B. Kishore |WrittenBy = Deepak Raj |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|6|6|df=yes}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #87CEEB }}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 2 |Title = The Family Secret |DirectedBy = B. Kishore |WrittenBy = Deepak Raj |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|6|6|df=yes}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #87CEEB }}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 3 |Title = Danny's Pursuit |DirectedBy = B. Kishore |WrittenBy = Deepak Raj |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|6|6|df=yes}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #87CEEB }}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 4 |Title = Devika Defies the Sacred Order |DirectedBy = B. Kishore |WrittenBy = Deepak Raj |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|6|6|df=yes}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #87CEEB }}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 5 |Title = Journey that Redefined Her Destiny |DirectedBy = B. Kishore |WrittenBy = Deepak Raj |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|6|6|df=yes}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #87CEEB }}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 6 |Title = The Road to Danny's Redemption |DirectedBy = B. Kishore |WrittenBy = Deepak Raj |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|6|6|df=yes}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #87CEEB }}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 7 |Title = The Frog Jumps Out of the Bowl |DirectedBy = B. Kishore |WrittenBy = Deepak Raj |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|6|6|df=yes}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #87CEEB }}
}}

== Release ==
The series premiered on [[JioHotstar]] on 6 June 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Devika and Danny arriving soon on OTT: When and where to watch Telugu romantic drama |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/devika-and-danny-arriving-soon-on-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-telugu-romantic-drama/articleshow/121285393.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=22 May 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522151427/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/devika-and-danny-arriving-soon-on-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-telugu-romantic-drama/articleshow/121285393.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sistu |first1=Suhas |title='Devika and Danny' set to stream on JioHotstar from June 6 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/devika-and-danny-set-to-stream-on-jio-hotstar-from-june-6-977025 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=4 June 2025 |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605055831/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/devika-and-danny-set-to-stream-on-jio-hotstar-from-june-6-977025 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
SV of ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' rated the series 3/5 and wrote, "“Devika and Danny” is a largely light, heartwarming series. With its supernatural elements, an emotional flashback, and a relatable protagonist, it’s a satisfying, one-time watch. While the writing and characters could’ve had more depth, it still manages to impress."<ref>{{cite news |title=Devika and Danny Review: A relatable supernatural drama |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/devika-and-danny-review-a-relatable-supernatural-drama |work=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=6 June 2025}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' rated the series 3/5 and wrote, "While it may not pack in high drama or intricate twists, it’s a pleasant, visually neat series that brings something different".<ref>{{cite news |title=Devika & Danny OTT Review: Ritu Varma's Supernatural Thriller Works in Parts |url=https://m.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/devika-danny-ott-review-ritu-varma-s-supernatural-thriller-works-parts-416417 |work=[[Sakshi Post]] |date=7 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave the series 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "On the whole, Devika & Danny have a very interesting backdrop and story that creates interest. But it is the routine and slow narration that diverts your attention."<ref>{{cite news |title=Devika & Danny Review: Ritu Varma shines in this middling fantasy thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/devika-danny-review-ritu-varma-shines-in-this-otherwise-middling-fantasy-thriller/3c89e497aa769 |work=OTTPlay |date=6 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "‘Devika & Danny’ has its moments with its simple, straightforward storytelling led by effective performances".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |title='Devika & Danny' review: Ritu Varma impresses in her debut web series |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/devika-danny-review-ritu-varma-impresses-in-her-debut-web-series/article69667944.ece |work=The Hindu |date=7 June 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Critics from ''[[Eenadu]]'', ''[[Samayam Telugu]]'', and ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]'' gave the series positive reviews.<ref>{{cite news |title=Devika and Danny Review: రివ్యూ: దేవిక అండ్‌ డానీ.. ఆత్మను ఇష్టపడిన టీచర్‌ పరిస్థితేంటి? |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/devika-and-danny-web-series-review-ritu-varma/0203/125101460 |work=[[Eenadu]] |date=6 June 2025 |language=te |archive-date=6 June 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250606165150/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/devika-and-danny-web-series-review-ritu-varma/0203/125101460 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=దేవిక అండ్ డానీ వెబ్‌ సిరీస్‌ రివ్యూ - Devika And Danny Review |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/ott/review/ritu-varma-devika-and-danny-review-and-rating/moviereview/121715480.cms |work=[[Samayam Telugu]] |date=9 June 2025 |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='దేవికా అండ్‌ డానీ' రివ్యూ : ఆత్మలతో మాట్లాడే టీచరమ్మ! {{!}} OTT Web Series Reviews, Devika And Danny Web Series Review In Telugu, Check Out Story Details Inside {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/devika-and-danny-web-series-review-telugu-2476651 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |date=13 June 2025 |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|36912840}}

[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural television series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]

Valmiki Corporation scam (Karnataka)

2025-08-30T13:44:11Z

Shawnzus: Starting New Stub.

{{Short description|2024 Indian financial fraud scam}}
{{Orphan|date=July 2025}}

The '''Valmiki Corporation scam''' was a major Indian financial [[fraud]] scam involving the [[Karnataka]] ''Maharshi Valmiki Scheduled Tribes Development Corporation'' (KMVSTDC) that occurred in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-27 |title=Valmiki Corporation scam: BJP to hold statewide protest demanding Karnataka CM's resignation |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/valmiki-corporation-scam-bjp-to-hold-statewide-demo-demanding-karnataka-cms-resignation/articleshow/111314639.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The scam was discovered after the [[suicide]] of 52-year-old corporation superintendent Chandrasekaran P. who left behind a suicide note detailing corruption and involving several officials. [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]8.8 crore out of [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]18.7 crore [[Indian rupee|Indian Rupees]] (INR) earmarked for the projects of 2024-25 were transferred to an unauthorized account of the [[Union Bank of India]] [[MG Road]] branch without the notice of the corporation chairman. On February 26, 2024, the bank transferred [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]88 [[1,000,000|million]] from the corporation's account to different accounts with the signatures of the corporation's managing director and [[accountant]]s.

[[Special Investigation Team (India)|The Indian Special Investigation Team]] (SIT) said that the money was transferred to ''First Finance Credit Cooperative Society'', and later transferred online to different accounts and the money was withdrawn by many people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-30 |title=Valmiki corporation scam: BJP ups ante for Minister's resignation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/valmiki-corporation-scam-bjp-ups-ante-for-ministers-resignation/article68233328.ece |access-date=2024-07-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Nature of the scam ===
The scam involved misappropriation of approximately [[Indian rupee|₹]]94 crore (about US$12 million) by the corporation.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-is-valmiki-corpn-scam-that-put-8-bank-executives-under-lens-101717146888572.html|title=What is Valmiki corpn ‘scam’ that put 8 bank executives under lens|date=May 31, 2024|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The funds were illegally transferred from the corporation's accounts at the Union Bank of India MG Road branch to multiple accounts, some of which were linked to fictitious entities. The fraudulent activity misappropriated funds meant for the development of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=CBI registers FIR in Karnataka's Valmiki Development Corporation scam {{!}} Bengaluru - Hindustan Times | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/cbi-registers-fir-in-karnatakas-valmiki-development-corporation-scam-101717650974312.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606081255/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/cbi-registers-fir-in-karnatakas-valmiki-development-corporation-scam-101717650974312.html | access-date=2025-08-29 | archive-date=2024-06-06}}</ref>

=== The suicide note ===
Corporation superintendent Chandrasekaran. P (52) died by suicide on Sunday night at his residence in [[Kuvempunagar|Kuvempu Nagar]], [[Shimoga]]. Before committing suicide, Chandrasekaran wrote a 5-page suicide note against the officials of the corporation, saying that there had been an [[embezzlement]] of INR 85 crore in the corporation. MD of the corporation JG Padmanabh, accountant Parasurama Durugannavar, and [[Union Bank of India|Union Bank]] manager Shukismita Ravul, mentioned the role of the corporation in the illegal activity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-07-03 |title=BJP Karnataka to hold executive meeting on July 4, review session to follow |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jul/03/bjp-karnataka-to-hold-executive-meeting-on-july-4-review-session-to-follow |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-29 |title=Valmiki corporation scam: Two officials named in note suspended |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/valmiki-corporation-scam-two-officials-named-in-note-suspended/article68229612.ece |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> "''The MD of the corporation has forcibly transferred the grant. We did not understand the intrigue. The Bank passbook and checkbook have not been given to the corporation yet. He also mentioned that the bank manager did not give a proper answer in this regard. I have not cheated the corporation, I have not been involved in malfeasance. No cheating was done. Instead, the money of the corporation is transferred illegally. I have no role in this"''. He wrote in his suicide note that "''the mistake I made under the pressure of work was closing the account's checkbook and cash book.''"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-28 |title=Karnataka Govt Officer Ends Life, Exposes 'Scam' in Death Note, BJP Seeks Minister's Sacking |url=https://www.news18.com/india/karnataka-govt-officer-ends-life-exposes-scam-in-death-note-bjp-seeks-ministers-sacking-8907804.html |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Nrupathunga S. |title=Karnataka government officer ends life, uncovers scam in death note |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/karnataka-government-officer-ends-life-uncovers-scam-in-death-note-3040643 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

=== Investigation ===

# Several top officials, including the corporation's managing director and eight bank officials, have come under scrutiny. The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) has registered a [[First information report|First Information Report]] (FIR) and is actively investigating the case. The [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] (SIT) made several arrests, including those of suspended MDs and accounts officers, as well as persons involved in the creation of fake accounts used in misappropriation.<ref name="auto" />
# The scandal led to a major political fallout, with the opposition [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] demanding the [[resignation]] of [[Siddaramaiah|Karnataka Chief Minister Siddaramaiah]]. The name of [[B. Nagendra|Minister B Nagendra]] was mentioned. The minister resigned<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-02 |title=ST corporation scam: BJP to lay siege to CM's residence seeking his resignation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/st-corporation-scam-bjp-to-lay-siege-to-cms-residence-seeking-his-resignation/article68360087.ece |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-06 |title=Valmiki corporation fraud: Karnataka Minister B. Nagendra resigns |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/valmiki-corporation-fraud-karnataka-minister-b-nagendra-resigns/article68259020.ece |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
# The SIT froze several bank accounts and is tracking the flow of money to recover the defrauded funds. The investigation revealed that the fraud was perpetrated over some time by systematically siphoning off funds from the corporation's budget earmarked for tribal welfare.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-30 |title=Valmiki Corp scam: Police say accused visited bank 5 times to transfer Rs 94 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/valmiki-corp-scam-police-say-accused-visited-bank-5-times-to-transfer-94-crore/articleshow/111371712.cms |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-15 |title=Karnataka Maharshi Valmiki corporation scam: Govt plans to seize property of accused |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-maharshi-valmiki-corporation-scam-govt-plans-to-seize-property-of-accused/articleshow/111026590.cms |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-24 |title=ED begins probe into Valmiki corporation scam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ed-begins-probe-into-valmiki-corporation-scam/article68328688.ece |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
# On 10 July 2024, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] raided [[B. Nagendra|Minister B Nagendra]] premises and Chairman Basanavagowda Daddal<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-10 |title=Valmiki corporation scam: ED raid on former minister, Congress MLA in Karnataka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/valmiki-corporation-scam-ed-raid-on-former-minister-b-nagendra-and-corporation-chairman-and-congress-mla-basanagouda-daddal/article68387874.ece |access-date=2024-07-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Fraud in India]]

Junior Super Stars

2025-08-28T08:04:18Z

Shawnzus: Starting basic page with sources - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image = Junior Super Star.jpg
| caption =
| genre = Talent show [[Reality]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| creative_director =
| presenter = {{ubl|
* [[Keerthi Shanthanu]] (Season 1,2 & 4)
* Kamal Dhandapani (Season 3)
* [[Anjana Rangan]] (Season 3)
}}
| director = Praveen G
| judges = {{ubl|
* [[K. Bhagyaraj]] (Season 1,2 & 4)
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] (Season 1)
* [[Archana Chandhoke]] (Season 1)
* [[Devayani Rajakumaran]] (Season 3)
* [[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]] (Season 3)
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] (Season 4)
* [[Mirchi Senthil]] (Season 4)
*[[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]] (Season 4)
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 4
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
| producer = Balamurugan K
| company = Sunday Productions
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 40-45 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Zee Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2016|8|7}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''Junior Super Stars''' is a 2016 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language children talent-search reality show on [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Get-ready-for-the-Junior-Superstar/articleshow/52915361.cms|title=Get ready for the Junior Superstar|work=The Times of India |date=25 June 2016 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Junior-Superstars-Chennai-auditions-on-July-3/articleshow/52955303.cms|title=Junior Superstars Chennai auditions on July 3|work=The Times of India |date=28 June 2016 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> It was initially premiered from the year 2016 also available to watch on digital platform [[ZEE5]]. Based on the [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] language show [[India's Best Dramebaaz]]. It is a children's acting show, between the ages of 4–14 years as the participants. The show first season was premiered on 7 August 2016.

This show turns to be the game changer of Zee Tamil where it becomes No.1 Reality Show in TamilNadu with 5.5+ TVR.

==Seasons overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes
! colspan="2" | Original Broadcast
! rowspan="2" |Winner
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First Aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last Aired
|-
|style="background:#8A4500|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 1|1]]'''
| 40
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2016|8|7}}
|{{start date|df=yes|2016|12|18}}
|style="background:cyan;" |[[Ashwanth Ashokkumar]]
|-
|style="background:#0000A0|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 2|2]]'''
| 40+1 (Special Episode)
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2017|5|13}}
|{{end date|df=yes|2017|9|24}}
|style="background:cyan;" |Bhavass
|-
|style="background:#FF4DB8|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 3|3]]'''
| 25
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2019|3|10}}
|{{end date|df=yes|2019|9|25}}
|style="background:cyan;" |
|-
|style="background:#3598FB|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 4 (Dance Jodi Dance Reloaded)|4]]'''
| 28
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2021|12|26}}
|{{end date|df=yes|2022|4|10}}
|style="background:cyan;" | Elantamizh
|}

==Host and judges==
{| class="wikitable"
!scope="col" style ="background: #FF0000;"style="background: #0000A0 ;color:white" colspan="2" |Seasons
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #0000A0 ;color:white"| Hosts
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #0000A0 ;color:white"| Judges
|-
| style="background: #0000A0"|
| rowspan="1"align="center"| 1
| rowspan="2" | Kiki Vijay
| [[K. Bhagyaraj]] [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] [[Archana Chandhoke]]
|-
| style="background: #0000A0"|
| rowspan="1"align="center"| [[Junior Super Stars (season 2)|2]]
| [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] [[K. Bhagyaraj]] [[Archana Chandhoke]]
|-
| style="background: #0000A0"|
| rowspan="1"align="center"| 3
| Kamal Dhandapani [[Anjana Rangan]]
| [[K. Bhagyaraj]] [[Devayani Rajakumaran]] [[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]]
|-
| style="background: #0000A0"|
| rowspan="1"align="center"| 4
| [[Keerthi Shanthanu]]
| [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] [[Mirchi Senthil]] [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]]
|-
|}

==Season 1==
The first season aired on every Saturday and Sunday at 19:00 from 7 August to 18 December 2016 and ended with 40 Episodes. This show builds up the acting abilities of kids from ages 5–15 years. [[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] and [[Archana Chandhoke]] are the judges of the show. Kiki Vijay (Keerthi Shanthanu) as the host.

[[Ashwanth Ashokkumar]], the winner of this season and Lisa, the 3rd Runner-up of this season, appeared together in the serial [[Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu (TV series)|''Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu'']] that aired on [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/genes-child-actor-lisha-imitates-priya-raman-from-sembaruthi/articleshow/68739981.cms|title=Genes: Child actor Lisha imitates Priya Raman from Sembaruthi|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 April 2019 }}</ref>

* '''Title Winners of Junior Super Star 1''' : Ashwanth Ashokkumar
* '''1st Runner-up''' : Vanessa
* '''2nd Runner-up''' : Pavithra
* '''3rd Runner-up''' : Lisha

===Contestants===
{{div col}}
* [[Ashwanth Ashokkumar]]
* Pavithra Rajasekaran
* Lisha Rajkumar
* Adhitri Guruvayappan
* Gokul
* Kasin Kalith F
* Prathiksha
* Nirmal
* Kaavya
* Sreedhar
* Litish Pranav
* Krishanth
* Diya Sree
* Akshaya
* Devasaran
* Karthika Sree
* Praveen
* Poojitha
* Thirukurali
* Versha
{{div col end}}

===Special guest Judges===
* [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]]
* [[Robo Shankar]]
* [[Sathish]]
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]

==Season 2==
{{main|Junior Super Stars (season 2)}}
The second season was premiered on 13 May 2017. The show was aried on every Saturday and Sunday at 19:00. Actor and the director [[K. Bhagyaraj]] has officially once again been appointed as the judge with [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] and [[Archana Chandhoke]]. Kiki Vijay (Keerthi Shanthanu) as the host. The season winner is Bhavass.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaivision.com/madurais-bavas-emerges-winner-junior-super-stars-season-2/|title=Madurai's Bavas emerges as the winner of Junior Super Stars Season 2|publisher=chennaivision.com}}</ref>

* '''Title Winners of Junior Super Star 2''' : Bhavass
* '''1st Runner-up''' : Nithyasri and Karmugil
* '''2nd Runner-up''' : Niharika

===Contestants===
{{div col}}
* Aasmi
* Adithya
* Ajay
* Akshayaa
* Andrieya
* Anushka
* Bhavass
* Bhuvanika
* Hajeera
* Harishini
* Karmukil Vannan
* Lingwswaran
* Manisha
* Migamed Nafil
* Niharika
* Nithya Sree<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/fierce-battle-second-place-zee-tv-launches-junior-super-stars-again-trump-star-vijay-63375|title=The fierce battle for second place: Zee TV launches Junior Super stars again to trump Star Vijay|date=8 June 2017 |publisher=www.thenewsminute.com}}</ref>
* Rithanya
* Roshan Krishna
* Saiharish
* Santhosh
* Varun
* Vishwa
{{div col end}}

==Season 3==
The third season was premiered on 10 March 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/junior-super-stars-3-0-all-set-for-its-premiere-soon/articleshow/68306747.cms|title='Junior Super Stars 3.0' all set for its premiere soon|work=The Times of India |date=7 March 2019 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> The show was hosted by Kamal Dhandapani and [[Anjana Rangan]] while Actor [[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Devayani Rajakumaran]] and [[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]] are the judges of the show. This show builds up the acting of the children aged 4–14 years show their acting talent in front of the audience. The children will perform for plays with different genres.

===Contestants===
* Sanvi
* Vishmaya Veeralakshmi
* Tharun Kumar
* Monisha
* Deepesh
* Sahana
* Riya Manoj

==Season 4==
The fourth season was aired on every Saturday and Sunday at 18:30 from 26 December 2021 to 10 April 2022 and ended with 28 Episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mediainfoline.com/entertainment/zee-tamil-launches-junior-super-stars-s4-rajini-and-vidya-no-1-during-this-festive-season|title=Zee Tamil launches Junior Super Stars-S4, Rajini and Vidya No 1 during this festive season|date=22 December 2021 |publisher=www.mediainfoline.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.glamsham.com/tv/telly-news/zee-tamil-junior-super-stars-s4-rajini-vidya-no-1|title=Zee Tamil announces Junior Super Stars season 4|publisher=www.glamsham.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/zee-tamil-announces-the-launch-of-junior-super-stars-s4-rajini-and-vidya-no-1-112362.html|title=New season of Junior Super Stars|publisher=www.adgully.com}}</ref> [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Mirchi Senthil]] and [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]] as the judges. [[Keerthi Shanthanu]] as the hosts. [[Poornitha]] and Amuthavanan as the Mentors. The season winner is Elantamizh.

* '''Title Winners of Junior Super Star 4''' : Elantamizh
* '''1st Runner-up''' : Kavyashri
* '''2nd Runner-up''' : Sriram

===Contestants===
{{div col}}
* Prashitha
* Aadhavan
* Tarika
* Saathvik
* Sree Saravanan
* Elantamizh
* Samyuktha
* Edil
* Udhai Priyan
* Dhushvanth
* Thanyashree
* Bablu
* Krishika
* Tharun
* Yaliniyan
* Sriram
* Harish
* Aalam
* Sowmiya
* Kavyashree
* Samiksha
* Aparna
* Anvitha
* Aadharsh
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/junior-super-stars-season-4/0-6-4z564414 ''Junior Super Stars''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language children's television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]