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Afghanistan–India Strategic Partnership Agreement

2026-04-30T02:07:53Z

Shaunak88: starting new info

{{Short description|Bilateral agreement on Afghanistan-India cooperation}}

{{Infobox treaty
| name = Afghanistan–India Strategic Partnership Agreement
| long_name = Agreement on Strategic Partnership between the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
| image = Manmohan Singh and the President of Afghanistan, Mr. Hamid Karzai signing an agreement on Strategic Partnership between the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the Republic of India, in New Delhi on October 04, 2011.jpg
| image_size = 
| alt = 
| caption = President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan [[Hamid Karzai]] (left) and the prime minister of the Republic of India [[Manmohan Singh]] (right) signing an agreement on Strategic Partnership between the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the Republic of India, in New Delhi on October 04, 2011
| type = Bilateral agreement
| context = Strengthening strategic ties, regional security, and development cooperation
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = {{Start date and age|2011|10|04|df=y}}
| location_signed = [[New Delhi]], India
| date_sealed =
| date_ratified = 
| date_effective = 2011
| condition_effective = Ratified by both parties
| amendment =
| replaces =
| replaced_by =
| date_expiration = Perpetual validity
| date_expiry = 
| provisional_application =
| mediators = 
| negotiators = 
| original_signatories = {{hlist|[[Manmohan Singh]] ({{small|[[Prime minister of India|Prime minister of the Republic of India]]}})|[[Hamid Karzai]] ({{small|[[President of Afghanistan|President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]]}})}}
| signatories = {{flag|India}} {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| parties = 
| membership = 
| ratifiers = {{hlist|[[Parliament of Afghanistan]]|[[Government of India]]}}
| depositor =
| depositories = {{hlist|[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] ({{small|India}})<ref name="meaGov">{{cite web | title=Text of Agreement on Strategic Partnership between the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan | website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India | date=4 Oct 2011 | url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5383/ | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref>|[[Administrative Office of the President]] ({{small|Afghanistan}})}}<ref name="aop">{{cite web | title=Afghanistan-India Strategic Cooperation Agreement | website=aop.gov.af | url=https://aop.gov.af/en/information_details/110 | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref>
| citations = 
| language =
| languages = {{hlist|English|[[Hindi]]|[[Pashto]]|[[Dari]]}}
| wikisource = 
| wikisource1 = 
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| footnotes =
}}

The '''Afghanistan–India Strategic Partnership Agreement''' was a [[bilateralism|bilateral]] [[Strategic partnership (international relations)|strategic partnership]] agreement between the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] and the [[Republic of India]], signed on 4 October 2011. It was aimed at enhancing [[Afghanistan–India relations|cooperation between the two nation]]s across various sectors, including security, trade, [[economic development]], and [[cultural diplomacy|cultural exchange]].<ref name="fpolicy"/>

It was Afghanistan's first such agreement with any country, highlighting India's role in Afghanistan's post-2001 reconstruction attempts. The agreement formalized the long-standing relationship between the two nations and provided a framework for establishing their collaboration in areas such as [[infrastructure]] development, security training, and regional stability.<ref name="fpolicy">{{cite web | last=D'Souza | first=Dr. Shanthie Mariet | title=Indian-Afghan strategic partnership: perceptions from the ground | website=Foreign Policy | date=26 Oct 2011 | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/26/indian-afghan-strategic-partnership-perceptions-from-the-ground/ | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref>

Both countries viewed the partnership as important for their respective strategic interests, with India supporting Afghanistan's stability and development while Afghanistan sought to strengthen ties with a [[Regionalism (politics)|regional power]]. The agreement was implemented against the backdrop of a [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|complex geopolitical landscape]], influenced by regional security concerns and shifting international dynamics.<ref name="fpolicy"/>

== Historical context ==
[[File:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad with Sir Usha Nath Sen and others.jpg|thumb|[[Maulana Azad|Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], India's then Education minister with Sir Usha Nath Sen, the Afghan ambassador to India and others, after the inauguration of [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] in [[New Delhi]] on 9 April 1950|right]]
Afghanistan and India have shared deep historical, cultural, and trade relations for centuries, with interactions dating back to ancient times.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web | title=Statement made by Prime Minister at the end of signing of first-ever Strategic Partnership Agreement with Afghanistan | website=The Hindu | date=5 Oct 2011 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/statement-made-by-prime-minister-at-the-end-of-signing-of-firstever-strategic-partnership-agreement-with-afghanistan/article2513967.ece | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref><ref name="toi">{{cite web | last=Pradhan | first=SD | title=India and Afghanistan: Building partnership | website=Times of India Blog | date=21 Jan 2012 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/ChanakyaCode/india-and-afghanistan-building-partnership/ | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref> These ties persisted through various empires, such as the [[Mauryan Empire|Mauryan]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]]s, fostering long-standing cultural and economic exchanges. In the modern era, however, geopolitical shifts and [[Afghan conflict|internal instability in Afghanistan]], particularly during the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet invasion]] (1979–1989) and the [[Afghan Civil War (1863–1869)|subsequent civil war]], strained these relations.<ref name="twire">{{cite web | last=Nunan | first=Timothy | title=The Afghan Story in the History of Indian Geopolitics | website=The Wire | date=15 Jul 2016 | url=https://m.thewire.in/article/article/external-affairs/afghanistan-history-india-geopolitics | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref><ref name="cfr">{{cite web | last=Bajoria | first=Jayshree | title=India-Afghanistan Relations | website=Council on Foreign Relations | date=7 Oct 2008 | url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/india-afghanistan-relations | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref>

Following the [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|U.S.-led invasion of Afghanistan]] in 2001 and the fall of the [[Taliban]] regime, India emerged as one of Afghanistan's most consistent partners in reconstruction and development. India's involvement focused on [[humanitarian assistance]], infrastructure development, and institutional [[capacity building]]. This relationship was driven by India's desire to foster stability in Afghanistan and prevent the spread of [[extremism]], which had regional security implications, particularly in [[Afghanistan–Pakistan relations|relation to its concern]]s about Pakistan.<ref name="dawn">{{cite web | title=India, Afghanistan sign strategic partnership deal | website=DAWN.COM | date=4 Oct 2011 | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/663805 | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref>

India's contributions to Afghanistan's post-war reconstruction included key projects such as the construction of the [[National Assembly (Afghanistan)|Afghan Parliament]], power [[transmission line]]s, and major roadways like the [[Route 606 (Afghanistan)|Delaram-Zaranj Highway]].<ref name="a025">{{cite web | title=Another proxy war in Afghanistan? | website=Lowy Institute | date=26 Jul 2021 | url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/another-proxy-war-afghanistan | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref> By 2011, India had pledged over $2 billion in assistance, making it one of Afghanistan's largest regional donors.<ref name="fpolicy"/> The signing of the Strategic Partnership Agreement in October 2011 formalized this existing cooperation and laid the foundation for an expanded partnership.<ref name="toi"/>

The agreement came at a time when international forces, primarily from the [[United States Armed Forces|United States]] and [[NATO]], were preparing to reduce their [[Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan|military presence in Afghanistan]]. This transition prompted Afghanistan to seek stronger bilateral partnerships to ensure its long-term security and development. The Strategic Partnership Agreement with India reflected both countries' mutual interest in stability and development, as well as India's desire to play a greater role in Afghanistan's future.<ref name="toi"/>

== Provisions ==
[[File:Manmohan Singh and the President of Afghanistan, Mr. Hamid Karzai exchanging the signed documents of an agreement on Strategic Partnership between the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the Republic of India, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|President of Afghanistan [[Hamid Karzai]] (left) and the prime minister of India [[Manmohan Singh]] (right) exchanging the signed documents of an agreement on Strategic Partnership between the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the Republic of India, in New Delhi on October 04, 2011|right]]
The Afghanistan–India Strategic Partnership Agreement included several major components to consolidate the [[Afghanistan–India relations]] and [[Bilateralism|bilateral ties]] in particular.

1. '''Security Cooperation''': India committed to assisting Afghanistan in enhancing its security capabilities by providing training for [[Afghan Armed Forces|Afghan security personnel]], particularly the [[Afghan National Army]] (ANA) and [[Afghan National Police|police force]]s. While the agreement did not include direct [[military alliance|military involvement]], it laid the groundwork for security collaboration, aimed at ensuring Afghanistan could protect itself from internal and external threats.<ref name="fpolicy"/>

2. '''Economic cooperation''': The agreement aimed to boost [[trade]] and [[investment]] between the two nations, focusing on improving infrastructure and [[thoroughfare|connectivity]]. India invested heavily in [[Transport in Afghanistan|Afghanistan's transportation]] and energy sectors, building projects like the Salma Dam (renamed the [[Afghan-India Friendship Dam]]) and the Zaranj-Delaram Highway, which connects Afghanistan to Iran's [[Chabahar Port]], facilitating Afghan trade with India bypassing Pakistan.<ref name="a025"/>

3. '''Developmental assistance''': A significant portion of the agreement focused on India's continued support for Afghanistan's [[socioeconomics|socio-economic]] development. This included scholarships for Afghan students to study in Indian universities, vocational training programs, and technical assistance in various fields such as [[healthcare]], [[information technology]], and governance.<ref name="a025"/>

4. '''Social, cultural, and civil society engagement''': India and Afghanistan have a rich shared cultural history, and the agreement sought to enhance people-to-people ties through initiatives promoting cultural exchanges, media [[collaboration]], and [[civil society]] partnerships. India's investment in educational and cultural institutions in Afghanistan further solidified these ties.<ref name="a025"/>

5. '''Political cooperation''': Both nations pledged to work closely to promote [[democracy|democratic governance]] in Afghanistan and to collaborate on regional and international platforms.<ref name="a025"/> India strongly supported an "Afghan-led, Afghan-owned" peace process, emphasizing the need for an inclusive, democratic government in Afghanistan.<ref name="b775">{{cite web | title=India stresses on importance of 'Afghan-led, Afghan-owned and Afghan-controlled' peace process | website=Deccan Herald | date=6 Jul 2020 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/india-stresses-on-importance-of-afghan-led-afghan-owned-and-afghan-controlled-peace-process-857938.html | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref>

== Importance ==
The agreement held significant strategic value for both nations. For India, maintaining a stable, democratic Afghanistan was critical to its security and broader regional ambitions, particularly in countering the [[foreign relations of Pakistan|influence of Pakistan]], which India has historically seen as a destabilizing force in Afghanistan.<ref name="gulf">{{cite web | last=Times | first=Gulf | title=India and Afghanistan sign strategic accord | website=Gulf Times | date=4 Oct 2011 | url=https://www.gulf-times.com/story/92632/india-and-afghanistan-sign-strategic-accord | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref> India's investments in Afghanistan were also viewed through the lens of limiting extremist threats and securing its economic interests in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="p496">{{cite web | last=Hanauer | first=Larry | last2=Chalk | first2=Peter | title=India's and Pakistan's Strategies in Afghanistan: Implications for the United States and the Region | publisher=RAND Corporation | date=16 Jul 2012 | url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/OP387.html | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref>

For Afghanistan, the agreement provided crucial support during a time of [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|transition and uncertainty]]. India's non-interventionist approach and emphasis on civilian-led projects were appreciated by the Afghan government, which saw India as a partner that could help strengthen the country's institutions without imposing its own agenda.<ref name="nature">{{cite journal | last=Ganaie | first=Reyaz Ahmad | last2=Ganaie | first2=Muzaffar Ahmad | title=India’s Afghanistan policy: a quest for strategic space post the US withdrawal | journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Communications | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=9 | issue=1 | date=22 Dec 2022 | issn=2662-9992 | doi=10.1057/s41599-022-01489-7 | page=| doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Challenges ==
The implementation of the Strategic Partnership Agreement faced several challenges, particularly due to the [[military conflict|deteriorating security]] situation in Afghanistan. The [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|resurgence of the Taliban]] and growing instability limited the scope of some initiatives, especially in regions outside the control of the [[government of Afghanistan|Afghan government]]. Additionally, Pakistan viewed India's increasing involvement in Afghanistan with concern, seeing it as a potential challenge to regional dynamics and balance.<ref name="tdiplomate">{{cite web | last=Dagia | first=Niha | title=Pakistan’s Afghan Gamble Worsens Conflict in Balochistan | website=The Diplomat – Asia-Pacific Current Affairs Magazine | date=28 Feb 2022 | url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/pakistans-afghan-gamble-worsens-conflict-in-balochistan/ | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref>

Pakistan accused India of using its presence in Afghanistan to foment unrest in Pakistan's [[West Pakistan|western region]]s, particularly [[Balochistan]], claims that India has denied. The rivalry between the two nations played out through [[proxy war|proxy conflict]]s in Afghanistan, often undermining the country's stability.<ref name="tdiplomate"/>

== Developments after 2021 ==
The U.S. and NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021 and the swift [[2021 Taliban offensive|takeover by the Taliban]] altered the geopolitical landscape in which the Strategic Partnership Agreement operated. India, along with many other countries, [[2021 Kabul airlift|evacuated its embassy staff from Kabul]] and halted most development activities in the country.<ref name="htimes">{{cite web | last=Bhushan | first=Ranjit | title=India-Taliban thaw on Afghanistan: What really is happening? | website=Hindustan Times | date=5 Feb 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indiataliban-thaw-on-afghanistan-what-really-is-happening-101707110103889.html | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref>

The Taliban's return to power raised uncertainties about the future of India's relationship with Afghanistan, though India has remained cautious in its approach to engaging the Taliban regime. While India has yet to formally recognize the new government, it has provided humanitarian assistance, including [[food aid]], [[vaccine]]s, and [[emergency service|medical supplies]].<ref name="ani">{{cite web | title=India's vital role in Afghanistan's development, progress | website=ANI News | date=11 Oct 2023 | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/indias-vital-role-in-afghanistans-development-progress20231012052738/ | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref> The future of the Strategic Partnership Agreement remains uncertain, but India's long-term interests in Afghanistan, especially in terms of regional security and economic cooperation, suggest that it will continue to seek ways to maintain a foothold in [[foreign relations of Afghanistan|Afghan affairs]].<ref name="htimes"/>

=== Status ===
Since the Taliban's takeover, the status of the agreement has been uncertain. India halted many diplomatic and cooperative activities. Nevertheless, India has continued to provide [[humanitarian assistance]], signaling its ongoing concern for [[Afghanistan–India relations|Indo–Afghan relations]]. Despite this, [[military]] and [[security]] cooperation have ceased, and the future of the [[strategic partnership]] remains uncertain. The changing political dynamics in Afghanistan have forced both nations to reassess the viability and direction of their bilateral relations under the agreement.<ref name="twire"/><ref name="htimes"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Hamid Karzai}}

[[Category:2011 in international relations]]
[[Category:October 2011 in Afghanistan|India Strategic Partnership Agreement]]
[[Category:October 2011 in India]]
[[Category:Bilateral treaties of India]]
[[Category:Treaties of Afghanistan|India Strategic Partnership Agreement]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 2011]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 2011]]
[[Category:Afghanistan–India relations|Strategic Partnership Agreement]]
[[Category:Hamid Karzai]]
[[Category:Manmohan Singh]]
[[Category:21st century in New Delhi]]

Kuki–Naga conflict in Manipur

2026-04-27T01:39:50Z

Shaunak88: New basic info basic info...

{{Short description|Ethnic conflict in Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
In the state of [[Manipur]] in [[northeast India]], conflict arose between the [[Kuki people|Kukis]] and [[Naga people|Nagas]] soon after India's independence. The Nagas, who dominated the northern hill regions of the state, attempted to homogenise the area in order to demand integration with the [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills]] region further north. This caused displacement of Kukis to the southern districts as well as the central hill regions during the 1950s. Major clashes again occurred during 1992-98, leading to the deaths of more than 1,000 people and displacement of 50,000–100,000 people.<ref name="Guardian 1993">
John Rettie, India sends troops to quell ethnic war, The Guardian, 24 September 1993. {{ProQuest|244272358}}
</ref><ref name="Scroll 2018">
Arunabh Saikia, [https://scroll.in/article/894324/25-years-after-naga-kuki-clashes-in-manipur-reconciliation-is-still-elusive 25 years after Naga-Kuki clashes in Manipur, reconciliation is still elusive], Scroll.in, 14 September 2018.</ref>{{sfnp|Mangi Singh, Factors responsible for the Kuki-Naga clashes|2009|p=495}}

== Historical background==

In the early 19th century, when the British established their protectorate over the state of Manipur, the [[Kuki people|Kuki tribes]] were said to be inhabiting the hills to the south of the Manipur valley, while the [[Naga people|Naga tribes]] were distributed in the hills to the north.<ref>
{{citation |last=Pemberton |first=Capt. R. Boileau |title=Report on the Eastern Frontier of British India |publisher=Government of India |location=Calcutta |year=1835 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.2453 |via=archive.org |pages=15–16 |quote=There are few circumstances more calculated to arrest attention in considering this chain of mountains, than the number and variety of the tribes by which it is inhabited. Of these, the principal are the Murams [Marams], who occupy the tract of country between Assam and Muneepoor [Manipur]; the Kupooees [Kabuis], known in Bengal by the term Nagas, who reside on the several ranges of hills between the latter country and Cachar, and the Khongjuees [Khongjais], who under the more generally known names of Kookies [Kukis], Koochungg, and Kuci, stretch from the southern borders of the Muneepoor valley to the northern limit of the province of Arracan [Arakan]...}}</ref>
This changed over the following decades, with the Kuki tribes migrating north and settling throughout the hills of Manipur.<ref>
{{citation |last=Dun |first=E. W. |title=Gazetteer of Manipur |publisher=Manas Publications |year=1992 |orig-year=1886 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32037 |via=archive.org |pages=32, 132}}
</ref>
This was assumed to be due to pressure from the tribes further south, the [[Lushais]] (present-day [[Mizos]]) and [[Kamhau-Suktes]].

This movement caused the Kuki and Naga tribes to live side by side in most of the hills surrounding the Manipur valley. This cohabitation does not appear to have been any cause for friction. There were many instances where the Nagas invited the Kukis to settle next to them for their own protection and for mediating disputes between their own kindred tribes and settlements.{{sfnp|Haokip, Home and Belonging in Northeast India|2023|loc=pp. 154–158: "In the case of Manipur, territorial conflicts within the inhabitants of northern hills have led to invitations to share land and co-inhabit for security during those days was common."}}

At the time of the British departure from India, the Nagas of the [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills district]] (present-day [[Nagaland]]) had formed the [[Naga National Council]], demanding independence for Naga-inhabited areas. There was also a movement among the Nagas for Manipur for integration with Naga Hills.{{sfnp|Haokip, Home and Belonging in Northeast India|2023|loc=pp. 149–150: "During such times Athikho Daiho from Mao and Rungsung Suisa from Ukhrul sub-division of Manipur were the staunch advocators of integration of Naga areas of Manipur with Naga Hills."}} In 1948, the Naga leader Athikho Daiho submitted a memorandum to the Union home minister [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] laying out the demand for such integration.{{sfnp|Haokip, Home and Belonging in Northeast India|2023|pp=149–150}}

== Conflict in the 1950s and 1960s ==
[[File:MANIPUR district map.svg|thumb|right|The pre-2017 district configuration of Manipur marks some of the subdivisions of the 1950s and 1960s]]
The moderate [[Naga People's Convention]] held in 1957 did not include Manipur's Naga-inhabited areas of Manipur in the "unified Nagaland" idea.{{sfnp|Haokip, Home and Belonging in Northeast India|2023|p=150}} Meanwhile, the Manipur Naga Council, set up in 1956, merged with the Naga National Council in 1957.{{sfnp|Vashum, Nagas' Right to self Determination|2000|p=83}} Scholar Thongkholal Haokip states that the desire for integration with Naga Hills caused the Nagas of Manipur to strive for a homogenous population in the northern hill areas dominated by them.{{sfnp|Haokip, Home and Belonging in Northeast India|2023|loc=p. 150: "To make a stronger case for the Naga integration movement homogeneity of the Naga population in Naga-dominated districts in Manipur was felt, to which uprooting the Kukis villages spread over the northern hills became imperative."}} Two strategies were adopted, one being to "Naga-nise" the smaller tribes to a Naga identity, and other was to drive out the Kuki tribes living in their midst. Thus began the armed clashes between Naga and Kuki communities.{{sfnp|Haokip, Home and Belonging in Northeast India|2023|pp=150–151}}

A comparison of census data reveals that, during the ten-year time span 1951–1961, the Ukhrul subdivision had lost 30 villages, the Tamenglong subdivision 77 villages, and Mao region 14 villages. During the same time period, there was an increase of 27 villages in the Churachandpur subdivision and 23 villages in the Tengnoupal-Chandel subdivision.{{sfnp|Haokip, Home and Belonging in Northeast India|2023|p=154}} These changes indicate the migration of Kuki populations. In addition to these movements, the displaced Kukis from the western hills of Ukhrul moved to the [[Sadar Hills]] subdivision (now [[Kangpokpi district]]),{{efn|A district referred to as Manipur North, or "Mao and Sadar Hills" was established in the district organisation of 1969. It had a Sadar Hills subdivision headquartered at [[Saikul]].<ref>
{{citation |title=Manipur Administrative Atlas |publisher=Census of India, Government of India |year=2005 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4393/1/50276_2001_ADM.pdf |pages=16–17}}
</ref>}} and those in the northeastern hills moved across the border to the [[Kabaw Valley]] in Burma.{{sfnp|Haokip, Home and Belonging in Northeast India|2023|loc=pp. 151, 153, Fig. 6.1}} Those that went to Kabaw Valley were again driven back to Manipur by General [[Ne Win]]'s military regime around 1967.{{sfnp|Haokip, Home and Belonging in Northeast India|2023|pp=158–159}}

== Clashes in the 1990s ==
{{Original research section|date=February 2025}}
In 1992, "Kukis who [had] settled after 1972 in the Naga areas" had to leave after the United Naga Council made a decision.{{sfnp|Mangi Singh, Factors responsible for the Kuki-Naga clashes|2009|pp=498-499}} They believe that the Kukis have encroached upon Naga areas, and much of the land inhabited by the Kukis is claimed as a part of the "Greater Nagalim." The Naga insurgents consider the continued residence of Kukis in these areas as the prime obstacle to realizing their concept of Nagalim. The Nagas also alleged the following:

* The KNA has operated against the Naga terrorist in full connivance with the paramilitary forces and civil authorities
* The Kukis are demanding a Greater Kukiland comprising [[Churachandpur district]], some areas of [[Ukhrul district]], and Kuki-inhabited areas of Myanmar
* The Kukis are demanding their revenue district with parts of Ukhrul, Senapati, and Tamenglong districts

On the other hand, the Kukis claim that the areas in which they are residing are their ancestral land, and they had opened it for Zeliangrong Nagas to settle in return for taxes and tributes after they were driven out by the Sukte Poi and Lusei people of Chin Hills and present-day Mizoram.<ref name="ITNE 2020">
{{Cite news |title=Naga-Kuki Discord: Conflict in the Manipur Hills |newspaper=India Today NE |date=2020-03-23 |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/perspective/story/naga-kuki-discord-conflict-manipur-hills-406631-2020-03-23}}
</ref> The Kukis further alleged that the atrocities from the NSCN led movement such as the imposition of taxes, forced eviction from their villages, and the inability of the State Government to protect them are the main causes of the conflict.

=== Nature of the violence ===
The Kuki-Naga conflict has witnessed several instances of violence, including armed clashes, attacks on villages, kidnapping, and targeted killings. Both sides have accused each other of human rights violations, leading to a cycle of retaliatory violence and counter-violence. The conflict has also taken a toll on civilian lives, with numerous casualties reported over the years. The violence delays the infrastructure development of the [[Manipur]]. The construction of ambitious dam projects like [[Mapithel Dam]] and [[Khuga Dam]] was a standstill during this violence.

=== Incidents ===
It started in June 1992, when a Kuki youth was kidnapped at Moreh Bazar by suspected Naga extremists and was later found dead in a nearby Jungle. On 04.05.1992, the Kuki Students’ Organisation (KSO) announced a warning to the Nagas to leave Moreh town within 24 hours leading to a mass exodus of the Nagas. On 12.09.1992, the Kuki War Declaration Committee thereafter declared war against the Nagas. (Thinglang Post Publication 22 September 1992). <ref name="Rongmei">
{{Cite web |url=https://rongmeiencyclopedia.wordpress.com/2024/02/28/kuki-massacre-of-innocent-naga-villagers-colonial-account/ |title=KUKI MASSACRE OF INNOCENT NAGA VILLAGERS: COLONIAL ACCOUNT |date=28 February 2024}}
</ref>

On 15 April 1993, KNA militants killed four Naga militants and set ablaze their houses in the Parouland and Kutal Khuthak villages of [[Chandel district]].<ref>
{{Cite web |title=Kuki National Army, Manipur |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/Manipur/terrorist_outfits/KNA_tl.htm |publisher=South Asia Terrorism Portal}}
</ref>
On 13 September 1993, Naga militants allegedly belonging to the NSCN-IM massacred around 115 Kuki civilians in the hills of Manipur. The Kukis refer to the killings as the '''Joupi massacre''' named after the village which saw the highest number of casualties. In 1993, 320 died (260 Kukis and 60 Nagas), and a total of 3434 houses were set ablaze.

On 19 October 1994, a bus plying from Noney to Imphal via New Cachar Road with 45 passengers in it. When the bus reached a village called "Sinam Khul", 40 well-armed cadres of the Kuki National Front (KNF) stopped the bus and called out Meiteis. But none of the Meities came out out of fear. Assuming that no Meiteis were inside the bus and all were Nagas, the KNF pushed the bus down the gorge with 45 passengers in it. Together 30 Nagas, 5 Meities and 2 Non Manipuris died while 12 were injured. In 1994, 67 Nagas and 44 Kukis were killed and 677 Houses (Naga-445, Kuki-232) were set ablaze in the clash. <ref>
{{Cite web |author=Rongmei Encyclopedia |title=Unforgettable of Kuki-Naga War |website=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/rongmeinaga/posts/unforgettable-of-kuki-naga-warthe-following-incident-happened-in-manipurs-tameng/3122018697867992/?checkpoint_src=any}}
</ref>

In 1995, 65 Kukis and 45 Nagas were killed and 1057 houses (404 Kuki and 653 Nagas) were set ablaze. After 1995, the incidents of clashes were reduced considerably.

In 1996, 53 were killed and 188 houses (61 Kukis and 127 Naga) were set ablaze.

In 1997, 54 Kukis and 38 Nagas were killed. 245 houses (Kuki-212, Nagas-33) were set ablaze.

In 1998, 16 Kukis and 25 Nagas were killed and 27 houses of Kukis were set ablaze.

As per the UNC report 1992-1997, a total of about 470 Kukis and 207 Nagas were killed in the ensuing clash, about 205 Kukis and 197 Nagas were injured and about 2870 Kuki houses and 2582 Naga houses were burnt.<ref name="Rongmei"/>

=== Attempts at resolution ===
Over the years, several attempts have been made by the government and civil society organizations to address the conflict and reconcile the Kuki and Naga communities. Peace talks, dialogues, and confidence-building measures have been initiated at various times to resolve the dispute peacefully. The multiple factors that have led to the conflict, and the resultant clashes, are still very much there at present. Different views over the exclusive rights of land ownership continue to be a problem.

The conflict ended without a proper agreement.
At present Kukis celebrate 'Black Day' or "Sahnit-Ni" for three days 11-13 September.
At the same time, Nagas under UNC(United Naga Council) reprimanded Kukis for playing 'the only victim'.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*John F. Hurst (1891). Indika: The Country and the people of India and Ceylon, Newyork: Harper & Brothers, P. 123.
* {{citation |last=Butalia |first=Urvashi |title=Interrogating Peace: the Naga – Kuki Conflict in Manipur |location=Bonn |publisher=Evangelischer Entwicklungsdienst e.V. (EED) |year=2008 |url=https://www.cdacollaborative.org/publication/interrogating-peace-the-naga-kuki-conflict-in-manipur/ |ref={{sfnref|Butalia, Interrogating Peace|2008}}}}
* {{cite book |first=D. Michael |last=Haokip |chapter=Kuki-Naga Conflict with Special Reference to the Chandel District of Manipur |editor=Lazar Jeyaseelan |title=Conflict Mapping and Peace Processes in North East India |publisher=North Eastern Social Research Centre |url=http://www.nesrc.org/Monographs/PeaceBook.pdf |year=2007 |pages=145–184 |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, Kuki-Naga Conflict|2007}} |archive-date=18 December 2023 |access-date=14 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218054719/https://www.nesrc.org/Monographs/PeaceBook.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{citation |last=Haokip |first=Thongkholal |title=Essays on the Kuki–Naga Conflict: A Review |journal=Strategic Analysis |volume=37 |number=2 |year=2013 |pages=251–259 |doi=10.1080/09700161.2012.755785 |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, Essays on the Kuki–Naga Conflict|2013}}}}
* {{citation |last=Haokip |first=Thongkholal |chapter=Home and Belonging in Northeast India |title=Migration, Regional Autonomy, and Conflicts in Eastern South Asia: Searching for a Home(land) |editor1=Amit Ranjan |editor2=Diotima Chattoraj |publisher=Springer Nature |year=2023 |isbn=9783031287640 |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, Home and Belonging in Northeast India|2023}}}}
* {{citation |first=Thongkholal |last=Haokip |title=Territoriality, Conflict and Citizenship in the India–Myanmar Borderlands |journal=The Journal of Indian and Asian Studies |volume=4 |number=1 |date=January 2023 |doi=10.1142/S2717541323500018 |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, Territoriality, Conflict and Citizenship|2023}}|doi-access=free }}
* {{citation |first=Nehginpao |last=Kipgen |title=Ethnic Conflict in India: A Case Study of the Kukis and the Nagas in Manipur |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |date=October–December 2011 |volume=72 |number=4 |pages=1043–1060 |jstor=41856539 |ref={{sfnref|Kipgen, Ethnic Conflict in India|2011}}}}
* {{citation |first=S. |last=Mangi Singh |title=Understanding Conflict: An Insight into the Factors Responsible for the Kuki-Naga Clashes in Manipur during the 1990s |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |date=April–June 2009 |volume=70 |number=2 |pages=495–508 |jstor=42743912 |ref={{sfnref|Mangi Singh, Factors responsible for the Kuki-Naga clashes|2009}}}}
* {{citation |first=S. R. |last=Tohring |title=Violence and Identity in North-east India: Naga-Kuki Conflict |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2010 |isbn=9788183243445 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zlaIRKRspYQC |ref={{sfnref|Tohring, Violence and identity in North-East India|2010}}}}
* {{citation |first=Reisang |last=Vashum |title=Nagas' Rights to Self Determination: An Anthropological-historical Perspective |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2000 |isbn=9788170997740 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiHhNkvrWvwC |ref={{sfnref|Vashum, Nagas' Right to self Determination|2000}}}}

[[Category:1992 in India]]
[[Category:Kuki people]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Ethnic conflicts in Manipur]]

S. Selvaganapathy

2026-04-25T16:48:37Z

Shaunak88: made initial post basic info

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Selvaganabathy
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Puducherry|Puducherry]]
| term_start1 = 4 October 2021
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[N Gokulakrishnan|N. Gokulakrishnan]]
| successor1 =
| office2 = Nominated Member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 4 July 2017
| term_end2 = 20 February 2021
| constituency2 = Nominated Member
| predecessor2 = N/A
| successor2 = [[V. P. Ramalingam]]
| office3 = State President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| term_start3 = 25 September 2023
| term_end3 = 29 June 2025
| image =
| predecessor3 = [[V. Saminathan]]
| successor3 = [[V. P. Ramalingam]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Educationist
| education =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''S. Selvaganabathy''' is an Indian politician and current member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He represents [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. Selvaganapathy was a member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] from 3 June 2017 to 2 May 2021, as he was nominated by the Central [[Government of India]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/3-bjp-loyalists-picked-for-pondy-assembly/articleshow/59431529.cms 3 BJP loyalists picked for Pondy assembly]</ref><ref>[http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/end-congress-govt-puducherry-newly-nominated-bjp-mla-tells-tnm-64730 'End of Congress govt in Puducherry,' newly nominated BJP MLA]</ref> He is an educationist, runs Schools and BEd College.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170708082050/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/jul/03/big-ripples-in-little-pondy-as-bjp-gains-backdoor-entry-into-assembly-1623817--1.html Big ripples in little Pondy as BJP gains backdoor entry into Assembly]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Selvaganapathy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Puducherry]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Puducherry]]
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Puducherry]]

{{Puducherry-BJP-politician-stub}}

Singamuthu

2026-04-25T06:16:48Z

Shaunak88: started the details from scratch

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Singamuthu
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1958|12|08}}
| birth_place = [[Tirumangalam, Madurai|Thirumangalam]], [[Madurai]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor
| othername =
| citizenship = Indian
| yearsactive = 1987-present
| spouse =
| parents =
| children = [[Karthick Singa]]
}}

'''Singamuthu''' (born 8 December 1958) is an Indian actor who has appeared in [[Tamil language]] films as a comedian.

==Career==
Singamuthu has primarily appeared in comedy roles in films as a supporting actor debuting in ''[[Neram Nalla Irukku]]'' (1987). He started developing his career in the acting sector by doing small comedy roles in cinemas. He often shared screen space with popular comedian [[Vadivelu]], and the duo has given many hilarious comedy scenes to Tamil movies.

==Controversy==
In 2010, [[Vadivelu]] held a press conference, accusing Singamuthu for forgery and financial cheating. Vadivelu, who was previously friends with Singamuthu, purchased land from him, but later came to learn that the documents were void. This resulted in the former taking legal action on the latter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/54078.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206043402/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/54078.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 February 2010 |title=Vadivelu roars against Singamuthu |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=3 February 2010 |access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Settu Shankar |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2010/vadivelu-singamuthu-again-120410.html |title=Its Vadivelu Vs Singamuthu again! |work=Oneindia |date=12 April 2010 |access-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708082321/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2010/vadivelu-singamuthu-again-120410.html |archive-date=8 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/people-come-up-against-me-to-get-instant-fame-vadivelu-news-tamil-kkfqFlcejgasi.html |title=People come up against me to get instant fame: Vadivelu |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203234622/http://www.sify.com/movies/people-come-up-against-me-to-get-instant-fame-vadivelu-news-tamil-kkfqFlcejgasi.html |archive-date=3 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/complaint-filed-against-singamuthu/article113015.ece| title = Complaint filed against Singamuthu - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 24 February 2010}}</ref> Later in May 2010, Singamuthu was arrested after assaulting Vadivelu's assistant Shankar, but was later released after three days in jail.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-10-03/singamuthu-vadivelu-17-05-10.html |title=Singamuthu - Tamil Movie News - Singamuthu arrested! - Singamuthu | Vadivelu | Puzhal prison |publisher=Behindwoods.com |date=2010-05-17 |accessdate=2022-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshowpics/5940224.cms |title=Tamil comedy actor Singamuthu arrested {{!}} Page 683 {{!}} The Times of India |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421220808/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshowpics/5940224.cms |archive-date=2016-04-21}}</ref> It was eventually proved that the pair were actually cheated by the salesman, who had sold the land to Singamuthu illegally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Vadivelu-Singamuthu-cheated-in-land-deal/articleshow/9642085.cms|title = Vadivelu, Singamuthu cheated in land deal |website = [[The Times of India]]|date = 18 August 2011 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*''Neram Nalla Irukku'' (1987)
*''[[Maruthu Pandi]]'' (1990)
*''[[Pudhiya Raagam]]'' (1991)
*''[[Thaali Kattiya Raasa]]'' (1992)
*''[[Magudam]]'' (1992)
*''[[Pandithurai]]'' (1992)
*''[[Deiva Vaakku]]'' (1992)
*''[[Samundi]]'' (1992)
*''[[Pon Vilangu]]'' (1993)
*''[[Gokulam]]'' (1993)
*''[[Naan Pesa Ninaipathellam]]'' (1993)
*''[[Maravan]]'' (1993)
*''[[Parvathi Ennai Paradi]]'' (1993)
*''[[Uzhiyan]]'' (1994)
*''[[Pudhiya Mannargal]]'' (1994)
*''[[Ravanan (1994 film)|Ravanan]]'' (1994)
*''[[Chinna Mani]]'' (1995)
*''[[Rajavin Parvaiyile]]'' (1995)
*''[[Aruva Velu]]'' (1996)
*''[[Vaazhga Jananayagam]]'' (1996)
*''[[Poove Unakkaga (film)|Poove Unakkaga]]'' (1996) (uncredited)
*''[[Suryavamsam (1997 film)|Suryavamsam]]'' (1997)
*''[[Ullaasam]]'' (1997)
*''[[Aahaa Enna Porutham]]'' (1997)
*''[[Ini Ellam Sugame]]'' (1998)
*''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen]]'' (1998)
*''[[Guru Paarvai]]'' (1998)
*''[[Simmarasi]]'' (1998)
*''[[Kumbakonam Gopalu]]'' (1998)
*''[[Dharma (1998 film)|Dharma]]'' (1998)
*''[[Nee Varuvai Ena]]'' (1999)
*''[[Ullathai Killathe]]'' (1999)
*''[[Azhagarsamy]]'' (1999)
*''[[Unnai Thedi]]'' (1999)
*''[[Pudhu Kudithanam]]'' (1999)
*''[[Vaanathaippola]]'' (2000)
*''[[Vaanavil]]'' (2000)
*''[[Unakkaga Mattum]]'' (2000)
*''[[Vinnukum Mannukum]]'' (2001)
*''[[Sri Raja Rajeshwari]]'' (2001)
*''[[Ullam Kollai Poguthae]]'' (2001)
*''[[Dhaya (film)|Dhaya]]'' (2002)
*''[[Kamarasu]]'' (2002)
*''[[Raajjiyam]]'' (2002)
*''[[Sri Bannari Amman]]'' (2002)
*''[[Unnai Ninaithu]]'' (2002)
*''[[Shree (2002 film)|Shree]]'' (2002)
*''[[Karmegham]]'' (2002)
*''[[Bagavathi]]'' (2002)
*''[[I Love You Da]]'' (2002)
*''[[Aasai Aasaiyai]]'' (2003)
*''[[Anbu (2003 film)|Anbu]]'' (2003)
*''[[Eera Nilam]]'' (2003)
*''[[Thathi Thavadhu Manasu]]'' (2003)
*''[[Saamy]]'' (2003)
*''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]'' (2003)
*''[[Kadhal Kirukkan]]'' (2003)
*''[[Kovil (film)|Kovil]]'' (2004)
*''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]'' (2004)
*''[[Oru Murai Sollividu]]'' (2004)
*''[[Neranja Manasu]]'' (2004)
*''[[Chatrapathy (2004 film)|Chatrapathy]]'' (2004)
*''[[Jananam]]'' (2004)
*''[[Aayudham (2005 film)|Aayudham]]'' (2005)
*''[[Thaka Thimi Tha]]'' (2005)
*''[[Sevvel]]'' (2005)
*''[[6'2]]'' (2005)
*''[[Kana Kandaen]]'' (2005)
*''[[Englishkaran]]'' (2005)
*''[[Kaatrullavarai]]'' (2005)
*''[[Daas (2005 film)|Daas]]'' (2005)
*''[[ABCD (film)|A. B. C. D.]]'' (2005)
*''[[Chanakya (2005 film)|Chanakya]]'' (2005)
*''[[Mazhai]]'' (2005)
*''[[Kundakka Mandakka]]'' (2005)
*''[[Bambara Kannaley]]'' (2005)
*''[[Aanai]]'' (2005)
*''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' (2005)
*''[[Vetrivel Sakthivel]]'' (2005)
*''[[Veeranna (film)|Veeranna]]'' (2005)
*''[[Unarchigal (2006 film)|Unarchigal]]'' (2006)
*''[[Pasa Kiligal]]'' (2006)
*''[[Kovai Brothers]]'' (2006)
*''[[Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei]]'' (2006)
*''[[Vathiyar]]'' (2006)
*''[[Thimiru]]'' (2006)
*''[[Sainikudu|Kumaran]]'' (2006)
*''[[Nenjil Jil Jil]]'' (2006)
*''[[Vetrivel Sakthivel]]'' (2006)
*''[[Kalakkura Chandru]]'' (2007)
*''[[Manikanda]]'' (2007)
*''[[Maa Madurai]]'' (2007)
*''[[Marudhamalai (film)|Marudhamalai]]'' (2007)
*''[[Cheena Thaana 001]]'' (2007)
*''[[Vel (film)|Vel]]'' (2007)
*''[[Kasu Irukkanum]]'' (2007)
*''[[Vambu Sandai]]'' (2008)
*''[[Kannum Kannum]]'' (2008)
*''[[Tharagu]]'' (2008)
*''[[Vedha (2008 film)|Vedha]]'' (2008)
*''[[Pandi (film)|Pandi]]'' (2008)
*''[[Kathavarayan (2008 film)|Kathavarayan]]'' (2008)
*''[[Kuselan]]'' (2008)
*''[[Seval]]'' (2008)
*''[[Karthik Anitha]]'' (2009)
*''[[Rajadhi Raja (2009 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]'' (2009)
*''[[Ragavan]]'' (2009)
*''[[Vaigai (film)|Vaigai]]'' (2009)
*''[[Engal Aasan]]'' (2009)
*''[[Malai Malai]]'' (2009)
*''[[Kannukulle]]'' (2009)
*''[[Kanden Kadhalai]]'' (2009)
*''[[Sirithal Rasipen]]'' (2009)
*''[[Kadhai (film)|Kadhai]]'' (2010)
*''[[Guru Sishyan (2010 film)|Guru Sishyan]]'' (2010)
*''[[Maanja Velu]]'' (2010)
*''[[Neethana Avan]]'' (2010)
*''[[365 Kadhal Kadithangal]]'' (2010)
*''[[Ambasamudram Ambani]]'' (2010)
*''[[Neeyum Naanum (2010 film)|Neeyum Naanum]]'' (2010)
*''[[Mandhira Punnagai (2010 film)|Mandhira Punnagai]]'' (2010)
*''[[Chikku Bukku]]'' (2010)
*''[[Aadu Puli]]'' (2011)
*''[[Ayyan (film)|Ayyan]]'' (2011)
*''[[Kasethan Kadavulada (2011 film)|Kasethan Kadavulada]]'' (2011)
*''[[Vandhaan Vendraan]]'' (2011)
*''[[Vellore Maavattam]]'' (2011)
*''[[Velayudham]]'' (2011)
*''Paavi'' (2011)
*''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]'' (2012)
*''Mayil Paarai'' (2013)
*''[[Thirumathi Thamizh]]'' (2013)
*''[[Yaaruda Mahesh]]'' (2013)
*''[[Sonna Puriyathu]]'' (2013)
*''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]'' (2013)
*''[[Pattathu Yaanai]]'' (2013)
*''[[Adhu Vera Idhu Vera]]'' (2014)
*''[[Oru Oorla Rendu Raja]]'' (2014)
*''[[Pagadai Pagadai]]'' (2014)
*''[[Vellaikaara Durai]]'' (2014)
*''[[Katham Katham]]'' (2015)
*''Guru Sukran'' (2015)
*''[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (2015 film)|En Vazhi Thani Vazhi]]'' (2015)
*''[[Kaaval (2015 film)|Kaaval]]'' (2015)
*''[[Adhibar]]'' (2015)
*''[[Aaranyam]]'' (2015)
*''[[Inimey Ippadithan]]'' (2015)
*''Naalu Per Naalu Vidhama Pesuvaanga'' (2016)
*''[[Adra Machan Visilu]]'' (2016)
*''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu]]'' (2016)
*''Ennama Katha Vudranunga'' (2016)
*''[[Meendum Oru Kadhal Kadhai]]'' (2016)
*''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]'' (2016)
*''[[Mapla Singam]]'' (2016)
*''[[Muthuramalingam]]'' (2017) as Swamiji
*''[[Vaigai Express (film)|Vaigai Express]]'' (2017)
*''[[Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan]]'' (2017)
*''Azhagin Bommi'' (2017)
*''[[Aangila Padam]]'' (2017)
*''[[Kalavaadiya Pozhuthugal]]'' (2017)
*''[[Pakka (film)|Pakka]]'' (2018)
*''[[Mannar Vagaiyara]]'' (2018)
*''[[Kalakalappu 2]]'' (2018)
*''Kannakkol'' (2018)
*''[[Saamy 2]]'' (2018)
*''[[Genius (2018 Tamil film)|Genius]]'' (2018)
*''[[Silukkuvarupatti Singam]]'' (2018)
*''[[Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven]]'' (2019)
*''[[Naan Avalai Sandhitha Pothu]]'' (2019)
*''Yevanum Buthanillai'' (2020)
*''Sollunganne Sollunga'' (2020)
*''[[Iruvar Ullam (2021 film)|Iruvar Ullam]]'' (2021)
*''[[Idiot (2022 film)|Idiot]]'' (2022)
*''Dha Dha'' (2022)
*''[[Kodai (film)|Kodai]]'' (2023)
*''[[Beauty (2023 film)|Beauty]]'' (2023)
*''[[Otha Votu Muthaiya]]'' (2025)
}}

=== Television ===
{| Class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Channel
|-
|2018||''[[Maya (2018 TV series)|Maya]]''||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2020||''[[Poove Poochudava (TV series)|Poove Poochudava]]''||[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2021||''Sillunu Oru Kaadhal''||[[Colors Tamil]]
|-
|2021||''[[Jothi (TV series)|Jothi]]''||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|}

==Award==
*2014: [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian]] - ''Many films''

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|3833752}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singamuthu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Madurai district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:1958 births]]

Shekhar Bhansali

2026-04-21T12:03:15Z

Shaunak88: started a bio w/ sources

{{short description|American computer scientist}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shekhar Bhansali
| image = Shekhar-bhansali.jpg
| order =
| office = Division Director of [[National Science Foundation]] EECS Program
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| order2 =
| office2 = Alcatel-Lucent Professor and Distinguished University Professor in the Florida International University
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[IIT Madras]]|[[RMIT University]]|[[NIT Jaipur]]}}
}}

'''Shekhar Bhansali''' is the division director in Electrical, Communication and Cyber Systems (ECCS) at the [[National Science Foundation]]. He also serves as an Alcatel-Lucent Professor and [[Distinguished university professor|Distinguished University Professor]] in the [[Florida International University]] (FIU) [[FIU College of Engineering and Computing|Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Shekhar Bhansali {{!}} NSF - National Science Foundation|url=https://www.nsf.gov/staff/staff_bio.jsp?lan=sbhansal&org=ECCS&from_org=ECCS|access-date=2020-12-10|website=www.nsf.gov}}</ref> Bhansali’s main research interests are in [[nanotechnology]], [[biosensor]]s, and [[microfluidics]]. He holds 40 patents,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Patents|url=https://patents.google.com/?inventor=shekhar+bhansali&oq=shekhar+bhansali|access-date=2020-12-10|website=patents.google.com}}</ref> has published over 300 publications, and has advised more than 40 Ph.D. students and postdoctoral fellows in research.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Curriculum Vitae of Shekhar Bhansali|url=https://case.fiu.edu/about/directory/people/_assets/cv/current_shekhar-bhansali-cv-aug-2016.pdf|access-date=|website=Florida International University}}</ref> He was elevated to a Fellow of the IEEE in 2023.

== Education ==
Bhansali received his Bachelor of Engineering (B.E) in [[metallurgical engineering]] at [[Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur|Malaviya National Institute of Technology]], [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].<ref name=":1" /> He then received his [[Master of Technology]] (M.Tech) from [[IIT Madras|Indian Institute of Technology Madras]] and Ph.D. in electrical engineering at [[RMIT University]] Australia.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Shekhar Bhansali began his career in 1995 as a lecturer in the Department of Metallurgical Engineering at RMIT University, [[Melbourne|Melbourne, Australia]]. He came to the United States in 1988 and joined CMSM, ECECS Department, [[University of Cincinnati]] as a research faculty.<ref name=":1" /> In 2000, he joined [[University of South Florida]] and led a number of inter-connected interdisciplinary graduate student research and training programs, including NSF-IGERT, NSF’s Bridge to the Doctorate and Alfred P. Sloan Doctoral Fellowship Programs to increase diversity, retention and graduation rates.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Shekhar Bhansali|url=https://mems.fiu.edu/dr-bhansali/|access-date=2020-12-10|website=Bio-Mems & Microsystems|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* Top Scholar Award from FIU in 2014<ref name=":2" />
* William R. Jones Outstanding Mentor Award in 2011 and 2009<ref name=":2" />
* Mentor of the Year Award from [[Alfred P. Sloan Foundation]] in 2009<ref name=":2" />
* Outstanding Mentor Award from the [[McKnight Foundation]] in 2004<ref name=":2" />
* [[NSF Career Award]] in 2003<ref name=":2" />
* In 2018, Bhansali has named as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the National Academy of Inventors.
* Elevated to IEEE Fellow in 2023 "for contributions to portable real-time sensing devices for continuous monitoring".<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 NEWLY ELEVATED FELLOWS |url=https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/fellows/2023-newly-elevated-fellows.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130163052/https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/fellows/2023-newly-elevated-fellows.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 30, 2022 |website=IEEE.org}}</ref>

== Books ==

* ''Mems for Biomedical Applications''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mems for Biomedical Applications - 1st Edition|url=https://www.elsevier.com/books/mems-for-biomedical-applications/bhansali/978-0-85709-129-1|access-date=2020-12-10|website=www.elsevier.com|date=18 July 2012 |isbn=978-0-85709-129-1 |last1=Bhansali |first1=Shekhar |last2=Vasudev |first2=Abhay |publisher=Elsevier Science }}</ref>
* ''Chemical Sensors 7 -and- MEMS/NEMS 7''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hesketh|first=Peter J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nS5lVoPCeCAC|title=Chemical Sensors 7 -and- MEMS/NEMS 7|date=2006|publisher=The Electrochemical Society|isbn=978-1-56677-510-6|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://mems.fiu.edu/dr-bhansali/programs/ Research Programs]
* [https://mems.fiu.edu/dr-bhansali/publications/ Journal Publications]
* [https://mems.fiu.edu/dr-bhansali/conference-papers/ Conference Publications]
* [https://patents.google.com/?inventor=shekhar+bhansali&oq=shekhar+bhansali Patents]
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=9UDF34gAAAAJ&hl=en Shekhar Bhansali Google Scholar]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhansali, Shekhar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
[[Category:Florida International University faculty]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:American computer scientists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]

Nakka Ananda Babu

2026-04-20T05:30:22Z

Shaunak88: made new pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{family name hatnote|Nakka|lang=Telugu}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nakka Ananda Babu
| image =
| caption =
| office2 = [[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu Ministry|Minister of Social Welfare]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| 1blankname2 = Governor
| 1namedata2 = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 2blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 2namedata2 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| term_start2 = 2 April 2017
| term_end2 = 29 May 2019
| predecessor2 = [[Ravela Kishore Babu]]
| succeeded2 = [[Pinipe Viswarup]]
| office3 = [[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu Ministry|Minister of Tribal Welfare]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| 1blankname3 = Governor
| 1namedata3 = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 2blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 2namedata3 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| term_start3 = 2 April 2017
| term_end3 = 10 November 2018
| predecessor3 = [[Ravela Kishore Babu]]
| succeeded3 = [[Kidari Sravan Kumar]]
| office4 = [[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu Ministry|Minister of Cinematography]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| 1blankname4 = Governor
| 1namedata4 = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 2blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 2namedata4 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| term_start4 = 11 November 2018
| term_end4 = 29 May 2019
| predecessor4 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
([[Chief Minister]])
| succeeded4 = [[Perni Venkataramaiah]]
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Vemuru Assembly constituency|Vemuru]]
| constituency1 = [[Vemuru Assembly constituency|Vemuru]]
| predecessor1 = Satishpaul Raj
| successor1 = [[Merugu Nagarjuna]]
| term_start1 = 16 May 2009
| term_end1 = 25 May 2019
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Merugu Nagarjuna]]
| successor =
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|09|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = {{Plainlist|
*[[Guntur]],
*[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
}}
| father = N. Nagendram
| mother = N. Pushpavathi
| spouse = N. Satya Ratna Kumari
| children = N. Akhilesh, N. Akash
| other_party =
}}

'''Nakka Ananda Babu''' (born 10 September 1966) is an Indian politician from the State of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was elected to [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] for two terms in 2009 and 2014 but lost in 2019 from [[Vemuru Assembly constituency|Vemuru]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nakka Ananda Baru (Winner)-Vemuru (Guntur)|url=https://myneta.info/andhra2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=2818|website=www.myneta.info|language=en}}</ref> He regained the Vemuru seat winning the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vemuru Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Vemuru Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/vemuru-constituency/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Babu is from Guntur. He was born to Nagendram and Pushpavathi. His wife, Nakka Satya Ratna Kumari, is a teacher.<ref name=":0" /> He completed his Bachelor's degree in Law in 1995 at Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. He is an advocate.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Babu served as the Social welfare, Tribal welfare Minister from 2017 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-02 |title=N Chandrababu Naidu Drops 5 Ministers, Inducts 11 New Faces|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/n-chandrababu-naidu-drops-5-mins-inducts-11-new-faces/articleshow/57971242.cms|access-date=2024-04-04|website=Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=Vemuru Election Results 2019 Live Updates |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/vemuru-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2154383.html |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In October 2020, he was appointed Politburo Member of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by TDP National President [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Vemuru Assembly constituency|Vemuru Constituency]] on the [[Telugu Desam Party]] ticket which had an alliance with [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Jana Sena Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Sambasiva Rao |date=2024-02-24 |title=TDP-JSP alliance announces candidates in Guntur, Bapatla and Palnadu districts of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-jsp-alliance-announces-candidates-in-guntur-bapatla-and-palnadu-districts-of-andhra-pradesh/article67882461.ece |access-date=2024-04-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He polled 94,922 votes and defeated Varikuti Ashok Babu of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 22,021 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Vemuru Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/vemuru-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916719.html |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand Babu, Nakka}}
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

Battle of Thorgo

2026-04-19T16:28:45Z

Shaunak88: starting a pg

{{Short description|Battle during First Kashmir war}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Thorgo
| place = Thorgo near [[Skardu]], [[Pakistan]]
| coordinates = {{coord|35.3010|N|75.74434|E|display=inline,title}}
| partof = [[Kashmir conflict]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]]
| commander1 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Major (rank)|Maj]].Ehsan Ali {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Lieutenant|Lieu]].[[Babar Khan (Major)|Babar]] {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Captain|Capt]].Nek Alam
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)}} Faqir Singh{{WIA}}<ref>{{Harvb|Palit|1972|p=233}}</ref> {{flagicon|India}} [[Major (rank)|Major]].Coutts
| units1 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Gilgit Scouts]]
* [[Ibex Force]]
* Local Volunteers
| units2 = {{flagicon|Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)}} [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces|6 J&K Infantry]]
* Biscuit Column
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Dominion of Pakistan]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Dominion of India]]
* {{flagicon|Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] {{Efn|The Jammu and Kashmir force is also referred as State troops or forces}}
| strength1 = ~3 Platoons,<ref name="Harvb|Dani|1989|p=386">{{Harvb|Dani|1989|p=386}}</ref> Approximately (100–300)
| strength2 = ~1 company (350 men)<ref name="Harvb|Dani|1989|p=386">{{Harvb|Dani|1989|p=386}}</ref> '''Accompanied by:''' ~600 Jawans,400 Porters,200 horses<ref name="Harvb|Dani|1989|p=386">{{Harvb|Dani|1989|p=386}}</ref>
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = '''Pakistani Sources:''' 150 killed, 75000 rounds of [[.303 British|303 ammo]], (2-3) [[Mortar (weapon)|Mortar]], rifles, [[Sten]]-guns, MMG's<ref name=":4">{{Harvb|Saraf|2015|p=280}}</ref> '''Indian Sources:''' 26 killed, 7 missing presumed killed, 18 wounded, 27 rifles, 5 [[Sten]] guns, 2 [[Vickers–Berthier|VB Machine guns]], 64000 rounds of rifle ammunition, 84 Hand grenades, 51 HE bombs of 2-mch mortar, 204 HE bombs of 3-mch mortar.<ref name="Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=288">{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=288}}</ref>
| result = Pakistani victory<ref name="Harvb|Dani|1989|p=387">{{Harvb|Dani|1989|p=387}}</ref>
*Relief column defeated<ref name="Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=289">{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=289}}</ref>
*Remaining forces retreat<ref name="Harvb|Dani|1989|p=387">{{Harvb|Dani|1989|p=387}}</ref>
| date = 16–18 March 1948<ref>{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|pp=288-289}} :{{Harvb|Dani|1989|pp=386-387}}</ref>
| image = [[File:Skardu map.png|302px]]
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani war of 1947-1948}}
{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}
| caption = Map of localities around Skardu region
}}

The '''Battle of Thorgo''' (also known as the '''Thorgo Incident'''{{Efn|The Inscription written at the monument built in Thorgo refers to it as the Thorgo incident, however the inscription written in Urdu refers it as (معرکہ تھورگو) which means Battle of Thorgo.|group=Lower-alpha}} or '''Nurbachung ambush''',<ref>{{harvp|Suharwardy, Tragedy in Kashmir|1983|p=155}}</ref> also spelled as '''Thurgo'''<ref>{{Harvb|Dani|1989|p=369}}</ref> or '''Thergo''',<ref name="Harvb|Singh|2010|p=253">{{Harvb|Singh|2010|p=253}}</ref>) was a military engagement during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]] in the [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] sector of northern Kashmir administered by Pakistan.<ref>{{Harvb|Jaffri|2019|p=30}}</ref> The battle took place from March 16 to March 18, 1948. The [[Gilgit Scouts]], a [[paramilitary]] force from northern Pakistan, fought against the Jammu and Kashmir state forces. The Gilgit Scouts were informed of a relief column dispatched from Indian headquarters at [[Srinagar]] to reinforce the besieged [[Skardu]] garrison of the Jammu and Kashmir state forces.<ref>{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=|pp=287-288}}</ref> The Scouts established an ambush at Thorgo Pari between Gol and [[Skardu]].{{Efn|The word Pari means Peak in Urdu spelled using Indian English.|group=Lower-alpha}}<ref name="Harvb|Dani|1989|p=386">{{Harvb|Dani|1989|p=386}}</ref> When the relief column arrived, the Scouts launched their attack, hurling large rocks, resulting in heavy casualties including the wounding of [[Brigadier]] Faqir Singh.<ref>{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=288}} : {{Harvb|Dani|1989|pp=387}}</ref>

The remnants of the defeated relief column retreated to [[Kargil]] under Major Coutts, while the wounded Brigadier Faqir Singh was evacuated to the headquarters at Srinagar.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=288}} : {{Harvb|Singh|2010|p=253}}</ref> Following the defeat of the Indian relief column near Gol, the Gilgit Scouts intensified their efforts against the Skardu garrison.<ref name=":6">{{Harvb|Singh|2010|p=253}} : {{Harvb|Dani|1989|pp=387}}</ref> Major Ehsan was informed that additional Indian reinforcements codenamed "Z Brigade" were being assembled at Kargil under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Kripal Singh. In response, Major Ehsan split his forces, sending a contingent to Parkutta to intercept the new reinforcements.<ref name=":5">{{Harvb|Dani|1989|pp=387}}</ref>

== Prelude ==

During the [[Siege of Skardu]], Colonel Sher Jung Thapa and his Jammu and Kashmir state forces successfully held off the Gilgit Scouts, which were a [[paramilitary]] force within the Gilgit-Baltistan region in northern Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir.<ref name=":0">{{Harvb|Palit|1972|p=231}} :</ref> After repeated requests for reinforcement from Colonel Thapa,<ref name=":0" /> Indian headquarters in Srinagar dispatched another relief column, codenamed "Biscuit column," led by Brigadier Faqir Singh of the Jammu and Kashmir state forces.{{Efn|The Jammu and Kashmir force is also referred as state troops or forces}}<ref name=":1">{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=288}} :</ref>

Major Ehsan Ali, commander of the Gilgit Scouts, had initially planned to ambush an earlier relief column arriving on February 13 but failed to do so. Upon learning of the new column, he prepared another ambush targeting Brigadier Faqir Singh's forces.<ref>{{Harvb|Dani|1989|pp=383-384}} :</ref> According to Mahajan, fighting intensified in the Skardu sector, including a failed attempt by the Skardu garrison to capture Point 8853 from the Scouts.<ref>{{Harvb|Dani|1989|pp=385-386}} :</ref>[[File:Battle of Thorgo map 1.jpg|Map illustrating Preparation of Gilgit scouts for ambush|left|alt=Gilgit scouts prepare a day before at Thurgo Pari/Peak to ambush incoming Indian relief force.|thumb]]On 15 February, the Skardu garrison spotted a small Gilgit Scout force moving toward the expected relief column route. The next day, a larger force was seen advancing in the same direction.<ref name=":1" />

Colonel Thapa, informed by headquarters at Srinagar that reinforcements would arrive on February 18, recognized these movements as ambush preparations.<ref name=":1" /> However, a malfunctioning W/T communication set prevented him from warning the relief forces. Colonel Thapa notified headquarters at Srinagar and requested airstrikes against the Scouts, but the Indians conducted no strikes.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Meanwhile, the arrival of the relief column greatly concerned Major Ehsan. Orders were given to Brigadier Faqir Singh to secure Thorgo Pari and keep the [[Indus River]] path open.<ref>{{Harvb|Dani|1989|pp=386}}</ref> As Brigadier Faqir's column approached Parkutta and Gol, he believed that the severe cold would incapacitate the Scouts.<ref name=":1" /> However, the Gilgit Scouts split their forces, leaving a smaller contingent at Skardu to continue shelling the garrison, while the majority of troops under Major Ehsan Ali prepared to ambush the relief column.<ref>{{Harvb|Dani|1989|pp=386-387}} :</ref>

== Battle ==

=== Ambush and casualties ===
The Gilgit Scouts chose Thorgo Pari near Gol as the site for their ambush. At that location, the road narrowed along the Indus River's left bank, allowing only single-file passage.<ref name=":2">{{Harvb|Dani|1989|pp=386-387}} : {{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=288}}</ref> Captain Nek Alam and his platoon took positions on the northernmost part of Thorgo Hill. [[Subedar]] Muhammad Ali{{Efn|[[Subedar]] is a military rank which is classed as a junior commissioned officer rank in India and Pakistan.|group=Lower-alpha}} and [[Lieutenant]] Babar spread their two platoons opposite Nurhbuchung village near the river. Captain Mohammed Khan positioned a mortar and machine gun section at the other end of the Pari, while another [[machine gun|machine gun section]] was stationed at the edge. With these placements, the Scouts were prepared to ambush the Indian relief column.<ref>{{Harvb|Dani|1989|pp=386-387}}</ref>

On 17 February, Brigadier Singh and Major Coutts's forces advanced through the narrow pass under the cover of darkness.<ref name=":2" /> To the surprise of the Scouts, the column unexpectedly stopped near the ambush site for lunch before resuming their advance.<ref name=":8">{{harvp|Suharwardy, Tragedy in Kashmir|1983|p=156}}</ref> As they entered firing range, the Scouts launched their ambush with combined arms fire and rolling rocks.<ref name=":2" /> Despite attempts to regroup, 3-inch and 2-inch mortar bombs caused heavy casualties, including wounding Brigadier Singh in the face and shoulder.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Harvb|Singh|2010|p=253}} : {{Harvb|Palit|1972|p=233}}</ref>[[File:Battle ofThorgo Map 2.jpg|thumb|Map Illustrating Jammu and Kashmir state troops entering the site planned for ambush by Gilgit scouts]]Despite the attack, the relief column returned fire and managed to hold their positions, preventing further Scout advances until dusk, though they were forced to leave behind their dead.<ref name=":3" /> The bombardment continued with mortar fire and constant shooting, aimed at preventing any regrouping of troops near Brigadier Faqir Singh.<ref name=":8" /> Defeated, the remaining forces retreated towards Kargil, spending the night at Totli on 18 March, and the column finally reached Kargil on 21 March.<ref name=":3" /> Brigadier Faqir Singh handed over command to Indian military advisor Major Coutts before returning to Srinagar for medical treatment.<ref name=":3" />

The ambush of the relief column caused significant confusion and resulted in heavy casualties. Some troops attempted to escape by diving into the water, and abandoning their supplies, which included three mortars, light machine guns, rifles, a Bren gun, a Sten gun, grenades, .303 rounds, and 20 wireless sets, according to [[Ahmad Hasan Dani]].<ref name=":5" /> [[Muhammad Yusuf Saraf]] reported that the Scouts captured 75,000 rounds of .303 ammunition, along with two or three mortars, medium machine guns, rifles, Sten guns, and various civilian supplies. Out of 350 men, 150 were reported dead on the spot, with only 75 believed to have survived.<ref name=":4">{{Harvb|Saraf|2015|p=280}}</ref>

S.N. Prasad provided a different account, stating that the relief column suffered 18 injuries, 26 deaths, and seven missing persons presumed dead. The Scouts captured 27 rifles, five Sten guns, two Vickers Berthier machine guns, 64,000 rounds of rifle ammunition, 84 hand grenades, 51 high-explosive bombs for the 2-inch mortar, and 204 HE bombs for the 3-inch mortar.<ref name="Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=288">{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=288}}</ref> According to a Government of India publication, Indian casualties included 26 killed, seven missing and presumed dead, and 18 wounded, with their ammunition and baggage looted.<ref>{{Harvb|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|1949|p=67}}</ref>

On 18 March, Colonel Thapa assembled a small force of two weakened platoons and set out to join Brigadier Faqir Singh, as directed by headquarters at Srinagar. However, Thapa's group was ambushed by Gilgit scouts. Nonetheless, they managed to escape the ambush without any casualties. After advancing a short distance, Thapa's forces were informed by local villagers of the defeat of the relief column.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

{{Cquote
| author = k. Brahma Singh|The fact that the column had had to turn back after reaching so close to Skardu was most tragic. The tragedy was all the more heightened after it became known that the Skardu Garrison had sent out two platoons under Lieutenant Ajit Singh (accompanied by Major Thapa himself) towards Gol to receive the relief column half way, but unfortunately this was done on 18 March which happened to be a day too late.<ref name="Harvb|Singh|2010|p=253">{{Harvb|Singh|2010|p=253}}</ref>
| width = 50%
}}

== Aftermath ==
[[File:Battle of Thorgo Map 4.jpg|thumb|Map illustrating the successful ambush by the Gilgit Scouts on the relief forces and their retreat.]]
After the defeat of the relief column and the success of the Gilgit Scouts near Gol, the fleeing Indian troops were pursued by [[Jamadar]] Ismail Khan{{Efn|[[Jemadar]] is a title used for various military and other officials in the Indian subcontinent mostly for lower ranks.|group=Lower-alpha}} and the Gilgit Scouts. The Pakistanis, including Scouts, also increased pressure on the Skardu garrison.<ref>{{Harvb|Singh|2010|p=253}} : {{Harvb|Dani|1989|pp=387-388}}</ref> As the retreating forces made their way to Kargil, they were attacked by both the Scouts and local Muslims, resulting in further casualties.<ref name=":8" /> The Gilgit Scouts, anticipating that reinforcements for relief of the garrison again might be sent from Srinagar, intensified their efforts to capture Skardu swiftly before such reinforcements could arrive.<ref name="Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=289">{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=289}}</ref>

Following the engagement, Major Ehsan strengthened his position by recruiting local youths and arming them with supplies captured from the relief force. With this increased strength, Pakistani attacks on the Skardu garrison intensified, as did their shelling of the cantonment.<ref name=":5" /> On March 26, the Scouts launched a night attack on the Skardu garrison, resulting in heavy crossfire. The outcome of the attack was inconclusive.<ref name=":8" /> When Major Ehsan learned that further reinforcements, designated as Z Brigade and commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Kripal Singh, were being dispatched to consolidate at Kargil, he decided to split his forces and send a contingent to Parkutta to counter this new threat.<ref name=":5" />

Meantime, A and B Companies of the 7th Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, led by Captains Davinder Singh and Durga Singh, were ordered to reinforce the Skardu garrison.<ref name=":7">{{Harvb|Palit|1972|p=234}}</ref> They joined Major Coutts and other members of the previous column at Kargil, advancing towards Parkutta to await further reinforcements from the 5th Jammu and Kashmir Rifles.<ref name=":7" /> Lieutenant Babar Khan was left in charge of the Skardu siege while Major Ehsan departed for Parkutta on April 29.<ref name=":5" /> After Ehsan's departure, Babar Khan moved towards Ladakh, and the siege at Skardu continued under Colonel Mataul of Chitral. The [[Royal Indian Air Force]] also began providing support to the besieged forces at Skardu.<ref>{{Harvb|Dani|1989|pp=387-388}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]]
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
* [[Siege of Skardu]]
* [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]
* [[1947 Gilgit rebellion]]
* [[Military operations in Ladakh (1948)|Operations in Ladakh]]

== Sources ==

=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Saraf |first=Muhammad Yusuf |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ym1uvgAACAAJ |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/part-ii-kashmiris-fight-for-freedom-vol-2-1947-1978-by-yusuf-saraf |archive-date=2021-03-29 |location=Mirpur |publisher=National Institute Kashmir Studies |author-link=Muhammad Yusuf Saraf |orig-year=first published 1979 by Ferozsons}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gulati |first=M. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Both+the+Brigadier+and+the+Major |title=Military Plight of Pakistan: Indo-Pak War, 1947-48, Volume 1 |publisher=Manas Publications |year=2000 |isbn=9788170491231 |volume=1 |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.220135/page/n67/mode/2up?q=Nurhbuchung |archive-date=2017-01-18}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Jaffri |first=Imran Haider |date=Summer 2019 |title=Captain Hussain Khan, Fakhr-i-Kashmir, OBI, shaheed: A Forgotten Hero of Kashmir Liberation War-1947/48 |url=https://www.aimh.gov.pk/summer-2019/ |url-status=live |journal=Bugle and Trumpet |publisher=Army Institute of Military History, Pakistan |volume=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225220414/https://www.aimh.gov.pk/summer-2019/ |archive-date=2024-02-25 |via=Aimh |number=2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Palit |first=D. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGZDnzqQj2QC |title=Jammu and Kashmir Arms: History of the J & K Rifles |publisher=Palit & Dutt |year=1972 |language=en |asin=B0006C8HKM |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3425/page/n1/mode/2up?q=Rawalakot |archive-date=2000-01-20}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPY8AAAAMAAJ |title=History of Northern Areas of Pakistan |publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research |year=1989 |isbn=9789694150161 |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/kululahoul0000bruc/page/388/mode/2up?q=378 |archive-date=2022-12-15}}
* {{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=S.N |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBwNAAAAIAAJ&q=Operations%20In%20Jammu%20Amp%20Kashmir%201947-48 |title=History of Operations in Jammu & Kashmir, 1947-48 |publisher=History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |year=1987 |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.116302/page/n355/mode/2up?q=Thurgo |archive-date=2017-01-15}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |first=India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TR7SAAAAIAAJ |title=Defending Kashmir |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |year=1949 |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/DefendingKashmir/page/n75/mode/2up?q=Faqir |archive-date=2014-10-26}}
* {{citation |last=Suharwardy |first=Abdul Haq |title=Tragedy in Kashmir |year=1983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjRuAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Wajidalis |ref={{sfnref|Suharwardy, Tragedy in Kashmir|1983}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K.Brahma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psTeAAAAMAAJ&q=History%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20rifles |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820-1956 The State Force Background |publisher=Lancer International |year=1990 |isbn=9788170620914 |language=en |format=Hardcover}}
** {{citation |last=Singh |first=K. Brahma |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820-1956: The State Force Background |year=2010 |url=http://www.brahmasingh.co.nf/books/history%20of%20jammu%20and%20kashmir%20rifles.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306195332/http://www.brahmasingh.co.nf/books/history%20of%20jammu%20and%20kashmir%20rifles.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead |publisher=brahmasingh.co.nf |isbn=978-81-7062-091-4 |orig-date=first published Lancer International 1990}}
{{refend}}

{{Portalbar|Pakistan|Kashmir|India}}
{{Kashmir conflict}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thorgo 1948}}
[[Category:Battles of the India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948]]
[[Category:February 1948 in Asia]]
[[Category:Skardu District]]
[[Category:Ambushes of the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:History of Gilgit-Baltistan]]

Madha Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T11:26:19Z

Shaunak88:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Madha
|state = [[Maharashtra]]
|established = 1955
|district = [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Madha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madha]]
|reservation = None
|constituency_no = 245
|type= SLA
| map_image = 245-Madha.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Abhijeet Dhananjay Patil]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|electors = 353,046
}}
'''Madha Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in Southern [[India]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=5 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

==Overview==
Madha (constituency number 245) is one of the eleven Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Solapur District]]. It comprises parts of Madha, Pandharpur and Malshiras tehsils of this district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=272}}</ref> The number of electors in 2009 were 266,348 (Male 140,115, Female 126,233).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf |title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=5 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409033702/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf |archivedate=9 April 2011 }}</ref>

Madha is part of the [[Madha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madha Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely- [[Karmala Assembly constituency|Karmala]], [[Sangole Assembly constituency|Sangole]] and [[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras]] in the [[Solapur district]] and [[Phaltan Assembly constituency|Phaltan]] and [[Maan Assembly constituency|Maan]] in the [[Satara District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=278}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madha Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/madha.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Namdeo Mahadeo Jagtap Ganpat Laxman Sonawane (Sc) || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Kashinath Babu Asware
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Sampatrao Maruti Patil || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Vitthalrao Shinde || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Krishnarao Kondiba Parbat|| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Dhanaji Ganapatrao Sathe || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=2 | Pandurang Ganapat Patil || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=6 | [[Babanrao Vitthalrao Shinde]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Abhijeet Dhananjay Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Madha<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Madha">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Madha |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13245.htm |access-date=13 January 2025 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113044246/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13245.htm |archive-date=13 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="Madha Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Madha Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/madha |access-date=13 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113044356/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/madha |archive-date=13 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Abhijeet Dhananjay Patil]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 136,559 |percentage = 50.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ranjit Babanrao Shinde |party=Independent politician |votes = 105,938 |percentage = 39.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Minaltai Dadasaheb Sathe |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 13,381 |percentage = 4.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajesh Tanaji Khare |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,741 |percentage = 1.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rahul Gautam Chavan |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,231 |percentage = 0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 924 |percentage = 0.34% |change={{decrease}}0.38 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,621 |percentage = 11.41% |change= {{decrease}}18.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 269,194 |percentage = 76.25% |change= {{increase}}6.94 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 268,270}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 353,046|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}12.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Madha<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Babanrao Vitthalrao Shinde]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 142,573 |percentage = 63.23% |change={{increase}}19.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kokate Sanjay Shivlal |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 74,328 |percentage = 32.96% |change={{increase}}14.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Joti Takatode |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,000 |percentage = 1.33% |change={{increase}}0.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,628 |percentage = 0.72% |change={{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagadale Dinesh Gopinath |party=Sambhaji Brigade Party |votes = 1,449 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anand Shamrao Londhe |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,412 |percentage = 0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 68,245 |percentage = 30.27% |change= {{increase}}14.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 227,276 |percentage = 69.60% |change= {{decrease}}5.66 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 225,480}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 326,537|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}19.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Madha<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Babanrao Vitthalrao Shinde]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 97,803 |percentage = 44.10% |change={{decrease}}17.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kale Kalyan Vasantrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 62,025 |percentage = 27.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sawant Shivaji Jaywant |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 40,616 |percentage = 18.32% |change={{increase}}11.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sathe Ganpatrao Dhanajirao |party=Independent politician |votes = 14,149 |percentage = 6.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prakshale Shrikrishana Dnyandev |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,169 |percentage = 0.98% |change={{decrease}}0.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hakepatil Sanjay Vasant |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,520 |percentage = 0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,459 |percentage = 0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,778 |percentage = 16.13% |change= {{decrease}}18.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 224,326 |percentage = 75.58% |change= {{increase}}7.16 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 221,758}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 296,816|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}17.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Madha<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Babanrao Vitthalrao Shinde]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 110,224 |percentage = 61.26% |change={{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sawant Shivaji Jaywant |party=Independent politician |votes = 47,055 |percentage = 26.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Anil Sampatrao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 12,962 |percentage = 7.20% |change={{decrease}}25.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shahajan Paigambar Shaikh |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,147 |percentage = 1.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Udaysingh Yuvraj Deshmukh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,908 |percentage = 1.62% |change={{increase}}0.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Keche Baban Gahininath |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 2,777 |percentage = 1.54% |change={{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 63,169 |percentage = 35.11% |change= {{increase}}6.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 180,026 |percentage = 67.59% |change= {{decrease}}8.73 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 179,934}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 266,348|ref = |change= {{increase}}33.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Madha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Babanrao Vitthalrao Shinde]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 92,851 |percentage = 61.13% |change={{increase}}6.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sawant Shivaji Jaywant |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 50,106 |percentage = 32.99% |change={{increase}}10.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Shivaji Balbhim |party=Peasants And Workers Party of India |votes = 3,296 |percentage = 2.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gore Prakash Ramchandra |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 2,561 |percentage = 1.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Devkate Deepak Bhanudas |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,697 |percentage = 1.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mulani Shahajahan Paigambar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,370 |percentage = 0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 42,745 |percentage = 28.14% |change= {{decrease}}4.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 151,960 |percentage = 76.32% |change= {{increase}}13.10 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 151,881}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 199,096|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}6.76 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Madha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Babanrao Vitthalrao Shinde]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 59,997 |percentage = 54.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dikole Dhananjay Mahadeo |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 24,408 |percentage = 22.12% |change={{increase}}8.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sathe Dhanaji Ganpatrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,542 |percentage = 19.52% |change={{decrease}}2.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhagat Suryakant Ramchandra |party=Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 3,577 |percentage = 3.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sou. Shinde Meera Sudam |party=Independent politician |votes = 827 |percentage = 0.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,589 |percentage = 32.25% |change= {{increase}}16.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 118,305 |percentage = 67.73% |change= {{decrease}}16.85 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 110,351}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,660|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}16.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Madha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Babanrao Vitthalrao Shinde]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 48,896 |percentage = 37.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandurang Ganapat Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 28,586 |percentage = 21.91% |change={{decrease}}11.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sathe Dhanaji Ganpatrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,792 |percentage = 14.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gore Prakash Ramchandra |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 18,125 |percentage = 13.89% |change={{decrease}}2.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. M. Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 7,925 |percentage = 6.07% |change={{decrease}}10.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Maske Prakash Tukaram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,808 |percentage = 4.45% |change={{increase}}3.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Keche Baban Gahininath |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,161 |percentage = 1.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,310 |percentage = 15.57% |change= {{increase}}4.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 133,163 |percentage = 81.67% |change= {{increase}}14.90 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 130,481}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,048|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.48 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Madha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Pandurang Ganapat Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 33,510 |percentage = 32.99% |change={{decrease}}2.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sathe Dhanaji Ganapatrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 22,525 |percentage = 22.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhai S. M. Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 16,692 |percentage = 16.43% |change={{decrease}}2.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gore Prakash Ramchandra |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 16,574 |percentage = 16.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kuntal Shah |party=Janata Dal |votes = 10,954 |percentage = 10.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,985 |percentage = 10.81% |change= {{increase}}0.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 103,569 |percentage = 66.40% |change= {{decrease}}0.14 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 101,578}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,969|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}12.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Madha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Pandurang Ganapat Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 38,760 |percentage = 45.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Maske Prakash Tukaram |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 29,890 |percentage = 35.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Sampatrao Maruti |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 15,704 |percentage = 18.55% |change={{decrease}}8.32 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,870 |percentage = 10.48% |change= {{decrease}}5.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 86,232 |percentage = 66.48% |change= {{increase}}5.92 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 84,670}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,719|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}1.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Madha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sathe Dhanaji Ganapatrao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 29,698 |percentage = 43.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaha Kuntal Motichandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,707 |percentage = 27.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Sampatrao Maruti |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 18,139 |percentage = 26.87% |change={{decrease}}6.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Parabat Krishnarao Kondiba |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 967 |percentage = 1.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,991 |percentage = 16.28% |change= {{increase}}12.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,367 |percentage = 60.98% |change= {{decrease}}4.08 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,511}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,751|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}6.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Madha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Parbat Krishnarao Kondiba |party=Independent politician |votes = 25,076 |percentage = 37.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sampatrao Maruti Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 22,308 |percentage = 33.11% |change={{increase}}6.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Pandurang Vithalrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,987 |percentage = 26.69% |change={{decrease}}21.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Bhima Gujarappa |party=Independent politician |votes = 996 |percentage = 1.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Dattatraya Adilappa |party=Independent politician |votes = 697 |percentage = 1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,768 |percentage = 4.11% |change= {{decrease}}16.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,579 |percentage = 65.50% |change= {{decrease}}1.79 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,382}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,232|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.72 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Madha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vithalrao Shinde |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 29,233 |percentage = 47.94% |change={{increase}}6.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sampatrao Maruti Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 16,434 |percentage = 26.95% |change={{decrease}}26.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sathe Dhanaji Ganapatrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 12,049 |percentage = 19.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kulkarni Vishnu Damodar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,907 |percentage = 3.13% |change={{decrease}}2.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lankeshwar Apaji |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 833 |percentage = 1.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaha Anil Premchand |party=Independent politician |votes = 528 |percentage = 0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,799 |percentage = 20.99% |change= {{increase}}9.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,136 |percentage = 67.52% |change= {{increase}}0.45 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,984}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,511|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}5.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Madha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sampatrao Maruti Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 28,948 |percentage = 52.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. K. Parabat |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,634 |percentage = 41.42% |change={{decrease}}23.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. D. Kulkarni |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,058 |percentage = 5.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,314 |percentage = 11.56% |change= {{decrease}}22.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,044 |percentage = 69.98% |change= {{increase}}29.63 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 54,640}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,370|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}12.24 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Madha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kashinath Babu Asware |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,659 |percentage = 65.22% |change={{increase}}43.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Keru Appa Lankeshwar |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 8,078 |percentage = 31.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Digambar Appa Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 806 |percentage = 3.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,581 |percentage = 33.59% |change= {{increase}}31.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 26,643 |percentage = 36.64% |change= {{decrease}}44.24 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,543}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,715|ref = |change= {{decrease}}41.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}43.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Madha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Jagatap Namdeo Mahadeo |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,039 |percentage = 22.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sonawane Ganpat Laxman (Sc) |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,394 |percentage = 20.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Ganpatrao Ekanath |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,470 |percentage = 18.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kambale Nivritti Satwaji (Sc) |party=Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 15,929 |percentage = 16.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Sampatrao Maruti |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 15,397 |percentage = 15.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Asware Kashinath Babu |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,183 |percentage = 4.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kharat Jangalu Tatya (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,976 |percentage = 2.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,645 |percentage = 1.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,388 |percentage = 79.37% |change= ''New'' }} {{Election box total valid |votes= 99,388}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,223|ref = |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]
* [[Madha Taluka|Madha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Solapur district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|18.03|75.52|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Solapur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

Punnagai Mannan (soundtrack)

2026-04-17T17:20:36Z

Shaunak88: made a entry first draft

{{use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| cover = Punnagai Mannan (soundtrack).jpg
| name = Punnagai Mannan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| released = 1986
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 36:45
| language = Tamil
| label = Echo
| producer = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
}}
'''''Punnagai Mannan''''' is the [[soundtrack]] to the [[Punnagai Mannan|1986 film of the same name]] directed by [[K. Balachander]], starring [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Revathi]]. The film's soundtrack consists of nine tracks composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punnagai Mannan (1986) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000147 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304132120/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000147 |archive-date=4 March 2012 |access-date=3 March 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Punnagai Mannan Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/punnagai-mannan-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702041350/https://mossymart.com/product/punnagai-mannan-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-4/ |archive-date=2 July 2021 |access-date=2 July 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> It was notably one of the earliest Tamil films to use music systems and [[Music sequencer|sequencers]] for recording the music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Birthday Ilaiyaraaja: 10 soulful songs that will make you a huge fan of the composer |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2018/jun/02/happy-birthday-ilaiyaraaja-10-soulful-songs-that-will-make-you-a-huge-fan-of-the-composer-7932.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929022530/https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2018/jun/02/happy-birthday-ilaiyaraaja-10-soulful-songs-that-will-make-you-a-huge-fan-of-the-composer-7932.html |archive-date=2021-09-29 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=[[Indulge Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Development ==
''Punnagai Mannan'' marked Ilaiyaraaja's second collaboration with Balachander after [[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|''Sindhu Bhairavi'']] (1985). It was one of the earliest films to introduce [[Digital audio|digital music]] in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noor |first=Taj |author-link=Taj Noor |date=22 September 2017 |title=தரணி ஆளும் கணினி இசை 1: முதல் முதலா ஒரு பாட்டு... |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/96997-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212020931/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/96997-1.html |archive-date=12 February 2023 |access-date=29 January 2024 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> During a visit to Singapore in 1985, for a course on the [[Yamaha CX5M]] system, Ilaiyaraaja eventually purchased the computer for recording the music.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=1 November 2013 |title=The reign of Raja |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-reign-of-raja/article5302447.ece |url-status=live |access-date=16 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830184329/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-reign-of-raja/article5302447.ece |archive-date=30 August 2014}}</ref> This allowed him to type out notations of the specific instruments on keyboard, which records the tunes and mixes them with the vocals, instead of playing the instruments manually and mastered those tunes on computer.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=15 April 1986 |title=Tamil film music director Illaya Raaja goes hi-tech |language=en |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19860415-tamil-film-music-director-illaya-raaja-goes-hi-tech-800755-1986-04-15 |url-status=live |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410104715/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19860415-tamil-film-music-director-illaya-raaja-goes-hi-tech-800755-1986-04-15 |archive-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> Ilaiyaraaja further used the [[Yamaha DX7]] and [[Roland Jupiter-8]] synthesizers,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Maderya |first=Kumuthan |date=7 December 2021 |title=Once Upon A Time in Kollywood: Ilaiyaraaja And The Electro-Synth Pop Revolution In Tamil Film Music |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/ilaiyaraaja-tamil-songs-once-upon-a-time-in-kollywood-the-electro-synth-pop-revolution-in-tamil-film-music-vikram-agni-natchathiram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321004032/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/ilaiyaraaja-tamil-songs-once-upon-a-time-in-kollywood-the-electro-synth-pop-revolution-in-tamil-film-music-vikram-agni-natchathiram |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> as well as [[E-mu Drumulator|E-mu drumulator]] and [[Roland R-8]] drum machines, according to musician-critic [[Andy Votel]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Votel |first=Andy |author-link=Andy Votel |date=29 March 2013 |title=Ten Electronic Extroverts from the Middle East and South Asia, Part 2 |url=https://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2013/03/ten-electronic-extroverts-from-the-middle-east-and-south-asia-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028132432/https://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2013/03/ten-electronic-extroverts-from-the-middle-east-and-south-asia-02 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |access-date=29 January 2024 |website=[[Red Bull Music Academy]] |publisher=[[Red Bull]] |language=en}}</ref> [[A. R. Rahman]] (who was then known as Dileep) played the synthesizers, besides programming the CX5M system and [[Music sequencer|sequencer]].{{sfn|Kamini|2009|pp=53–54}}<ref name=":0" /> Ilaiyaraaja composed five songs within an hour <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2026 |title=Ilayaraja Music: ஒரே மணி நேரம்.. 5 மெட்டுகள்! 'என்ன சத்தம் இந்த நேரம்' பாடலைப் பார்த்து மிரண்டுபோன பாலச்சந்தர்! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/5-hit-songs-in-one-hour-the-magical-moment-when-punnagai-mannan-was-born-mhod1yv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207013806/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/5-hit-songs-in-one-hour-the-magical-moment-when-punnagai-mannan-was-born-mhod1yv |archive-date=2026-02-07 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref>

Kumuthan Maderya, writing for ''[[Film Companion]]'', said ''Punnagai Mannan'' "capitalises on the wave of popularity of modern [[Musical film|dance musicals]]", as the film was made after the success of ''[[Flashdance]]'', ''[[Staying Alive (1983 film)|Staying Alive]]'' (both 1983) and ''[[Footloose]]'' (1984).<ref name=":0" /> The song "One Two Three" featured English lyrics written by [[Viji Manuel]], and the theme music was played by Rahman on piano and synthesizer.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-11-01 |title=32 years of 'Punnagai Mannan': Why the Kamal Haasan film is still in our hearts |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2018/Nov/01/32-years-of-punnagai-mannan-why-the-kamal-haasan-film-is-still-in-our-hearts-101890.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308091056/https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2018/Nov/01/32-years-of-punnagai-mannan-why-the-kamal-haasan-film-is-still-in-our-hearts-101890.html |archive-date=2019-03-08 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-04 |title=AR Rahman posts throwback photo with Ilaiyaraaja and it is unmissable |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ar-rahman-posts-throwback-photo-with-ilaiyaraaja-and-it-is-unmissable-1446234-2019-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109165828/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ar-rahman-posts-throwback-photo-with-ilaiyaraaja-and-it-is-unmissable-1446234-2019-02-04 |archive-date=2021-01-09 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In the nine-song soundtrack, four of them were set in Carnatic ragas. "Yedhedho Ennam Valarthen" is set in [[Sankarabharanam (raga)#Janya 1: Ragam Pahadi/Pahari|Pahadi]];{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=168}} "Singalathu Chinnakuyile" is set in [[Bageshri]];{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=158}} "Enna Satham" is in [[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhu Bhairavi]];{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=129}} and "Kavithai Kelungal" is in Savithri.{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=138}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=100 இசை துளி – Padma Vibhushan |language=ta |work=[[Dinamalar]] |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/padmavibhushan_ilayaraja/songs.php |url-status=live |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801011145/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/padmavibhushan_ilayaraja/songs.php |archive-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> "Kaala Kaalamaaga Vaazhum" is somewhat loosely based on the raga "Sumanesharanjani" (a) "Samudrapriya" (a) "Madhukauns"

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 36:45
| title1 = Yedhedho Ennam Valarthen
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| length1 = 4:23
| title2 = Enna Saththam Indha Neram
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| lyrics2 = Vairamuthu
| length2 = 4:17
| title3 = Vaan Megam Poo Poovaai
| extra3 = K. S. Chithra
| lyrics3 = Vairamuthu
| length3 = 3:53
| title4 = Kavithai Kelungal Karuvil
| extra4 = [[Vani Jairam]], [[P. Jayachandran]]
| lyrics4 = Vairamuthu
| length4 = 7:00
| title5 = Kaala Kaalamaaga Vaazhum
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| lyrics5 = Vairamuthu
| length5 = 4:21
| title6 = Singalathu Chinnakuyile
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| lyrics6 = Vairamuthu
| length6 = 4:16
| title7 = Maamaavukku Kudumaa Kudumaa
| extra7 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| lyrics7 = Vairamuthu
| length7 = 4:34
| title8 = Theme Music
| extra8 = —
| lyrics8 = —
| length8 = 2:34
| title9 = One Two Three
| extra9 = Francis Lazarus
| lyrics9 = Viji Manuel
| length9 = 1:27
}}

== Reception ==
''Punnagai Mannan'''s soundtrack—particularly "Enna Saththam Indha Neram" and the theme music—was popular post-release. During a felicitation ceremony for Balachander, Vairamuthu praised him for the song, stating he had the audacity to insert a song into a sequence in which two lovers were going to die.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S.R. |date=9 May 2008 |title=Encomiums well deserved |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Encomiums-well-deserved/article15398608.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227043754/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Encomiums-well-deserved/article15398608.ece |archive-date=27 February 2018 |access-date=16 October 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In May 2015, the [[Frequency modulation|FM]] radio station [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] commemorated Ilaiyaraaja's 72nd birthday by broadcasting the composer's songs in a special show titled ''Raja Rajathan'' for 91 days. "Enna Satham" was one of the most-requested songs on the show.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=9 May 2015 |title=Salute to Ilaiyaraaja, the king |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/salute-to-ilaiyaraaja/article7188356.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920115654/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/salute-to-ilaiyaraaja/article7188356.ece |archive-date=20 September 2015 |access-date=20 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath, writing for ''[[Scroll.in]]'', described it as a "love song, lullaby and dirge rolled into one".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=20 March 2017 |title=Picture the song: 'Yenna Satham' from 'Punnagai Mannan' is a superb Ilaiyaraaja-SPB collaboration |url=https://scroll.in/reel/832254/picture-the-song-yenna-satham-from-punnagai-mannan-is-a-superb-ilaiyaraaja-spb-collaboration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311062257/https://scroll.in/reel/832254/picture-the-song-yenna-satham-from-punnagai-mannan-is-a-superb-ilaiyaraaja-spb-collaboration |archive-date=11 March 2018 |access-date=11 March 2018 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{Cite book |last=Kamini |first=Mathai |title=A. R. Rahman: The Musical Storm |title-link=A. R. Rahman: The Musical Storm |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-670-08371-8 |location=India}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}
{{Ilaiyaraaja}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:1986 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Ilaiyaraaja soundtracks]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]

Rasik Mohan Chakma

2026-04-16T06:34:27Z

Shaunak88: made first stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rasik Mohan Chakma
| image = File:Rasik Mohan Chakma.jpg
| caption = Chakma in 2018
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1964}}
| birth_place = [[Borapansury - I|Borapansury]], Mizoram, India
| office = [[Chief Executive Member of the Chakma Autonomous District Council]]
| term_start = 22 May 2023
| term_end = 23 December 2024
| successor = [[Molin Kumar Chakma]]
| term_start1 = 9 October 2021
| term_end1 = 2 June 2022
| predecessor1 = Durjya Dhan Chakma
| successor1 = Buddha Lila Chakma
| constituency1 = [[Borapansury - I|Borapansury I]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] 2003-2006
| constituency2 = [[Tuichawng Assembly constituency|Tuichawng]]
| term_start2 = 2003
| predecessor2 = [[Nirupam Chakma]]
| term_end2 = 2006
| successor2 = [[Alak Bikash Chakma]]
| office3 = Member of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] 2023-2026
| constituency3 = [[Tuichawng Assembly constituency|Tuichawng]]
| term_start3 = 2023
| predecessor3 =
| term_end3 = 2026
| successor3 =
| party = [[Mizo National Front]]
| other_party =
| alma_mater = [[North-Eastern Hill University|NEHU]]
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website = [https://www.cadc.gov.in/ www.cadc.gov.in]
}}

'''Rasik Mohan Chakma''' (born 1964) is an Indian politician and Member of [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tuichang Assembly constituency]] since 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tuichawng Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: MNF's Rasik Mohan Chakma wins Tuichawng with 13346 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/tuichawng-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2471396-2023-12-04 |website=indiatoday.in |access-date=3 January 2024}}</ref> He was the [[Chief Executive Member of the Chakma Autonomous District Council|Chief Executive Member]] of the [[Chakma Autonomous District Council]], an autonomous region in [[Mizoram]]. Rasik Mohan Chakma was born to Late Sukra Moni Chakma. He is a resident of [[Borapansury - I|Borapansury I]], [[Lawngtlai district]]. He was the founder president of the Chakma District [[Mizo National Front]] (CDMNF).

== Early life and education ==
Chakma was born in 1964 in [[Borapansury - I|Borapansury]], Mizoram.

Before joining active politics, he served as a Post Master in Mizoram. He completed his graduation from Lunglei Government College (NEHU) in 1988.

== Political career ==
He has been representing Borapansury I MDC constituency as Member in Executive Committee of Chakma Autonomous District Council since 1993, except in 9th general election to Chakma Autonomous District Council held in 2013, which he lost to Dayal Chandra Chakma.

In 2003 general election to Mizoram Legislative Assembly, he represented Tuichawng Assembly constituency.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies/2003-election-results.html | title=Mizoram Election Result }}</ref>

Rasik Mohan Chakma was a Member of the Chakma Autonomous District Council from Mizo National Front. Under his leader, the Mizo National Front has formed several Mizo National Front led government in Chakma Autonomous District Council. He has become the Chief Executive Member (CEM)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2021/10/14/rasik-mohan-chakma-sworn-in-as-head-of-chakma-autonomous-council | title=Rasik Mohan Chakma sworn in as head of Chakma autonomous council | date=14 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/mizoram/mizoram-mnf-leader-rasik-mohan-chakma-sworn-in-as-cem-of-opposition-less-cadc.html | title=Mizoram: MNF leader Rasik Mohan Chakma sworn in as CEM of opposition less CADC | date=14 October 2021 }}</ref> of the Chakma Autonomous District Council (CADC) from 14 October 2021 by over throwing Shri Durjya Dhan Chakma until 24 December 2024.

He has served as the Chairman of Chakma Autonomous District Council.

He was the twentieth Chief Executive Member (CEM) of CADC.

== Positions held ==

* 2021–2024: Elected as the Chief Executive Member (CEM) of the Chakma Autonomous District Council (CADC).

== Role in the development of CADC ==
During his tenure as the CEM of CADC, the Chawngte branch of [[State Bank of India]], long bridges of Chawngte L and Chawngte P were initiated, which serve as the main lifeline of the people of Chakma Autonomous District Council.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://www.cadc.gov.in/the-chief-executive-member

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakma, Rasik Mohan}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chakma people]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:People from Lawngtlai district]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Mizo National Front politicians]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]

Phulbari Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:20Z

Shaunak88: made the pg w/ sources

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Phulbari
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[West Garo Hills district|West Garo Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Abu Taher Mondal]]
| party = {{Party index link|National People's Party (India)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:32587}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Phulbari Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 46
}}

'''Phulbari Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[West Garo Hills district|West Garo Hills]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
!colspan=4|Assam
|-
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Bronson Momin]]
|{{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
|-
|-
!colspan=4|Megalaya
|-
|-
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan=2 | [[Akramozzaman]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan=2 | Parimal Rava || {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || {{Full party name with color|Hill People's Union}}
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || [[Manirul Islam Sarkar]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || [[Abu Taher Mondal]]
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || [[Manirul Islam Sarkar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=2 | [[Abu Taher Mondal]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[S. G. Esmatur Mominin]] || {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Abu Taher Mondal]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Phulbari<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abu Taher Mondal]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=14,969 |percentage=51.02% |change={{increase}}20.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. G. Esmatur Mominin]] |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=11,729 |percentage=39.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Edmund K. Sangma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,856 |percentage=6.33% |change={{decrease}}11.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zinbaward N. Sangma |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=400 |percentage=1.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sailendra R. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=318 |percentage=1.08% |change={{decrease}}25.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=219 |percentage=0.75% |change={{decrease}}1.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,240 |percentage=11.04% |change= {{increase}}6.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,340 |percentage=90.04% |change= {{decrease}}3.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,587 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= {{increase}}20.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Phulbari<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. G. Esmatur Mominin]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=7,716 |percentage=30.79% |change={{increase}}23.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abu Taher Mondal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,582 |percentage=26.26% |change={{increase}}2.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mark Goera B. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=5,527 |percentage=22.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Binoy Kumar Ghosh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,570 |percentage=18.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=470 |percentage=1.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,134 |percentage=4.52% |change= {{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,063 |percentage=93.05% |change= {{increase}}1.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,934 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.34 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Phulbari<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abu Taher Mondal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,831 |percentage=23.45% |change={{increase}}1.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mark Goera B. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=4,332 |percentage=21.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Binoy Kumar Ghosh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,121 |percentage=20.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manirul Islam Sarkar]] |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=3,922 |percentage=19.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sader Hossain |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=1,587 |percentage=7.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sylvester Bulu Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=953 |percentage=4.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdus Saffur Mondal |party=Independent politician |votes=492 |percentage=2.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=499 |percentage=2.42% |change= {{decrease}}7.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,601 |percentage=91.80% |change= {{increase}}1.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,442 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}13.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}8.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Phulbari<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abu Taher Mondal]] |party=Independent politician |votes=7,492 |percentage=32.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manirul Islam Sarkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,074 |percentage=21.75% |change={{decrease}}16.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sader Hossain |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,655 |percentage=19.95% |change={{decrease}}9.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Binoy Kumar Ghosh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,616 |percentage=19.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sofiar Rahman Hazarika |party=Independent politician |votes=712 |percentage=3.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Azizuz Zaman Ebne Akram |party=Independent politician |votes=460 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parimal Rabha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=321 |percentage=1.38% |change={{decrease}}28.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,418 |percentage=10.36% |change= {{increase}}2.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,330 |percentage=90.43% |change= {{increase}}9.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,798 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.82 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Phulbari<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manirul Islam Sarkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,170 |percentage=37.93% |change={{increase}}24.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aperson G. Momin |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,616 |percentage=29.71% |change={{increase}}12.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abu Taher Mondal]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,612 |percentage=29.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aynal Haque Hazarika |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=259 |percentage=1.37% |change={{decrease}}13.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anowar Islam |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=245 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,554 |percentage=8.22% |change= {{increase}}7.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,902 |percentage=81.21% |change= {{increase}}0.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,275 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}17.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Phulbari<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abu Taher Mondal]] |party=Independent politician |votes=3,597 |percentage=20.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manirul Islam Sarkar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=3,393 |percentage=19.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parimal Rabha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,983 |percentage=17.11% |change={{increase}}0.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aperson G. Momin |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=2,635 |percentage=15.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Bari Sarkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,283 |percentage=13.09% |change={{decrease}}8.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sofiar Rahman Hazarika |party=Independent politician |votes=2,055 |percentage=11.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anindra Ch. Rabha |party=Garo National Council |votes=214 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=204 |percentage=1.17% |change= {{decrease}}3.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,439 |percentage=83.37% |change= {{decrease}}6.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,560 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}6.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Phulbari<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manirul Islam Sarkar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=4,175 |percentage=26.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Kramoz Zaman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,376 |percentage=21.59% |change={{increase}}2.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Final Ch. Rabha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,602 |percentage=16.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parimal Rabha |party=Hill People's Union |votes=2,595 |percentage=16.60% |change={{decrease}}13.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sofiar Rahman Hazarika |party=Independent politician |votes=2,139 |percentage=13.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samsul Huda |party=Janata Dal (B) |votes=587 |percentage=3.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lutfur Prodhani |party=Communist Party of India |votes=161 |percentage=1.03% |change={{decrease}}0.29 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=799 |percentage=5.11% |change= {{decrease}}5.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,635 |percentage=88.34% |change= {{decrease}}0.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,948 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Hill People's Union |swing= {{decrease}}3.19 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Phulbari<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Parimal Rava |party=Hill People's Union |votes=3,848 |percentage=29.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sofior Rahman Hazarika |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,470 |percentage=19.19% |change={{decrease}}2.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Bari Sarkar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,144 |percentage=16.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samsul Huda |party=Independent politician |votes=1,997 |percentage=15.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khorshedur Rahman Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,586 |percentage=12.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ziaul Islam |party=Independent politician |votes=226 |percentage=1.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirpendra Mishra |party=Communist Party of India |votes=170 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,378 |percentage=10.71% |change= {{increase}}7.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,871 |percentage=89.39% |change= {{increase}}2.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,679 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill People's Union |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{increase}}2.99 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Phulbari<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Parimal Rava |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,740 |percentage=26.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sofier Rahman Hazarika |party=Independent politician |votes=2,398 |percentage=23.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Akramozzaman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,230 |percentage=21.89% |change={{decrease}}7.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nurul Islam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,497 |percentage=14.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samsul Huda |party=Independent politician |votes=1,320 |percentage=12.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=342 |percentage=3.36% |change= {{increase}}3.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,185 |percentage=87.29% |change= {{increase}}4.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,939 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.25 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Phulbari<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Akramozzaman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,327 |percentage=29.15% |change={{decrease}}24.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sofiar Rahman Hazarika |party=Independent politician |votes=2,313 |percentage=28.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samsul Huda |party=Independent politician |votes=1,934 |percentage=24.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nural Islam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,409 |percentage=17.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14 |percentage=0.18% |change= {{decrease}}7.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,983 |percentage=83.23% |change= {{increase}}16.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,871 |ref = |change= {{increase}}65.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}24.63 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Phulbari<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Akramozzaman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,076 |percentage=53.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Majibhur Rahman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,784 |percentage=46.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=292 |percentage=7.56% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,860 |percentage=69.17% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,959 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
* [[West Garo Hills district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.89|90.02|display=title}}

[[Category:West Garo Hills district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Meghalaya]]

Veerannapalya metro station

2026-04-14T15:16:06Z

Shaunak88:

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Blue Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Veerannapalya
| style = Namma Metro
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}
| image = Veeranapalya metro station (Aug '25).jpg
| image_caption = Under Construction of this metro station under Phase 2B of Namma Metro's [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] as of August 2025
| address = Service Rd, MS Ramaiah North City, Manayata Tech Park, Nagavara, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560045
| coordinates = {{coord|13.04116|77.61814|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}
| platform = [[Side platform]] ''(TBC)'' {{font color|blue|Platform-1}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} {{font color|blue|Platform-2}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} ''Platform numbers (TBC)''
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections =
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double track]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| architect = URC Constructions Pvt. Ltd.
| architectural_style =
| status = Under Construction
| code = '''''(TBC)'''''
| zone =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|December 2027|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''
| former =
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Nagawara|to-left1=Krishnarajapura or Central Silk Board|note-mid1=''(Under Construction)''|right1=Kempapura|to-right1=KIAL Terminals}}
| route_map = {{BMR Blue Line}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = collapsed
| image_size =
| baggage_check =
| wifi =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
}}

'''Veerannapalya''' is an upcoming elevated metro station on the north–south corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-Blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India. Around this metro station holds the [[Manyata Embassy Business Park]], Veerannapalya Area and Nagawara Lake. This metro station is slated to become operational around December 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L&T bags track contracts worth ₹501 crore for Bangalore Metro Phase 2A & 2B {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by June 2026 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title=Metro's ORR, Airport line to be ready by Sept 2026, will benefit IT industry hugely: BMRCL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== History ==

On November 17 2020, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the Veerannapalya metro station, part of the 11 km Reach 2B – Package 1 (Krishnarajapura - Kempapura) of the 37.692 km [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of Namma Metro. On September 14 2021, Nagarjuna Construction Company Ltd. '''(NCC Ltd.)''' was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-14 |title=NCC Wins Bangalore Metro Airport Line's Construction Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/09/14/ncc-wins-bangalore-metro-airport-lines-construction-work/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-09-16 |title=Nagarjuna Construction Company wins bid to build Namma Metro's Airport Line |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/Sep/16/nagarjuna-construction-companywinsbid-to-build-namma-metros-airport-line-2359335.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}
</ref>

== Station layout ==
{{Rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}} '''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Veerannapalya track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}} **
vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa
\PLT-\PLT-\PLT-\~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Kempapura}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}} **
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms ** '''Under Construction and Proposed'''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} '''Next Station:''' [[Nagawara metro station|Nagawara]] '''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}}'''''
|-
|'''Platform #''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} '''Next Station:''' [[Kempapura metro station|Kempapura]] '''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}}'''''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{Namma Metro|blue line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]

Distribution of Scheduled Castes by district in Uttar Pradesh

2026-04-11T15:30:50Z

Shaunak88: made new place w/ infobox!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}

Here is a breakdown of the [[Scheduled Caste]] population by district in [[Uttar Pradesh]]:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/Basic_Data_Sheet.aspx |title=Census of India: District Profile |access-date=9 July 2011 |archive-date=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113144353/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/Basic_Data_Sheet.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:98%; border:1px solid black;"
! colspan="3" |District
! colspan="3" |Scheduled Castes
|- style="background:#9cf;"
!No
! style="width:15%;" | Name
!Population
! style="width:15%;" | Population
!Percent
!Largest three
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Agra district|Agra]] || 4,418,797 || 991,325
| 22.43|| [[Jatav]] (700,263), [[Kori caste|Kori]] (56,634), [[Chuhra|Balmiki]] (51,649) and [[Gihara]] (50,000)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]] || 3,673,889 || 755,254
| 20.56|| Jatav (396,997), [[Khateek|Khatik]] (57,331) and Balmiki (55,414) Baheliya (30,147)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]] || 2,397,888 || 591,125
| 24.65|| Jatav (438,182), [[Dhobi]] (29,364) and Pasi (7,809)
|-
|
|[[Amethi district|Amethi]]
|2,050,133
|512,215
|24.98
|
|-
|
|[[Amroha district|Amroha]]
|1,840,221
|318,001
|17.28
|
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Auraiya district|Auraiya]] || 1,379,545 || 391,622
| 28.38|| Jatav (210,649), [[Dhanuk]] (38,687) and Kori (22,478)
|-
|
|[[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
|2,470,996
|555,047
|22.46
|
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]] || 4,613,913 || 1,171,378
| 25.39|| Jatav (829,755), Pasi (87,872) and Dhobi (34,343)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Badaun district|Badaun]] || 3,127,621 || 622,526
| 19.90|| Jatav (331,011), Balmiki (56,712) and Dhobi (55,713) gihar (40000)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Bagpat district|Bagpat]] || 1,303,048 || 149,060
| 11.44|| Jatav (89,732), and Balmiki (27,232
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Bahraich district|Bahraich]] || 3,487,731 || 509,307
| 14.60|| Jatav (160,679), Pasi (62,426) and Kori (37,979)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Ballia district|Ballia]]|| 3,239,774 || 494,698
| 15.27|| Jatav (304,224), [[Dusadh]] (59,649) and [[Gondi people|Gond]] (33,116)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur]]|| 2,148,665 || 277,212
| 12.90|| Kori (92,734), Pasi (48,552) and Jatav (30,585)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Banda district (India)|Banda]] || 1,799,410 || 387,855
| 21.55|| Jatav (213,002), Kori (52,162) and Dhobi (19,783)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]] || 3,260,699 || 864,559
| 26.51|| Pasi (379,012), Chamar (224,996) and Kori (31.192)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]|| 4,448,359 || 557,150
| 12.52|| Chamar (250,911), Dhobi (72,628) and Balmiki (55,294)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Basti district|Basti]] || 2,464,464 || 513,959
| 20.85|| Chamar (344,350), Dhobi (43,044) and Khatik (23,523)
|-
|
|[[Bhadohi district|Bhadohi]]
|1,715,183
|353,103
|20.58
|
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]|| 3,682,713 || 787,444
| 21.38|| Chamar (664,676), Balmiki (42,135) and [[Bhuiyar]] (18,353)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]] || 3,499,171 || 725,600
| 20.74|| Chamar (436,047), Balmiki (51,804) and Khatik (37,562)गिहार 59000
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Chandauli district|Chandauli]]|| 1,952,756 || 446,786
| 22.88|| Chamar (285,302), [[Dusadh]] (21,573) and [[Musahar]] (18,752)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]]|| 991,730 || 266,655
| 26.89|| Chamar (116,878), Kol (39,472) and Kori (17,265)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Deoria district|Deoria]]|| 3,100,946 || 468,663
| 15.11|| Chamar (290,458), Gond (82,993) and Dhobi (36,687)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Etah district|Etah]]|| 1,774,480 || 281,011
| 15.84|| Chamar (285,485), Dhobi (71,764) and Balmiki (40,653)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Etawah district|Etawah]]|| 1,581,810 || 388,283
| 24.55|| Chamar (190,517), Dhanuk (39,088) and Kori (25,678)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]]|| 1,885,204 || 312,712
| 16.59|| Chamar (126,154), Dhanuk (37,970) and Dhobi (32,031)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]|| 2,632,733 || 651,480
| 24.74|| Chamar (215,829), Pasi (195,629), Kori (57,796) and Gihar (50000)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]|| 2,498,156 || 473,890
| 19.01|| Chamar (233,693), Dhobi (41,407) and Kori (33,383)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Gautam Buddha Nagar]]|| 1,648,115 || 216,105
| 13.11|| Chamar (140,549), Balmiki (28,069) and Khatik (6,529) and Baheliya(7065)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad]]|| | 3,343,334 || 480,053
|14.36|| Chamar (448,862), Balmiki (72,764) and Kori (29,887)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]|| 3,620,268 || 726,641
| 20.07|| Chamar (518,794), Dhobi (23,712) and Dusadh (23,600)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Gonda district|Gonda]]|| 3,433,919 || 531,973
| 15.49|| Kori (195,711), Chamar (71,931) and Pasi (68,873)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Gorakhpur district|Gorkakhpur]]|| 4,440,895 || 936,061
| 21.08|| Chamar (522,742), Pasi (110,900) and [[Beldar]] (74,237)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Hamirpur District, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]] || 1,104,285 || 241,198
| 21.84|| Chamar (133,601), Kori (44,258) and [[Basor]] (26,251)
|-
|
|[[Hapur district|Hapur]]
|1,338,311
|293,410
|21.92
|
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]|| 4,092,845 || 1,274,505
| 31.14||Chamar (497,693), Pasi (424,758) and Dhobi (59,039)
|-
|
|[[Hathras district|Hathras]]
|1,564,708
|387,554
|24.77
|
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Jalaun district|Jalaun]] || 1,689,974 || 468,178
| 27.70||Chamar (200,753), Kori (71,470) and Dhobi (72,203)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]|| 4,494,204 || 990,345
| 22.03||Chamar (636,277), Pasi (112,804) and Dhobi (36,207)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]|| 1,998,603 || 562,505
| 28.14|| Chamar (271,048), Kori (88,814) and Dhobi (40,946)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]|| 1,656,616 || 309,980
| 18.71|| Chamar etc. (141,819), Dhanuk (42,694) and Dhobi (23,643)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]|| 1,796,184 || 460,544
| 25.64||Chamar (234,591), Kori (44,780) and Dhanuk (37,732)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar]]|| 4,581,268 || 816,754
| 17.83|| Chamar (304,424), Kori (95,008) and Pasi (89,895)
|-
|
|[[Kasganj district|Kasganj]]
|1,436,719
|254,229
|17.69
|
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]|| 1,599,596 || 555,397
| 34.72|| Pasi (283,145) Chamar (96,207) and Dhobi (36,537)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]|| 4,021,243 || 544,231
| 13.53|| Chamar (283,033), Gond (65,886) and Dhobi (51,673)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff"
| ||[[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]]|| 3,564,544 || 1,061,782
| 29.79|| Chamar (353,143), Pasi (333,880) and Dhobi (50,960)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff"
| ||[[Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh|Lalitpur]]|| 1,221,592 || 240,519
| 19.69|| Chamar (138,167), [[Sahariya caste|Saharya]] (44,587) and Dhobi (20,857)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]|| 4,589,838 || 948,294
| 20.66|| Pasi (334,398), Chamar (229,704) and Rawat (47,396)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]|| 2,684,703 || 492,976
| 18.36|| Chamar (265,168), Pasi(57,353) and Dhobi (54,072)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Mahoba district|Mahoba]]|| 875,958 || 220,898
| 25.22|| Chamar (116,164), Kori (24,117) and Basor (20,011)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]||1,868,529 || 368,206
| 19.70|| Chamar(148,402), [[Dhanuk]] (62,125) and Dhobi (40,918)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Mathura district|Mathura]]|| 2,547,184 || 506,580
| 19.89||Jatav (302,459), Balmiki (28,951) and Kori (28,868)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Mau district|Mau]]|| 2,205,968 || 474,537
| 21.51||Chamar (265,168), Dhobi (57,353) and Gond (54,072)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Meerut district|Meerut]]||3,443,689 || 624,149
| 18.12|| Chamar (443,200), Balmiki (65,570), Khatik (11,337) and Kori (20,200)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]]|| 2,496,970 ||661,129
| 26.48||Chamar (285,801), Kol (123,996) and Pasi (39,515)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]|| 3,126,507 || 367,120
| 11.74|| Chamar (468,335), Balmiki (57,442) and Dhobi (19,006)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]|| 2,869,934 || 561,250
| 19.56|| Chamar (419,594) Balmiki (58,896), Kori (23,670)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]]|| 2,031,007 || 333,558
| 16.42|| Chamar (92,574), Pasi (41,941) and Dhobi (37,930)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]|| 3,209,141 || 709,252
| 22.10|| Pasi (286,572), Chamar (244,002) and Dhobi (29,171)
|-
|
|[[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
|5,954,391
|1,309,851
|21.99
|
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Rae Bareli district|Rae Bareli]]|| 3,405,559 || 1,041,420
|30.58|| Pasi (474,133), Chamar (226,481), Kori (66,161) and Gihar (7000)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Rampur district|Rampur]]|| 2,335,819 || 307,936
| 13.18|| Chamar (170,475), Balmiki (26,206) and Dhobi (23,847)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]|| 3,466,382 || 764,450
| 22.05|| Jatav (640,625), Balmiki (52,007), Kori (24,227)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| || [[Sant Kabir Nagar]] || 2,199,774 ||369,039
| 16.78|| Chamar (215,913), Beldar (35,387) and Dhobi (29,537)
|-
|
|[[Sambhal district|Sambhal]]
|1,578,213
|364,286
|16.56
|
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]|| 3,006,538 || 532,673
| 17.72|| Chamar (194,784), Dhobi (66,941) and Pasi (52,046)
|-
|
|[[Shamli district|Shamli]]
|1,273,578
|141,263
|11.09
|
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Shravasti district|Shravasti]]|| 1,117,361 || 189,334
| 16.94|| Pasi (89,123), Chamar (53,996) and Kori (33,958)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthnagar]] || 2,559,297 || 408,763
| 15.97|| Chamar (238,032), Pasi (43,062) and Dhobi (41,445)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]|| 4,483,992 || 1,446,427
| 32.26|| Pasi (599,413), Chamar (437,085) and Dhobi (59,687)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]|| 1,862,559 || 421,661
| 22.64|| Chamar (179,239), Gond (132,946) and [[Kharwar]] (excluding Benbansi) (64,738)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]|| 2,249,036 || 481,735
|21.42|| Chamar (304,624), Kori (196,096) and Pasi (146,096)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Unnao district|Unnao]] || 3,108,367 || 948,588
| 30.52|| Pasi (396,538), Chamar (290,198) and Dhobi (52,906)
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ||[[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]|| 3,676,841 || 486,958
| 13.24|| Chamar (308,100), Khatik (31,251) and Dhobi (21,206)
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Scheduled Castes in Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[List of Scheduled Castes in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scheduled Castes In Uttar Pradesh, List of}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh-related lists]]
[[Category: Social groups of Uttar Pradesh|*]]
[[Category: Scheduled Castes of Uttar Pradesh| ]]
[[Category: Lists of Scheduled Castes by state|Uttar Pradesh]]

Aazhi (2026 film)

2026-04-07T19:54:46Z

Shaunak88: starting post

{{Short description|2026 Tamil-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aazhi
| image = Aazhi (2026 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Madhav Ramadasan]]
| writer = Madhav Ramadasan
| producer = Sajith Krishna
| starring = [[R. Sarathkumar]] Indrajith Jagajith Devika Satheesh
| cinematography = Aanand N. Nair
| editing = K. Sreenivas
| music = [[Jassie Gift]]
| studio = 888 Production Celluloid Creaations
| distributor = [[S. Hari Uthraa|Uthraa Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|2026|02|27|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Aazhi''''' is a 2026 Indian Tamil-language thriller film written and directed by [[Madhav Ramadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-18 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Aazhi star Indrajith Jagajith: Sarathkumar sir is like Mammootty |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Feb/18/exclusive-aazhi-star-indrajith-jagajith-sarathkumar-sir-is-like-mammootty |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[R. Sarathkumar]], Indrajith Jagajith, and Devika Satheesh in the lead roles<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-14 |title=First look of Sarath Kumar's Aazhi out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Jul/14/first-look-of-sarath-kumars-aazhi-out-32739.html |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>. The film was released in theatres on 27 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-01 |title=Sarathkumar-starrer Aazhi gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Feb/01/sarath-kumar-starrer-aazhi-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[R. Sarathkumar]] as Moorthy
* Indrajith Jagajith as Arul
* Devika Satheesh as Mukila
* [[Vaiyapuri]]
*[[Sreejith Ravi]]
* Birla Bose
*Thamarai Selvi
*Sarjin Kumar
*Mythili Sathyaraj
*Binish Babu
*Biju Mavunkal Varghese
*Teena Bhatia
}}

== Production ==
The film was written and directed by Madhav Ramdas and produced by Sajith Krishna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-14 |title=சரத்குமாரின் “ஆழி” படத்தின் “அழகே உயிர் நீயடி” வீடியோ பாடல் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/sarathkumars-aazhi-film-first-single-out |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Daily Thanthi |language=ta}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by Aanand N. Nair, while editing was done by K. Sreenivas. The music for the film was composed by [[Jassie Gift]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-04 |title=‘Aazhi’ teaser: Sarathkumar appears in a never-before-seen avatar in the chilling revenge thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aazhi-teaser-sarathkumar-appears-in-a-never-before-seen-avatar-in-the-chilling-revenge-thriller/articleshow/127910646.cms |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was released in theatres on 27 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சரத்குமார் நடிக்கும் 'ஆழி' திரைப்படத்தின் இசை மற்றும் முன்னோட்டம் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/238329 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote of the film, "A pivotal moment hinges on Moorthy getting his leg trapped in the ship's engine room machinery, a convenience that forces the moral reckoning rather than letting it emerge from the tension already in play. It's an easy way to force a turning point."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aazhi Movie Review: Sarathkumar commands a tense maritime standoff |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/aazhi/movie-review/128813186.cms |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Asianet News]]'' critic wrote that "Sarathkumar's menacing 'make-over' and acting, the thrilling survival scenes that take place in the middle of the ocean, and the emotional contribution of the pet dog in the film are all huge pluses for the film."<ref>{{Cite web |title=சரத்குமாரின் ‘ஆழி’ தாய் கிழவியை விட சூப்பரா? சுமாரா? விமர்சனம் இதோ |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/review/sarathkumar-starrer-aazhi-movie-review-leyofc9 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Asianet News Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt23865792}}

[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2026 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jassie Gift]]
[[Category:Films set on ships]]
[[Category:Seafaring films]]

Hakam Singh Thekedar

2026-04-07T14:10:52Z

Shaunak88: New a bio initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Raikot Assembly constituency|Raikot]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor = [[Jagtar Singh Jagga Hissowal]]
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
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| signature_alt =
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}}
'''Hakam Singh Thekedar''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Raikot Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="Tribune News Service">{{cite news |title=Victory celebrations a low-key affair for winners' supporters |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/victory-celebrations-a-low-key-affair-for-winners-supporters-376879 |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |archive-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312062930/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/victory-celebrations-a-low-key-affair-for-winners-supporters-376879 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==MLA==
The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table and Library|Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table and Library]]<ref name="Committee on Papers">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=32&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly House Committee|House Committee]]<ref name="House Committee">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=45&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Raikot Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Raikot Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Raikot
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thekedar, Hakam Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

Battle of Cochin

2026-03-29T17:15:37Z

Shaunak88: starting new data

{{Short description|1504 battle}}

{{No footnotes|date=November 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Cochin
| partof = the [[First Luso-Malabarese War]]
| date = 16 March – 3 July 1504
| place = [[Kochi]], [[India]]
| result = [[Kingdom of Cochin|Kochi]]-[[Portugal|Portuguese]] victory
| combatant1 = {{plainlist |
*{{flag|Portuguese Empire}}
* [[Kingdom of Cochin]]
}}
| combatant2 = {{plainlist |
*[[Saamoothiri|Calicut]]
*Vassal Malabari states:
}}
*[[Edapalli]]
*[[Cranganore]]
*[[Kottakkal]]
*[[Kingdom of Tanur]]
*[[Beypore]]
*[[Chaliyam]]
*[[Pariyapuram]] etc.
| commander1 = {{plainlist |
*[[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]]
*Candagora, heir of Cochin
*[[Kingdom of Cochin|Trimumpara Raja]]
}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist |
*[[Saamoothiri|Zamorin Raja]] of Calicut
*Naubeadarim, heir of Calicut
*Elancol, Kaimal of [[Edapalli]]
}}
| image = Duarte Pacheco's victory at Battle of Cochin (1504).jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = ''Duarte Pacheco's victory at the Battle of Cochin'', Portuguese [[lithograph]] from 1840
}}
{{Portuguese colonial campaigns}}

The '''Battle of Cochin''', sometimes referred as the '''second siege of Cochin''', was a series of confrontations, between March and July 1504, fought on land and sea, principally between the [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] garrison at [[Cochin]], allied to the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Trimumpara Raja]], and the armies of the [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] and vassal [[Malabar Coast|Malabari]] states.

The celebrated heroics of the tiny Portuguese garrison, led by [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]], fended off an invading army several hundred times bigger. It proved a humiliating defeat for the [[Zamorin]] of Calicut. He not only failed to conquer [[Cochin]], but his inability to crush the tiny opposition undermined the faith of his vassals and allies. The Zamorin lost much of his traditional authority over the Malabar states of India in the aftermath. The preservation of Cochin secured the continued presence of the Portuguese in India.

==Background==

Since the fragmentation of the [[Chera Dynasty|Chera]] state in the 10th century, the ruler of the city-state of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] ([[Portuguese language|Port.]] ''Calecute''; now, Kozhikode), known as the [[Zamorin]] (Samoothiri Raja, 'Lord of the Sea') had been generally recognized as overlord by most of the small states on the [[Malabar Coast]] of India. Under the Zamorin's rule, Calicut grew as a commercial city, emerging as the major entrepot of the [[Kerala]] [[Black pepper|pepper]] trade and the principal emporium for other spices shipped from further east (see [[spice trade]]).

In the opening journey of the Portuguese to India in 1498, [[Vasco da Gama]] immediately made his way to Calicut and tried to secure a commercial treaty with the Zamorin. Unimpressed by Gama, the elderly Zamorin allowed the Portuguese to buy spices on Calicut's markets, but refused to accord them any greater privileges.

The follow-up expedition of [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] ([[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|2nd India Armada]], 1500) arrived better prepared. The old Zamorin having died in the interim, Cabral negotiated a treaty with the new Zamorin, and a Portuguese [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] was opened in Calicut. But within a couple of months, quarrels erupted between Portuguese agents and established [[Arabs|Arab]] traders in the city, in which the Zamorin refused to intervene. In December 1500, a riot was raised and the factory in [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] was overrun and numerous Portuguese massacred. Blaming the Zamorin for the incident, Cabral demanded that the Zamorin compensate them for their losses and expel all Arab traders from the city. When the Zamorin refused, Cabral bombarded the city of Calicut.

[[File:Kerala cities at time of Cabral (1500).gif|thumb|250px|India [[Malabar Coast]] c. 1500]]
Thus began the war between Portugal and Calicut. The Portuguese quickly found local allies among some of the city-states on the Malabar coast which had long grated under Calicut's dominance. [[Cochin]] (''Cochim'', Kochi), [[Kannur|Cannanore]] (''Canonor'', Kannur) and [[Quilon]] (''Coulão'', Kollam) opened their ports and invited the Portuguese.

The succeeding [[Portuguese India Armadas|Portuguese armadas]] to India took to routinely bombarding Calicut, preying on her ships, and driving commercial traffic away from the city. The Zamorin quickly learned that there was little point challenging the Portuguese fleets at sea – the technological gap in ships and cannon was just too great – but on land the difference was not nearly as lopsided. The Portuguese presence in India consisted only of a handful of commercial agents, after all.

The Portuguese had come for spices. The Zamorin calculated that if he could exert his traditional authority over the Malabar states and close off access to spices, the Portuguese would either leave or be forced to negotiate terms and make a sensible peace. That meant trying to force his enemy kingdoms of Cochin, Cannanore and Quilon into shutting their markets to the Portuguese.

In principle, the Zamorin's plan was sound. The Portuguese had antagonised some of the residents of the Malabar coast. Their fleets had left a brutish calling card, made absurd demands upon the rulers, disrupted trade and daily life all along the coast. It should not have been too difficult to prevail upon the Malabari cities to participate in a general [[boycott]] of Portuguese trade, at least temporarily. But the Cochin rejected Zamorin's unreasonable demands.

=== First siege of Cochin (1503) ===

The city of [[Cochin]] (''Cochim'', Kochi) was a growing commercial town perched on the edge of the [[Vembanad]] lagoon. The ruling Hindu prince, Unni Goda Varma, the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Trimumpara Raja of Cochin]], was not secure in his own position. Formally, he was a minor prince, subsidiary to senior family members across the lagoon at [[Edapalli]] (''Repelim''), the official overlords of the lagoon. Indeed, it is quite probable Trimumpara was in the midst of a family quarrel and originally sought out the Portuguese alliance to strengthen his own position against his relatives.

Sentiment among the Cochinese population was largely against the Portuguese. Cochin was not self-sufficient in food, and the people had suffered much from the general disruption of trade along the Malabar coast. Moreover, Cochin had a significant Muslim population – both expatriate [[Arab]]s and local [[Muslim Mappila|Mappila]]s – and the Portuguese had made no secret of their hostility towards them. Yet these were usually the very traders upon whom the city's subsistence depended. The Cochinese population did not, could not, see the point of the current state of affairs.

Sensing the resentment, Trimumpara Raja had the Portuguese factor [[Diogo Fernandes Correia]] and his assistants, [[Lourenço Moreno]] and [[Álvaro Vaz]], stay at his own palace, and ensured they were always escorted by loyal guards when walking around the city's markets. But the Zamorin's influence over the [[Kerala]] hinterlands had dried up much of Cochin's pepper supply. The Portuguese [[Factor (agent)|factors]] were disappointed at the spare findings on Cochin's spice markets, and the Trimumpara Raja was painfully aware of their increasing interest in other more promising cities, notably [[Quilon]]. If the Portuguese abandoned Cochin, the Trimumpara would have nothing to show for his pains. [[File:16th Century Malabarese Nayar.png|thumb|250px|16th century Portuguese depiction of a Malabarese Nair warrior]]

The Trimumpara's advisors argued against the Portuguese alliance, and urged him to pursue a reconciliation with the Zamorin. They warned him that the continued loyalty of the Cochinese [[Nair]]s could not be taken for granted in the event of a war. Nonetheless, the Trimumpara Raja refused to abandon the Portuguese.

In March, 1503, as soon as the Portuguese fleet ([[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|4th Armada]]) had set sail back to Lisbon, the Zamorin decided to intimidate his enemy into compliance. The Portuguese had left a small [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)#The Coastal Patrol|coastal patrol]] behind, to help defend Cochin. But the patrol's commander, [[Vicente Sodré]] dismissed the rumors of the Zamorin's military preparations and decided to take his patrol to cruise the mouth of the [[Red Sea]]. They did not return until the end of the summer.

In April, the Zamorin led a large Calicut army of some 50,000 troops against Cochin. Along the way, he was to be joined by allied Malabari lords, notably the rulers of Edapalli. The Trimumpara's son Narayan rushed with a force of 5,500 Cochinese troops to block the passage of the Calicut army over a [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] near [[Edapalli]] (''Repelim''). Narayan valiantly repelled two Calicut assaults, but eventually the Zamorin's agents, by bribery and subterfuge, managed to detach many of the Cochinese Nairs from the frontline. In the next assault, Narayan was overwhelmed and killed, along with his remaining forces.

Narayan's brave stand gave his father and his Portuguese guests enough time to flee Cochin across the water to [[Vypin]] island (''Vaipim'') with a small core of loyal guards. The Zamorin seized Cochin city and demanded Trimumpara hand over the Portuguese agents, but the king refused. Vypin's natural defenses and the worsening weather prevented the launching of an assault against the island. The frustrated Zamorin limited himself to burning the city of Cochin and vowed to return after the weather improved.

Before burning down Cochin, the Zamorin of Calicut removed an ancient sacred stone, upon which the old [[Chera Dynasty|Chera Kings of Malabar]] were traditionally ceremonially esconsed as lords of the sea and overlords of all the Malabari states. The sacred stone had originally been housed at the ancient Malabari capital of [[Cranganore]], but had since been moved to Cochin. The Zamorin now moved it once more, to Edapalli.

The main Calicut army returned that same August, and once again Trimumpara Raja and the Portuguese agents were holed up in Vypin. The Zamorin and his Malabari allies were in the process of preparing assault boats against the island, when they spotted six armed Portuguese ships under [[Francisco de Albuquerque]] – the vanguard of the arriving [[5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)|5th Armada]] – racing towards Cochin. The allied Malabari armies began to melt away immediately. The Zamorin reluctantly dismantled the siege and returned to Calicut.

=== Preparations ===

Cochin had been saved in the nick of time, but the Zamorin's armies were sure to return next Spring, as soon as the 5th Armada left. So the Portuguese immediately set about making preparations for Cochin's defense in the fleet's absence.

In the first order of business, a squadron of Portuguese ships did a tour of the [[Vembanad]] lagoon, punishing the local princelets who had given their support to the Zamorin's siege. Notable in this campaign was the Portuguese brutal sack of [[Edapalli]], razing the city, with great bloodshed. Smaller towns and villages either met a similar fate, or quickly switched their allegiance over to Cochin. In this manner, the Trimumpara Raja of Cochin was forcibly imposed by Portuguese arms as the overlord of the Vembanad lagoon.

In the meantime, the Portuguese commanders persuaded Trimumpara Raja to allow them to erect a fortress on the edge of the Cochinese peninsula (an area now known as [[Fort Kochi]]), just a little to the west of the old city of Cochin proper (around what is now [[Mattancherry]]). Fort Manuel de Cochim, as it was named, was the first Portuguese fort in Asia. Built from local coconut palm timber supplied by the Trimumpara himself, the fort was completed in a couple of months.

As soon at it was finished, the Portuguese fleet commander [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], against all odds, suddenly agreed to a peace treaty with the Zamorin of Calicut. It was probably a cynical move on both sides – no one really expected the peace to hold, but it bought them a little time. For a few weeks, the Portuguese could finish their defenses, the Zamorin could prepare his forces, without being molested by the other. But the peace was soon broken again in a skirmish over the delivery of a spice shipment in Cranganore.

[[File:Duarte Pacheco Pereira.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]], first commander of Fort Manuel of Cochin]] In late January, 1504, Albuquerque's [[5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)|5th Armada]] finally departed Cochin. They left behind a small garrison of around 150 armed Portuguese troops (some say only 130 or less) in Fort Manuel of Cochin, under the command of the knight [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]]. Pacheco was also given three ships – one [[carrack]] (the nau ''Concepção'' under Diogo Pereira) and two [[caravels]] (the ''Garrida'' of [[Pêro Rafael]], and another of unknown name under Diogo Pires (or Peres)).

[Note: It is possible that this 'Diogo Pereira' is none other than [[Diogo Fernandes Pereira]] the lost captain of the third squadron of the [[5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)|5th Armada]], who had discovered [[Socotra]] and wintered there, and set on a solo crossed of the Indian Ocean around this time. If so, then the nau ''Concepção'' might be his ship.

Intelligence networks in south India were such that both the Zamorin and the Trimumpara knew each other's every movement (the element of surprise was never really an exploitable tactic on the Malabar coast). And, sure enough, news soon arrived of the assembly of a large invasion army in Calicut. Unlike the previous one, this army was better equipped. The Zamorin had received a large contingent of firearms ([[arquebus]]es and/or [[musket]]s) from the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]]. Two [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] agents that had secretly come to India with the [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|4th Armada]] had been busy helping Calicut forge better artillery. At least five European large cannons were ready, as well as a couple hundred smaller boat guns. Notices had been sent to the Zamorin's allies – the lords (''[[Kaimal]]s'') of [[Edapalli]], [[Cranganore]], [[Kottakkal]], [[Kingdom of Tanur]] (Vettath raja of Vettattnad), [[Beypore]], [[Chaliyam]], [[Pariyapuram]] etc. – to prepare their auxiliary forces.

News of the size and arms of the Zamorin's alerted Cochin. Cochin had lost a battle during the previous year's siege. Although, in his new position as lord of the [[Vembanad]] backwaters, the Trimumpara Raja could, notionally, call on 30,000 troops from around the lagoon, at most 8,000 might respond to his call, the remainder being "actively or passively hostile."

Rumors soon spread through Cochin that the Portuguese garrison had no intention to stay, that ships were being prepared to evacuate the Portuguese to Cannanore or Quilon the moment the Zamorin's army arrived, and leave the Cochinese to bear the brunt of the assault. The population of Cochin began to evacuate the city. Trimumpara Raja himself began to waver, his advisors urging him to seek out a reconciliation with the Zamorin before it was too late.

Duarte Pacheco's first order of business was to stiffen Trimumpara Raja's resolve, persuading him that the Portuguese were there to stay. Remembering how the Portuguese coastal patrol of [[Vicente Sodré]] had [[5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)|abandoned them during last year's siege]], the Trimumpara had ample reason to doubt Pacheco's word. But he also knew his fate was fatally tied to the Portuguese. Shaking off his misgivings, he placed the defense of the city in their hands. Trimumpara issued edicts forbidding anybody to leave Cochin on the penalty of death, and ordering his own officials and soldiers to treat an order from Duarte Pacheco as if it were his own.

Of particular concern was the [[Muslim Mappila|Muslim merchant]] community in Cochin. The Portuguese had made no secret of their hostility and regarded them suspiciously as a '[[fifth column]]' for the Zamorin. But Cochin was dependent upon their trade for their food supply and should the siege be prolonged, the fate of the city would be in their hands. Duarte Pacheco went out of his way to secure their cooperation. He addressed an assembly the leading Muslim merchants of Cochin, promising that no harm would come to them. He co-opted a few of their leaders (notably, a certain Muhammad Marakkar) and, just in case, held some leading Muslim families hostage, shipping them over the outlet under guard to [[Vypin]] island for the duration of the hostilities. Large stores of foodstuffs ([[rice]], [[sugar]], etc.) were also stockpiled in Vypin in case the Zamorin's agents set fire to the city or it had to be evacuated.

In prelude, Duarte Pacheco launched a few minor raids on some small settlements around [[Edapalli]], which sided with the Zamorin. Their strategic value was minor – it was more a show of force and bravado, to inculcate confidence in the Cochin population that the Portuguese were itching for a fight. (However, it seems that these raids may have damaged one of the two Portuguese caravels, making it unavailable for the upcoming confrontation).

== Pass of Cambalão ==

From intelligence networks, Duarte Pacheco Pereira received the details of the Zamorin's armed forces and, more importantly, their movements. The Zamorin himself was leading a 57,000 strong army of Calicut (some cite 84,000, which may or may not include auxiliaries; although certainly most of these were very lightly armed, at best.). The Zamorin's army was bringing the five European large guns, cast by the two Venetian engineers, and nearly 300 smaller Indian guns. The army was assembled near [[Cranganore]], and were to march south along the east bank of the [[Vembanad]] lagoon, and cross the [[Ford (crossing)|ford]]ing passage by [[Kumbalam, Ernakulam|Kumbalam]] (''Cambalão''). The ford was said to be a mere 100 m wide, waist-deep, and passable at all tides, so the vast Calicut army would not need to go through the complicated, disorderly process of loading and unloading [[ferry]]-boats.

The Calicut fleet was composed of 160 vessels – about 76 of which were ''paraus'' (a sail-and-oar-powered Malabari warship, often compared by European writers to a [[fusta]] or [[galiot]]). Each ''parau'' was armed with two bombards, five muskets and 25 archers. The remaining boats were smaller, some 54 ''catures''{{which lang|date=July 2020}} (a smaller version of the parau) and 30 ''tones'' ([[canoe]]s), each mounted with a cannon, and 16 soldiers. The fleet was under the command of the Zamorin's nephew (and heir of Calicut), Naubea Daring (''Naubeadarim''), with the lord (''Kaimal''){{which lang|date=July 2020}} Elcanol of Edapalli as second-in-command. The fleet was to slip into the Vembanad lagoon via the outlet near [[Cranganore]] and then sail down the lagoon, accompanying and protecting the infantry.

Being fully informed of the Zamorin's plans, Duarte Pacheco Pereira determined that the Portuguese-Cochinese forces needed to block the passage of the army at Kumbalam ford (''Passo de Cambalão''). That meant distributing his forces carefully. He placed the factor [[Diogo Fernandes Correia]] and his two assistants, [[Lourenço Moreno]] and [[Álvaro Vaz]], with 39 men at [[Fort Manuel]]. The large [[Nau (ship)|''nau'']] ''Concepção'' was loaded with 25 men, artillery and five expert gunners, and placed under the command of Diogo Pereira (possibly [[Diogo Fernandes Pereira]]?) and instructed to remain close to the Fort and defend [[Cochin]] city (it would simultaneously guard the Vembanad outlet and prevent Calicut ships from slipping through there).

Duarte Pacheco placed 26 men in one of the caravels under the command of [[Pêro Rafael]]. The other caravel still under repair, Pacheco commandeered two Malabarese ''bateis'' (comparable to [[pinnace (ship's boat)|pinnace]]s), placing one (with 23 men) under Diogo Pires, and the other (with 22 men) under himself. Each ''batel'' was armed with four [[swivel guns]]. These three vessels would try to hold Kumbalam ford.

Cochinese workers had produced a collection of tower shields (''[[Pavise|paveses]]''), thick wooden planks, two fingers thick, which were mounted all along the sides of the caravel and bateis as makeshift [[crenellation]]s to protect the crew from missile fire. Rope nets were hung across the masts and sacks filled with cotton were placed throughout the ship's deck, and hung all along the sides, to protect the ships from cannonballs. Boatloads of good hard stone had been shipped down from [[Anjediva]] island to be carved by Cochinese workers into cannonballs for the Portuguese guns. Cochinese workers had also been quietly producing a large number of {{convert|3.5|m|ft|adj=mid|-tall|abbr=off}} poles, sharpened at one end, hardened by fire on the other, with pre-cut grooves to allow them to be snapped tight with crosspoles.

The bulk of his army having deserted, Trimumpara Raja of Cochin was left with less than 5,000 troops. He assigned around 500 [[Nair]]s to join Duarte Pacheco's little fleet at Kumbalam pass, retaining the remainder to protect the city.

Navigating carefully through the thin brackish narrows and straits of Vembanad lake, Duarte Pacheco's three ships (and accompanying Cochinese boats) arrived at the Kumbalam ford, a mere 100 m of shallow water. Pacheco ordered the long sharpened poles drilled deep mid-channel and across the length of the ford, a makeshift [[stockade]] to block the passage of the infantry. He subsequently ordered the ships tied to each other, and to the banks (with iron cords, so that they could not be easily cut and set adrift). The ships were set with the broadsides facing the shores.

=== Location of the pass ===

[[File:Map of Battle of Cochin (1504) Pass of Cambalão.gif|330px|thumb|Conjectural map showing several possible positions of the 'Pass of Cambalão' held by the Portuguese in April 1504.
Note: this map is highly conjectural, based roughly on the modern geography of [[Kochi]] and [[Vembanad]] lake, which has probably changed substantially since the 16th century. Green dots = possible locations of the Portuguese position, Straight line = most probable route of Calicut army; Dotted line = alternative longer route for army of Calicut.]]
The exact location of the ''Passe de Cambalão'', the fording point where Duarte Pacheco Pereira made his stand, is uncertain and disputed in various sources. Portuguese ''Cambalão'' is probably modern [[Kumbalam, Ernakulam|Kumbalam]] on the elongated islands in the middle-southern part of the [[Vembanad]] lagoon – that is ''below'' Cochin city. However, some historians (e.g. Logan (1887), Whiteway (1894), Monteiro (1989)) suggest the Portuguese made their stand much further north, at the ford of [[Edapalli]] (Portuguese ''Repelim''), the same pass which Narayan fruitlessly tried to hold the previous year. There are reasons to justify either location and doubt the other.

If Kumbalam was indeed the passage, that would suggest the Zamorin's army marched all down the east coast of the lagoon unchallenged. That is not necessarily unlikely. The passage across Kumbalam islands certainly makes a narrow passage for the troops to ford across to the Cochinese peninsula and march calmly up behind Cochin city. The problem is that it also means that the Zamorin's fleet sailed the entire length of the lagoon, from the environs of Cranganore down to Kumbalam – that is, their fleet sailed past Cochin without making a lunge at it or being challenged. And that is unlikely, especially as the Portuguese kept their nau on guard before the city. As a result, the alternative theory, that the Portuguese held their position at Edapalli ford makes more sense.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} The name was simply misunderstood – they were blocking the road ''to'' Kumbalam, not ''at'' Kumbalam.

But Edapalli pass brings up other inconsistencies – in particular, later in the campaign, the Zamorin sent part of his army to try a different pass to ''Palurte'', which is almost certainly [[Palluruthy]], again ''south'' of Cochin. If they were encamped by Kumbalam, it makes perfect sense – the Zamorin just needed to go back a few steps. But if they were held up at Edapalli ford, that detachment would have had to go across the very pass the Portuguese were holding. If they circumvented it, they would come up below them, which then brings up the question why not attack the Portuguese pass from both sides and finish off the story there? It is possible that ''Palurte'' is misidentified, that it is not Pallurthy, but somewhere else (Logan et al. suggest 'Valanjaca', but where that {{not a typo|is is}} also uncertain.) If the Zamorin was held at Edapalli ford, crossing the lagoon there would have gotten them only to Vypin island, which would not necessarily be a grave concern for the Portuguese, since that would not place them within marching range of Cochin.

A third possibility is that Cambalão is actually [[Kumbalangy]] and not Kumbalam – that is the peninsula directly south of Cochin. That means the Calicut army marched much further south, taking a long loop around the southern end of the [[Vembanad]] lagoon through the very southerly 'lands of Porquá'([[Purakkad]]) (or possibly cut across at [[Perumbalam]]) and then marched north through Kumbalangy. The main reasons to contemplate this southern position are: (1) It is practically a continuous land march – if the Zamorin wanted to avoid ferry boats for his huge army, taking the long loop ''under'' the Vembanad lake was the least water-clogged option (2) it places the Portuguese position closer to Cochin – more precisely, the Zamorin would be one ford away from the Cochinese land mass, thus making it a more critical point to hold for the Portuguese; (3) Kumbalangy has [[Aroor]] to the east, which might be what the Portuguese called ''Arraul'' island, with an alternate passage to Cochin that is somewhat pointing through Palluruthy; (4) the southerly loop route to Kumbalangy passes through or near the lands of [[Udayamperoor]] (''Diamper''), [[Perumbalam]] (''Primbalão'') and/or the very southerly lands of [[Purakkad]] (''Porquá''), whose lords were known to have defected from Cochin to Calicut before the battle.

The drawbacks to Kumbalangy is the idea of the Calicut fleet sailing there passes even closer to Cochin than before; Aroor does not really point to Palluruthy, and it is difficult visualize where Palignard ford would have been by comparison.

(A slight variation has the ford somewhere along what is now the narrow peninsula between Kumbalangy and Kochi – that is, there might have been a tiny strait and ford somewhere there, long since disappeared. That would open the possibility that the Calicut fleet actually did not sail ''into'' the Vembanad lagoon at all, but actually sailed down the outside of it, through the Arabian Sea alone.)

=== First assault ===
[[File:Banner of the Order of Christ.svg|thumb|Portuguese naval and battle standard featuring the Cross of Christ.]]
Duarte Pacheco did not have to wait long before the massive army of the Zamorin of Calicut appeared at Kumbalam ford. The army is said to have moved in and deployed their positions on the banks during the night, without anyone quite seeing them until the dawn of 31 March ([[Palm Sunday]]).

The sudden sight, in the early morning light, of the Zamorin's massive army of 84,000 on the banks, already arrayed, in their magnificent arms with flags flying, and guns in position, was a startling sight to the defenders. The intimidating blare of the trumpets and war cries of such a massive army was too much for some of the defenders to bear. The final act in this terrifying prelude was the sudden appearance of the Calicut fleet, 160 armed ships, behind the strait's bend.

Nerves cracked before this display. Some Cochinese boats started sneaking away, others followed, and soon mass panic set in. The Cochinese boats, with their 500 Nairs, were soon all fleeing back to Cochin. Only the three anchored ships, with 90 or so Portuguese (plus two Cochinese officials) remained to face the Zamorin's army and fleet.

For Duarte Pacheco, the most immediate worry was the five Venetian guns on the shore. Most of the Indian guns were said to have about the 'range and strength of an arm-thrown stone', which posed little threat to the cotton-reinforced ships. But the Venetian guns could sink them at distance. Pacheco directed all his fire immediately upon those guns, scattering the battery crews, and kept intermittent fire focused on them to prevent them reforming. Fire was also directed at Calicut hatchet-crews which had ventured into the ford to attempt to chop down the ford-blocking [[stockade]].

While this was going on, the Calicut fleet began to advance on the Portuguese position. But the very narrowness of the channel chosen by Pacheco had been fortuitous. It did not allow the large Calicut fleet to spread out on a broad front. Instead, they had to approach the anchored Portuguese with a very narrow front. This pitted the three Portuguese ships against only a dozen or so paraus at a time, something the superior Portuguese firepower might handle.

The first wave was the most difficult – some 20 boats, tightly tied to each other, advanced together, constituting some 40 bombards and 100 muskets, plus innumerable bowmen. But the tower shields and cotton sacks on the Portuguese ships worked wonders, cushioning the missiles and allowing the Portuguese crossbowmen, musketeers and gunners to pick off the gunners and musketeers on the Malabari boats, which had little or no protection. After a few volleys, four boats were half-sunk, the rest sufficiently damaged or covered in enough dead & wounded to be unable to proceed, and began to retire.

They were followed by a second wave of around a dozen boats. But this met much the same fate. Then a third, fourth and fifth, each faring no better. Indeed, it only got easier for the Portuguese, as the sunk, damaged and retiring paraus of earlier waves formed river obstacles (and a demoralizing sight) for the next. By midday, the Calicut fleet commanders realized this was not working, and ordered a retreat.

Throughout all this, the Zamorin's army assembled on the shores had been largely ineffective. The tower shields and nets had fended off most of their constant missile fire. Fire had to be occasionally directed to the shore, to ensure the Italian gun batteries remained out of commission and that the hatchet squads did not reach the ford's stockade.

It was a humiliating morning for the Zamorin. Chroniclers report that, in this first encounter, the Calicut army and fleet suffered some 1,300 dead, while the Portuguese suffered not a single loss.

=== Second assault ===

A week elapsed until the second assault on the Kumblam ford, on 7 April ([[Easter Sunday]]). During this interim, the caravel of Diogo Pires that had been under repair was back in shape and joined the squad at Kumbalam ford. The nau ''Concepção'' remained as sentinel before Cochin city.

The Zamorin had also been busy repairing his ships and raising more troops. This time he had decided on a diversionary tactic. While the main Calicut fleet (some 150 boats) headed towards Kumbalam, a fleet of around 70 Calicut paraus would head towards Cochin city itself and engage the nau ''Concepção''. The point was to force Duarte Pacheco's little squad to abandon Kumbalam to rescue Cochin city, thus leaving the Kumbalam ford open for his army to cross.

As soon as he heard of this (through usual intelligence channels), the Trimumpara Raja of Cochin immediately dispatched a message to Duarte Pacheco begging him to return. Pacheco shrugged off the request at first. But around 9 AM, with the tide falling and the wind in his favor, Duarte Pacheco decided that the elements might allow him to take up the appeal. Taking one caravel and one batel, and leaving the remaining pair behind to hold the ford, Pacheco raced up towards Cochin. He arrived just as the nau ''Concepção'' was in the process of desperately fending off a heavy assault by the Calicut squad. Seeing Pacheco's two ships coming in from the rear, the Calicut squad realized they were about to be trapped in the crossfire and quickly broke off the engagement and retired.

Pacheco did not pause for greetings or inquiries, but immediately turned his boats around and raced back to the Kumbalam pass. The high tide was coming in and the wind was changing. He arrived back at Kumbalam ford just in time to anchor himself in with the others and prepare to meet the bulk of the Calicut fleet, now bearing down on the ford.

The same scene was played out as the week before – Calicut paraus forced to advance in small narrow waves, etc. And it was just as fruitless. After losing around 19 ships to heavy damage and some 290 dead, the Calicut admiral called off the attack. The diversionary gambit had failed.

=== Third assault ===

The next day, rather than resting and recuperating, Duarte Pacheco launched a surprise attack on some small villages on nearby islands, which were said to have furtively supplied paraus to the Calicut fleet. The value of the target itself was not much. Its principal purpose was to unsettle the Zamorin's army psychologically, reminding them that despite all the terrible fighting and casualties of the previous day, the Portuguese were still unscathed and in fresh fighting form.

The day after that (Tuesday, 9 April), the Zamorin decided on a new tactic. There would be no more impetuous fleet attacks. The fleet was ordered to hold back until Portuguese ships were sunk or severely damaged by shore cannon. To this end, the Calicut batteries carefully positioned and shielded their Venetian cannons.

The battle opened with a barrage from land on the Portuguese ships. But while the Venetian guns had the range to hit the ships, the relatively inexperienced battery crews did not have the aim – certainly not from that distance. Duarte Pacheco apprised the situation quickly, and forbade the ships from firing back. His intention was to give the Calicut battery crews confidence and induce them to move their guns forward for better aim (and expose themselves).

Pacheco's ruse worked better than he expected. As the guns on the Portuguese ships fell silent, and they just sat there quietly, allowing themselves to be fired upon from land without firing back, the Calicut captains were quick to conclude that the Portuguese must have run out of ammunition. At this point, the Zamorin's cautious plan broke down. Not only did the cannon batteries begin to move out of their shielded positions, the Calicut fleet which had been idling at the mouth of the strait, warily watching the Portuguese, decided this was a golden opportunity. With Portuguese guns out of ammunition, it would be a simple matter for the paraus to rush, grapple, board and overwhelm the Portuguese with their numbers. They impetuously launched themselves downriver towards the Portuguese squad.

Duarte Pacheco held fire until the first wave of paraus came close enough, then launched a barrage at point blank range, sinking eight paraus in one massive volley of cannon and musket fire, causing an extraordinary number of casualties. The first wave was broken, but the remainder of the paraus had moved too far forward to pull back now. The very thing the Zamorin had wanted to avoid, was now too late – the fleet was engaging. And it played out as before – small fruitless waves after waves of paraus, broken successively and calmly by Portuguese gunfire. The Venetian gun batteries, now unwisely forward and exposed, were silenced by occasional direct fire on the battery crews.

By noon, however, one of the Portuguese ''bateis'' had caught fire, forcing the crew to divide their attentions. The next wave of Calicut paraus concentrated all their efforts on it, hoping to permanently take at least one of the four Portuguese platforms out of commission. But the crew managed to put out the fire, and fend off the attack.

By the end of the day, the Calicut fleet retired, having lost 22 paraus and some 600 dead. Despite the exhaustion of the crews, Pacheco ordered his two ''bateis'' to give a brief pursuit on the retreating fleet. A little along the way, the bateis disembarked some soldiers near Edapalli, burned down two small villages, and defeated the guard a local lord had rushed to save them.

Despite all this action, the Portuguese, again, suffered not a single death, just a few injured.

The Zamorin was demoralized after this assault, and is said to have retired into his tents, in a melancholic mood. Already after the second assault, the Zamorin is said to have realized the pointlessness of repeated attacks on the Kumbalam ford, and had even half-made up his mind to dissolve the campaign and start peace negotiations, rather than subject himself to further humiliations. But he was urged on by his noble captains to give it another try, to restore his honor and keep the faith of his vassals. But now these very same captains, by their impetuosity, had delivered him a third defeat.

== Passes of Palignar and Palurte ==

The Zamorin was disposed to call off the campaign, if not for the pressure of his commanders, who proposed to abandon Kumbalam and try to reach Cochin via two passages further north – ''Palignar'' and ''Palurte''.

=== Location of the passes ===

[[File:Map of Battle of Cochin (1504) Passes of Palignar & Palurte.gif|330px|thumb|Conjectural map showing several possible positions of the passes of 'Palignar' and 'Palurte' held by the Portuguese in May–June, 1504. Again highly conjectural. Dark green = one possible hypothesis of position; Light green: another hypothesis of positions. Also shows implied route of redeployment by the army of Calicut from their original position at 'Cambalão'.]]

''Palurte'' is almost definitely [[Palluruthy]], south of Cochin. The location of ''Palignar'' (alternatively given as Palinhar, Palinhard, Palignard, Pallinganad, Palimbão) is Panangad an island east of Kumbalam, south of Ernakulam, studded in the Vambanad River. All we know of Palignar is that it is a league or half-league from Palurte (either to the north or south – surprisingly unclear in the chronicles). 'Palignar' (or similar-sounding counterparts) is not easily found in usual geographies of the [[Kerala backwaters]].

The chronicles suggest that the passages went via the island of ''Arraul'' (or ''Darraul'' or ''Arrail''). This could be a reference to [[Aroor]], a southerly peninsula, that indeed might be crossed north towards Palluruthy. Of course, this would require us to consider the location of the original 'Cambalão' to be [[Kumbalangy]] (rather than Kumbalam). This is not outlandish – as Aroor is indeed behind Kumbalangy and it does accord with occasional suggestions (e.g. Castanheda, p. 228) that the main encampment of the Zamorin's army between these assaults were in the 'lands of Porquá' (probably [[Purakkad]], thus a reference to the southern end of the [[Vembanad]] lagoon).

However, picking Aroor as 'Arraul' does not really seem to give us an intuitive idea of where Palignar & Palurte might be relative to each other. Geographies of Kerala backwaters show there are plenty of places with'Aroor'/'Aryoor'- sounding names in the region. And in the documents we have of the Trimumpara's title, he cites his lordship of Arraul as third in importance (after Cochin and Vypin), suggesting it should not be obscure or a great distance away. Moreover, there are suggestions (e.g. Castanheda, pp. 224, 227) that the fighting was very close to Cochin city and Fort Manuel. Finally, some of the chronicles suggest that the route via Arraul was a rather direct passage to Cochin city – indeed, the very passage taken by the Zamorin's armies in the first siege of 1503.

As a result, one probable hypothesis is that ''Arraul'' island might be modern [[Willingdon Island]] in Kochi harbor (or rather underlying island located there previously, as most of Willingdon was artificially created in the 1920s). Thus 'Palignar' and 'Palurte' were passes through it that entered directly onto the landmass where Cochin city sits.

However, all this is speculative conjecture. There is no agreement among chronicles, scholars or historians on any of these locations.

=== Redeployment to Arraul ===

Chroniclers claim that Palignar (Panangad)-Palurte (Palluruthi) crossings via Arraul (Aroor) island were available and unprotected during the Kumbalam ford attacks, but that the Zamorin never attempted them because the Kumbalam destination, once fixed, "became a point of honor" to adhere to. Moreover, the northerly passages were covered by dense forests and thickets unsuitable for the easy passage of his large army. But the biggest drawback is that they were not easily passed – that is, Palignar was only [[Ford (crossing)|fordable]] on foot at low tide, whereas Palurte required ferry boats. But such considerations were now set aside. The principal advantage of the Arraul passages is that they were two – that is, that the Portuguese would not be able to defend both Palignar and Palurte simultaneously.

In late April, the Zamorin lifted his camp at Kumbalam and began to withdraw – seemingly back to Calicut. But Duarte Pacheco Pereira soon received notice that Zamorin's army was in fact heading to the Palignar-Palurte passes, and that advanced troops of the Zamorin, some 500 Nairs, were already on Arraul island, cutting down thickets to ease the passage of the army. Pacheco rushed with a couple of boats up to Arraul, while the Trimumpara Raja dispatched an army of some 200 Cochinese [[Nairs]] from Cochin city to join him there. Pacheco took command of them, divided them into two columns, one under himself another under Pêro Rafael, and drove the thicket-cutters back.

Duarte Pacheco set about organizing his position before the arrival of the rest of the Calicut army, estimated to be but a mere one day way. His caravels could only go as far as Palurte ferry – lack of water depth prevented the caravels from advancing beyond that. So Pacheco ordered the two caravels (under [[Pêro Rafael]] and Diogo Pires) to anchor in at Palurte with iron cords, while he proceeded with the two smaller bateis on to Palignar ford.

At Palignar, Duarte Pacheco anchored both his ''bateis'' on the bank, placing them under the command [[Simão de Andrade]] and [[Cristóvão Jusarte]] [Note: Correa (p. 402) calls the latter "Jusarte Pacheco" or "Lisuarte Pacheco", and identifies him as the son of Duarte Pacheco]. The near bank of the ford was to be held by a 600-strong force of Cochinese Nairs dispatched by the Trimumpara Raja, under the command of his nephew and heir, Unni Goda Varda (''Candagora''). The factor's assistant, [[Lourenço Moreno]], apparently bored of Fort Manuel and wanting some action, showed up at the ford and was assigned to either take command of a land entrenchment or aboard some Cochinese canoes. But perhaps the most critical step, Duarte Pacheco ordered the troops and crews to clear the opposite banks of vegetation, so as to deprive enemy archers and cannons any form of protective cover.

The critical key to Duarte Pacheco's defense was the [[tide]]s. Although forced to defend two passages, he realized he did not have to defend them both at once. Palignar ford could only be crossed on foot at low tide, during which time the water at Palurte is too shallow for the Zamorin's ships and ferry boats to move. At high tide, boats could move at Palurte, but the infantry could not ford at Palignar. So Duarte Pacheco calculated he could shuttle himself and some of his forces back and forth via shallow [[Launch (boat)|launches]] between the two passes – reinforcing the Nairs and bateis at Palignar in low tide, and then slip down the strait to help the caravels at Palurte at high tide.

=== Fourth assault ===
[[File:People from Calicut, from The Triumphal Procession of Emperor Maximilian (Triumph Des Kaisers Maximilian I) MET DP834161.jpg|thumb|People from Calicut, depicted in a 16th century woodcut.]]
The vanguard of the Zamorin's army, some 15,000 infantry led by Prince Naubeadarim, arrived at Palignar ford a day or two after the skirmish at Arraul. Around the same time, the Calicut fleet, some 250 vessels under lord Ercanol of Edapalli, reached the environs of Palurte. Naubeadrim set himself to seize control of the ford with his army, leaving Ercanol to dislodge the two caravels at Palurte.

The attack began at dawn of 1 May. As the tide was high during the morning, Palignar was impassable to Naubeadarim's infantry, so Pacheco left the ''bateis'' with only a small crew under the command of Andrade and Jusarte, and rushed most of his forces on longboats down to Palurte. A contingent of Cochinese Nairs accompanied Pacheco, although the bulk stayed with prince Candagora at the near side of the Palignar ford.

The clearing of the vegetation on the opposite banks immediately paid off as, upon reaching Palurte, Pacheco easily noticed a number of Calicut cannons being rolled into position, aiming to sink the anchored caravels. Duarte Pacheco ordered concentrated fire from the ships on their position, scattering the Calicut artillery crews. He then landed a Portuguese-Cochinese assault force on the beach, who rushed up to finish off the lingering Calicut crews and dragged away or spiked the abandoned Calicut cannons.

The cannon threat nullified, the troops returned to the caravels to face the arriving Calicut fleet. The strait at Palurte was not as narrow as it had been at Kumbalam, allowing the admiral Elcanol of Edapalli to send in a substantial first wave, a broad front of 40 paraus, tied across, against the caravels. But the speed of Portuguese gunners decimated the advancing fleet. A second wave of nearly the same size was sent after it, but it was also repulsed.

By then, the tide had begun to fall, and the Calicut paraus began having trouble moving in the obstacle-ridden shallow waters of Palurte, so the Calicut admiral Ercanol ordered the fleet to retire. News quickly arrived that the Calicut infantry of Naubeadarim was getting ready to wade the passage at Palignar. Duarte Pacheco and his troops went back on their longboats.

The tide low enough, Naubeadarim's infantry column launched their assault to gain the ford. But they were unable to make much headway or reach the opposite back, held back by the rapid and heavy gunfire from the ''bateis'' and incessant missile fire from the Cochinese Nairs on the bank. After two heavy-fought but fruitless assaults, the tide began rising again, and Naubeadarim ordered the column to retire.

In this first encounter, Calicut is said to have lost some 1,000 men and a few ships. The disgusted Zamorin arrived on the scene with the rest of his army soon after, and upbraided both Naubeadarim and Elcanol for what he believed was cowardice in calling premature retreats.

The day's fight at Palignar and Palurte was probably the heaviest the Portuguese had yet faced. They had little time to prepare proper defenses and were lucky to get away with it. The Portuguese were exhausted and suffered many injured (but still no deaths, according to the chroniclers). Had the Zamorin renewed the assault the next day, his forces might very well have taken the ford. But as luck would have it, torrential downpours prevented resumption of operations, followed quickly by a devastating epidemic of [[cholera]] that swept through the Calicut camp. This gave the Portuguese and Cochin allies about a week to rest, recuperate and prepare.

=== Fifth assault ===

Duarte Pacheco used the cholera-induced break from the fighting to repair his ships and strengthen his position at Palignar ford. A strong [[stockade]] (palisade with ramparts) was erected on the near bank. Sharpened poles, burnt at one end and tied down to each other, were lodged deep into the mud throughout the ford, to severely complicate the infantry's passage. [In more detail, Saraiva (1849: p. 140) describes them as flat boards covered in upturned sharp metal spikes and large nails laid across bottom of the Palignar ford to impale the feet of the wading soldiers; he introduced the poles to serve a double role – as anchors to prevent the planks from floating away or being removed, and as stilts to hold up the planks and prevent them from sinking into the soft river mud.]

The cholera epidemic had taken a heavy toll on the Zamorin's army – more than 10,000 men were lost. The success of the resistance had also brought back some of the old Cochinese vassals who had earlier abandoned the Trimumpara Raja. According to Correia (p. 482), these were the lords (''Kaimals''){{which lang|date=July 2020}} of ''Mangate'' ([[Alengad]]), ''Primbalão'' ([[Perumbalam]]) and ''Diamper'' ([[Udayamperoor]]). Their return was welcome less for any concrete help they might give, and more because they deprived the Zamorin of possible reinforcements.

Around 6 May (date uncertain), the Zamorin launched his biggest assault yet, concentrating all his forces on gaining the ford at Palignar. It was spearheaded by some 4,000 men with 30 brass cannons, brought forth to sink the bateis. Then came the vanguard column, some 12,000 men under Prince Naubeadarim. Ercanol of Edapalli commanded a column of the same size, and the Zamorin himself brought up the rear with some 15,000, including specialized hatchet crews (some 400) to clear the passages and chop down the stockade.

At that point, the Portuguese had a mere 40 men on the bateis at Palignar, and only some 200 Cochinese troops at the ford palisade. [Apparently, the Nairs of the Cochinese vassal lord of ''Mangate'' (Alangad), assigned to man the palisade, unexpectedly abandoned their posts during the night, leaving only this small number behind. Pacheco dispatched an urgent message to prince Candagora back in Cochin, to rush in reinforcements, but the message did not get conveyed on time.

The assault on Palignar began with a cannonade duel between the Calicut artillery on land and the ''bateis''. The Portuguese artillery got the better of it, and the Calicut batteries were dispersed. But by this time, however, the tide was low, and the bateis, now scraping the riverbed, not easily manoeuvrable into optimal firing positions.

The Zamorin gave the order to advance, and Calicut infantry poured into the Palignar ford, to regain the other bank. The spiked planks had their intended effect – the front lines slowed down to watch their step, the rear lines shoved them from behind, and the Calicut army clustered up into a concentrated mob. Portuguese cannons directed their fire on this dense human mass, causing horrific numbers of casualties in the Calicut ranks. Nonetheless, urged on by their officers, the Calicut infantry kept pressing forward.

Pêro Rafael directed some of the fire to assassinate the Zamorin himself, and a cannonball landed near enough to his person to cut two of the nobles standing near him to pieces. The blood-covered Zamorin was hurried off the field by his guard, leaving the rest of the assault to Naubeadarim and Ercanol. Enraged at the assassination attempt, Naubeadarim rallied the Calicut troops and pressed forward furiously. Painfully working over the impaling spikes, the vanguard finally reached the palisade on the Cochinese bank. It is said that the Cochinese troops manning the ramparts fell back or fled their positions, and the few Portuguese stationed there were given up for lost.

But by this time the tide had begun to rise again, and the bateis were dislodged from the mud and freely manoeuvrable once more. The bateis rushed forward, straight into the ford, and with concentrated fire, broke up the heavy assault on the palisade. Then crossing the ford back and forth with near-point blank cannon, forced the Calicut troops back on to the banks to retreat to the tree line.

After nine hours of intense fighting, the high tide was back and the assault was over. The Zamorin's army had failed once again.

Duarte Pacheco was furious with the Cochinese troops who abandoned the palisade ramparts in the heat of the battle, and even more furious with the troops of the vassal lord of Mangate who had deserted their posts before the fight even began. But Trimumpara Raja sadly reminded him of the general faithlessness of all his vassals, and assured Pacheco that it would not happen again, that his heir, the prince Cadangora, would move to the ford permanently, and supervise the maintenance of the stockade.

It is said that sometime during this encounter a detachment of around 2,000 Calicut Nairs, using a different little-used passage (or perhaps landed by paraus), managed to circumvent and land behind Portuguese lines. The Nairs were making their way to launch a surprise attack on the ford from the rear, when some local Cochinese peasants working in the rice fields, plucked up their courage and attacked the detachment with their spades, seeing them off rather quickly. Allegedly, the [[Indian caste system]] played a significant role, the [[Nair]]s fearing defilement by low caste peasants more than any injury from the agricultural implements they were wielding. Pacheco, disgusted with his own Cochinese Nairs, is said to have tried to persuade the Trimumpara Raja to promote these brave peasants to [[Nairs]] and assign them to the palisade. The King gave him a lengthy lecture on the intricacies of the caste system.

=== Plots and skirmishes ===

The depressed Zamorin had no stomach for another failure in the field and dismissed ideas of a renewed direct assault. Delay was also forced by a renewed breakout of the cholera epidemic. Instead, there were just a series of underhanded plots and occasional skirmishes seeking to weaken or draw out the Portuguese position at the passes.

As usual, intelligence networks in south India ensured most of the Zamorin's plots were leaked. Already earlier, the Zamorin's agents had induced a conspiracy by some Cochinese Nairs to assassinate Duarte Pacheco. The plot was uncovered, and Pacheco had two of them flogged and hanged. (This caused some consternation in Cochinese ranks, as while the execution was acceptable, the flogging of a [[Nair]] was a grievous insult to the noble caste. Not wishing to provoke trouble among the Nairs, Duarte Pacheco handed the remaining conspirators over to the Trimumpara Raja to do with them as he will.)

During this interlude, the Zamorin's advisors devised a new plan to have agents infiltrate Cochin and bribe [[victualler]]s to poison the food and water being sent out to the troops at Palignar ford. But as usual, the plot was leaked. To ensure themselves, new wells were dug on the beaches at Palignar on a daily basis, and victuallers, vendors and transporters were forced to taste their own food at every stage before being distributed to the army.

The Zamorin's advisors kept concocting more plots – an uprising in Cochin, then a plan to send in boats under the cover of night to Cochin and set the city on fire, then to sneak baskets of venomous [[cobra]]s aboard the Portuguese ships, etc. But all these plots were quickly foiled by leaked intelligence.

In one of the more infamous instances (reported by Correia, pp. 474–75), the Zamorin determined on a night attack. The troops were to cross a ford near Palurte, hitherto unutilized because it was within shot range of the anchored Portuguese caravels. But at night, the caravels would not see them and the troops could wade across. That evening, two Calicut armies set out – the vanguard to go first, and give a torch signal to the second army to advance after they had crossed the ford. But as usual, Pacheco got wind of the plan. And not long after the vanguard started their march, Pacheco gave the pre-arranged torch signal himself and got the second army to advance prematurely. The vanguard, thinking they were being ambushed from behind by a Cochinese column, turned around and attacked the second army. In the dark of the night, the two armies of Calicut did not notice they were fighting each other!

During the interlude, Pacheco repeatedly launched his own excursions to harass the Calicut encampment and raid supporting villages. On one of these excursions, Pacheco is said to have been ambushed and surrounded by a Calicut fleet of some 54 paraus, but managed to defeat them.

=== Sixth assault ===

Preparations for a new assault on Palignar ford began sometime in late May (or possibly June.) 30,000 troops were assembled for the new assault on Palignar. The artillery was moved into pre-prepared trench-lines, where the batteries would be better shielded from Portuguese return-fire.

Against Palurte, Elacanol of Edapalli repaired and prepared the fleet anew – the vanguard led by 110 well-armed and well-shielded paraus, tied together, followed by some 100 boat transports, packed with soldiers for the grapple. There were a few innovations – firstly, a series of fire-boats (''brulotes''), loaded with incendiary material, were prepared, intended to be sent into the Portuguese caravels. Then, most peculiar of all, a series of 'floating castles' (invented by a certain 'Cogeale', an 'Arab of Edapalli'). Essentially, a 'floating castle' was a wooden [[siege tower]], about 18 hands tall, with heavily reinforced sides, capable of carrying 40 armed men, mounted on two ''paraus'' lashed together. There were eight such castles, mounted on 16 boats, tied to each other, forming a single imposing line.

As usual, Duarte Pacheco was aware of all these preparations, and had himself taken counter-measures. Against the fire-boats, he ordered the construction of a wide raft (mounted with masts), which he anchored firmly across the strait. Hearing of the floating castles, he ordered the erection of wooden structures on the prows of his caravels, to match the height of the Calicut castles.

Candagora, prince and heir of Cochin, presented himself with one thousand of the best Cochinese Nairs at Palignar ford. The two ''bateis'' at Palignar were, as usual, under the command of [[Cristóvão Jusarte]] and [[Simão de Andrade]], while [[Lourenço Moreno]], the factor's assistant, was placed in command of some Cochinese boats.

On the dawn of the day of the attack, the Zamorin's infantry began their march towards Palignar. To taunt the sea-king, Pacheco sailed in a boat up to the tip of Arraul island and landed with a small squad to engage in a skirmish with the advance squads of the Calicut army. The irritated Zamorin redirected a large detachment of his forces after him. Pacheco just climbed back on his boat and sailed away.

The tide being high, the battle began at Palurte, where the caravels were anchored. The Calicut fire ships were the first to be launched – but they were caught by the anchored raft and burned harmlessly. The row of floating castles were then launched against the caravels. This proved more difficult, as their reinforced sides seemed to resist all the cannon fire the Portuguese had to offer. The situation seemed bleak and Duarte Pacheco is said to have desperately uttered his famous line: "Lord, don't make me pay for my sins just yet", before focusing concentrated heavy fire on the nearest approaching castle and finally breaking its sides. A second soon followed, and the whole apparatus began to drag and fragment, the ''paraus'' to sink. [According to Correia (p. 487) Pacheco is said to have offered a bounty of 100 cruzados to any sailor who dared swim out with a torch and set fire to the paraus underneath the castles.

While the caravels at Palurt were thus engaged, the tide had come down and the Zamorin's infantry marched on Palignar ford. Incessant gunfire from the two bateis, joined by continuous missile fire from the Cochinese on the palisade ramparts and in the launches, mowed down line after line of Calicut infantry as they stepped into the ford. The assault was repelled, until the high tide returned and forced the armies of Calicut to end the attempted crossing.

According to Osório (p. 311), the army of Calicut suffered more casualties on this day than any other; the Portuguese still had no deaths, only wounded. The victory over the Zamorin's greatest assault yet was greeted with great festivities in Cochin.

=== Seventh assault and end ===

[[File:Duarte Pacheco's victory at Battle of Cochin (1504).jpg|thumb|350px|Duarte Pacheco's seventh and final victory over the Zamorin (1840 lithograph)]]
The chronicles are generally scant on details of the subsequent events. It seems the Zamorin ordered a couple of more assaults on the Portuguese positions, one of which used the same floating castles (now repaired), but to no avail. In these assaults, the Zamorin had fewer troops – depleted by disease and desertion – and, with less enthusiasm and energy, the attacks were largely desultory.

By now, the [[monsoon]] season had begun to turn, and the heavier rains and winds were working against the Zamorin's army – rain spread disease and complicated movement, water levels were higher at the passages, sailing the paraus more difficult. Moreover, one by one, the vassals of Calicut were sneaking away from the Zamorin's camp. It was generally anticipated that a new [[Portuguese India Armadas|Portuguese armada]] would be arriving in August. Many of the Zamorin's vassals, having lost hope of seizing Cochin by then, figured it was best to negotiate their own peace terms with the Trimumphara Raja before the Portuguese arrived, lest their dominions be slated for vengeful punitive raids. The last of the vassals to make a separate peace with Cochin was the lord Elcanol of Edapalli himself.

Finally, on 24 June 1504 ([[Nativity of St. John the Baptist|Nativity of St. John]]), the Zamorin of Calicut decided he had enough, and abdicated his throne, passing it on to his nephew and heir, Naubeadaraim (the general who had led the Calicut infantry), and retired to a temple, dedicating himself to religious life. But the tired Zamorin was lured by the chiding of his own mother to emerge from the temple and organize one last assault. But after that failed to go anywhere, the Zamorin returned to religious seclusion permanently. The army of Calicut retired from the shores of the [[Vembanad]] lagoon around 3 July.

=== Aftermath ===
Immediately after the Zamorin withdrew his forces from the vicinity of Cochin (some say early August, 1504), [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]], set sail with his caravels out of Cochin for [[Kollam|Quilon]]. There were rumors that Arab traders in the city had raised a [[List of conspiracies (political)|conspiracy]] or riot and attacked the Portuguese factory there, killing at least one Portuguese agent. Almeida captured a squad of Arab merchant ships and exacted his revenge on them.

Pacheco was still settling matters in Quilon when the [[6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)|6th Portuguese India armada]], under the command of [[Lopo Soares de Albergaria]] reached [[Kochi|Cochin]] in September 1504. Duarte Pacheco returned to Cochin in late September or October to meet him there.

In October, Pacheco participated in a pre-emptive Portuguese-Cochinese raid on [[Kodungallur|Cranganore]], where it was said the (new) Zamorin was re-assembling his army, to attack Cochin again after the 6th Armada left in January. The razing of Cranganore and the subsequent defection of the ruler of Tanur, one of the Zamorin's most important vassals, rolled the Calicut frontline north, and placed the [[Vembanad]] lagoon out of the reach of the [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin's]] army and fleet. It put an end to any prospect of the Zamorin of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] attacking Cochin again via the [[Kerala backwaters]].

== Assessment ==

Overall, the Battle of Cochin lasted some five months – from March to July, with most of the assaults concentrated in early April and early May. The Zamorin's army, which started out at more than 60,000 strong, had suffered heavy casualties: 19,000 had died, over 5,000 in fighting and 13,000 to disease. Wounded were innumerable, ship losses numerous.

There are no reported deaths of any of the Portuguese defenders – although many were wounded. Casualties among the Cochinese allies are unknown, but they were also probably not that high, given the few numbers that were actually committed to battle.

The battle of Cochin transformed the political landscape of [[Kerala]]. The Zamorin of Calicut was humiliated. His mighty army and fleet was unable to crush a minuscule garrison of 150 Portuguese allied with Cochin. By the end, the Zamorin lost most of the authority and fear in which he had been previously held throughout the [[Malabar Coast]], while the Trimumpara Raja had gone from weak king to acknowledged king of the [[Vembanad]] lagoon.

The Portuguese, led by [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]] succeeded by a combination of clever positioning, individual heroics and a lot of luck. The Zamorin had demonstrated a bit of resourcefulness and innovation of his own – no two attacks were the same – but failed nonetheless.

Ultimately it was probably the role of intelligence networks of Cochin that proved the critical difference. The Portuguese were fully informed of everything that was going on in the enemy camp, all the way to strategies and plots hatched secretly inside the Zamorin's tent. The Portuguese, by contrast, tended to keep their own counsel, the Zamorin's spies could only see, but not hear, what the Portuguese were up to. Pereira may have also been the first person to have done a scientific study of the relationship between tides and lunar phases, and this allowed him to predict when each ford would be passable and to shuttle his few forces accordingly to meet points of attack.

For the Portuguese, it was a 'close-run thing'. Had Cochin fallen to the Zamorin, it was likely [[Kannur|Cannanore]] and [[Quilon]] would have fallen suit (indeed, talks were already in progress for that eventuality). The Portuguese would lose their foothold in India, and unlikely to recover it easily – the Zamorin could use Fort Manuel to keep the future Portuguese armadas at bay. The Portuguese would likely be forced to sue for peace on the Zamorin's terms.
[[File:Hans Burgkmair - The King of Cochin - 1923.403 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|thumb|The king of Cochin depicted in an early 16th century woodcut.]]
The Trimumpara Raja came out the great victor. His stubbornness in maintaining the Portuguese alliance, which everyone had advised him against and which, at the beginning of the year, seemed to seal his doom, had paid off. His debt to the Portuguese was immense, but to none so great as to Duarte Pacheco himself, to whom he had, in the course of the desperate battle, become affectionately attached.

=== Rewards of Duarte Pacheco ===

In the aftermath of the battle, in his capacity as King of Cochin, the Trimumpara Raja gave [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]] a personal [[grant of arms]], described as a red shield ("for the immense blood of the Calicut which he shed in this war"), with five golden crowns in [[saltire]] ("for the five kings he defeated") and a white [[bordure]] with blue waves, charged with eight wooden castles in green, each mounted on two ships ("for the two times he defeated these eight castles"). Around the shield, are seven [[pennon|pennants]], three red, two white, two blue ("for the seven assaults led by the King of Calecut in person and the seven flags of these colors and shapes he seized"), and an open silver helm, [[Mantling|mantled]] in gold and red, and for crest a castle topped with a red pennant (for Cochin?).

Duarte Pacheco Pereira was relieved as commander of Fort Manuel of Cochin by [[Manuel Teles de Vasconcelos]], and set to return to Portugal with the [[6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)|6th Armada]] in January 1505. The Trimumpara Raja is said to have been beside himself with tears at Duarte Pacheco's departure, and pleaded endlessly with the admiral Lopo Soares de Albergaria to allow him to stay. Bowing to inevitability, the Trimumpara Raja offered Duarte Pacheco a substantial cargo of [[black pepper]] as a personal reward for his services. Knowing how the Trimumpara Raja had been impoverished by the war, Duarte Pacheco declined the offer.

Duarte Pacheco Pereira was given a hero's welcome back in [[Lisbon]], receiving a grand reception and royal pension from King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] and public festivities were held in his honor.

In 1505, the first Portuguese vice-roy D. [[Francisco de Almeida]] arrived in India with a golden crown sent by King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] to reward the steadfastness of the Trimumpara Raja of Cochin in his Portuguese alliance. But the old Trimumpara Raja had abdicated by this time and taken up a life of religious devotion; it was his heir, Candagora, who was crowned in a solemn ceremony by Almeida as '[[Kingdom of Cochin|King of Cochin]]'.

=== ''Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis'' ===

During the lulls in the fighting at the Battle of Cochin, [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]] spent much time making cosmographic observations and taking notes. Upon his return to Lisbon in 1505, Duarte Pacheco would compile these notes into his famous book, ''Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis'', finished in 1509. It is one of the first ''roteiros'' (nautical rutters) giving precise instructions and references for future navigators on the [[Portuguese India Armadas|India run]].

Of particular importance was the careful notes Duarte Pacheco took on the timing of the [[tide]]s, which played such a critical importance in the course of the Battle of Cochin. Pacheco is said to have been the first to notice their connection to the [[moon]] and establish rules for predicting the progress of tides by reference to lunar observations. He also sifted through his data to correct and improve astronomical observations (notably correcting the average daily deviation of the moon from the sun) and constructing nautical measurements to be used by future Portuguese navigators.

=== Later representations ===

The story of the Battle of Cochin is related by the Portuguese poet [[Luís de Camões]] in his 1572 epic poem ''[[Os Lusíadas]]''. At the opening of Canto X, the sea-nymph [[Thetis]] relates to the admiral [[Vasco da Gama]] her prophecy about the Battle of Cochin (Canto X, Stanzas 12–21). Camões places this battle at the forefront, the first significant event involving the Portuguese in India after Gama's voyage. He showers Duarte Pacheco Pereira with superlatives, "the strongest of the strong", the "Lusitan [[Achilles]]", and describes some of the more memorable incidents and details of the battle. Thetis also darkly predicts Duarte Pacheco's future travails upon his return to Portugal, bewailing the ingratitude of King [[Manuel I of Portugal]], that although Pacheco "gave [him] a wealthy kingdom", he was granted no high rewards, and instead hints at the courtly intrigues and charges that led to his arrest later in life.(St. 22–25).

== References ==
{{Commons category|Battle of Cochin (1504)}}
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==

=== Chronicles ===

* [[João de Barros]] (1552–59) ''Décadas da Ásia: Dos feitos, que os Portuguezes fizeram no descubrimento, e conquista, dos mares, e terras do Oriente.''. [Dec. I, Lib 7.]
*[[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda]] (1551–1560) ''História do descobrimento & conquista da Índia pelos portugueses'' [1833 edition]
* [[Gaspar Correia]] (c. 1550s) ''Lendas da Índia'', first pub. 1858-64, in Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias.
* [[Manuel de Faria e Sousa]] (1666–75) ''Asia Portuguesa'', 3 vols.
*[[Damião de Góis]] (1566–67) ''Crónica do Felicíssimo Rei D. Manuel''
* [[Thomé Lopes]] "Navegação as Indias Orientaes, escrita em Portuguez por Thomé Lopes, traduzida da lingua Portugueza para a Italiana, e novamente do Italiano para o Portuguez", trans. 1812 into Portuguese, by Academia Real das Sciencias in ''Collecção de noticias para a historia e geografia das nações ultramarinas: que vivem nos dominios portuguezes, ou lhes são visinhas'', [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_eCsOAAAAYAAJ/page/n204  Vol. 2, Pt. 5]
*[[Jerónimo Osório]] (1586) ''De rebus Emmanuelis'', 1804 trans. ''Da Vida e Feitos d'El Rei D. Manuel'', Lisbon: Impressão Regia.
*[[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]] (c. 1509) ''Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis'' [https://archive.org/details/esmeraldodesitu00peregoog  online]

=== Secondary ===

* Bell, A.F. (1917) "Duarte Pacheco Pereira, 1465–1533", ''Portuguese Portraits'', Oxford: Blackwell
* Dames, M.L. (1918) "Introduction" in ''An Account Of The Countries Bordering On The Indian Ocean And Their Inhabitants, Vol. 1'' (Engl. transl. of ''Livro de Duarte de Barbosa''), 2005 reprint, New Delhi: Asian Education Services.
* [[Frederic Charles Danvers|Danvers, F.C.]] (1894) ''The Portuguese in India, being a history of the rise and decline of their eastern empire''. 2 vols, London: Allen.
* Day, F. (1863) ''The Land of the Permauls, or, Cochin, its past and its present''. Madras: Adelphi.
* Logan, W. (1887) ''Malabar Manual'', 2004 reprint, New Delhi: Asian Education Services.
* Mathew, K.N. (1988) ''History of the Portuguese Navigation in India''. New Delhi: Mittal.
* Mathew, K.S. (1997) "Indian Naval Encounters with the Portuguese: Strengths and weaknesses", in Kurup, editor, ''India's Naval Traditions'', New Delhi: Northern Book Centre.
* Monteiro, S. (1989) ''Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa, Vol. 1 (1139–1521)'' Lisbon: Sa da Costa.
* Saraiva, F. S.L. (1849) ''Os Portuguezes em Africa, Asia, America, e Occeania'', Vol. 2, Lisbon: Borges.
* Whiteway, R. S. (1899) ''The Rise of Portuguese Power in India, 1497–1550''. Westminster: Constable.

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Cochin (1504)}}
[[Category:Portuguese India Armadas]]
[[Category:1504 in India]]
[[Category:1504 in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1504|Cochin]]
[[Category:Battles involving Portuguese India|Cochin]]
[[Category:Battles involving Portugal|Cochin (1504)]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Indian kingdoms|Cochin (1504)]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Cochin]]
[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]
[[Category:Calicut kingdom]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Kingdom of Calicut]]

Shiva (Marathi TV series)

2026-03-29T03:30:59Z

Shaunak88:

{{Short description|2024 Indian Marathi language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Shiva ZM.jpg
| image_size =
| company = Jagdamb Creations
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|08|08|df=yes}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|02|12|df=yes}}
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| num_episodes = 497
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| writer = Pralhad Kudtarkar
| executive_producer = Vaibhav Rangrao Patil
| producer = [[Amol Kolhe]]
| country = India
| director = Swapnil Warke
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| related = ''Sindura Bindu''<ref>{{Cite news |title=सुहास खून करणार अन् शिवा तुरुंगात…; ‘शिवा’ मालिकेत मोठा ट्विस्ट, पाहा |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-shiva-upcoming-twist-suhas-will-commit-murder-and-shiva-will-be-in-jail-nsp-98-5251562/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
}}

'''''Shiva''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] TV series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title="केसाला धक्का तर कपाळा बुक्का…", अन्यायाशी लढणाऱ्या 'शिवा'चा दमदार अंदाज, पाहा नव्या मालिकेचा नवा प्रोमो |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-new-serial-shiva-new-promo-out-pps-98-4158103/ |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> It is an official remake of Zee Sarthak's TV series ''Sindura Bindu''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=लवकरच 'झी मराठी'वर दोन नव्या मालिका होणार सुरू, प्रोमो आला समोर |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/paru-and-shiva-two-new-serial-coming-soon-on-zee-marathi-pps-98-4105599/ |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> It stars Purva Kaushik and Shalva Kinjawadekar in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=New Marathi TV Shows 'Shiva' And 'Paru' Set To Launch Soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/new-marathi-tv-shows-shiva-and-paru-set-to-launch-soon/articleshow/106062033.cms |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It premiered from 12 February 2024 along with ''[[Paaru (Marathi TV series)|Paaru]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=मुहूर्त ठरला! 'झी मराठी'च्या नव्या मालिका 'शिवा' व 'पारु' 'या' तारखेपासून येणार प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीस |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-new-serial-shiva-and-paru-start-from-12-february-pps-98-4180993/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> It is produced by [[Amol Kolhe]] and directed by Swapnil Warke under the banner of ''Jagdamb Production''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=झी मराठीवर लवकरच दाखल होणार दोन नवीन मालिका, 'पारू' आणि 'शिवा' भेटीला |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/two-new-serials-paru-and-shiva-are-coming-soon-on-zee-marathi-a-a603/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A bold and unapologetic Shiva, aspiring to be an IPS officer, marries wealthy Ashutosh. As challenges surface, their contrasting strengths become the source of resilience in their relationship.<ref>{{Cite news |title=New Marathi Show 'Shiva' To Launch Soon, Purva Phadke To Play The Lead Character - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/new-marathi-show-shiva-to-launch-soon-apurva-phadke-to-play-the-lead-character/articleshow/106354054.cms |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Purva Kaushik as Shivani Kailas Patil / Shivani Ashutosh Desai (Shiva)<ref>{{Cite news |title=शिवाच्या वागण्याचा आशूला त्रास, हात उचलताच रामभाऊंनी रोखलं अन्…; नात्याला वेगळंच वळण |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/shiva-marathi-serial-update-shiva-and-ashus-relation-different-turn-know-more/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Shalva Kinjawadekar as Ashutosh Ramchandra Desai (Chakula)<ref>{{Cite news |title=आशू-शिवा कायमचं एकमेकांपासून दूर होणार, नात्यामध्ये दुरावा?, मालिकेमध्ये मोठा ट्विस्ट |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/shiva-marathi-serial-update-shiva-and-ashu-will-separate-from-each-other-by-getting-divorced-new-promo-viral-on-social-media/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
;Desai family
* Sameer Patil / Ramesh Wani as Ramchandra Desai (Bhau)<ref>{{Cite news |title="मी सगळं केलं…", दिव्याचे सत्य समोर आल्यावर शिवा तिच्या कानाखाली देणार; पाहा मालिकेत पुढे काय घडणार?
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/shiva-upcoming-twist-new-promo-when-shiva-comes-to-know-about-divyas-intrigue-she-will-slap-her-watch-nsp-98-4847919/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Meera Velankar / Sneha Raikar as Seeta Ramchandra Desai<ref>{{Cite news |title="तुझा संसार…", दिव्याचे सत्य शिवासमोर आणण्यासाठी चंदन काय करणार? 'शिवा' मालिकेत ट्विस्ट, पाहा प्रोमो
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/shiva-promo-what-will-chandan-do-to-bring-the-truth-of-divya-to-shiva-nsp-98-4841804/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Sunil Tambat as Laxman Desai<ref>{{Cite news |title="तू कुठल्या अधिकाराने…", शिवा-आशूमध्ये होणार पुन्हा भांडण; सिताई देणार नातं संपवण्याचा सल्ला, पाहा प्रोमो…
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/shiva-marathi-serial-fight-between-shiva-and-aashu-sitai-will-give-advice-ending-marriage-promo-nsp-98-4814488/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Aarti Shirodkar as Urmila Laxman Desai<ref>{{Cite news |title="तू दे होकार, मला तेच…", आशूची नाराजी दूर करण्याची शिवाची हटके स्टाईल; मालिकेत पुढे काय होणार?
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/shiva-marathi-serial-shivas-unique-style-to-clear-up-misunderstandings-between-her-and-aashu-watch-promo-nsp-98-4822405/ |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Vaishnavi Aambvane as Sampada Laxman Desai<ref>{{Cite news |title="शिवाच्या एरियात येऊन पोरींना छेडणार…", शिवा तिच्या जुन्या स्टाईलमध्ये पुन्हा दिसणार; नेटकरी कौतुक करत म्हणाले, "लय भारी"
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/shiva-upcoming-twist-will-be-seen-again-in-her-old-style-will-fight-netizens-praised-marathi-serial-nsp-98-4799465/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

;Shirke family
* Manasi Mhatre as Kirti Ramchandra Desai / Kirti Suhas Shirke<ref>{{Cite news |title="ही लग्नाची पत्रिका…", शिवाला आशूच्या लग्नाचे आमंत्रण मिळणार अन्….; पाहा मालिकेचा प्रोमो
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/shiva-will-get-an-invitation-to-aashus-wedding-aashus-family-in-danger-watch-promo-nsp-98-4826756/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Angad Mhaskar as Suhas Shirke<ref>{{Cite news |title="मी आता अंधाराला…", आशू-शिवामधील गैरसमज दूर करण्यासाठी पाना गँगची युक्ती; पाहा प्रोमो
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/shiva-marathi-serial-upcoming-twist-pana-gangs-trick-to-clear-the-misunderstanding-between-aashu-shiva-will-lock-in-dark-watch-the-promo-nsp-98-4786634/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Anupama Takmoghe as Shanta Shirke<ref>{{Cite news |title=“ती वाचली खरी पण…”, शिवाविरुद्ध सुहासचे आईबरोबर मिळून कारस्थान; नेटकरी म्हणाले, “रॉकीची एक्झिट…”
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-shiva-new-twist-suhas-conspiracy-with-his-mother-against-shiva-netizens-says-rockys-exit-is-shocking-nsp-98-5198892/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Vaibhavi Chavan as Priya Shirke<ref>{{Cite news |title=तुळजा-शिवाच्या हाती लागणार मोठे सत्य! कोट्यवधीच्या संपत्तीचा मालक कोण? दोन्ही मालिकांच्या ‘महासंगम’मध्ये काय घडणार? |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/who-is-the-owner-of-crores-of-wealth-watch-promo-shiva-and-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-nsp-98-4739440/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

;Patil family
* Mrunalini Jawale as Vandana Kailas Patil<ref>{{Cite news |title=आशु-शिवाच्या आयुष्यात दिव्यामुळे येणार मोठं संकट, प्रोमो समोर येताच नेटकऱ्यांची नाराजी, म्हणाले, "मालिकांची वाट…" |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/zee-marathi-shiva-serial-new-promo-goes-viral-after-watching-netizens-get-trolled-the-serial/ |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Srushti Bahekar as Divya Kailas Patil / Divya Chandan Shrungarpure<ref>{{Cite news |title=बहिणीच्या लग्नासाठी शिवा स्वतःचं गॅरेज गहाण ठेवणार का?, 'शिवा' मालिकेमध्ये पुढे काय घडणार?, प्रोमो पाहून वाढली उत्सुकता |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/zee-marathi-channel-shiva-serial-new-promo-out-will-shiva-mortgage-his-own-garage-for-his-sisters-wedding/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Savita Malpekar as Janabai Hanumant Patil / Saubai Gajanan Mhatre (Baai Aaji)<ref>{{Cite news |title=सीताचा शिवाबद्दलचा रोष रामभाऊंच्या जीवावर बेतणार का?, कशी सांभाळणार ही परिस्थिती?, नवं संकट |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/shiva-serial-update-will-sita-anger-towards-shiva-lead-to-rambhau-life-how-will-he-manage-this-situation/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Ganesh Yadav as Kailas Hanumant Patil<ref>{{Cite news |title="मला तुझं तोंडही…", आशू शिवाला घराबाहेर काढणार; मालिकेत नेमकं काय घडणार? पाहा प्रोमो
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/shiva-marathi-serial-twist-differences-between-aashu-and-shiva-new-promo-watch-nsp-98-4766757/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

;Pana Gang
* Arjun Waingankar as Silencer<ref>{{Cite news |title=सिताई शिवाला साथ देणार, दोघी मिळून गुंडांना मारणार; प्रोमो पाहताच नेटकरी म्हणाले, “प्रेक्षकांना हेच…” |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-shiva-upcoming-twist-sitai-will-support-shiva-both-will-fight-with-the-goons-together-netizens-praised-promo-watch-nsp-98-4948767/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Gaurav Kalusthe as Dipper<ref>{{Cite news |title=“तुला ओझं वाटत नाहीये ना?”, हताश आशूचा शिवाला प्रश्न; नोकरी न मिळाल्याने येणार डोळ्यात पाणी; पाहा प्रोमो |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/aashu-will-feel-bad-because-of-not-getting-a-job-shiva-marathi-serial-new-promo-nsp-98-4879722/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Vitthal Talwalkar as Upper<ref>{{Cite news |title=…अन् शिवाने थेट डॅडींची कॉलरच धरली; जबरदस्त प्रोमो पाहिल्यानंतर प्रेक्षक झाले खूश, म्हणाले, “सूर्यादादा ती…” |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/shiva-and-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-shiva-marathi-serial-directly-grabbed-daddys-collar-netizens-reacts-wants-more-positive-things-watch-promo-nsp-98-4734601/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Hasan Shaikh as Stepney<ref>{{Cite news |title="तुला काहीतरी सांगायचंय…", शिवाचा विश्वास खरा ठरणार, आशू त्याचे प्रेम व्यक्त करणार; पाहा नेमकं काय घडणार
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/shiva-upcoming-twist-aashu-will-express-his-love-for-shiva-watch-promo-marathi-serial-nsp-98-4858522/ |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Sushant Divekar as Battery<ref>{{Cite news |title=सिताईच्या अंगावर चप्पल फेकताच शिवानं…; आशू आणि शिवाच्या कुटुंबावर मोठं संकट, पाहा प्रोमो
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/shiva-marathi-serial-big-trouble-for-ashu-and-shivas-family-new-promo-upcoming-twist-watch-video-nsp-98-4681978/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

;Others
* Tejas Mahajan as Chandan Shrungarpure<ref>{{Cite news |title=आशुतोषची भेट त्याच्या स्वप्नसुंदरीशी होणार? झी मराठीवरील 'शिवा' मालिकेत वाहतायत प्रेमाचे वारे |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/shiva-zee-marathi-serial-update-today-will-ashutosh-meet-his-love-detail-marathi-news-1256857 |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Divesh Medge / Shivraj Nale as Rakesh (Rocky)<ref>{{Cite news |title='शिवा' मालिकेत रंजक वळण, सिताई देणार शिवाला ही शिक्षा |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/interesting-twist-in-shiva-series-sitai-will-give-this-punishment-to-shiva-a-a603/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Vipul Kale as Manjunath Manjrekar (Manja)<ref>{{Cite news |title=शिवाची द्विधा मन:स्थिती; गरिबांना गुंडापासून वाचवणार की सीताईचं मन जिंकणार? मालिकेचा नवा प्रोमो प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/will-shiva-save-the-poor-from-the-bullies-or-will-win-sitais-heart-new-promo-watch-video-nsp-98-4571523/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Ramesh Chandane as Nana Phadtare<ref>{{Cite news |title=“तिची काय अवस्था…”, शिवाला मारण्याचा कीर्तीचा प्लॅन फसणार अन् सिताई…; मालिकेत काय घडणार? पाहा प्रोमो |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-shiva-upcoming-plot-keertis-plan-to-kill-shiva-will-fail-will-shiva-able-to-save-sitai-watch-promo-nsp-98-4986306/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Sharad Ponkshe]] as Dinkar Tandale<ref>{{Cite news |title=आशू व पाना गँगवर संकट येणार अन् शिवा…; ‘शिवा’ मालिकेत काय घडणार? पाहा प्रोमो |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-shiva-upcoming-twist-ashu-and-pana-gang-will-in-trouble-shivas-comeback-in-unique-way-nsp-98-5216697/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Sanjay Mone]] as Anna<ref>{{Cite news |title=“दिवस भरलेत तुझे…”, शिवा जगदीशला घरातून धक्के मारून बाहेर काढणार अन्…; मालिकेत पुढे काय होणार? पाहा
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-shiva-upcoming-twist-shiva-will-throw-jagadish-out-of-the-house-watch-promo-nsp-98-5088428/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Amruta Dhongade as Neha<ref>{{Cite news |title=झी मराठीच्या प्रेक्षकांसाठी नव्या मालिकांचा आठवडा, 'शिवा' आणि 'पारु' येणार भेटीला |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/zee-marathi-will-start-new-serial-from-monday-paru-and-shiva-marathi-entertainment-detail-news-1254547 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Gururaj Avadhani as Guruji<ref>{{Cite news |title=“आशूच्या केसालादेखील धक्का…”, आशूचा जीव वाचवण्यासाठी शिवा-सूर्या येणार एकत्र; पाहा व्हिडीओ |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/aashu-in-denger-shiva-surya-will-united-for-save-him-watch-promo-shiva-and-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-nsp-98-4741964/lite/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Gitanjali Ganage as Renuka Kate (Anjali)<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘शिवा’ मालिकेत अजब ट्विस्ट; आता सीताई दिसणार टॉमबॉय लूकमध्ये, वाजवणार शिट्टी, चालवणार बाईक
|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/major-twist-in-zee-marathi-serial-shiva-sitai-transformation-in-tomboy-look-like-shiva-willl-shock-everyone-1372711.html |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
* Gauri Kulkarni as Archana<ref>{{Cite news |title=वटपौर्णिमा साजरी करण्यासाठी आशू-शिवाची हटके एन्ट्री; सिताई करणार ‘ती’ गोष्ट, ‘शिवा’ मालिकेत काय घडणार?
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-shiva-aashu-shivas-unique-entry-to-celebrate-vat-purnima-what-sitai-will-do-watch-promo-nsp-98-5146779/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Shashikant Kerkar as Rajesh<ref>{{Cite news |title=साडी आणि हिल्समध्ये शिवाची जबरदस्त फाईटिंग, अभिनेत्री पूर्वा कौशिक म्हणाली, असं काहीतरी करणं... |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/shiva-marathi-serial-purva-kaushik-shared-her-experience-of-doing-fightining-scene-in-saree-and-heals-marathi-television-1293561 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Gaurav Malankar as Prashant<ref>{{Cite news |title=“आता मी त्या ड्रायव्हरला…”, शिवाच्या हाती लागणार ‘तो’ पुरावा; नेटकरी म्हणाले, “एकच नंबर…” |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-shiva-upcoming-twist-shiva-will-get-evidence-netizens-reacts-nsp-98-5241376/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

===Cameo Appearance===
* [[Bharat Ganeshpure]] as Mr. Choughule<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘चला हवा येऊ द्या’ संपल्यावर लोकप्रिय अभिनेत्याची ‘झी मराठी’च्या ‘शिवा’ मालिकेत एन्ट्री, पाहा प्रोमो
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/chala-hawa-yeu-dya-fame-bharat-ganeshpure-entry-in-zee-marathi-shiva-serial-watch-new-promo-sva-00-4332085/ |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Shivani Sonar as Tarini<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘असा’ असेल ‘शिवा’ मालिकेचा अंतिम भाग! शेवटच्या भागात लोकप्रिय अभिनेत्रीची एन्ट्री, ‘या’ दिवशी घेणार निरोप…
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-shiva-serial-last-episode-tarini-aka-shivani-sonar-entry-in-the-show-watch-promo-sva-00-5285816/ |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Meghana Erande]] as Rani<ref name="a">{{Cite news |title='शिवा' मालिकेत वर्षा उसगांवकर अन् मेघना एरंडेची एन्ट्री; दिसणार 'या' महत्वाच्या भूमिकेत, पाहा प्रोमो |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/marathi-actress-varsha-usgaonkar-and-meghna-erande-entry-in-the-shiva-serial-will-be-seen-in-an-important-role-promo-viral-a-a991/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Varsha Usgaonkar]] as Kaveri<ref name="a"/>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]] 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/aj-from-navari-mile-hitlerla-won-best-son-in-law-and-best-serial-award-goes-to-paaru-read-zee-marathi-award-2024-winners-list-here-psn14|title='या' मालिकेने जिंकले सर्वाधिक पुरस्कार तर अक्षरा अधिपतीचा झाला हिरमोड, वाचा 'झी मराठी अवॉर्ड २०२४ 'च्या विजेत्यांची नावं|website=[[Sakal]]|date=28 October 2024 |language=mr}}</ref>
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
|-
|Best Actress
|Purva Kaushik
|Shivani Desai
|-
|ZEE5 Popular Character Male
|Shalva Kinjawadekar
|Ashutosh Desai
|-
|ZEE5 Popular Series
|[[Amol Kolhe]]
|Producer
|-
|Best Father-in-law
|Sameer Patil
|Ramchandra Desai
|-
|Best Comedy Male
|Tejas Mahajan
|Chandan Shrungarpure
|-
|Best Grandmother
|Savita Malpekar
|Baai Aaji
|-
|Best Friends
|
|Pana Gang
|}

=== Mahasangam ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Date !! Series !! Ref.
|-
| 24-30 November 2024
| ''[[Lakhat Ek Aamcha Dada]]''
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=‘सूर्या’ संकटात असताना ‘शिवा’ मदतीला धावून येणार; बालपणीचे मित्र आले एकत्र, पाहा जबरदस्त प्रोमो
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/shiva-will-come-to-help-when-surya-is-in-trouble-childhood-friends-came-together-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-and-shiva-promo-nsp-98-4730363/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

=== Special episode (1 hour) ===
# 28 July 2024<ref>{{Cite news |title=आशू भर मंडपात शिवाबरोबरच्या घटस्फोटाचे पेपर फाडणार तर सारंग सावलीला…; मालिकांमध्ये येणार मोठा ट्विस्ट, पाहा
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/twist-in-shiva-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-savalyachi-janu-savali-upcoming-episode-new-promo-marathi-serial-watch-nsp-98-4855059/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
# 18 August 2024<ref>{{Cite news |title=मंगळागौरीच्या शुभमुहूर्तावर शिवावर येणार नवीन संकट, राहत्या घराविषयी…; ‘शिवा’ मालिकेतील नवीन ट्विस्ट पाहिलात का?
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/shiva-tv-serial-new-promo-sitai-will-ask-shiva-about-her-house-twist-watch-video-nsp-98-4542088/ |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
# 2 February 2025<ref>{{Cite news |title="तर ती माझ्या प्रेतावरून…", आईचा विरोध पत्करून आशू शिवाला निवडणार; सर्वांसमोर देणार प्रेमाची कबुली, पाहा
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/shiva-twist-aashu-will-choose-shiva-against-his-mother-confession-of-love-watch-promo-nsp-98-4864309/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
# 13 April 2025<ref>{{Cite news |title=“मी या घराचा मालक…”, दिव्या विश्वासघात करणार अन् कीर्तीची योजना यशस्वी होणार; संतापलेली शिवा काय करणार? नेटकरी म्हणाले, “आता तुझं खरं…” |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-shiva-upcoming-twist-divya-will-betray-and-keertis-plan-will-succeed-what-will-the-angry-shiva-do-netizen-supports-shiva-watch-new-promo-nsp-98-5010186/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:20%;"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:16%;"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:13%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:12%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| ''Sindura Bindu'' ସିନ୍ଦୁର ବିନ୍ଦୁ
| 7 March 2015
| Zee Sarthak
| 15 February 2020
| Original
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Bokul Kotha]]'' বকুল কথা
| 4 December 2017
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 1 February 2020
| rowspan="7"| Remake
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Sathya (Tamil TV series)|Sathya]]'' சத்யா
| 4 March 2019
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 24 October 2021
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Suryakantham (TV series)|Suryakantham]]'' సూర్యకాంతం
| 22 July 2019
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 9 November 2024
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Sathya Enna Penkutty]]'' സത്യാ എന്ന പെൺകുട്ടി
| 18 November 2019
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 17 April 2021
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Sathya (Kannada TV series)|Sathya]]'' ಸತ್ಯ
| 7 December 2020
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 10 August 2024
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]]'' मीत: बदलेगी दुनिया की रीत
| 23 August 2021
| [[Zee TV]]
| 14 November 2023
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Shiva'' शिवा
| 12 February 2024
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 8 August 2025
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt34964948}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/shiva/0-6-4z5503762 ''Shiva''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

Jackie Shroff filmography

2026-03-28T18:08:25Z

Shaunak88: updated page

{{Short description|List of films of Indian actor Jackie Shroff}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox filmography list
| name = Jackie Shroff
| image = Jackie Shroff still4.jpg
| image_upright = 1
| alt = Photograph of Jackie Shroff
| caption = Shroff at an event
| film = 250
| television_series = 9
| web_series =
| television_show =
| radio_show =
| documentary =
| hosting =
| music_videos =
| narrating =
| theatre =
| advertising =
| others =
}}

'''[[Jackie Shroff]]''' (born 1 February 1957) is an Indian actor. He has worked in [[Hindi films]] for almost four decades and has appeared in more than 250 films in thirteen languages ([[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[English language|English]]).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/i-still-work-with-my-heart-veteran-actor-jackie-shroff-ians-interview-118102000306_1.html|title=I still work with my heart: Veteran actor Jackie Shroff (IANS Interview)|last=Chakravarty|first=Durga|date=20 October 2018|work=Business Standard India|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{IMDb name|0006763}}</ref> He has won four [[Filmfare Awards]] among other accolades. He has also appeared in several successful short films.

==Hindi==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role(s)
! Notes
|-
| 1982
| ''[[Swami Dada]]''
|Henchman
|
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]''
| Jackie Dada/Jai Kishan
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.muktaarts.com/Media/Hero%20made%20Jackie%20and%20Meenakshi%20into%20overnight%20stars%20but%20%27the%20flute%27%20was%20the%20real%20hero%20in%20the%20film%20-%20Subhash%20Ghai.php |title="'Hero' made Jackie and Meenakshi into overnight stars but 'the flute' was the real hero in the film" - Subhash Ghai |website=Mukta Arts |access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 1984
| ''[[Andar Baahar]]''
| Inspector Ravi
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1985
| ''[[Yudh (film)|Yudh]]''
| Inspector Vikram (Vicky)
|
|-
| ''[[Teri Meherbaniyan]]''
| Ram
|
|-
| ''[[Shiva Ka Insaaf]]''
| Shiva/Bhola
|
|-
| ''[[Aaj Ka Daur]]''
| Raja
|
|-
| ''[[Paisa Yeh Paisa]]''
| Shyam
|
|-
| ''[[Jaanoo]]''
| Ravi/Jaanoo
|
|-
| ''[[Mera Jawab]]''
| Suresh/Solanki Patwardhan Lal
|
|-
| rowspan="6"|1986
| ''[[Palay Khan (film)|Palay Khan]]''
| Palay Khan
|
|-
| ''[[Mera Dharam]]''
| Jai Singh Sehgal
|
|-
| ''[[Haathon Ki Lakeeren]]''
| Lalit Mohan
|
|-
| ''[[Dahleez (film)|Dahleez]]''
| Chandrashekhar
|
|-
| ''[[Allah Rakha (film)|Allah Rakha]]''
| Allah Rakha aka Iqbal Anwar / Don Jr.
| Dual role
|-
| ''[[Karma (1986 film)|Karma]]''
| Baiju Thakur
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1987
| ''[[Mard Ki Zabaan]]''
| Rajesh/Vijay
|
|-
| ''Jawab Hum Denge''
| Inspector Jai Kishan
|
|-
| ''[[Diljalaa]]''
| Munna Babu
|
|-
| ''[[Sadak Chhap]]''
| Shankar
|
|-
| ''[[Kaash]]''
| Ritesh Anand
|
|-
| ''[[Kudrat Ka Kanoon]]''
| Dr. Vijay Verma
|
|-
| ''[[Uttar Dakshin]]''
| Raja
|
|-
|''Daku Haseena''
|N/A
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|1988
| ''[[Falak (1988 film)|Falak]]''
| Vijay Verma
|
|-
| ''[[Aakhri Adaalat]]''
| Nitin Sinha/Jai Kishan
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |1989
| ''[[Sachche Ka Bol Bala]]''
| Nandi
|
|-
| ''[[Ram Lakhan]]''
| Inspector Ram Pratap Singh
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/subhash-ghai-jackie-shroff-and-anil-kapoor-to-reunite-in-hilarious-crime-story/articleshow/70961946.cms|title=Subhash Ghai: Jackie Shroff and Anil Kapoor to reunite in hilarious crime story|author=IANS|work=[[Times of India]]|date=3 September 2019|accessdate=30 October 2019}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Parinda]]''
| Kishan
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/27parinda.htm|title=''Parinda marked the beginning of a trend''|publisher=redliff.com|date=27 August 2003|accessdate=30 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Main Tera Dushman]]''
| Kishan Shri Vastav
|
|-
| ''[[Kala Bazaar]]''
| Kamal
|
|-
| ''[[Hum Bhi Insaan Hain (1989 film)|Hum Bhi Insaan Hain]]''
| Kishanlal
|
|-
| ''[[Tridev]]''
| Ravi Mathur
|
|-
| ''Sikka''
| Jai Kishan 'Jackie'
|
|-
| ''[[Vardi (film)|Vardi]]''
| Jai/Munna
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1990
| ''[[Pathar Ke Insan]]''
| Inspector Karan Rai
|
|-
| ''[[Jeene Do]]''
| Suraj
|
|-
| ''[[Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri]]''
| Ravi
|
|-
|''[[Doodh Ka Karz]]''
| Suraj
|
|-
| ''[[Azaad Desh Ke Gulam]]''
| Inspector Jai Kishen/Jamliya
|
|-
| rowspan="6"|1991
| ''[[Hafta Bandh]]''
| Inspector Bajrang Thiwari
|
|-
| ''[[Izzat (1991 film)|Izzat]]''
| Siddharth
|
|-
| ''[[100 Days (1991 film)|100 Days]]''
| Kumar
|
|-
| ''[[Saudagar (1991 film)|Saudagar]]''
| Vishal
| Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Akayla]]''
| Shekhar
|
|-
| ''[[Lakshmanrekha]]''
| Vickram/Vicky
|
|-
| rowspan="7"|1992
| ''[[Sangeet (film)|Sangeet]]''
| Sethuram
|
|-
| ''[[Prem Deewane]]''
| Ashutosh Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Laat Saab]]''
| Ravi Mathur
|
|-
| ''[[Dil Hi To Hai (1992 film)|Dil Hi To Hai]]''
| Harshvardan / Govardan
| Dual role
|-
| ''[[Angaar (1992 film)|Angaar]]''
| Jai Kishan / Jaggu
|
|-
| ''Police Officer''
| Inspector Jai Kishan / Ram
|Dual role
|-
| ''[[Sapne Sajan Ke]]''
| Himself
|Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="8"|1993
| ''[[King Uncle]]''
| Ashok Bansal
|
|-
| ''Antim Nyay''
| Inspector Jai Kishan
|
|-
| ''[[Khalnayak]]''
| Inspector Ram Kumar Sinha
|Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
| ''[[Hasti]]''
| Jai Kishan
|
|-
| ''[[Aaina (1993 film)|Aaina]]''
| Ravi Saxena
|
|-
| ''[[Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1993 film)|Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja]]''
| Ravi Verma
|
|-
| ''[[Gardish]]''
| Shiva Sathe
|Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor
|-
| ''[[Shatranj (1993 film)|Shatranj]]''
| Dinu
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|1994
| ''[[Chauraha]]''
| Chootu/ Amar
|
|-
| ''[[1942: A Love Story]]''
| Shubhankar
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/1942-a-love-story/movieshow/61237048.cms|title=''1942: A Love Story - Synopsis''|work=[[Times of India]]|date=15 April 1994|access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Stuntman (1994 film)|Stuntman]]''
| Bajrang
|
|-
| rowspan="6"|1995
| ''[[Trimurti (1995 film)|Trimurti]]''
| Shakti Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Milan (1995 film)|Milan]]''
| Raja
|
|-
| ''[[Dushmani: A Violent Love Story]]''
| Jai Singh
|
|-
| ''[[God and Gun]]''
| Vijay Prakash
|
|-
| ''[[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]]''
| Raj Kamal
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2958|title=''Rangeela''|publisher=Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ram Shastra]]''
| Inspector Ram Sinha
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1996
| ''Talaashi''
| Jai Kishan
|
|-
| ''[[Return of Jewel Thief]]''
| Johnny / Jatin Kumar
|
|-
| ''[[Bandish (1996 film)|Bandish]]''
| Ram Ghulam / Kishan
|Dual role
|-
| ''[[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)|Agni Sakshi]]''
| Suraj Kapoor
| Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor
|-
| rowspan="5" |1997
| ''[[Vishwavidhaata]]''
| Ajay Khanna
|
|-
| ''[[Share Bazaar (film)|Share Bazaar]]''
| Jai
|
|-
| ''[[Shapath]]''
| Inspector Kishan
|
|-
| ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]''
| Wing Commander Anand "Andy" Bajwa
|
|-
| ''[[Aar Ya Paar]]''
| Shekhar Khosla
|
|-
| rowspan="10"|1998
| ''[[Tirchhi Topiwale]]''
| Himself
|Cameo
|-
| ''[[Badmaash (1998 film)|Badmaash]]''
| Gautam Hiraskar
|
|-
| ''[[Hafta Vasuli]]''
| Yeshwant
|
|-
| ''[[Jaane Jigar]]''
| Jai Kishan
|
|-
| ''[[2001: Do Hazaar Ek]]''
| Insp. Anil Kumar Sharma
|
|-
| ''[[Ustadon Ke Ustad (1998 film)|Ustadon Ke Ustad]]''
| Jai Kishan Aka King Crown
|
|-
| ''[[Yugpurush]]''
| Ranjan
|
|-
| ''[[Kabhi Na Kabhi]]''
| Jaggu
|
|-
| ''[[Yamraaj]]''
| Kishan
|
|-
| ''[[Bandhan (1998 film)|Bandhan]]''
| Thakur Suraj Pratap
|
|-
| rowspan="8"|1999
| ''[[Sirf Tum]]''
| Pritam, auto-rickshaw driver
|Cameo
|-
| ''[[Laawaris (1999 film)|Laawaris]]''
| Advocate Anand Saxena
|
|-
| ''[[Kartoos]]''
| Jay Suryavanshi
|
|-
| ''[[Phool Aur Aag]]''
| Jaswant
|
|-
| ''[[Ganga Ki Kasam (1999 film)|Ganga Ki Kasam]]''
| Jay Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Hote Hote Pyar Ho Gaya]]''
| Police officer Arjun
|
|-
| ''[[Kohram]]''
| Maj. Rathod
|Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Aaag Hi Aag]]''
| Ravi
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|2000
| ''[[Gang (film)|Gang]]''
| Gangu
|
|-
| ''[[Jung (2000 film)|Jung]]''
| Inspector Veer Chauhan
|
|-
| ''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]''
| Raghuvir Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Mission Kashmir]]''
| Hilal Kohistani
| Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
|-
| ''[[Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye (2000 film)|Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye]]''
| Tiger
|
|-
| rowspan= 9|2001
| ''[[Hadh: Life on the Edge of Death]]''
| Vishwa
|
|-
| ''[[Farz (2001 film)|Farz]]''
| Gawa Firozi
|
|-
| ''[[Censor (2001 film)|Censor]]''
| Naseeruddin Shokh
|
|-
| ''[[Grahan (film)|Grahan]]''
| Jaggu
|Also Producer
|-
| ''[[One 2 Ka 4]]''
| Javed Abbas
|
|-
| ''[[Albela (2001 film)|Albela]]''
| Prem
|
|-
| ''[[Yaadein (2001 film)|Yaadein]]''
| Raj Singh Puri
| Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor
|-
| ''[[Bas Itna Sa Khwaab Hai]]''
| Naved Ali
|
|-
| ''[[Lajja (film)|Lajja]]''
| Raghu
|
|-
| rowspan= 6|2002
| ''[[Mulaqaat]]''
| Javed Khan
|
|-
| ''[[Pitaah]]''
| Ramnarayan Bharadwaj
|
|-
| ''[[Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai]]''
| Dr. Kamlakar Tiwari
|
|-
| ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''
| Chunnilal
| Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor
|-
| ''[[Agni Varsha]]''
| Paravasu
|
|-
| ''[[3 Deewarein]]''
| Jagdish "Jaggu" Prasad
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2003
| ''[[Baaz: A Bird in Danger]]''
| Jai Singh Dabral, the Mayor
|
|-
| ''[[Ek Aur Ek Gyarah]]''
| Maj. Ram Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Boom (2003 film)|Boom]]''
| Abdul Wahab Barkatali Al Sabunchi 50/50 aka Chotte Mia
|Also producer
|-
| ''[[Samay: When Time Strikes]]''
| Amod Parekh
|Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="3" |2004
| ''[[Aan: Men at Work]]''
| Gautam Walia
|
|-
| ''[[Dobara]]''
| Ranbir Sehgal
|
|-
| ''[[Hulchul (2004 film)|Hulchul]]''
| Balram
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005
|''Tum Ho Na!''
| Jai
|
|-
| ''[[Ssukh]]''
| Gaurishankar Yadav
|
|-
| ''[[Kyon Ki]]''
| Dr. Sunil
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2006
| ''[[Divorce: Not Between Husband and Wife]]''
| Jackie
|
|-
| ''[[Bhoot Unkle]]''
| Bhoot Unkle
|
|-
| ''[[Apna Sapna Money Money]]''
| Carlos
|
|-
| ''[[Bhagam Bhag]]''
| J.D. Mehra
|
|-
| ''[[Naksha]]''
| Bali
|
|-
| ''[[Eklavya: The Royal Guard]]''
| Rana Jyotiwardhan
|
|-
| ''Mera Dil Leke Dekho''
| Mr Chaddha
|
|-
| ''Maryada Purushottam''
|
|
|-
| ''We R Friends''
|
|
|-
| ''Vidyaarthi''
| Ranveer
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007
|''[[Aur Pappu Paas Ho Gaya]]''
| Sudhakar Chauhan
|
|-
| ''[[Fool N Final]]''
| Gunmaster G9
|
|-
| ''God Only Knows''
| Himself
| Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="6" |2008
| ''[[Halla Bol]]''
| Himself
| Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Dhoom Dadakka]]''
|Himself
| Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Humsey Hai Jahaan]]''
| Gary Rosario
|
|-
| ''[[Thodi Life Thoda Magic]]''
| MK
|
|-
| ''[[Mukhbiir]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Hari Puttar: A Comedy of Terrors]]''
| Uncle DK
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2009
|''[[Raaz – The Mystery Continues]]''
| Veer Pratap Singh
| Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Ek: The Power of One]]''
| CBI Krish Prasad Savte
|
|-
| ''Kirkit''
| Ritchie Rich
|
|-
| ''[[Anubhav (2009 film)|Anubhav]]''
| Ibrahim Vakil
|
|-
| ''[[Kisaan (film)|Kisaan]]''
| Dayal Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Veer (2010 film)|Veer]]''
| King of Madhavgarh
|
|-
| ''[[Teen Patti (film)|Teen Patti]]''
| Tony Milano
| Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Malik Ek]]''
| Sai Baba
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
| ''[[Ek Second... Jo Zindagi Badal De?]]''
| Mr. Vikram Sehgal
|
|-
| ''Mussa - The Most Wanted''
| Jai Kishan Shroff (himself)
|
|-
| ''Hum Do Anjaane''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bhoot and Friends]]''
| Bhanu Pratap Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2011
|''[[Satrangee Parachute]]''
| Police officer
|
|-
| ''[[Bhindi Bazaar (film)|Bhindi Bazaar]]''
| Corrupt cop<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/reviews/2011/bhindi-bazaar-inc-review-170611-aid0097.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712173459/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/reviews/2011/bhindi-bazaar-inc-review-170611-aid0097.html|url-status=live|archive-date=12 July 2012|title=Bhindi Bazaar Review 1|publisher=oneindia entertainment|date=17 June 2011|access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref>
|Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Chargesheet (film)|Chargesheet]]''
| Mahesh
|
|-
| ''[[Cover Story (2011 film)|Cover Story]]''
| Home Minister
|
|-
| ''Shraddha In the Name of GOD''
|
|
|-
| ''Ek Tha Soldier''
| Jackie
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|''[[Married 2 America]]''
| Pratap Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Daal Mein Kuch Kaala Hai]]''
|Police Inspector Fatke Maar
|
|-
| ''[[Life Ki Toh Lag Gayi]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2013
|''[[Shootout at Wadala]]''
| Police commissioner
| Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Aurangzeb (film)|Aurangzeb]]''
| Yashvardhan
|
|-
| ''[[Dhoom 3]]''
| Iqbal Haroon Khan
|
|-
| ''[[Mahabharat (2013 film)|Mahabharat]]''
| Duryodhan
| Voice role<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Duryodhan-gets-his-voice-from-Jackie-Shroff/articleshow/23395594.cms|title=Duryodhan gets his voice from Jackie Shroff|publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=2 October 2013|accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Super Model (film)|Super Model]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Uss Paar]]''
|
| Short film
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
|''[[Gang of Ghosts]]''
| Babu Hatkata
|
|-
| ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''
| Charan Grover
|
|-
| ''[[Kahin Hai Mera Pyar]]''
|Art Dealer
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2015 ||''[[Brothers (2015 film)|Brothers]]''
| Garson Fernandes
|<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jackie-shroff-happy-with-solid-role-in-brothers/ Jackie Shroff happy with solid role in Brothers]</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chehere: A Modern Day Classic|Chehere]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dilliwali Zaalim Girlfriend]]''
| Minochi
|
|-
| ''[[Jazbaa]]''
| Home Minister Mahesh Maklai
|
|-
| ''Makhmal''
| Javed
| Short film
|-
| ''[[Dirty Politics (film)|Dirty Politics]]''
| Mukhtiar Khan
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2016 || ''[[Housefull 3]]''
| Urja Nagre
|
|-
| ''[[Chalk n Duster]]''
|Himself
|
|-
| ''[[Freaky Ali]]''
| Bade Bhai
| Cameo
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[Sarkar 3]]''
| Michael Vallya (Sir)
|<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Jackie-Shroff-to-play-villain-in-Sarkar-3/articleshow/54278664.cms Jackie Shroff to play villain in Sarkar 3]</ref><ref>[http://www.masala.com/jackie-shroff-shoots-for-sarkar-3-in-dubai-232221.html Jackie Shroff Shoots for Sarkar 3 in Dubai]</ref>
|-
| ''[[Khujli]]''
|Girdharlal
| Short film; Won- Filmfare Award for Best Actor
|-
| ''Shunyata''
|
| Short film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Phamous]]''
| Shabhu Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Paltan (film)|Paltan]]''
| Maj. General Sagat Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2019
|''[[Total Dhamaal]]''
|GPS
| Cameo; Voice role
|-
| ''Raat Bhaki Baat Bhaki''
| Prakash
| Short Film
|-
| ''[[Romeo Akbar Walter]]''
| Shrikant Rai
|
|-
| ''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]''
| Gautam Kumar
|
|-
|''[[Saaho]]''
|Narantak Roy
|Shot simultaneously in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| ''The Devil's Daughter''
| Devil
| Indian-Iranian co-production
|-
| ''[[Prassthanam]]''
| Badshah
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Baaghi 3]]''
| Charan Chaturvedi
|
|-
| rowspan=3|2021
| ''[[Hello Charlie]]''
| M. D. Makwana/Mac
|Prime Video Release<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/hello-charlie-trailer-aadar-jain-jackie-shroffs-indulge-in-a-comedy-of-errors-with-a-gorilla-7239567/|title=Hello Charlie trailer: Comedy of errors featuring Aadar Jain, Jackie Shroff and a gorilla|author=Sana Farzeen|website=The Indian Express |date=22 March 2021|access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Radhe (2021 film)|Radhe]]''
| Avinash Abhyankar
|
|-
|''[[Sooryavanshi]]''
| Omar Hafeez
|
|-
| rowspan=5|2022
|''[[Rashtra Kavach Om]]''
| Dev Rathore
|
|-
| ''[[Atithi Bhooto Bhava]]''
| Makhan Singh
| [[Zee5]] film<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2021 |title=Jackie Shroff, Pratik Gandhi begin filming Atithi Bhooto Bhava in Mathura |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/jackie-shroff-pratik-gandhi-begin-filming-atithi-bhooto-bhava-in-mathura-1761630-2021-01-22 |access-date=23 January 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Phone Bhoot (2022 film)|Phone Bhoot]]''
| Atmaram Dhyani
|
|-
|''[[Life's Good (film)|Life's Good]]''
| Rameshwar
|
|-
|''[[Mili (2022 film)|Mili]]''
| Adam Latchman
|Special Appearance
|-
|2023
|''[[Mast Mein Rehne Ka]]''
| Kamath
|[[Prime Video]] Film<ref>{{cite web|title=Neena Gupta and Jackie Shroff's heartwarming film Mast Mein Rehne Ka gets a release date|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/neena-gupta-and-jackie-shroffs-heartwarming-film-mast-mein-rehne-ka-gets-a-release-date/ccc9d23bd3650|date=1 December 2023|work=OTT Play|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Singham Again]]''
| Omar Hafeez
|
|-
|''[[Baby John (film)|Baby John]]''
| Babbar Sher
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025
|''[[Housefull 5]]''
| Chief Inspector Baba
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Housefull 5: Akshay Kumar's BTS PICS with Riteish Deshmukh, Johny Lever and Ranjeet go viral on the internet; fan says 'Ab ayega maja' |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/housefull-5-akshay-kumars-bts-pics-with-riteish-deshmukh-johny-lever-and-ranjeet-go-viral-on-the-internet-fan-says-ab-ayega-maja-1349880?amp |work=Pinkvilla |date=24 September 2024 |access-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tanvi the Great]]''
| Brig. Joshi
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2025 |title=Jackie Shroff gets emotional on how Anupam Kher cast him in Tanvi The Great: says, "I was teary-eyed when he first called me and played a song"|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/jackie-shroff-gets-emotional-anupam-kher-cast-tanvi-great-says-teary-eyed-first-called-played-song/ |access-date=13 July 2025 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
|''[[They Call Him OG]]''
| Narantak Roy
| Special appearance as Narantak Roy (1 min); shared universe with ''[[Saaho]]''
|-
| ''[[Tu Meri Main Tera Main Tera Tu Meri]]''
| Amar Wardhan Singh
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2025 |title=Jackie Shroff comes on board Kartik Aaryan starrer Tu Meri Mai Tera Mai Tera Tu Meri|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/jackie-shroff-comes-board-kartik-aaryan-starrer-tu-meri-mai-tera-mai-tera-tu-meri/ |access-date=13 July 2025 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| {{Pending film|Welcome to the Jungle}}
| {{TableTBA}}
|
|-
|TBA
|''The Great Grand Superhero – Aliens Ka Aagman''
|TBA
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-16 |title=Jackie Shroff turns superhero in new film; ‘The Great Grand Superhero – Aliens Ka Aagman’ first look unveiled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jackie-shroff-turns-superhero-in-new-film-the-great-grand-superhero-aliens-ka-aagman-first-look-unveiled/articleshow/129613415.cms |access-date=2026-03-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== Tamil ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Movie
!Role
!Ref.
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]'' || Singaperumal || [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards for Best Villain]]
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Kochadaiyaan]]''|| Raja Mahendran || Voiceover
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017 || ''[[Mupparimanam]]'' || Himself || Guest appearance
|-
|''[[Maayavan]]'' || Major Sathyan ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Bigil]]'' || J. K. Sharma ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Rendagam]]'' || Adiga ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'' ||Kamdev||Cameo
|-
| 2024 || ''Quotation Gang Part 1'' || Mustafa ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Good Bad Ugly]]'' || Babel ||

|}

== Telugu ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Movie
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2006
|''[[Astram (film)|Astram]]''
|Kadir Wali
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Black & White (2008 Telugu film)|Black & White]]''
|CBI officer
|
|-
| 2009
|''[[Bank (film)|Bank]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|''[[Sakthi (2011 film)|Sakthi]]''
|Jackie Varma
|
|-
|''[[Panjaa]]''
|Bhagavan
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Saaho]]''
| rowspan="2" |Narantak Roy Nandan
|Shot simultaneously in [[Hindi]]
|-
|2025
|''[[They Call Him OG]]''
|From the universe of [[Saaho]] (Cameo)
|}

== Bengali==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Movie
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2005
|''[[Antarmahal]]''
|Bhubaneswar Chowdhury
|
|-
|2007
|''Raat Porir Rupkatha''
|
|
|-
|2009
|''Sesh Sanghat''
|D.I.G
|
|-
|2010
|''Jai Baba Bholenath''
|
|
|-
|2013
|''Swabhoomi''
|
|
|-
|2015
|''Love in Rajasthan''
|
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Jole Jongole]]''
|Scientist
|
|}

==Marathi==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Movie
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2009
|''[[Rita (2009 Indian film)|Rita]]''
|Salvi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|''[[Hridayanath]]''
|Sadashiv Sawant
|
|-
|''Janmantar''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[3:56 Killari]]''
|
|
|-
|''Shegavicha Yogi Gajanan''
|
|
|}

== Kannada ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Movie
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2006
|''[[c/o Footpath]]''
|Chief minister
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Zamana (2010 film)|Zamana]]''
|Ramakanth Tyagi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|''[[Anna Bond]]''
|Charlie
|
|-
|''Aa Marma''
|
|
|-
|2014
|''Amanusha''
|
|
|}

== Malayalam ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Movie
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2007
|''[[Athisayan]]''
|Sekharan
|Honour Special Jury Award - [[Asianet Film Awards]]
|-
|2011
|''Platform No. 1''
|Mahendran
|
|-
|2015
|''ATM''
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Rendagam|Ottu]]''||Adiga||
|-
|TBA
|{{pending|''Chila Nerangalil Chilar''}}
|
|Post-production; Delayed
|}

== Punjabi ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Movie
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2011
|''[[Mummy Punjabi]]''
|Kanwal Sandhu
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Lucky Di Unlucky Story]]''
|Fateh (Jackie Dada)
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Sardar Saab]]''<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160919044057/http://punjabireel.in/sardar-saab-first-look-revealed-jackie-shroff-upcoming-punjabi-movie/ Sardar Saab first look revealed Jackie Shroff upcoming punjabi movie]}}</ref>
|Sardar Saab
|
|-
|2020
|''Jagga Jiunda E''
|
|
|}

== Bhojpuri ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Movie
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2004
|''Hum Haeen Khalnayak''
|Arjun
|
|-
|2009
|''Balidaan''
|Khan bhai
|
|}

==Konkani==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Movie
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2017
|''[[Soul Curry]]''
|Musician
|Best Actor Award at Goa State Awards
|-
|2019
|''[[Kantaar]]''
|Jordan Marcus
|
|}
== Gujarati ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Movie
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2018
|[[Ventilator (2018 film)|Ventilator]]
|Jagdish Mandalia/Jaggu
|
|}

==Odia==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Movie
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2013
|[[Daha Balunga]]
|Arun Singh Deo
|
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Series
! Role
! Notes
!Ref
|-
|2010
|''[[India's Magic Star]]''
|Judge
|
|
|-

|2019
| ''[[Criminal Justice (Indian Web Series)|Criminal Justice]]''
| Mustafa
|
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[OK Computer (TV series)|OK Computer]] ''
|Pushpak Shakur
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=OK Computer trailer: Jackie Shroff is a quirky criminal in this sci-fi starring Radhika Apte, Vijay Varma |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/ok-computer-trailer-jackie-shroff-is-a-quirky-criminal-in-this-sci-fi-starring-radhika-apte-vijay-varma-101615280302323.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Call My Agent: Bollywood]]''
| Himself
|Guest
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Hunter Tootega Nahi Todega]]''
|
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm0006763/filmotype?ref_=m_nm_flmg Jackie Shroff filmography] on [[IMDb]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shroff, Jackie}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]

Kuppalnatham

2026-03-28T17:47:47Z

Shaunak88: New initial article from scratch...

{{Multiple issues|
{{unreliable sources|date=May 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kuppalnatham
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Kuppalnatham village indication board.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| etymology =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = 
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = district
| subdivision_name1 = Madurai
| subdivision_type2 = Block
| subdivision_name2 = Sedapati
| subdivision_type3 = taluka
| subdivision_name3 = Peraiyur
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder = By madurai nayakas
| seat_type =
| seat = Tamil Nadu government (தமிழ்நாடு அரசு )
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party = DMK
| leader_title = President (கிராமத் தலைவர் )
| leader_name = P.murugan
| unit_pref = Metric


| area_footnotes =
| area_urban_footnotes = 
| area_rural_footnotes = 
| area_metro_footnotes = 
| area_magnitude = 
| area_note =
| area_water_percent =
| area_rank =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank2_title = 
| area_total_km2 = 2.84
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_rural_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| area_blank2_km2 = 
| area_total_ha = 797.6
| area_land_ha =
| area_water_ha =
| area_urban_ha =
| area_rural_ha =
| area_metro_ha =
| area_blank1_ha =
| area_blank2_ha =
| length_km =
| width_km =
| dimensions_footnotes =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 1958 (2011 cense)
| population_density_km2 = 241.35 persons per square kilometre
| population_note =
| population_demonym = (குப்பல்நத்தம் மக்கள்)
| timezone1 = Indian standard Time
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST = IND
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 625527
| area_code_type = STD
| area_code = 0452
| iso_code =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kuppalnatham''' (குப்பல்நத்தம்) is a village in [[Sedapatti Assembly constituency|Sedapatti Panchayat Union]] in [[Madurai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. This municipality falls under [[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti Legislative Assembly constituency]] and [[Theni Lok Sabha constituency|Theni People's Assembly constituency]]. It has a total of 7 panchayat constituencies. 7 Panchayat Council members are elected from these.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gram Panchayat (ग्राम पंचायत): KUPPALNATHAM (குப்பல்நத்தம் ) |url=https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayat-kuppalnatham-225355 |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=localbodydata.com}}</ref> According to the census, the total population is 2071 . Among them there are 1010 females and 1061 males. The size of the area is about 2.84 square kilometres.<ref name="C2011">[https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/640855-kuppalnatham-tamil-nadu.html Census2011.co.in: Kuppalnatham Population - Madurai, Tamil Nadu]</ref>

==Classification of people==
As per available data from the year 2009, 1925 persons live in 551 households in the village Kuppalnatham. There are 947 female individuals and 978 male individuals in the village. Females constitute 49.19% and males constitute 50.81% of the total population.<ref name="C2011" />

There are 225 scheduled castes persons of which 108 are females and 117 are males. Females constitute 48% and males constitute 52% of the scheduled castes population. Scheduled castes constitute 11.69% of the total population.

== Geography ==
[[File:Kuppalnatham village firlds.jpg|thumb|Kuppalnatham]]
[[File:Kuppalnatham melatheru street.jpg|thumb|Kuppalnatham]]
Total area of Kuppalnatham is 797.6 Hectares as per the data available for the year 2009.

Total sown/agricultural area is 267.87 ha. About 38.2 ha is un-irrigated area. About 229.67 ha is irrigated area. About 173.84 ha is irrigated by wells/tube wells. About 55.83 ha is irrigated by tanks/lakes.
About 183.5 ha is in non-agricultural use. About 1.67 ha is under miscellaneous tree crops.
About 2.01 ha is culturable waste land. About 342.55 ha is lying as fallow land other than current fallows.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

==Festivals in kuppalnatham==
'''<big>Kuppalnatham chithirai thiruvilla:</big>'''
[[File:Kuppalnatham chithirai thiruvilla 2022.jpg|thumb|Kuppalnatham chithirai thiruvilla]]

Sri Venkatajalapathi Perumal, who resided in this temple, descends on the Chitra Poornami day in a white horse vehicle in the Srikallagar Thirukolam. On k. Paramanpatti village near Poigai malai river sri kallagar Chithirai thiruvilla was grandly celebrated, on the day of thefestival more than 18 villages gathered in the river to celebrate the festival.

The festival is celebrated in Kupalnatham k. Andipatti, k. Paramanpatti villages and three more mandapadis namely Thantraiyar (Kuppalnatham Thantrayaan Temple Hall) Sedapatti (Sedapattiyar Mandapam). Malayapar (Mountain Perumal Temple Hall) Samanar Temple Hall, Mettanur Kallupatti (Kallupatiyar Mandapam). Chinnakattalai (Commander Hall) S. Chennampatti, (Chennampattiyar Mandapam). The festival that unites the people of different villages.

'''<big>Pongal festival</big>'''
[[File:Kuppalnatham Pongal festival.jpg|thumb|Kuppalnatham]]

Pongal festival also is important festival for kuppalnatham villagers, which is held 3 days in konnammal temple and kruppaswamy temple. This festival is organised by naidu people grandly.

'''<big>Kaliamman Kovil thiruvilla or panguni thiruvilla:</big>'''

[[File:Kuppalnatham Kaliamman temple festival.jpg|thumb|Kuppalnatham]]
Kaliamman Kovil festival was celebrated before a chithirai thiruvilla in the month of panguni . Women's in kuppalnatham celebrates by taking molaparri for kaliamman and this festival is nearly celebrated one and half days .

'''<big>Other Small festivals:</big>'''

# Manthaiamman Kovil festival
# Vaigonda ekathesi
# Muniyandiswamy pujas

== Temples ==
* [[Sri Vengdajalpathi Perumal Temple Kuppalnatham]]
* [[Kupalantham Poigai malai Jain Cave Temple|Kuppalnatham Poigai Malai Jain Cave Temple]]
* Arulmigu Sri Kalliamman Kovil
* Karuppaswamy Kovil
* Muliyandi Swamy Kovil
* Arulmigu Konammal Kovil

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Madurai district]]

Siddharth Anand

2026-03-28T11:11:44Z

Shaunak88: updated lead based on references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker (born 1978)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Siddharth Anand
| image = Sid Anand on set.jpg
| caption = Anand in 2022
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1978|7|31}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter|producer}}
| years_active = 2001–present
| spouse = Mamta Bhatia
| children = 1
}}

'''Siddharth Anand''' is an Indian filmmaker who primarily works in [[Hindi cinema]]. He is the grandson of screenwriter [[Inder Raj Anand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddharth Anand – Yash Raj Films |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/yrf-alumni/siddharth-anand |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811014919/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/yrf-alumni/siddharth-anand |archive-date=11 August 2025 |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=Yash Raj Films}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddharth Anand: Biography |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/siddharth-anand.html |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=Filmibeat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddharth Anand filmography |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/siddharth-anand/filmography/ |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

Anand gained recognition for directing successful romantic comedies such as ''[[Salaam Namaste]]'' (2005), ''[[Ta Ra Rum Pum]]'' (2007), ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]'' (2008), and ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]'' (2010). He later established himself as a leading action filmmaker with ''[[Bang Bang!]]'' (2014) and films from the [[YRF Spy Universe]], including ''[[War (2019 film)|War]]'' (2019) and ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2023 |title=Director Siddharth Anand Teases The Future of YRF's Spy Universe - Sacnilk |url=https://www.sacnilk.com/news/Director_Siddharth_Anand_Teases_The_Future_of_YRFs_Spy_Universe |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=www.sacnilk.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2023 |title=Mirroring The Industry: Siddharth Anand directs two big IP’s for YRF Spy Universe with War and Pathaan |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/mirroring-the-industry-siddharth-anand-directs-two-big-ips-for-yrf-spy-universe-with-war-and-pathaan-1208014 |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> These films rank among the [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films|highest-grossing Hindi films]].<ref name="alltime">{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide: All Time |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/ |access-date=7 February 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100840/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/ |archive-date=28 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shackleton |first=Liz |date=6 April 2023 |title=Siddharth Anand To Direct Yash Raj Films’ Spy Universe Title ‘Tiger Vs Pathaan’, Starring Shah Rukh Khan And Salman Khan |url=https://deadline.com/2023/04/yash-raj-films-spy-universe-siddharth-anand-tiger-vs-pathaan-shah-rukh-khan-salman-khan-1235319169/ |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2021, Anand launched his production company, Marflix Pictures. Its first release was the aerial action film ''[[Fighter (2024 film)|Fighter]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |title=फाइटर को पठान जैसा प्यार मिलने की उम्मीद जता रहे सिद्धार्थ आनंद |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/fighter-director-siddharth-anand-hopes-that-the-audience-will-give-his-film-the-same-love-that-pathaan-got-2024-01-01 |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 January 2024 |title='Fighter' director Siddharth Anand opens up about making India's first 'Aerial Drama' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/fighter-director-siddharth-anand-opens-up-about-making-indias-first-aerial-drama/articleshow/106866688.cms?from=mdr |access-date=4 January 2026 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Early and personal life ==
Anand's father is Bittu Anand, the producer of the vigilante action film [[Shahenshah (1988 film)|''Shahenshah'']] (1988).<ref name="rediff.verma.2023.01.25">{{Cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |title=The Man Behind Pathaan |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/the-man-behind-pathaan/20230125.htm |date=25 January 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322082316/https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/the-man-behind-pathaan/20230125.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> His paternal grandfather was senior screenwriter [[Inder Raj Anand]], his uncle is actor-director [[Tinnu Anand]] while the late director [[Mukul S. Anand|Mukul Anand]] was a cousin of his father.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 2018 |title=My dad never wanted me to join Bollywood: Filmmaker Siddharth Anand |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/my-dad-never-wanted-me-to-join-bollywood-filmmaker-siddharth-anand/articleshow/64286965.cms |access-date=2 May 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506085735/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/my-dad-never-wanted-me-to-join-bollywood-filmmaker-siddharth-anand/articleshow/64286965.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Banan |first=Aastha Atray |date=3 November 2019 |title=Siddharth Anand: The camaraderie is a facade. Nobody is a friend |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/siddharth-anand-the-camaraderie-is-a-facade-nobody-is-a-friend-22022174 |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=Mid-Day}}</ref> He is married to Mamta Anand (née Bhatia), with whom he has a son, Ranveer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2006 |first=Aditi Jayakar |last=Kane |title=Salaam, Ranveer! |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/salaam-ranveer/articleshow/15644376.cms |access-date=2 May 2023 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502094422/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/salaam-ranveer/articleshow/15644376.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Along with his wife, he owns and runs the production company, Marflix Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddharth Anand Aims To Make His Marflix Production's 'Fighter' On Par With Hollywood Films - Sacnilk |url=https://www.sacnilk.com/articles/entertainment/bollywood/Siddharth_Anand_Aims_To_Make_His_Marflix_Productions_Fighter_On_Par_With_Hollywood_Films?hl=en |access-date=2 May 2023 |website=www.sacnilk.com |date=12 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502094421/https://www.sacnilk.com/articles/entertainment/bollywood/Siddharth_Anand_Aims_To_Make_His_Marflix_Productions_Fighter_On_Par_With_Hollywood_Films?hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Initial work, debut and breakthrough: 2001-2010 ===
Anand assisted director [[Kunal Kohli]] with the romantic comedy ''[[Mujhse Dosti Karoge!|Mujhse Dosti Karoge]]'' (2002) and was promoted to an associate for Kohli's ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]'' (2004), for which, as executive producer, he also co-wrote the screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=28 May 2024 |title=20 Years of Hum Tum: Director Kunal Kohli recalls Siddharth Anand labelling Saif Ali Khan-Rani Mukerji starrer “a film for Sterling”: “'Ye picture toh nahi chalne waali,' would be the joke” 20 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/20-years-hum-tum-director-kunal-kohli-recalls-siddharth-anand-labelling-saif-ali-khan-rani-mukerji-starrer-film-sterling-ye-picture-toh-nahi-chalne-waali/ |access-date=31 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He made his directorial debut with the romantic comedy-drama ''[[Salaam Namaste]]'' (2005), produced by [[Yash Raj Films]], which stars [[Saif Ali Khan]] (who also starred in ''Hum Tum'') and [[Preity Zinta]] in the lead roles. It received positive reviews from critics upon release and emerged as a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=10 September 2024 |title=19 years of Salaam Namaste: Director Siddharth Anand would like to change the climax of the film; says, “I would not change the tone to slapstick and stay with situational type of humour” 19 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/19-years-salaam-namaste-director-siddharth-anand-like-change-climax-film-says-not-change-tone-slapstick-stay-situational-type-humour/ |access-date=31 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Anand's second directorial venture was the sports drama ''[[Ta Ra Rum Pum]]'' (2007), which marked his third collaboration with Saif Ali Khan as well as [[Rani Mukerji]] (who also starred in ''Mujhse Dosti Karoge'' and ''Hum Tum''). Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, it emerged as a moderate success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=27 April 2007 |title=Ta Ra Rum Pum Review 3.5/5 {{!}} Ta Ra Rum Pum Movie Review {{!}} Ta Ra Rum Pum 2007 Public Review {{!}} Film Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ta-ra-rum-pum/critic-review/ta-ra-rum-pum-movie-review/ |access-date=31 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Anand's third directorial venture was the romantic comedy ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]'' (2008), which starred [[Ranbir Kapoor]] alongside [[Bipasha Basu]], [[Deepika Padukone]], and [[Minissha Lamba]]. The film opened to mixed-to-positive reviews from critics and emerged as a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=15 August 2008 |title=Bachna Ae Haseeno Review {{!}} Bachna Ae Haseeno Movie Review {{!}} Bachna Ae Haseeno 2008 Public Review {{!}} Film Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bachna-ae-haseeno/critic-review/bachna-ae-haseeno-movie-review/ |access-date=31 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bachna Ae Haseeno - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=323 |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

His fourth directorial venture, and first outside of [[Yash Raj Films]], the romantic comedy-drama ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]'' (2010), marked his second collaboration with Ranbir Kapoor, who starred opposite [[Priyanka Chopra]]. It received mixed-to-positive reviews and emerged as a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=14 years of Anjaana Anjaani: Priyanka Chopra and Ranbir Kapoor's heartfelt tale of love and self-discovery |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/14-years-of-anjaana-anjaani-priyanka-chopra-jonas-ranbir-kapoor/9bb03c3662326 |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

=== Later career: 2014-present ===
In 2014, Anand made his foray into the [[action genre]] with ''[[Bang Bang!]]'', starring [[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Katrina Kaif]] in the lead roles. A remake of the 2010 American film ''[[Knight and Day]]'', it opened to mixed reviews from critics; however, it emerged as a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2 October 2014 |title=Bang Bang! Movie Review: A chance encounter of the unassuming bank receptionist Harleen Sahni (Katrina Kaif) with the charming yet mysterious Rajveer Nanda (Hrithik Roshan), results in an on-rush of ditched planes, car chases, shoot-outs, bombing raids and general global mayhem. But as the transcontinental chase ensues with Rajveer convincing Harleen that he's the good guy, can she really |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bang-bang/critic-review/bang-bang-movie-review/ |access-date=31 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> It was the year's [[List of Hindi films of 2014|fourth highest-grossing film]] and Anand's first film to reach the [[100 Crore Club|100 crore club]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bang Bang - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2319 |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

''Bang Bang!'' was followed by the action-thriller ''[[War (2019 film)|War]]'' (2019), which marked his first collaboration with Yash Raj Films since ''Bachna Ae Haseeno'' and starred Hrithik Roshan alongside [[Tiger Shroff]] and [[Vaani Kapoor]]. It received positive reviews and emerged as [[List of Hindi films of 2019|the highest-grossing film of that year]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=War - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5709 |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

In 2023, Anand directed the action thriller [[Pathaan (film)|''Pathaan'']] (2023), which starred [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Deepika Padukone]], and [[John Abraham]], and established the [[YRF Spy Universe]]. The film marked Khan's comeback to films following a four-year hiatus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2023 |title=Pathaan: Why Shah Rukh Khan's comeback film is a big deal |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64245736 |access-date=2 May 2023 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502094417/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64245736 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Pathaan'' emerged as a commercial success, breaking multiple records such as grossing {{Indian rupee}}106 crore worldwide on its opening day, and entering the [[1000 Crore Club|1000 crore club]] internationally, emerging as the fourth [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films|highest-grossing Hindi film]] domestically.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 January 2023 |title=Pathaan box office day 1 global collection: Film breaks records with ₹106 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/pathaan-box-office-day-1-global-collection-film-break-records-with-106-crore-101674740916896.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524101827/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/pathaan-box-office-day-1-global-collection-film-break-records-with-106-crore-101674740916896.html |archive-date=24 May 2024 |access-date=31 May 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=50 days of Pathaan: 10 box office records set by Shah Rukh Khan's spy-action thriller |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/50-days-of-pathaan-10-box-office-records-set-by-shah-rukh-khans-spy-action-thriller/cid/1922696 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902103328/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/50-days-of-pathaan-10-box-office-records-set-by-shah-rukh-khans-spy-action-thriller/cid/1922696 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |access-date=31 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Anand launched his production company, Marflix Pictures, where he directed and co-produced the aerial action thriller [[Fighter (2024 film)|''Fighter'']], which marked his third collaboration with Roshan and Padukone and first with [[Anil Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=4 December 2020 |title=BREAKING SCOOP: After War, Hrithik Roshan and Sidharth Anand to team up on FIGHTER – an aerial action thriller! : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-scoop-war-hrithik-roshan-sidharth-anand-team-fighter-aerial-action-thriller/ |access-date=31 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> ''Fighter'' received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics and was the year's [[List of Hindi films of 2024|fourth highest-grossing film]], emerging as a moderate commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fighter - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=6244 |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> In the same year, he also co-produced ''[[Jewel Thief (2025 film)|Jewel Thief]]'', directed by Robbie Grewal, which starred [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Jaideep Ahlawat]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=28 May 2024 |title='Jewel Thief- The Red Sun Chapter': Siddharth Anand unveils title of upcoming heist film starring Saif Ali Khan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jewel-thief-the-red-sun-chapter-siddharth-anand-unveils-title-of-upcoming-heist-film-starring-saif-ali-khan/article68224980.ece |access-date=31 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

His next directorial and production venture is ''King'', which will star Shah Rukh Khan and his daughter, [[Suhana Khan]], in her theatrical debut, and [[Abhishek Bachchan]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2024 |title='King': Siddharth Anand to direct Shah Rukh Khan, Abhishek Bachchan and Suhana Khan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/king-siddharth-anand-to-direct-shah-rukh-khan-abhishek-bachchan-and-suhana-khan/articleshow/116595552.cms |access-date=31 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2025 |title=Ahead of Suhana Khan's birthday, Siddharth Anand hints at announcement related to her film with dad Shah Rukh Khan, King |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ahead-of-suhana-khans-birthday-siddharth-anand-hints-at-announcement-related-to-her-film-with-dad-shah-rukh-khan-king-10019103/ |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Writer
! scope="col" | Producer
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2004
| style="text-align: center;" | ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''
| {{no}}|| {{yes}} || {{partial|Executive}} || style="text-align: center;" | Co-wrote screenplay with [[Kunal Kohli]]
|-
| 2005
| style="text-align: center;" | ''[[Salaam Namaste]]''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| 2007
| style="text-align: center;" | ''[[Ta Ra Rum Pum]]''
| {{yes}} || {{partial|Story}} ||{{no}} ||
|-
| 2008
| style="text-align: center;" | ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''
| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| 2010
| style="text-align: center;" | ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || style="text-align: center;" | Co-wrote screenplay with [[Advaita Kala]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddharth Anand to direct YRF's fourth film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/siddharth-anand-to-direct-yrfs-fourth-film-55756-2009-09-02 |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322081141/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/siddharth-anand-to-direct-yrfs-fourth-film-55756-2009-09-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| style="text-align: center;" | ''[[Bang Bang!]]''
| {{yes}} || {{partial|Story Adaptation}} || {{no}}|| style="text-align: center;" | Official remake of ''[[Knight and Day]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2023 |title=Hrithik Roshan is showered with love by the Japanese on the release of his mega-actioner Bang Bang in Japan |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/hrithik-roshan-is-showered-with-love-by-the-japanese-on-the-release-of-his-mega-actioner-bang-bang-in-japan-1212107 |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322081146/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/hrithik-roshan-is-showered-with-love-by-the-japanese-on-the-release-of-his-mega-actioner-bang-bang-in-japan-1212107 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| style="text-align: center;" | ''[[War (2019 film)|War]]''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||{{no}} || style="text-align: center;" | {{br list | Co-wrote story with [[Aditya Chopra]]. | Co-wrote screenplay with Shridhar Raghavan. | Third instalment in the [[YRF Spy Universe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2023 |title=Ahead of Pathaan, revisiting Siddharth Anand's War: The definitive action movie of a modern Bollywood |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ahead-of-pathaan-revisiting-war-new-bollywood-s-modern-action-movie-101674536184051.html |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322081141/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ahead-of-pathaan-revisiting-war-new-bollywood-s-modern-action-movie-101674536184051.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|-
| 2023
| style="text-align: center;" | ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]''
| {{yes}} || {{partial|Story}} || {{no}} || style="text-align: center;" | Fourth instalment in the [[YRF Spy Universe]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2023 |title=Siddharth Anand: Salman Khan jumped at the idea of a cameo in Pathaan because he loves Shah Rukh |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/exclusive-siddharth-anand-salman-khan-jumped-at-the-idea-of-a-cameo-in-pathaan-because-he-loves-shah-rukh-12272522.html |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322081141/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/exclusive-siddharth-anand-salman-khan-jumped-at-the-idea-of-a-cameo-in-pathaan-because-he-loves-shah-rukh-12272522.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| style="text-align: center;" | ''[[Fighter (2024 film)|Fighter]]''
| {{yes}} || {{partial|Story}} || {{yes}} || style="text-align: center;" | Co-wrote story with [[Ramon Chibb]].
|-
| 2025
| style="text-align: center;" | ''[[Jewel Thief (2025 film)|Jewel Thief]]''
| {{No}} || {{No}} || {{yes}} || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| 2026
| style="text-align: center;" | {{pending film|[[King (2026 film)|King]]}}
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || style="text-align: center;" |Co-produced with [[Red Chillies Entertainment]]
|}

'''As assistant director'''
* ''[[Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Mujhse Dosti Karoge!]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]'' (2004)

===Television===
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Writer
! scope="col" | Producer
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Flesh (web series)|Flesh]]''
| {{partial|Story}}
| {{yes}}
| 8 Episodes
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=1893457|name=Siddharth Anand}}

{{Siddharth Anand}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Siddharth}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Action film directors]]
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:1978 births]]

S. Shankar

2026-03-19T00:01:57Z

Shaunak88: Content refined and expanded

{{Short description|Indian film director, film producer and screenwriter (born 1963)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Shankar|Shanmugam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Shankar_at_the_2.0_Trailer_Launch.jpg
| caption = Shankar in 2018
| birth_name = Shankar Shanmugam
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1963|8|17}}
| birth_place = [[Kumbakonam]], [[Madras State]] (present-day Tamil Nadu), India
| alma mater = Central Polytechnic College
| occupation = Film director, film producer, screenwriter

| yearsactive = 1993–present
| spouse = Easwari Shankar
| children = 3, including [[Aditi Shankar|Aditi]]<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/shankar-shanmugham-daughter-aditi-to-debut-with-karthi-viruman-7491629/ |title=Shankar's daughter Aditi Shankar to make her silver screen debut with Viruman |date=6 September 2021 |website=indianexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''Shankar Shanmugam''' (born 17 August 1963) is an Indian film director, producer, and screenwriter, primarily known for his work in [[Tamil cinema]]. He is one of the most prominent directors of Indian cinema, he has also worked in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. Shankar's films are known for addressing contemporary [[social issue]]s, [[vigilante]] themes, and use of [[visual effects]]. Throughout his career, he has won several awards, including one [[National Film Award]], four [[Filmfare Award South]], and six [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]. Additionally, six of his films have won the [[National Film Award for Best Special Effects]].

Shankar made his debut as a director in the film ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]'' (1993), for which he won the [[Filmfare Best Director Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Best Director Award]] and the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director]]. He usually collaborates with composer [[A. R. Rahman]], both having done over 11 films together. Some of his films like ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'' (1996) and ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'' (1998) were commercially very successful and were submitted by [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|India for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]], but neither earned a nomination. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by M. G. R. University.

Shankar's [[psychological thriller]] ''[[Anniyan]]'' was released in 2005 with highly critical and commercial success. After Anniyan, Shankar teamed up with [[Rajinikanth]] on ''[[Sivaji: The Boss|Sivaji]]'' (2007), the most expensive Indian film at that time.<ref name="indiatimes.2007.06.18">{{cite news |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/Movies/Telugu/Sivaji-The-Boss-Now-playing/articleshow/2130888.cms |title=Sivaji&nbsp;– The Boss (Now Playing) |quote=Made on a budget of about Rs. 75 Crores... |date=18 June 2007 |work=[[Indiatimes]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104132833/http://movies.indiatimes.com/Movies/Telugu/Sivaji-The-Boss-Now-playing/articleshow/2130888.cms|archive-date=4 January 2010}}</ref> He again collaborated with Rajinikanth for the [[science fiction]] film ''[[Enthiran]]'' (2010), which again turned out to be [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|highest grossing Tamil film]] at that time and also its sequel ''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]'' (2018), is the [[List of highest-grossing films in India|seventh highest-grossing film in India]] and the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Worldwide gross collection|tenth highest-grossing Indian film worldwide]].<ref name="2.0second">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4535 |title=Top All Time India Grossers All Formats – 2.0 Second|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301063740/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4535|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4533 |title=2.0 All India Update – Crosses 400 Crore NETT|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225173636/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4533|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also [[List of Indian films of 2018|the highest-grossing Indian film of 2018]].

==Early life==
Shankar was born on 17 August 1963 in [[Kumbakonam]], [[Thanjavur district]], Tamil Nadu to Muthulakshmi and Shanmugam. He completed his diploma in [[mechanical engineering]] from [[Central Polytechnic Chennai|Central Polytechnic College]] and worked in a typewriting company before entering the film industry.<ref name=kalki>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=Ta |title=Take it easy? Not for Me! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-12-04/page/n59/mode/2up |date=4 December 1994 |pages=58–59}}</ref> He was roped into the film industry as a screenwriter by [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]], who accidentally saw the drama stage shows made by Shankar and his team. Though Shankar wanted to be an actor, he chose to be a director instead.<ref name=kalki /><ref name ="rediff">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/04sank.htm |title=Rediff On The Net, Movies:An interview with Shankar |date=4 April 1997|access-date=29 May 2018 |author=Pavithra Srinivasan |work=[[Rediff.com]]|archive-date=2 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602231422/http://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/04sank.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==

===1985-1990: Early work before directorial===

Shankar was a wannabe actor who, after small and unnoticed roles in two films such ''Vesham'' (1985) and ''[[Poovum Puyalum]]'' (1986), eventually grabbed the opportunity to assist directors [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]] and [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]].<ref name ="rediff"/> He began his career as an actor in the films ''[[Vasantha Raagam]]'' (1986), ''[[Neethikku Thandanai]]'' (1987) and ''[[Seetha (1990 film)|Seetha]]'' (1990).

===1993-2002: Debut and breakthrough===

In 1993, Shankar made his directional debut through ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]'', starring [[Arjun Sarja]] in the lead role. The film was made with a higher-than-average budget in [[Tamil cinema]] during that time. It received a positive response and became a [[blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/Interview1/html/sankar_interview.html |title=Director Shankar's Interview |website=Behindwoods |date=20 January 2005 |access-date=9 November 2011 |archive-date=2 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502025922/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/Interview1/html/sankar_interview.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[A. R. Rahman]], the film's music composer, continued to work with Shankar in his next six directorial ventures.

Shankar's second film, ''[[Kaadhalan]]'', a romantic thriller film, released the following year and featured [[Prabhu Deva]] in the lead role. In 1996, he collaborated with [[Kamal Haasan]] for ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]''. It was dubbed in Hindi as ''Hindustani'' and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Bharateeyudu''. The film was selected as the country's submission for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]. Following ''Indian'', Shankar began work on ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'', which released in 1998 and became the most expensive film in Indian cinema at that time with a budget of {{INR}} 200 million. Upon release, it became one of the highest grossing Tamil films of the 1990s. He made his production debut through ''[[Mudhalvan]]'' (1999), where he collaborated with [[Arjun Sarja]] for the second time as lead actor. The film was a hit at the box office.

Shankar opted to remake ''Mudhalvan'' in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as ''[[Nayak (2001 Hindi film)|Nayak]]'', thus making his [[Bollywood]] debut. ''Nayak'' released in September 2001 and was declared a [[Box office bomb|flop]] by [[Box Office India]] due to its poor marketing, high budget, and distribution price. It went on to gain cult status from repeated telecasts despite not doing well at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=671 |title=Nayak – Movie – Box Office India|access-date=29 May 2018 |publisher=Box Office India|archive-date=29 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529203855/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=671|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/15-Years-Of-Nayak/#.8ls1k1uuq |title=15 Years On, Nayak Remains As Relevant To India's Political Scenario As It Was Back Then |date=7 September 2016|access-date=29 May 2018 |author=Devika Sahni |publisher=scoopwhoop.com|archive-date=29 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529204034/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/15-Years-Of-Nayak/#.8ls1k1uuq|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/aug/05/baahubali-writer-gets-busy-with-nayak-sequel-1638509.html |title=Baahubali writer gets busy with Nayak sequel |date=5 August 2017|access-date=29 May 2018 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=29 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529203833/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/aug/05/baahubali-writer-gets-busy-with-nayak-sequel-1638509.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Shankar started work on his next film, which was supposed to be a [[science fiction film]] titled ''Robot'' that was slated to have [[Kamal Haasan]] in the lead. The project was stalled since Haasan was busy with other projects. Later, the project could not move forward due to budgeting problems.<ref name ="rediff2">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/05south.htm |title=Movies:Shankar and Rajnikanth team up |date=5 November 2001|access-date=29 May 2018 |author=Rajitha |work=Rediff.com|archive-date=29 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529203403/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/05south.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2003-2018: Widespread success===

Shankar's coming-of-age musical film ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' released in 2003. It received mixed reviews from the critics and audience, resulting in average business. However, [[A. R. Rahman]]'s soundtrack for the film became a major sensation. On the box office front, the Telugu-dubbed version of ''Boys'' was a hit in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shankar now wants sci-fi with Vikram |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/24south.htm |access-date=16 May 2022 |website=www.rediff.com |quote=Boys, his latest venture, ran foul of public opinion in Tamil Nadu, with many protesting that the dialogues and some scenes were too 'vulgar' for public consumption. The film – produced by Shankar's regular producer A M Rathnam – did enormous business in Telugu.}}</ref>

Shankar's [[psychological thriller]] ''[[Anniyan]]'', featuring [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] in three distinct characters (Ambi, Remo and Anniyan), was released in 2005. Shankar collaborated with composer [[Harris Jayaraj]] for the first time. ''Anniyan'' turned out to become the second-highest grossing Tamil film of 2005.

Shortly after the release of ''Anniyan'', it was reported that Shankar had teamed up with Rajinikanth and [[AVM Productions]] for a film. He renewed his association with [[A. R. Rahman]] for the film. ''[[Sivaji: The Boss|Sivaji]]'' was made at a budget of {{INR}} 600 [[million]],<ref name="indiatimes.2007.06.18"/> the [[List of most expensive Indian films#Record-holders|most expensive Indian film]] to that point. He was paid a record salary of {{INR}}100&nbsp;million for the film. After two years of filming, the film released in 2007 and ultimately became one of the highest grossing Tamil films of that time.

Following ''Sivaji'', Shankar revisited the possibilities of opinion regarding the script of ''Robot''. He later decided to make the project in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] with [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Aishwarya Rai]]. The film was produced by South Indian [[media proprietor]], [[Kalanithi Maran]], was renamed ''[[Enthiran]]'', and was made on a budget of {{INR}}1.32 [[billion]], which was again the most expensive Indian film to that point. Some reports also make it one of the highest grossing Tamil films of the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/142049/rajinikanth-starrer-robot-grosses-rs-375-crore.html |title=Rajinikanth's 'Robot' biggest grosser of all time |publisher=[[IBN Live]] |access-date=2 July 2011 |archive-date=13 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013012714/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/142049/rajinikanth-starrer-robot-grosses-rs-375-crore.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/media/entertainment-/entertainment/rajini-adds-30-to-maran-cos-revenue/articleshow/7394423.cms |title=Rajinikanth adds 30% to Kalanithi Maran's Sun TV Network revenue |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=31 January 2011|access-date=2 July 2011|archive-date=4 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204030928/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/media/entertainment-/entertainment/rajini-adds-30-to-maran-cos-revenue/articleshow/7394423.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shankar started to work on ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'', the Tamil remake of the 2009 Hindi film ''[[3 Idiots]]'' starring [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Jiiva]] and [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]]. The film opened in January 2012. After ''Nanban'', it was wrongly reported that Shankar's next film would be called ''Therdal''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Samantha-bags-Shankars-next-Therdal/articleshow/14184190.cms |title=Samantha bags Shankar's next Therdal |date=16 June 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |access-date=23 August 2012 |archive-date=30 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030090833/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-16/news-interviews/32268658_1_shankar-asin-vikram |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 21 June 2012, Shankar announced his next film titled ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]''.<ref name="I">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-will-be-produced-on-a-mega-scale/articleshow/14404544.cms |title='I' will be produced on a mega scale |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 June 2012| access-date=17 July 2012| archive-date=3 December 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203051939/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-26/news-interviews/32423761_1_vikram-ar-rahman-samantha| url-status=live}}</ref> A romantic thriller, [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] essayed the roles of a bodybuilder, fashion model, and hunchback. It was his second collaboration with Shankar after ''[[Anniyan]]''. The film, made over a period of 2.5 years, released on 14 January 2015 to mixed-to-positive reviews and earned almost {{INR}}2&nbsp;billion in 19 days.<ref name="mark">{{cite news |last1=Prakash |first1=Upadhyaya |title='I' Box Office Collection: Vikram's Flick Grosses ₹200 crore worldwide in 19 days |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/i-box-office-collection-vikram-starrer-grosses-200-crore-worldwide-19-days-622335|access-date=2 January 2017 |work=[[IB Times]] |date=3 February 2015|archive-date=24 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224173620/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/i-box-office-collection-vikram-starrer-grosses-200-crore-worldwide-19-days-622335|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shankar then started working on ''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]'', a sequel to ''[[Enthiran]]'', which released on 29 November 2018 and received positive to mixed reviews. It went on to become the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Worldwide gross collection|highest-grossing Indian film of 2018]] as well as the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|seventh highest-grossing Indian film of all time]] at release. To date, the film is still the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|highest-grossing Tamil film of all time]].

===2019-present: Commercial fluctuations===

Shankar then began work on ''[[Indian 2]]'', the sequel to ''Indian'', reuniting with Kamal Haasan. It was produced by Lyca Productions, marking the production company's second collaboration with Shankar after ''2.0''. However, due to Haasan contesting the [[2019 Indian general election]], an accident on the sets,<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 February 2020 |title=3 killed during 'Indian 2' film shoot |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/3-killed-during-indian-2-shoot/article30864990.ece |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219230448/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/3-killed-during-indian-2-shoot/article30864990.ece |archive-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> and the COVID-19 pandemic, production was stalled.

In February 2021, Shankar announced his debut in Telugu cinema, ''[[Game Changer (film)|Game Changer]]'', starring [[Ram Charan]] and [[Kiara Advani]]; with the story written by [[Karthik Subbaraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhasin |first=Shriya |date=8 September 2021 |title=Shankar's 'SVC 50' starring Kiara Advani, Ram Charan goes on floor |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/shankar-s-untitled-film-starring-kiara-advani-ram-charan-goes-on-floor-732563|access-date=21 September 2021 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> It was produced by [[Dil Raju]] under [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]].

In April 2021, he also announced his return to [[Hindi cinema]] with [[Ranveer Singh]], a remake of ''Anniyan''. It was to be produced by [[Jayantilal Gada]] under [[Pen Studios]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |author1-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Ranveer Singh and S. Shankar Team For 'Anniyan' Bollywood Remake (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/global/ranveer-singh-shankar-anniyan-remake-1234950133/ |access-date=14 April 2021 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=14 April 2021}}</ref> However, Shankar faced legal difficulties regarding rights to remake the film, and the production never commenced.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Ranveer Singh's Anniyan Remake in Legal Trouble, Producer Ravichandran to Move Court |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ranveer-singhs-anniyan-remake-in-legal-trouble-producer-ravichandran-to-move-court-4120400.html |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

Production on ''Game Changer'' began, and after Haasan became available following the release of [[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]], Shankar stated that he will work on and direct both ''Game Changer'' and ''Indian 2'' simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2022 |title=Shankar gears up to resume Ram Charan's 'RC15' shooting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shankar-gears-up-to-resume-ram-charans-rc15-shooting/articleshow/93792699.cms |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912085433/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shankar-gears-up-to-resume-ram-charans-rc15-shooting/articleshow/93792699.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> During filming of ''Indian 2'', it was decided that the film would be split into two parts due to the length of the material. Both parts were simultaneously shot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Kamal Haasan's Indian is now a trilogy– Shankar simultaneously shoots part 2 and 3 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-kamal-haasans-indian-is-now-a-trilogy-shankar-simultaneously-shoots-part-2-and-3-1232107 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731213335/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-kamal-haasans-indian-is-now-a-trilogy-shankar-simultaneously-shoots-part-2-and-3-1232107 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> ''Indian 2'' was released on 12 July 2024. It was panned by critics and audiences alike,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-14 |title=Kamal Haasan's 'Indian 2' Gets Trimmed By 20 Minutes After Negative Reviews |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/south-cinema/kamal-haasans-indian-2-gets-trimmed-by-20-minutes-after-negative-reviews-report |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=Outlook India |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805112234/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/south-cinema/kamal-haasans-indian-2-gets-trimmed-by-20-minutes-after-negative-reviews-report |url-status=live }}</ref> and was a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/indian-2-worldwide-closing-box-office-collections-kamal-haasan-shankar-film-is-a-colossal-disaster-1338607|first=Jatinder|last=Singh|title=Indian 2 worldwide closing box office collections: Kamal Haasan, Shankar film is a colossal DISASTER|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|date=13 August 2024}}</ref> It also included a teaser for ''Indian 3'', which was better received.<ref>{{cite web |last=Seta |first=Fenil |date=July 12, 2024 |title=Exclusive: Kamal Haasan-starrer Indian 3's exciting glimpse to appear as mid-credit scene in Indian 2; is 2 minutes and 30 seconds long |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/exclusive-kamal-haasan-starrer-indian-3s-exciting-glimpse-appear-mid-credit-scene-indian-2-2-minutes-30-seconds-long/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712150523/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/exclusive-kamal-haasan-starrer-indian-3s-exciting-glimpse-appear-mid-credit-scene-indian-2-2-minutes-30-seconds-long/ |archive-date=12 July 2024 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

''Game Changer'' was released on 10 January 2025, coinciding with [[Sankranti]].{{cn|date=June 2025}} It opened to mixed reviews from critics and audience and emerged as Shankar's second consecutive [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-21 |title=Game Changer (Hindi) Final Worldwide Box Office: Ram Charan and Kiara Advani's political drama to end run with JUST Rs 39 crore globally |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/game-changer-hindi-final-worldwide-box-office-ram-charan-and-kiara-advanis-political-drama-to-end-run-with-just-rs-39-crore-globally-1368636 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Talwar|first=Puja|date=20 January 2025 |title=When big films flop, who should take the fall?|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/when-big-films-flop-who-should-take-the-fall-1855270 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=23 January 2025 }}</ref>

''Indian 3'' was scheduled to be released on 24 January 2025, but is currently undergoing reshoots due to the panning of its predecessor. However, it remains unreleased.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2024 |title='இந்தியன் 3' படத்திற்காக மீண்டும் படப்பிடிப்பு |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/122854 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824040303/https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/122854 |archive-date=24 August 2024 |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Shankar is married to Easwari Shankar. The couple has two daughters and a son. Their younger daughter, [[Aditi Shankar]], made her acting debut with ''[[Viruman]]'' (2022).<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> In April 2024, Shankar's older daughter Aishwarya's second marriage was with Tarun Karthikeyan, after her divorce from cricketer [[Damodaran Rohit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-shankars-daughter-aishwarya-marries-tarun-karthikeyan-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-suriya-and-vikram-attend-the-wedding/articleshow/109310449.cms|title=Director Shankar's daughter Aishwarya marries Tarun Karthikeyan; Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan, Suriya, and Vikram attend the wedding|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/director-shankar-s-daughter-aishwarya-to-tie-the-knot-with-cricketer-rohit-damodaren-today-1819923-2021-06-27|title=Director Shankar's daughter Aishwarya to tie the knot with cricketer Rohit Damodharan today|date=27 June 2021|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/shankars-son-in-law-tarun-didnt-work-with-him-as-assistant-director-2528218-2024-04-17|title=Shankar's son-in-law Tarun: 'Didn't work with him as assistant director'|date=17 April 2024|website=India Today}}</ref> Shankar's son Arjith Shankar is also an aspiring actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-shankars-son-arjith-expected-to-make-his-acting-debut-with-a-tamil-film/articleshow/89155477.cms|title=Director Shankar's son Arjith expected to make his acting debut with a Tamil film|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{pending films key}}
*''Note: all films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
=== As director ===
*''Note: He is credited in films as Shankar.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of S. Shankar film credits as director
|-
! scope="col''| Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope=col'' | Languages
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1993
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]''
| rowspan= 5''|[[Tamil Cinema|Tamil]]
|
|-
| 1994
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Kaadhalan]]''
|Also lyricist for "Pettai Rap"
|-
|1996
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]''
|
|-
|1998
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]''
|
|-
|1999
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Mudhalvan]]''
|
|-
|2001
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Nayak: The Real Hero]]''
|[[Hindi Cinema|Hindi]]
|Hindi film debut; Remake of ''Mudhalvan'' (1999)
|-
|2003
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]''
|rowspan= 8''|Tamil
|
|-
|2005
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Anniyan]]''
|
|-
|2007
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]''
|
|-
|2010
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Enthiran]]''
|
|-
|2012
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]''
|Remake of ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009)
|-
|2015
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[I (2015 film)|I]]''
|
|-
|2018
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]''
|Standalone sequel of ''Enthiran'' (2010)
|-
|2024
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Indian 2]]''
|Sequel of ''Indian'' (1996)
|-
|2025
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Game Changer (film)|Game Changer]]''
|[[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]
|Telugu film debut
|-
|{{tba}}
|{{pending film|Indian 3}}
|Tamil
|Delayed Sequel of ''Indian 2'' (2024)
|}

===As producer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of S. Shankar film credits as producer
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:33px;" | Year
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:175px;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|-
|1999
| style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Mudhalvan]]''
| rowspan="9"|As producer
|-
|2004
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Kaadhal]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Imsai Arasan 23am Pulikesi]]''
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]''
|-
|2007
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Kalloori]]''
|-
|2008
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Arai Enn 305-il Kadavul]]''
|-
|2009
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Eeram]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Rettaisuzhi]]''
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Anandhapurathu Veedu]]''
|-
|2014
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Kappal]]''
| rowspan="2"|As distributor
|-
|2023
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Aneethi]]''
|}

=== As an actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of S. Shankar film credits as actor
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1985
|''Vesham''
|Worker
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1986
|''[[Poovum Puyalum]]''
|Student
|
|-
|''[[Vasantha Raagam]]''
|Printing press worker
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Neethikku Thandanai]]''
| Reporter
|
|-
|1990
|''[[Seetha (1990 film)|Seetha]]''
|Japan
|
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Kaadhalan]]'' || Spectator || Uncredited appearance in the song "Kadhalikum Pennin"
|-
|2002
|''[[Kadhal Virus]]''
|Himself
|Special appearance
|-
| 2007
|''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]''
|Person who telephones
|Uncredited appearance in the song "Balleilakka"
|-
|2010
|''[[Enthiran]]''
|Army soldier
|Uncredited appearance
|-
|2012
|''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]''
| Director
|Uncredited appearance in the song "Asku Laska"
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==

===National Film Awards===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ {{sronly | List of S. Shankar National Film Awards and Nominations}}
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-
| [[54th National Film Awards|2006]]
| ''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]''
| rowspan="1" | [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]]
| rowspan="1" {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/news/tamil/veyil-wins-national-award-for-best-tamil-film/16098/story.htm|title =
'Veyil' wins National Award for best TAMIL film}}</ref>
|}

===Filmfare Awards South===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ {{sronly | List of S. Shankar Filmfare Awards South awards and nominations}}
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-
| [[41st Filmfare Awards South|1993]]
| ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]]
| rowspan="4" {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/gentleman/movieawards/61316999.cms |title=Gentleman Awards: List of Awards won by Tamil movie Gentleman |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[42nd Filmfare Awards South|1994]]
| ''[[Kaadhalan]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/kadhalan/movieawards/65005259.cms |title=Kadhalan Awards: List of Awards won by Tamil movie Kadhalan |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[53rd Filmfare Awards South|2005]]
| ''[[Anniyan]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001531/2006/1/|title = Filmfare Awards South| website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>
|-
| [[55th Filmfare Awards South|2006]]
| ''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1045898/awards/?ref_=tt_awd|title = Filmfare Awards South| website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>
|-
| [[55th Filmfare Awards South|2007]]
| ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji: The.Boss]]''
| rowspan="3" | Best Director
| rowspan="3" {{Nom}}
|<ref name="Filmfare Awards South">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0479751/awards/?ref_=tt_awd|title = Filmfare Awards South| website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>
|-
| [[58th Filmfare Awards South|2010]]
| ''[[Enthiran]]''
|<ref name="Filmfare Awards South"/>
|-
| [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]
| ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2302966/awards/?ref_=tt_awd|title = Filmfare Awards South| website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>
|}

===Tamil Nadu State Film Awards===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ {{sronly | List of S. Shankar Tamil Nadu State Film Awards and nominations}}
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]''
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| rowspan="6" {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/this-gentleman-turns-56-today |title=This 'Gentleman' turns 56 today |website=Telangana Today}}</ref>
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]''
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film (First prize)]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999-02-03 |title=mahadevan\htmls\1996 cinema awards |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/1996awards.htm |access-date=2023-11-20 |archive-date=3 February 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990203152338/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/1996awards.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Anniyan]]''
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film (Second prize)]]
|<ref name="Tamil Nadu State Film Awards">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0376127/awards/?ref_=tt_awd|title = Tamil Nadu State Film Awards| website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|<ref name="Tamil Nadu State Film Awards"/>
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film (First prize)]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1045898/awards/?ref_=tt_awd|title = Tamil Nadu State Film Awards| website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji: The.Boss]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0479751/awards/?ref_=tt_awd|title = Tamil Nadu State Film Awards| website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>
|}

=== Vijay Awards ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ {{sronly | List of S. Shankar Vijay Awards and nominations}}
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-
| [[5th Vijay Awards|2010]]
| ''[[Enthiran|Enthiran: The Robot]]''
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favourite Director]]
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/legends-steal-the-show-at-close-up-vijay-awards/article2135142.ece |title=Legends steal the show at Close Up Vijay Awards |author=Staff Reporter |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 June 2011 |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[8th Vijay Awards|2013]]
| colspan="2" | [[Chevalier Sivaji Ganesan Award for Excellence in Indian Cinema]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-honoured-at-vijay-awards |title=Shah Rukh Khan honoured at Vijay Awards |website=Khaleej Times}}</ref>
|}

=== Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ {{sronly | List of S. Shankar Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards and nominations}}
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2018
| ''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]''
| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Best Animation and Visual Effect]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.movienews360.com/vikatan-awards-2019-winners-list-is-here/ |title=Vikatan Awards 2019: Winners list is here |date=1 January 2019 |access-date=2 March 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627072840/http://www.movienews360.com/vikatan-awards-2019-winners-list-is-here/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|S. Shankar|S.Shankar}}
* {{official website}}
* {{IMDb name|0788171}}

{{S. Shankar}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestTamilDirector}}
{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestDirector}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar, S.}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction film directors]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Action film directors]]

Chalchitra Abhiyaan

2026-03-17T07:38:53Z

Shaunak88:

{{Short description|Indian film and media collective}}
{{Infobox organization
| founded = {{Start date|2016}}
| founder = [[Nakul Singh Sawhney]]
| founding_location = [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[Shamli]], [[Baghpat]], [[Meerut]], [[Saharanpur]]
| website = {{url|https://chalchitraabhiyaan.com}}
}}

'''Chalchitra Abhiyaan''' is a film and media collective based in [[Shamli district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It covers five districts of [[Western Uttar Pradesh]], [[Shamli]], [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[Baghpat]], [[Meerut]], [[Saharanpur]].

Filmmaker [[Nakul Singh Sawhney]] founded it after working on his acclaimed documentary ''[[Muzaffarnagar Baaqi Hai]]'' on the 2013 riots in Muzaffarnagar and Shamli district of North India that led to the displacement of over 100,000 people from the sugarcane belt.

Since 2016, the collective has trained<ref>{{cite web |title=A Small Collective in a UP Town Redefines Journalistic Practice |url=https://thewire.in/media/chalchitra-abhiyaan-redefining-journalistic-practice |website=The Wire |access-date=30 Jul 2022}}</ref> people from these areas-both urban and rural-to bring their issues into the public domain through <ref>{{cite web |title=Counter culture movement for Marginalised Voices in UP |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/8/13803/Chalchitra-Abhiyaan:Counter-Culture-Movement-For-Marginalised-Voices-In-UP-- |website=The Citizen |date=14 May 2018 |access-date=14 May 2018}}</ref> news reports, documentaries and films. Their core team includes riot survivors and former brick kiln workers and farmers among others.

They have actively reported<ref>{{cite web |title=How ChalChitra Abhiyaan Gives You a Glimpse Into Real India |url=https://www.sbcltr.in/how-chalchitra-abhiyaan-gives-you-a-glimpse-into-real-india/ |website=Sbcltr |date=17 November 2017 |publisher=Subculture |access-date=17 Nov 2017}}</ref> on the agrarian crisis, landlessness among the [[Dalit]] community, sectarian violence, livelihood, labour rights, politics,<ref>{{cite web |title=Creating a counter narrative |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/creating-a-counter-narrative-602184 |work=The Tribune |access-date=9 June 2018}}</ref> and breakdown of the rural economy. These issues are often <ref>{{cite web |title=Bringing about a cultural intervention for unity |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/bringing-about-a-cultural-intervention-for-unity/cid/1726944 |website=The Telegraph |access-date=14 Dec 2019}}</ref> not reported in corporate mainstream media that focuses on target audience-generated profits.

Sawhney views the team’s work as a “cultural intervention in the Gramscian sense” and feels that these everyday spaces and day-to-day recreational activities can be an effective means to break the hegemony of dominant ideological formations.<ref>https://thewire.in/media/chalchitra-abhiyaan-redefining-journalistic-practice#google_vignette</ref>

==Film screenings and use of mobile theatres to disseminate news==

They are also unique in their <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gold.ac.uk/calendar/?id=12218 |website=Goldsmiths, University of Londons |publisher=Department Centre for Feminist Research (CFR), Media, Communications and Cultural Studies |access-date=28 Jan 2019 |title=Short Films by ChalChitra Abhiyaan: A Screening and Discussion }}</ref> dissemination of news. Apart from distributing their reports and films online, they also take their video stories from village to village screening them on projectors at village choupals, [[panchayats]], schools etc. They also <ref>{{cite web |title=The Revolution Will Be Screened |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/the-revolution-will-be-screened-nakul-singh-sawhney-5205590/ |website=The Indian Express |date=6 June 2018 |access-date=6 June 2018}}</ref> screen international cinema in these rural parts, sometimes live translating the film because the illiterate villagers cannot read subtitles.

Since most of the single screens have shut down in small towns in India which were an affordable way for people to watch cinema together, the film screenings are a way to reintroduce collective viewing of quality content and cinema that is no longer accessible in socio-economically marginalised sections of India. The aim is to initiate discussions and debates on the contemporary socio-economic realities of India and the world. <ref>{{cite news |title=DIGIPUB slams attack on two ChalChitra Abhiyaan journalists in U.P. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/digipub-slams-attack-on-two-chalchitra-abhiyaan-journalists-in-up/article65667153.ece |website=The Hindu |date=21 July 2022 |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref>

Some films that have stimulated intense dialogue among the community include [[Sadgati]] (directed by Satyajit Ray), [[Kala (2021 film)|Kala]] (directed by Rohit V.S.) and [[Ram Ke Naam|Raam ke Naam]] (directed by Anand Patwardhan), [[Children of Heaven]] (directed by Majid Majidi) among others.

Over the past few years, they have developed dedicated viewership in more than ten villages where on average 60 to 100 people watch<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kishore |first1=Shweta |title=Re-framing documentary's victims: documentary and collective victimhood at Indian media collective Chalchitra Abhiyan |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17503280.2021.1887989?journalCode=rsdf20 |journal=Studies in Documentary Film |year=2023 |volume=17 |pages=14–31 |doi=10.1080/17503280.2021.1887989 |s2cid=233770030 |access-date=5 Feb 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref> films together on a weekly basis. The post-screening discussions on news and cinema create a healthy space to debate, critique, and discuss contemporary issues.

The screenings are sometimes disrupted by political goons either by instigating village pradhans or by disconnecting the electricity supply. <ref>https://thewire.in/media/chalchitra-abhiyaan-redefining-journalistic-practice</ref>

Over 3,000 people attend film and news screenings annually.

They have been <ref>{{cite web |title=ChalChitra Abhiyaan reporters accosted while reporting on GST rate hike in UP |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/07/21/chalchitra-abhiyaan-reporters-accosted-while-reporting-on-gst-rate-hike-in-up |website=Newslaundry |date=21 July 2022 |access-date=21 Jul 2022}}</ref> attacked and detained<ref>{{cite web |title=ChalChitra Abhiyaan Journalists Allege Threats by BJP Supporter in UP Village |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/chalchitra-abhiyaan-journalists-threats-bjp-supporter-uttar-pradesh-reporting-gst |website=The Quint |date=21 July 2022 |access-date=21 Jul 2022}}</ref> several times for reporting these issues.

==Reading room and Travelling Library==

The collective also runs a library that is used by young people in Kandhla as a reading room, film screening space and training centre, where they study, discuss readings and films and learn the basics of video production. These training programs are designed for rural West UP youth to gain professional skills in film-making, editing, journalism and media training.

CCA also runs travelling library in West UP where members take books to children in remote villages on bikes to introduce them to different kinds of literature which is inaccessible in small towns. This library program is designed to take books to children in villages to inculcate love for books<ref>https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/alternate-media-rises-in-rural-up-as-youngsters-take-up-filming-1215695.html</ref>

The travelling library reaches 1,000 children annually.

==Youtube Channel==

CCA’s Youtube Channel started in 2016. It is an archive of news and feature stories from West UP. It has 150k subscribers, all of them organically built with viewers from rural areas where most people from marginalised sections do not have resources and internet. It has over 1800 ground reports and over 22 million views. It is one of the largest Youtube channels with ground reportage from rural North India.

CCA has been awarded the Digital Empowerment Foundation Award twice for People's Participation and for bringing social change.<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Media for Empowerment Award for CCA |url=https://sm4e.org/chalchitra-abhiyaan/ |website=sm4e |access-date=22 March 2023}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Film collectives]]

West Bengal Legislative Assembly

2026-03-15T11:35:18Z

Shaunak88:

{{Short description|Indian political body}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = West Bengal Legislative Assembly
| legislature = [[17th West Bengal Assembly]]
| coa_pic = [[File:Crest of West Bengal Legislative Assembly.jpg|120px]]
| house_type = [[Unicameral]]
|term_limits = [[List of political term limits#India|5 years]]
| leader1_type = [[Speaker of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| leader1 = [[Biman Banerjee]]
| party1 = [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
| election1 = [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|30 May 2011]]
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Speaker of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]
| leader2 = [[Asish Banerjee|Ashish Banerjee]]
| party2 = [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
| election2 = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2 July 2021]]
| leader3_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister]] (Leader of the House)
| leader3 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| party3 = [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
| election3 = [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|20 May 2011]]| leader4_type = Deputy Leader of the House
| leader4 = [[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]
| party4 = [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
| election4 = 5 August 2022
| leader5_type = [[Leader of Opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader5 = [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
|party5 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election5 = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|10 May 2021]]
|leader6_type = Deputy Leader of the Opposition
|leader6 = [[Mihir Goswami]]
|party6 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election6 = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|10 May 2021]]
| members = '''294'''
| structure1 = India 17th West Bengal Legislative Assembly 2025.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 = 
'''[[Government of West Bengal|Government]] (225)'''
:*{{Color box|#20C646}} [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]] (223)
:*{{Color box|#FFEF03}} [[Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha|BGPM]] (1)
:*{{Color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]]{{efn|Partha Chatterjee}} (1)
'''Official Opposition (64)'''
:*{{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (64)
'''[[Parliamentary Opposition|Other Opposition]] (2)'''
:*{{Color box|#0204EF}} [[Indian Secular Front|ISF]] (1)
:*{{Color box|#8AB800}} [[Aam Janata Unnayan Party|AJUP]]{{efn|Humayun Kabir}} (1)
'''Vacant (3)'''
:*{{Color box|#FFFFFF}} Vacant (3)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/trinamul-congress-mla-jafikul-islam-passes-away-at-private-hospital-1901657|title=Trinamool Congress MLA Jafikul Islam Passes Away at Private Hospital|work=Deccan Chronicle|accessdate=4 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2025-05-15|title=Trinamool Tehatta MLA Tapas Kumar Saha passes away at 66|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/tmc-mla-tapas-saha-dies-of-brain-haemorrhage/article69578043.ece|accessdate=2025-05-15|website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/former-railway-minister-tmc-leader-mukul-roy-passes-away-at-71-3908193|title=Former Railway Minister, TMC leader Mukul Roy passes away at 71|work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=23 February 2026}}</ref>

| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|27 March to 29 April 2021]]
| next_election1 = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|23 April to 29 April 2026]]
| session_room = West Bengal State Legislative Assembly House, Kolkata.jpg
| session_res =
| meeting_place = Vidhan Sabha, [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| website = {{url|http://www.wbassembly.gov.in}}
| footnotes = The Assembly was established in 1862 for the [[Bengal Presidency]]. The Presidency became the state of [[West Bengal]] in the [[Republic of India]] in 1950; the state of West Bengal in its current state was formed on 1 May 1960.
}}

The '''West Bengal Legislative Assembly''' is the [[unicameral]] legislature of the [[India]]n [[states and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is located in the [[B. B. D. Bagh]] area of [[Kolkata]], the capital of the state. Members of the Legislative assembly are directly elected by the people. The legislative assembly comprises [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|294]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of Legislative Assembly]], all directly elected from single-seat constituencies. Its term is five years, unless sooner dissolved.

==History==
[[File:Complete view of West Bengal Assembly building in Kolkata 04.jpg|thumb|left|Complete view of West Bengal Assembly building]]
[[File:West Bengal Legislative Assembly Entrance - Kolkata 2011-12-18 0339.JPG|thumb|left|Entrance of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[File:Assembly House of West Bengal, Kolkata6.jpg|thumb|left|Inside the Assembly House]]

The history of the West Bengal Legislature can be traced back to 18 January 1862 when under the [[Indian Councils Act 1861]], a 12 Member Legislative Council for [[Bengal Presidency]] was established by the Governor-General of British India with the Lt. Governor of Bengal and some nominated members. The strength of the council was gradually enlarged by subsequent acts. Under the [[Indian Councils Act 1892]], the maximum strength of the council was raised to 20 out of which seven were to be elected. The [[Indian Councils Act 1909]] further raised the number of members of the council to 50. Under the [[Government of India Act 1919]], the number of members of the Legislative Council was once again raised to 125. The Bengal Legislative Council constituted under the act of 1919 was formally inaugurated on 1 February 1921 by the [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Duke of Connaught]].

A few years later, under the provisions of the [[Government of India Act 1935]], two chambers of the Bengal Provincial Legislature: the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly, were created. The life of the assembly, consisting of 250 members, was to be five years unless dissolved sooner; while the council, with a membership of not less than 63 and not more than 65, was made a permanent body and not subject to dissolution with the provision that one-third of the members should retire every three years.

On the eve of Independence in 1947, Bengal Province was partitioned into [[West Bengal]] and [[East Bengal]] ([[East Pakistan]]). The West Bengal Legislative Assembly was constituted with 90 members representing the constituencies that fell within the area of West Bengal and two nominated members from [[Anglo-Indian]] community. The Bengal Legislative Council stood abolished. The Legislative Assembly met for the first time after Independence on 21 November 1947.

The Constitution of India again provided for a bicameral Legislature for West Bengal. Accordingly, the West Bengal Legislative Council consisting of 51 members was constituted on 5 June 1952. The number of members in the Legislative Assembly was 240 including two nominated members from the Anglo-Indian Community. After the first General Elections, the new Assembly met for the first time on 18 June 1952.

On 21 March 1969, a resolution was passed by the West Bengal Legislative Assembly for the abolition of the Legislative Council. Subsequently, Indian Parliament passed the West Bengal Legislative Council (Abolition) Act, 1969 abolishing the Legislative Council with effect from 1 August 1969.

== Office bearers==
{{transcluded section|source=17th West Bengal Assembly}}
{{trim|{{#Section-h:17th West Bengal Assembly|Office bearers}}}}

== List of Assemblies ==
{{see also|List of chief ministers of West Bengal}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Assembly
!Election Year
!Speaker
!Chief Minister
! colspan="2" |Party
! Opposition Leader
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan="9" |Legislative Assembly under the Government of India Act, 1935
|-
| rowspan="2" |Provincial Assembly (1946–52)
| rowspan="2" |[[1946 Indian provincial elections|January 1946]]
| [[Bijoy Prasad Singh Roy]]
| [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
! rowspan=2 colspan=3| ''Vacant''
|-
| [[Ishwar Das Jalan]]
| [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Legislative Assembly under the Constitution of India
|-
|1st Assembly
|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[Saila Kumar Mukherjee|Saila Mukherjee]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
! colspan=3| ''Vacant''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2nd Assembly
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Sankar Das Banerji]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Jyoti Basu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Outlook India Magazine Online- Read News India, Latest News Analysis, World, Sports, Entertainment {{!}} Best Online Magazine India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=outlookindia.com |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410123959/http://www.outlookindia.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=4}}
|-
|Bankim Chandra Kar
|-
| rowspan="2" |3rd Assembly
| rowspan="2" |[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Keshab Chandra Basu
|-
|[[Prafulla Chandra Sen]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |4th Assembly
| rowspan="2" |[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bijoy Kumar Banerjee]]
|[[Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bangla Congress}}" |
|[[Bangla Congress]] ([[United Front (1967)|United Front]])
| rowspan="2" |[[Khagendra Nath Dasgupta]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of Parliament – Lok Sabha - Profile |url=http://www.refocusindia.com/member-of-parliament-lok-sabha-profile-703-Dasgupta,%20Shri%20Khagendra%C2%A0Nath |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221603/http://www.refocusindia.com/member-of-parliament-lok-sabha-profile-703-Dasgupta,%20Shri%20Khagendra%C2%A0Nath |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]] (Progressive Democratic Front)
|-
| colspan="9" |'''''Dissolved ([[President's rule|President's Rule]])'''''
|-
|5th Assembly
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|[[Bijoy Kumar Banerjee]]
|[[Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bangla Congress}}"|
|[[Bangla Congress]] ([[Second United Front Cabinet|United Front]])
|[[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=- West Bengal Legislative Assembly |url=http://wbassembly.gov.in/report.aspx |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=wbassembly.gov.in |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120193626/http://wbassembly.gov.in/Error_ISE.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/report.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="9" |'''''Dissolved ([[President's rule|President's Rule]])'''''
|-
|6th Assembly
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Apurba Lal Majumdar
|[[Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]] (Democratic Coalition)
|[[Jyoti Basu]]<ref name=":0" />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| colspan="9" |'''''Dissolved ([[President's rule|President's Rule]])'''''
|-
|7th Assembly
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Apurba Lal Majumdar
|[[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]] (Progressive Democratic Alliance)
|[[Biswanath Mukherjee (politician)|Biswanath Mukherjee]]<ref name=":0" />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| colspan="9" |'''''Dissolved ([[President's rule|President's Rule]])'''''
|-
|8th Assembly
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[S. A. M. Habibullah]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Jyoti Basu]]
| rowspan="8" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| rowspan="8" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] ([[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]])
! colspan=3| ''Vacant''
|-
|9th Assembly
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Hashim Abdul Halim]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Abdus Sattar (Murshidabad politician)|Abdus Sattar]]<ref name=":0" />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|10th Assembly
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |11th Assembly
| rowspan="2" |[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
! colspan=3| ''Vacant''
|-
|Zainal Abedin<ref name=":0" />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|12th Assembly
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Atish Chandra Sinha]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Leader of Opposition Atish Chanda Sinha dead |url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20100304/1457561.html |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=news.webindia123.com |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531032918/https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20100304/1457561.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|13th Assembly
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]]
|[[Pankaj Kumar Banerjee|Pankaj Banerjee]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-26 |title=Former opposition leader and one of the founder of Trinamool Congress Pankaj Banerjee Passes Away. – News18 Bangla |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/kolkata/former-opposition-leader-and-one-of-the-founder-of-trinamool-congress-pankaj-banerjee-passes-away-229238.html |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=News18 Bengali |language=bn |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531092812/https://bengali.news18.com/news/kolkata/former-opposition-leader-and-one-of-the-founder-of-trinamool-congress-pankaj-banerjee-passes-away-229238.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|14th Assembly
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team Mamata |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110409/jsp/nation/story_13831831.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203171255/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110409/jsp/nation/story_13831831.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|15th Assembly
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Biman Banerjee]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Mamata Banerjee]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Trinamool Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Trinamool Congress]]
|[[Surjya Kanta Mishra]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-03 |title=Surjya Kanta Mishra: A profile |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Profile-of-Surjya-Kanta-Mishra/article60407786.ece |access-date=2022-04-10 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410124250/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Profile-of-Surjya-Kanta-Mishra/article60407786.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[16th West Bengal Assembly|16th Assembly]]
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Abdul Mannan (West Bengal politician)|Abdul Mannan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress Abdul Mannan to be new leader of opposition in Bengal assembly |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Congress-Abdul-Mannan-to-be-new-leader-of-opposition-in-Bengal-assembly/articleshow/52508761.cms |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=16 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816084102/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Congress-Abdul-Mannan-to-be-new-leader-of-opposition-in-Bengal-assembly/articleshow/52508761.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[17th West Bengal Assembly|17th Assembly]]
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Suvendu Adhikari]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/suvendu-adhikari-leader-of-opposition-vs-mamata-banerjee-west-bengal-assembly-bjp-legislative-party-leader/2249141/|title=Suvendu Adhikari elected as Leader of Opposition in West Bengal Assembly|work=Financial Express|accessdate=10 May 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{{transcluded section|source=17th West Bengal Assembly}}
{{trim|{{#Section-h:17th West Bengal Assembly|Members of Legislative Assembly}}}}

==Vacancies==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date for by-poll
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Previous MLA
!Vacant Since
!Reason
|-
|rowspan=3|''TBD''
!75
|[[Domkal Assembly constituency|Domkal]]
|[[Jafikul Islam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|4 September 2025
|rowspan=3|Death
|-
!78
|[[Tehatta Assembly constituency|Tehatta]]
|[[Tapas Kumar Saha]]
|15 May 2025<ref>{{cite web|date=2025-05-15|title=Trinamool Tehatta MLA Tapas Kumar Saha passes away at 66|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/tmc-mla-tapas-saha-dies-of-brain-haemorrhage/article69578043.ece|accessdate=2025-05-15|website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>
|-
!83
|[[Krishnanagar Uttar Assembly constituency|Krishnanagar Uttar]]
|[[Mukul Roy]]
|23 February 2026<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mukul-roy-death-ex-railway-minister-and-once-chanakya-of-bengal-politics-mukul-roy-dies-at-71-11122979 Ex-Railway Minister And Once 'Chanakya Of Politics' Mukul Roy Dies At 71]</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
* [[List of by-elections to the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* [https://www.loksabhaelections.in/west-bengal West Bengal Lok Sabha Election 2019 Results Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002559/https://www.loksabhaelections.in/west-bengal |date=8 November 2020 }}

{{West Bengal elections}}
{{West Bengal topics}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:West Bengal Legislative Assembly}}
[[Category:West Bengal Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:State lower houses in India]]
[[Category:Unicameral legislatures]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in India]]

India women's national futsal team

2026-03-06T15:51:37Z

Shaunak88: created a details

{{Short description|Women's national futsal team representing India}}
{{About|the women's team|the men's team|India national futsal team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox National futsal team
|Name = India
|Badge = Indian Football 2020.svg
|Badge_size = 200px
|Nickname = Futsal Tigresses
|Association = [[All India Football Federation]]
|Confederation = [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] (Asia) [[South Asian Football Federation|SAFF]] (South Asia)
|Coach = [[Joshuah Vaz]]
|Captain = Jigmet Chunzen
|Most caps = Khusbhu Saroj (9)
|Top scorer = Khushbu Saroj (9)
|Home Stadium =
|FIFA Trigramme = IND
|FIFA Rank = {{FIFA Futsal Women's World Ranking|IND}}
|FIFA max =
|FIFA max date =
|FIFA min =
|FIFA min date =
|First game = {{fsw|HKG}} 5–0 {{fsw-rt|IND}} ([[Yogyakarta]], Indonesia; 15 January 2025)
|Largest win = {{fsw|MDV}} 1–11 {{fsw-rt|IND}} ([[Bangkok]], Thailand; 13 January 2026)
|Largest loss = {{fsw|IND}} 0–6 {{fsw-rt|IDN}} ([[Yogyakarta]], Indonesia; 17 January 2025)
|World cup apps = 0
|World cup first =
|World cup best =
|Regional name = [[AFC Women's Futsal Asian Cup]]
|Regional cup apps = 0
|Regional cup first =
|Regional cup best =
|2ndRegional name = [[SAFF Futsal Championship]]
|2ndRegional cup apps = 1
|2ndRegional cup first = [[2026 SAFF Women's Futsal Championship|2026]]
|2ndRegional cup best = 2nd ([[2026 SAFF Women's Futsal Championship|2026]])
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The '''India women's national futsal team''' represents [[India]] in international [[futsal]] competitions. The team is controlled by the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF) and governed by the [[Asian Football Confederation]] (AFC).

India made its debut against [[Hong Kong women's national futsal team|Hong Kong]] at the [[2025 AFC Women's Futsal Asian Cup qualification]] on 15 January in [[Yogyakarta]], [[Indonesia]].

== History ==
=== Formation, debut and first tournament ===
On 11 October 2024, the AFC announced 19 national teams that would be participating in the draws for the [[2025 AFC Women's Futsal Asian Cup qualification]]. India was one of the nine new entrants for the qualification tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=AFC Women's Futsal Asian Cup China 2025: Stage set for #WACFutsal2025 Qualifiers draw |url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/national/afc_womens_futsal_asian_cup/news/stage_set_for_wacfutsal2025_qualifiers_draw.html |website=www.the-afc.com |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105103911/https://www.the-afc.com/en/national/afc_womens_futsal_asian_cup/news/stage_set_for_wacfutsal2025_qualifiers_draw.html |archive-date=5 November 2024 |date=11 October 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 November, the AIFF announced that trials to select the first ever women's national futsal team commenced in [[Bhavnagar]], [[Gujarat]]. The trials were held for six days in which 121 players from 15 states participated, out of which 25 players were shortlisted for the first national camp from 11 to 15 November 2024.<ref name="AIFF 1">{{cite web |title=Trials for first Indian women's national futsal team underway in Bhavnagar, Gujarat |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/trials-for-first-indian-womens-national-futsal-team-underway-in-bhavnagar-gujarat |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241105113748/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/trials-for-first-indian-womens-national-futsal-team-underway-in-bhavnagar-gujarat#selection-851.9-851.92 |archive-date=5 November 2024 |date=5 November 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian women's futsal team camp begins in Bhavnagar, Gujarat |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-womens-futsal-team-camp-begins-in-bhavnagar-gujarat |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=4 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304084456/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-womens-futsal-team-camp-begins-in-bhavnagar-gujarat |archive-date=4 March 2025 |date=11 November 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nineteen players were shortlisted from the first camp, that was followed by a second camp held in December.<ref>{{cite web |title=Training camp for AFC Women’s Futsal Asian Cup to start in Bhavnagar from December 15 |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/training-camp-for-afc-womens-futsal-asian-cup-to-start-in-bhavnagar-from-december-15 |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=4 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304085023/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/training-camp-for-afc-womens-futsal-asian-cup-to-start-in-bhavnagar-from-december-15 |archive-date=4 March 2025 |date=4 December 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 9 January 2025, the final squad of fourteen players were announced for the Asian Cup qualifiers.<ref name="AIFF 2">{{cite web |title=Indian squad for AFC Women’s Futsal Asian Cup Qualifiers announced |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-futsal-squad-for-afc-womens-futsal-asian-cup-qualifiers-announced |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=4 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114145142/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-futsal-squad-for-afc-womens-futsal-asian-cup-qualifiers-announced |archive-date=14 January 2025 |date=9 January 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The 2025 AFC Women's Futsal Asian Cup qualification was the first ever international tournament for the national side.<ref name="AIFF 1"/> India was drawn in Group B alongside host [[Indonesia women's national futsal team|Indonesia]], [[Hong Kong women's national futsal team|Hong Kong]], [[Kyrgyzstan women's national futsal team|Kyrgyzstan]] and [[Pakistan women's national futsal team|Pakistan]] on 17 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=AFC Women's Futsal Asian Cup China 2025: Stage set for #WACFutsal2025 Qualifiers draw finalised |url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/national/afc_womens_futsal_asian_cup.html/news/wacfutsal2025-qualifiers-draw-finalised |website=www.the-afc.com |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105111119/https://www.the-afc.com/en/national/afc_womens_futsal_asian_cup.html/news/wacfutsal2025-qualifiers-draw-finalised |archive-date=5 November 2024 |date=17 October 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India drawn with Indonesia, Hong Kong, Pakistan and Kygryz Republic in AFC Women's Futsal Asian Cup Qualifiers |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-drawn-with-indonesia-hong-kong-pakistan-and-kygryz-republic-in-afc-womens-futsal-asian-cup-qualifiers |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105112649/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-drawn-with-indonesia-hong-kong-pakistan-and-kygryz-republic-in-afc-womens-futsal-asian-cup-qualifiers |archive-date=5 November 2024 |date=17 October 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, Pakistan withdrew its team from participating in the tournament in December 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lakhani |first1=Faizan |title=Pakistan withdraw from AFC Women's Futsal Asian Cup qualifying rounds |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/581785-pakistan-withdraw-from-afc-womens-futsal-asian-cup-qualifying-rounds |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[Geo News]] |date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231092604/https://www.geo.tv/latest/581785-pakistan-withdraw-from-afc-womens-futsal-asian-cup-qualifying-rounds |archive-date=31 December 2024}}</ref> On 15 January, in the debut match India lost 0–5 against Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite web |title=AFC Women’s Futsal Asian Cup 2025 Qualifiers: India’s maiden international outing ends in 5-0 loss to Hong Kong China |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/afc-women-futsal-asian-cup-2025-qualifier-india-vs-hong-kong-china-report |website=olympics.com |access-date=4 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304093431/https://www.olympics.com/en/news/afc-women-futsal-asian-cup-2025-qualifier-india-vs-hong-kong-china-report |archive-date=4 March 2025 |date=15 January 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the second match against the host Indonesia, India could not score and lost the match by 6–0.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Sruti |title=Hosts Indonesia hand India their second defeat in AFC Women’s Futsal Asian Cup Qualifiers |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/hosts-indonesia-hand-india-their-second-defeat-in-afc-womens-futsal-asian-cup-qualifiers |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=4 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304075334/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/hosts-indonesia-hand-india-their-second-defeat-in-afc-womens-futsal-asian-cup-qualifiers |archive-date=4 March 2025 |date=17 January 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the final match against Kyrgyzstan on 19 January 2025, India managed to score three goals. However, India lost the match by a narrow margin of 4–3 and failed to qualify for the [[2025 AFC Women's Futsal Asian Cup]]. Drishti Pant scored the first goal for India in the third minute of the match, thus becoming the first ever goal scorer for India in women's futsal.<ref>{{cite web |title=AFC Women’s Futsal Asian Cup 2025 Qualifiers: Drishti Pant creates history but India fall short after loss to Kyrgyz Republic |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/afc-women-futsal-asian-cup-2025-qualifier-india-vs-kyrgyz-republic-report |website=olympics.com |access-date=4 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304103244/https://www.olympics.com/en/news/afc-women-futsal-asian-cup-2025-qualifier-india-vs-kyrgyz-republic-report |archive-date=4 March 2025 |date=19 January 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shruti |title=Last-minute goal ends India’s staggering fightback against Kyrgyz Republic |website=www.the-aiff.com |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/last-minute-goal-ends-indias-staggering-fightback-against-kyrgyz-republic |access-date=4 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304075415/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/last-minute-goal-ends-indias-staggering-fightback-against-kyrgyz-republic |archive-date=4 March 2025 |date=19 January 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2026–present ===
In May 2025, at the [[South Asian Football Federation]] (SAFF) Congress in [[Kathmandu]], it was proposed that a [[SAFF Futsal Championship]] would be held annually. On 5 October 2025, SAFF announced that the first ever SAFF Futsal Championship for both men and women would be held from 13 to 26 January 2026, in Thailand.<ref>{{cite news |title=SAFF charts ambitious roadmap to uplift regional football |url=https://kathmandupost.com/football/2025/05/25/saff-charts-ambitious-roadmap-to-uplift-regional-football |access-date=23 January 2026 |work=[[The Kathmandu Post]] |date=25 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525073758/https://kathmandupost.com/football/2025/05/25/saff-charts-ambitious-roadmap-to-uplift-regional-football |archive-date=25 May 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SAFF to Launch Inaugural Futsal Championship in January 2026 |url=https://saffederation.org/saff-to-launch-inaugural-futsal-championship-in-january-2026/ |publisher=[[South Asian Football Federation]] |access-date=23 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006003406/https://saffederation.org/saff-to-launch-inaugural-futsal-championship-in-january-2026/ |archive-date=6 October 2025 |date=5 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> The tournament was in [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format.<ref name="SAFF schedule & squad">{{cite web |title=Indian squads for SAFF Men's and Women's Futsal Championships announced |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-squads-announced-for-saff-mens-and-womens-futsal-championships |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=23 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123105918/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-squads-announced-for-saff-mens-and-womens-futsal-championships |archive-date=23 January 2026 |date=7 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Out of the six matches, India recorded four wins and two losses, finishing as runners-up in the tournament. India won against the [[Maldives]], [[Nepal women's national futsal team|Nepal]], [[Pakistan women's national futsal team|Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka women's national futsal team|Sri Lanka]] and the two losses were against [[Bangladesh women's national futsal team|Bangladesh]] and [[Bhutan women's national futsal team|Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India defeat Sri Lanka to finish runners-up in SAFF Women’s Futsal Championship |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-defeat-sri-lanka-to-finish-runners-up-in-saff-womens-futsal-championship |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=16 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216102146/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-defeat-sri-lanka-to-finish-runners-up-in-saff-womens-futsal-championship |archive-date=16 February 2026 |date=25 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SAFF Women's Futsal Championship Women’s Championship 2026: Results |url=https://saffederation.org/match-results/?jsf=epro-loop-builder&tax=match-results-year:119;match-result-championship:118;match-result-gender:100 |publisher=[[South Asian Football Federation]] |access-date=16 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216111721/https://saffederation.org/match-results/?jsf=epro-loop-builder&tax=match-results-year:119;match-result-championship:118;match-result-gender:100 |archive-date=16 February 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 13 January 2026, in the first match against the [[Maldives women's national futsal team|Maldives]], India registered their first ever win. They defeated the Maldives by 11–0 which is also their biggest win to date. In this match, Khushbu Saroj scored 4 goals, thus becoming the first ever hat-trick scorer for the national team.<ref>{{cite web |title=India demolish Maldives to get first-ever victory in international women’s futsal |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-demolish-maldives-to-get-first-ever-victory-in-international-womens-futsal |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=16 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216105208/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-demolish-maldives-to-get-first-ever-victory-in-international-womens-futsal |archive-date=16 February 2026 |date=13 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Competitive record ==
=== FIFA Futsal Women's World Cup ===
{| class="wikitable" width=70% style="text-align: center;font-size:90%;"
!colspan=9|[[FIFA Futsal Women's World Cup]] record
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Year
! style="width:70px;"|Result
! style="width:30px;"|Position
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}
|-
!{{flagicon|PHI}} [[2025 FIFA Futsal Women's World Cup|2025]]
| colspan=8|''Did not qualify''
|-
!'''Total'''||'''0/0'''||'''0'''||'''0'''||'''0'''||'''0'''||'''0'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|}

=== AFC Women's Futsal Asian Cup ===
{| class="wikitable collapsible" width=70% style="text-align: center;font-size:90%;"
|-
!colspan=9|[[AFC Women's Futsal Asian Cup]] record
! style="width:1%;" rowspan="5"|
!colspan=6 |Qualification record
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Year
! style="width:100px;"|Result
! style="width:60px;"|Position
! style="width:30px;"|{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}
! style="width:30px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:30px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:30px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:30px;"|{{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}
! style="width:30px;"|{{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}
! style="width:30px;"|{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}
! style="width:30px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:30px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:30px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:30px;"|{{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}
! style="width:30px;"|{{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}
|-
!{{Flagicon|MAS}} [[2015 AFC Women's Futsal Championship|2015]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=8|''Did not exist''
| rowspan=3 colspan=7|''No qualification tournament''
|-
!{{Flagicon|THA}} [[2018 AFC Women's Futsal Championship|2018]]
|-
!{{Flagicon|KUW}} [[2020 AFC Women's Futsal Championship|2020]]
|colspan=8|''Cancelled due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]]''
|-
!{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[2025 AFC Women's Futsal Asian Cup|2025]]
| colspan=8|''Did not qualify''
! style="width:1%;" rowspan="2"|
|3||0||0||3||3||15
|-
! Total || 0/0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 3 || 15
|}
===SAFF Futsal Championship===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width=900px;"
!colspan=9|[[SAFF Women's Futsal Championship|SAFF Championship]] records
|-
! width=150 |Host/Year
! width=150 |Round
! width=50 |Position
! width=50 |GP
! width=50 |W
! width=50 |D
! width=50 |L
! width=50 |GF
! width=50 |GA
|-bgcolor=silver
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[2026 SAFF Women's Futsal Championship |2026]]||'''Runners-up'''||'''2nd'''||'''6'''||'''4'''||'''0'''||'''2'''||'''31'''||'''12'''
|-
!'''Total'''||'''1/1'''||'''0 Title'''||'''6'''||'''4'''||'''0'''||'''2'''||'''31'''||'''12'''
|}

== Results and fixtures ==
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|'''W'''in|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|'''D'''raw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|'''L'''oss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFFF|Fixture|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
=== 2025 ===
{{Football box collapsible
| format = 1
| round = [[2025 AFC Women's Futsal Asian Cup qualification]]
| date = {{Start date|2025|01|15|df=y}}
| time = {{UTZ|11:30|5:30}}
| team1 = {{fsw-rt|HKG}}
| score = 5–0
| team2 = {{fsw|IND}}
| goals1 =
*[[Cheung Wai Ki]] {{Goal|13||23||40}}
*[[Wai Yuen Ting]] {{Goal|27}}
*Kung Yuet Charis {{Goal|35}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Among Rogo Sports Hall]]
| attendance =
| referee = Nour Chaito ([[Lebanese Football Association|Lebanon]])
| report = https://web.archive.org/web/20250304075214/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-go-down-to-hong-kong-in-womens-futsal-international-debut
| location = [[Yogyakarta]], Indonesia
| result = L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| format = 1
| round = [[2025 AFC Women's Futsal Asian Cup qualification]]
| date = {{Start date|2025|01|17|df=y}}
| time = {{UTZ|14:30|5:30}}
| team1 = {{fsw-rt|IND}}
| score = 0–6
| team2 = {{fsw|IDN}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
*Ikeu Rosita {{Goal|7}}
*[[Insyafadya Salsabillah|Insyafadya]] {{Goal|13}}
*[[Fitri Rosdiana|Fitri]] {{Goal|14}}
*Novita Murni {{Goal|20}}
*[[Diah Tri Lestari|Diah Tri]] {{Goal|22}}
*Nisma Francida Rusdiana {{Goal|32}}
| stadium = [[Among Rogo Sports Hall]]
| attendance =
| referee = Reem Al-Bishi ([[Saudi Arabian Football Federation|Saudi Arabia]])
| report = https://web.archive.org/web/20250304075334/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/hosts-indonesia-hand-india-their-second-defeat-in-afc-womens-futsal-asian-cup-qualifiers
| location = [[Yogyakarta]], Indonesia
| result = L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| format = 1
| round = [[2025 AFC Women's Futsal Asian Cup qualification]]
| date = {{Start date|2025|01|19|df=y}}
| time = {{UTZ|11:30|5:30}}
| team1 = {{fsw-rt|IND}}
| score = 3–4
| team2 = {{fsw|KGZ}}
|goals1 =
*Drishti Pant {{Goal|3}}
*Khushbu Saroj {{Goal|34||40}}
|goals2 =
*Aizhan Boronbekova]] {{Goal|10}}
*Nursuluu Murzakulova {{Goal|12|pen.}}
*Rebecca Zamthianmawi {{Goal|20|o.g.}}
*Nazik Kumyshbek Kyzy {{Goal|40}}
| stadium = [[Among Rogo Sports Hall]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| report = https://web.archive.org/web/20250304075415/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/last-minute-goal-ends-indias-staggering-fightback-against-kyrgyz-republic
| location = [[Yogyakarta]], Indonesia
| result = L
}}

=== 2026 ===
{{Football box collapsible
| format = 1
| round = [[2026 SAFF Women's Futsal Championship|2026 SAFF Championship]]
| date = {{Start date|2026|1|13|df=y}}
| time = 12:30 IST
| team1 = {{wfutsal-rt|MDV}}
| goals1 =
*Achom Degio {{futsal goal|39||o.g.}}
| score = 1–11
| team2 = {{wfutsal|IND}}
| goals2 =
*Mithila Ramani {{futsal goal|4|}}
*Ritika Singh {{futsal goal|6|||17}}
*Khushbu Saroj {{futsal goal|17|||22|||24|||26}}
*Sonali Mondal {{futsal goal|17|||37}}
*Nishka Parkash {{futsal goal|33|||34}}
| stadium = [[Nonthaburi Province Stadium|Nonthaburi Stadium]]
| location = {{nobr|[[Bangkok]]}}, Thailand
| attendance = 20
| referee =
| result = W
| report =
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| format = 1
| round = [[2026 SAFF Women's Futsal Championship|2026 SAFF Championship]]
| date = {{Start date|2026|1|15|df=y}}
| time = 12:30 IST
| team1 = {{wfutsal-rt|BAN}}
| score = 3–1
| team2 = {{wfutsal|IND}}
| goals1 =
*[[Sabina Khatun]] {{goal|7||11}}
*[[Sumaya Matsushima]] {{goal|31}}
| goals2 = Arya More {{goal|37}}
| stadium = [[Nonthaburi Province Stadium|Nonthaburi Stadium]]
| location = {{nobr|[[Bangkok]]}}, Thailand
| attendance = 50
| referee =
| result = L
| report =
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| format = 1
| round = [[2026 SAFF Women's Futsal Championship|2026 SAFF Championship]]
| date = {{Start date|2026|1|17|df=y}}
| time = 15:00 IST
| team1 = {{wfutsal-rt|IND}}
| goals1 =
*Diti Kanungo {{futsal goal|4|||4|||13|||15}}
*Nishka Parkash {{futsal goal|8}}
*Ritika Singh {{futsal goal|22|||37}}
*Khushbu Saroj {{futsal goal|24}}
| score = 8–1
| team2 = {{wfutsal|NEP}}
| goals2 =
*Manisha Thapa Magar {{futsal goal|8}}
| stadium = [[Nonthaburi Province Stadium|Nonthaburi Stadium]], [[Bangkok]]
| location = [[Bangkok]], Thailand
| attendance = 40
| referee = Benjapol Mucharoensap ([[Football Association of Thailand|Thailand]])
| report = https://saffederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/MATCH_REPORT-8-INDIA-WOMENS-FUTSAL-vs-NEPAL-WOMENS-FUTSAL.pdf
| result = W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| format = 1
| round = [[2026 SAFF Women's Futsal Championship|2026 SAFF Championship]]
| date = {{Start date|2026|1|19|df=y}}
| time = 17:30 IST
| team1 = {{wfutsal-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{wfutsal|PAK}}
|goals1 =
*Arya More {{futsal goal|14}}
*Ritika Singh {{futsal goal|28}}
*Khushbu Saroj {{futsal goal|29}}
*Diti Kanungo {{futsal goal|37|||40}}
| score = 5–3
| goals2 =
*[[Kayanat Bokhari]] {{futsal goal|4}}
*Azwa Chaudhry {{futsal goal|26}}
*Anmool Hira {{futsal goal|27}}
| stadium = [[Nonthaburi Province Stadium|Nonthaburi Stadium]]
| location = [[Bangkok]], Thailand
| attendance = 50
| referee = Nattakit Hintua ([[Football Association of Thailand|Thailand]])
| report = https://saffederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/MATCH_REPORT-12-INDIA-WOMENS-FUTSAL-vs-PAKISTAN-WOMENS-FUTSAL-2.pdf
|result = W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| format = 1
| round = [[2026 SAFF Women's Futsal Championship|2026 SAFF Championship]]
| date = {{Start date|2026|1|23|df=y}}
| time = 17:30 IST
| team1 = {{fsw-rt|BHU}}
| goals1 =
*Jamyang Choden {{futsal goal|20}}
*[[Deki Lhazom]] {{futsal goal|28}}
| score = 2–1
| team2 = {{fsw|IND}}
| goals2 =
*Khushbu Saroj {{futsal goal|36}}
| stadium = [[Nonthaburi Province Stadium|Nonthaburi Stadium]]
| location = [[Bangkok]], Thailand
| attendance = 43
| referee = Ali Ahmadi ([[Football_Federation_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran|Iran]])
| report = https://saffederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/MATCH_REPORT-18-BHUTAN-WOMENS-FUTSAL-vs-INDIA-WOMENS-FUTSAL.pdf
| result =L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| format = 1
| round = [[2026 SAFF Women's Futsal Championship|2026 SAFF Championship]]
| date = {{Start date|2026|1|25|df=y}}
| time = 15:00 IST
| team1 = {{fsw-rt|SRI}}
| goals1 =
*Shanu Paskaran {{futsal goal|22}}
*Gowry Surenthiran {{futsal goal|28}}
| score = 2–5
| team2 = {{fsw|IND}}
| goals2 =
*Sonali Mondal {{futsal goal|6|||7|||16}}
*Mithila Ramani {{futsal goal|9}}
*Pooja Gupta {{futsal goal|36}}
| stadium = [[Indoor Stadium Huamark|Hua Mak Indoor Stadium]]
| location = [[Bangkok]], Thailand
| attendance = 50
| referee = Benjapol Mucharoensap ([[Football Association of Thailand|Thailand]])
| report = https://saffederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/MATCH_REPORT-20-SRI-LANKA-WOMENS-FUTSAL-vs-INDIA-WOMENS-FUTSAL.pdf
| result = W
}}

== Head-to-head records ==
{{Updated|26 January 2026}} vs {{fsw|SRI}}
The following table shows India's head-to-head records. ''(includes all matches)''

{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Positive record|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Neutral record|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|#FFDACC|Negative record|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; white-space:nowrap;"
|-
! Opponent
! {{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! {{abbr|W|Won}}
! {{abbr|D|Drawn}}
! {{abbr|L|Lost}}
! {{abbr|GF|Goals for}}
! {{abbr|GA|Goals against}}
! {{abbr|GD|Goal difference}}
|-bgcolor=#FFCCCC
| align="left" |{{fsw|BAN}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 3 || –2
|-bgcolor=#FFCCCC
| align="left" |{{fsw|BHU}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2 || –1
|-bgcolor=#FFCCCC
| align="left" |{{fsw|HKG}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 5 || –5
|-bgcolor=#FFCCCC
| align="left" |{{fsw|IDN}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 6 || –6
|-bgcolor=#FFCCCC
| align="left" |{{fsw|KGZ}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 4 || –1
|-bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="left" | {{fsw|MDV}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 11 || 1 || +10
|-bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="left" | {{fsw|NEP}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 8 || 1 || +7
|-bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="left" | {{fsw|SRI}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 2 || +3
|-bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="left" | {{fsw|PAK}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 3 || +2
|-
!Total!!9!!4!!0!!5!!34!!27!!+7
|}

== Coaching staff ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Position
!Name
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|Head coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Joshuah Vaz]]
| rowspan="3" |<ref name="AIFF 2"/>
|-
|Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Judon Dominic D’Souza
|-
|Goalkeeping coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Veerababu Sivaneni
|}

== Players ==
===Current squad===
Following 14 players were named in the squad for the [[2026 SAFF Women's Futsal Championship]].<ref name="SAFF schedule & squad"/>
{{nat fs g start}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=Tanvi Mavani|age={{birth date and age|2004|03|11|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[ARA FC]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=Aiswarya Arumugam|age=|caps=0|goals=0|club=India|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Achom Degio|age=|caps=|goals=|club=[[East Kameng district|East Kameng DFA]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Arya More|age=|caps=|goals=|club=Aspire FC|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Radhika Patel|age=|caps=|goals=|club=[[ARA FC]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Jigmet Chunzen|other=[[Captain (association football)|Captain]]|age=|caps=|goals=|club=|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Pooja Gupta|age=|caps=|goals=|club=Aspire FC|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Ritika Singh|age=|caps=|goals=|club=Aspire FC|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Aarushi Santhosh|age=|caps=|goals=|club=India|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Diti Kanungo|age=|caps=|goals=|club=India|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Nishka Parkash|age=|caps=|goals=|club=India|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Sonali Mondal|age=|caps=|goals=|club=India|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Khushbu Saroj|age=|caps=9|goals=9|club=[[Kemp FC]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Mithila Ramani|age=|caps=|goals=|club=India|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs end}}

=== Recent callups ===
The following footballers were part of national selection in the past twelve months, but are not part of the current call-up.
{{nat fs r start}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name=Pushpa Sahu|age={{birth date and age|2005|11|21|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=YMAC Hailakandi|clubnat=IND|latest=vs {{fsw|KGZ}}, January 2025}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=Maya Rabari|age=|caps=|goals=|club=Kahaani FC|clubnat=IND|latest=vs {{fsw|KGZ}}, January 2025}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=Vaishnavi Barate|age=|caps=|goals=|club=Aspire FC|clubnat=IND|latest=vs {{fsw|KGZ}}, January 2025}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=Drishti Pant|age=|caps=3|goals=1|club=[[ARA FC]]|clubnat=IND|latest=vs {{fsw|KGZ}}, January 2025}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=Alphonsia Marydasan|age=|caps=|goals=|club=Travancore Royals FC|clubnat=IND|latest=vs {{fsw|KGZ}}, January 2025}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=Rebecca Zamthianmawi|age=|caps=|goals=|club=[[HOPS FC]]|clubnat=IND|latest=vs {{fsw|KGZ}}, January 2025}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=Madhubala Alawe|age=|caps=|goals=|club=[[ARA FC]]|clubnat=IND|latest=vs {{fsw|KGZ}}, January 2025}}
{{nat fs end}}

== See also ==
* [[Futsal Club Championship]]
* [[Futsal Association of India]]
* [[Football in India]]
* [[History of Indian football]]
* [[India national football team]]
* [[India women's national football team]]
* [[Sport in India]]
{{Portal bar|Asia|India|Sports|Association football|Women's association football}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{India women's national football team}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Futsal in India}}
{{AFC women's futsal teams}}
{{National sports teams of India}}
{{International futsal}}

[[Category:India women's national football teams|Futsal]]
[[Category:India national futsal teams|Women's]]
[[Category:All India Football Federation national teams|Women's futsal]]
[[Category:2024 establishments in India]]
[[Category:National sports teams established in 2024]]

Sathi (2002 film)

2026-03-04T03:42:46Z

Shaunak88: enhance section per sources

{{Short description|2002 Indian Bengali film by Haranath Chakraborty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sathi (2002) poster.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Haranath Chakraborty]]
| producer = [[Shrikant Mohta]] [[Shree Venkatesh Films|Mahendra Soni]]
| writer = Monotosh Chakraborty '''(Screenplay & Dialogues)'''
| story = [[S. Ezhil]]
| starring = [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] [[Priyanka Upendra]] [[Ranjit Mallick]]
| music = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = V. Prabhakar
| editing = Swapan Guha
| distributor = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2002|06|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = {{INR|1.50 crore}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Sudeshna |title=Box-office boom sends Tollywood budgets sky-high |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/box-office-boom-sends-tollywood-budgets-sky-high/cid/1260403 |access-date=3 March 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=12 January 2004}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|9.82 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/top-5-bengali-films-with-good-numbers-at-box-office-1502545532.html|title=Top 5 Bengali films with good numbers at box office|website=Thestatesman.com|date=15 December 2017|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>
}}

'''''Saathi''''' ({{translation|Partner}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Musical film|musical]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Haranath Chakraborty]]. Produced by [[Shree Venkatesh Films|Shrikant Mohta]] and [[Shree Venkatesh Films|Mahendra Soni]] under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]. It stars [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], making his debut,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-15 |title=Why June 14 is special to Jeet? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/did-you-know/why-june-14-is-special-to-jeet/articleshow/76380784.cms |access-date=2024-06-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Priyanka Trivedi|Priyanka Upendra]] and [[Ranjit Mallick]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Highest grossing Bengali movies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/highest-grossing-bengali-movies/Saathi-Rs-9-80-crore/photostory/65320294.cms |website=Indiatimes.com |access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> It is a remake of the 1999 Tamil film ''[[Thullatha Manamum Thullum]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |last2=Mazumdar |first2=Shreyanka |date=16 May 2017 |title=Remake Rajas of Tollywood |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=REMAKE-RAJAS-OF-TOLLYWOOD-16052017101007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130162825/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=REMAKE-RAJAS-OF-TOLLYWOOD-16052017101007 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=30 January 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The soundtrack and background score were composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]], while V. Prabhakar handled the [[cinematography]] and editing was finished by [[Swapan Guha]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Jhumur |title=জনপ্রিয় 'ও বন্ধু তুমি শুনতে কি পাও' গায়ক মানোর সম্পর্কে এই তথ্যগুলো জানা আছে? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/mano-birthday-lesser-known-facts-about-o-bondhu-tumi-sunte-ki-pao-singer-mano-know-in-details-930229 |access-date=22 March 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=26 October 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> The film follows the tragic journey of Bijoy Ray, a struggling singer, who comes to [[Kolkata]] to find his love Sonali, being released from jail after five years due to false accusations of carrying firearms. It emerged as the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2002|highest grossing Bengali film of 2002]] and as of 2025, it stands as the [[List of highest-grossing Indian Bengali films|tenth highest grossing Bengali film of all time]].<ref>{{cite news |title=বক্স অফিসে কত টাকার ব্যবসা করে 'সাথী', জানুন এই ছবির চমক দেওয়া নানা তথ্য |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/know-the-unknown-facts-about-superhit-bengali-movie-sathi-see-in-pics-896034 |access-date=22 March 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=14 June 2022 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Ranita |title='সাথী'র ১৯ বছর, আবেগে ভাসলেন Jeet-Priyanka |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/19-years-of-sathi-jeet-priyanka-post-some-memory_386878.html |access-date=22 March 2025 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=14 June 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>

==Plot==
Bijoy Ray is an aspiring, talented singer, who resides in a village of [[Bardhaman district|Burdwan district]]. He has a caring and loving mother and a helpful brother Chhottu. He comes to [[Kolkata]] on the call of a musical tycoon but when he finally arrives at his home Bijoy is shocked to find his mentor dead. He takes refuge with the alcoholic Keshto da, who has a heart of gold. He architects a group of peers and all of them begin to work for an insurance company.

In the meanwhile, Bijoy views Sonali who stays in the same locality as her grandmother. Sonali peculiarly knows Bijoy. She has never seen him, but when Bijoy chants his numbers, she hears them of utmost interest and becomes his ardent admirer. But whenever Bijoy and Sonali physically meet each other, mishaps occur which makes Sonali misunderstand. Thus Sonali has a different picture of Bijoy in her sub-consciousness. She does not realize that the one she admires is the same person whom she hates.

Things come to a standstill when Bijoy accidentally pushes Sonali from the stairs of her college during a fight with goons and she becomes blind. When Bijoy learns of this, he is shattered. Then begins his series of sacrifices and love, he helps the financially strained Sonali and her grandmother by giving their rent. He brings the duo to their mess when their landlord expels them and finally, he sells the precious ring (Bijoy's mother's gift) to allocate the fees and cost required for Sonali's eye treatment. Even when his mother expires he keeps it a secret to everyone and takes Sonali to the eye surgeon. There he knows that Sonali can regain her eyesight if she undergoes an acute and complex operation. To acquire the cost of {{INR|50000}}, Bijoy secretly wards off to [[Visakhapatnam]] with the destiny to sell one of his kidneys. Bijoy sacrifices his passion to become a vocalist and secretly supports Sonali to fulfill her dream of becoming a singer, while Sonali has success in her first stint at the recording studios, Bijoy is arrested as a terrorist on the platform of [[Vizag]] railway station. Thus with Bijoy's money, Sonali regains eyesight and becomes a famous singer while Bijoy is sentenced to five years of rigorous imprisonment. The day Bijoy returns after completing his sentence turns out to be the same day Sonali attends her musical concert. Bijoy after arriving at Howrah station eyes the hoardings of having huge cutouts of Sonali. He reaches the spot but when he tries to contact Sonali and explain to her that he is her Bijoy, he is brutally hammered by the security. Keshtoda and Bijoy's friend arrive at the juncture. They explain the truth to Sonali. Sonali realizes that the one she has neglected is her long-lost love. They reunite amidst a jubilant crowd.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Sathi (2002) |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/sathi-2002-bengali-movie |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] as Bijoy Ray, an aspiring singer from [[Bardhaman|Burdwan]]
* [[Priyanka Trivedi]] as Sonali, the love interest of Bijoy who later becomes a renowned singer in Kolkata
* [[Ranjit Mallick]] as Keshto Da
* [[Anamika Saha]] as Sonali's grandmother
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
* [[Kanchan Mullick]] as Bijoy's friend
* [[Sumitra Mukherjee]] as Bijoy's mother
* Pushpita Mukherjee as Sonali's friend
* Shyamal Dutta
* Premjit Mukherjee as Member of Rock Band (cameo)
* Sagnik Chatterjee as Head Member of Rock Band (cameo)
* Sanghamitra Bandopadhyay as Keshto Da's wife
* Ramen Roy Chowdhury
}}

== Production ==
=== Development and casting ===
After the successful venture ''[[Pratibad]]'' (2001), [[Haranath Chakraborty]] initially approached [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] to play Bijoy in ''Sathi'' making their 8th collaboration. After hearing the story, Chatterjee rejected the role as his age wouldn't match with the age of Bijoy. Then he suggested Chakraborty to find a new face for the role. [[Jisshu Sengupta]] auditioned for the role, but was rejected later. Then [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] came on the board, who was doing theatre then and struggling for cinemas. [[Priyanka Upendra|Priyanka Trivedi]] was selected to play opposite Jeet and [[Ranjit Mallick]] was signed for another pivotal role marking his 12th collaboration with Haranath Chakraborty.<ref>{{cite news |last1=ঘোষ |first1=দেবারতি |title=প্রসেনজিৎ ফিরিয়ে দেওয়ার পর জিৎকে অফার! 'সাথী'-র ২১ বছরে জানুন অজানা গল্প |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/jeet-completed-21-years-in-the-tollywood-industry-pens-a-note-to-thank-fans/100994890.cms |access-date=22 March 2025 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=14 June 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The shooting took place in [[Kolkata]], [[Bardhaman|Burdwan]], [[Bolpur]] and [[Ramoji Film City]]. The climax scene of the film was shot at [[Bolpur|Geetanjali Cinema Hall]], a single screen situated in Bolpur, while some song sequences were filmed at Ramoji Film City.

=== Dubbing ===
In the talk show ''[[Rituparno Ghosh|Ghosh & Company]]'', hosted by filmmaker [[Rituparno Ghosh]], [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] revealed that [[Haranath Chakraborty]] and [[Shree Venkatesh Films|Shrikant Mohta]] had not wanted him to dub for his role as he was a non-bengali. But Jeet, who was born and grew up in [[Kalighat]] and performed in several [[Drama|Bengali language dramas]], concentrated on upscaling his Bengali pronunciation. After a long hard work, Jeet requested Chakraborty to allow him for the dubbing. After hearing Jeet's clear Bengali pronunciation, Chakraborty agreed to allow him for dubbing and finally Jeet dubbed for himself.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=Jeet: ‘আমাকে সাথী ডাবিং করতে বারণ করা হয়’, অবাঙালি জিৎ কীভাবে বাংলা ভাষা রপ্ত করলেন? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/when-jeet-revealed-he-was-asked-not-to-dubbed-for-saathi-as-his-bengali-pronunciation-was-not-up-to-the-mark-31680349921247.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401185848/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/when-jeet-revealed-he-was-asked-not-to-dubbed-for-saathi-as-his-bengali-pronunciation-was-not-up-to-the-mark-31680349921247.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 April 2023 |access-date=22 March 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 April 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sathi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2002
| recorded = 2001
| venue =
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Eskay Movies|Eskay Video]], [[Venus]], [[Shraddha Music]]
| producer = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Sangee]]
| next_year = 2003
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Sathi
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Ei Bhalobasha
| single1date = 3 Jun 2016
| single2 = Bolbo Tomaye
| single2date = 20 Jun 2014
| single3 = O Bondhu (Female Version)
| single3date = 21 Jan 2016
| single4 = Ei Gaan
| single4date = 22 Feb 2016
| single5 = Bolbo Tomaye
| single5date = 14 Jun 2017
| single6 = Porabasi Dak Diye Jaye
| single6date = 14 Jun 2017
}}
}}

The music of the film has been composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]]. All the lyrics has been written by Gautam Sushmit.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = O Bondhu
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Manu]]
| length1 = 06:09
| title2 = Bolbo Tomaye
| extra2 = Manu, [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length2 = 05:23
| title3 = Aalap
| extra3 = [[Swarnalatha|Swarnalata]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Ei Bhalobasha
| extra4 = Manu
| length4 = 05:33
| title5 = O Bondhu (Reprise)
| extra5 = Manu
| length5 =
| title6 = Porabasi Dak Diye Jaye
| extra6 = Swarnalata, Prabhakar
| length6 = 03:48
| title7 = Ei Gaan
| extra7 = Manu
| length7 = 05:38
| title8 = O Bondhu (Female Version)
| extra8 = Anuradha Sriram
| length8 = 06:12
| title9 = Juge Juge Sab Bodlay
| extra9 = Manu
| length9 = 01:45
| title10 = Janina Kothao Aacho
| extra10 = Manu
| length10 = 04:00
}}

==Awards==
*Sathi won the [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Clean & Entertainment Film Award]]
*Jeet won the [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Most Promising Actor Award]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1390851}}

{{Haranath Chakraborty}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2002 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2002 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. P. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Haranath Chakraborty]]
[[Category:2002 musical films]]
[[Category:Bengali remakes of Tamil films]]

Sexy Durga

2026-03-03T20:35:33Z

Shaunak88: started initial stub added tags

{{Short description|2017 Indian horror film}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = S Durga
| image = Sexy_Durga_Movie_Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]]<ref name="Hindusthan Times">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/s-durga-a-new-film-by-kerala-director/story-gm9byWwrZ5hsklFM72RvSL.html|title=Sexy Durga, a new film by Kerala director |work=[[Hindustan Times]]|location=Chennai, India|date=23 February 2016}}</ref>
| producer = Aruna Mathew Shaji Mathew
| screenplay =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Rajshri Deshpande]] Kannan Nayar Sujeesh KS Baiju Netto [[Arunsol]] Vedh Bilas Nair Nistar Ahamed Sujith Koyikkal Vishnujith Asuren
| narrator =
| music = Basil Joseph
| cinematography = [[Prathap Joseph]]
| editing = Sanal Kumar Sasidharan
| distributor =
| studio = Niv Art Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|01|27|[[International Film Festival Rotterdam|Rotterdam]]|2018|03|23|India}}
| runtime = 85 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sexy Durga''''' (Changed into '''''S Durga''''' for Indian release) is a 2017 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Independent film|indie]] [[Horror film|horror]] film directed by [[Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]].<ref name="Hindustan times review">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-cinema/at-nfdc-film-bazaar-s-durga-is-a-powerful-take-on-fear/story-O1dn0rzgGFCT1ebcu2TOiP.html|title= At NFDC Film Bazaar, Sexy Durga is a powerful take on fear|work=Hindustan Times|location= Panaji, India|date=25 November 2016}}</ref> The film is about the religious divide in the society of [[Kerala]] and its effect on marriage between two people from two different religious backgrounds.

It has won the Hivos Tiger Award at the 2017 [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]],<ref name="IFFR.com">{{cite news|url=https://iffr.com/en/about-iffr/awards/hivos-tiger-awards-competition|title=Hivos Tiger Competition|publisher=iffr.com|archive-date=10 June 2017|access-date=8 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610040003/https://iffr.com/en/about-iffr/awards/hivos-tiger-awards-competition|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the 2017 [[Golden Apricot]] at Armenia's Yerevan International Film Festival in the category International Feature Competition.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gaiff.am/en/1500138573 |title=The winners of 14TH GOLDEN APRICOT Yerevan IFF are announced |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-date=20 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720055029/http://www.gaiff.am/en/1500138573 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Durga, a North Indian migrant and a Keralite youth named Kabeer are running away at midnight. They are waiting for transportation to the nearest railway station to catch a train to a distant place. Two small time gangsters, transporting arms, offer assistance to the couple. The hapless "Durga" encounters a cross section of the society through the rest of the night.
Parallel to the journey of Durga, another mysterious event intercuts in the film. In a Kerala village, devotees perform '[[Garudan Thookkam]]', a ritual art form submitted as a reward for the problems solved in the abode of [[Kali|Goddess Kali]], who represents Goddess Durga's personified wrath & embodied fury.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sexy Durga {{!}} IFFR |url=https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2017/films/sexy-durga |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=iffr.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Rajshri Deshpande]] as Durga
*[[Kannan Nayar]] as Kabeer
*Vedh as Stranger
*Sujeesh KS as Stranger
*Arunsol as Stranger
*Bilas Nair as Stranger
*Baiju Netto as Sub Inspector
*[[Sujith Koyikkal]] as Policeman

==Reception==

Since the first screening as a work in progress film in the NFDC film Bazaar in Goa, the film has received good reviews from the viewers. Critic Gautaman Bhaskaran wrote in Hindustan Times "that was arguably one of the finest movies that this writer saw here".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-cinema/at-nfdc-film-bazaar-sexy-durga-is-a-powerful-take-on-fear/story-O1dn0rzgGFCT1ebcu2TOiP.html|title = At NFDC Film Bazaar, Sexy Durga is a powerful take on fear|date = 25 November 2016}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of Film Companion South wrote: <blockquote>''"Sasidharan likes games. In S Durga, the games are metaphorical, about the way we “toy” with others. In both films, these games start out as “fun” (though not for everyone), and end up revealing the ugliness inside the players, who are but a microcosm of a patriarchal society. These are, essentially, power games, with the strong preying on the weak. The strength comes from privilege (caste, class, gender, religious majoritarianism). The weakness rises from these very factors, but from the other end of the spectrum."''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/s-durga-malayalam-movie-review-baradwaj-rangan|title=S Durga Movie Review|publisher=[[Film Companion]]|date=12 April 2018}}</ref></blockquote>

==Awards==
* 19th Jio Mami Film Festival 2017 Mumbai India
* NFDC FILM BAZAAR – DI Award 2016 <ref name="Variety">{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/asia/facebook-film-bazaar-awards-1201926610/|title=Facebook Launches Film Bazaar Awards|work=Variety|date=25 November 2016}}</ref>
* Hivos Tiger Award in [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]] 2017<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sexy-durga-wins-at-international-film-festival-of-rotterdam/articleshow/56970797.cms|title= Sexy Durga wins at International Film Festival of Rotterdam|work=The Times of India|date=26 February 2017}}</ref>
* Award for Professional Achievement in the Tarkovsky Film Festival in Russia for the excellence in cinematography<ref name="TARKOVSKYFEST">{{cite news|url=http://tarkovskyfest.ru/2017/news2017/943.html|title=WINNERS OF THE XI INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL|publisher=tarkovskyfest.ru|date=18 June 2017|archive-date=9 October 2018|access-date=4 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009175421/http://tarkovskyfest.ru/2017/news2017/943.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The Young Jury award in the 53rd Pesaro Film Festival<ref name="PESARO FILM FESTIVAL">{{cite news|url=http://www.pesarofilmfest.it/the-winners-of-the-53rd-pesaro-film-festival?lang=it|title=THE WINNERS OF THE 53RD PESARO FILM FESTIVAL|publisher=pesarofilmfest.it}}</ref>
* Special mention from the Official Jury in the 53rd Pesaro Film Festival<ref name="PESARO FILM FESTIVAL"/>
*Jury Mention for Direction in Cinema Jove, International Film Festival of Valencia, Spain.
*Jury Mention for Music Track in Cinema Jove, International Film Festival of Valencia, Spain.
*Golden Apricot Award in the International Feature Competition category in [[Yerevan International Film Festival]] 2017<ref name="FILMIBEAT”A">{{cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2017/sanal-kumar-sasidharan-s-sexy-durga-continues-win-big-awards-265665.html|title=Sanal Kumar Sasidharan's Sexy Durga Continues To Win Big Awards|publisher=filmibeat.com}}</ref>
*Best International Feature Narrative in Guanajuato International Film Festival, Mexico [[Expresión en Corto International Film Festival]] 2017<ref name="screenanarchy">{{cite news|url=http://screenanarchy.com/2017/07/guanajuato-2017-dispatch-film-awards-go-to-sexy-durga-los-anos-azules-an-more-gallery.html|title=Guanajuato 2017 Dispatch: Film Awards Go To SEXY DURGA, LOS AÑOS AZULES, And More|publisher=screenanarchy.com}}</ref>
*Best International Feature award Reflet d’Or in the Geneva International Film Festival <ref name="cineuropa.com">{{cite news|url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/342807/|title=Sanal Sasidharan's Sexy Durga takes home the Reflet d'Or from Geneva|publisher=cineuropa.com}}</ref>

==Film festivals==
The film was screened at the following Film festivals:
*19th Jio [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|Mami Film Festival]]
*[[Mumbai Film Festival]]
*[[International Film Festival Rotterdam]] 2017.<ref name="THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/feb/04/sexy-durga-wins-sanal-kumar-sasidharan-the-rotterdam-film-festival-hivos-tiger-prize-1566925.html|title=Sexy Durga wins Sanal Kumar Sasidharan the Rotterdam Film Festival Hivos Tiger Prize|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
*[[New Directors/New Films Festival]] 2017.<ref name="New Directors">{{cite news|url=http://www.newdirectors.org/2017/films/sexy-durga|title=Sexy Durga|publisher=newdirectors.org}}</ref>
*[[Vilnius International Film Festival]] 2017.<ref name="Kinopavasaris">{{cite news|url=http://kinopavasaris.lt/en/programa/6125-sexy-durga|title=FESTIVALS' FAVOURITES|publisher=kinopavasaris.lt}}</ref>
*[[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]] 2017.<ref name="IndianFilmFestival">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianfilmfestival.org/sexy-durga/|title=SEXY DURGA|publisher=indianfilmfestival.org}}</ref>
*[[Hong Kong International Film Festival]] 2017
*[[Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Film Festival]] 2017
*[[Sydney Film Festival]] 2017.<ref name="Sydney Film Festival">{{cite news|url=http://tix.sff.org.au/session_sff.asp?sn=Sexy+Durga&s=|title=Sexy Durga|publisher=tix.sff.org}}</ref>
*Tarkovsky Film Festival 2017.<ref name="FILMIBEAT”B">{{cite news|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2017/sanal-kumar-sasidharan-s-sexy-durga-yet-another-international-acclaim-for-the-movie-263673.html|title=Sanal Kumar Sasidharan's Sexy Durga: Yet Another International Acclaim For The Movie!|publisher=filmibeat.com|date=20 June 2017}}</ref>
*Art Film Festival 2017
*Pesaro International Film Festival 2017
*[[Edinburgh International Film Festival]] 2017.<ref name="edfilmfest">{{cite news|url=https://www.edfilmfest.org.uk/2017/sexy-durga|title=Sexy Durga|publisher=edfilmfest.org}}</ref>
*[[London Indian Film Festival]] 2017.<ref name="BizAsia">{{cite news|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/black-prince-sexy-durga-lead-liff-2017/|title='The Black Prince' and 'Sexy Durga' to lead LIFF 2017|publisher=bizasialive.com}}</ref>
*Cinema Jove Film Festival 2017.<ref name="THE TIMES OF INDIA">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sexy-durga-in-the-international-film-festival-of-valencia/articleshow/58962340.cms|title=Sexy Durga in the International Film Festival of Valencia|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
*[[Taipei Film Festival]] 2017
* Lima Independiente International Film Festival 2017
*[[Yerevan International Film Festival]] 2017<ref name="Caucasian Knot">{{cite news|url=http://www.eng.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/40115/|title=Film by Indian director wins 'Golden Apricot' in Yerevan|publisher=kavkaz-uzel.eu}}</ref>
*Guanajuato International Film Festival [[Expresión en Corto International Film Festival]] 2017
*[[New Horizons Film Festival]] 2017
*Anonimul International Film Festival 2017

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6227192|S Durga}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 independent films]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]
[[Category:2017 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films about religion]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]]

Jigiri Dosthu

2026-03-03T02:28:03Z

Shaunak88: New some info more to come

{{Short description|2023 Indian film by Aran V}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Jigiri Dosthu.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Aran V
| writer = Aran V
| producer = Pradeep Jose K Aran V
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Shariq Hassan]]
* Aran V
* [[Ammu Abhirami]]
* [[Pavithra Lakshmi]]
}}
| cinematography = Saran RV
| editing = Arul Mozhi Varman
| music = Ashwin Vinayagamoorthy
| studio = lords P International & Vvk Entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2023|12|22|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}'''''Jigiri Dosthu''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy thriller]] film written and directed by Aran V.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director Aran: Rajinikanth and director Shankar encouraged me to dabble in both acting and directing |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2023/nov/21/director-aran-jigiri-dosthu-rajinikanth-and-director-shankar-encouraged-me-to-dabble-both-acting-and-49763.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227221246/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2023/nov/21/director-aran-jigiri-dosthu-rajinikanth-and-director-shankar-encouraged-me-to-dabble-both-acting-and-49763.html |archive-date=2023-12-27 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Shariq Hassan]], Aran V, [[Ammu Abhirami]] and [[Pavithra Lakshmi]] in the lead roles. The film was produced by Pradeep Jose K and Aran V under the banner of Lords P International and Vvk Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-11 |title=Jigiri Dosthu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/jigiri-dosthu/articleshow/105909184.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216164618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/jigiri-dosthu/articleshow/105909184.cms |archive-date=2023-12-16 |access-date=2023-12-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Shariq Hassan]] as Rishi
* Aran V as Vignesh Kumar "Vicky"
* [[Ammu Abhirami]] as Dhivya
* [[Pavithra Lakshmi]] as Sanju
* Vj Ashiq as Loki Karanian
* [[Gowtham Sundararajan]]
* [[Anupama Kumar]]
* Kpy Sarath
* [[Jangiri Madhumitha]]
}}

== Production ==

The film was produced by Pradeep Jose K and Aran V under the banner of Lords P International and Vvk Entertainment. The cinematography was done by Saran RV, while editing was handled by Arul Mozhi Varman.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-23 |title=Shariq, Aran, AmmuAbhirami, and Pavithra Lakshmi star in a film about power of youth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shariq-aran-ammuabhirami-and-pavithra-lakshmi-star-in-a-film-about-power-of-youth/articleshow/105438411.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226082553/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shariq-aran-ammuabhirami-and-pavithra-lakshmi-star-in-a-film-about-power-of-youth/articleshow/105438411.cms |archive-date=2023-12-26 |access-date=2023-12-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack was composed by Ashwin Vinayagamoorthy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jigiri Dosthu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://gaana.com/album/jigiri-dosthu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |access-date=6 February 2024 |website=Gaana}}</ref>
*Adiye Un Kangal - Ashwin Vinayagamoorthy
*Jigiri Dosthu Theme - Ashwin Vinayagamoorthy
*Va Da En Jigiri - Ashwin Vinayagamoorthy

== Reception ==
Roopa Radhakrishnan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Another standout is VJ Ashiq as Loki, who might be the least heroic among the three main leads, but the actor is the one who leaves the biggest impression." and rated two out of five<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jigiri Dosthu Movie Review : A comedy thriller that tries but doesn’t rise above generic beats |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/jigiri-dosthu/movie-review/106202596.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225173150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/jigiri-dosthu/movie-review/106202596.cms |archive-date=2023-12-25 |access-date=2023-12-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>.''[[Samayam]]'' critic gave two out of five and noted that "There are good things in the film. Ashwin Vinayakamurthy's background score is a major strength of the film. The background music is more terrifying than the visuals. Among the three friends, VJ Aashiq, who played the role of Loki, is the most popular among the fans."<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஜிகிரி தோஸ்த் விமர்சனம் |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/jigiri-dosthu-movie-review-and-rating/moviereview/106208065.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227221244/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/jigiri-dosthu-movie-review-and-rating/moviereview/106208065.cms |archive-date=2023-12-27 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt30102179}}
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s comedy thriller films]]

Indu (TV series)

2026-02-27T11:56:29Z

Shaunak88: New a stub w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian Bengali mystery thriller series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Indu poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| alt_name =
| genre =
| creator = Sahana Dutta
| developer =
| based_on =
| writer = {{ubl|Sahana Dutta - Season 1,2|Ayan Chakraborti - Season 3}}
| screenplay = {{ubl|Sahana Dutta - Season 1,2|Ayan Chakraborti - Season 3}}
| director = {{ubl|Sayantan Ghosal - Season 1|Abhimanyu Mukherjee -Season 2|Ayan Chakraborti - Season 3}}
| creative_director = Sahana Dutta
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ishaa Saha]]
* Suhotra Mukhopadhyay
}}
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer = Binit Ranjan Moitra
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = Binit Ranjan Moitra
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 23
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = {{ubl|Mahendra Soni|Srikanth Mohta}}
| producer = {{ubl|Sahana Dutta|Rohit Samanta}}
| editor = {{ubl|Sanglap Bhowmik - Season 1|Rabiranjan Maitra - Season 2,3}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography = {{ubl|Sudipta Majumdar - Season 1|Anujit Kundu - Season 2,3}}
| camera = [[Single-camera]]
| runtime = 18 - 37 minutes
| company = Missing Screw
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021||}}
| last_aired = present
| related =
}}

'''''Indu''''' is an Indian Bengali [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[Thriller film|thriller drama]] web series streaming on Hoichoi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Arani |title=অপেক্ষার অবসান, শুরু হল 'ইন্দু ৩'র শুটিং, কবে আসছে ওয়েব প্ল্যাটফর্মে? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/hoichoi-web-series-indu-shooting-starts/ |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=10 August 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> Written and created by Sahana Dutta, the series stars [[Ishaa Saha]] in the titular role. Suhotra Mukhopadhyay, Manali Manisha Dey and Chandraniv Mukhopadhyay play other pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Hoichoi web series Indu |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/new-hoichoi-web-series-indu/cid/1835580 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=23 October 2021}}</ref> It revolves around Indu, a newly-wed wife, who unfurls the dark secrets and mysteries of her new family.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Archi |title=Indu 2 Ending Explained: What Happened at the End of the Thriller? |url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/indu-2-ending-explained/ |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=Leisurebyte |date=20 January 2023}}</ref>

Produced by Sahana Dutta under the banner of "Missing Screw", three seasons of the series has streamed till date on the Bengali OTT platform Hoichoi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Arpan |title=Indu: All you need to know about Isha Saha's Bengali family drama on Hoichoi |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/indu-all-you-need-to-know-about-isha-sahas-bengali-family-drama-on-hoichoi/5f533bab53872 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=23 October 2021}}</ref> Dutta also worked as the creative director of the series. [[Sayantan Ghosal]] directed the first season, Abhimanyu Mukherjee directed the second season while the third season was written and directed by Ayan Chakraborti. Subrata Banik was the art director.<ref name="ES">{{cite news |title=রহস্য এবার আরও জটিল, আসছে ইশা-পায়েলের ইন্দু সিজন ২ |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/hoichoi-web-series-indu-season-2-shooting-started-will-release-on-next-year-january/95384827.cms |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=8 November 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Overview ==
In the first season, Indu gets married into a ''bonedi'' family residing in their ancestral mansion. But soon she realises that there is something mysterious about the house and the members when she found out poisonous [[Datura]] leaves inside the ''twatter machh'' and stepped on a bowl of blood while entering the house instead of the usual vermillion liquid. The mystery gets more intensified after the mysterious death of Laboni. She started her own investigation since the family tried to hush her death as an accident. Her search revealed that every member of the family is a suspect and carries a motive.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ishaa Saha is counting on more love for new season of Hoichoi mystery series Indu |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ishaa-saha-is-counting-on-more-love-for-new-season-of-hoichoi-mystery-series-indu/cid/1909003 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=10 January 2023}}</ref>

The second season picks from the cliffhanger where the first season ended; Sujato asks Indu if she would be able to solve the mystery and find the culprit. As she further investigates the death, Indu comes to know about the family's dark past and a pattern of violence that has affected the family for generations. Mysteries become more intensified as [[Datura]] seeds are found inside a pumpkin and her husband Sougato dies mysteriously. After a frenzy of events, Poushali revealed that she along with Koushali tried to scare Indu away, from the very first day. Charu's dead body is found at the courtyard, which paves way for the third season, to search for Sougato and Charu's murderer.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Archi |title=Indu 2 Ending Explained: What Happened at the End of the Thriller? |url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/indu-2-ending-explained/ |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=Leisurebyte |date=20 January 2023}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Ishaa Saha]] as Indrani {{aka}} Indu
* Suhotra Mukhopadhyay as Sujato, Indu's brother-in-law
* Manali Manisha Dey as Laboni, Sujato's estranged wife
* Chandraniv Mukhopadhyay as Sougato, Indu's husband
* [[Manasi Sinha]] as Annada Dasgupta
* [[Payel De]] as Khushi, Indu's sister-in-law
* Mimi Dutta as Poushali, Indu's sister-in-law
* Judhajit Sarkar as Mihir, Indu's brother-in-law
* Tanika Basu as Mili
* Purbasha Roy<ref>{{cite news |title=আসছে ইন্দু ৩! গুরুত্বপূর্ণ চরিত্রে পূর্বাশা রায়, কোন ভূমিকায় দেখা যাবে অভিনেত্রীকে? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/purbasha-roy-is-entering-hoichoi-webseries-indu-3-which-role-will-the-actress-be-seen-in-116102 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=13 August 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
* Anuradha Mukherjee as Charu
* Satakshi Nandy
* Shoumo Banerjee
* Tarun Chakraborty

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #000000
| link1 = Indu (web series)#Season 1 (2021)
| episodes1 = 8
| released1 = {{Start date|2021|10|22|df=yes}}
| color2 = #383554
| link2 = Indu (web series)#Season 2 (2023)
| episodes2 = 8
| released2 = {{Start date|2023|01|20|df=yes}}
| color3 = #7695D7
| link3 = Indu (web series)#Season 3 (2025)
| episodes3 = 7
| released3 = {{Start date|2025|09|27|df=yes}}
}}

=== Season 1 (2021) ===
{{Episode table |background=#b30b0a |overall=5 |title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=18 |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Dodhi Mangal
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|22}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Shajabo Jotoney
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|22}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Bashor Ghawr
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|22}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Kaalratri
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|22}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Phulshojya
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|22}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Bish pata
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|22}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Biswash - Sandeho
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|22}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Bhalo Meye, Bhalo Na
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|22}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
}}

=== Season 2 (2023) ===
{{Episode table |background=#b30b0a |overall=5 |title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=18 |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Parbe Sherlock Holmes?
|DirectedBy = Abhimanyu Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|20}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Rohoshyer Gawrbhey Rohoshyo
|DirectedBy = Abhimanyu Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|20}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Sandeho Rog
|DirectedBy = Abhimanyu Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|20}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Post-mortem
|DirectedBy = Abhimanyu Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|20}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Dhnowa
|DirectedBy = Abhimanyu Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|20}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Devil Maane Bhoy
|DirectedBy = Abhimanyu Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|20}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = O Bhoy Payena
|DirectedBy = Abhimanyu Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|20}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Shesh Tobu Shesh Noy
|DirectedBy = Abhimanyu Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sahana Dutta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|20}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
}}

=== Season 3 (2025) ===
{{Episode table |background=#b30b0a |overall=5 |title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=18 |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Dhadha
|DirectedBy = Ayan Chakraborti
|WrittenBy = Ayan Chakraborti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Kanak Bhringraj
|DirectedBy = Ayan Chakraborti
|WrittenBy = Ayan Chakraborti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Sondeho
|DirectedBy = Ayan Chakraborti
|WrittenBy = Ayan Chakraborti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Onneshon
|DirectedBy = Ayan Chakraborti
|WrittenBy = Ayan Chakraborti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Chhol Kopot
|DirectedBy = Ayan Chakraborti
|WrittenBy = Ayan Chakraborti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Jobonika Poton
|DirectedBy = Ayan Chakraborti
|WrittenBy = Ayan Chakraborti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Swikarokti
|DirectedBy = Ayan Chakraborti
|WrittenBy = Ayan Chakraborti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Announcement ===
The second season of ''Indu'' was announced by Hoichoi along with 25 other of its upcoming shows on 21 September 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arindam |title=It's a shower of stories and stars as Hoichoi rolls out 25 new web shows |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/it-s-a-shower-of-stories-and-stars-as-hoichoi-rolls-out-25-new-web-shows/114298 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=21 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Soumya Mukherjee on Hoichoi's new slate: Shows like Sampurna and Noshtoneer have also created awareness and hence we have new seasons |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-soumya-mukherjee-on-hoichois-new-slate-shows-like-sampurna-and-noshtoneer-have-also-created-awareness-and-hence-we-have-new-seasons/ed48d53ceb355 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=29 September 2023}}</ref> The release date for the second season was announced as 20 January 2023 with a poster on 6 January 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=8 new Bengali web series from ZEE5 and Hoichoi in 2023 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/8-new-bengali-web-series-from-zee5-and-hoichoi-in-2023/cid/1908188 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=6 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=12 popular shows are returning with new seasons on Hoichoi and we cannot keep calm |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/12-popular-shows-are-returning-with-new-seasons-on-hoichoi-and-we-cannot-keep-calm/cid/1888142 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=22 September 2022}}</ref>

In September 2024, the makers announced that the third season of Indu is in the pre production stage and filming will commence soon.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Suksham |title=Upcoming Bengali movies, web series releasing on OTT - Hoichoi, Netflix, SonyLIV and others |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/upcoming-bengali-movies-web-series-releasing-on-ott-hoichoi-netflix-sonyliv-and-others/articleshow/122609593.html |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[Indiatimes]] |date=11 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Female-centric social dramas are major growth drivers' |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/features/female-centric-social-dramas-are-major-growth-drivers-535034 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=Millennium Post |date=1 October 2023}}</ref> On 28 February, ''Indu 3'' was officially announced by [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] as its Hoichoi venture among the ''"Golper Parbon 1432"'' announcements.<ref>{{cite news |title=SVF and Hoichoi roll out new slate of films and shows |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/svf-and-hoichoi-roll-out-new-slate-of-films-and-shows/1355933 |access-date=18 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=28 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=হাজির গল্পের পার্বণ 1432... হাতের মুঠোয় কোন কোন ছবি-সিরিজ? - HOICHOI NEW SERIES AND CINEMA |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/golper-parbon-1432-hoichoi-and-svf-announce-several-new-cinema-and-series-west-bengal-news-wbs25030301473 |access-date=18 August 2025 |work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |date=3 March 2025}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The shooting of the second season was scheduled to begin in August 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Ishaa Saha: OTT allows to experiment and offers variations in character |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-ishaa-saha-ott-allows-to-experiment-and-offers-variations-in-character/3666dd1cc5674 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=9 June 2022}}</ref> Owing to pre production issues, it was delayed and filming started on 11 November 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Torsha |title='ইন্দু'-র শ্যুটিং শুরু, রহস্যের জট ছাড়াতে পারবেন ইশা? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/ishaa-saha-indu-2-shooting-started-isha-saha-shared-photos-on-social-media-934109 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=11 November 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> Most of the filmography of both the seasons have been done at [[Belgachia Villa|Belgachia Rajbari]] in [[North Kolkata]].<ref name="ES"></ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indu 2: Ishaa Saha, others get busy shooting the second season |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/indu-2-ishaa-saha-others-get-busy-shooting-the-second-season/6711d0176b596 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=12 November 2022}}</ref>

The third season of the series, ''Indu 3'' was announced with an announcement video in August 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title='Indu' Season 3: Shoot begins for Hoichoi mystery thriller starring Ishaa Saha |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shoot-begins-for-hoichoi-mystery-thriller-starring-ishaa-saha/cid/2117313 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=10 August 2025}}</ref> The filming for ''Indu 3'' was scheduled to start in September 2023, but was delayed owing to date issues of [[Ishaa Saha]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Indu 3: Will Payel De take part in Ishaa Saha's mysterious family? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/indu-3-will-payel-de-take-part-in-ishaa-sahas-mysterious-family/3b1005cf4a733 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=10 August 2023}}</ref> After multiple production delays, the filming for the third season was started on 10 August 2025 at [[Belgachia Villa|Belgachia Rajbari]].<ref>{{cite news |title=অপেক্ষার অবসান, শুটিং শুরু 'ইন্দু ৩'-এর, এবার কি রহস্যের জাল কেটে বেরোতে পারবেন ইশা সাহা? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/tollywood-actress-isha-saha-shoot-for-hoichoi-series-indu-3-118203 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=26 July 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
The trailer of the first season was released on 11 October 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ishaa Saha returns with the Bengali web series 'Indu 2' |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/features/ishaa-saha-returns-with-the-bengali-web-series-indu-2-505160 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=Millennium Post |date=12 January 2023}}</ref> The trailer of ''Indu 2''; the second season of the series, was released on 8 January, 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title='Indu 2' Trailer: Ishaa Saha, Chandraniv Mukherjee Starrer 'Indu 2' Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/bengali/official-trailer-indu-2-ishaa-saha-sahana-dutta-20th-jan-hoichoi/videoshow/97367461.cms |website=[[Times of India]] |access-date=14 August 2025 |date=27 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Torsha |title=Indu 2: বিয়ের রহস্য় দিয়ে গল্পের শুরু, দ্বিতীয় সিজনে বিধবার বেশে 'ইন্দু' ইশা! |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/indu-2-indu-2-second-season-trailer-casted-ishaa-saha-and-suhotro-mukherjee-released-know-in-details-947839 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=8 January 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> It revealed that the story will continue from the point where Sougato asked Indu if she would be able to solve the mysteries, which get more intensified as poisonous [[Datura]] seeds are found inside a whole pumpkin, after a poisonous leaf was found inside a gifted fish in the first season.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Ishaa Saha on Indu season 3: You will have to watch the second season to know that |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ishaa-saha-on-indu-season-3-you-will-have-to-watch-the-second-season-to-know-that/1d116167c6934 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=21 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ishaa Saha: 'Indu 2' is full of surprises and high on drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/ishaa-saha-indu-2-is-full-of-surprises-and-high-on-drama/articleshow/96848832.cms |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=9 January 2023}}</ref> The trailer for the third and final season was released on 21 September 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Arani |title=অপেক্ষার অবসান ঘটিয়ে পুজোয় আসছে ‘ইন্দু ৩’, প্রকাশ্যে ট্রেলার, কবে মুক্তি? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/hoichoi-web-series-indu-3-trailer-out-now/ |access-date=24 September 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=21 September 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===

==== Season 1 ====
Shaheen Irani of ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' rated the series 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Indu is not your regular damsel-in-distress story. While it begins like that, the story unfolds beautifully. It is among those Bengali web series that take its own time to develop but leave a mark once the setup is clear. By the end of it all, Ishaa Saha becomes quite the attraction, right after Suhotra Mukhopadhyay's." She also applauded Chandraniv and Payal's performances, the mystery factor maintained around Laboni's character and the non sexual spark between Isha and Suhotra during their on screen moments.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Irani |first1=Shaheen |title=Indu series review: Ishaa Saha kills it as the new bride |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/indu-series-review-ishaa-saha-kills-it-as-the-new-bride/6b2f18fd32634 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=23 October 2021}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

A critic from ''Binged'' reviewed the series and opined "On the surface, Indu is a suspense drama, with a murder, several attempts to murder, an unhinged woman and a mystery woman thrown into the mix. But scratch beneath the surface, and the stench of misogyny and patriarchy pervades the plot in every scene." Ishaa's flawless portrayal as Indu, Suhotra's screen presence, the world building, cinematography and the background score were praised. But the slow pace and not so great suspense build up were criticized.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indu Review – Suspense Drama, Rife With Sordid Secrets And Closet Skeletons |url=https://www.binged.com/reviews/indu-bengali-web-series-review/ |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=Binged |date=24 October 2021}}</ref>

==== Season 2 ====
Agnivo Niyogi of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' reviewed the series and wrote "The show holds on to the suspense, packs in a few twists and ends with yet another cliffhanger. Where it falls short of is in threading the incidents together and coming up with answers to questions raised in Season 1." He criticized the slow pace, dragging on of the suspense and a comparatively weak storyline than the first season.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Hoichoi series Indu 2 adds more plot twists and a cliffhanger ending but leaves us frustrated |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/hoichoi-series-indu-2-adds-more-plot-twists-and-a-cliffhanger-ending-but-leaves-us-frustrated/cid/1913740 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=2 February 2023}}</ref>

Shamayita Chakraborty of ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars and highlighted "It builds suspense, presents a stellar star cast, endlessly beats around the bushes, and finally doesn’t reach its resolution. Since the makers and writers hold back most of the explanations, the season becomes bland despite the garnishing of acting, et al." She applauded the effortless chemistry between Ishaa and Suhotra and mentioned that as the only reason to watch the series. She criticized the excessive stretching of the storyline which makes the lack of content evident.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Indu 2 review: It's official! Ishaa Saha's thriller banks on manufactured suspense due to a lack of content |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/indu-2-review-its-official-ishaa-sahas-thriller-banks-on-manufactured-suspense-due-to-a-lack-of-content/92a9a83100316 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=20 January 2023}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Archi Sengupta of ''Leisure Byte'' rated the series 4/5 stars and opined "Indu 2 is another great addition to the genre that keeps the audience hooked to the storyline. Although you don’t get the answers to some of the biggest questions, you are given an inkling to make up your own minds until the next season (hopefully) answers them." She praised Ishaa's performance but bemoaned the mystery for getting convoluted with every episode and criticized the makers for dragging the story and killing more people in the lieu of creating a new season.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Archi |title=Indu 2 Review: Another Thrilling Season for Ishaa Saha |url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/indu-2-review-ishaa-saha/ |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=Leisure Byte |date=20 January 2023}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref>

==== Season 3 ====
Agnivo Niyogi of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' reviewed the series and stated "The new season is sluggish but delivers a resolution that feels earned. This season doesn’t leave things dangling. It ties back the loose threads from past seasons." He praised Ishaa Saha for keeping the show together, the more space provided to the supporting cast, Judhajit Sarkar as Indu's brother-in-law, Suhotro's wildcard acting his emotional chemistry with Ishaa. But he bemoaned the pacing of the series as "Some scenes drag far longer than they should, especially in the middle episodes where conversations keep circling the same points."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=‘Indu 3’: Ishaa Saha-starrer Hoichoi mystery thriller gets a closure long due |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ishaa-saha-starrer-mystery-thriller-finally-gets-a-closure/cid/2125717 |access-date=13 October 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

Archi Sengupta of ''Leisure Byte'' rated the series 3/5 stars and opined "Overall, a good season. Ishaa Saha carries this series on her shoulders, and she’s, as always, great. From her mannerisms to her charms, the actor does a good job of holding on to our interest." She praised the usage of all the characters that helped in tying all the seasons together, several callback moments to recall different things that will keep the viewers interested and the ending. Although she bemoaned the slow pacing of the final season and mentioned that certain unnecessary sequences slow down the series, mounting the audience's annoyance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Archi |title=Indu Season 3 Review: A Disconcerning, Twisty and Satisfying End |url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/indu-season-3-review/ |access-date=13 October 2025 |work=Leisure Byte |date=27 September 2025}}{{rating|3.5}}</ref>

== Remake ==
A [[HT Media|OTTplay]] report in July 2022 said that [[Disney+ Hotstar]] has obtained the remake rights of the series. It was going to be remade in [[Hindi language|Hindi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Will Ishaa Saha's Indu get a Hindi makeover? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/will-ishaa-sahas-indu-get-a-hindi-makeover/6e2e0ebe88409 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=26 July 2022}}</ref> Later, it was declared that ''Indu'' would be remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] instead of Hindi. [[Avika Gor]] was roped in to play the titular role in the series.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Indu: Avika Gor to play Ishaa Saha's character in Telugu for Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/indu-avika-gor-to-play-ishaa-sahas-character-in-telugu-for-disney-hotstar/f46f442d0d681 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=18 April 2023}}</ref> The Telugu remake was titled ''[[Vadhuvu]]''. The teaser was released on 14 November 2023 and the trailer was released on 24 November 2023. It streamed on Disney+ Hotstar on 8 December 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nadadhur |first1=Srivathsan |title=Vadhuvu on OTT - All you need to know about Avika Gor, Ali Reza and Nandu's drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vadhuvu-on-ott-all-you-need-to-know-about-avika-gor-ali-reza-and-nandus-drama/dbaa0d38f1602 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=6 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indu Series: নতুনভাবে আসছে 'ইন্দু'! এবার ইশা নয়, মুখ্য চরিত্রে এই বলিউড অভিনেত্রী |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/ott/story/indu-series-news-balika-badhu-anandi-fame-avika-gor-to-play-lead-role-in-indu-telegu-remake-in-place-of-ishaa-saha-hoichoi-web-series-indu-bangla-ott-news-soc-544737-2023-04-18 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=18 April 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|15502918}}
*[https://www.hoichoi.tv/shows/watch-indu-bengali-web-series-online Indu] on Hoichoi
*[https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Indu/0GD86GJ1345SU3UIYFI356WUL4 Indu] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Indian mystery television series]]
[[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

The Great Gama

2026-02-23T19:07:27Z

Shaunak88: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Wrestler from British India (1878–1960)}}
{{For|Stampede Wrestling professional wrestler of the 1970s to 2000s|Gama Singh}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox professional wrestler
| name = The Great Gama
| image = Gama1916.jpg
| birth_name = {{smaller|Ghulam Mohammed Baksh Butt}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/710515-the-great-gama-pahelwan|title=The Great Gama Pahelwan|website=thenews.com.pk}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1878|5|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jabbowal]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]] {{smaller|(now in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India)}}<ref name="Lentz">{{cite book|author=Harris M. Lentz III|title=Biographical Dictionary of Professional Wrestling, 2d ed.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyiSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118|year=2003|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0786417544|page=118|quote=Gama the Great (Ghulum Mohammed; b. 1888, d. 1953; Amritsar, Punjab, India; 5'7", 250 lbs.) was from a prominent wrestling family in India.}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news |title=Here's The Story Of Gama 'The Undefeated' Pehalwan And How He Saved Hindus During 1947 Riots |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/here-s-the-story-of-gama-the-undefeated-pehalwan-and-how-he-saved-hindus-during-1947-riots-321745.html |work=[[India Times]] |date=16 May 2017|quote=Gama Pehalwan was born as Ghulam Mohammed in 1878 in Amritsar.}}</ref><ref name="pakistantoday">{{cite news |title=The Great Gama and Lahore |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/01/05/the-great-gama-and-lahore/ |work=[[Pakistan Today]] |date=5 January 2018|quote=Ghulam Muhammad later known as the Gama Pehalwan was born in Amritsar on May 22, 1878.}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1960|5|23|1878|5|22|df=yes}}<ref>Nidaay-e-Millat, Urdu Weekly Magazine 21–27 July 2016. Lahore</ref>
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan
| family = [[Imam Baksh Pahalwan]] (brother) [[Kalsoom Nawaz Sharif]] (granddaughter) [[Maryam Nawaz]] (great-granddaughter)
| names = Gama Pahalwan
| height = {{convert|5|ft|8|in|cm|abbr=on}}<ref name="bio1"/>
| weight = {{convert|250|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref name="bio1"/>
| billed =
| debut =
| retired =
}}
{{Professional wrestling sidebar}}

'''Ghulam Mohammad Baksh Butt''' (22 May 1878 – 23 May 1960), commonly known by the title '''Rustam-e-Hind'''{{efn|name=trans|{{lit|[[Rustam]] of [[Names for India#Hind / Hindustan|Hind]]}}, {{Translation|Champion of India}}.}} and by the [[ring name]] '''The Great Gama''',{{efn|Or Gama [[Pehlwani|Pehelwan]].}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Garg |first1=Chitra |title=Indian Champions: Profiles of Famous Indian Sportspersons |date=2010 |publisher=Rajpal & Sons |isbn=978-81-7028-852-7 |page=352 |quote=He managed to get the Indian wrestling style introduced in the international games. He is solely responsible for earning international fame for this form of wrestling and was given the title of 'Rustam-e-Hind.'}}</ref> was a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] Muslim,<ref>{{cite web |title=A Forgotten Wrestling Legend: Perhaps The Greatest of Them All |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/124884-a-forgotten-legend-perhaps-the-greatest-of-them-all |website=Bleacher Report |language=en |date=16 February 2009 |quote=Great Gama, or Ghulam Muhammad, was a Kashmiri Muslim professional wrestler from the undivided India, who was a practitioner of what is known as “Pehlwani” wrestling in south asian countries like India and Pakistan.}}</ref> [[pehlwani]] wrestler and [[Strongman (strength athlete)|strongman]] in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] and later, [[Pakistan]]. In the early 20th century, he was an undefeated wrestling champion of British India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Thomas A. |title=Martial Arts of the World: A-Q |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-150-2 |page=721 |quote=An early-twentieth century studio photo of the famous Indian wrestler The Great Gama (Ghulam Mohammed, 1878-1960).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tadié |first1=Alexis |last2=Mangan |first2=J. A. |last3=Chaudhuri |first3=Supriya |title=Sport, Literature, Society: Cultural Historical Studies |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-92024-2 |page=41 |quote=In recent years, the history of modern Indian wrestling - or ''kushti'' - has begun to receive scholarly attention. Most accounts agree that the last decades of the nineteenth century saw the coming of the modern form of this ancient Indian sport, with Indian wrestlers emerging from the confines of their ''akhadas'' and fighting with their Western counterparts. Between 1910 and 1913, a wave of Indian wrestlers visited England and took the wrestling world by storm. The most iconic of them was the great Gama - the 'lion of Punjab' - arguably the greatest wrestler India has ever produced.}}</ref>

He was born in the Kashmiri Butt caste in [[Jabbowal]] village ([[Amritsar District]]) in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of British India in 1878,<ref name="Lentz"/><ref>{{cite web |title=A Forgotten Wrestling Legend: Perhaps The Greatest of Them All |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/124884-a-forgotten-legend-perhaps-the-greatest-of-them-all |website=Bleacher Report |language=en |date=16 February 2009 |quote=Great Gama, or Ghulam Muhammad, was a Kashmiri Muslim professional wrestler from the undivided India, who was a practitioner of what is known as “Pehlwani” wrestling in south asian countries like India and Pakistan.}}</ref> Gama was awarded a version of the [[World Heavyweight Championship (professional wrestling)|World Heavyweight Championship]] on 15 October 1910. Undefeated in a career spanning more than 52 years, he is considered one of the greatest wrestlers of all time.<ref>{{cite news|title=The culture and crisis of kushti|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/sainath/the-culture-and-crisis-of-kushti/article5297790.ece?homepage=true|newspaper=The Hindu|date=31 October 2013|access-date=2 July 2016}}</ref> After the [[partition of India]], Gama migrated to Pakistan, where he died in the city of [[Lahore]] on 23 May 1960.<ref name="indiatimes"/><ref name="toi1">{{cite news|last1=Banerjee|first1=Sarnath|author-link1=Sarnath Banerjee|title=Gamanamah: The story of a strongman|url=http://www.timescrest.com/society/gamanamah-the-story-of-a-strongman-7471|access-date=11 July 2017|work=The Times of India|date=10 March 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131014144633/http://www.timescrest.com/society/gamanamah-the-story-of-a-strongman-7471|archive-date=14 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hornbaker|first1=Tim|title=Legends of Pro Wrestling: 150 Years of Headlocks, Body Slams, and Piledrivers|date=2017|publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]]|isbn=9781613218754|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuGLDAAAQBAJ|access-date=11 July 2017}}</ref>
[[File:The Indian Wrestler Gama.jpg|thumb|c. 1910]]

The prominent members of Great Gama Family include [[Zubair Jhara Pehalwan|Jahara Pehlwan]], [[Nasir Bholu]], Sohail Pehlwan, Abid Pehlwan, [[Kulsoom Nawaz|Kalsoom Nawaz]], [[Bilal Yasin]] (Ex-Federal Minister), Ibraz Butt (Youth Parliamentarian, Secretary of Information) <ref>{{cite web|title=YP135-NA-135 Lahore-XIII Ibraz Ajmal Butt |website=Youth Parliament|url=https://yp17.youthparliament.pk/yp135/|access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref> and Moazzam Zubair (son of Jahara).

==Early life==
Ghulam Mohammad Baksh Butt was born on 22 May 1878 in [[Jabbowal]], a village in the [[Amritsar district]] of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]] (now in the [[Kapurthala district]] of [[Punjab, India]]) into a [[Kashmiri Muslim]] family of traditional wrestlers, who had long [[Kashmiris in Punjab|settled]] in the [[Punjab]] region.<ref name="bio1">{{cite book|last1=Lentz III|first1=Harris M.|title=Biographical Dictionary of Professional Wrestling|date=2003|publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]]|isbn=978-0786417544|page=118|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyiSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118|access-date=11 July 2017|quote=Gama the Great (Ghulum Mohammed; b. 1888, d. 1953; Amritsar, Punjab, India; 5'8", 250 lbs.) was from a prominent wrestling family in India.}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes"/><ref name="pakistantoday" /><ref name="dt"/> Gama had two wives: one in Punjab and the other in [[Vadodara|Baroda, Gujarat]].{{Citation needed|date= June 2018}}

He was first noticed at the age of ten, in 1888, when he entered a [[Strongman (strength athlete)|strongman]] competition held in [[Jodhpur]], which included many gruelling exercises such as squats.<ref name="HT">{{cite web |title=Google Doodle celebrates India's Gama Pehlwan, the undefeated wrestling champion |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/google-doodle-celebrates-india-s-gama-pehlwan-the-undefeated-wrestling-champion-101653180853982.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |date=22 May 2022}}</ref> The contest was attended by more than four hundred wrestlers and Gama was among the last fifteen and was named the winner by the Maharaja of Jodhpur due to his young age.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Ronojoy|title=Nation at Play: A History of Sport in India|date=2015|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0231539937|page=167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5mACgAAQBAJ|access-date=11 July 2017}}</ref> Gama was subsequently taken into training by the Maharaja of [[Datia]] a princely state in [[Bundelkhand]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mensxp.com/special-features/today/26954-the-great-gama-story-of-the-greatest-pehelwan-to-ever-walk-on-indian-soil.html|title=The Great Gama: Story Of The Greatest 'Buffer' To Ever Walk On Indian Soil|last=Prasher|first=Shantanu|newspaper=www.mensxp.com|access-date=14 January 2017}}</ref> As per the tradition, he was subjected to a rigorous training regime which included throusands of [[Hindu push-up]]s and [[Hindu squat]]s everyday.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shannon|first=Jake|title=Say Uncle! Catch-as-catch-can Wrestling and the Roots of Ultimate Fighting, Pro Wrestling, & Modern Grappling|url=https://archive.org/details/sayunclecatchasc0000jake|year=2011|publisher=ECW Press|isbn=9781550229615|page=25}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Squat, baithak, Hindu squat, possibly 'The Great Gamma'.png|thumb|Gama performing a [[Squat (exercise)#Body-weight|baithak]]]]
[[File:Dand, Dund, Hindu push-up.png|thumb|Gama performing a [[Push-up#Hindu push-up|dand]]]]

===First encounter with Raheem Bakhsh Sultaniwala===
In 1895, at the age of 17, Gama challenged the then Rustam-e-Hind,{{efn|name=trans}} middle-aged Raheem Bakhsh Sultani Wala, another ethnic Kashmiri wrestler from [[Gujranwala]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hong |first1=Fan |last2=Zhouxiang |first2=Lu |title=The Routledge Handbook of Sport in Asia |date=20 May 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-59027-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHjnDwAAQBAJ&dq=great+gama+%22Raheem+Bakhsh%22&pg=PT185 |language=en}}</ref> At about {{convert|7|ft}} tall, with a very impressive win–loss record, Raheem was expected to easily defeat the {{convert|5|ft|7|in|adj=on}} Gama. Raheem's only drawback was his age as he was much older than Gama, and near the end of his career. The bout continued for hours and eventually ended in a draw.<ref name="baksh">{{cite news |title=Gama Pehlwan: 144th Birth Anniversary of Gama Pehlwan 2022 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/google-doodle-celebrates-gama-pehalwan-the-undefeated-wrestling-champion-2997919 |work=NDTV |language=en-IN}}</ref> The contest with Raheem was the turning point in Gama's career. After that, he was looked upon as the next contender for the title of ''Rustam-e-Hind'' or the ''Indian Wrestling Championship''. In the first bout Gama remained defensive, but in the second bout he went on the offensive. Despite severe bleeding from his nose and ears, he managed to deal a great deal of damage to Raheem Bakhsh.<ref name="baksh"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Alter |first1=Joseph S. |title=The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India |date=3 August 1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91217-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMu1xKEWBt4C&q=great+gama+%22Raheem+Bakhsh%22+%22biddu%22 |language=en}}</ref>

By 1910, Gama had defeated all the prominent Indian wrestlers who faced him except the champion, Raheem Bakhsh Sultani Wala. At this time, he focused his attention on the rest of the world. Accompanied by his younger brother [[Imam Baksh Pahalwan|Imam Bakhsh]], Gama sailed to England to compete with the Western wrestlers but could not gain instant entry, because of his lower height.<ref name=alter>{{cite book|last=Alter|first=Joseph S.|title=The wrestler's body identity and ideology in North India|year=1992|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0520912175|page=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMu1xKEWBt4C}}</ref>

===Tournament in London===
In London, Gama issued a challenge that he could throw any three wrestlers of any weight class in thirty minutes. This announcement however was seen as a bluff by the wrestlers and their wrestling promoter R. B. Benjamin.<ref name="toi1"/> For a long time, no one came forward to accept the challenge. To break the ice, Gama presented another challenge to specific heavy weight wrestlers. He challenged [[Stanislaus Zbyszko]] and [[Frank Gotch]], that he would either beat them or pay them the prize money and go home. The first professional wrestler to take his challenge was the American [[Ben Roller|Benjamin Roller]]. In the bout, Gama pinned Roller in 1 minute 40 seconds the first time, and in 9 minutes 10 seconds the other. On the second day, he defeated 12 wrestlers and thus gained entry to the official tournament.<ref name=alter/>

===Match with Stanislaus Zbyszko===
He was pitted against world champion [[Stanislaus Zbyszko]]<ref name=alter/> and the bout was set for 10 September 1910. Zbyszko was then regarded among the premier wrestlers in the world; and he would then take on the mammoth challenge of India's feared Great Gama, an undefeated champion who had been unsuccessful in his attempts to lure Frank Gotch into a match. And so, on 10 September 1910, Zbyszko faced the Great Gama in the finals of the [[John Bull]] World Championships in London.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Svinth |first1=Joseph |title=Martial Arts in the Modern World |date=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98153-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CayyJJg0KIsC&dq=Zbyszko+gama&pg=PA104 |language=en}}</ref> The match was worth £250 in prize money and the John Bull Belt. Within a minute, Zbyszko was taken down and remained in that position for the remaining 2 hours and 35 minutes of the match. There were a few brief moments when Zbyszko would get up, but he just ended back down in his previous position. Through this defensive strategy of hugging the mat in order to nullify Great Gama's greatest strengths, Zbyszko wrestled the Indian legend to a draw after nearly three hours of grappling, though Zbyszko's lack of tenacity angered many of the fans in attendance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why the Great Gama is counted among the greatest wrestlers of all time |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/why-the-great-gama-is-counted-among-the-greatest-wrestlers-of-all-time-57489 |website=trtworld |language=en}}</ref>

Nevertheless, Zbyszko still became one of the few wrestlers to ever meet the Great Gama without going down in defeat; The two men were set to face each other again on 17 September 1910. On that date, Zbyszko failed to show up and Gama was announced the winner by default.<ref name="Bull1">{{Cite news|title=The 'John Bull' Wrestling belt won by an Indian|date=17 September 1910|work=The Derby Daily Telegraph}}</ref><ref name="Bull2">{{cite web |title=Derby Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results/1910-09-17?NewspaperTitle=Derby%2BDaily%2BTelegraph&IssueId=BL%2F0000327%2F19100917%2F&County=Derbyshire%2C%20England |access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref> He was awarded the prize and the John Bull Belt. Receiving this belt entitled Gama to be called ''[[Rustam-e-Zaman]]'' or [[World Champion]] but not the lineal champion of the world as he hadn't defeated Zbyszko in the ring.

===Bouts against American and European champions===
During this tour, Gama defeated some of the most respected grapplers in the world, "Doc" [[Benjamin Roller]] of the United States, Maurice Deriaz of Switzerland, Johann Lemm (the European Champion) of Switzerland, and Jesse Peterson (World Champion) from Sweden. In the match against Roller, Gama threw "Doc" 13 times in the 15-minute match.{{Citation needed|date= June 2018}} Gama now issued a challenge to the rest of those who laid claim to the World Champion's Title, including Japanese [[Judo]] champion [[Taro Miyake]], [[George Hackenschmidt]] of Russia and [[Frank Gotch]] of the United States – each declined his invitation to enter the ring to face him. At one point, to face some type of competition, Gama offered to fight twenty English wrestlers, one after another. He announced that he would defeat all of them or pay out prize money, but still no one would take up his challenge.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

===Final encounter with Raheem Bakhsh Sultani Wala===
Shortly after his return from England, Gama faced Raheem Bakhsh Sultani Wala in [[Allahabad]]. This bout eventually ended the long struggle between the two pillars of Indian wrestling of that time in favour of Gama and he won the title of ''Rustam-e-Hind'' or the lineal Champion of India. Later in his life when asked about who was his strongest opponent, Gama replied, "Raheem Bakhsh Sultani Wala".<ref name="raheembaksh2">{{cite book |last1=Hornbaker |first1=Tim |title=Legends of Pro Wrestling: 150 Years of Headlocks, Body Slams, and Piledrivers |date=July 2012 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc. |isbn=978-1-61321-075-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4yNrCgAAQBAJ&q=great+gama+%22Raheem+Bakhsh%22 |language=en}}</ref>

===Rematch with Zbyszko===
After beating Raheem Bakhsh Sultani Wala, Gama faced Pandit Biddu, who was one of the best wrestlers in India of that time (1916), and beat him.<ref>{{cite book |title=A problem to wrestle with |publisher=The Indian Express |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIJlAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22Gama%22+%22pandit%22&pg=PA23&article_id=156,2990938 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1922, during a visit to India, the [[Edward VIII|Prince of Wales]] presented Gama with a silver [[Ceremonial mace|mace]].

Gama did not have any opponents until 1927, when it was announced that Gama and Zbyszko would face each other again. They met in [[Patiala]] in January 1928.<ref>{{cite news|title=World Wrestling Championship: Indian's Victory Over Pole|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepressb19280214-1.2.15|publisher=The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertise|access-date=9 May 2017|page=4|date=14 February 1928}}</ref> Entering the bout, Zbyszko "showed a strong build of body and muscle" and Gama, it was reported "looked much thinner than usual".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wrestling/great-gama-pehelwan-who-refused-lose|title=The Great Gama – The pehelwan who refused to lose|last=Kundu|first=Sagnik|date=23 December 2016|website=Sportskeeda|access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> However, he managed to overpower the former easily and won the bout inside a minute, winning the Indian version of the lineal [[World Wrestling Championship]]. Following the bout, Zbyszko praised him, calling him a "tiger".<ref>{{cite news|title=World Wrestling Championship: Gama Beats Zbyszko|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepressb19280303-1.2.36|access-date=9 May 2017|work=The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser|date=3 March 1928|page=6}}</ref>

At forty-eight years old he was now known as the "great wrestler" of India.<ref name="toi1"/>

===Fight with Balram Heeraman Singh Yadav===
After defeating Zbyszko, Gama beat Jesse Petersen in February 1929. The bout lasted only one and a half minutes. This was the last bout that Gama fought during his career.[citation needed] In the 1940s he was invited by the Nizam of Hyderabad and defeated all his fighters. The Nizam then sent him to face the wrestler Balram Heeraman Singh Yadav(THE LION FROM HYDERABAD), who was never defeated in his life.The fight was very long, Gama was unable to defeat Heeraman and eventually neither wrestler won. After the independence and partitioning of India in 1947, Gama moved to Pakistan. Although Gama did not retire until 1952, he failed to find any other opponents. After his retirement he trained his nephew Bholu Pahalwan, who held the Pakistani wrestling championship for almost 20 years.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==Final years==
After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, Gama moved to [[Pakistan]]. During the Hindu–Muslim riots that broke out at the time of partition, Gama saved hundreds of Hindus from Muslim mob in [[Lahore]].<ref name="indiatimes"/><ref name="pakistantoday" /> Although Gama did not retire until 1952, he failed to find any other opponents. Some other sources say he wrestled until 1955. After his retirement, he trained his nephew Bholu Pahalwan, who held the Pakistani wrestling championship for almost 20 years.<ref name="dt">{{cite news |title=Ghulam Mohammad Baksh Butt — The Great Gama Pehalwan |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/940790/ghulam-mohammad-baksh-butt-the-great-gama-pehalwan/ |work=Daily Times |date=25 May 2022}}</ref>

His final days were difficult; he had five sons and four daughters and all the sons died young. When his youngest son Jalaluddin died in 1945 at the age of just thirteen, Gama was heartbroken and lost the power of speech for some days. He migrated to Pakistan at partition and tried his hand at different unsuccessful ventures including a bus service in Karachi called the "Gama Transport Service".<ref name="thenews">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/710515-the-great-gama-pahelwan|title=The Great Gama Pahelwan | Sports | thenews.com.pk|website=www.thenews.com.pk}}</ref> Gama was given land and monthly pension by the government and supported his medical expenses until his death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/here-s-the-story-of-gama-the-undefeated-pehalwan-and-how-he-saved-hindus-during-1947-riots-321745.html|title = Here's the Story of Gama 'The Undefeated' Pehalwan and How He Saved Hindus During 1947 Riots|date = 16 May 2017}}</ref> He died in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] on 23 May 1960 after a period of illness.

[[Kulsoom Nawaz]], politician and wife of Pakistani prime minister [[Nawaz Sharif]], was the granddaughter of Gama.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jajja |first1=Sumaira |title=WRESTLING: The Warrior's Soul |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1324342|work=Dawn| location=Pakistan |date=2 April 2017}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:The Great Gama - Title page of the book.jpg|thumb|The Great Gama – Title page of the book]]
Gama fought and won over five thousand matches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nwhof.org/hall_of_fame/bio_by_name/ghulam-muhammad|title = Ghulam Muhammad}}</ref><ref name="thenews"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyiSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118|title = Biographical Dictionary of Professional Wrestling, 2d ed|year=2003|isbn = 978-0786417544}}</ref> [[Bruce Lee]] was an avid follower of Gama's training routine. Lee read articles about Gama and how he employed his exercises to build his legendary strength for wrestling, and Lee quickly incorporated them into his own routine. The training routines Lee used included "[[Push-up#Hindu push-up|the cat stretch]]", and "the squat" (known as "baithak", and also known as the "deep-knee bend.").<ref>Little, John, ''Bruce Lee – The Art of Expressing The Human Body'' (Tuttle Publishing, 1998), p. 58</ref>

Today, a doughnut-shaped exercise disc called Hasli weighing 100 kg, used by him for squats and pushups, is housed at the [[National Institute of Sports]] (NIS) Museum at [[Patiala, India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Tribune – Windows – Featured story|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011124/windows/main5.htm|access-date=22 May 2022|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

On 22 May 2022, search engine [[Google Search|Google]] commemorated Gama with a [[Google Doodle|Doodle]] on his 144th birth anniversary.<ref name="Gama Pehlwan on Google Doodle">{{cite web |title=Gama Pehlwan, undefeated wrestler 'The Great Gama,' honored in Google Doodle |website=[[9to5Google]] |date=21 May 2022 |url=https://www.google.com/9to5google.com/2022/05/21/gama-pehlwan-google-doodle/amp/ |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref> Google commented: "Gama’s legacy continues to inspire modern day fighters. Even Bruce Lee is a known admirer and incorporates aspects of Gama's conditioning into his own training routine!"<ref name="Gama Pehlwan's Google Doodle">{{cite web |title=Gama Pehlwan's 144th birthday |date=22 May 2022 |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/gama-pehlwans-144th-birthday/ |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>

==Championships and accomplishments==
*'''[[International Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame]]'''
**Class of 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prowrestlinghall.org/induction|title=Induction Weekend 2022 | Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame|website=IPWHF}}</ref>
*'''[[George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame]]'''
** Class of 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2007/07/14/4339684.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724081743/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2007/07/14/4339684.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 July 2017|title=Emotions run high at Tragos/Thesz induction|last=Johnson|first=Steve|website=Slam! Wrestling|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]|date=14 July 2007|access-date=6 November 2018}}</ref>
*'''[[Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum]]'''
** Class of 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2014/11/26/22096551.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141130063650/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2014/11/26/22096551.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=30 November 2014|title=Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2015 announced|last=Oliver|first=Greg|date=26 November 2014|access-date=2 July 2016|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref>
*'''Other'''
** [[John Bull]] World Championship<ref name="Bull1"/><ref name="Bull2"/>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://ejmas.com/jalt/jaltart_noble_0502.htm The Lion of the Punjab – Gama in England, 1910] by Graham Noble
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061017210037/http://bod.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/6/2/45 Subaltern Bodies and Nationalist Physiques: Gama the Great and the Heroics of Indian Wrestling] by [[Joseph Alter]], Department of Anthropology at the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

{{Physical culture}}
{{Pride of Performance for Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Great Gama, The}}
[[Category:1878 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:People associated with physical culture]]
[[Category:People from Datia]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:People from Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Indian male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Indian bodybuilders]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Kashmiri descent]]
[[Category:Pakistani professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Pakistani bodybuilders]]
[[Category:Pakistani Muslims]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pride of Performance]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Lahore]]
[[Category:20th-century male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:People from Lahore]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from British India]]
[[Category:People from Kapurthala district]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]

Belthara Road

2026-02-17T03:31:55Z

Shaunak88: starting new details

{{Multiple issues|
{{cleanup|reason=caps, redlinks, section content|date=October 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2015}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Belthara Road
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Siyar
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|7|10.90|N|83|50|45.32|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ballia district|Ballia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Nagar Panchayat
| governing_body = Local Body
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 64025
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web|title=Belthara Road Population Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801202-belthara-road-uttar-pradesh.html|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi and English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 221715 [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 221715
| registration_plate = UP 60
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Belthara Road''' is a Nagar Panchayat city<ref name="Census2011" /> with a [[Belthara Road railway station|railway station]] in the north-western corner of [[Ballia district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://villagemap.in/uttar-pradesh/ballia/belthara+road+.html|title=Maps of Belthara Road Tehsil villages in Ballia, Uttar Pradesh – villagemap.in|work=villagemap.in|accessdate=5 May 2015}}</ref>

Belthara Road is the sub-district headquarters. The district headquarters of the city is [[Ballia district|Ballia]] which is 60 km away.

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 census, in 2011 Belthara Road Nagar Panchayat had a population of 20,404 – 10,564 males and 9,840 females, giving a sex ratio of 931. There were 2476 children under 7 whilst the literacy rate of 85.78% is much higher than the state average of 67.68%.<ref name="Census2011" />

==Town Area==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2017}}
The main market area starts from Railway station to Bus Station and its multiple connected road and the road which connect Railway station to Trimuhani followed by Chaukia Mod. Here are key landmarks of Belthara Road

* Railway Station
* Mandir in Railway Compound
* Dak Bangla
* Jama Masjid
* Bichla Pokhra Mandir Area
* Ramlila Ground
* Shiv Mandir
* Bus Station
* Trimuhani
* Baranwal Dharamshala
* Chaukia

== Schools ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2017}}
* [[Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Inter College]]: One of the oldest schools in the town for sixth- to twelfth-grade students, it is next to the railway station.
* [[Gandhi Mohammad Ali Memorial]] (G M A M) Inter College: Another old school for sixth- to twelfth-grade boys, it is also next to the railway station.
* [[Shayam Sundari Girls Inter College]]: Girls-only school
* [[Devendra P. G. Degree College]]: On the Belthara-Madhuban road.Road
* [[Late Kesav Prasad Mahavidyalay & PG College]], Sasana Bhadurpur
* [[M. M. D. Public School]]: Secondary co-ed school with dormitory facilities
* [[NavJeevan English School]]: Secondary co-ed school
* [[New Central Public School]] (Nursery to 10th+2 C.B.S.E.Pat) near Vishal Talkies.
* [[Nirmal Jeevan Public School]], near Indouli Gram sabha.
* Saraswati shishu vidya mandir is located in chakiya road, Belthara Road ballia. It's one of the most popular and religious school of Belthara Road.
* [[St. Xavier's School, Belthara Road]] (Nursery to 10th+2 C.B.S.E.Pat) near Piprauli Bada Gaon One of the oldest CBSE Board School
* [[D N Children school]] is located in kundail near to railway station

==Attractions ==
* Indauli, a temple of Lord Shiva & Dihbaba, Ramlila
* The Bhageshwari temple, dedicated to the goddess of the same name, is between [[Ballia]] and Belthara Road and is the most-visited place of worship by local Hindus. A month-long annual fair, Sonadih Mela, is held here in conjunction with [[Navratri]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhageshwari Temple (Sonadih, Ballia)|url=http://www.easternuptourism.com/Bhageshwari-Temple.jsp|website=easternuptourism.com|access-date=26 March 2016|archive-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525080324/http://www.easternuptourism.com/Bhageshwari-Temple.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Ghaghara]] river and its bank

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ballia district]]

Jarapada railway station

2026-02-03T09:45:39Z

Shaunak88:

{{Short description|Railway station in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Jarapada
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = Sauria, Jarapada, [[Angul district]], [[Odisha]]
| country = [[India]]
| elevation = {{convert|208|m|ft}}
| coordinates = {{coord|20.885087|84.887597|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Cuttack–Sambalpur line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on ground)
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = Yes
| opened = 1998
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = JRPD
| zone = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Sambalpur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator =
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| map_type = India#India Odisha
| map_dot_label =
| map_size = 300
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Coast Railway zone|left=Boinda|right=Kerejanga|type=[[Cuttack–Sambalpur line]]}}
}}
'''Jarapada railway station''' is a railway station on [[Cuttack–Sambalpur line]] under the [[Sambalpur railway division]] of the [[East Coast Railway zone]]. The railway station is situated at Sauria, Jarapada in [[Angul district]] of the Indian state of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Vikas|title=Jarapada Railway Station Map/Atlas ECoR/East Coast Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/jarapada-jrpd/5836|access-date=2021-05-27|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=TTI|title=JRPD / Jarapada Railway Station {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Jarapada|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/jrpd/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=www.totaltraininfo.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Railway stations in Odisha|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1998]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Angul district]]
[[Category:Sambalpur railway division]]
{{Odisha-railstation-stub}}

The Family Man (soundtrack)

2025-12-31T23:18:49Z

Shaunak88: started initial article more to come

{{Short description|Soundtrack album from television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox album|cover=The Family Man (soundtrack).jpg
| name = The Family Man: Music from the Original Series
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Various Artists
| released = 2019–2021
| recorded =
| genre = [[Prime Video|Amazon Original Series]] [[Soundtrack]]
| language = {{flatlist|
* [[Hindi]]
* [[Balochi language|Balochi]]
* [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
* [[Malayalam]]
* [[Sanskrit]]
}}
| label = [[Amazon Music]]
}}
'''''The Family Man: Music from the Original Series''''' is the original soundtrack album for the [[Amazon Prime]] [[List of Amazon India originals|Original]] [[television series]] [[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|of the same name]], featuring various artists contributed to the soundtrack album. The album consists of songs with [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]] lyrics, apart from featuring songs written in [[Hindi]] languages.

== Background ==
[[Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.]] believed that music and songs play a key role in "uplifting the entertainment factor in a spy thriller series" and when comes to web series, "the scope of a soundtrack and score is considerably bigger than a feature film, and contrary to films, "the commercial side of the series takes a back seat and they may have a lot more songs and explore different genres".{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} Being a fan of [[Indie music scene|indie]] and [[Indian classical music]], both Raj and DK approached composers, musicians and artists across the country and chose tracks and sounds of their album, as the duo believed that "it will go well with the story". The album for the two-season series, has a combination of classical and original numbers, which was positively received upon release.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2021-06-16|title="We looked for composers, musicians and artistes across the country and curated tracks and sounds"- Raj and DK on the soundtrack of The Family Man 2 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/looked-composers-musicians-artistes-across-country-curated-tracks-sounds-raj-dk-soundtrack-family-man-2/|access-date=2021-07-03|language=en|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630101528/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/looked-composers-musicians-artistes-across-country-curated-tracks-sounds-raj-dk-soundtrack-family-man-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Development ==
The soundtrack for the first season has fourteen songs used in the series. One song "Dega Jaan" composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]], was released as the promotional single track on [[Amazon Music]]. It was unveiled on 16 September 2019,<ref>{{Citation|title=Dega Jaan (Music from the Amazon Original Series|url=https://gaana.com/album/dega-jaan-music-from-the-amazon-original-series-the-family-man|access-date=2021-01-20|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302105446/https://gaana.com/album/dega-jaan-music-from-the-amazon-original-series-the-family-man|url-status=live}}</ref> through music streaming platforms and as a video song through [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dega Jaan {{!}} The Family Man {{!}} Sachin-Jigar {{!}} Mellow D ft Shreya Ghoshal {{!}} Amazon Original - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWW-bFSZ8Zg|access-date=2021-01-20|website=www.youtube.com|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111064422/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWW-bFSZ8Zg|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Devarsi|title=Inside Raj & DK's 'The Family Man': 'What if James Bond lived in Chembur and rode a scooter?'|url=https://scroll.in/reel/936833/inside-raj-dks-the-family-man-what-if-james-bond-lived-in-chembur-and-rode-a-scooter|access-date=2021-07-03|website=Scroll.in|date=14 September 2019|language=en-US|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727232910/https://scroll.in/reel/936833/inside-raj-dks-the-family-man-what-if-james-bond-lived-in-chembur-and-rode-a-scooter|url-status=live}}</ref>

The soundtrack has music composed by Sachin–Jigar, Divya Limbasia, [[Mahesh Shankar]], [[The Local Train]], [[Dr Jaan Nissar Lone|Jaan Nissar Lone]], [[Aabha Hanjura]], [[Thaikkudam Bridge]] and [[Underground Authority]], and lyrics written by [[Irshad Kamil]], Divya Limbasia, Gulshan Irfan Khanday, Mahesh Shankar, Piyush Kapoor, The Local Train, Jaan Nissar Lone, Aabha Hanjura, Thaikkudam Bridge and Underground Authority. The background score is composed by Ketan Sodha, also for the second season. Two tracks from Thaikkudam Bridge's independent music album ''[[Navarasam (album)|Navarasam]]'' (2015), were reused in the series.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-23|title=Video: When Bejoy Nambiar and Kerala rock band Thaikkudam Bridge got together|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/video-when-bejoy-nambiar-and-kerala-rock-band-thaikkudam-bridge-got-together-39263|access-date=2021-01-20|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308141625/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/video-when-bejoy-nambiar-and-kerala-rock-band-thaikkudam-bridge-got-together-39263|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=cris|date=2017-01-23|title=Kathakali rocks!|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/230117/kathakali-rocks.html|access-date=2021-01-20|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127194133/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/230117/kathakali-rocks.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

For second season, the previous track "Dega Jaan" was recreated with Tamil lyrics. The album featured seven tracks, including the recreated title track, contributed by the Pune-based Indie band Fiddlecraft (Gaurav Kadu and Sudeep Shetty), Mahesh Shankar and Shobha Raja.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} In addition to the soundtrack, three songs were reused: "Vainko", a song curated by [[Brodha V]], which was earlier released with a promotional video featuring Nasser-Al-Azeh and Vineeth Kumar of [[Jordindian]] fame to positive response.<ref>{{Cite web|title=It's a rap! New single goes viral on day one|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/nov/28/its-a-rap-new-single-goes-viral-on-day-one-2068072.html|access-date=2021-07-03|website=The New Indian Express|date=28 November 2019 |archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184551/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/nov/28/its-a-rap-new-single-goes-viral-on-day-one-2068072.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The track "Beta Sweater Pehno" released as an independent single by the band [[Swarathma]], went popular after the series' release.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-03|title='Beta Sweater Pehno' by Swarathma tells parents to release the pressure|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/beta-sweater-pehno-by-swarathma-tells-parents-to-release-the-pressure-3312944.html|access-date=2021-07-03|website=Firstpost|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183018/https://www.firstpost.com/living/beta-sweater-pehno-by-swarathma-tells-parents-to-release-the-pressure-3312944.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|author=Tanushree Roy|date=June 17, 2021|title=The Family Man 2 soundtrack is now out. Yes, Beta Sweater Pehno is on it|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/the-family-man-2-soundtrack-is-now-out-yes-beta-sweater-pehno-is-on-it-1815989-2021-06-17|access-date=2021-07-03|magazine=India Today|language=en|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621230718/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/the-family-man-2-soundtrack-is-now-out-yes-beta-sweater-pehno-is-on-it-1815989-2021-06-17|url-status=live}}</ref> "Unnara Vaithai", a Tamil-independent number by [[Bindhumalini|Bindhumalini Narayanaswamy]] and Prakash Sontakke, and "Kho Gaye Hain Wo" by [[Harpreet]] were also featured in the series.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=After Bollywood, has OTT music become a genre in itself?|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/after-bollywood-has-ott-music-become-a-genre-in-itself-273256|access-date=2021-07-03|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185924/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/after-bollywood-has-ott-music-become-a-genre-in-itself-273256|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Padma Shri]]-awardee Shobha Raju, recorded the Sanskrit song "Kanda Kumara".<ref name=":0" />

== Track listing ==
===Season 1===
{{Infobox album|cover=blank
| name = The Family Man: Season 1 (Music from the Original Series)
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Various Artists
| released = 23 September 2019
| recorded = 2019
| genre = [[Prime Video|Amazon Original Series]] [[Soundtrack]]
| language = {{flatlist|
* [[Hindi]]
* [[Balochi language|Balochi]]
* [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
* [[Malayalam]]
}}
| label = [[Amazon Music]]
| misc = {{Singles
| name = The Family Man
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Dega Jaan
| single1date = 16 September 2019
}}
}}
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| lyrics4 = [[The Local Train]]
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Mellow D
| music1 = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| lyrics1 = [[Jigar Saraiya]], Mellow D
| length1 = 3:10
| title2 = Banjara
| extra2 = Ved Jamsandekar
| music2 = Divya Limbasia
| title3 = Gol O Pullani
| extra6 = [[Aabha Hanjura]]
| length4 = 2:29
| note3 = Balochi
| extra3 = Gulshan Irfan Khanday
| music3 = [[Mahesh Shankar]]
| lyrics3 = Gulshan Irfan Khanday
| length3 = 4:37
| title4 = Khudi
| title8 = [[Mugangal|Inbam]]
| title1 = Kiske Liye Tu Dega Jaan
| length2 = 5:00
| lyrics6 = Aabha Hanjura
| extra5 = Jaan Nissar Lone, [[Sniti Mishra]]
| music5 = Jaan Nissar Lone
| lyrics5 = Jaan Nissar Lone
| length5 = 4:53
| title6 = Hukus Bukus
| note6 = Kashmiri Folk
| title5 = Harmukh Bartal
| note5 = Kashmiri Folk
| length6 = 3:04
| music6 = Aabha Hanjura
| title7 = Navarasam
| note7 = Malayalam
| extra7 = [[Thaikkudam Bridge]]
| music7 = [[Thaikkudam Bridge]]
| lyrics7 = [[Thaikkudam Bridge]]
| length7 = 6:45
| extra4 = [[The Local Train]]
| music4 = [[The Local Train]]
| lyrics2 = Divya Limbasia
| length9 = 5:31
| lyrics11 = Piyush Kapoor
| length11 = 2:41
| lyrics8 = [[Mahesh Shankar]]
| length8 = 4:29
| title9 = Aarachar
| note9 = Malayalam
| extra9 = [[Thaikkudam Bridge]]
| music9 = [[Thaikkudam Bridge]]
| length13 = 2:55
| lyrics9 = [[Thaikkudam Bridge]]
| extra8 = [[Anita Udeep]]
| note10 = Tamil
| extra10 = [[Mahesh Shankar]]
| music10 = [[Mahesh Shankar]]
| lyrics10 = [[Mahesh Shankar]]
| length10 = 4:16
| title11 = Ilaahi
| extra11 = Piyush Kapoor
| note8 = Tamil
| title12 = Pehchaan
| title10 = Naalai
| note13 = Rock Version
| music11 = Divya Limbasia
| music8 = [[Mahesh Shankar]]
| extra12 = [[Underground Authority]]
| music12 = [[Underground Authority]]
| lyrics12 = [[Underground Authority]]
| length12 = 3:28
| title13 = Hukus Bukus
| music13 = Divya Limbasia
| all_writing =
| extra13 = Suraj Biswas
| total_length =
| lyrics13 = Divya Limbasia
| title14 = Kiske Liye Tu Marega
| extra14 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Mellow D
| music14 = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| lyrics14 = [[Jigar Saraiya]], Mellow D
| length14 = 3:09
| headline = The Family Man: Season 1
}}

===Season 2===
{{Infobox album|cover=blank
| name = The Family Man: Season 2 (Music from the Original Series)
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Various Artists
| released = 7 June 2021
| recorded = 2020–2021
| genre = [[Prime Video|Amazon Original Series]] [[Soundtrack]]
| language = {{flatlist|
* [[Hindi]]
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
* [[Sanskrit]]
}}
| label = [[Amazon Music]]
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| extra6 = Shobha Raja
| length1 = 3:10
| title2 = Chal Ghar Wapas Chale
| extra2 = Fiddlecraft
| lyrics2 = Fiddlecraft
| extra4 = Hariharasudhan, Mahesh Shankar, Ramesh Chellamani, Sahitya Srinivasan
| length2 = 3:31
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Mellow D
| music3 = [[Mahesh Shankar]]
| extra3 = Sumitra Guha, Mahesh Shankar, Sheetal Nidimoru, Sahitya Srinivasan
| lyrics3 = Mahesh Shankar
| length3 = 2:53
| title4 = Aahaa Bhoomi
| headline = The Family Man: Season 2
| note4 = Tamil
| music1 = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| music2 = Fiddlecraft
| lyrics1 = [[Jigar Saraiya]], Mellow D
| title3 = Maya
| length6 = 6:53
| title7 = Andherey
| music5 = Fiddlecraft
| lyrics5 = Fiddlecraft
| length5 = 1:54
| title6 = Kanda Kumara
| music6 = Shobha Raja
| lyrics6 = Shobha Raja
| title1 = Dega Jaan
| title5 = Toofan
| lyrics4 = Mahesh Shankar
| extra7 = Fiddlecraft
| music7 = Fiddlecraft
| lyrics7 = Fiddlecraft
| length7 = 3:10
| length4 = 2:16
| music4 = Mahesh Shankar
| note6 = Sanskrit
| extra5 = Fiddlecraft
| note3 = Tamil
}}

== Songs ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;Season 1
* "Dega Jaan" – Promotional track for the series
* "Kiske Liye Tu Marega" – Episode 1 & 10
* "Banjara" – Episode 2
* "Gol O Pullani" (Balochi) – Episode 2
* "Khudi" – Episode 3
* "Harmukh Bartal" (Kashmir folk) – Episode 4
* "Hukus Bukus" (Kashmiri folk) – Episode 5
* "Inbam" (Tamil) – Episode 5
* "Naalai" (Tamil) – Episode 6
* "Ilaahi" – Episode 7
* "Pehchaan" – Episode 8
* "Hukus Bukus" (Rock version) – Episode 9
{{col-break}}
;Season 2
* "Dega Jaan" – Promotional track, recreated with Tamil lyrics
* "Chal Ghar Wapas Chale" – Episode 1 & 2
* "Maya" (Telugu) – Episode 4
* "Aahaa Bhoomi" (Tamil) – Episode 5
* "Toofan" – Episode 6
* "Kanda Kumara" (Sanskrit) – Episode 7
* "Andherey" – Episode 8 & 9
{{col-end}}

=== Reused tracks ===

* "Navarasa" ft. [[Thaikkudam Bridge]] (Malayalam) – Season 1; Episode 5
* "Aarachar" ft. Thaikkudam Bridge (Malayalam) – Season 1; Episode 6
* "Vainko" ft. [[Brodha V]] – Season 2; Episode 3
* "Unnara Vaithai" ft. [[Bindhumalini|Bindhumalini Narayanaswamy]] and Prakash Sontakke (Tamil) – Season 2; Episode 3
* "Beta Sweater Pehno" ft. [[Swarathma]] – Season 2; Episode 4
* "Kho Gaye Hain Wo" ft. [[Harpreet]] – Season 2; Episode 7

== Reception ==
The ''[[Rolling Stone India]]''-based critic Tanushi Bhatnagar called the soundtrack had "succeeded to amalgamate Tamil classical melodies with Hindi and English rap and electronic beats, all packed in a short nine-parter series", further calling it as "aptly reflective of the story" and "the emotion throughout the show as a mix of genres is put to the test fruitfully".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-05|title='The Family Man' S2 Soundtrack Features Brodha V, Fiddlecraft, Swarathma and More|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/the-family-man-s2-soundtrack-features-brodha-v-fiddlecraft-swarathma-more/|access-date=2021-07-03|website=Rolling Stone India|language=en-US|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624053903/https://rollingstoneindia.com/the-family-man-s2-soundtrack-features-brodha-v-fiddlecraft-swarathma-more/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Family Man}}
[[Category:2019 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:2020 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]

Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-27T20:58:40Z

Shaunak88: made new post

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Telangana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Telangana/Mahabubnagar.map}}
| map_caption = Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency in Telangana
| established = 1952
| party = {{Party index link| Bhartiya Janata Party}}
| mp = [[D. K. Aruna]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| electors = 1,418,672<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014"]</ref>
| assembly_cons = [[Kodangal Assembly constituency|Kodangal]] [[Narayanpet Assembly constituency|Narayanpet]] [[Mahbubnagar Assembly constituency|Mahabubnagar]] [[Jadcherla Assembly constituency|Jadcherla]] [[Devarkadra Assembly constituency|Devarkadra]] [[Makthal Assembly constituency|Makthal]] [[Shadnagar Assembly constituency|Shadnagar]]
| name = Mahabubnagar {{Small|TG-11}}
}}
'''Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 17 [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower House of the Parliament) constituencies in [[Telangana]] state in southern [[India]].<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=29}}</ref>

[[D. K. Aruna|DK Aruna]] of the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BJP]] was elected as Mahabubnagar's [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] in the [[2019 Indian general election|2024 India general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahbubnagar lok sabha election results 2024: Mahbubnagar Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/telangana/mahbubnagar-constituency-result-29511 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Overview==
Since its inception in 1957 Mahabubnagar seat is a Congress stronghold, various political outfits like the [[Telangana Praja Samithi]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the [[Janata Party]] have won it during different general elections.

During the final stages of [[Telangana movement|Telangana Agitation]] it was represented by [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao]], the founder of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]].

==Assembly segments==
Mahbubnagar Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following Legislative Assembly segments:<ref name="ceo"/>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan=2 |Party
!colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|72
|[[Kodangal Assembly constituency|Kodangal]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Narayanpet district|Narayanpet]]
|[[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|73
|[[Narayanpet Assembly constituency|Narayanpet]]
|[[Chittem Parnika Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|74
|[[Mahbubnagar Assembly constituency|Mahbubnagar]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Mahabub Nagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|[[Yennam Srinivas Reddy]]
|-
|75
|[[Jadcherla Assembly constituency|Jadcherla]]
|[[Janampalli Anirudh Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|76
|[[Devarkadra Assembly constituency|Devarkadra]]
|[[Gavinolla Madhusudan Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|77
|[[Makthal Assembly constituency|Makthal]]
|[[Narayanpet district|Narayanpet]]
|[[Vakiti Srihari]]
|-
|84
|[[Shadnagar Assembly constituency|Shadnagar]]
|[[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
|K Shankaraiah
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year!!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]||K. Janaradhan Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]||[[J. Rameshwar Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]||J. B. Muthyal Rao
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]|| rowspan="3" |[[J. Rameshwar Rao]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Praja Samithi}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]||[[Mallikarjun Goud]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]||[[S. Jaipal Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]|| rowspan="3" |[[Mallikarjun Goud]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]||[[S. Jaipal Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]||[[A. P. Jithender Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]||D. Vittal Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]||[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]||[[A. P. Jithender Reddy]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Telangana|2019]]||[[Manne Srinivas Reddy]]
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===General election, 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Mahabubnagar]]<ref name="Lok Sabha 2024 Election Results: Mahabubnagar">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha 2024 Election Results: Mahabubnagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2911.htm |access-date=3 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203082709/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2911.htm |archive-date=3 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. K. Aruna]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=510,747|percentage=41.66|change={{up}}9.78}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Challa Vamshi Chand Reddy]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=506,247|percentage=41.29|change={{up}}21.62}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Manne Srinivas Reddy]]|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|votes=154,792|percentage=12.62|change={{down}}29.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=7,755|percentage=0.63|change={{down}}0.45}}{{Election box majority|votes=4,500|percentage=0.37|change={{down}}7.53}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,226,078|percentage=71.85|change={{up}}6.46}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Mahabubnagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|candidate = [[Manne Srinivas Reddy]]
|votes = 4,11,402
|percentage = 41.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[D. K. Aruna]]
|votes = 3,33,573
|percentage = 33.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Challa Vamshi Chand Reddy]]
|votes = 1,93,631
|percentage = 19.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 10,600
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Imtiyaz Ahamad
|votes = 8,495
|percentage = 0.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 77,829
| percentage = 7.90
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 9,84,767
| percentage = 65.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Mahabubnagar]]<ref>[https://www.elections.in/telangana/parliamentary-constituencies/mahabubnagar.html Mahabubnagar LOK SABHA (GENERAL) ELECTIONS RESULT]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|candidate = [[A. P. Jithender Reddy]]
|votes = 3,34,228
|percentage = 32.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jaipal Reddy]]
|votes = 3,31,638
|percentage = 32.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nagam Janardhan Reddy]]
|votes = 2,72,791
|percentage = 26.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 9,037
|percentage = 0.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,590
| percentage = 0.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 10,14,800
| percentage = 72.94
| change = +5.26
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Mahabubnagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|candidate = K. Chandrashekar Rao
|votes = 3,66,569
|percentage = 39.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Devarakonda Vittal Rao
|votes = 3,46,385
|percentage = 37.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = K. Yadagiri Reddy
|votes = 57,955
|percentage = 6.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 20,184
| percentage = 2.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 9,26,516
| percentage = 67.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Mahabubnagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[D. Vittal Rao]]
| votes = 428,764
| percentage = 49.48
| change = +6.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Yelkoti Yella Reddy
| votes = 380,857
| percentage = 43.95
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 47,907
| percentage = 5.53
| change = +11.96
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 866,550
| percentage = 63.46
| change = -3.03
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +6.45
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Trivia==
*[[J. Rameshwar Rao]], member of [[Wanaparthy Samsthanam]] represented the constituency in 2nd,4th,5th and 6th Lok Sabha respectively.
*[[Jaipal Reddy]], former Union Minister represented the constituency in [[8th Lok Sabha]] and [[12th Lok Sabha]] respectively.
*[[K. Chandrasekhar Rao]], [[Chief Minister of Telangana|Former Chief Minister of Telangana]] represented the constituency in [[15th Lok Sabha]].

==See also==
* [[Mahbubnagar district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/telangana/mahbubnagar/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Mahbubnagar lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Mahabubnagar district}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Telangana}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|16.7|78.0|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahbubnagar Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Telangana]]
[[Category:Mahbubnagar district]]

Digvijay Bhonsale

2025-12-26T05:06:36Z

Shaunak88: made the stub w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Digvijay Bhonsale
| image = Digvijay Bhonsale perfroming Live at the 10th Anniversary Gig of Nicotine at O2 in Indore, December 2016.jpg
| caption = Digvijay Bhonsale performing live at the 10th Anniversary Gig of [[Nicotine (band)|Nicotine]] at O2 in [[Indore]], December, 2016.
| birth_name = Digvijay Bhonsale
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1989|03|31}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/DigvijayBhonsale|title=Info|work=Official Profile|accessdate=5 May 2008}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| genre = {{flatlist|
*[[Heavy metal music|Heavy metal]]
*[[hard rock]]
*[[Acoustic music|acoustic]]
}}
| occupation = Singer, guitarist, songwriter
| instrument = Vocals, guitar
| years_active = 2006–present
| label =
| website = {{URL|instagram.com/digvijaybhonsale}};
{{URL|instagram.com/digvijaymusic}}

| associated_acts = [[Nicotine (band)|Nicotine]]
}}

'''Digvijay Bhonsale''' (born 31 March 1989) is an Indian [[Rock Music|rock]] and [[Metal Music|metal]] vocalist, guitarist and songwriter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ritzmagazine.in/2016/03/metal-mania-feat-by-dirge-and-nicotine-hrchyderabad|title=Metal Mania feat by Dirge and Nicotine at HRC,Hyderabad|work=Ritz Magazine|accessdate=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314131005/http://www.ritzmagazine.in/2016/03/metal-mania-feat-by-dirge-and-nicotine-hrchyderabad/|archive-date=14 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hyderabad-Tab/2016-03-20/Metal-mania-starring-Dirge-and-Nicotine/215077|title=Metal mania starring Dirge and Nicotine|work=thehansindia.com|accessdate=20 March 2016}}</ref>

He is best known as the front-man of [[Nicotine (band)|Nicotine]], the first metal band from [[Indore]] described as "pioneers of Metal music in [[Central India]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.dnaindia.com/story.aspx?id=27256&boxid=11558&ed_date=2013-06-26&ed_code=820076&ed_page=4|title=All hail the headbangers, They are in Indore's Hall of Fame|work=DNA E-Paper, Daily News & Analysis, Mumbai, India, dnaindia.com|accessdate=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320055640/http://epaper.dnaindia.com/story.aspx?id=27256&boxid=11558&ed_date=2013-06-26&ed_code=820076&ed_page=4|archive-date=20 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/hot-trends/the-10-famous-rock-bands-of-india/|title=The 10 Famous Rock Bands of India|work=walkthroughindia.com|accessdate=18 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sinlung.com/2011/01/10-famous-rock-bands-of-india.html|title=The 10 Famous Rock Bands of India - Sinlung|work=sinlung.com|accessdate=18 August 2015}}</ref>

Bhonsale was born in [[Bombay]] and raised in Indore. He was educated at the [[Daly College]]. He completed his [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] from PIMR ([[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya|Devi Ahilya University]]) and his [[Master of Business Administration]] from [[Cardiff Metropolitan University]] in [[Wales]], [[United Kingdom]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

His great great grandfather moved from [[Barshi]] ([[Maharashtra]]), to [[Gwalior State]] and later settled in [[Dewas Junior|Dewas Junior State]],<ref name="google books">{{cite book|title=People of India: India's communities, Volume 5|author1= Anthropological Survey of India|date=1998|issue=v. 5, pg. 2215|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-563354-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=2010-12-01}}</ref> where he and his descendants held a hereditary [[nobility|noble]] position called '[[Mankari]]', in the [[Princely state|state]]'s [[Durbar (court)|durbar]].<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Way of Life: King, Householder, Renouncer : Essays in Honour of Louis Dumont|author=Madan, T.N.|date=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120805279|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_qMH9PY9fQC&pg=PA129|page=129|access-date=2015-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdIBAAAAMAAJ&q=Mankari+being+primarily+a+title+applied+to+Maratha+noblemen%2C+who+held+an+official+position+at+court |title = Pt. II. Descriptive articles on the principal castes and tribes of the Central Provinces|last1 = Russell|first1 = Robert Vane|year = 1916}}</ref>

As well as performing with his band, he has also performed several times in [[Cardiff]] as a solo musician where he lived from 2010 to 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liveinstyle.com/nightlife/party-calendar/thursday-live-metal-mania-feat-dirge-and-nicotine-hard-rock-cafe-hyderabad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622032432/http://www.liveinstyle.com/nightlife/party-calendar/thursday-live-metal-mania-feat-dirge-and-nicotine-hard-rock-cafe-hyderabad |archive-date=22 June 2018 |title=Metal Mania feat Nicotine & Dirge at Hard Rock Cafe, Hyderabad|work=liveinstyle.com|accessdate=17 March 2016}}</ref>

In 2017 he moved to [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]] and played several solo acoustic gigs at Jam Tree, Queen of Hearts, Amanzi and Corky's.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://allevents.in/harare/humpdaywednesdays-with-digvijay-bhonsale-live-music/503373863335534|title=Digvijay Bhonsale Live at Queen Of Hearts|work=AllEvents|accessdate=23 August 2017|archive-date=28 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628114112/https://allevents.in/harare/humpdaywednesdays-with-digvijay-bhonsale-live-music/503373863335534|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://allevents.in/harare/digvijay-bhonsale-live-at-amanzi/1639648642725812|title=Digvijay Bhonsale Live at Amanzi|work=AllEvents|accessdate=11 May 2017|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629140636/https://allevents.in/harare/digvijay-bhonsale-live-at-amanzi/1639648642725812|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He collaborated with the members of the band Evicted,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://metal-united-world-wide.com/archiveshows/2018|title=Archive Shows 2018|work=Metal United World Wide|accessdate=5 May 2018|archive-date=14 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914012408/http://metal-united-world-wide.com/archiveshows/2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> and played alongside Dividing The Element, Acid Tears, and Chikwata-263 at the 2018 Zimbabwean edition of the 'Metal United World Wide' concert at the Reps Theatre in Harare.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metal-roos.com.au/images/muww/events/43.jpg|title=Event Poster|work=Roos|accessdate=5 May 2018|archive-date=5 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505162752/http://www.metal-roos.com.au/images/muww/events/43.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bhonsale cites his influences as [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], [[Incubus (band)|Incubus]], [[Chevelle (band)|Chevelle]] and [[Rage Against the Machine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trendingtop5.com/interview-nicotine-top-metal-rock-band-india/|title=An interview with Nicotine, One of the top Metal bands of India|work=trendingtop5.com|accessdate=26 August 2016}}</ref>

==Equipment==
* [[Jackson Guitars|Jackson]] King V Electric Guitar
* [[Fender Jaguar]] [[Kurt Cobain]] Signature Electric Guitar
* [[Line 6 (company)|Line 6]] Pod X3 Live Multieffects Guitar Processor
* [[Dunlop Manufacturing|Dunlop]] DB01 Dimebag Darrell Signature [[Dunlop Cry Baby|Cry Baby Wah Pedal]]
* [[Blackstar Amplification|Blackstar]] ID Core Amp
* [[Ibanez]] Dreadnaught Acoustic Guitar

<gallery>
File:Digvijay Bhonsale performing Live at No Sweat, Cardiff Arts Institute, in 2011.jpg|Digvijay Bhonsale Live at 'No Sweat', Cardiff Arts Institute, [[Wales]], UK, 2011.
File:Digvijay Bhonsale performing Live at Pen n Wig in Cardiff, Wales, UK, 2011.jpg|Live at the Pen n Wig in [[Cardiff]], Wales, UK in 2011.
File:Digvijay Bhonsale performing Live at Kuzart Lane, in New Delhi, 2014.jpg|Live at Kuzart Lane, in [[New Delhi]], India, in 2014.
File:Digvijay Bhonsale performing Live at Woodstock Lounge in Indore in 14-11-2015.jpg|Live at Woodstock Lounge in [[Indore]], India, in 2015.
File:Digvijay Bhonsale performing Live at the Hard Rock Cafe in Hyderabad, 2016.jpg|Live with Nicotine at the [[Hard Rock Cafe]] in [[Hyderabad]], India, in 2016.
File:Digvijay Bhonsale performing Live at Rockville in Mumbai, 2016.jpg|Live with Nicotine at Rockville in [[Mumbai]], India, in 2016.
File:Digvijay Bhonsale with Denzil Thandabani & Justin Soutter from Evicted band, performing at the Zimbabwean edition of 'The Metal United World Wide', Reps Theatre, Harare.jpg|Live at the [[Zimbabwe]]an edition of 'The Metal United World Wide' concert at the Reps Theatre, [[Harare]], in 2018.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Indian rock]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhonsale, Digvijay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Indian rock singers]]
[[Category:Indian rock guitarists]]
[[Category:Indian rock musicians]]
[[Category:Indian guitarists]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Indore]]
[[Category:Musicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Indore]]
[[Category:People from Dewas]]
[[Category:Indian performance artists]]
[[Category:Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian singers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian singers]]
[[Category:Daly College alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Cardiff Metropolitan University]]

Pavitra Bhagya

2025-12-16T13:46:41Z

Shaunak88: made new post first draft

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox television
|image = Pavitra Bhagya poster.jpg
|caption =
|genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
|creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|based_on =
|developer = Ekta Kapoor
|story = Pavni Mehandiratta
|screenplay = Gautam Hegde
|director = Aniruddha Rajderkar
|creative_director = Somnath Kamble
|starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
|theme_music_composer =
|open_theme = ''Ishq Hay....''
|end_theme =
|composer =
|country = India
|language = Hindi
|num_seasons = 1
|num_episodes = 74
|list_episodes =
|executive_producer =
|producer = Ekta Kapoor [[Shobha Kapoor]]
|location = [[Mumbai]], India
|cinematography =
|editor = Vikas Sharma Vishal Sharma Sandip Bhatt
|camera = [[Multi-camera]]
|runtime = 20-25 minutes
|company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
|network = [[Colors TV]]
|first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2020|3|2}}
|last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2020|10|2}}
}}

'''Pavitra Bhagya''' ({{Translation|''Sacred Fate''}}) is an Indian romantic drama television series produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] under her banner [[Balaji Telefilms]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/ekta-kapoors-upcoming-kunal-jaisingh-starrer-to-be-called-pavitra-bhagya_159857|last=Kothari|first=Kunal|title=Ekta Kapoor's Upcoming Kunal Jaisingh Starrer To Be Called 'Pavitra Bhagya'|website=India Forums|date=3 February 2020|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> It aired from 2 March 2020 to 2 October 2020 on [[Colors TV]] and starred [[Aneri Vajani]], [[Kunal Jaisingh]], Vaishnavi Prajapati and Riva Arora.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aneri-vajani-to-pair-opposite-kunal-jaisingh-for-ekta-kapoors-next/articleshow/74012399.cms|title=Aneri Vajani to pair opposite Kunal Jaisingh for Ekta Kapoor's next|date=8 February 2020|last=Maheshwri|first=Neha|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story is about college-mates Pranati Mishra and Reyansh Khurana who fall in love but go their separate ways when Reyansh learns that Pranati is pregnant. Pranati gives birth to a daughter. Shobha sends the baby to an orphanage. Eight years later, Pranati learns about the existence of her daughter, Jugnu, and she and Reyansh are given joint custody of her for six months. Pranati moves into the Khurana house where the story continues with a few sub-plots such as the mystery of the death behind Reyansh's mother, Riya and Armaan's love story, the custody battle of Jugnu, Archit and Navya sibling relations, Jugnu's kidnapping, the evil intentions of elder brother Vardhan and Mallika who wants to marry Reyansh. On Pranati's birthday, Reyansh's family has to move back to their old house because Vardhan has been sent to jail. Pranati and Reyansh do the pooja in the old house where the story ends off with Reyansh asking Pranati inside his head to marry him and Pranati responds saying yes in her head.

==Cast==

===Main===
*[[Aneri Vajani]] as Pranati Mishra Khurana – Shobhna and Madan's elder daughter; Prabhas and Chetna's sister; Archit's ex-fiancée; Reyansh's ex-girlfriend turned fiancée; Jugnu's mother
*[[Kunal Jaisingh]] as Reyansh Khurana – Shamsher and Anjana's younger son; Vardhan's brother; Armaan and Maan's cousin; Pranati's ex-boyfriend turned fiancée, Jugnu's father
*Vaishnavi Prajapati / Riva Arora as Jugnu Khurana – Pranati and Reyansh's daughter

===Recurring===
*[[Vibha Chibber]] as Baljeet Khurana – Shamsher and Sangram's mother; Vardhan, Reyansh, Armaan and Maan's grandmother; Jugnu's great-grandmother
*[[Sherrin Varghese]] as Shamsher Khurana – Baljeet's elder son; Sangram's brother; Anjana's husband; Vardhan and Reyansh's father; Jugnu's grandfather
*Anjali Gupta as Anjana Khurana – Shamsher's wife; Vardhan and Reyansh's mother; Jugnu's grandmother
*Bhavya Sachdeva as Vardhan Khurana – Shamsher and Anjana's elder son; Reyansh's brother; Armaan and Maan's cousin; Anisha's husband
*Charu Mehra as Anisha Khurana – Vardhan's wife
*Jaideep Singh as Sangram Khurana – Baljeet's younger son; Shamsher's brother; Bindiya's husband; Armaan and Maan's father
*Roma Bali as Bindiya Khurana – Sangram's wife; Armaan and Maan's mother
*Mohit Hiranandini as Armaan Khurana – Bindiya and Sangram's elder son; Maan's brother; Vardhan and Reyansh's cousin; Navya's ex-lover; Riya's husband
*Prema Mehta as Riya Gehlot Khurana – Vishambar's daughter; Sameer's sister; Armaan's wife
*Yatin Mehta as Maan Khurana – Bindiya and Sangram's younger son; Armaan's brother; Vardhaan and Reyansh's cousin; Navya's love-interest
*Ajay Chakraborty as Madan Mishra – Shobhna's husband; Prabhas, Pranati and Chetna's father; Jugnu's grandfather
*Ruma Rajni as Shobhna Mishra – Madan's wife; Prabhas, Pranati and Chetna's mother; Jugnu's grandmother
*Pratiksha Rai as Chetna Mishra – Shobhna and Madan's younger daughter; Prabhas and Pranati's sister
*Jatin Shah as Prabhas Mishra – Shobhna and Madan's son; Pranati and Chetna's brother; Pallavi's husband
*Piyali Munshi as Pallavi Mishra – Prabhas's wife
*Abhishek Verma as Archit Ahuja – Mr. Ahuja and Sumitra's son; Navya and Nupur's brother; Pranati's ex-fiancé
*Vibha Bhagat / Divyajyotee Sharama as Sumitra Ahuja – Mr. Ahuja's wife; Archit, Navya and Nupur's mother
*Karan Sharma as Mr. Ahuja – Sumitra's husband; Archit, Navya and Nupur's father
*Avantika Choudhary as Navya Ahuja – Mr. Ahuja and Sumitra's elder daughter; Archit and Nupur's sister; Armaan's ex-lover; Maan's love-interest
*Ruby Bharaj as Nupur Ahuja – Mr. Ahuja and Sumitra's younger daughter; Archit and Navya's sister
*Param Nagar as Dilsher Singh – Reyansh's best friend
*[[Ashish Kaul]] as Vishambhar Gehlot – Riya and Sameer's father
*Vidyut Xavier as Sameer Gehlot – Vishambhar's son; Riya's brother; Mallika's fiancé
*Neha Pednekar as Mallika – Mantri's daughter; Reyansh's ex-lover; Sameer's fiancée
*Karan Taneja as Matron's assistant
*Ahmad Harhash as Maan Khanna Bindiya and Sangram’s son

==Production==
===Development===
The series was mainly filmed at the sets in Killick Nixon studio.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 July 2020|title=Shooting for Kumkum Bhagya, Kundali Bhagya and Pavitra Bhagya halted|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/shooting-for-kumkum-bhagya-kundali-bhagya-and-pavitra-bhagya-halted-1285501|access-date=29 July 2024|agency=ABP News}}</ref>

The production and airing of the show was halted indefinitely in late March 2020 due to the [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] outbreak in India.<ref>{{cite web|last=Upadhyay|first=Karishma|date=12 May 2020|title=Television Industry in a Slump With the Lockdown|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/television-industry-experiencing-slowdown-with-the-lockdown|access-date=29 July 2024|website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> Because of the outbreak, the filming of the series was halted on 19 March 2020.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=15 March 2015|title=Coronavirus outbreak: Film and television shootings to stop till March 31|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/coronavirus-outbreak-film-and-television-shootings-to-stop-till-march-31-1655773-2020-03-15|magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=COVID-19 impact: TV industry braces for loss as production stalled|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/covid-19-impact-tv-industry-braces-for-loss-as-production-stalled-11584938268645.html|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=23 March 2020|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> After three months, the filming resumed and new episodes started airing from 13 July 2020.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 June 2020|title=Ekta Kapoor, Nia Sharma and others are excited to resume shoot of their TV shows|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/ekta-kapoor-nia-sharma-and-others-are-excited-to-resume-shoot-of-their-shows-6477583/|access-date=29 July 2024|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=6 July 2020|title=Pavitra Bhagya new promo: Reyansh refuses to take daughter Jugnu's responsibility and admits he's selfish|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pavitra-bhagya-new-promo-reyansh-refuses-to-take-daughter-jugnus-responsibility-and-admits-hes-selfish/articleshow/76810210.cms|access-date=29 July 2024|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=8 July 2020|title=Here's When Your Favourite TV Shows Will Start Airing|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/heres-when-your-favourite-tv-shows-will-start-airing|access-date=29 July 2024|website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> Vaishnavi Prajapati was replaced by Riva Arora as Jugnu.<ref>{{cite news|date=30 June 2020|title=Famous Villain Maninee Mishra will be returning to the TV world, will play a new role in TV show Pavitra Bhagya|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/pavitra-bhagya-update-maninee-mishra-to-enter-in-aneri-vajani-kunal-jaisingh-tv-show/300618|access-date=29 July 2024|agency=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>

On 12 July 2020, the filming of the series was halted for a few days when [[Parth Samthaan]] from ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'', filmed at the same studio, was tested positive for [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Singh|first=Suhani|date=19 August 2020|title=The Bachchans, Covid and the panic in the film and TV industry|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/the-bachchans-covid-and-the-panic-in-the-film-and-tv-industry-1699850-2020-07-12|magazine=India Today}}</ref>

===Cancellation and future===
Post COVID-19 break, when the series resumed in July, it had a drastic ratings drop and the show was abruptly ended on 2 October 2020 midway despite having a bank of 12 episodes.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nirmal|first=Gayatri|date=13 August 2020|title=Naagin 4 to Pavitra Bhagya; TV shows that were launch with much fanfare but failed to perform|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/naagin-4-to-pavitra-bhagya-tv-shows-that-were-launch-with-much-fanfare-but-failed-to-perform/photostory/77505699.cms|access-date=29 July 2024|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=19 October 2020|title=Kunal Jaisingh: 'It didn't come as a surprise to me when 'Pavitra Bhagya' went off air'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/kunal-jaisingh-it-didnt-come-as-a-surprise-to-me-when-pavitra-bhagya-went-off-air/videoshow/78753961.cms|access-date=29 July 2024|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
Pavitra Bhagya was scheduled to come back with season 2 post [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/post-bigg-boss-14-kunal-jaisingh-and-aneri-vajanis-pavitra-bhagya-return-season-2-555833|title=Post Bigg Boss 14, Kunal Jaisingh and Aneri Vajani's Pavitra Bhagya to return with season 2?|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|last=Agarwal|first=Bhavna|date=11 August 2020|access-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118032506/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/post-bigg-boss-14-kunal-jaisingh-and-aneri-vajanis-pavitra-bhagya-return-season-2-555833|archive-date=18 November 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 2021, [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]] Was extended till February 2021 which lead to the cancellation of Pavitra Bhagya 2.

==Reception==
''[[The Times of India]]'' quoted that Aneri Vajani and Kunal Jaisingh's show looks promising; child actor Vaishnavi Prajapati steals the limelight and said, "Jugnu in Pavitra Bhagya stands out as a child actor. Sporting a tomboy look, Jugnu's level of naughtiness and attitude is level: Boss. With a fresh cast, the storyline of Pavitra Bhagya is also interesting and promising. However, Aneri’s Pranati is a bit over the top when it comes to showing her emotional moments. Abhishek's character Archit is also quite progressive and we can see in the upcoming episodes if his role stays the same. Kunal Jaisingh is good with the casanova image and he is justifying his role as Reyansh aka Rey."<ref>{{cite news|last=Mondal|first=Sukarna|date=4 March 2020|title=Pavitra Bhagya review: Aneri Vajani and Kunal Jaisingh's show looks promising; child actor Vaishnavi Prajapati steals the limelight|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pavitra-bhagya-review-aneri-vajani-and-kunal-jaisinghs-show-looks-promising-child-actor-riva-arora-steals-the-limelight/articleshow/74475979.cms|access-date=29 July 2024|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|url=https://www.colorstv.com/in/shows/pavitra-bhagya/}} on [[Colors TV|Colors]]

{{Colors Programmes}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

3rd Pondicherry Assembly

2025-12-15T18:44:20Z

Shaunak88: starting details

{{Short description|Indian legislative body}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 3rd Assembly of Pondicherry
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Legislative Assembly Building, rue Victor Simonel, [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], [[India]]
| body = [[Pondicherry Legislative Assembly]]
| election = 1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| before = ''[[2nd Pondicherry Assembly|2nd Assembly of Pondicherry]]''
| after = ''4th Pondicherry Assembly''
| government = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| opposition = [[Indian National Congress]]
| term_start = {{Start date|1969|03|17|df=y}}
| term_end = {{End date|1974|01|3|df=y}}
| membership1 = 30
}}
The '''Third Assembly of Pondicherry''' ''Troisième Assemblée de Pondichéry'' (17 March 1969 - 3 January 1974)<ref name="ref2004">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ |title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |year=2004 |isbn=9788120004009}}</ref>{{rp|967}} succeeded the [[Second Assembly of Pondicherry]] and was constituted after the victory of [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and allies in the [[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]. These were the second Legislative Assembly elections after the formation of the new Union Territory.<ref>Das, Manoj. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=acUtAAAAMAAJ Pondicherry]''. New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1976. p. 20</ref> After the elections [[M. O. H. Farook]] of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] got elected as chief minister.<ref name="ref2004"/>{{rp|978}}

== See also ==
*[[Government of Puducherry]]
*[[List of chief ministers of Puducherry]]
*[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Pondicherry Representative Assembly]]
*[[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Legislature of the Puducherry}}

[[Category:Terms of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 1969–1974| ]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Pondicherry]]

Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala

2025-11-26T13:34:50Z

Shaunak88: fixed page and improved wording for accuracy

{{Short description|Coach manufacturing unit of the Indian Railways}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = {{fontcolor|darkblue|Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala}}
| logo =
| image = RCF Kapurthala.png
| image_caption = RCF
| type = [[Indian Railways]] coach production unit
| industry = [[Rail transport]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=y|1986|08|17}}<ref name = "Overview">{{cite web |url=https://rcf.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,301 |title=Overview |date=6 June 2023 |website=rcf.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=RCF, Kapurthala |access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref>
| hq_location = [[Kapurthala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]] - 144602
| area_served = [[India]]
| key_people = Shri S.S Mishra (General Manager)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rcf.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302 |title=General Managers |date=4 November 2023 |website=rcf.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=RCF, Kapurthala |access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://rcf.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,594 |title=Organisation Structure |date=3 January 2024 |website=rcf.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=RCF, Kapurthala |access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref>
| products = [[Rolling stock]]
| production = 1862 coaches (2021-2022)
* [[LHB coach|LHB]]: 1840
* [[MEMU]]: 22
| assets = {{INRConvert|2097|c}}
| assets_year = 2022
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| num_employees = 6624
| num_employees_year = 2022
| divisions =
| website = {{URL|rcf.indianrailways.gov.in}}
| footnotes = <ref name = "Annual Report, 2021-22">{{cite report |author=RCF, Kapurthala |date=31 March 2022 |title=Annual Report, 2021-22 |url=https://rcf.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/ANNUAL%20REPORT%202021-22.pdf |access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref>
}}
The '''Rail Coach Factory''' at [[Kapurthala]] is a [[Passenger railroad car|coach]] manufacturing unit of the [[Indian Railways]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It was set up in the year 1985 with an investment of ₹423 crore (US$342 million) in order to enhance production capacity for India's railways and generate employment for the youth of the state.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 September 2020 |title=Tracking the genesis of RCF Kapurthala |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/tracking-the-genesis-of-rcf-kapurthala-137188 |work=The Tribune |location=Kapurthala |access-date=2 October 2020}}</ref><ref name = "Overview" /> The unit is located on the [[Jalandhar-Firozpur line|Jalandhar-Firozpur railway line]], and currently, has the job of manufacturing new [[LHB coach|LHB]] and [[MEMU]] coaches.<ref name = "Annual Report, 2021-22" />

==History==
The foundation stone for Rail Coach Factory was laid by then [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]] on 17 August 1985 with an initial cost of {{INRConvert|423|c}}. The objective of this project was to enhance production capacity for the Railways and generate employment for the youth of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. The unit commenced production just 2 years later on 19 September 1987, and rolled out its first coach a few months later on 31 March 1988.<ref name = "Overview" /><ref name = "Major Milestones">{{cite web |url=https://rcf.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,476,598 |title=Major Milestones |date=29 June 2023 |website=rcf.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=RCF, Kapurthala |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>

As of March 2022, it has manufactured more than 41,000 coaches of over 60 different types, which make up over 50% of the total production of coaches on Indian Railways.<ref name = "Annual Report, 2021-22" /> Some of these are:
* 'Tejas' high-speed coach (produced only by RCF Kapurthala)
* Non-AC [[Passenger car (rail)|general coach]] (BG/MG)
* Non-AC [[Luggage van|luggage]]-cum-[[brake van]] (BG/MG)
* [[Refrigerated van|Refrigerated]] [[parcel van]] (BG)
* Accident relief train (BG)

==Production==
[[File:NewDeli Mumbai Rajdhani AC 2 tier new livery.jpg|thumb|240px|Air-conditioned LHB Coach of the Mumbai Central-New Delhi Rajdhani]]

During FY 2021-22, Rail Coach Factory produced 1862 coaches, which was its highest ever. Out of these, 1840 were [[stainless steel]] [[LHB coach|LHB coaches]], while the remaining 22 were [[Three-phase electric power|3-phase]] [[MEMU|MEMU coaches]]. During this year, the unit also crossed the 40,000 mark in cumulative coach production.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 April 2022 |title=RCF-Kapurthala records highest coach production of 1,862 this fiscal |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/rcf-kapurthala-records-highest-coach-production-of-1-862-this-fiscal-382604 |work=Tribune India |location=Kapurthala |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref> Up until March 2022, RCF has produced 41,014 coaches of more than 60 design variants, both AC and non-AC. This comprises more than 50% of the total stock of coaches running on Indian Railways.<ref name = "Annual Report, 2021-22" /> The factory, in association with [[Defence Research and Development Establishment|DRDE]], has also developed a highly cost-effective indigenous technology for the treatment of [[Biodegradable waste|biowaste]] in coaches.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/business/record-coach-production-at-rcf-kapurthala/39435.article |title=Record coach production at RCF Kapurthala |date=25 April 2014 |website=railwaygazette.com |publisher=Railway Gazette International |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>

During FY 2015-16, the factory manufactured 120 LHB coaches to be exported to [[Bangladesh]] at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|367|c}}, with the first consignment of 40 sets dispatched in March 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2016 |title=Railways to export 120 LHB coaches to Bangladesh, first consignment of 40 to be dispatched in March |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-to-export-120-lhb-coaches-to-bangladesh-first-consignment-of-40-to-be-dispatched-in-march/articleshow/50927771.cms |work=Economic Times |access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 February 2016 |title=Railways to export coaches to Bangladesh for Rs 367 crore |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/railways-to-export-120-lhb-coaches-to-bangladesh-116021000322_1.html |work=PTI |location=New Delhi |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref> Before this (in 2006), the factory had already exported [[Metre-gauge railway|metre gauge]] coaches to [[Myanmar]] and [[Senegal]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Vijay |date=20 January 2013 |title=RCF to roll out non-AC stainless steel coaches |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/rcf-to-roll-out-non-ac-stainless-steel-coaches-111041300055_1.html |work=Business Standard |location=New Delhi |access-date=6 January 2024 |quote=RCF also exported coaches to Myanmar Railways, Senegal-Mali and other African countries. Commenting upon exports for the current year, an official said, "We have an order of four sets of 16 diesel electric multiple units (DEMU) coaches from Senegal."}}</ref><ref name = "Annual Report, 2021-22" /><ref name = "Overview" />

== See also ==
* [[Diesel Locomotive Factory, Marhowrah]]
* [[Electric Locomotive Factory, Madhepura]]
* [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]], [[Asansol]]
* [[Banaras Locomotive Works]], [[Varanasi]]
* [[Integral Coach Factory]], [[Chennai]]
* [[Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli]]
* [[Rail Wheel Plant, Bela]]
* [[Rail Wheel Factory]], [[Yelahanka]]
* [[Titagarh Wagons]], [[Titagarh]]
* [[List of locomotive builders|List of locomotive builders by countries]]

{{coord|31.32827|75.35108|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.rcf.indianrailways.gov.in}}

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

[[Category:Coach and wagon manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Kapurthala]]
[[Category:Economy of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Punjab, India]]

First Raje ministry

2025-10-04T20:02:06Z

Shaunak88: fixed intro based on references and improved wording for consistency

{{moresources|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
[[Vasundhara Raje]] was sworn-in as [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]] state in [[India]] on 8 December 2003. She was elected as the leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]. She remained chief minister until 11 December 2008. Here is the list of ministers:<ref>[http://archive.indianexpress.com/oldStory/36860/ "Raje finds space for all"], ''Indian Express'' - http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2004/may/84560.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225649/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2004/may/84560.htm |date=3 March 2016 }} - [http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/raje-s-first-reshuffle-two-meena-ministers-out-one-gurjjar-in/253997/ "Raje’s first reshuffle: two Meena ministers out, one Gurjjar in"], ''Indian Express'' - [https://web.archive.org/web/20081010172442/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/05/stories/2008070556420500.htm "Rajput strongman inducted into Raje Cabinet"], ''The Hindu''</ref>

== Chief Minister & Cabinet Ministers ==

{|class ="wikitable"
|-
! SI No.
! Name
! Constituency
! Department
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|1.
|'''[[Vasundhara Raje]]''', [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan|Chief Minister]]
|
|Minister of Finance & Taxation, Planning, Personnel, Program Implementation, Public Grievance, Energy, NRI's, Anti-Corruption Bureau & Others
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
|2.
|'''[[Gulab Chand Kataria]]'''
|
|Minister of Home affairs.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
|3.
|'''[[Ghanshyam Tiwari (politician, born 1947)|Ghanshyam Tiwari]]'''
|
| Minister of Food and civil supplies
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
|4.
|'''[[Sanwar Lal Jat|Prof. Sanwar Lal Jat]]'''
|
|Minister of Irrigation, Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojna, PHED, CAD
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
|5.
|'''[[Kirodi Mal Meena]]'''
|
| Minister of Food & Supply.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
|6.
|'''[[Madan Dilawar]]'''
|
| Minister of Social Welfare.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
|7.
|'''[[Narpat Singh Rajvi]]'''
|
| Minister of Medical & Health, Family Welfare, Industries, Labour & Employment.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
|8.
|'''[[Yunus Khan (politician)|Yunus Khan]]'''
|
| Minister of Transport, Youth & Sports.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
|9.
|'''[[Kanak Mal Katara]]'''
|
| Minister of Woman & Child Development, Tribal Area Development, GAD.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
|10.
|'''[[Prabhu Lal Saini]]'''
|
| Minister of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
|11.
|'''[[Laxmi Narayan Dave]]'''
|
| Minister of Forest, Environment & Mines.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
|12.
|'''[[Digamber Singh|Dr. Digamber Singh]] '''
|
| Minister of Industries.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
|13.
|'''[[Rajendra Singh Rathore]]'''
|
| Minister of Public Works, Parliamentary Affairs.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
|14.
|'''[[Ram Narayan Dudi]]'''
|
| Minister of Revenue, Colonisation & Soldier Welfare.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
|15.
|'''[[Kalu Lal Gurjar]]'''
|
| Minister of Rural development.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
|16.
|'''[[Nathu Singh Gurjar]]'''
|
| Minister of Cooperative.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
|17.
|'''[[Ram Kishore Meena]]'''
|
| Minister of Labour.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
|18.
|'''[[Nand Lal Meena (born 1946)|Nand Lal Meena]]'''
|
| Minister of Tribal Area development.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
|19.
|'''[[Kali Charan Saraf]]'''
|
| Minister of Primary, Secondary & Higher Education.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
|20.
|'''[[Devi Singh Bhati]]'''
|
|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
|}

== Ministers of State with independent charge ==

{|class ="wikitable"
|-
! SI No.
! Name
! Constituency
! Department
! Party
|-
|1.
|[[Pratap Singh Singhavi]]
|
| Minister of Forest.
|
|-
|2.
|[[Surerndra Goyal]]
|
|Minister of Urban Development & Housing, Local Self Government.
|
|-
|}

=== Ministers of State ===
{|class ="wikitable"
|-
! SI No.
! Name
! Constituency
! Department
! Party
|-
|1.
|[[Amra Ram Choudhary]]
|
|Minister of Home.
|
|-
|2.
|[[Babu Lal Verma]]
|
| Minister of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj.
|
|-
|3.
|[[Bhawani Joshi]]
|
| Minister of Medical & Health.
|
|-
|4.
|[[Surendra Pal Singh (politician)|Surendra Pal Singh TT]]
|
| Minister of Agriculture.
|
|-
|5.
|[[Usha Punia]]
|
| Minister of Tourism, Art & Culture, Devasthan.
|
|-
|6.
|[[Vasudev Devnani]]
|
| Minister of Primary, Secondary & Higher Education, Sanskrit Education, Language & Minority Language, Technical Education.
|
|-
|7.
|[[Surendra Singh Rathore]]
|
| Minister of Irrigation.
|
|-
|8.
|[[Khema Ram Meghawal]]
|
| Minister of Mines.
|
|-
|9.
|[[Gajendra Singh Kheenvsar]]
|
| Minister of Energy.
|
|-
|10.
|[[Chunni Lal Dhakar]]
|
|
|
|-
|11.
|[[Virendra Meena]]
|
|
|
|-
|}

==See also==
[[Vasundhara Raje ministry (2013–)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasundhara Raje ministry (2003-2008)}}
[[Category:Rajasthan ministries|Raje 01]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party state ministries of Rajasthan|Raje I]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2003|Raje I]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2008|Raje II]]

Harshvardhan Chunawala

2025-10-03T04:40:31Z

Shaunak88: New a post initial version...

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Harshvardhan Chunawala
| image =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| birth_date =
| field = [[Cybersecurity]], [[Cloud computing]], and [[rover (space exploration)|Rovers]]
| alma_mater = [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
| workplaces = [[Carnegie Mellon University]], [[SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory]]
}}

'''Harshvardhan Chunawala''' is an Indian-born [[cybersecurity]] researcher and [[engineering technologist|technologist]] specializing in [[information technology]] and [[network security|security]].<ref name="cmu.edu">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cmu.edu/ini/news/2021/chunawala-india-cib.html |title=From Young Entrepreneur to National Cybersecurity Advisor |first=Deana |last=Lorenzo |date=December 17, 2021}}</ref> He is noted for his involvement in [[Carnegie Mellon University]]'s Iris Lunar Rover Mission aboard [[Peregrine Mission One|Peregrine Lander]] and served as a mission operator for the [[lunar rover]], commanding it over a [[lunar distance]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cmu.edu/ini/news/2024/iris-lunar-rover.html |title=How INI Alumni Harshvardhan Chunawala and Hunter Wodzenski Helped Send the Iris Rover to Space |date=April 9, 2024}}</ref> He also serves as a faculty member of the [[Xavier Institute of Engineering]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.xavier.ac.in/Faculty%20Profile.php?id=250|title=Xavier Institute of Engineering}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Harshvardhan Chunawala was born in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref name="auto"/> He received his [[Bachelor of Engineering]] degree in [[information technology]] from the [[Xavier Institute of Engineering]] in Mumbai and later earned a [[Master of Science]] degree in [[information security]] from [[Carnegie Mellon University]].<ref name="auto"/> During his tenure at CMU, he served as a lead research fellow at the [[SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory]], where he contributed to the Transactive Energy Service System (TESS) project, funded by the [[U.S. Department of Energy]], aimed at advancing grid modernization using [[cloud computing]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/>

==Career==
In 2017, Chunawala served as a lead [[research fellow]] for [[Geographic Information Systems]] at the [[North East Centre for Technology Application and Reach]] (NECTAR), part of the Department of Science and Technology, [[Government of India]].<ref name="auto1"/> Since 2022, Chunawala has been a professor at the [[Xavier Institute of Engineering]].<ref name="auto1"/>

==Research==
Chunawala was a mission operator for the Iris Lunar Rover Mission, which was part of the payload aboard the [[Peregrine Mission One|Peregrine Lander]] launched on January 8, 2024.<ref name="auto"/> The Iris Rover was intended to capture scientific images for geological research but remained operational for only 10 days due to a propellant leak in the Peregrine Lander that prevented a lunar landing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americaspace.com/2024/01/21/peregrine-lunar-lander-reenters-following-dramatic-mission/ |title=Peregrine Lunar Lander Reenters Following Dramatic Mission |date=21 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkoetsier/2024/05/14/iris-the-worlds-first-nano-lunar-rover-what-we-learned/|title=Iris, The World's First Nano Lunar Rover: What We Learned|first=John|last=Koetsier|website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/fuel-leak-astrobotics-moon-lander-leaves-no-chance-soft-landing-2024-01-09/|title=Fuel leak on Astrobotic's moon lander leaves 'no chance' of soft landing|website=Reuters |date=9 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/09/science/iris-carnegie-mellon-moon-rover.html|title=Iris Carnegie mellon Moon Rover|website=New York Times |date=9 February 2024 }}</ref>

At CMU, Chunawala contributed to the development of Carnegie Mellon Mission Control (CMMC), which will support future space missions from the campus. As a space mission engineering lead at CMU's [[Information Networking Institute]] (INI), he created a practicum program to train students in real-world space missions with a focus on cybersecurity and cloud computing.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmu.edu/ini/news/magazine/assets/ini_4742-network-magazine_sept16.pdf |title=The Network INI Annual Magazine - Page 18}}</ref>

Chunawala served as research fellow at the [[SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory]] for the TESS project, a cloud-based system for grid modernization funded by the [[U.S. Department of Energy]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://connectedcommunities.lbl.gov/|title=Home | GEB|website=connectedcommunities.lbl.gov}}</ref> He worked with David Chassin, senior scientist at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, on the TESS project. He researched ways to protect energy data and automated transaction integrity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://live-slac-gismo-d9.pantheonsite.io/research/tess-transactive-energy-services-system|title=GISMoGrid Integration Systems and Mobility - TESS (Transactive Energy Services System}}</ref>

Chunawala has also worked with [[Red Whittaker]], the Fredkin professor of robotics at CMU, principal investigator of the Iris Lunar Rover. Whittaker mentored Chunawala and the CMU Iris team during the mission.<ref name="auto"/> At the Information Networking Institute (INI) CMU, he worked with Dena Haritos Tsamitis, Director of INI, and David Wettergreen, Director of the Robotics Institute's Ph.D. program. Together, they developed student engagement programs in space missions and cybersecurity training.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/> He also worked with [[Lorrie Cranor]] and her research team on data breach notification terminology, a study that was presented at the [[USENIX]] Symposium 2022. He also worked with Lorrie Cranor on data breach notification terminology research, presented at the 2022 USENIX Symposium, and with Yuvraj Agarwal and Cranor on the Mites sensor project, designed for environmental data monitoring in buildings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/04/03/1070665/cmu-university-privacy-battle-smart-building-sensors-mites/|title=Computer scientists designing the future can't agree on what privacy means|website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/04/10/1071177/behind-the-scenes-carnegie-mellons-privacy-dispute-mites/|title=Behind the scenes of Carnegie Mellon's heated privacy dispute|website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yro.slashdot.org/story/23/04/04/2238249/inside-the-bitter-campus-privacy-battle-over-smart-building-sensors|title=Inside the Bitter Campus Privacy Battle Over Smart Building Sensors - Slashdot|date=April 4, 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chunawala, Harshvardhan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Carnegie Mellon University College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Computer security academics]]
[[Category:Computer security specialists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kalan Masjid

2025-09-26T19:01:57Z

Shaunak88: New basic details more to come

{{Short description|Mosque in Delhi, India}}
{{for|similarly named mosques|Kali Masjid (disambiguation){{!}}Kali Masjid}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Kalan Mosque
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Kalan Masjid,Chandni chowk 2.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = Kalan Masjid
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| tradition =
| sect =
| deity =
| rite =
| festival = 
| ownership =
| governing_body =
| leadership =
| bhattaraka =
| patron =
| consecration_year =
| religious_features_label =
| religious_features =
| location = [[Old Delhi]], [[Central Delhi]], [[Delhi NCT]]
| country = [[India]]
| map_type = India Delhi central
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Central Delhi]]
| grid_name =
| grid_position =
| sector =
| territory =
| administration =
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|38|42|N|77|13|51|E|region:IN-DL_type:landmark|display=it|format=dms}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| heritage_designation =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style =
| founded_by =
| creator =
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| established =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 1387
| construction_cost =
| date_demolished = 
| facade_direction =
| capacity =
| length = {{cvt|140|ft|m|order=flip}}
| width = {{cvt|120|ft|m|order=flip}}
| width_nave =
| interior_area =
| height_max = {{cvt|66|ft|m|order=flip}}
| dome_quantity = Eight {{small|(maybe more)}}
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = Two {{small|(truncated)}}
| minaret_height =
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| spire_height =
| site_area =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| shrine_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| materials = [[Sandstone]]
| elevation_m = 
| elevation_footnotes =
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| delisted1_date =
| website =
| module = 
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Kalan Masjid''', or '''Kalan Mosque''', is a 14th-century [[mosque]] in [[Old Delhi]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Stephen |first=Carr |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107066 |title=The Archæology and Monumental Remains of Delhi |year=1862 |pages=149–154}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Interior of the Kalan Masjid, in New Delhi's Nizamuddin district, India, 1965-2000 |url=https://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/digital/collection/ic/id/10609/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[University of Washington Libraries]] |language=en}}</ref> It is one of the seven mosques built by [[Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul Tilangani|Khan-i-Jahan Tilangani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Safvi |first=Rana |date=2015-01-12 |title=Kalan Masjid, Turkman Gate, Delhi |url=https://ranasafvi.com/kalan-masjid-turkman-gate-delhi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518203008/https://ranasafvi.com/kalan-masjid-turkman-gate-delhi/ |archive-date=2024-05-18 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Rana Safvi |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The mosque is titled ''Kalan Masjid'', meaning chief mosque. It is also known as ''Kali Masjid'', or black mosque, although this may also be a corruption of the word ''Kalan''.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
The mosque was built in 1387 by [[Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul Tilangani]] during the reign of [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharp |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13016/page/n3/mode/2up |title=Delhi, its story and buildings |year=1921 |pages=62–63}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The mosque is built out of [[sandstone]]. It is an oblong structure, measuring {{convert|140|ft|m|order=flip}} long and {{convert|120|ft|m|order=flip}} wide. It has two stories, with a maximum height of {{convert|66|ft|m|order=flip}}.<ref name=":0" />

A flight of steps leads to the doorway on the first story through which the mosque is to be entered. The doorway is surmounted by a low dome, which is flanked by two conical columns. Over the doorway is a marble slab on which there is an inscription in the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] script. The inscription describes the date of completion of the mosque, and that it was constructed by Khan Jahan during the reign of Firuz Shah.<ref name=":0" />

The mosque has a square plan, and is divided into four quadrants.<ref name=":1" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
The_entrance_courtyard_and_east_facade_to_the_Kalan_Masjid._Lady_Hastings'_party_in_the_foreground_-_British_Library_Add.or.4817.jpg|The mosque in a painting by Seeta Ram

The Seven Cities of Delhi - Kalan Masjid.jpg|The mosque in 1906, from ''The Seven Cities of Delhi''
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:14th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Tughlaq dynasty]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1387]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1380s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Delhi]]

Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli

2025-09-26T13:34:09Z

Shaunak88:

{{Short description|Public graduate business school}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli
| image_size = 100px
| motto = ज्ञानम् अनंतम्
| motto_lang = Sanskrit
| mottoeng = Knowledge is endless
| established = {{start date and age |2011|1|4}}
| accreditation = {{hlist | [[Association of MBAs|AMBA]]}}
| type = [[Public school (government funded)|Public]] [[business school]]
| chairman = Jalaj Dani<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pathak|first1=Vikas|title=Four IIMs to get new chairmen|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/four-iims-to-get-new-chairmen/article19695142.ece|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 September 2017|language=en-IN}}</ref>
| director = Pawan Kumar Singh
| city = [[Tiruchirappalli]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|10|39|49|N|78|44|41|E|region:IN_type:edu}}
| campus = [[Suburban area|Suburban]]
| website = {{URL|www.iimtrichy.ac.in}}
| image_name = IIM_Trichy_Logo.png
}}

The '''Indian Institute of Management - Tiruchirappalli''' ('''IIM-Trichy''' or '''IIM-T''') is an autonomous public business school located in [[Tiruchirappalli]], Tamilnadu in India. The eleventh [[Indian Institutes of Management|IIM]], it was instituted on 4 January 2011. It has been ranked 16th among management schools by [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF]]. It operates from its campus spread over 175 acres of land, about 11 km from [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]]. It also has a satellite campus in Chennai for executive education. It offers full-time, executive and doctoral programs in business management.

==Campus==
The campus of Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli is located on a {{convert|172.27|acre}} land on the Tiruchirappalli-Pudukkottai highway.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/on-campus/iim-trichy-starts-work-on-new-172-acre-campus/article6152112.ece |title=IIM Trichy starts work on new 172 acre campus |location=[[Trichy]] |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 June 2014}}</ref> The {{INRConvert|584|c}} campus consists of student hostels, faculty residences, a library, recreational facilities and Executive Residences.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/IIM-Trichy-to-move-into-its-own-campus-in-2015/articleshow/24725883.cms |title=IIM-Trichy to move into its own campus in 2015 |location=[[Trichy]]|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="Narasimhan">{{Cite news|last=Narasimhan|first=T. E.|date=2016-10-09|title=IIM-Trichy to become global institute in 10 years: Management|newspaper=Business Standard India|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/iim-trichy-to-become-global-institute-in-10-years-management-116100900130_1.html|access-date=2016-11-17}}</ref>

IIM Tiruchirappalli set up a satellite campus at Chennai in the year 2012. It offers a two-year postgraduate programme for working professionals from this campus.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-07/news/32576765_1_iim-trichy-iim-kozhikode-pgpbm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529083853/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-07/news/32576765_1_iim-trichy-iim-kozhikode-pgpbm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 May 2013 |title=Chennai Campus |location=[[Trichy]]|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 January 2012}}</ref>

==Academics==
===Academic programs===
IIM Trichy offers a two-year full-time residential Post Graduate Programme in Management (PGPM), a two-year Post Graduate Programme in Business Management (PGPBM) for working executives at Chennai campus,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iimtrichy.ac.in/home/academics/programs/ |title=Programme Offered |access-date=1 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110620081836/http://www.iimtrichy.ac.in/home/academics/programs/ |archive-date=20 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a Fellow Programme in Management (FPM) for Doctor of Business Administration candidates. In the year 2020, IIM Trichy launched a Post Graduate Programme in Human Resources Management (PGPM-HR) at its Trichy campus.

=== Admission Process ===
The admission for the two-year full-time residential Post Graduate Programme in Management (PGP) and Post Graduate Programme in Human Resources Management (PGPM-HR) is through the Common Admission Test (CAT) scores followed by the Common Admission Process (CAP), where the 10 new and baby IIMs take part. The CAP consists of a written-ability test (WAT) followed by an interview. Based on the past academic performances, work experience, CAT scores and CAP scores, students are offered admission into this programs. The total intake for the following batch 2021-23 was 230 students for pgpm and 30 for pgpm-hr.

===Rankings===
{{Infobox India university ranking
|type = Institute
| NIRF_B_2025 = 16
|OUTLOOK_B_G_2022=7}}
IIM [[Tiruchirappalli]] was ranked 16 in [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) management school ranking of 2025.<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_B_2025/>

==Student life==
=== Cultural events ===
IIMT hosts several yearly events. Dhruva is a cultural and management [[Cultural Festival (India)|fest]] held in the second half of the month of October.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dhruva.iimtrichy.ac.in/index.php|title=Dhruva 16|website=dhruva.iimtrichy.ac.in|access-date=2016-11-18|archive-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029122521/http://dhruva.iimtrichy.ac.in/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bloncampus.com/b-school-corner/iim-trichy-celebrates-its-management-and-cultural-fest-dhruva/article9261648.ece|title=IIM Trichy celebrates its management and cultural fest, Dhruva|last=BLoC|first=Team|date=2016-10-24|newspaper=BLoC|access-date=2016-11-18}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bloncampus.com/b-school-corner/dhruva16-a-business-and-cultural-extravaganza/article9132375.ece|title=Dhruva'16: A business and cultural extravaganza|last=BLoC|first=Team|date=2016-09-21|newspaper=BLoC|access-date=2016-11-18}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> E-Summit is an entrepreneurial summit held in the month of November.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://esummit.iimtrichy.ac.in/|title=E-Summit|website=esummit.iimtrichy.ac.in|access-date=2016-11-18}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bloncampus.com/b-school-corner/iim-trichy-conducts-inaugural-edition-of-esummit-2016/article9344999.ece|title=IIM Trichy conducts inaugural edition of E-Summit 2016|last=BLoC|first=Team|date=2016-11-14|newspaper=BLoC|access-date=2016-11-18}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> HR Conclave is an industry-academia interaction event focused on [[Human Resources]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hrconclave.iimtrichy.ac.in/|title=IIMT - HR Conclave 2016|last=Trichy|first=IIM|website=hrconclave.iimtrichy.ac.in|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/hr-conclave/article9301971.ece|title=HR conclave|date=2016-11-04|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bloncampus.com/b-school-corner/iim-trichys-hr-conclave-2015-on-oct-17/article7766335.ece|title=IIM Trichy's HR Conclave 2015 on Oct 17|last=BLoC|first=Team|date=2015-10-15|newspaper=BLoC|access-date=2016-11-18}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bloncampus.com/b-school-corner/iim-trichy-conducts-its-fourth-hr-conclave/article9312116.ece|title=The role of data analytics in human resource management|last=BLoC|first=Team|date=2016-11-06|newspaper=BLoC|access-date=2016-11-18}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Other events include Sanskriti - an annual war of sections,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://insideiim.com/Sanskriti-4-0-at-iim-trichy-battle-of-the-sections/|title=Sanskriti 4.0 at IIM Trichy – Battle of The Sections {{!}} InsideIIM.com|website=insideiim.com|access-date=2016-11-18}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sangram - an inter-IIM sports meet,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/general-sports/iim-kozhikode-stage-sangram-2015-second-week-november|title=IIM Kozhikode to stage Sangram 2015 in the second week of November|date=2015-11-12|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/general-sports/inter-iim-sports-meet-sangram-concludes-iim-bangalore-take-victory|title=IIM-Bangalore take top prize at Sangram, the Inter-IIM sports meet|date=2015-11-19|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref> and Kurukshetra - an inter-section sports tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://students.iimtrichy.ac.in/|title=IIMT Student Portal|website=students.iimtrichy.ac.in|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Institutes of Management}}
{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Tiruchirappalli}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Institute Of Management Tiruchirappalli}}
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Management|TRICHY]]
[[Category:Business schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Tiruchirappalli|IIM]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Uttar Durgapur

2025-08-19T04:02:56Z

Shaunak88: Content refined and expanded

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Uttar Durgapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.1876|N|88.4296|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = CD block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jaynagar I]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.10
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 8
| population_total = 5723
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 743337
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 3218
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jaynagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Uttar Durgapur''' is a [[census town]] and a [[gram panchayat]] within the jurisdiction of the [[Jaynagar Majilpur]] police station in the [[Jaynagar I]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Baruipur subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=450| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|10|0|N|88|30|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the southern part of Baruipur subdivision (including Baruipur, Jaynagar I & II, Kultali CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, H: historical place/ religious centre Places linked with coastal activity are marked in blue Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|25|25|N|88|26|56|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Petua| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Petua]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|24|9|N|88|28|14|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Garia | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Garia, Baruipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|24|45|N|88|27|0|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Panchghara | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Panchghara, Baruipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|24|0|N|88|25|41|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Mallikpur | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Mallikpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|23|20|N|88|26|38|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Hariharpur | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Hariharpur, Baruipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|24|55|N|88|29|37|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Champahati | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Champahati]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|23|50|N|88|31|55|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Solgohalia| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Solgohalia]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|23|0|N|88|28|50|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Naridana| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Naridana]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|21|20|N|88|26|37|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Baruipur (CT)| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Baruipur (CT)]]
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|22|35|N|88|25|46|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Salipur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Salipur, Baruipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|21|5|N|88|25|37|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Khodar Bazar| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Khodar Bazar]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|19|8|N|88|27|13|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Komarhat| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Komarhat]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|22|10|N|88|26|30|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Baruipur| numbered13=M| mark-title13= [[Baruipur]] (M) |shape-color13=#800000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|13|30|N|88|27|22|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Raynagar| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Raynagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|13|20|N|88|26|47|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Kalikapur Barasat| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Kalikapur Barasat]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|12|20|N|88|25|41|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Baharu| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Baharu]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|12|20|N|88|26|51|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Uttarparanij| numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Uttarparanij]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|11|45|N|88|25|46|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Alipur| numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Alipur, Jaynagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|11|15|N|88|25|50|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19=Uttar Durgapur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19= Uttar Durgapur (CT)|shape-color19=black| label-size19=13|label-color19=black 
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|10|25|N|88|25|32|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Jaynagar Majilpur| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Jaynagar Majilpur]] (M) |shape-color120=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|14|5|N|88|26|42|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Dakshin Barasat| numbered21=N| mark-title21=[[Dakshin Barasat]] (N)|shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|9|10|N|88|26|23|E}} | label-pos22=bottom|label22=Nimpith| numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Nimpith]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|9|8|N|88|27|26|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23=Tulshighata| numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Tulshighata]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|5|11|N|88|35|37|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Kultali| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Kultali]] (R)|shape-color24=#C42222
|mark-coord25={{coord|21|55|17|N|88|32|40|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Maipit| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Maipit]] (R)|shape-color25=#0048BA
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|6|59|N|88|34|13|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Jamtala| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Jamtala]] (R)||shape-color26=#C42222
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|14|48|N|88|32|48|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Dhosa| numbered27=H| mark-title27= [[Dhosa, Jaynagar]] (H)| shape-color27=#AA6666
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|14|16|N|88|33|41|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28=Tilpi| numbered28=H| mark-title28= [[Tilpi]] (H)| shape-color28=#AA6666
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|14|50|N|88|26|47|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Padmerhat| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Padmerhat]] (R)||shape-color29=#C42222
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|0|35|N|88|38|40|E}} |label30= Matla River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=-65| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none}}

===Area overview===
Baruipur subdivision is a rural subdivision with moderate levels of urbanization. 31.05% of the population lives in the urban areas and 68.95% lives in the rural areas. In the southern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 20 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the southern part is covered by the Baruipur-Jaynagar Plain. [[Archaeological]] excavations at [[Dhosa, Jaynagar|Dhosa]] and [[Tilpi]], on the bank of the [[Piyali River]] indicate the existence of human habitation around 2,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Uttar Durgapur is located at {{coord|22.1876|N|88.4296|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|8|m}}.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://maps.yahoo.com/#mvt=m&lat=21.92981&lon=88.31408&zoom=13&q1=Uttar%2520Durgapur%252C%2520West%2520Bengal%252C%2520India
|title = Yahoo maps of Uttar Durgapur
|publisher = Yahoo maps
|access-date = 2008-11-28
}}</ref>

[[Raynagar]], [[Kalikapur Barasat]], [[Baharu]], [[Uttarparanij]], [[Alipur, Jaynagar|Alipur]] and Uttar Durgapur, all in the Jaynagar I CD block, are adjacent to [[Jaynagar Majilpur]]. [[Nimpith]] and [[Tulshighata]], both in the Jaynagar II CD block, are very close to Jaynagar Majilpur. These nine locations (eight census towns and a municipal city) virtually form a cluster.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 699 - Map of Jaynagar I CD block, Page 725 – Map of Jaynagar II CD block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 30 November 2019}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Uttar Durgapur had a total population of 5,723, of which 2,937 (51%) were males and 2,786 (49%) were females. There were 727 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate persons was 4,191 (83.89% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 26 April 2016}}</ref>

According to the [[2001 Census of India]], Uttar Durgapur had a total population of 5,062. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. It has an average literacy rate of 67%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 74%, and female literacy is 60%. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Uttar Durgapur covered an area of 1.1&nbsp;km2. Among the physical aspects, there is a railway station at [[Jaynagar Majilpur railway station|Jaynagar Majilpur]] 3&nbsp;km away. Among the civic amenities, it had 28&nbsp;km roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved overhead tank. It had 580 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had was 1 dispensary/ health centre. Among the educational facilities it had were 3 primary schools, the nearest secondary school, senior secondary school at [[Jaynagar Majilpur]] 3&nbsp;km away, the nearest general degree college at [[Dakshin Barasat]] 6&nbsp;km away. Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities, it had 1 public library and 1 reading room. Three important commodities it produced were saris & lungis, medicines and moulded products.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook South Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 999-1006 Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 1006-1010; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 1010-1015; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 1015-1019; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 1019-1027 Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 1027- 1029: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 28 November 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
Uttar Durgapur is on the [[State Highway 1 (West Bengal)|State Highway 1]].<ref name="google">Google maps</ref>

[[Jaynagar Majilpur railway station]] is located nearby.<ref name="google"/>

==Healthcare==
Padmerhat Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, at [[Padmerhat]], is the major government medical facility in the Jaynagar I CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =29 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Jaynagar Majilpur]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

Higher Education Commission of India

2025-08-04T21:32:29Z

Shaunak88: New the post from scratch

{{Short description|Government of India Higher Education Commission}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Lead too short|date=July 2025}}
{{Orphan|date=July 2025}}
}}

'''Higher Education Commission of India (HECI)''' is the newly proposed draft bill for all the three higher education organisations viz. [[University Grants Commission (India)]], [[All India Council for Technical Education]], National Council of Technical Education (NCTE) on 25 July 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=UGC, AICTE, NCTE to be Replaced by New Education Regulator, HECI |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/ugc-aicte-ncte-to-be-replaced-by-new-education-regulator-higher-education-commission-of-india-heci-nep-2020-article-152335764 |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-25 |title=India to replace UGC, AICTE and NCTE with Higher Education Commission of India — govt preparing bill - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/education/india-to-replace-ugc-aicte-and-ncte-with-higher-education-commission-of-india-govt-preparing-bill-19643498.htm |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Govt drafts bill to replace UGC, AICTE, and NCTE with unified Higher Education Commission of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/govt-drafts-bill-to-replace-ugc-aicte-and-ncte-with-unified-higher-education-commission-of-india/articleshow/122839057.cms |access-date=2025-07-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-22 |title=Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) Bill: A Transformative Step for Indian Higher Education {{!}} Education for All in India |url=https://educationforallinindia.com/higher-education-commission-of-india-heci-bill/ |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=educationforallinindia.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Proposed HECI could lead to closure of institutions in rural areas, fuel privatisation: Parliament panel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/proposed-heci-could-lead-to-closure-of-institutions-in-rural-areas-fuel-privatisation-parliament-panel/article69180270.ece |access-date=2025-07-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETEducation.com |title=Proposed HECI could lead to closure of institutions in rural areas, fuel privatisation: Parliamentary panel |url=https://education.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/government-policies/proposed-heci-could-lead-to-closure-of-institutions-in-rural-areas-fuel-privatisation-parliamentary-panel/117945894 |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=ETEducation.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Higher education in India]]

Mistri caste

2025-08-03T06:09:25Z

Shaunak88: correct details also and improved wording after review

#REDIRECT [[Mistri (caste)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Kavoor, Mangalore

2025-07-30T07:36:37Z

Shaunak88:

{{Use dmy dates|date= May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date= May 2023}}
{{Short description|Suburb of Mangalore in Karnataka, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kavoor
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Suburb and ward
| image_skyline = Kavoor city of Mangalore 2023.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kavoor junction in [[Mangalore]]
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.92616|N|74.85821|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_type4 = Regional
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mangalore]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Tulu Nadu]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Mangalore City Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite book |title=Census of India 2001:District Census Handbook:Dakshinna Kannada District |URL=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43795 |publisher=Director of Census Operations, Karnataka |page=79}}</ref>
| area_total_ha = 441.88
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 16321
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 575015
| registration_plate = KA-19
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| demographics1_info2 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]], Beary, Konkani
}}
'''Kavoor''' is a suburban area and the name of a ward in the city of [[Mangalore]] in the [[Mysore division]] of the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. [[Kannada]] and [[Tulu language|Tulu]] are the two most commonly spoken languages in Kavoor. This place got the name as ''"Kavoor"'' because of the Saint ''"Kuvera Maharshi"'' who had visited this place. It connects major cities like [[Surathkal]], [[Kankanady]], [[Kinnigoli]], and [[Bajpe]].

== Overview ==
Kavoor is a neighborhood and ward<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-10-30 |title=Bharatiya Janata Party released 60 wards final list for Mangalore City Corporation election {{!}} Mega Media News English |url=https://megamedianews.com/bharatiya-janata-party-released-60-wards-final-list-for-mangalore-city-corporation-election/ |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=Mega Media News}}</ref> of the city of [[Mangalore]], in the [[Dakshina Kannada]] district of [[Karnataka]] about {{Convert|7|km|mi}} north of the city's central shopping area of Market Street and the [[City Centre, Mangalore|City Center shopping mall]].<ref name="GMDC">Google Maps distance calculator measurement from Kavoor Junction</ref> The Mangalore-Bajpe Airport Road passes through the area and links Kavoor to [[Mangalore International Airport]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bus services launched to Mangalore International Airport|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/new-bus-services-in-karnataka-to-mangaluru-international-airport-details-here-2292070-2022-11-01|date=1 November 2022|accessdate=20 May 2023|newspaper=India Today}}</ref>

Kavoor is primarily a residential area with a mix of independent houses and apartment complexes. The neighbourhood has witnessed significant development in recent years. New buildings for Kavoor police station were opened in June 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2014 |title=New building of Kavoor police station inaugurated |url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/new-building-kavoor-police-station-inaugurated |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=coastaldigest.com - The Trusted News Portal of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable tourist spots nearby ==
*[[Pilikula Nisargadhama]]<ref name='tt'>{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/india/pilikula-park-welcomes-new-entrants-2/1517879/%3famp|title=Pilikula Nisargadhama in Mangalore|date=14 April 2023|accessdate=20 April 2023|newspaper=The Print}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*[[Kadri Park]]
*[[Panambur Beach]]
*[[Tannirbhavi Beach]]
*Kavoor lake<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/dying-kavoor-lake-gets-fresh-look-after-mscl-undertakes-rejuvenation-work/article66378658.ece/|title=Kavoor lake development in Mangalore by Mangalore city corporation 2023|accessdate=2 May 2023|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Transport links ==
=== Bus ===
Kavoor has a good network of public buses that connect it to different parts of [[Mangalore]] City and nearby towns.The [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC)<ref>{{cite news|title=KSRTC bus services|url=https://indiatoday.in/india/story/new-bus-services-in-karnataka-to-mangaluru-international-airport-details-here-2292070-2022-11-01|date=1 November 2022|accessdate=14 May 2023|newspaper=India Today}}</ref> and private bus operators run regular services from Kavoor to different destinations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mangaloretaxi.com/travel-plus/buses/mangalore-city-bus-routes/|title=Mangalore city Buses|accessdate=19 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/city-buses-to-operate-out-of-state-bank-service-bus-terminal/article66688060.ece|title=City buses to operate out of State Bank Service Bus Terminal|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 April 2023|accessdate=20 May 2023}}</ref>

=== Rail ===
[[Mangalore Central railway station]] in the city centre is about {{Convert|7|km|mi}} away.<ref name="GMDC"/>

=== Air ===
[[Mangalore International Airport]] is about {{Convert|3.5|km|mi}} to the north.<ref name="GMDC"/>

== Religious places ==
*[[Kavoor Sri Mahalingeshwara Temple]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itms.kar.nic.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=49|title=Brahmalingeshwara Temple in Kavoor|accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
*Shree Guru Vaidyanatha Babbu swami Devastana, Kavoor
*Marakada Kshethra, Marakada
*Anjaneya Swami Temple, Jyothi Nagara
*Shri Chamundeshwari, Jyothi Nagara
*Kavoor Jumma Masjid<ref>{{cite web|url=https://karwaqf.karnataka.gov.in/uploads/media_to_upload1669961623.pdf|title=Jumma Masjid Kavoor|accessdate=20 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420152709/https://karwaqf.karnataka.gov.in/uploads/media_to_upload1669961623.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Nearby Educational Institutes ==
* [https://www.bgsec.net/ BGS Education Center, Kavoor]
* St. Lawrence Unaided English Medium School, Bondel
* Mahatma Gandhi Secondary High School, Bondel
* Govt Higher Primary School, Kavoor
* Govt Degree College, Gandhinagar, Kavoor
* EduKids Pre School, Kavoor
* [https://mvshettycolleges.edu.in/ Dr M.V Shetty Institutions, Vidya Nagar, Kavoor Road]

==See also==
*[[Bondel]]
*[[Kulur, Mangalore]]
*[[Kadri, Mangalore|Kadri]]
*[[Bajpe]]
*[[Derebail]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

[[Category:Localities in Mangalore]]

{{Mangalore-geo-stub}}

National Highway 25 (India)

2025-05-14T23:15:28Z

Shaunak88: created page

{{Short description| National Highway in India}}
{{For | the old National Highway 25|National Highway 27 (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}

{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 25
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
| id= Q25351511|title=National Highway 25 |text= Map of National Highway '''25''' in red}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes =
| length_km = 483
| direction =
| direction_a =
| terminus_a = [[Munabao]] {{flag|India}} [[File:Pakistan N-120.svg|30px]] [[N-120 National Highway|N-120 Highway]]
| destinations =
| direction_b =
| terminus_b = [[Beawar]]
| states = [[Rajasthan]]
| previous_type = NH
| previous_route = 112
| next_route = 14
| next_type = NH
}}

'''National Highway 25''' ('''NH 25''') is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in India that connects Barmer and Beawar in the state of Rajasthan. It has recently been widened to four lanes by the [[National Highways Authority of India]].<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Route ==
Munabao, Ramsar, Barmer, Kawas, Baytu, Madhasar, Dhudhwa, Bagundi, kher, Tilwara, Balotra, Pachpadra, Kalyanpur, Jodhpur, Kaparda, Bilara, Jaitaran, Bar, Beawar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158867.pdf|title=National highway25 extension notification dated March, 2014|website=[[The Gazette of India]] – [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=4 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=4 July 2018}}</ref> nh25

== Junctions ==
{{Exit list|date=November 2021}}
Terminal with [[National Highway 70 (India)|National Highway 70]] near Munabao.<ref name=":1" />

Junction with [[National Highway 925 (India)|National Highway 925]] near Gagriya.

Junction with [[National Highway 68 (India)|National Highway 68]] near Barmer.<ref name="renumber" />

Junction with [[National Highway 325 (India)|National Highway 325]] near Balotra.

Terminal with [[National Highway 58 (India)|National Highway 58]] near Beawar.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/3189720 NH 25 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH25 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Rajasthan]]

Jon B. Higgins

2025-04-27T00:30:14Z

Shaunak88: content update

{{short description|American singer}}
{{Other people|John Higgins|John Higgins (disambiguation)}}

{{infobox musical artist
|birth_name = Jon Borthwick Higgins
|birth_date = {{birth date|1939|9|18}}
|birth_place = [[Andover, Massachusetts]]
|image =
|death_date = {{death date and age|1984|12|7|1939|9|18}}
|background = solo_singer
|instrument = Vocals
}}
'''Jon Borthwick Higgins''' (September 18, 1939 – December 7, 1984), also known in [[India]] as '''Higgins Bhagavatar''', was an American musician, scholar, and teacher known principally for his rare skill as a non-Indian in the field of [[Carnatic music]].

==Early life and education==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2023}}
Born in [[Andover, Massachusetts]], Higgins had his high school education at [[Phillips Academy]], where his father taught [[English language|English]] and his mother taught music for many years. He attended [[Wesleyan University]] and received all three of his degrees from there: A [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] as a double major in music and history in 1962, an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in [[musicology]] in 1964, and a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in [[ethnomusicology]] in 1973.

==Career==
He founded the Indian music studies program at [[York University]] in [[Toronto]] with [[Trichy Sankaran]] in 1971, and returned to Wesleyan in 1978 as a professor of music and director of the Center for the Arts. He continually sought to strengthen the quality of Wesleyan's curriculum, and immersed himself in numerous cultural activities inside and beyond the university community.

Higgins was a singer of [[Classical music|European and Western classical music]]. He is also recognized as the first non-Indian to perform South Indian classical Carnatic music at a high level of proficiency. He began his Indian music studies in Wesleyan courses taught by [[Robert E. Brown]] and [[T. Ranganathan]], and was quickly captured by the subtle beauty of the art form. He decided to fully dedicate himself to learning the language of Carnatic music, and went to India on a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]] scholarship to learn from Ranganathan's brother, [[T. Viswanathan]]. Within a short period of time he performed to great acclaim at the [[Tyagaraja Aradhana]], an important music festival in South India. He later continued his studies under their sister, renowned dancer [[T. Balasaraswati]], and wrote his dissertation on the dance music of ''[[bharatanatyam]]''. Higgins returned to India as a senior research fellow of the [[American Institute of Indian Studies]].

He continued to perform Carnatic music, recorded several albums, and due to his widely recognized sensitivity was honored with the sobriquet "Bhagavatar" (scholarly musician). When he visited the [[Udupi Sri Krishna Matha|Udupi Shri Krishna Temple]], he was denied entry because of his white skin by those who managed the temple. He stood at the gate and sang in chaste [[Kannada]] the Vyasatirtha composition ''‘[[Krishna Ni Begane Baaro|Krishna nee begane baro]]’'', an action which echoed [[Kanaka Dasa|Kanaka Dasa's]] protest in the 16th century. He was eventually permitted entry, possibly to avert an 'intervention from the deity', that Kanaka Dasa's legend spoke of.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hegde|first=Sanjay|date=2022-02-07|title=The interpretative answer to the hijab row|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-interpretative-answer-to-the-hijab-row/article38389321.ece|access-date=2022-02-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Although he mostly won the acceptance of the general Indian public during ''katcheris'' (concerts), there were some critics of his times who pointed out minor errors in pronunciation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jon Higgins, the bhagavatar|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Jon-Higgins-the-bhagavatar/article15586441.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=December 9, 2010}}</ref> This did not deter Higgins, who went on to deliver ''katcheri'' broadcasts on [[All India Radio]].

==Death==
Higgins was killed after being struck by a [[Hit and run|hit-and-run]] driver near his home in [[Middletown, Connecticut]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/09/obituaries/jon-b-higgins-expert-in-south-indian-music.html|title=Jon B. Higgins, Expert in South Indian Music|newspaper=The New York Times|date=9 December 1984|last1=Belkin|first1=Lisa}}</ref> The Connecticut state police arrested Thomas Knight of Middlefield, Conn. and charged him with [[Second degree manslaughter|second-degree manslaughter]] with a motor vehicle while intoxicated. Higgins was planning to perform in South Africa in protest against its then racist [[apartheid]] regime.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=833771 | volume=16 | pages=1–6| title=In Memory of Jon Borthwick Higgins | journal=Asian Music | year=1985 | issue=2 }}</ref>

He is survived by his wife, Rhea Kyvele Padis; two sons, Luke and Nicholas, an ethnomusicologist<ref>{{cite news|title=Study of jazz music will reveal American history|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/05/stories/2006080507950200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324133612/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/05/stories/2006080507950200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=August 5, 2006}}</ref> at Sarah Lawrence College, and a brother, Hayden, a jazz pianist known professionally as [[Eddie Higgins]].

==Legacy==
Higgins was much appreciated by [[Carnatic music]] connoisseurs across the world. His rendition of "Endaro Mahanubhavulu, Andariki Vandanamulu", a famous ''[[kriti (music)|kriti]]'' (composition) by [[Tyagaraja|Śri. Śri. Thyagaraja Swamý]] (an important composer of [[Carnatic music]]), was extraordinary considering the fact that it is a difficult ''kriti'' for even the people with knowledge of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language in which it is composed. Other of Higgins' celebrated renditions include "Siva Siva Anarada", "Krishna Nee Begane", and "Kaa Vaa Vaa", and "Amma Ravamma".

Composer [[Terry Riley]] has credited a South Indian singing demonstration by Jon Higgins as an influence on his piece ''[[A Rainbow in Curved Air]]'' from 1969.<ref>*Cowley, Julian. Terry Riley "Persian Surgery Dervishes" liner notes. Aguirre Records. 2017.</ref>

Pioneering experimental composer [[Alvin Lucier]] wrote ''In memoriam Jon Higgins : for clarinet in A and slow sweep pure wave oscillator'' in 1984 as a tribute to Higgins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Alvin-Lucier-Crossings-Three-Works-For-Classical-Instruments-And-Oscillators/release/750191|title = Alvin Lucier – Crossings (Three Works for Classical Instruments and Oscillators) (1990, CD)| website=[[Discogs]] | year=1990 }}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==Bibliography==
*Higgins, Jon B. (1964). "An Analysis of Some Principles of South Indian Drumming, Based on the Bharata śabda vādya pradāyini by K. Muniswami. M.A. thesis. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University.
*Higgins, Jon B. (1968). "An American in Madras." ''Asian Music'', v. 1, no. 1 (Winter 1968–69), pp. 4–11.
*Higgins, Jon B. (1973). ''The Music of Bharata Nāṭyam''. Ph.D. dissertation. 2 volumes. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University.

==External links==
*[http://dpnelson.web.wesleyan.edu/higgins.html Jon B. Higgins page] from David Nelson site
*[http://www.musicindiaonline.com/#/artist/10-Classical_Carnatic_Vocal/93-Jon_B_Higgins/ John Higgins at MusicIndia Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204095841/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/#/artist/10-Classical_Carnatic_Vocal/93-Jon_B_Higgins/ |date=2012-02-04 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Higgins, Jon B.}}
[[Category:American music educators]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Phillips Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Wesleyan University alumni]]
[[Category:Wesleyan University faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of York University]]
[[Category:American ethnomusicologists]]
[[Category:20th-century American singers]]
[[Category:20th-century American musicologists]]
[[Category:20th-century American male singers]]

2010 Mumbai Indians season

2025-04-18T10:55:23Z

Shaunak88: starting a pg

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| season = 2010
| coach = [[Robin Singh (cricketer, born 1963)|Robin Singh]]
| captain = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] [[Dwayne Bravo]] (1 match)
| comp1 = [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = Runners-up
| comp2 = [[Champions League Twenty20|CLT20]]
| comp2 result = Group stage
| most runs = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (618)
| most wickets = [[Harbhajan Singh]] (17)
| most catches = [[Kieron Pollard]] (6)
| prevseason = [[Mumbai Indians in 2009|2009]]
| nextseason = [[Mumbai Indians in 2011|2011]]
}}

[[Mumbai Indians]] were one of the eight teams that took part in the [[2010 Indian Premier League]]. They were captained by [[Sachin Tendulkar]]. They finished as runners-up of the tournament after losing to [[Chennai Super Kings]] by 22 runs in the finals. With this, they qualified for the [[2010 Champions League Twenty20]], where they could not progress past the group stages.

==Background==
Mumbai Indians had a dismal run in the 2009 edition of the IPL held in South Africa. They were placed at seven in the eight-team points table with just five wins from 14 matches. After the 2009 season, they trimmed their squad by releasing three overseas players in [[Luke Ronchi]], [[Kyle Mills]] and [[Mohammad Ashraful]] along with several domestic players with an aim of building a new-look team for the 2010 season.

==Pre-season player signings==
At the players auction on 19 January 2010, Mumbai Indians bought just one player - hard-hitting Trinidadian all-rounder [[Kieron Pollard]] - for a sum of $750,000. Pollard, who had a base price of $200,000, had to go into a secret tie-breaker as four franchises bid the maximum amount of $750,000 for him. Although the actual amount of the bid by the Mumbai Indians was undisclosed, reports claim that the franchise bid as much as $2.75 million in the tie-breaker. However, according to IPL regulations, Pollard would be paid only the actual bidding amount with the rest of the money going into the IPL kitty.

Apart from Pollard, the Mumbai franchise bought a number of Indian domestic players including former [[Indian Cricket League|ICL]] players who were made eligible to take part in the tournament. Former ICL players signed up by the franchise were [[Ambati Rayudu]], [[Ali Murtaza]], [[Abu Nechim]], [[Stuart Binny]], [[Rajagopal Sathish]], [[Ishan Malhotra]] and Syed Sahabuddin. Other domestic signings include [[Aditya Tare]], [[Rahul Shukla]] and Chandan Madan.<ref>{{cite web| title=IPL: Mumbai Indians Team Players List – MI Squad|url=https://www.zerocric.com/mumbai-indians-team-2020-players-list/|work=www.Zerocric.com|access-date= 1 February 2010}}</ref>

==Squad==
Players with international caps before the start of the 2010 IPL season are listed in '''bold'''.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
!style="background: #0044AA; color:silver"| No.
!style="background: #0044AA; color:silver"| Name
!style="background: #0044AA; color:silver"| Nationality
!style="background: #0044AA; color:silver"| Birth date
!style="background: #0044AA; color:silver"| Batting style
!style="background: #0044AA; color:silver"| Bowling style
!style="background: #0044AA; color:silver"| Notes
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC"| Batsmen
|-
|10||'''[[Sachin Tendulkar]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1973|4|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
|15|| [[Saurabh Tiwary]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1989|12|30|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|16|| [[Shikhar Dhawan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1985|12|5|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|21|| '''[[Jean-Paul Duminy]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1984|4|14|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || Overseas
|-
|27|| [[Ajinkya Rahane]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1988|6|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
|90|| [[Ambati Rayudu]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1985|9|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC"| All-rounders
|-
|01|| '''[[Sanath Jayasuriya]]''' || {{cr|SRI}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1969|6|30|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left arm orthodox]] || Overseas
|-
|08|| '''[[Ryan McLaren]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1983|2|9|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
|17|| [[Graham Napier]] || {{cr|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1980|1|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Overseas
|-
|23|| [[Rajagopal Sathish]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1981|1|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
|25|| '''[[Abhishek Nayar]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1983|10|8|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
|47|| '''[[Dwayne Bravo]]''' || {{cr|TRI}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1983|10|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
|55|| '''[[Kieron Pollard]]''' || {{cr|TRI}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1987|5|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Overseas
|-
|84|| [[Stuart Binny]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1984|6|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|07|| [[Aditya Tare]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1987|11|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || – ||
|-
|12|| Chandan Madan || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1982|10|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || – ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC"| Bowlers
|-
|03|| '''[[Harbhajan Singh]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1980|7|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Vice Captain
|-
|14|| [[Abu Nechim]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1988|11|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|26|| '''[[Dilhara Fernando]]''' || {{cr|SRI}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1979|7|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
|30|| [[Dhawal Kulkarni]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1988|12|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|34|| '''[[Zaheer Khan]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1978|10|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] ||
|-
|39|| [[Ali Murtaza]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1990|1|1|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left arm orthodox]] ||
|-
|99|| '''[[Lasith Malinga]]''' || {{cr|SRI}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1983|8|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || Overseas
|-
||| [[Ishan Malhotra]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1984|5|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
||| [[Syed Shahabuddin (cricketer)| Syed Shahabuddin]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1979|7|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
||| [[Rahul Shukla]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1990|8|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|}

==Indian Premier League==
===Season standings===
{{2010 Indian Premier League Points table|team=MI}}

===Match log===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Date
! Opponent
! Venue
! Result
! Scorecard
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|| 1 ||{{dts|1=2010|2=3|3=13}}|| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Mumbai]] || {{nts|1=4}}Won by 4 runs || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419107.html]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|| 2 ||{{dts|1=2010|2=3|3=17}}|| [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Delhi]] || {{nts|1=98}}Won by 98 runs; MoM – [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 63 (32) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419114.html]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
|| 3 ||{{dts|1=2010|2=3|3=20}}|| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Mumbai]] || {{nts|1={{#expr:151-(155 /(19+1/6) *20)}}}}Lost by 4 wickets || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419119.html]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|| 4 ||{{dts|1=2010|2=3|3=22}}|| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Mumbai]] || {{nts|1={{#expr:(156 /(18+3/6) *20)-155}}}}Won by 7 wickets; MoM – [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 71* (48) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419122.html]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|| 5 ||{{dts|1=2010|2=3|3=25}}|| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Mumbai]] || {{nts|1={{#expr:(184 /19 *20)-180}}}}Won by 5 wickets; MoM – [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 72 (52) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419125.html]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|| 6 ||{{dts|1=2010|2=3|3=28}}|| [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Mumbai]] || {{nts|1=41}}Won by 41 runs; MoM – [[Harbhajan Singh]] 49* (18) and 3/31 || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419130.html]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|| 7 ||{{dts|1=2010|2=3|3=30}}|| [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Mumbai]] || {{nts|1={{#expr:(164 /(19+3/6) *20)-163}}}}Won by 4 wickets; MoM – [[Lasith Malinga]] 4/22 || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419132.html]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|| 8 ||{{dts|1=2010|2=4|3=3}}|| [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Mumbai]] || {{nts|1=63}}Won by 63 runs; MoM – [[Ambati Rayudu]] 55 (29) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419138.html]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
|| 9 ||{{dts|1=2010|2=4|3=6}}|| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Chennai]] || {{nts|1=-24}}Lost by 24 runs || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419142.html]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
|| 10 ||{{dts|1=2010|2=4|3=9}}|| [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Mohali]] || {{nts|1={{#expr:154-(158 /(19+2/6) *20)}}}}Lost by 6 wickets || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419146.html]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|| 11 ||{{dts|1=2010|2=4|3=11}}|| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Jaipur]] || {{nts|1=37}}Won by 37 runs; MoM – [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 89* (59) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419150.html]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|| 12 ||{{dts|1=2010|2=4|3=13}}|| [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Mumbai]] || {{nts|1=39}}Won by 39 runs; MoM – [[Kieron Pollard]] 45* (13) and 2 runouts || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419152.html]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|| 13 ||{{dts|1=2010|2=4|3=17}}|| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Bangalore]] || {{nts|1=57}}Won by 57 runs; MoM – [[Ryan McLaren]] 40 (42) and 1/21 || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419158.html]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
|| 14 ||{{dts|1=2010|2=4|3=19}}|| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Kolkata]] || {{nts|1={{#expr:154-(158 /(19+2/6) *20)}}}}Lost by 9 wickets || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419161.html]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|| 15 ||{{sort|1=02010-04-21|2=21 April 2010 — Semifinal}}|| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Mumbai]] || {{nts|1=35}}Won by 35 runs; MoM – [[Kieron Pollard]] 33* (13) and 3/17 || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419162.html]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
|| 16 ||{{sort|1=02010-04-25|2=25 April 2010 — Final}}|| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Mumbai]] || {{nts|1=-22}}Lost by 22 runs || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419165.html]
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| Overall record: 11–5. Runners-up
|}

===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; width:80%"
|-
! Player !! [[Innings#Cricket|Innings]] !! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] !! [[Batting average (cricket)|Average]] !! [[Strike rate]] !! Highest Score !! [[Century (cricket)|100s]] !! [[Century (cricket)#Half-century|50s]]
|-
| {{sortname|Sachin|Tendulkar}} || 15 || '''618''' || 47.53 || 132.61 || 89* || 0 || 5
|-
| {{sortname|Saurabh|Tiwary}} || 15 || '''419''' || 29.92 || 135.59 || 61 || 0 || 3
|-
| {{sortname|Ambati|Rayudu}} || 14 || '''356''' || 27.38 || 144.71 || 55* || 0 || 2
|-
| {{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} || 14 || '''273''' || 22.75 || 185.71 || 45* || 0 || 0
|-
| {{sortname|Shikhar|Dhawan}} || 10 || '''191''' || 19.10 || 112.35 || 56 || 0 || 2
|}

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; width:80%"
|-
! Player !! [[Innings#Cricket|Innings]] !! [[Wicket (cricket)|Wickets]] !! [[Bowling average|Average]] !! [[Economy rate]] !! Best Bowling !! 4w
|-
| {{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}} || 14 || '''17''' || 22.17 || 7.04 || 3/31 || 0
|-
| {{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} || 12 || '''15''' || 18.26 || 7.40 || 3/17 || 0
|-
| {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}} || 13 || '''15''' || 22.93 || 7.02 || 4/22 || 1
|-
| {{sortname|Zaheer|Khan}} || 14 || '''15''' || 25.06 || 7.77 || 3/21 || 0
|-
| {{sortname|Dilhara|Fernando}} || 5 || '''7''' || 19.71 || 7.26 || 2/23 || 0
|}

==Champions League Twenty20==

===Group standings===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Team
!{{Tooltip | Pld | Played}}
!{{Tooltip | W | Won}}
!{{Tooltip | L | Lost}}
!{{Tooltip | NR | No result}}
!{{Tooltip | Pts | Points}}
!{{Tooltip | NRR | Net Run Rate}}
|- style="background:#dfd;"
|style="text-align:left;"| [[South Australia cricket team|Southern Redbacks]]
| 4
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 8
| +0.590
|- style="background:#dfd;"
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| 4
| 2
| 2
| 0
| 4
| +0.759
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Highveld Lions cricket team|Lions]]
| 4
| 2
| 2
| 0
| 4
| +0.401
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|'''Mumbai Indians'''
| 4
| 2
| 2
| 0
| 4
| +0.221
|-
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Guyana national cricket team|Guyana]]
| 4
| 0
| 4
| 0
| 0
| −2.083
|}

===Match log===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:2%;"|No.
! style="width:11%;"|Date
! style="width:20%;"|Opponent
! style="width:13%;"|Venue
! style="width:55%;"|Result
! style="width:9%;" |Scorecard
|- style="background:#fbb;"
|| 1 ||{{dts|1=2010|2=9|3=10|format=md}}|| [[Highveld Lions cricket team|Lions]] || [[Johannesburg]] || {{nts|1=4}}Lost by 9 runs || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/t20champions2010/engine/match/465119.html]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
|| 2 ||{{dts|1=2010|2=9|3=14|format=md}}|| [[South Australia cricket team|Southern Redbacks]] || [[Durban]] || {{nts|1=4}}Lost by 5 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/t20champions2010/engine/match/465125.html]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|| 3 ||{{dts|1=2010|2=9|3=16|format=md}}|| [[Guyana national cricket team|Guyana]] || [[Durban]] || {{nts|1=4}}Won by 31 runs; MoM - [[Kieron Pollard]] 72* (30) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/t20champions2010/engine/match/465128.html]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|| 4 ||{{dts|1=2010|2=9|3=19|format=md}}|| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Durban]] || {{nts|1=4}}Won by 2 runs; MoM - [[Dwayne Bravo]] 29 (17) and 2/23 || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/t20champions2010/engine/match/465133.html]
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| Overall record: 2–2. Failed to qualify for the semifinals.
|}

===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Player !! [[Innings#Cricket|Innings]] !! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] !! [[Batting average (cricket)|Average]] !! [[Strike rate]] !! Highest Score !! [[Century (cricket)|100s]] !! [[Century (cricket)#Half-century|50s]]
|-
| {{sortname|Sachin|Tendulkar}} || 4 || '''148''' || 37.00 || 139.62 || 69 || 0 || 1
|-
| {{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} || 4 || '''127''' || 42.33 || 201.58 || 72* || 0 || 1
|-
| {{sortname|Shikhar|Dhawan}} || 4 || '''114''' || 28.50 || 102.70 || 41 || 0 || 0
|}

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Player !! [[Innings#Cricket|Innings]] !! [[Wicket (cricket)|Wickets]] !! [[Bowling average|Average]] !! [[Economy rate]] !! Best Bowling !! 4w
|-
| {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}} || 4 || '''6''' || 19.66 || 7.37 || 3/33 || 0
|-
| {{sortname|Dwayne|Bravo}} || 3 || '''4''' || 21.75 || 7.90 || 2/18 || 0
|-
| {{sortname|Ali|Murtaza}} || 3 || '''3''' || 26.66 || 8.00 || 2/29 || 0
|}

==See also==
*[[Chennai Super Kings in 2010]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai Indians}}

[[Category:Mumbai Indians seasons]]
[[Category:2010 Indian Premier League]]

List of banyan trees in India

2025-01-29T13:18:50Z

Shaunak88: made a stub

{{Short description|None}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=January 2012}}
{{Cleanup|reason=The formatting is distracting and the relevance of the individual entries of the list is not clear|date=March 2017}}}}

[[Image:Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden - Howrah 2011-01-08 9728.JPG|thumb|[[The Great Banyan]] tree revered by the people of [[Indian religions|Indian-origin religions]] such as [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], and [[Sikhism]].]]

The following is a list of '''notable Banyan trees in India'''. The [[Banyan]] ([[Ficus benghalensis]]) is considered holy in several religious traditions of India. It is the [[National tree]] of India,
<ref name="National Symbols of India">
{{cite web | url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php/national_symbols.php?id=5 | title=National Tree| publisher= [[Government of India]] Official website| accessdate=2012-01-16}}</ref>
and also the [[List of Indian state trees|state tree]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

The trees listed here are regarded as important or specific by their historical, national, geographical, natural, or mythological context.

* [[Thimmamma Marrimanu]] is situated about 35 km from Kadri Lakshmi Narasimha temple in [[Anantapur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Its branches spread over 4 acres,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.backpacker-backgammon.com/news_banyan_trees.html |title=Backpacker Backgammon Boards - Banyan Trees |accessdate=2015-01-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710100822/http://www.backpacker-backgammon.com/news_banyan_trees.html |archivedate=2012-07-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anantapur.com/travel/thimmamma.html|title=Thimmamma Marrimanu - Anantapur|website=Anantapur.com|accessdate=19 March 2019}}</ref> with a [[canopy (biology)|canopy]] of 19,107 square metres. It was recorded as the largest tree specimen in the world in the ''[[Guinness Book of World Records]]'' in 1989.

* [[Kabirvad]], in [[Gujarat]], is one of the biggest banyan trees in India. Currently the area of its canopy is 17,520 m2 (4.33 acres) with a perimeter of 641 m (2,103 ft). Named after the revered poet Kabir, it is one of the most famous destinations for tourists, near Bharuch city in Gujarat.

* [[The Great Banyan]] in the botanical garden near [[Kolkata]], is a clonal colony of Indian Banyan with a crown circumference of over 330 meter. The area occupied by the tree is about 18,918 square metres (about 1.89 hectares or 4.67 acres). The present crown of the tree has a circumference of 486 m. and the highest branch rises to 24.5 m, almost as high as the Gateway of India. At present the tree has 3772 aerial roots reaching down to the ground as prop roots.

*[[Pillalamarri]], 800-year-old banyan tree located in [[Mahabubnagar]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]. The tree is spread over an area of 4 acres, according to archeological survey of India it is the third largest in India.
* The 450-year-old giant Banyan tree at Adyar in [[Adyar (Chennai)|Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India, in the grounds of the [[Theosophical Society Adyar|Theosophical Society]] headquarters under which people listened to discourses by intellectuals including J. Krishnamurti, Annie Besant and Maria Montessori.<ref name="adyar1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKQm0V7nnj8C&dq=Banyan+tree+Adyar&pg=PA40|title=Theosophist Magazine; October-December 1927|isbn=9780766151918|last1=Besant|first1=Annie Wood|date=March 2003}}</ref>
* [[Dodda Alada Mara]], the 400-year-old tree also called the Big Banyan Tree at Ramohalli, [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]. It is 95 feet tall and spreads across an area of 3 acres. This tree is located 28 km from Bengaluru.
* Chosath Yogini temple: a 1000 year old Banyan tree, located in Maharajpur, [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh]] (India), spread in 50000 square feet, the biggest banyan tree of central India
* A huge banyan tree spread across 2.5 acres of land inside the Pirbaba's Taroda sacred grove located in [[Amravati district]], [[Maharashtra]]. The tree is considered sacred.
* Cholti Kheri sacred tree in [[Fatehgarh Sahib district]] of Punjab.
* [[Pemgiri]], with 3.5 acres spread it is largest banyan tree of Maharashtra, 16 km west from Sangamner on Pune-Nasik Highway
* Dhalpal banyan tree. Located in [[Cooch Behar|CoochBehar]] district, [[West Bengal|WestBengal]].

==See also ==

* Sacred related
** [[Sacred trees]]
*** [[Balete tree]], largest in Philippines
*** [[Bodhi Tree]]
*** [[Sacred groves]]
*** [[Sacred groves of India]]
*** [[Tree spirit]]
*** [[Tree worship]]
** [[Sacred mountains]]
** [[Sacred natural site]]
** [[River#Sacred|Sacred rivers]]
** [[Sacred site]]
* General
** [[List of individual trees]]
** [[List of types of formally designated forests]]
** [[List of superlative trees|Superlative trees]]
** [[Tree hugger (disambiguation)]]
** [[Axis mundi|World mountain]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Tourism in India}}

[[Category:Individual banyan trees|India]]
[[Category:Trees of India]]
[[Category:Lists of trees|Banyan Trees Of India]]
[[Category:Lists of biota of India|Banyan trees]]

Ekamra

2024-07-07T17:09:10Z

Shaunak88: made basic pg v1

'''Ekamra''' may refer to:
* [[Ekamra-Bhubaneswar]], a Vidhan Sabha constituency of Khordha district, Odisha, India
* [[Ekamra Kanan]], a botanical garden in Bhubaneswar, India
* Ekamra Manoranjan TV, Odia language cable television channel
* [[Ekamra Walks]], a weekly heritage walk organised in Bhubaneswar, Odisha
* Nilachakra Ekamra, Odia language cable television channel

{{Disambiguation}}