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Rehaan Roy

2026-05-08T14:19:54Z

SharronKifer8: started post...

{{short description|Indian actor and model}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rehaan Roy
| native_name = রেহান রায়
| native_name_lang = bn
| caption =
| birth_name = Rehaan Roy
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor, model, DIY Creator.
| years_active = 2010–present
| known_for =
}}

'''Rehaan Roy'''<ref name=kapoor>[http://www.bollywoodmdb.com/television/actor-rehaan-roy-to-enter-tv-s-agnifera Actor Rehaan Roy to enter &TV's Agniphera]</ref> (Born 15 April 1988) is an Indian actor and model who has performed many roles in various [[Hindi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] television shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kya-Huaa-Tera-Waada-Rehaa-Roy-Sajda-Tere-Pyaar-Mein/articleshow/24245421.cms|title=Rehaan Roy of Sajda fame in Emotional Atyachaar|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 October 2013|accessdate=20 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rehaan-Roy-in-Savdhaan-India/articleshow/17226760.cms|title=Rehaan Roy in Savdhaan India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 November 2012}}</ref> He is known for the lead role of Ishaan in ''[[Ogo Bodhu Sundori (TV series)|Ogo Bodhu Sundori]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/I-couldnt-say-no-to-Ravi-Sir-Rehan/articleshow/6907914.cms|title=I couldn't say no to Ravi Sir: Rehan|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 January 2017|accessdate=30 December 2017}}</ref> Rishi in ''[[Sajda Tere Pyaar Mein]]'',<ref name="Times of India">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rehaan-Roy-to-make-a-comeback-on-TV/articleshow/48561653.cms|title=Rehaan Roy to make a comeback on TV|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 August 2015|accessdate=28 February 2018}}</ref> Ajgaar in ''[[Naagarjuna – Ek Yoddha]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/television/rehaan-to-play-karishma-tannas-brother-in-show-458200|title=Rehaan to play Karishma Tanna's brother in show|work=[[ABP News]]|date=6 December 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017}}</ref> Sahil in ''[[Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi (TV series)|Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi]]''<ref name="Times of India"/> and [[Vikram Bhatt]]'s [[web series]] ''[[Tantra]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedigitalhash.com/vikram-bhatt-rehaan-roy-aditi-arya/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314174516/https://www.thedigitalhash.com/vikram-bhatt-rehaan-roy-aditi-arya/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 March 2018|title= Vikram Bhatt signs Rehaan Roy, Aditi Arya for web series Tantra|work=The Digital Hash|accessdate=28 February 2018}}</ref> He also appeared in [[&TV]]'s daily soap ''[[Agnifera|Agniphera]]'' as Abhimanyu. He later played the role of Parv Singh in ''[[Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega]]'' and Khalid Mirza in ''[[Bahu Begum (2019 TV series)|Bahu Begum]]''.

== Filmography ==
===Film===
*2010 [[Amanush (2010 film)|''Amanush'']] as Aditya

===Television===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Ogo Bodhu Sundori (TV series)|Ogo Bodhu Sundori]]''
| Ishaan
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012
| ''[[Sajda Tere Pyaar Mein]]''
| Rishi
|-
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Emotional Atyachar]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014
| ''Pyar Ka The End''
|
|-
| ''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015
| ''[[Fear Files]]''
| Rehaan
|-
| ''Meera''
| Shubhankar
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Naagarjuna - Ek Yoddha]]''
| Ajgaar
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017
| ''[[Thapki Pyaar Ki]]''
| Monty Shekhawat
|-
| ''[[Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi (TV series)|Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi]]''
| Sahil Mittal
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Agniphera (TV series)|Agniphera]]''
| Abhimanyu
|-
| 2018–2020
| ''[[Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega]]''
| Parv Singh
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Karn Sangini]]''
| [[Dushasana|Dushasan]]
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Bahu Begum (2019 TV series)|Bahu Begum]]''
| Khalid Mirza
|}

===Web series===
*2017–2018 [[Vikram Bhatt]]'s ''Tantra''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=3959731}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Rehaan}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1988 births]]

Sushmitha Bhat

2026-05-07T01:52:44Z

SharronKifer8: made basic data from scratch.

{{Short description|Indian actress and dancer (born 1994)}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sushmitha Bhat
| image = Sushmitha Bhat latest.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Sushmitha Bhat in 2025
| birth_name = Sushmitha Bhat
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|01|01}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actress, Model, Dancer
| years active = 2020 – present
}}

'''Sushmitha Bhat''' is an Indian actress and dancer, who works predominantly in the [[Kannada]] films and television apart from a few [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. Popular for the Kannada TV series ''[[Kavyanjali (Kannada TV series)|Kavyanjali]]'', she made her feature film debut with the Telugu movie ''[[Natyam]]''. She received critical acclaim for portraying the character Nanditha in [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]'s Malayalam-language debut ''[[Dominic and the Ladies' Purse]]'' and Ambika in ''[[Love Marriage (2025 film)|Love Marriage]]''.<ref name="auto1">{{ Cite news| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/meet-the-bengaluru-techie-actress-sushmitha-bhat-whose-dance-moves-in-mammoottys-film-has-internet-talking/articleshow/117882498.cms|title=Meet the Bengaluru techie-actress whose dance moves in Mammootty's film has internet talking |website=[[The Economic Times]]|date=4 February 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{ Cite news| url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/photo-gallery/cinema/who-is-sushmitha-bhat-who-played-the-role-of-nanditha-in-the-movie-dominic-and-the-ladies-purse/photoshow/msid-117516462,picid-117516487.cms|title=31 വയസ്സേയുള്ളൂ, ഇവളാണ് ഡൊമനിക്കിലെ ആ നന്ദിത; നിങ്ങള്‍ കണ്ട ആളേ അല്ല ഇത്! ആരാണ് നന്ദിതയായി എത്തിയ സുഷ്മിത ഭട്ട് എന്ന നടി |website=[[The Times of India]]|date= 24 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{ Cite web| url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1268945
|title=Actress Sushmitha Bhat tells Gautham Menon, Mammootty: Forever grateful for trusting in me |website= Daijiworld|date= 24 January 2025 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Sushmitha Bhat was born in [[Chennai]], raised in [[Udupi]] and [[Bengaluru]]. She is an Electronics and Communication Engineering graduate <ref name="auto">{{Cite news |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2025/02/01/sushmita-bhat-nanditha-mammootty-film-dominic-and-the-ladies-purse-interview.html |title=Meet Sushmita Bhat, who brought Nanditha to life in Mammootty's 'Dominic and the Ladies' Purse'|first=C. J |last=Sudhi |newspaper= [[Malayala Manorama]] |date=1 February 2025 }}</ref> and a trained classical dancer.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Career==
In 2020, she signed into play lead role in the Kannada soap ''[[Kavyanjali (Kannada TV series)|Kavyanjali]]'' in which she plays the character Anjali.<ref>{{ cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sushmitha-bhat-talks-about-her-five-favourite-actresses/articleshow/78459387.cms |title=Sushmitha Bhat talks about her five favourite actresses|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 October 2020 }}</ref>

She made her debut in the 2021 [[dance]] [[romantic drama]] ''[[Natyam]]'', directed by Revanth Korukonda, where she played the role of a supporting dancer.<ref name="auto"/> In 2024, she was part of two Kannada films ''Kaljiga'' <ref>{{ Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/kaljiga/movieshow/113293137.cms | title=Kaljiga|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and ''[[Chow Chow Bath]]''.<ref name = "auto2">{{ Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/chow-chow-bath/movie-review/108544022.cms | title=Chow Chow Bath review: The perfect blend of comedy and romance in three stories of love|website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref><ref name = "auto3">{{ Cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/chow-chow-bath-movie-review-neat-and-clean-family-entertainer/articleshow/108503540.cms | title=Chow Chow Bath Movie Review: Neat and clean family entertain| website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref><ref>{{ Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kenja-chethan-kumar-on-his-kannada-film-chow-chow-bath-it-is-a-hyperlink-film/article67941865.ece | title=Kenja Chethan Kumar on 'Chow Chow Bath': It is a hyperlink film |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{ Cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/Mar/14/chow-chow-bath-movie-review-this-film-offers-a-new-flavour-to-romantic-tales | title=Chow Chow Bath Movie Review: This film offers a new flavour to romantic tales |website=Cinema Express}}</ref> She made her Malayalam debut with Gautham Vasudev Menon's ''[[mystery film|mystery]]'' ''[[comedy thriller]]'' [[Dominic and the Ladies' Purse]], opposite to [[Mammootty]] and her Tamil debut in [[Love Marriage (2025 film)|Love Marriage]].<ref name="auto"/> At the same year, she played an absent heroine in [[Pranav Mohanlal|Pranav]]'s [[Diés Iraé]].

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Natyam]]'' || Dancer || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|||| <ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2024 || ''Echoes of Love''||Swathi || rowspan="3" | [[Kannada]]|| Short film ||<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Echoes Of Love Short film |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZ5lnPa33PY|author= Radha Films Production|date= April 23, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kaljiga'' || Siri || ||
|-
| ''[[Chow Chow Bath]]'' || Sandhya|| || <ref name = "auto2"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Udayavani |title='ಚೌಚೌ ಬಾತ್‌' ನಲ್ಲಿ ರೊಮ್ಯಾಂಟಿಕ್ ಡ್ರಾಮಾ |url=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/sushmita-bhat-is-in-kannada-movie-chow-chow-bath |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Udayavani |language=kn}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2025 || ''[[Dominic and the Ladies' Purse]]'' || Nanditha
|| [[Malayalam]] ||||<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ml/!entertainment/sushmitha-bhat-gets-attention-through-mammootty-movie-dominic-and-the-ladies-purse-kerala-news-kls25012701775|title=ഡൊമിനിക്കിലേക്ക് ക്ഷണം ലഭിച്ചത് ഇൻസ്‌റ്റഗ്രാം വീഡിയോകൾ വഴി; ശ്രദ്ധേയമായി സുഷ്‌മിത ഭട്ട് - SUSHMITHA BHAT|website=ETV Bharat}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Love Marriage (2025 film)|Love Marriage]]''|| Ambika || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||||<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/12/vikram-prabhus-next-titled-love-marriage|title=Vikram Prabhu's next titled Love Marriage|website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-single-kalyana-kalavaram-from-vikram-prabhus-love-marriage-released/articleshow/119948048.cms|title=First single Kalyana Kalavaram from Vikram Prabhu's 'Love Marriage' released|website=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Diés Iraé]]'' || Kani || Malayalam || ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2026 || ''[[Krishnavataram Part 1: The Heart (Hridayam)]]'' || [[Radha]]
|| [[Hindi]] Tamil Telugu
||
||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest News, Videos and Photos of Krishnavataram Part 1: The Heart (Hridayam) {{!}} Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/krishnavataram-part-1-the-heart/movieshow/130353595.cms|access-date=18 April 2026|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Channel !! Notes
|-
|2020-2022|| ''[[Kavyanjali (Kannada TV series)|Kavyanjali]]'' || Anjali ||[[Kannada]]||[[Udaya TV]] ||Replaced by Deepa Jagadeesh
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|14710091}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhat, Sushmitha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:1994 births]]

Mint Street, Chennai

2026-04-30T06:42:08Z

SharronKifer8: Added data...

{{Short description|Historical street in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox street
|marker_image=
|name= Mint Street
|native_name=
|alternate_name=
|maint= [[Corporation of Chennai]]
|image=
|caption=
|map=
|length_mi= 1.6
|length_round=
|length_ref=
|length_notes=
|established=
|decommissioned=
|direction_a=North
|terminus_a=North Wall Road–[[Old Jail Road, Chennai|Old Jail Road]] Junction, [[Washermanpet]], [[Chennai]]
|junction=
|direction_b=South
|terminus_b=[[Poonamallee High Road, Chennai|Poonamallee High Road]], [[Park Town, Chennai|Park Town]], [[Chennai]]
|coordinates={{coord|13|5|2|N|80|16|41|E|display=inline,title}}
|counties=
|cities=
|system=
}}

'''Mint Street''' is one of the prime streets of the commercial centre of [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]] in [[Chennai]], India. The street is one of the oldest streets in Chennai and is believed to be the longest street in the city.<ref name="PrintWeekIndia_WalkthroughHistory"/><ref name="TOI_MadrasWeek_MemoriesDownTheStreet"/> Running north–south, the street connects [[Poonamallee High Road, Chennai|Poonamallee High Road]] at [[Park Town, Chennai|Park Town]] in the south with North Wall Road–[[Old Jail Road, Chennai|Old Jail Road]] Junction at [[Washermanpet]] in the north. Running parallel to the [[Wall Tax Road, Chennai|Wall Tax Road]], another historical thoroughfare in the city, the street passes through thickly populated residential and commercial areas of the historical neighbourhood.

==Etymology==
The street was named so during the 1840s when the [[British East India Company]] established its coin-making facility here.<ref name="TH_MeltingPot">{{cite news
| last = Kandavel
| first = Sangeetha
| title = A melting pot of cultures and trades
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 28 August 2019
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-melting-pot-of-cultures-and-trades/article61579268.ece
| access-date = 9 January 2023}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Mint Street Ekambareshwarar Temple.jpg|thumb|Ekambareshwarar Temple at Mint Street]]
In the 16th century, [[Madras Synagogue]] and Jewish Cemetery was established on the street by a [[Portuguese Jews|Portuguese Jewish]] trader, [[Jacques de Paiva]]. It was later moved to Lloyd's Road and became the [[Lloyd's Road Jewish Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Muthiah S.|title=The Portuguese Jews of Madras|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-portuguese-jews-of-madras/article2252700.ece|work=The Hindu|date=3 September 2007}}</ref>

In the early 18th century, washers and bleachers employed by the [[British East India Company]] for its cloth business settled around the street, given it the name 'Washers' Street'. Several of them were Telugu speaking, followed by the middlemen or dubashes (men who knew two languages), chiefly Telugu-speaking Komutti and Beri Chetties.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/north-madras-has-a-rich-history/article6328384.ece|title=North Madras has a rich history|website=Frontline|language=en|access-date=2019-06-01}}</ref> By the 1740s, [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]] and [[Saurashtra people|Saurashtrians]]<ref name=":0" /> from the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]] closely associated with the [[Clothing|cloth]] [[trade]] settled down in the area to the west of the street.<ref name=":0" /> Soon, the area also became home to [[Marwari people|Marwari]]s,<ref name=":0" /> who were chiefly pawn brokers and money lenders. Mint Street thus became a confluence of various language speakers, which has remained so till date.<ref name="PrintWeekIndia_WalkthroughHistory">{{Cite web
| last = Sriram
| first = V.
| author-link =
| title = A walk through the history of Mint Street, Chennai
| work = Print Week India
| publisher = PrintWeek.in
| date = 12 June 2013
| url = http://www.printweek.in/Feature/346489,a-walk-through-the-history-of-mint-street-chennai.aspx
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 16 Mar 2014}}</ref>

In 1841–1842, the East India Company moved its coin-making facility to this street, and since then the street became known as Mint Street.<ref name="PrintWeekIndia_WalkthroughHistory"/> Later the mint was converted as the Government Press, which still functions. Next to the Press stood Crown Talkies, one of the city's earliest cinema theatres built by a photographer named Ragupathy Venkaiah, who also built other theatres such as Gaiety and Globe in various parts of the city. The street also housed Muragan Theatre, where ''Kalidasa'', the first Tamil talkie, was released.<ref name="TOI_MadrasWeek_MemoriesDownTheStreet">{{cite news
| last = TNN
| first =
| title = Madras Week: Memories down the Mint Street
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 29 August 2011
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Madras-Week-Memories-down-the-Mint-Street/articleshow/9777333.cms
| accessdate = 16 Mar 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Top 5 streets of George Town in Chennai
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 28 August 2017
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/real-estate/top-5-streets-of-george-town-in-chennai/article19575578.ece
| accessdate = 24 September 2020}}</ref>

The city's first ticketed Carnatic concert was conducted in this street in the 1880s for a concert by Maha Vaidyanatha Sivan at the Thondaimandalam Thruva Vellalar School, which is now in a dilapidated condition. The concept, however, did not succeed.<ref name="TOI_MadrasWeek_MemoriesDownTheStreet"/><ref name="Hindu_MintStreetMusicMemories">{{cite news
| last = Sriram
| first = V.
| title = Mint Street, music and memories
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 10 December 2011
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/mint-street-music-and-memories/article2703706.ece
| accessdate = 16 Mar 2014}}</ref>

In 1889, the Hindu Theological School was established, where the legendary C. Saraswathi Bai gave her first harikatha performance in 1909, becoming the first woman to do so.<ref name="Hindu_MintStreetMusicMemories"/> The school was visited by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1896.<ref name="TOI_MadrasWeek_MemoriesDownTheStreet"/>

==The present-day street==
[[File:Mint Street Jain Temple.jpg|thumb|Shri Chandraprabhu Jain temple]]
The street is known for its authentic Rajasthani cuisine, which Marwaris believe is only available in this area.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ramkumar
| first = Pratiksha
| title = Led by nose, group explores Mint St
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 27 August 2012
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Led-by-nose-group-explores-Mint-St/articleshow/15797729.cms
| accessdate = 16 Mar 2014}}</ref>

The memorial house of savant Ramalinga Swamigal is located near the northern end of the street, in Veerasami Street, a lane off Barracks Street.<ref name="Hindu_MintStreetMusicMemories"/>

The street houses two historic schools, namely the Tondaimandalam Tuluva Vellalar (TTV) School, founded in 1854, and the Hindu Theological School, founded in 1889. The TTV School was home to one of the earliest music sabhas—the Tondaimandalam Sabha. It was at a meeting of this Sabha at the school in 1905 that the decision to celebrate the Aradhana of Tyagaraja in a grand manner at Thiruvaiyaru was taken by a large group of musicians.<ref name="Hindu_MintStreetMusicMemories"/>

Mint Street housed several bhajan centres (''bhajanai mandirams''), to nurture the bhajan tradition of Carnatic music, of which at least two still survive. One of these centres has transformed into a temple. Known as the 'Sumai tangi' (load-bearing) Rama temple, it has two exquisite Thanjavur paintings of Rama and Narasimha, which were the original objects of worship before the erection of stone idols. In a talk that Tiger Varadachariar gave over the All India Radio, composers and music publishers Tachur Singaracharlu Brothers organised bhajan sessions at this temple in the 1890s.<ref name="Hindu_MintStreetMusicMemories"/>
Mint Street has several temples dedicated to Lord Ganesha.<ref name="Hindu_MintStreetMusicMemories"/> [[Kandaswami Temple, Georgetown|Kandaswami Temple]], dedicated to Lord Murugan, is located on Rasappa Chetty Street, off Mint Street. The street is also home to the [[Ekambareswarar Temple, Chennai|Ekambareswarar Temple]].

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Parry's Corner]]
* [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]]
* [[History of Chennai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | title=Madras Discovered| last=Muthiah| first=S.| year=1981| author-link=S. Muthiah| publisher=East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd|page=124}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Roads of Chennai}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}

[[Category:Roads in Chennai]]
[[Category:Streets of George Town, Chennai]]

Dinesh Rawat

2026-04-29T19:56:17Z

SharronKifer8: New Some Post Needs Work

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dinesh Rawat
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|05|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Barabanki]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| constituency = [[Haidergarh Assembly constituency|Haidergarh]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = Baijnath Rawat
| successor =
| father = Raja Ram Rawat
| children = 4
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = Sadguru Inter College
| profession = [[Politician]]
| occupation = [[Farmer]]
| education = [[Higher Secondary Certificate#India|Intermediate]]
| spouse = Aarti Devi
}}
'''Dinesh Rawat''' (born 5 May 1990) is an Indian politician, farmer, and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Haidergarh Assembly constituency]] of [[Barabanki district]].<ref name="upla">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18272/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |website=uplegisassembly.gov.in |access-date=16 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/dinesh-rawat/ |title=Dinesh Rawat, BJP MLA from Haidergarh |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=ourneta.com}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="upla"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/dinesh-rawat |title=Dinesh Rawat |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=prsindia.org |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref>

==Early life==

Dinesh Rawat was born on 5 May 1990 in [[Barabanki]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], to a [[Hindu]] [[Pasi (caste)|Pasi]] family of Raja Ram Rawat.<ref name="upla"/> He married Aarti Devi, and they had four children.<ref name="upla"/>

==Education==

Dinesh Rawat completed [[Higher Secondary Certificate#India|intermediate]] at Sadguru Inter College, Barabanki, a college affiliated with the [[Uttar Pradesh State Board of High School and Intermediate Education]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=3161 |title=Dinesh Rawat(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- HAIDERGARH (SC)(BARABANKI) |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Posts held ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!From
!To
!Position
!Comments
|-
|01
|March 2022
|Incumbent
|Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
|
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Haidergarh Assembly constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawat, Dinesh}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Barabanki district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Tripura Legislative Assembly

2026-04-25T15:38:14Z

SharronKifer8:

{{Short description|Unicameral legislature of the Indian state of Tripura}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Tripura Legislative Assembly
| native_name =
| legislature = [[13th Tripura Assembly]]
| coa_pic = Tripura_Legislative_Assembly_logo.png
| coa_res =
| established = 1963
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_limits = 5 years
| leader1_type = [[List of governors of Tripura|Governor of Tripura]]
| leader1 = [[Indrasena Reddy]]
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type = [[Speaker of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| leader2 = [[Ram Pada Jamatia]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nath |first1=Abhijit |date=13 March 2026 |title=Rampada Jamatia Likely To Be Speaker of Tripura Legislative Assembly - Northeast Today |url=https://northeasttoday.in/northeast/rampada-jamatia-likely-to-be-speaker-of-tripura-legislative-assembly/ |work=Northeast Today |access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref>
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election2 = 18 March 2026
| leader3_type = [[List of deputy speakers of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]
| leader3 = [[Ram Prasad Paul]]<ref>{{cite news|title=BJP's Ram Prasad Paul elected Tripura Assembly Dy Speaker |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/politics/bjps-ram-prasad-paul-elected-tripura-assembly-dy-speaker/ |access-date=28 March 2023 |work=Lokmat English|date=28 March 2023}}</ref>
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election3 = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|28 March 2023]]
| leader4_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Tripura|Chief Minister]] (Leader of the House)
| leader4 = [[Manik Saha]]
| party4 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election4 = 15 May 2022
| leader5_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader5 = [[Jitendra Chaudhury]]<ref name="DH_March2024">{{cite news |title=Tipra Motha to join BJP-led govt in Tripura days after signing tripartite pact |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tripura/tipra-motha-to-join-bjp-led-govt-in-tripura-days-after-signing-tripartite-pact-2924662 |work=Deccan Herald |agency=PTI |date=6 March 2024 |access-date=6 March 2024}}</ref>
| party5 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|election5 = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|6 March 2024]]
| members = '''60'''
| structure1 = {{Switcher|[[File:India Tripura Legislative Assembly June 2024.svg|300px]]|By party|[[File:India Tripura Legislative Assembly Alliance Wise 2024.svg|300px]]|By alliance}}
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 = '''[[Government of Tripura|Government]] (46)'''
:{{Color box|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}} [[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]] (46)
:*{{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (32)
:*{{Color box|#FCEE23}} [[Tipra Motha Party|TMP]] (13)<ref name="DH_March2024"/>
:*{{colorbox|#008000}} [[Indigenous Peoples Front of Tripura|IPFT]] (1)
'''Opposition (13)'''
:{{Color box|{{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} [[Secular Democratic Forces|SDF]] (13)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (10)
:*{{Color box|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (3)
'''Vacant (1)'''
*{{colorbox|#FFFFFF}} Vacant (1){{efn|Dharmanagar MLA Biswa Bandhu Sen died on 26 December 2025.}}
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|16 February 2023]]
| next_election1 = [[Next Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2028]]
| session_room = 1487239146-tripura-assembly-fb.jpg
| session_res =
| meeting_place = Tripura Vidhan Sabha, Agartala
| website = {{URL|https://tripuraassembly.nic.in|Tripura Legislative Assembly}}
}}

The '''Tripura Legislative Assembly''' is the [[unicameral]] legislature of the Indian state of [[Tripura]], with 60 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of the Legislative Assembly]]. The present Assembly is located in Gurkhabasti. [[Ujjayanta Palace]] in [[Agartala]] served as the previous meeting place. The tenure of the Assembly is five years unless sooner dissolved. The present Assembly is the 13th Legislative Assembly, where the current speaker of the House is [[Ram Pada Jamatia]] since 18 March 2026. On 15 August 1957, a [[Tripura Territorial Council|Territorial Council]] was formed with 30 elected members and two members nominated by the [[Government of India]].

==Previous Assemblies==
The assemblies constituted so far are listed below:<ref name=stats>{{cite web|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/tripura.html|title=Tripura Legislative Assembly at a glance|website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232359/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/tripura.html|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Assembly
!Period
|-
! [[1963 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1st Assembly]]
|1 July 1963 to 12 January 1967
|-
! [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2nd Assembly]]
|1 March 1967 to 1 November 1971
|-
! [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|3rd Assembly]]
|20 March 1972 to 5 November 1977
|-
! [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|4th Assembly]]
|5 January 1978 to 7 January 1983
|-
! [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|5th Assembly]]
|10 January 1983 to 5 February 1988
|-
! [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|6th Assembly]]
|5 February 1988 to 28 February 1993
|-
! [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|7th Assembly]]
|10 April 1993 to 10 March 1998
|-
! [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|8th Assembly]]
|10 March 1998 to 28 February 2003
|-
! [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|9th Assembly]]
|4 March 2003 to 3 March 2008
|-
! [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|10th Assembly]]
|10 March 2008 to 1 March 2013
|-
! [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|11th Assembly]]
|2 March 2013 to 3 March 2018
|-
! [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|12th Assembly]]
|4 March 2018 to 12 March 2023
|-
! [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|13th Assembly]]
|13 March 2023-
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{{transcluded section|source=13th Tripura Assembly}}
{{trim|{{#Section-h:13th Tripura Assembly|Members of Legislative Assembly}}}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.loksabhaelections.in/tripura Tripura Lok Sabha Election Result Website]
*[http://tripura.gov.in/ Official government website of Tripura]

{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{Tripura}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tripura Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:State lower houses in India]]
[[Category:Unicameral legislatures]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Tripura]]

Shahdara Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:43:57Z

SharronKifer8: made some article v1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shahdara
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
| established = 1993
| mla = [[Sanjay Goyal]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2025
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 62
}}

'''Shahdara Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern India.
Shahdara assembly constituency is a part of [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Ram Niwas Goel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Narender Nath]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Jitender Singh Shunty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ram Niwas Goel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Sanjay Goyal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Shahdara<ref name="Shahdara Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Shahdara Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/shahdara |access-date=28 February 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228172802/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/shahdara |archive-date=28 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Shahdara">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Shahdara |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0562.htm |access-date=28 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228172843/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0562.htm |archive-date=28 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=BJP|candidate=[[Sanjay Goyal]]|votes=62,788|percentage=49.63|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Jitender Singh Shunty]]|votes=57,610|percentage=45.54|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Jagat Singh|votes=3,862|percentage=3.50|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=558|percentage=0.44|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,178|percentage=4.09|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,26,517|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = BJP
| loser = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Shahdara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Ram Niwas Goel]]
| votes = 62,103
| percentage = 49.53
| change = +0.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Sanjay Goyal]]|votes=56,809|percentage=45.31|change=+5.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Narender Nath|votes=4,474|percentage=3.57|change=-4.4}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Indu|votes=702|percentage=0.56|change=-0.64}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=411|percentage=0.33|change=+0.02}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,294|percentage=4.23|change=-5.69}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,25,430|percentage=66.22|change=-3.46}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +0.04
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Shahdara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Ram Niwas Goel]]|votes=58,523|percentage=49.49|change=+27.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Jitender Singh Shunty]]|votes=46,792|percentage=39.57|change=-3.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Narender Nath|votes=9,423|percentage=7.97|change=-20.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Behen Preeti|votes=1,289|percentage=1.09|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Rajpal Singh|votes=1,276|percentage=1.08|change=-1.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None|votes=368|percentage=0.31|change=-0.25}}
{{Election box majority|votes=11,731|percentage=9.92|change=-4.39}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,18,432|percentage=69.68|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Shiromani Akali Dal
| swing = +27.23
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Shahdara<ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=62 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| candidate = [[Jitender Singh Shunty]]
| votes = 45,364
| percentage = 42.96
| change = -0.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Dr Narender Nath]]
| votes = 30,247
| percentage = 28.64
| change = -16.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Balbir Singh (Delhi politician)|Balbir Singh]]
| votes = 23,512
| percentage = 22.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Anchal Sharma
| votes = 2,725
| percentage = 2.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Bhim Singh
| votes = 2,239
| percentage = 2.12
| change = -7.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Democratic Party
| candidate = Tasavvar
| votes = 230
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Nikunj Sharma
| votes = 229
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Akeel
| votes = 132
| percentage = 0.12
| change = -0.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vandana
| votes = 124
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Ram Kanwar
| votes = 121
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ishwar Dass
| votes = 89
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 595
| percentage = 0.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 15,117
| percentage = 14.31
| change = +12.55
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 105,624
| percentage = 67.64
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Shiromani Akali Dal
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Shahdara<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Dr Narender Nath]]
| votes = 39,194
| percentage = 44.89
| change = +2.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Jitender Singh Shunty]]
| votes = 37,658
| percentage = 43.13
| change = +21.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Vijay Pal
| votes = 38,658
| percentage = 9.28
| change = -3.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| candidate = Neelam Kumari
| votes = 669
| percentage = 0.77
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Suresh Kumar
| votes = 427
| percentage = 0.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Tahira Mirza
| votes = 207
| percentage = 0.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Mahandra Manchanda
| votes = 192
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Vanchit Jamat Party
| candidate = Subhash Gahlot
| votes = 176
| percentage = 0.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sanjay Lohia
| votes = 153
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Subhash Mishra
| votes = 141
| percentage = 0.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Naveen Prakash Goyal
| votes = 125
| percentage = 0.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rangi Lal Yadav
| votes = 117
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Manish Gupta
| votes = 90
| percentage = 0.10
| change = -0.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Asgar Malik
| votes = 64
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,536
| percentage = 1.76
| change = -19.63
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 87,317
| percentage = 57.1
| change = +0.23
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Shahdara<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Dr Narender Nath]]
| votes = 26,423
| percentage = 42.86
| change = -13.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = [[Jitender Singh Shunty]]
| votes = 13,238
| percentage = 21.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ved Vyas Mahajan
| votes = 13,155
| percentage = 21.34
| change = -17.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Chaman Lal Yadav
| votes = 8,032
| percentage = 13.03
| change = +10.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Laxman Singh Sisodia
| votes = 237
| percentage = 0.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Tara Chand
| votes = 197
| percentage = 0.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Manish Gupta
| votes = 150
| percentage = 0.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtravadi Janata Party
| candidate = Dhanoj
| votes = 117
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Jai Prakash Janata Dal
| candidate = Malvinder Kaur Mehta
| votes = 97
| percentage = 0.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 13,185
| percentage = 21.39
| change = +4.14
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 61,646
| percentage = 56.87
| change = +6.96
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Shahdara<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Dr Narender Nath]]
| votes = 29,929
| percentage = 55.86
| change = +25.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Jyotsna Aggarwal]]
| votes = 20,689
| percentage = 38.61
| change = -14.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Dharmendra Kumar
| votes = 1,130
| percentage = 2.11
| change = -1.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Prayagraj Gupta
| votes = 818
| percentage = 1.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Mahinder Singh
| votes = 348
| percentage = 0.65
| change = -7.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Shakti
| candidate = S Chander Shekhar
| votes = 236
| percentage = 0.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Republican Party of India
| candidate = Prithvi Raj Kain
| votes = 165
| percentage = 0.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Congress (Socialist)
| candidate = Kamal Kishroe Tripathi
| votes = 155
| percentage = 0.29
| change = +0.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Kranti Dal (Jai)
| candidate = Tribhuvan Prasad
| votes = 113
| percentage = 0.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 240
| percentage = 17.25
| change = -5.71
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 53,583
| percentage = 49.91
| change = -15.41
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1993===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Shahdara<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Ram Niwas Goel]]
| votes = 28,253
| percentage = 53.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Chaman Lal Yadav]]
| votes = 16,086
| percentage = 30.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Ram Kishor Gupta
| votes = 4,549
| percentage = 8.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Dal Chand
| votes = 1,777
| percentage = 3.35
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajesh Chand
| votes = 567
| percentage = 1.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Vinay Sahdev
| votes = 339
| percentage = 0.64
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rakesh Kumar Gupta Alias Munna
| votes = 336
| percentage = 0.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Kranti Dal
| candidate = Ajab Singh Bagri
| votes = 228
| percentage = 0.43
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Lekh Singh
| votes = 118
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Congress (Socialist)
| candidate = Amrik Singh
| votes = 117
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kamal Maheshwari ‘Darpan’
| votes = 98
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Republican Paksha
| candidate = Bal Kishan Malhotra
| votes = 79
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Hari Charan
| votes = 79
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Mazdoor Ekta Party
| candidate = Shyam Singh
| votes = 50
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jaginder Singh
| votes = 40
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Doordarshi Party
| candidate = Rukmani Devi
| votes = 38
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = National Democratic Peoples Front
| candidate = Anil Kumar
| votes = 38
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Chatter Singh
| votes = 37
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Rashtrawadi Dal
| candidate = Shyam Lal
| votes = 33
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Dal
| candidate = Prem Kumar
| votes = 33
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Mukt Bharat
| candidate = Poshkar Koul Vakil
| votes = 27
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Bhag Singh
| votes = 19
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Lok Nath
| votes = 17
| percentage = 0.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Anil
| votes = 16
| percentage = 0.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sandeep
| votes = 14
| percentage = 0.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 12,167
| percentage = 22.96
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 52,988
| percentage = 65.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.684|77.264|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:Shahdara district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

Rishi Valley School

2026-04-16T05:07:17Z

SharronKifer8: started a article...

{{Multiple issues
|
{{promotional|date=March 2018}}
{{COI|date=January 2018}}
{{More citations needed|article|date=March 2009}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Rishi Valley School
| image = Rishi valley pano view.jpg
| size =
| caption = Campus from the adjoining hill
| established = 1926
| type = Private boarding school
| founder = [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]]
| city = [[Madanapalle]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| district = [[Annamayya district]]
| gender = Co-educational
| enrollment = ~365
| faculty = 59
| grades = 4–12
| houses = 20
| affiliation = [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] [[Indian School Certificate|ISC]]
| website = {{URL|rishivalley.org}}
| director = Dr. Meenakshi Thapan
| principal = Dr. Anantha Jyothi
| age_range = 8-17
}}

'''Rishi Valley School''' is an Indian [[boarding school]], founded by the [[Philosophy|philosopher]] [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]]. The school has a [[Holism|holistic]] approach to education in the spirit of Krishnamurti's pedagogical vision. Community service and extracurricular activities are part of the students' schooling, as are discussions, assemblies and club meetings.

Rishi Valley is set in 375 acres of an independent valley, surrounded by hills and tiny villages. It is located close to the town of [[Madanapalle]], Krishnamurti's birthplace, in the south Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Rishi Valley is two hours from [[Tirupati]] and [[Chittoor]], two and a half-hours from [[Bangalore]] and five hours from [[Chennai]].

== Overview ==
The school accepts students from the fourth through the twelfth grade (ages nine–eighteen) and follows the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] board for the ninth and tenth grades and the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ISC]] for the eleventh and twelfth grades. Twenty boarding houses accommodate students across the campus, with twenty students in each house. The school is divided into a junior (fourth through eighth) and a senior (ninth through twelfth) school.
The school is known for its Krishnamurti's teachings-inspired curricula, which includes developing an appreciation for the environment, art and music, and athletics in addition to traditional subjects. The school runs the Rishi Valley Institute for Educational Resources (RIVER) program, the Rural Education Centre and the Rural Health Centre.

With a large campus spread over {{convert|360|acre|km2}} in the [[Rayalseema]] area of southern Andhra Pradesh, Rishi Valley was chosen by Krishnamurti for its atmosphere of serenity, centered around a large [[banyan tree]] which was one of the oldest in India.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} This tree fell down in 2016.

Rishi Valley is nestled in an ancient valley under the Rishikonda Hill where, as folklore has it, sages, or in Sanskrit '[[rishi]]s', used to meditate. The school derives its name from these legends. The rain-fed Rishi stream that flowed down a surrounding hill and through the school has long since dried up, but Krishnamurti retained the name for his first school. Granite hills with striking formations surround Rishi Valley on all sides.{{sfn|Dalal|2007|p=7}}

== Sister Schools ==
* [[Rajghat Besant School]], Varanasi, India
* [[The School KFI]], Chennai, India
* Sahyadri School, Sahyadri Hills, Pune, [[India]]
* [[The Valley School]], Bengaluru, India,
* [[Pathashaala KFI]], Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, India
* [[Oak Grove School (Ojai, California)]], USA
* [[Brockwood Park#Brockwood Park School|Brockwood Park School]], Bramdean, UK

==History==

===Origins===
Rishi Valley was born with the idea of starting a world university, conceptualized by [[Annie Besant]], President of the [[Theosophical Society]], in 1925. Three sites near [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]]'s birthplace, [[Madanapalle]] were identified as possible locations for the school. At a site in Thettu Valley a big banyan tree attracted his notice and he built the school in the region surrounding the tree. {{sfn|Dalal|2007|p=3}}

In 1926, [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]]'s colleague C.S. Trilokikar on his request went from hamlet to hamlet by bullock cart, buying land until a 300-acre campus had been assembled. By 1929 most of the land for Rishi Valley had been acquired. Trilokikar named the whole basin Rishi Valley, a name derived from legends about [[rishi]]s, who were held to have lived in the hills surrounding the valley, thousands of years ago. However, before the land was completely assembled, Besant abandoned the idea of a world university because there were more pressing matters of national importance for her, such as India's [[Indian Home Rule|Home Rule Movement]].{{sfn|Dalal|2007|p=4}}

===Relocation===
The Guindy School was a school started by [[Annie Besant|Besant]] in 1918 and was based in [[Madras]]. Its first headmaster, G.V. Subba Rao (GVS) was a young theosophist. Space in the Guindy School was limited, the neighbourhood was noisy and crowded and each year the torrential Northeast Monsoon would cause havoc, destroying the school's thatched roofs and blowing down its cottages. {{sfn|Dalal|2007|p=6}} After a particularly bad cyclone in late 1930, which destroyed much of the Guindy School, [[Krishnamurti|Jiddu Krishnamurti]] met GVS, and it was decided that the Guindy School would be relocated to Rishi Valley.{{sfn|Balasundaram|2012|p=10}}

The building of the structures was undertaken by the Theosophists who were drawn to Krishnamurti's teachings. Engineers were brought in to oversee construction work on campus, all of whom refused to accept pay. By September 1931, the structures were ready to accommodate the school. Shortly after this, Subba Rao relocated to their new campus with approximately ninety students and their teachers. Just as the move was completed, an unprecedented 50 inches of rainfall graced Rishi Valley's parched landscape and the area was inundated with water. The inhabitants of the surrounding villages thought the coming of the school was a blessing and a sign of prosperity.{{sfn|Dalal|2007|p=9}}

By 1934, the basic structures in the school had been built including the Senior School building which is still used today. Oil and petromax lamps were used for lighting the buildings until 1937, after which two dynamos began to provide electricity during the day. Students and teachers also started planting trees in and around the campus during this period.{{sfn|Dalal|2007|p = 12}}

===GVS as Headmaster (1931-1941)===
Subba Rao's decade-long tenure (1931–1941) was a pioneering one, with some of the teaching methods carried over from his experiences at the Guindy School. When he shifted to Rishi Valley, GVS became the first headmaster of an Indian boarding school. At Guindy, Tamil was the medium of instruction; at Rishi Valley, Telugu was added as a language of instruction. GVS laid the groundwork for the school by practicing a simple lifestyle that included meditation, a quiet life, austerity with material possessions, and harmony with nature. The beautiful natural expanse of the valley provides for some quiet retreats for 'nature studies'-outdoor lessons which were a part of the timetable. On the sports field, GVS disallowed prize-giving ceremonies, as he felt it harboured unhealthy competition.{{sfn|Dalal|2007|p=18}}

All senses of division were supposed to be eliminated: caste, gender, religion, and that of anything which might cause fractious relationships among students. This was important in a country on the brink of a new era in history—one in which the aim was secularism and social parity.{{sfn|Dalal|2007|p=14}}

On 24 June 1941, a police raid was conducted on the school. Magazines and books elaborating communist ideals were seized because under the British these were banned books as they were thought to promote Indian independence. Many teachers were put under house-arrest, fined or were put under probation for three years. The Director of Public Instruction even forced two longstanding teachers to resign. {{sfn|Dalal|2007|p=19}} As a result, Subbarao became 'dangerous' for proliferating such material during the heat of the freedom struggle and the wartime constraints Britain was facing at that time. This incident was later found to have been caused by a disaffected senior student who tipped off the police about the presence of communist literature on campus. This event ended GVS's tenure as principal.{{sfn|Dalal|2007|p=}}

===Unsteady years (1941-1950)===
The resignation of GVS had consequences that brought the school to a standstill: expenditures were cut back sharply, co-curricular activities were curtailed and some of the best teachers left. This was a period of transition at the school as several principals - Y.K. Shastri, K.A. Venkatagiri Iyer, Narayana Iyer and K. Srinivasa Raghavan came and departed.

At this time, Krishnamurti was in the United States and was only able to return to India in late 1947, after Indian independence. During this period Muriel Payne, an associate of Krishnamurti gave a new direction to the school. She came to Rishi Valley, influenced by Krishnamurti, in an attempt to revive it.{{sfn|Dalal|2007|p=21}} Along with five others, she set up a group in 1948, which tried to gauge the situation and get the school back on track. This experiment ended abruptly, and in July 1949 Rishi Valley stopped functioning as an institution.{{sfn|Dalal|2007|p=22}}

Ms. Payne's experiment might have failed, but her interest in the school had not waned. She was instrumental in restarting the school under a new administration with [[Frederick Gordon Pearce|F. Gordon Pearce]], a noted educator, at the helm. Krishnamurti took a renewed interest in the school. New people were getting involved and a new kind of school emerged.{{sfn|Dalal|2007|p=22}}

In July 1950, the school was reopened, with 15 pupils. The fees were reduced to a low level to attract a wide range of students even though it put some pressure on the budget. To ensure a good start, the staff agreed to a lowered salary until the school became stabilized.{{sfn|Dalal|2007|p=23}}It was up to Pearce to revitalize the school as its finances were low.{{sfn|Dalal|2007|p=24}}

===Pearce years (1951-1958)===
Within two years the school was running well with 110 fee-paying boarders as well as a waiting list for admissions. The student population was growing more diverse with 80% of students coming from northern, western and eastern India as well as some from overseas.{{sfn|Dalal|2007|p=25}} Two of the best teachers at this time were [[David Horsburgh]] and Sardar Mohammad.{{sfn|Dalal|2007|p=26}}

A lot of practices were also introduced during this period that are still followed in the school. Students could learn classical North Indian and South Indian music. Local folk dancing was brought in by David Horsburgh. Hiking, trekking and camping were also encouraged and teachers would often accompany students. One of Pearce's long lasting innovations at Rishi Valley was his introduction of 'astachal'. Children would gather together every evening, to sit quietly while the sun was setting on the Astachal hill. It was a time which gave children the opportunity for quiet reflection.{{sfn|Dalal|2007|p=28}}

Pearce resigned in October 1958 due to differences with the Rishi Valley Trust as well as Krishnamurti and went on to found two more schools in India - The Blue Mountain School in Ooty and the Sandur School. Sardar Mohammad joined Mr. Pearce in Blue Mountain School after he left Rishi Valley. [[David Horsburgh]] started his own school Neel Bagh in Kolar district - about 100 km outside Bangalore.

===Balasundaram years (1958-1977)===
S. Balasundaram was made a member of the Krishnamurti Foundation India in December 1955, and took charge of the Rishi Valley estate while simultaneously teaching at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] in Bangalore. It was decided by Krishnamurti that Balasundaram should be made the new principal of the school, after Pearce resigned in October 1958. He was principal of the school for almost two decades, until March 1977.{{sfn|Balasundaram|2012|p=27-29}}

It was during this period that Rishi Valley expanded in numerous ways. It was decided that Rishi Valley would be made a self-sufficient community in terms of food grains, fruit and vegetables, which would be grown on the agricultural land attached to the school, and also in terms of milk production through reorganizing the school's dairy. The administration felt that Rishi Valley should not live in isolation from neighboring communities, and that a Rural Centre be formed which would help the surrounding villages with housing, health, adult education and also provide schemes for them in agriculture and dairy farming.<ref name="REC">{{Cite web |title=Rural Education Centre (REC)|url=https://www.rishivalley.org/rural-education-centre|publisher=Rishi Valley|access-date=2021-03-01}}</ref>{{sfn|Balasundaram|2012|p=41}} Other efforts were made to provide schooling even to those who could not pay school fees with the help of government schemes.{{sfn|Balasundaram|2012|p=43}}

International folk dancing was introduced to Rishi Valley in 1963 by David Young, a teacher from the Happy Valley School in California.

It was also during Balasundaram's tenure that Rishi Valley's fabled dance dramas in Sanskrit, Tamil and Telugu, were produced, year after year, for J. Krishnamurti, under the Banyan Tree, in the
[[Pandanallur]] style of [[Bharatanatyam]]. {{sfn|Balasundaram|2012|p=77}}

==Traditions and culture==
There are traditions and cultures unique to Rishi Valley.{{sfn|Thapan|2006|p=58}} Some practices that the school has maintained for over fifty years are the morning assembly, Asthachal and folk dancing. During the morning assembly, three times a week, the entire school gathers for singing. Children learn traditional chants, as well as songs by poets, ranging from Kabir to Rabindranath Tagore, often set in accompaniment to the traditional south Indian drum, the [[mridangam]]. The rest of the week, students, teachers, and visitors take turns speaking about various topics that interest them.

F. Gordon Pearce, the principal of Rishi Valley School after the Second World War, came up with the idea of Asthachal (sunset point), a tradition which survives to this day. During Asthachal, children gather together on a cliff and sit quietly while the sun sets. It is a short but peaceful period of time, which gives children an opportunity for quiet reflection, observation of nature, daydreaming or watching their own thoughts.

An American teacher, David Young, introduced Western folk dancing to the school.{{sfn|Dalal|2007|p=40}} Later, another teacher, David Horsburgh, introduced European and American folk dancing. Folk dancing, or 'folkie' as students call it, is held once a week. The senior students teach the dances to the junior students. Over the years, the dances have evolved and visiting alumni usually join in.

Religious and cultural festivals and occasions are celebrated in Rishi Valley like Christmas, Ugadi, Shivaratri and Makara Sankranti (Pongal) when villagers come and perform for the children. During Makara Sankranti, there is a bull dance where all students dance along with the villagers and their decorated bulls. On such special occasions, students are treated to a special dinner.

Student cultural activities include: classical Indian dance ([[Bharatnatyam]]), [[Carnatic music]], [[Mridangam]] and the Violin. Many important Indian artists have performed in Rishi Valley including [[M.L. Vasanthakumari]] (Carnatic musician), [[Amjad Ali Khan]] (Hindustani musician), [[Nikhil Banerjee]] ([[Sitar]] musician), [[Palghat Mani Iyer]] (Mridangam musician), and [[Bombay Jayashree]] (Carnatic musician). Renowned [[Odissi]] and [[Bharata Natyam|Bharatanatyam]] choreographer and dancer [[Oopali Operajita]], is a former Rishi Valley student where she studied Bharatanatyam.

Sports include [[Association football|football]], [[cricket]], [[Sport of athletics|athletics]], [[basketball]] and [[volleyball]], tennis and badminton. The surrounding wilderness area is an ideal terrain for rock climbers and recreational hikers. There is an annual Athletics Meet ("Sports Day") and seasonal football, cricket and basketball extramural matches (colloquially referred to as "Externals") between Rishi Valley and the neighboring teams. The RV Cup is an annual [[Association football|football]] tournament for the boys and a [[handball]] tournament for the girls.

An arts and crafts department teaches and engages students in [[carpentry]], [[pottery]], [[weaving]], [[batik]] and [[fine art]].

== Natural history and conservation ==
Rishi Valley is located in a drought-prone area of [[Andhra Pradesh]], in [[Chittoor]] district. The region has witnessed erratic rainfall, which makes agriculture and farming difficult. There is an abundance of granite rocks found across the Valley. Rishi Valley stands around 800 meters above sea level, and thus it experiences a pleasant climate, with temperatures rarely rising above 38 °C (100.4 °F) or falling below 10 °C (50 °F).

The soil type varies from black cotton soil, also known as [[vertisol]], to red laterite soil. Though the humus content in the soil is low, it is able to support a variety of vegetational types, such as a small zone of wetlands, deciduous woodlands, dry scrublands and drylands. When the school was set up, open wells were the only source of water. By the 1960s, pipelines were laid from [[Horsley Hills]] to Rishi Valley. The open wells went dry for four years (1981–1985) due to extensive farming and channel irrigation. As soon as the open wells went dry, borewells were laid in order to satisfy the new water requirements of the school. The introduction of borewells led to [[overdrafting|groundwater depletion]] while the open wells were neglected. The introduction of borewells led to farmers changing their old agricultural patterns, shifting from dry land crops to more water-intense crops, causing the groundwater table to be further eroded.

===Reforestation===
In 1980, 150 acres of adjoining hillside were leased to Rishi Valley School by the government of Andhra Pradesh for [[reforestation]]. The aim of this lease was to grow an abundance of trees on the hills. As a first step, a fence was constructed around the South Hills, to keep away grazing sheep and cattle. An arrangement was reached with the surrounding villages, to take fodder from the hills.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Rangaswami|first1=S.|last2=Sridhar|first2=S.|title=Birds of Rishi Valley and Renewal of Their Habitats|date=1993|publisher=Rishi Valley Education Centre|location=Andhra Pradesh, India|isbn=9788186042014|page=51|edition=1st}}</ref> Despite this, relations with the surrounding villages remained tense for several years, during which time the reforestation drive on the South Hills began in earnest. Almost 20,000 trees and shrubs and thousands of seedlings were planted by students of the school during these years, although their efforts were thwarted to some extent by prolonged droughts in the region during the 1980s. In 1988, the state government of Andhra Pradesh helped the school finance a percolation tank on 20 acres of low-lying land on the campus of the school. The large basin was to collect rain water from surrounding hills and service through underground channels the dry wells throughout the valley and beyond.

==Educational Research==
Rural Education Centre<ref name="REC"/> innovated Multi grade teaching methodology in which children are not divided into different annual grades, but children are taught and assessed continuously. This is also called School in a box. This method was pioneered by Padmanabharao and Rama, a teacher couple.

As an example, consider the students of traditional first and second grade in single classroom. Activity charts are created for the various topics of the lessons. Each activity chart is associated with minimum learning level. Few activity charts put together determine the skill to be acquired by the student. This is represented by a local bird or animal. Each activity chart will have this symbol and a number. For subjects like Telugu, Maths, Conversation skills, communication skills, there will be a ladder of activity charts. After a child learns from an activity chart, she moves up on the ladder. Thus each student is assessed independently. Teacher involvement for an activity chart varies from full involvement to nil involvement. Children who have moved up the ladder help others who are below them. This method is highly useful, in tribal areas, where number of children are less and number of teachers are also less. As per [[Radhika Herzberger]], Director of Rishi Valley School, this method yielded significant improvement in learning levels of rural schools and there were more visitors to these schools than the Rishi Valley School. This method was adopted initially by the Andhra Pradesh Tribal schools initially and later adopted across India and the world.<ref>{{Cite book| title= కొన్ని కలలు, కొన్ని మెలకువలు(సార్వత్రిక విద్యతో నా అనుభవాలు)|author= వాడ్రేవు చినవీరభద్రుడు|publisher=ఎమెస్కో|date=2005|pages=307–308|language=te}}</ref>

==Gallery==

<gallery>
File:Rishi Valley bus stop.jpg|alt=Rishi Valley bus stop|Rishi Valley bus stop on [[Madanapalli]] -[[Thettu]] Via Pujarivaripalli
File:Rishi Valley School gate.jpg|alt=Rishi Valley School gate |Rishi valley school gate
File:KFI retreat at Rishi Valley.jpg|alt=KFI retreat at Rishi Valley |KFI retreat session at Rishi Valley on 2019 November 17 Krishnan addressing the gathering, with [[Radhika Herzberger]] presiding
</gallery>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Abijeet Duddala]], Actor<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Abijeet Duddala shares how beautiful is his life - Life is Beautiful Hero Exclusive Interview|url=https://www.ragalahari.com/interviews/1127/abijeet-duddala-shares-how-beautiful-is-his-life.aspx|access-date=14 August 2021|website=Ragalahari}}</ref>
* [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], Actress<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Treena|title=Making the right moves|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141012/jsp/graphiti/18902153.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015025353/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141012/jsp/graphiti/18902153.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2014|access-date=25 January 2018|work=[[Telegraph India]]|date=12 October 2014|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Yardi Systems|Anant Yardi]], Founder, Yardi Systems; Owner, WeWork
* [[Anita Reddy]], Indian social worker
* [[Anjan Sundaram]], journalist and writer
* [[Bob Balaram|J. 'Bob' Balaram]], NASA scientist and engineer
* [[Krishna Reddy (artist)|Krishna Reddy]], printmaker and sculptor<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/31/obituaries/krishna-reddy-dead.html|title=Krishna Reddy, Master Printmaker and Indian Modernist, Dies at 93|newspaper=The New York Times|date=31 August 2018|last1=Cotter|first1=Holland}}</ref>
* [[Nachiket Mor]], banker and social entrepreneur<ref name="celebs">{{cite web| url=https://www.educationworld.in/most-famous-schools-attended-by-indian-celebrities/| title=Most famous schools attended by Indian celebrities| author=Riya Ganguly| accessdate=30 October 2021| website=educationworld.in| date=18 August 2021| archive-date=16 November 2025| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116042000/https://educationworld.in/most-famous-schools-attended-by-indian-celebrities/| url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]], sixth President of India<ref name="celebs" /><ref>{{cite web| url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/creative-classrooms/258038/5| title=Creative Classrooms| date=5 January 2008| accessdate=30 October 2021| website=indianexpress.com}}</ref>
* [[Oopali Operajita]], classical Indian dancer and choreographer; former distinguished fellow, [[Carnegie Mellon University]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Dance as Fluid Sculpture: The Example of Odissi|url=https://www.nypl.org/events/programs/2006/11/04/dance-fluid-sculpture-example-odissi|publisher=[[The New York Public Library]]|access-date=24 March 2018|date=4 November 2006}}</ref>
* [[Payal Kapadia (filmmaker)|Payal Kapadia]], film director<ref name="Dore 2017">{{Cite web|last=Dore|first=Bhavya|date=7 June 2017|title=Payal Kapadia: Over the Clouds|url=https://openthemagazine.com/cinema/payal-kapadia-over-the-clouds/|website=Open: The Magazine}}</ref>
* [[Ramji Raghavan]], Social entrepreneur
* [[Shiavax Jal Vazifdar]], Chief Justice, [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Vazifdar sworn-in as Chief Justice of Punjab & Haryana High|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/vazifdar-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-punjab-haryana-high-116080601053_1.html|access-date=24 March 2018|work=[[Business Standard India]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=6 August 2016}}</ref>
* [[Shishir Sharma]], Actor
* [[Sreenivasan Jain]], Journalist and TV anchor<ref name="celebs" />
* [[Sunil Shanbag]], Theatre director<ref>{{cite news|title=Breaking new ground|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080727/jsp/graphiti/story_9600426.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102121703/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080727/jsp/graphiti/story_9600426.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 November 2012|access-date=29 March 2018|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=27 July 2008}}</ref>
* [[T. Nagi Reddy|Tarimela Nagi Reddy]], Politician and activist
* [[Varun Gandhi]], Politician, member of [[Lok Sabha]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sen|first1=Upala|last2=Kohli|first2=Namita|title=Strange Gandhi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/strange-gandhi/story-s5VHT0PRpehtMbuUWxkQVJ.html|access-date=25 January 2018|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=27 March 2009|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Vicky Chandhok]], Motorsports Racing Driver

==See also==
* [[Jiddu Krishnamurti Schools]]
* [[The Walden School Hyderabad]]
* [[The Valley School]]
* [[Rajghat Besant School]]
* [[The School KFI]]
* [[Vidyaranya High School]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book|last1=Balasundaram|first1=S.|title=Non-Guru Guru|date=2012|publisher=Edwin House Publishing, Inc.|location=57 Taormina Lane, Ojai, California|isbn=978-0-9760006-3-1|edition=1st}}
* {{cite book |title=Rishi Valley School: The First Forty Years |last1=Dalal |first1=Roshen |editor1-last=Herzberger |editor1-first=Hans |editor2-last=Herzberger |editor2-first=Radhika |edition=2nd |year=2007 |publisher=Krishnamurti Foundation India |place=Rishi Valley }}
* {{cite book |title=Life at School: An Ethnographic Study |last=Thapan |first=Meenakshi |isbn=978-0-19-567964-9 |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-37dPAAACAAJ |access-date=24 September 2013}}
* {{cite book|last1=Rangaswami|first1=S.|last2=Sridhar|first2=S.|title=Birds of Rishi Valley and Renewal of Their Habitats|isbn=9788186042014 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jdHAAAAYAAJ|access-date=5 October 2013|year=1993|publisher=Rishi Valley Education Centre, Krishnamurti Foundation India}}
* {{cite book |title=Poetry with Young People |last=Patel |first=Gieve |isbn=978-8126024292 | year=2007 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | location=New Delhi| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oRVGNQAACAAJ | access-date=26 September 2013}}
* {{cite book |title=Remembering G. V. Subba Rao: A Life of Dedication to Education |edition=1st |year=1980 |publisher=G. V. Subba Rao Trust |place=Madras }}
* {{cite book |title=J. Krishnamurti: A Biography | last=Jayakar | first=Pupul | isbn=0140103430 |year=1986 | publisher=Penguin Books India | location=New Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=91-rYJXtcqMC | access-date=26 September 2013}}
* {{cite book | title=Delightful Days at Rishi Valley | last = Natu | first=Raghunath (Ravi) | year = 2008 | publisher=Utkarsh Prakashan | location=Pune }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Portal bar|Education|border=yes}}
{{Coord|13.634|78.454|region:IN_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=title}}

{{Jiddu Krishnamurti}}
{{Schools in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Boarding schools in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jiddu Krishnamurti schools]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1926]]
[[Category:1926 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Alternative schools in India]]

Nongpoh Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:09Z

SharronKifer8: started info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nongpoh
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| type= SLA
| map_image = Nongpoh Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 9
| district = [[Ri Bhoi district|Ri Bhoi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Mayralborn Syiem]]
| party = {{Party index link|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:37588}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
}}
'''Nongpoh''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[Ri Bhoi district|Ri Bhoi]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It falls under [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref name="election">{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/nongpoh.html |title= Nongpoh (Meghalaya) Assembly Constituency Elections |work=elections.in |date= |accessdate=20 March 2018}}</ref> and its current MLA is [[Mayralborn Syiem]] of [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/2018-election-results.html |title=Meghalaya Assembly Election 2018 Result |work=elections.in |date= |accessdate=22 March 2018}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
!colspan=4|Assam
|-
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[B. B. Lyngdoh]]
| {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
|-
!colspan=4|Meghalaya
|-
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan=4 | [[D. D. Lapang|Dr. D. D. Lapang]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]]
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || [[Constantine Lyngdoh]] || {{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=4 | [[D. D. Lapang|Dr. D. D. Lapang]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=2 | [[Mayralborn Syiem]]
|-
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongpoh<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mayralborn Syiem]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=14,940 |percentage=45.86% |change={{increase}}17.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rona Khymdeit |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,254 |percentage=25.34% |change={{decrease}}14.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Macdalyn Sawkmie Mawlong |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=7,446 |percentage=22.86% |change={{increase}}4.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Marian Maring |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,079 |percentage=3.31% |change={{increase}}0.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Long Singh Bey |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=661 |percentage=2.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bismo Ingtih |party=Independent politician |votes=195 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=300 |percentage=0.92% |change={{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,686 |percentage=20.52% |change= {{increase}}8.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,575 |percentage=86.66% |change= {{decrease}}3.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,588 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongpoh<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mayralborn Syiem]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,119 |percentage=40.07% |change={{decrease}}10.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rona Khymdeit |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=7,795 |percentage=28.09% |change={{decrease}}6.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Cleophas B. Syiem |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=5,144 |percentage=18.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manin Raja |party=Independent politician |votes=1,085 |percentage=3.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Patboone Syngkli |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=800 |percentage=2.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Marian Maring |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=755 |percentage=2.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dedrict Binong |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=311 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=308 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,324 |percentage=11.98% |change= {{decrease}}4.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,752 |percentage=90.02% |change= {{increase}}0.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,829 |ref = |change= {{increase}}28.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongpoh<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[D. D. Lapang|Dr. D. D. Lapang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,927 |percentage=50.88% |change={{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rona Khymdeit |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=7,329 |percentage=34.13% |change={{decrease}}13.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Badhok Nongmalieh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,573 |percentage=11.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paskal Lyngkhoi |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=381 |percentage=1.77% |change={{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Charles G.R.Syngkli |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=265 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,598 |percentage=16.75% |change= {{increase}}13.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,475 |percentage=89.33% |change= {{decrease}}1.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,041 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongpoh<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[D. D. Lapang|Dr. D. D. Lapang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,974 |percentage=50.68% |change={{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Celestine Lyngdoh |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=10,254 |percentage=47.35% |change={{increase}}7.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Markus Lyngdoh |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=426 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=720 |percentage=3.33% |change= {{decrease}}7.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,654 |percentage=90.74% |change= {{increase}}25.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,863 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongpoh<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[D. D. Lapang|Dr. D. D. Lapang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,808 |percentage=51.14% |change={{decrease}}4.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Constantine Lyngdoh]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=6,100 |percentage=39.95% |change={{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. G. Khongjoh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=691 |percentage=4.53% |change={{increase}}1.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. N. Roberts |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=670 |percentage=4.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,708 |percentage=11.19% |change= {{decrease}}4.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,269 |percentage=65.43% |change= {{decrease}}11.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,400 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongpoh<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[D. D. Lapang|Dr. D. D. Lapang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,070 |percentage=55.52% |change={{increase}}9.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Constantine Lyngdoh]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=6,566 |percentage=40.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. B. H. Hynniewta |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=416 |percentage=2.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. J. Franco Marten |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=285 |percentage=1.74% |change={{decrease}}51.80 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,504 |percentage=15.33% |change= {{increase}}7.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,337 |percentage=79.81% |change= {{decrease}}3.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,220 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}1.98 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongpoh<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Constantine Lyngdoh]] |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=7,474 |percentage=53.54% |change={{increase}}19.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Donwa Dethwelson Lapang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,379 |percentage=45.70% |change={{increase}}0.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gershom N Syngkli |party=Janata Dal (B) |votes=106 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,095 |percentage=7.84% |change= {{decrease}}3.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,959 |percentage=82.40% |change= {{increase}}3.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,326 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongpoh<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[D. D. Lapang|Dr. D. D. Lapang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,758 |percentage=45.10% |change={{increase}}5.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chosterfield Khongwir |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=3,576 |percentage=33.90% |change={{increase}}2.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rangkynsai Makdoh |party=Hill People's Union |votes=2,215 |percentage=21.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,182 |percentage=11.20% |change= {{increase}}3.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,549 |percentage=80.30% |change= {{increase}}10.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,650 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongpoh<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[D. D. Lapang|Dr. D. D. Lapang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,017 |percentage=39.62% |change={{increase}}4.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chosterfield Khongwir |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=2,416 |percentage=31.73% |change={{increase}}8.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thomas Roy Malai |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=1,535 |percentage=20.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Andreas Khongjee |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=573 |percentage=7.52% |change={{decrease}}17.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=James C. Khyriem |party=Independent politician |votes=74 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=601 |percentage=7.89% |change= {{decrease}}1.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,615 |percentage=72.30% |change= {{increase}}5.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,323 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.35 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.73 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongpoh<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[D. D. Lapang|Dr. D. D. Lapang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,223 |percentage=34.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Andreas Khongjee |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,621 |percentage=25.44% |change={{increase}}5.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Marcus Lyngdoh |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=1,470 |percentage=23.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lajro Singh Khymdiet |party=Independent politician |votes=1,058 |percentage=16.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=602 |percentage=9.45% |change= {{decrease}}0.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,372 |percentage=66.08% |change= {{increase}}14.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,261 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}4.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongpoh<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[D. D. Lapang|Dr. D. D. Lapang]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,166 |percentage=30.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Alley |party=Independent politician |votes=772 |percentage=20.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Horen Jones Rotan |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=743 |percentage=19.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Markus Lyngdoh |party=Independent politician |votes=503 |percentage=13.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lebanon Kharkonbor |party=Independent politician |votes=406 |percentage=10.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Rynshon |party=Independent politician |votes=202 |percentage=5.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=394 |percentage=10.39% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,792 |percentage=50.76% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,042 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Nongpoh]]
*[[Ri-Bhoi district]]
*[[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}
{{coord|25.86|91.84|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Ri-Bhoi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Meghalaya]]

Organ transplantation in Tamil Nadu

2026-04-16T04:00:10Z

SharronKifer8: started details...

{{Short description|Organ transplantation regulation in Indian state, Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = April 2020}}

{{Use Indian English|date= April 2020}}

[[Organ transplantation]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] is regulated by India's [[Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994]] and is facilitated by the Transplant Authority of Tamil Nadu (TRANSTAN) of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] and several NGOs. Tamil Nadu ranks first in India in deceased organ donation rate at 1.8 per million population, which is seven times higher than the national average.<ref name="journal1" />

Tamil Nadu made [[brain death]] certification mandatory in 2008, becoming the first [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] to do so. The move improved the odds of deceased organ donations in the state. It was also the first state to create "green corridors" to quickly transport donated organs to its destined hospital.<ref name="donatelife">{{Cite web|title=Green Corridor System - Organ Donation Information in India {{!}} Donate Life {{!}} NGO|url=https://www.donatelife.org.in/green-corridor-system|website=www.donatelife.org.in|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> Between 2008 and 2019, after restraining [[organ trade]] with new regulations, the state has recorded 7,783 organ transplants. Non-profit organisations such as [[MOHAN Foundation]] have also played a major part in the domain of organ transplantation.

== Background ==
After facing a kidney donation scandal in 2007, the Government of Tamil Nadu took measures to promote deceased donor organ transplants in Tamil Nadu, to curb illegal trade of organs.<ref name="NDTV">{{Cite web|url=https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/india-needs-learn-tamil-nadu-organ-donation-1252/|title=Organ Donation: What Tamil Nadu Got Right|date=17 November 2016|website=NDTV-Fortis More to Give: Be an Organ Donor|language=en-US|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408111804/https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/india-needs-learn-tamil-nadu-organ-donation-1252/|archive-date=8 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Srinivasan|first=Sandhya|date=12 April 2013|title=Has Tamil Nadu turned the tide on the transplant trade?|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f2155|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=346|article-number=f2155 |doi=10.1136/bmj.f2155|issn=1756-1833|pmid=23585066|s2cid=31085086 |access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325141216/https://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f2155|archive-date=25 March 2020|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It started the Tamil Nadu Cadaver Transplant Program (CTP) on 16 September 2008,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tnos.org/Aboutus.aspx|title=Tamil Nadu Organ Sharing Registry – Share Organs Save Lives|website=tnos.org|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111035144/http://tnos.org/Aboutus.aspx|archive-date=11 January 2019|url-status=usurped}}</ref> conducted workshops to build awareness among the medical society in the state, and also collected feedback on the process of allocating organ donations for patients.<ref name="TNM">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-nadu-s-incredible-organ-transplantation-record-how-did-it-happen-53779|title=Tamil Nadu's incredible organ transplantation record: How did it happen?|website=thenewsminute.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317030301/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-nadu-s-incredible-organ-transplantation-record-how-did-it-happen-53779|archive-date=17 March 2020|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref>

=== Hithendran Effect ===
Another major stimulus for organ transplantation awareness in the state is said to be a particular incident in 2008 in which the physician parents of a 15-year-old motorcycle accident victim, donated their son's organs.<ref name="NDTV" /> On 20 September 2008, the youth named Hithendran had a motorcycle accident.<ref name="aphithendranmemorialtrust">{{Cite web|title=Hithendran, A P Hithendran Memorial Trust, Organ Donation Trust|url=http://www.aphithendranmemorialtrust.org/incident.html|website=www.aphithendranmemorialtrust.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510055218/http://www.aphithendranmemorialtrust.org/incident.html|archive-date=10 May 2013|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> He sustained several injuries and was declared brain dead after being admitted to [[Apollo Hospitals|Apollo Hospital]] in [[Teynampet]]. After not finding any improvement in his condition for three days, his parents decided to donate his organs.<ref name="ndtv">{{Cite web|title='Hithendran Effect' Keeping Tamil Nadu At The Forefront Of Organ Donation|url=https://www.ndtv.com/health/hithendran-effect-keeping-tamil-nadu-at-the-forefront-of-organ-donation-1659513|website=NDTV.com|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826020616/https://www.ndtv.com/health/hithendran-effect-keeping-tamil-nadu-at-the-forefront-of-organ-donation-1659513|archive-date=26 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hithendran's functioning organs, including heart, liver, kidney, corneas and bone marrow, were donated.<ref name="aphithendranmemorialtrust"/> A 9-year-old from [[Bangalore]] in need of heart was found in the city's Frontier Lifeline Hospital in [[Mogappair]]. The heart was harvested in a record time of 11 minutes.<ref name="frontierlifeline"/> The surgeons, state, and [[Greater Chennai Police|city police]] coordinated to transport the heart swiftly. With traffic cleared and signals turned green, the 45-minute journey took only 11 minutes for the ambulance.<ref name="aphithendranmemorialtrust"/><ref name="ndtv"/><ref name="frontierlifeline"/> After a successful transplant, the recipient of the heart lived for a year post-transplant.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Heart fails transplant|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Heart-fails-transplant/articleshow/22045254.cms|date=September 15, 2009|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130095240/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Heart-fails-transplant/articleshow/22045254.cms|archive-date=30 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> At least seven other people benefited from Hithendran's organ donations.<ref name="frontierlifeline">{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontierlifeline.com/organ-donation.asp|title=Organ Donation Awareness, Dr.K.M. Cherian, Heart Foundation, Cardiology, Cardiac Surgery, Heart Transplantation, Chennai, Mogappair, Transplantation Services, Heart Surgery, Digital pacemaker and frontier life line.|website=www.frontierlifeline.com|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013043514/http://www.frontierlifeline.com/organ-donation.asp|archive-date=13 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

This generated widespread attention and support for deceased organ donation in the state.<ref name="TNM" /> People began to enquire about organ donation and brain death more after the incident, which became known as the 'Hithendran Effect'.<ref name="ndtv"/> A memorial service for Hithendran was arranged at the [[Raj Bhavan, Chennai|Raj Bhavan]] afterwards by the [[List of governors of Tamil Nadu|governor]], [[Surjit Singh Barnala]].<ref name="frontierlifeline"/> A street in his hometown, Thirukalukumdram, was also named after him.<ref name="ndtv"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hithendran, A P Hithendran Memorial Trust, Organ Donation Trust|url=http://www.aphithendranmemorialtrust.org/home.html|website=www.aphithendranmemorialtrust.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119230953/http://www.aphithendranmemorialtrust.org/home.html|archive-date=19 November 2019|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>

== TRANSTAN ==
{{Infobox organization
| name = Transplant Authority Of Tamil Nadu
| image = Transplant Authority Of Tamil Nadu logo.png
| image_alt =
| caption =
| abbreviation = TRANSTAN
| successor =
| formation = {{Start date|2014}}
| type = Government agency
| status =
| purpose = [[Organ transplantation]]
| headquarters = [[Tamil Nadu Government Multi Super Speciality Hospital]]
| location = [[Anna Salai]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| region_served =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| parent_organization = [[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| website = {{URL|https://transtan.tn.gov.in}}
| image_size =
| image_border =
}}
The Transplant Authority of Tamil Nadu was formed by the government on 12 December 2014 under the chairmanship of the [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|chief minister of Tamil Nadu]]. This authority consists of 21 members, including the Minister for Health and Family Welfare and Minister of Finance. An executive committee manages the functions of the agency. The committee comprises the principal secretary to the Government of Tamil Nadu, [[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Health and Family Welfare]].<ref name="transtan.tn.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=https://transtan.tn.gov.in/aboutus.php|title=Transplant Authority Of Tamil Nadu, About us|website=Transplant Authority Of Tamil Nadu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712190756/https://transtan.tn.gov.in/aboutus.php|archive-date=12 July 2019|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref> TRANSTAN coordinates the transplant activities and also overlooks the CTP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mohanfoundation.org/organ-donation-transplant-resources/organ-donation-in-india.asp|title=Deceased Organ Donation in India|website=www.mohanfoundation.org|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228235824/http://www.mohanfoundation.org/organ-donation-transplant-resources/organ-donation-in-india.asp|archive-date=28 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The government also took steps to coordinate with non-profit organisations and private and public hospitals.<ref name="TNM" />

=== Operational history ===
Tamil Nadu made certification of brain death mandatory, becoming the first Indian state to do so.<ref name="NDTV" /> It also established clear procedures on declaration of brain death and enlarged the panel of members who could certify brain death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mohanfoundation.org/organ-donation-transplant-resources/government-orders-organ-donation-%20transplantation-tamil-nadu.asp|title=Government Orders on Organ Donation and Transplantation From Tamil Nadu Health Department|website=www.mohanfoundation.org|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215122546/http://www.mohanfoundation.org/organ-donation-transplant-resources/government-orders-organ-donation-%20transplantation-tamil-nadu.asp|archive-date=15 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> This was considered a major measure as it enhances the chances of deceased organ donations. The state authority has created a centralised waiting list system to ensure proper allocation of donor organs.<ref name="TNM" />

The state has also created [[Organ donation in India#Green corridors|green corridors]], routes that are cleared out for an ambulance carrying harvested organs to ensure their delivery at the destination in the shortest time possible.<ref name="donatelife"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=34 Green Corridors In 34 Months: How Indore Is Saving Lives Through Effective Time Management|url=https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/organ-donation-organ-transplant-indore-green-corridors-success-stories-2517/|date=5 November 2018|website=NDTV-Fortis More to Give: Be an Organ Donor|language=en-US|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630230304/https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/organ-donation-organ-transplant-indore-green-corridors-success-stories-2517/|archive-date=30 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> For this, the hospitals involved in a transplantation, city traffic authorities, and in certain cases airport authorities, collaborate to transport an organ from one hospital to the other.<ref name="donatelife"/><ref>{{Cite news|last=Shelar|first=Jyoti|date=29 June 2019|title=Green corridors for speedy organ transport see a rise|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/green-corridors-for-speedy-organ-transport-see-a-rise/article28222023.ece|access-date=24 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The first use of a green corridor took place in July 2014, when a hospital and police coordinated to transport a heart from one hospital to another in half the usual time in [[Chennai]].<ref name="donatelife"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lanes Of Hope: How Green Corridors Help Save Lives|url=https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/lanes-of-hope-how-green-corridors-help-save-lives-1131/|date=15 November 2016|website=NDTV-Fortis More to Give: Be an Organ Donor|language=en-US|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026173346/https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/lanes-of-hope-how-green-corridors-help-save-lives-1131/|archive-date=26 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The state also made it mandatory for hospitals conducting transplants to register with the state. To ensure that every available organ is utilised, guidelines for non-transplant centres were set.<ref name="NDTV" /> According to the member secretary of TRANSTAN, R Kanthimathy, only Tamil Nadu uses "skin, tissues, kidney, liver and heart, among others for transplant, while most others states focus on heart and kidneys".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2019/08/08042045/1170497/TN-tops-list-of-organ-recipients-in-nation.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514174104/https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2019/08/08042045/1170497/TN-tops-list-of-organ-recipients-in-nation.vpf|archive-date=14 May 2021|title=TN tops list of organ recipients in nation|date=8 August 2019|website=dtNext.in|language=en|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref> [[Sunil Shroff]] of [[MOHAN Foundation]] had said that their NGO used to work with six to eight hospitals on organ transplants. But after the government coordination, this number went up to 30.<ref name="NDTV" />

In 2019, TRANSTAN compiled post-transplant data of patients for the past ten years which outlined patient health and survival rates.<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news|last=M|first=Serena Josephine|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/which-state-tops-transplants-in-india/article30153421.ece|title=T.N. gets a pat on the back for its transplant record|date=4 December 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=22 April 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207125319/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/which-state-tops-transplants-in-india/article30153421.ece|archive-date=7 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> However, this data has not been made public.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/organ-transplant-outcomes-a-secret-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/73514135.cms|title=Organ transplant outcomes a secret in Tamil Nadu|date=22 January 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref>

On 25 March 2020, organ transplants across the state were halted due to the [[2020 coronavirus pandemic in Tamil Nadu|coronavirus pandemic in Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=M|first=Serena Josephine|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/organ-transplants-come-to-a-halt-across-the-state/article31157726.ece|title=Organ transplants come to a halt across the State|date=25 March 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=22 April 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325133249/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/organ-transplants-come-to-a-halt-across-the-state/article31157726.ece|archive-date=25 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Statistics ==
{{image frame
|content={{Chart|definition=Tamil Nadu, India, organ transplants.chart|data=Tamil Nadu, India, organ transplants.tab|Width=300}}
|caption=Number of transplants by organ<ref name="transtan-home">{{Cite web|url=https://transtan.tn.gov.in/|title=Transplant Authority Of Tamil Nadu, Government of Tamil Nadu|website=Transplant Authority Of Tamil Nadu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502222452/https://transtan.tn.gov.in/|archive-date=2 May 2020|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref>
|border=no
}}
India, with a population of more than one billion, lags far behind western nations like [[Spain]], [[United States]], and [[United Kingdom]] in national deceased organ donation, with a rate of 0.34 per million population. Tamil Nadu has a deceased organ donation rate of 1.8 per million population, which is seven times higher than the national average.<ref name="journal1">{{Cite journal|last1=Vipin|first1=Koushal|last2=Raman|first2=Sharma|last3=Ashok|first3=Kumar|title=Impact of green corridors in organ donation: A single-center experience|url=http://www.ijtonline.in/article.asp?issn=2212-0017;year=2018;volume=12;issue=2;spage=110;epage=112;aulast=Koushal|journal=Indian Journal of Transplantation|volume=12|issue=2|pages=110–112}}</ref>

Between 2008 and 2013, more than 2,000 transplants were recorded in Tamil Nadu, the highest in the country at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/New-year-new-life-Organ-donation-in-state-up-by-55/articleshow/28162438.cms|title=New year, new life: Organ donation in state up by 55%|date=December 31, 2013|first=Janani|last=Sampath|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103153537/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/New-year-new-life-Organ-donation-in-state-up-by-55/articleshow/28162438.cms|archive-date=3 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2018 to 2016, the state transplanted 4,938 organs from 887 donors.<ref name="TNM" /> By 2019, this number went up to 7,783 organs.<ref name="Hindu" /> Most of these were [[Kidney transplantation|kidney transplants]].

The state suffered a dip in number of organ donations received in 2018, reportedly due to a controversy over preference given to foreign patients. Organ donations dropped from 185 in 2016 to 160 in 2017 and 140 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/aug/16/noble-cause-87-cadaver-organ-donations-so-far-in-tn-this-year-2019551.html|title=Noble cause: 87 cadaver organ donations so far in TN this year|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914020135/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/aug/16/noble-cause-87-cadaver-organ-donations-so-far-in-tn-this-year-2019551.html|archive-date=14 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, the state recorded 128 deceased donors.<ref name="Hindu" />

== Awards ==
[[File:J.P. Nadda presenting the award to the Health Minister of Tamil Nadu, Shri C. Vijaya Baskar, for best state award in the area of organ donation and transplantation.jpg|thumb|[[Jagat Prakash Nadda|J.P. Nadda]] (left) awards the Health Minister of Tamil Nadu, [[C. Vijayabaskar|C. Vijaya Baskar]], with the Best State Award in the area of organ donation and transplantation|alt=]]
The state has been awarded the 'Best State Award' in cadaver organ donation from the National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation, for five consecutive years (2015–19).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tn-bags-organ-donation-award/article30126928.ece|title=T.N. bags organ donation award|date=1 December 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=22 April 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129045313/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tn-bags-organ-donation-award/article30126928.ece|archive-date=29 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

== See also ==

* [[Organ donation in India]]
* [[Organ donation]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://transtan.tn.gov.in}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/19990420223208/http://tnos.org/ TamilNadu Network for Organ Sharing registry]}}
* [http://www.tnhealth.org/ Official Website of the Tamil Nadu Health and Family Welfare Department]

{{Health in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Health in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Organ donation|India]]
[[Category:Organ transplantation in India|Tamil Nadu]]

Meesaya Murukku

2026-04-13T04:05:54Z

SharronKifer8:

{{short description|2017 Indian film by Hiphop Tamizha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Meesaya Murukku.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt = A young men, who were a black t-shirt, have a black guitar on his right shoulder. There is also the tagline: Life ≠ Dream.
| director = [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| producer = [[Sundar C]] [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] '''(Presenter)'''
| writer = Hiphop Tamizha
| starring = Hiphop Tamizha [[Aathmika]] [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] [[RJ Vigneshkanth]] [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]]
| narrator = [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| music = [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| cinematography = [[U. K. Senthil Kumar]] Kiruthi Vasan
| editing = Fenny Oliver
| studio = [[Avni Cinemax|Avni Movies]]
| distributor = Rock Fort Entertainment
| released = {{film date|df=y|2017|07|21}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Meesaya Murukku''''' ({{translation|Twirl your moustache}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[coming of age|coming-of-age]] [[musical film|musical]] [[comedy drama|comedy drama film]] written and directed by Adhi of [[Hiphop Tamizha]] in his directorial debut. He stars as the lead along with newcomer [[Aathmika]] as the female lead, while [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[RJ Vigneshkanth]] and [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] play supporting roles. The film, a partly fictionalised [[Biographical film|biopic]] of Adhi's early life, was released on 21 July 2017 to mostly positive reviews and was a box-office hit. It was later remade in [[Kannada]] in 2019 as ''[[Padde Huli]].''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=15 April 2019 |title=Producer K Manju's son Shreyas to make a debut with Paddehuli |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/leaving-no-stone-unturned/articleshow/68879685.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418102253/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/leaving-no-stone-unturned/articleshow/68879685.cms |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
[[Coimbatore]]-based Adhi and Jeeva have been close friends since childhood. Adhi's father, Professor Ramachandran is very supportive of his interest in music and extra-curriculars. Adhi joins [[electrical engineering]] after school and falls in love with his college mate, Nila who was his childhood friend. Nila is from an affluent family, and her parents are against love. Despite Nila's reservations, she too falls in love with Adhi.

Adhi is well known in college for his Tamil raps, and owns a [[YouTube]] page "[[Hiphop Tamizha]]". Weeks before their final exams, Nila's family discover her relationship with Adhi. Nila's father and uncle threaten Adhi's family to break off the relationship. After graduating, Adhi tells his father of his interest to move to Chennai and become an independent musician. Adhi promises his father that he will return within a year if he cannot succeed. Adhi also promises Nila's father that he will seek a job within one year and marry her. Both Nila's and Adhi's fathers accept his promises half-heartedly, and Adhi's father does not provide financial support to him.

Adhi and Jeeva reach Chennai with instruments. They stay with their college seniors and try hard for opportunities, but all efforts fail. A year passes by, and the duo decide to return to Coimbatore. Before departure, theg meet [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] of [[Radio Mirchi]], who allows them to sing "Club Le Mabbu Le" in his show, following which they come to Coimbatore.

As per his father's advice, Adhi enrolls for an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] degree in Chennai. Suddenly, he finds that the video of "Club Le Mabbu Le" has gone heavily viral in social media, and has drawn thousands of fan followers. Adhi's hope is revived, and he decides to continue looking for an opportunity in the music industry and also promises his father that he will complete his post-graduation. At the same time, a big music company approaches Adhi for a paid concert in Chennai.

Since Nila has not consented to any marriage proposals, Nila's father threatens her with his suicide and arranges a wedding for her. Adhi gets shocked knowing that Nila's parents have fixed a wedding for her. Adhi covertly meets Nila and requests to wait for another year, for which Nila does not agree, replying that she had already waited for a year, and all is over. Adhi gets heartbroken and leaves to Chennai. Nila is married as per her parents' wishes, while Adhi becomes a popular personality in hip-hop music and in five years Adhi and Jeeva become famous music composers in cinema.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Hiphop Tamizha Adhi]] as himself
** Nidhish Kutty as Young Adhi
* [[Aathmika]] as Vennila ("Nila") - Adhi's love interest since his childhood
** Raksah Shyam as Young Nila
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Ramachandran - Adhi's father
* [[RJ Vigneshkanth]] as Jeeva
** Athish as Young Jeeva
* [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] as Viji - Ramachandran's wife
* Maalavika as Manisha
** Mridula Shree as Young Manisha
* [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] as himself
* [[Ananth_Ram_(Actor)|Ananth Ram]] as Ashwin - Ramachandran's younger son, Adhi's brother
* [[Shah Ra]] as M. Balaji M. Tech. alias "Bijili"
* Madras Central Muthu as Nirmal alias "Mottai"
* Gajaraj as Nila's uncle
* Shweta as Nila's elder sister
* Pradeep K Vijayan as Marshal - Adhi's college friend
* Guhan Prakash as Arun - Nirmal's best friend
* Poovendan as Markandeyan - a senior student in Adhi's college
* Anbu Thasan as Sanjay - Adhi's roommate in hostel also his best friend and Nila's colleague
* Hari Hara Krishnan as Vishnu - Adhi's college friend
* Thameem Ansari as Shraavan - Adhi's Opponent in Music Studio
* Vinoth Kumar as Sudhakar Anna - A college senior and Adhi's brotherly friend who finds a singing talent in Adhi
* Fenny Olivier as Ram - Adhi's college friend
* Meena Vemuri as Shweta and Nila's mother
* Manoj Kumar as Shweta and Nila's father
}}
=== Special appearances ===
* [[Parithabangal Gopi–Sudhakar|Parithabangal Gopi]] in a cameo appearance
* [[Parithabangal Gopi–Sudhakar|Parithabangal Sudhakar]] in cameo appearance
* [[Ashwanth Thilak]] as Nila's fiancée in a cameo appearance
* Bharathan Kumanan (assistant director) in a cameo appearance
* [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] (Hero) in a cameo appearance in ''[[Aambala]]'' music teaser video
* [[Sundar C]] (producer) in a cameo appearance in ''[[Aambala]]'' music teaser video

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In August 2013, Aadhi, the lead singer of [[Hiphop Tamizha]] (HHT) revealed that he had been signed as lead for a full-length feature film based on HHT which was expected to be released by the mid of 2014. He also stated that there was a search for a suitable director to helm the [[spec script]].<ref name="hero">{{Cite web |date=3 August 2013 |title=Breaking: Hip Hop Tamizha Aadhi to turn hero! |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/breaking-hip-hop-tamizha-aadhi-to-turn-hero-hip-hop-tamizha-aadhi-hip-hop-thamizha-03-08-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126145442/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/breaking-hip-hop-tamizha-aadhi-to-turn-hero-hip-hop-tamizha-aadhi-hip-hop-thamizha-03-08-13.html |archive-date=26 November 2016 |access-date=12 October 2016 |website=[[Behindwoods]]}}</ref> During October 2016, a 90–second teaser was released on HHT's official [[YouTube]] channel,<ref name="teas">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZaG3tNbJaU |title=Meesaya Murukku Official Teaser {{!}} Hiphop Tamizha {{!}} Sundar C |date=10 October 2016 |type=teaser |language=ta |publisher=[[Hiphop Tamizha]] |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002202806/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZaG3tNbJaU |archive-date=2 October 2023 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> as news emerged that the film being titled as ''Meesaya Murukku'' produced by N. Ramasamy and Hema Rukmani for [[Thenandal Studio Limited]], who [[Greenlight|green lit]] the project within five minutes of his [[Pitch (filmmaking)|narration]] and insisted him to perform as lead actor, after being impressed with his video song on [[Jallikattu]], "Takkaru Takkaru".<ref name="light">{{Cite news |last=Janani |first=K |date=10 October 2016 |title=Hip Hop Adhi is an actor now! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/101016/hip-hop-adhi-is-an-actor-now.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010200532/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/101016/hip-hop-adhi-is-an-actor-now.html |archive-date=10 October 2016 |access-date=12 October 2016 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Apart from debuting as actor in a full-length role, Adhi also serves as writer and director besides composing the score and writing lyrics for the film.<ref name="role">{{Cite news |date=10 October 2016 |title=ஹிப்ஹாப் ஆதியின் 'மீசைய முறுக்கு டீசர் வெளியீடு |trans-title=Release of Hiphop Tamizha's "Meesaya Murukku" teaser |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/51844/cinema/Kollywood/Meesaya-Murukku-Teaser-released.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011161252/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/51844/cinema/Kollywood/Meesaya-Murukku-Teaser-released.htm |archive-date=11 October 2016 |access-date=12 October 2016 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> In a press meet before the film's release, Sundar C confirmed that it was partly biographical of Adhi's life.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 July 2017 |title=Meesaya Murukku is sort of Aadhi's biography: Sundar C |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130717/meesaya-murukku-is-sort-of-aadhis-biography-sundar-c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714030352/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130717/meesaya-murukku-is-sort-of-aadhis-biography-sundar-c.html |archive-date=14 July 2017 |access-date=12 July 2017 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The film's title is derived from a phrase Adhi's father would often tell his son: "''Thothalum jeythalum, meesaya murukku''" (win or lose, always twirl your moustache).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Sunderraman |first=Shruti |date=12 August 2017 |title=How Tamil hip-hop sensation Adhi went from controversy's child to unlikely film star |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/how-tamil-hip-hop-sensation-adhi-went-from-controversy-s-child-to-unlikely-film-star/story-8n4lFSE52JBcJSkYc2tRFM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901192740/http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/how-tamil-hip-hop-sensation-adhi-went-from-controversy-s-child-to-unlikely-film-star/story-8n4lFSE52JBcJSkYc2tRFM.html |archive-date=1 September 2017 |access-date=2 September 2017 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Adhi has stated that while ''Meesaya Murukku'' is "predominantly based on real incidents", such as his five friends from the film and the character Sudhakaran being based on real people, certain liberties were taken to make the film commercially viable.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2017 |title=Meesaya Murukku actor Hip Hop Adhi: Cinema is my profession but independent music is my passion |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/meesaya-murukku-actor-hip-hop-adhi-cinema-is-my-profession-but-independent-music-is-my-passion-4784831/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224061649/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/meesaya-murukku-actor-hip-hop-adhi-cinema-is-my-profession-but-independent-music-is-my-passion-4784831/ |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=4 May 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film depicts Adhi and Jeeva as having been childhood friends,<ref name=":0" /> whereas in reality, the duo met via [[Orkut]] in 2005, when they were teenagers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raju |first=Akshaya |date=7 April 2017 |title=English Pesnalum Tamizhan Da — A Hip Hop Tamizha Exclusive |url=https://guindytimes.com/articles/english-pesnalum-tamizhan-da-a-hip-hop-tamizha-exclusive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719143409/https://guindytimes.com/articles/english-pesnalum-tamizhan-da-a-hip-hop-tamizha-exclusive |archive-date=19 July 2018 |access-date=2018-07-19 |website=Guindy Times}}</ref>

=== Casting ===

As revealed in 2013, Adhi continued to be lead actor and chose [[Aathmika]] to pair for him, after coming across her [[Facebook]] profile.<ref name="light" /> The film features a mostly new cast and crew as per Adhi's wishes, with being [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], who plays Adhi's father, the only established actor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2017 |title='Meesaya Murukku' is Adhi's biography, says producer Sundar C. |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/meesaya-murukku-is-adhi%E2%80%99s-biography-says-producer-sundar-c-news-tamil-rhsvngfegibca.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718194833/http://www.sify.com/movies/meesaya-murukku-is-adhi%E2%80%99s-biography-says-producer-sundar-c-news-tamil-rhsvngfegibca.html |archive-date=18 July 2017 |access-date=18 July 2017 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Though [[pre-production]] began in August 2013,<ref name="hero" /> the film, as of October 2016, was reported to have completed 45 days of shoot with two songs left to be shot.<ref name="light" /> Filming ended by early November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2016 |title='Meesaya Murukku' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/meesaya-murukku-imagegallery-kollywood-qlhjErchecjce.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116164108/http://www.sify.com/movies/meesaya-murukku-imagegallery-kollywood-qlhjErchecjce.html |archive-date=16 November 2016 |access-date=16 November 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Meesaya Murukku
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack Album Art
| released = 14 April 2017
| recorded = 2014–2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Think Music]] [[TrendMusic|Trend Music]] [[Sundar C|Avni Music]]
| producer = [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| prev_title = [[Kavan (film)|Kavan]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Kalakalappu 2]]
| next_year = 2018
}}

Hiphop Tamizha composed the music of the film. A promotional song, "Sait Ji", was released in late 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2016 |title=Shankar all praise for Adhi's song |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/latest-kollywood-news-tamil-movies-news-reviews-kollywood-movies/Shankar-all-praise-for-Adhis-song/articleshow/55291048.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115004342/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/latest-kollywood-news-tamil-movies-news-reviews-kollywood-movies/Shankar-all-praise-for-Adhis-song/articleshow/55291048.cms |archive-date=15 November 2016 |access-date=9 November 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Sundar received a legal notice from Ashok G Lodha of Shri All India Shwetamber Sthanakwasi Jain Conference. Lodha objected to the words "Sait Ji", meaning "affluent trader", and demanded that they be removed from the song, feeling it was "a classic example of abuse of the ([[Jainism|Jain]]) community in the name of creativity and art." Sundar obliged, and had the words removed not only from the song, but also from the finished film,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Manish |date=30 November 2016 |title=Producer to remove 'abusive' term from Tamil movie song |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Producer-to-remove-abusive-term-from-Tamil-movie-song/articleshow/55696251.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203191120/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Producer-to-remove-abusive-term-from-Tamil-movie-song/articleshow/55696251.cms |archive-date=3 December 2016 |access-date=4 May 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and the word "Sait Ji" was replaced with "Great Ji".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-20 |title=Best songs of Hiphop Tamizha Adhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/best-songs-of-hiphop-tamizha-adhi/photostory/89705492.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250506034630/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/best-songs-of-hiphop-tamizha-adhi/photostory/89705492.cms |archive-date=2025-05-06 |access-date=2025-05-06 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The original YouTube video was deleted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2016 |title=Hip Hop removes'Saitji' song from YouTube |url=http://newstodaynet.com/entertainment/hip-hop-removessaitji-song-youtube |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126161847/http://newstodaynet.com/entertainment/hip-hop-removessaitji-song-youtube |archive-date=26 November 2016 |access-date=11 January 2017 |website=[[News Today]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2016 |title=Rapping it up like Hiphop Tamizha Adhi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/nov/18/rapping-it-up-like-hiphop-tamizha-adhi-1539963.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121234544/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/nov/18/rapping-it-up-like-hiphop-tamizha-adhi-1539963.html |archive-date=21 November 2016 |access-date=21 November 2016 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The song "Vaadi Pulla Vaadi", released as a single years before the film was shot, appears onscreen.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=2018-01-29 |title=I’m always an underdog, says ‘Hiphop Tamizha’ Aadhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hiphop-tamizha-aadhi-interview/article22549244.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251002012343/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hiphop-tamizha-aadhi-interview/article22549244.ece |archive-date=2 October 2025 |access-date=2025-08-04 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| all_lyrics = [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Great Ji
| length1 = 4:21
| extra1 = Hiphop Tamizha
| title2 = Machi Enggalukku Ellam
| length2 = 2:29
| extra2 = Hiphop Tamizha
| title3 = Enna Nadanthalum
| length3 = 4:05
| extra3 = Kaushik Krish, Hiphop Tamizha
| title4 = Maatikichu
| length4 = 3:17
| extra4 = Mahalingam, Hiphop Tamizha
| title5 = Vaadi Nee Vaadi
| length5 = 3:05
| extra5 = Rajan Chelliah, Hiphop Tamizha
| title6 = Meesaya Murukku – Title Track
| length6 = 3:42
| extra6 = [[Kharesma Ravichandran]], Hiphop Tamizha
| title7 = Sakkarakatti
| length7 = 3:09
| extra7 = Hiphop Tamizha
| title8 = Vaadi Pulla Vaadi
| extra8 = Hiphop Tamizha
| note8 = additional song
| length8 = 4:30
| total_length = 28:38
}}

== Critical reception ==
''Meesaya Murukku'' received mostly positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2017 |title=Meesaya Murukku review roundup: Hiphop Tamizha infuses life in this coming of age film |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/meesaya-murukku-review-roundup-hiphop-tamizha-infuses-life-in-this-coming-of-age-film-3842571.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724174113/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/meesaya-murukku-review-roundup-hiphop-tamizha-infuses-life-in-this-coming-of-age-film-3842571.html |archive-date=24 July 2017 |access-date=25 July 2017 |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[Film Companion]]'', "''Meesaya Murukku'' could have been a celebration of Tamil-ness [...] But the film, frustratingly, settles into an uninspired chronicle of college life: ragging, lusting for biriyani, cultural events, and romance [...] ''Meesaya Murukku'' has a few moments, but it's neither an effective romance nor a convincing coming-of-age drama."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=2017-08-08 |title=Meesaya Murukku Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/meesaya-murukku-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202095404/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/meesaya-murukku-movie-review |archive-date=2 December 2022 |access-date=2019-10-08 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' stated, "''Meesaya Murukku'' is a decent debut directorial and heroic outing from Adhi, the film clicks mainly because of the real life connect".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2017 |title=Meesaya Murukku review: Clicks mainly because of real life connect |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/meesaya-murukku-review-clicks-mainly-because-of-real-life-connect-review-tamil-rhvqHBiaeccih.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116093404/https://www.sify.com/movies/meesaya-murukku-review-clicks-mainly-because-of-real-life-connect-review-tamil-rhvqHBiaeccih.html |archive-date=16 January 2020 |access-date=4 May 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
A sequel to ''Meesaya Murukku'' began filming in secrecy in late August 2025.<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1961739693089022087|user=dp_karthik|title=Hiphop Tamizha’s next project is the sequel to Meesaya Murukku 🔥 ❤️🧨Directed by HiphopTamizha & jointly produced by Sundar C & Hiphop Tamizha 🎬. Shooting officially began yesterday!|author=KARTHIK DP|access-date=30 Jan 2026|archive-url=https://archive.today/20260130042218/https://x.com/dp_karthik/status/1961739693089022087|archive-date=30 Jan 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> During a live concert in Malaysia, Hiphop Tamizha officially confirmed the project. Adhi returned as director, writer, lead actor and composer.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 January 2026|title=HipHop Tamizha Adhi Announces 'Meesaya Murukku 2' During Malaysia Concert|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/hip-hop-tamizha-aadhi-announces-meesaya-murukku-2-during-malaysia-concert|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130043137/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/hip-hop-tamizha-aadhi-announces-meesaya-murukku-2-during-malaysia-concert|archive-date=30 January 2026|url-status=live|access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Hiphop Tamizha}}
{{Sundar C}}

[[Category:2010s biographical films]]
[[Category:2010s hip-hop films]]
[[Category:2010s musical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 musical films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Biographical films about musicians]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of hip-hop musicians]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indian people]]
[[Category:Films about singers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hiphop Tamizha]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hiphop Tamizha]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pollachi]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian musical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language biographical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic musical films]]

V. Rathakrishnan

2026-04-13T00:31:42Z

SharronKifer8: made initial page needs work.

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. Rathakrishnan
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1964|6|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = Anathandavapuram
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Mayiladuthurai Assembly constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]
| term_start1 = 2016
| term_end1 = 2021
| predecessor1 = [[R. Arulselvan]]
| successor1 = [[S. Rajakumar]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''V. Rathakrishnan''' is an ''Indian politician'' and a former Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] (MLA). Rathakrishnan hails from [[Anandathandavapuram|Anathandavapuram]] in [[Mayiladuthurai district]]. Rathakrishnan, who has completed higher secondary school education (High School/[[Pre-university course|Pre-University]]), belongs to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/tamilnadu2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1641 |title=Tamil Nadu 2016 |access-date=2025-11-08}}</ref> He contested and won the [[Mayiladuthurai Assembly constituency]] in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], becoming an MLA.<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO 2016. Chennai-600 009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. 27 December 2018. p. 474-476.</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mayiladuthurai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rathakrishnan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,949 |percentage=42.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Anbazhagan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,171 |percentage=39.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ayyappan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=13,115 |percentage=7.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Arulselvan]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=12,294 |percentage=7.28% |change=-37.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Muthukumarasamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,926 |percentage=1.14% |change=-1.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,688 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Shahul Hameed |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,672 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,778 |percentage=2.83% |change=0.70% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=168,856 |percentage=72.40% |change= -4.28% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 233,224 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |swing= -2.63% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1964 births]]

Kreishh Gurbaxani

2026-04-08T23:34:40Z

SharronKifer8: new

{{short description|Indian snooker player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox snooker player
| name = Kreishh Gurbaxani
| image = Kreishh Gurbaxani Sheffield 2026.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2002|8|23}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| Sport country = {{IND}}
| Professional = 2024–present
| High ranking = 91 (July 2025)
| Official maximums =
| Best finish = Last 16 ([[2024 Snooker Shoot Out|2024 Shoot Out]])
| World champ =
}}
''' Kreishh Gurbaxani''' (born 23 August 2002) is an Indian snooker player from [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cuesportsindia.com/profiles/players/Men/94/Kreishh-Gurbaxani|website=cuesportsindia|accessdate=2 June 2024|title=Kreishh Gurbaxani}}</ref> He earned a two-year card on the [[World Snooker Tour]] starting from the [[2024–25 snooker season]].

==Career==
From [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/65952540.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|website=Times of India|accessdate=2 June 2024|title= Maharashtra snooker & billiards: Kreishh regains form to beat Tahaa Khan 3-0|date=25 September 2018}}</ref> he began playing snooker at a young age and was junior snooker champion in his home state of [[Maharashtra]] in 2018, at the age of 15 years-old.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 June 2018|accessdate=1 June 2024|title= Kreishh rallies to beat Shahyan in Khar Gym final|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/64482121.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|website=Times of India}}</ref> By 2013 he had begun to be trained by two-time Asian champion [[Yasin Merchant]] at the Khar Gymnasium, also the base of fellow professional [[Ishpreet Singh Chadha]], with the pair being described as “prodigies" of Merchant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/21518724.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|accessdate=2 June 2024|website=Times of India|title= Little masters lose but win hearts|date=1 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/all-india-snooker-open-yasin-merchant-ishpreet-singh-chadha-kreishh-gurbaxani-record-easy-first-round-wins|website=Freepressjournal.in|accessdate=2 June 2024|title= All India Snooker Open: Yasin Merchant, Ishpreet Singh Chadha, Kreishh Gurbaxani record easy first round wins|date=10 January 2023}}</ref>

He was number one ranked Maharashtra player in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2 June 2024|website=Times of India|title=Ishpreet overcomes Kreishh in three frames|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/92217035.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|date=15 June 2022}}</ref> In January 2023, he defeated India No.1 ranked player Kamal Chawla at The All India Snooker Open.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 January 2023|url= https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/all-india-snooker-open-kreishh-gurbaxani-knocks-out-india-no1-kamal-chawla|title= All India Snooker Open: Kreishh Gurbaxani knocks out India No.1 Kamal Chawla|website=Free Press Journal|accessdate=2 June 2024}}</ref>

In 2023, He moved to Sheffield, England and practices in Ding Junhui Snooker Academy with former professional player Himanshu Jain and Hong Kong young snooker player Shaun Liu.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

He took part in the Oceania/Asia Q School in May and June 2024, and at the second event won a two-year card on to the [[World Snooker Tour]] following wins in the latter rounds against Kwok Wai Fung and Muhammad Naseem.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.wst.tv/news/2024/june/01/final-four-set-in-bangkok/|website=wst.tv|accessdate=2 June 2024|title= Final Four Set in Bangkok|date=2 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Eurosport|url= https://www.eurosport.com/snooker/2023-24-snooker-season-ends-at-q-school-in-bangkok-with-12-players-earning-place-on-main-tour_sto10178847/story.shtml |title= 2023/24 Snooker Season Ends at Q School n Bangkok With 12 Players Earning Place on Main Tour|accessdate=2 June 2024}}</ref>

===2024/25===
He made his professional debut at the [[2024 Championship League (ranking) |2024 Championship League]] in [[Leicester]] in June 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wst.tv/news/2024/june/26/captain-cruises-through/ |date=26 June 2024|accessdate=27 June 2024|website=wst.tv|title=Carter cruises through}}</ref> He secured his first win as a professional defeating [[Andrew Higginson (snooker player)|Andrew Higginson]] at the [[2024 Northern Ireland Open]] in September 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.wst.tv/news/2024/september/28/winning-start-for-white-in-belfast-qualifiers/|website=wst.tv|accessdate=1 October 2024|title= WINNING START FOR WHITE IN BELFAST QUALIFIERS|date=28 September 2024}}</ref> In December 2024 he reached the last-16 of the [[2024 Snooker Shoot Out]] with wins over [[Xu Si]] and [[Ashley Carty]].<ref>{{cite web|website=Eurosport|accessdate=7 December 2024|url=https://www.eurosport.com/snooker/9club-shoot-out/2024-2025/bai-yulu-zhang-anda-neil-robertson-mark-allen_sto20060566/story.shtml|title= SNOOKER SHOOT OUT 2024: BAI YULU BEATEN BY ZHANG ANDA, DEFENDING CHAMPION MARK ALLEN AND SHAUN MURPHY CRASH OUT|date=6 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.wst.tv/news/2024/december/06/Gurbaxani-Thrives-In--Crazy--Atmosphere/|website=wst.tv|accessdate=7 December 2024|title= GURBAXANI THRIVES IN 'CRAZY' ATMOSPHERE|date=6 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=wst.tv|date=7 December 2024|accessdate=7 December 2024|url= https://www.wst.tv/news/2024/december/07/Graham-Stuns-Carter-To-Reach-Last-16/|title=Graham stuns Carter to reach last 16}}</ref>

===2025/26===
In June 2025, he was drawn to make his season debut in the first round of qualifying for the [[2025 Wuhan Open (snooker)|2025 Wuhan Open]] where he was defeated by [[Stephen Maguire]] of Scotland 5-1.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.tntsports.co.uk/snooker/shaun-murphy-and-neil-robertson-make-flying-start-to-new-snooker-season-in-qualifiers_sto23195074/story.shtml |website=wst.tv|accessdate=24 June 2025|first=Desmond|last=Kane|title= Shaun Murphy, Neil Robertson and Mark Selby make flying start to new snooker season in Wuhan Open qualifiers |date=23 June 2025}}</ref>
He was drawn in the round-robin stage of the [[2025 Championship League (ranking)| 2025 Championship League]] against [[Wu Yize]], [[Craig Steadman]] and [[Wang Yuchen (snooker player)|Wang Yuchen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/ranking/championship-league-snooker-2025/stage-1/|website= championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk|accessdate=28 June 2025|title=CHAMPIONSHIP LEAGUE SNOOKER 2025}}</ref> In April, he recorded a 10-6 loss over [[Steven Hallworth]] in the first round of qualifying for the [[2026 World Snooker Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://snookerhq.com/2026/04/08/ken-doherty-last-match-snooker-professional/|website=Snookerhq|accessdate=8 April 2026|title= Did Ken Doherty just play his last match as a snooker professional?
|first=David|last= Caulfield|date=April 8, 2026}}</ref>

==Performance and rankings timeline==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
! Tournament
! [[2024–25 snooker season|2024/ 25]]
! [[2025–26 snooker season|2025/ 26]]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFEF;"|[[Snooker world rankings|Ranking]]<ref group="nb">It shows the ranking at the beginning of the season</ref>
|align="center"|<ref group="nb" name="UR">New players on the Main Tour don't have a ranking</ref>
|align="center"|[[2025–26 snooker world rankings|91]]
|-
|colspan="10"|'''Ranking tournaments'''
|-
|style="background:#EFEFEF;"|[[Championship League]]
|align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2024 Championship League (ranking)#Group 5|RR]]
|align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2025 Championship League (ranking)#Group 9|RR]]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFEF;"|[[Saudi Arabia Snooker Masters|Saudi Arabia Masters]]
|align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2024 Saudi Arabia Snooker Masters|1R]]
|align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2025 Saudi Arabia Snooker Masters|1R]]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFEF;"|[[Wuhan Open (snooker)|Wuhan Open]]
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|-
|style="background:#EFEFEF;"|[[English Open (snooker)|English Open]]
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|-
|style="background:#EFEFEF;"|[[British Open (snooker)|British Open]]
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|-
|style="background:#EFEFEF;"|[[Xi'an Grand Prix]]
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|-
|style="background:#EFEFEF;"|[[Northern Ireland Open (snooker)|Northern Ireland Open]]
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|-
|style="background:#EFEFEF;"|[[International Championship]]
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|-
|style="background:#EFEFEF;"|[[UK Championship]]
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|-
|style="background:#EFEFEF;"|[[Snooker Shoot Out|Shoot Out]]
|align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2024 Snooker Shoot Out|4R]]
|align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2025 Snooker Shoot Out|1R]]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFEF;"|[[Scottish Open (snooker)|Scottish Open]]
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|-
|style="background:#EFEFEF;"|[[German Masters]]
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|-
|style="background:#EFEFEF;"|[[World Grand Prix (snooker)|World Grand Prix]]
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|DNQ
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|DNQ
|-
|style="background:#EFEFEF;"|[[Players Championship (snooker)|Players Championship]]
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|DNQ
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|DNQ
|-
|style="background:#EFEFEF;"|[[Welsh Open (snooker)|Welsh Open]]
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|-
|style="background:#EFEFEF;"|[[World Open (snooker)|World Open]]
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|-
|style="background:#EFEFEF;"|[[Tour Championship (snooker)|Tour Championship]]
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|DNQ
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|DNQ
|-
|style="background:#EFEFEF;"|[[World Snooker Championship|World Championship]]
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|LQ
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:78%;"
|-
! colspan="6"|Performance Table Legend
|-
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" width="30"|LQ
| lost in the qualifying draw
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|#R
| lost in the early rounds of the tournament (WR = Wildcard round, RR = Round robin)
| align="center" style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF
| lost in the quarter-finals
|-
| align="center" style="background:yellow;"|SF
| lost in the semi-finals
| align="center" style="background:#D8BFD8;"|F
| lost in the final
| align="center" style="background:#00ff00;"|'''W'''
| won the tournament
|-
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" width="30"|DNQ
| did not qualify for the tournament
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" width="30"|A
| did not participate in the tournament
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" width="30"|WD
| withdrew from the tournament
|}
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
| style="text-align:center; color:#555555;" colspan="4"|NH / Not Held || means an event was not held.
|-
| style="text-align:center; color:#555555;" colspan="4"|NR / Non-Ranking Event || means an event is/was no longer a ranking event.
|-
| style="text-align:center; color:#555555;" colspan="4"|R / Ranking Event || means an event is/was a ranking event.
|-
| style="text-align:center; color:#555555;" colspan="4"|MR / Minor-Ranking Event || means an event is/was a minor-ranking event.
|}
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

== Career finals ==
=== Amateur finals: 1 (1 title) ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!width="80"| Outcome
!width="20"| No.
!width="50"| Year
!width="300"| Championship
!width="200"| Opponent in the final
!width="100"| Score
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Winner
| 1.
| 2020
| Indian Under-17 Championship
| {{flagicon|IND}} Digvijay Kadian
| 4–1
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{WPBSA player}}
* {{WPBSA SnookerScores player}}
* {{WST player}}
* {{Snooker.org player}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurbaxani, Kreishh}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian snooker players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Mumbai]]

Aadhaar (2022 film)

2026-04-04T16:21:32Z

SharronKifer8: put up a post

{{Short description|2022 mystery drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aadhaar
| image = Aadhaar (2022 film).jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Ramnath Palanikumar
| producer =
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Karunas]]
*[[Arun Pandian]]
*[[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]]
}}
| music = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| cinematography = [[Mahesh Muthuswami]]
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| runtime =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|09|23}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Aadhaar''''' is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language mystery drama film directed by Ramnath Palanikumar and starring [[Karunas]], [[Arun Pandian]] and [[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]]. It was released on 23 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aadhaar motion poster out: Karunas's film looks dark and gritty |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/apr/06/aadhaar-motion-poster-out-karunass-film-looks-dark-and-rusty-30728.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Karunaas, Ineya and Riythvika's Aadhaar censored UA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karunaas-ineya-and-riythvikas-aadhaar-censored-ua/articleshow/91436499.cms |access-date=2022-10-11 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Karunas]] as Pachamuthu
*[[Arun Pandian]] as Head Constable Yusuf Bhai
*[[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]] as Inspector Vijayan
*[[Uma Riyaz Khan]]
*[[Riythvika]] as Thulasi
*[[Ineya]] as Saroja
*[[Dileepan]]
*[[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]] as Auto driver

==Production==
The title of the film relates to the concept of identity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karunaas: Just like Sethu and Kadhal, people will also remember Aadhaar |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/sep/19/karunas-just-like-sethuandkadhalpeople-will-also-rememberaadhaar-34833.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film marked Karunas’ reunion with director Ramnath Palanikumar after the comedy-drama, ''[[Ambasamudram Ambani]]'' and action-drama ''[[Thirunaal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramnath Palanikumar's Aadhaar: The fight for identity |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/20/ramnath-palanikumarsaadhaar-the-fight-for-identity-2499895.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> During the audio release of the film, [[Arun Pandian]] criticised actors who charge large fees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-19 |title='Aadhaar' will be a landmark film in Tamil cinema, says Arun Pandian |url=https://telanganatoday.com/aadhaar-will-be-a-landmark-film-in-tamil-cinema-says-arun-pandian |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film was released on 23 September 2022 across Tamil Nadu. A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]'' gave the film a mixed review, noting that "though it's not the first film that talks about the injustices served to the underprivileged, ''Aadhaar'' is a compelling watch that achieves what it intends to without much force-feeding--if you forgive the not-so-great craft".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aadhaar Movie Review: Impressive writing elevates this familiar subject |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/sep/23/aadhaar-movie-review-impressive-writing-elevates-this-familiar-subject-34985.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Times of India]]'' gave the film a mixed review, writing it is "a passable mystery that is undone by too much melodrama".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aadhaar Movie Review: A passable mystery that is undone by too much melodrama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/aadhaar/movie-review/94421110.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Ghazwa-e-Hind

2026-03-21T15:47:27Z

SharronKifer8: expanded content

#REDIRECT [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia#Ideological foundations]]

{{redirect category shell|{{R to section}} }}
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}

Battle of Chunj

2026-03-19T07:06:38Z

SharronKifer8: put up details

{{Short description|1948 battle during the First Kashmir war}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Chunj
| partof = the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]]
| image = {{Location mark | width =310 | image = Pakistan Azad Kashmir location map.svg | caption = Chunj on a Map | float = | type = | label = '''Chunj''' | position = | x = 350 | y = 430}}
| image_size =
| caption = The Chunj feature on a map
| date = 25 June – 23 November 1948
| place = [[Teetwal|Tithwal]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = Pakistan takes control over various points{{Efn|Point 7229, Point 4207, Point 6953, as well as the entire Pir Sahaba and Ring Contour.{{sfn|Shahbaz|2018b}}}} including the Chunj feature.{{sfn|Shahbaz|2018b}}<ref>{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|pp=196-199}}</ref>
| result = Pakistani victory<ref>{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=202}}</ref>
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{flag|India|23px}}
* {{army|India}}
* {{air force|India}}<ref>{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|pp=196–199}}</ref>
| combatant2 = {{flag|Pakistan|23px}}
* {{army|Pakistan}}
| commander1 = [[General|Gen.]] [[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya|K. S. Thimayya]] [[Brigadier|Brig.]] [[Harbaksh Singh]] [[Brigadier|Brig.]] J. C. Katoch
| commander2 = [[Major (rank)|Maj.]] [[Alan Macfarlane Sloan|A. M. Sloan]]{{KIA}}{{Efn|Alan Macfarlane Sloan was a British soldier, who later joined the Pakistani Army and was killed at Chunj.<ref name=":1" />}} [[Major (rank)|Maj.]] [[Ghulam Rasul Raja]] [[Captain|Capt.]] [[Rao Farman Ali]] [[Lieutenant Colonel|Lt.]] Nausherwan Khan{{efn|Lieutenant Nausherwan khan was given the code name 'Kamal'.{{sfn|Shahbaz|2018a|p=60}}}}
| units1 = 163rd Brigade 1st Sikh [[1st Madras Pioneers]] 3rd Royal [[Garhwal Rifles]]
| units2 = 4th Battalion, [[16th Punjab Regiment]] 3rd Battalion, [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]]
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 42 killed, 169 wounded{{sfn|Shahbaz|2018a|p=66}}
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani war of 1947-1948}}
{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}
| alt = A color map of western Kashmir, with Indian administered Kashmir shaded grey and Pakistan administered Kashmir shaded white. The rivers are marked with blue lines and the Chunj feature on the border is marked with a red dot.
}}

The '''Battle of Chunj''', also known as the '''Chunj Operation''', was a military campaign fought between Pakistani and Indian forces from 25 June until 23 November 1948, during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]].{{sfn|Shahbaz|2018b}} The Indian 163rd Brigade first advanced from [[Handwara]] to [[Teetwal|Tithwal]] and from [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] to Urusa. The 163rd Brigade then launched an offensive from Tithwal, raising a threat to Pakistani-held [[Muzaffarabad]]. The move caused much panic in the Pakistani high command. The capture of Domel{{Efn|Domel, also spelt as Domail, is a subdistrict in Muzaffarabad city. {{sfn|Sinha|1977|p=69}}|group=Lower-alpha}} was the main objective of the Indian offensive. Domel, only {{convert|18|mi|km}} from Tithwal, was a key position for the [[Pakistan Army]] to hold in Muzaffarabad.<ref name=":2" />

The 10th Brigade of the [[Pakistan Army]], under Brigadier Haji Iftikhar Ahmad, was tasked to stop the Indian advance, and defend Muzaffarabad at all costs.<ref name=":1" /> The Pakistani high command also consider it necessary to drive out the Indian troops from the heights of the Chunj range and push the Indian troops back to the left bank of the [[Neelum River]], also known as the Kishanganga River.<ref name=":7" /> Because of the evacuation of all the advanced positions across the river, the Indian command considered it a major loss.<ref name=":0" />

The Indian forces had gained success by capturing Tithwal earlier, but with the fall of the Chunj feature to Pakistan, the summer offensive of the Indian army from Tithwal towards Muzaffarabad failed.<ref name=":10" /> The Pakistani advance added a huge area to the Pakistani controlled side on the left bank of the Neelum River.<ref name=":11" /> Major [[Alan Macfarlane Sloan]], a British engineer officer and professional soldier fighting for the Pakistanis, was praised for his actions which led to the capture of crucial peaks in the Tithwal area in July 1948.<ref name=":12">{{Harvb|Ali|2022|p=1}}</ref> The Pakistani forces switched their focus towards the [[Chakothi]] area after achieving victory in Tithwal. Later, [[Battle of Pandu|another victory in Pandu]] by the Pakistanis pushed the Indians out of the Pandu feature, a commanding position over other nearby features, a noteworthy achievement in the conflict.<ref name=":13">{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=202}}</ref> Stalemate ensued afterwards in this sector until ceasefires took effect on 1 January 1949.<ref name=":14">{{Harvb|Suhrawardy|1983|p=189}}; {{Harvb|Cheema|2014|p=48}}</ref>

== Background ==
In May 1948,<ref name=":1">{{Harvb|Ali|2022|p=28}}</ref> the Indian 163rd Brigade launched an offensive in [[Teetwal|Tithwal]] sector which raised the threat to [[Muzaffarabad]] after their forces advanced from [[Handwara]] to Tithwal and from [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] to Urusa. The advance caused much panic and desperation in the Pakistani high command.<ref name=":2">{{Harvb|Sinha|1977|p=75}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The capture of Domel was the main objective of the Indian offensive. Domel, only {{convert|18|mi|km}} from Tithwal, is a neighborhood in Muzaffarabad, and was a formidable key position for the Pakistani command to defend and hold.<ref name=":2" />

The 10th Brigade of the [[Pakistan Army]] under Brigadier Haji Iftikhar Ahmad was tasked to stop the Indian advance and defend Muzaffarabad at all costs.<ref name=":1" /> The Pakistani high command also considered it necessary to drive out the Indian troops from the heights of the Chunj range and push the Indian troops back to the left bank of the [[Neelum River]].<ref name=":7">{{Harvb|Saraf|2015|p=236}}</ref> The 4th Battalion of the 16th Punjab regiment was also called into the warzone in Kashmir from Abbottabad right after finishing Operation Curzon on 29 February 1948.{{sfn|Shahbaz|2018a|p=60}}

It was tasked to halt the advance of Indian troops from the road of Domel to Uri, consisting of troops formed from Azad Kashmir and tribesmen excluding the regiments own troops. Then later in 24 May it was instructed to immediately move in Tithwal sector. The regular troops of India and Pakistan fought each other from May onward.<ref>{{Harvb|Ankit|2010|p=54}}</ref>

=== Plan ===
Pir Sahaba ridge, Point 7302 and Point 7229 were occupied by the Indian forces after facing a lack of opposition from Pakistani troops. After the reconnaissance sortie made by Colonel Khan, he called a session related to their approach to the positions of the Indian forces. Colonel Khan ascertained the intentions and strength of the Indian troops, and informed his team about the detailed intelligence available to him. His plan was to use attrition warfare to distort the Indian advance by using selective groups.{{sfn|Shahbaz|2018a|p=61}}

These groups were to inflict maximum attrition on Indian forces and occupy the heights within the given rations and ammo. This led to confusion among the Indian forces, and would result in their troops regrouping for the defense of the area. Colonel Khan would make further reconnaissance sorties and partner with raiding patrols. The unit successfully halted the Indian advance by deceiving them.{{sfn|Shahbaz|2018a|p=62}}

Pakistani Colonel Nausherwan Khan and his battalion acquainted themselves with their routes and their aims.<ref name=":7" /> A plan was made to capture the Chunj feature (Point 9444), the preliminary objective explained to all the soldiers of the 4th Battalion, [[16th Punjab Regiment]] (4/16 Punjab) on 25 June. The next step was to drive out the Indian forces from Point 7229 and Point 6953, which were high peaks and dominated the main tracks along the Neelum.{{sfn|Shahbaz|2018b}}

== Battle ==
All the bridges between [[Teetwal|Tithwal]] and [[Keran, Jammu and Kashmir|Keran]] were destroyed by Indian troops to prevent Pakistani troops from accessing the western bank of the [[Neelum River]] while the concentration of Pakistan forces on the eastern bank continued.<ref name=":3">{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=196}}</ref> The Indian positions beyond the Neelum at the ring contour and Point 7229 were attacked by two groups of Pakistani forces covertly through the smoke coming out of mortar fire on 24 June, but the attack was repulsed.<ref name=":3" /> At Tithwal, after this engagement, shelling increased on Indian positions including the ring contour from Point 9444 and the [[1st Madras Pioneers]] Headquarters for the whole day.<ref name=":3" />

Colonel Khan organized the force responsible for driving Indian troops away from the Chunj Heights.<ref name=":7" /> Khan called a session with his troops, engineers, and gunners, who agreed to deploy a [[QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer]], nicknamed the ''Shahzadi'',{{Efn|Shahzadi means princess; it was called princess because it was handled with care.<ref name=":11" />|group=Lower-alpha}} on Point 9444 for gunfire assistance. A track {{convert|25|mi|km}} long was created for mules from [[Muzaffarabad]] since no proper track existed.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Harvb|Ali|2022|p=29}}</ref> A sling and pulley was used to dismantle the artillery gun as well as boxes full of ammunition brought beyond the Kahori River across the Neelum.<ref name=":7" /> Once the gun reached the point, it was put together and the engineers then removed the Indian mines and built tracks besides the other river.<ref name=":8" /> The construction of the bridge was achieved within a short span time, and the artillery piece, the ''Shahzadi'', was transported with the help of 70 porters. By 30 June, the entire battalion had moved and concentrated in the Ban Forest area.{{sfn|Shahbaz|2018b}}

=== Attack on Point 6953 and capture of Point (4207) ===
The Pakistani forces took up the offensive soon after they were briefed on the plan, which was created to accomplish the eventual goal of capturing the dominating features from the Indians.{{sfn|Shahbaz|2018a|p=61}} On 25 June, an officer with a unit the size of a platoon was sent by the Pakistanis to clear and take control of Point 4207.{{Efn|The name given to Point 4207 was Pimple.{{sfn|Shahbaz|2018a|p=62}}}} The Indian force launched their defense with all of their available artillery and machine guns, but the Pakistani forces arrived unharmed due to the darkness. Leaving two dead and a significant amount of ammunition and equipment behind, the Indian troops ultimately withdrew from the area.{{sfn|Shahbaz|2018b}}

On 8 July 1948, Pakistani troops took their positions in the Ban Forest undetected. 3rd Madras, a new and recently-inducted Indian unit holding the defense was unaware of the movement of the Pakistani troops, who had already reached their gathering place. The Pakistani dispatch rider kept his motorbike on to make it appear as if tanks were present.{{sfn|Shahbaz|2018b}} These early actions facilitated the subsequent attack. In the early morning hours, the first wave of the assault commenced.<ref name=":4">{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=197}}</ref> The assault on Point 6953, descending from Point 9444, took place along a narrow ridgeline. This made a conventional two-company frontal attack impossible. Instead, A Company led the attack but faced a delay. Several Indian bunkers were destroyed with direct hits from Pakistani artillery early on in the engagement.{{sfn|Shahbaz|2018b}}
[[File:Lt. Col Ghulam Rasul Raja.jpg|alt=A black and white photograph (shoulder up) of an army officer wearing his uniform, medals and hat.|thumb|231x231px|Lt. Col. (later Major) Ghulam Rasul Raja.]]After shelling Point 7229 and the ring contour for thirty minutes, Major [[Ghulam Rasul Raja]], whose advance was hindered by a single Indian machine gun position, decided to approach it from the southwest, targeting their rear from the vantage point of the nearby village of Chilean. The logistics of the move took several hours to arrange. Meanwhile, A Company had managed to capture part of the Indian defenses.{{sfn|Shahbaz|2018b}} By night time, the Pakistani B company reached the Indian positions. After intense hand-to-hand combat and heavy Indian casualties, the Pakistanis captured Point 6953. The Indian force abandoned their positions and lost 30 dead and 13 prisoners. After receiving no [[fire support]] from their deeper positions, the remaining Indian troops surrendered.<ref name=":4">{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=197}}</ref>{{sfn|Shahbaz|2018b}}

=== Capture of Point 7229 ===
An Indian platoon ordered to backup the ring contour was engaged by Pakistani troops and shelling. Meanwhile, the Indian machine gun section at Point 7229 gave cover to the force which retreated to a false crest.<ref name=":4" /> Pakistani forces used deception to capitalize on Indian concerns about an impending counterattack on the [[Keran, Jammu and Kashmir|Keran]] position.<ref name=":4" /> Two companies of the Indian forces were given orders to attack Shardi on 7 July and set off for this mission on 8 July. After they were informed that the ring contour had been captured, they returned to their previous positions by 9 July.<ref name=":4" />

On 9 July, D and C Companies advanced to initiate the second phase of the Pakistani operation. Orders were given which indicated that Point 7229 had been evacuated and both companies were to advance immediately. The Indian forces, in a state of panic, blew up the bridge located at Tithwal while retreating across the Neelum. The Pakistani unit requested permission to pursue the retreating Indian troops across the river, but the request was denied. The Indian forces planned a counter-attack to retake the ring contour and requested an airstrike on the Pakistani position. However, the airstrike did not materialize.<ref name=":5">{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=198}}</ref>

[[File:Chunj area map.jpg|thumb|Map of features in the Chunj area.|alt=A map of the localities and other features around the Chunj feature, located to the immediate top left of the City of Tithwal. Indian territories are shaded orange, Pakistani territories are shaded light gree. Rivers are marked with blue lines.]]The Indian brigade commander instructed his troops to withdraw, and also to blow up the bridge beyond the river.<ref name=":5" /> The Indian troops had withdrawn along with their equipment and heavy arms from the Neelum after facing attacks. The Pakistani troops then captured Point 7229 after they saw it unoccupied.<ref name=":5" />

=== Indian forces retreat ===
At the Neelum, eight Indian platoons were spread throughout its banks, including the group at the false crest who were engaged by Pakistani troops during their retreat.<ref name=":5" /> At Tithwal ridge, all of the machine guns were assembled and the Indian forces withdrew under the cover of an [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] jet which bombarded the Pakistani troops for 20 minutes. Meanwhile the Indian sappers prepared to destroy the bridge and it was destroyed after two attempts.<ref name=":5" /> Two Indian platoons were ordered to collect ammunition which was stored close to the Neelum and Jarara rivers.<ref name=":6">{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=199}}</ref> Pakistani troops shelled these platoons and they drew back.<ref name=":6" /> The IAF jets again bombarded the Pakistani positions and the Indian troops made their way back while another party destroyed the tracks at the junction.<ref name=":6" />

North of Tithwal, an Indian picket was attacked, and all the positions there were abandoned. Following this, the Pakistani 3rd Battalion, [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]] (3/12 FF) was ordered to move immediately and occupy the Pir Sahaba feature.{{sfn|Shahbaz|2018b}} On 10 July, the Pir Sahaba feature was occupied by Pakistani troops in the morning, after they confirmed it had been abandoned by Indian forces. The 8th Punjab Regiment took over the positions from the previous battalion, who were sent back to their homes on November 23, 1948, and the Chunj operation was concluded.{{sfn|Shahbaz|2018a|p=65}}

== Aftermath ==
Because of the evacuation of all the advanced positions across the [[Neelum River]], the Indian command considered the operation to be a major loss.<ref name=":0">{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=199}}</ref> The commanding officer of 1st Madras considered the brigade headquarters to have made tactical errors and obstacles, including not occupying Point 9444. The major of 163rd Brigade disputed the allegations and insisted that the troops were demoralized, which he claimed led to the loss. [[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya|General Thimayya]] therefore held no one accountable for the failure.<ref name=":0" />

The Indian forces had gained success by capturing [[Teetwal|Tithwal]] before the Battle of Chunj, but after the fall of the Chunj feature to Pakistan, the summer offensive of the Indian army failed to advance to [[Muzaffarabad]] and was forced behind their starting position.<ref name=":10">{{Harvb|Ali|2022|p=1}}; {{Harvb|Ankit|2010|p=54}}; {{Harvb|Saraf|2015|p=238}}</ref> The subsequent campaign added a huge area to the Pakistani controlled side on the left bank of the [[Neelum River]].<ref name=":11">{{Harvb|Saraf|2015|p=238}}</ref> The Pakistani forces switched their focus towards the [[Chakothi]] area after achieving a victory in Tithwal, which later included another [[Battle of Pandu|victory in Pandu]] by pushing out 2nd Bihar from the Pandu feature which overlooked the other key features.<ref name=":13" /> A stalemate ensued in this sector until the ceasefire went into place on 1 January 1949.<ref name=":14" />

According to Indian officer [[Srinivas Kumar Sinha]], "For the present, however, we had to accept the fact that the weather, the terrain and Pakistan's fresh reinforcements had prevented us from reaching our goal Domel. Yet our gains had been substantial and in this respect we had got the better of the enemy.<ref>{{Harvb|Sinha|1977|p=78}}</ref>

=== Military honours ===
Major Sloan was leading his soldiers during a mine clearing operation, during which he lost his footing and fell down a slope, triggering a tripwire which blew up a mine. The Major received serious injuries, along with another Pakistani soldier, Lance Naik Aman Khan. Sloan's injuries in the line of duty later proved to be fatal. Major Sloan died on 10 July 1948.<ref name=":15">{{Harvb|Ali|2022|pp=29–30}}</ref> Major Sloan was praised for his actions which led to the capture of crucial peaks in the Tithwal sector in July 1948.<ref name=":15" /> His body was taken to the British Cemetery in [[Abbottabad]] and buried there with full military honours. He remains the only British soldier to die in action for Pakistan.<ref name=":15" />

The operations conducted by the 4th Battalion of the 16th Punjab Regiment were applauded, and the battalion was awarded 4 [[Imtiazi Sanad]], 4 [[Sitara-e-Jurat]] and 9 [[Tamgha-i-Jurat|Tamgha-e-Jurat]].{{sfn|Shahbaz|2018a|p=66}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Pakistan|India|1940s
}}
* [[Teetwal|Tithwal]]
* [[Battle of Shalateng]]
* [[Battle of Pandu]]
* [[Battle of Badgam]]
* [[Battle of Rawalakot]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]]

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}

'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}
'''Works Cited'''
* {{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=Ahmad |year=2022 |title=Major Sloan in Kashmir (Story of a British officer Serving with the Pakistan Army, Killed in Action during the Kashmir Liberation War, 1947–48) |url=https://www.aimh.gov.pk/winter-2022/ |journal=Bugle & Trumpet |volume=Summer 2023 |issue=IV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718082819/https://www.aimh.gov.pk/winter-2022/ |archive-date=18 July 2024 |via=Aimh.gov.pk (Army Institute of Military History)}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |date=2010 |title=1948: The Crucial Year in the History of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25664224 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=49–58 |jstor=25664224 |issn=0012-9976 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Cheema |first=Amar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ |title=The Crimson Chinar. The Kashmir Conflict: a Politico Military Perspective |publisher=United Service Institution of India |year=2014 |isbn=9788170623014 |access-date=7 August 2024}}
* {{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Sri Nandan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBwNAAAAIAAJ |title=History of Operations in Jammu & Kashmir, 1947–48 |publisher=History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |year=1987 |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.553361/page/n15/mode/2up |archive-date=17 January 2017}}
* {{cite book |last=Saraf |first=Muhammad Yusuf |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ym1uvgAACAAJ |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/part-ii-kashmiris-fight-for-freedom-vol-2-1947-1978-by-yusuf-saraf |archive-date=29 March 2021 |location=Mirpur |publisher=National Institute Kashmir Studies |author-link=Muhammad Yusuf Saraf |orig-year=first published 1979 by Ferozsons}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Shahbaz |first=Muhammad |date=September 2018 |title=Kashmir-1948 4/16 Punjab Regiment Chunj Operation |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/e1af910b90a95d7f61c6cb94fbc544ae/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=616545 |journal=Defence Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=59–69 |id={{ProQuest|}}|ref={{sfnref|Shahbaz|2018a}}}}
* {{Cite web |last=Shahbaz |first=Muhammad |date=November 2018 |title=Chunj Operation: Kashmir War 1948 |url=https://www.hilal.gov.pk/view-article.php?i=2095#:~:text=The%20Battle%20of%20Chunj%20is,Offensive%20to%20a%20grinding%20halt. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820052152/https://www.hilal.gov.pk/view-article.php?i=2095 |archive-date=20 August 2024 |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=hilal.gov.pk |ref={{sfnref|Shahbaz|2018b}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=S. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMwBAAAAMAAJ |title=Operation Rescue Military Operations in Jammu & Kashmir, 1947–49 |publisher=Vision Books |year=1977 |author-link=Srinivas Kumar Sinha |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3501/page/n211/mode/2up |archive-date=20 January 2021}}
* {{cite book |last=Suhrawardy |first=Abdul Haq |title=Tragedy in Kashmir |year=1983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjRuAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Wajidalis}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]]
| years =
| before = [[Battle of Tithwal]]
| after = [[Battle of Pandu]]
}}
{{s-end}}{{Portalbar|Pakistan|Kashmir|India}}{{Kashmir conflict}}

[[Category:Battles of the India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948]]
[[Category:Operations involving the Indian Air Force]]
[[Category:Aerial operations and battles of India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:July 1947 in Asia]]
[[Category:June 1947 in Asia]]
[[Category:Aerial operations and battles involving Pakistan]]

Hasti

2026-03-05T07:34:32Z

SharronKifer8: small edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{infobox film
| name = Hasti
| director = Ashok Gaekwad
| image = File:Hasti 1993.jpg
| caption = Poster
| starring = [[Naseeruddin Shah]] [[Jackie Shroff]] [[Nagma]]
| studio = Megha Arts
| cinematography = Ashok Gunjal
| editing = Ashok Honda
| music = [[Anand–Milind]]
| writer = Karan Razdan
| released = {{Film date|1993}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}{{One source|date=January 2023|text=This article relies entirely on just one source}}
'''''Hasti''''' ({{lit|Existence}}) is a 1993 [[Bollywood]] film directed by Ashok Gaekwad and produced by Sandeep D. Shinde. It stars [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Nagma]] and [[Varsha Usgaonkar]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534774 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414214639/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534774 | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 April 2012 | title=Movie Overview | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref>

==Plot==
Narang is an accomplished and wealthy industrialist who lives with his daughter, Neena, in a palatial home. His daughter is now of marriageable age, and he would like her to marry Vicky, his associate Bhisham's son. But Neena is in love with a much poorer man named Jaikishan, alias Jaggu. When Neena informs her father that she would like to marry Jaggu, he summons Jaggu's mom, Shanti, and instantly recognizes her from his questionable past. He belittles her, humiliates her and asks her to leave his house. When Jaggu finds out, he goes to meet Narang and asks him to change his decision. However, he too gets insulted and is asked to leave, never to see or speak to Neena again. Jaggu promises him that he will return within one year and by that time he will be even more wealthy than Narang. Jaggu befriends a homeless man named Vishal and together they set forth to meet Jaggu's deadline. Things are going pretty well for Jaggu, as he has been able to get a sizable loan from a bank, and has started his own construction business. This success has gotten him enemies, and one day someone places a bomb in his car. Jaggu survives, but is critically wounded and in need of blood. His blood group is the same as that of Vishal - but Vishal refuses to give any blood to save Jaggu. Shanti is shocked and appalled at this, and sets forth to find out why her son's closest friend refuses to help him in this dire time of need.

==Cast==
*[[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Vishal
*[[Jackie Shroff]] as Jaikishan
*[[Nagma]] as Neena Narang
*[[Varsha Usgaonkar]] as Anita "Anu"
*[[Aruna Irani]] as Shanti
*[[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] as Narang
*[[Shafi Inamdar]] as Bhisham
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Vicky, Bhisham's son.
*[[Achyut Potdar]] as Contractor Ahluwalia
*[[Anant Jog]] as Dr Vinay
*[[Vikas Anand]] as Mohan Mehta
*[[Rakesh Bedi]] as Changu
*[[Rajesh Puri]] as Mangu
*[[Laxmikant Berde]] as Pasinger
*[[Gurbachchan Singh]] as Jagavar

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Mat Poochh Mere Mehboob"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Mukul Agarwal]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| 2
| "Aage Se Peeche Se"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Udit Narayan]], Brownie Parashar
|-
| 3
| "Meri Kasam Teri Kasam"
| Udit Narayan, [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| 4
| "Ladka Ladki Se Phansa"
| [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], Sadhana Sargam
|-
| 5
| "Main Pyasi Nadiya Hoon"
| [[Suresh Wadkar]], Sadhana Sargam
|-
| 6
| "Hissa Hai Tu Meri Zindagi Ka"
| Udit Narayan
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0481107}}

[[Category:1993 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Nala Damayanthi (1957 film)

2026-03-03T20:46:30Z

SharronKifer8: Added stub...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nala Damayanthi 1959 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster of the 1959 Tamil dub
| director = [[Kemparaj Urs]]
| producer = Kemparaj Urs
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = [[Samudrala Jr.]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1 = Dialogues by
| data1 = {{plain list|
* Samudrala Jr. (Telugu)
* B C Srinivas (Kannada)
}}
}}
| based_on = ''[[Mahabharata]]''
| starring = {{plain list|
* Kemparaj Urs
* [[P. Bhanumathi]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[B. Gopalam]]
| cinematography = B. D. Mathur
| editing = {{plain list|
* V. S. Narayana
* P. Kandasamy
}}
| studio = Kemparaj Urs Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1957}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Nala Damayanthi''''' is a 1957 Indian film produced and directed by [[Kemparaj Urs]]. The film stars him and [[P. Bhanumathi]]. It was simultaneously shot in [[Kannada]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nala damayanthi (ನಳ ದಮಯಂತಿ) |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/nala-damayanthi-1957 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212210100/https://chiloka.com/movie/nala-damayanthi-1957 |archive-date=12 February 2025 |website=Chiloka.com |access-date=23 August 2025 }}</ref><ref name="U">{{Cite web |last=Trasi |first=Nagendra |date=1 August 2019 |title=40ರ ದಶಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಕನ್ನಡ ಚಿತ್ರರಂಗಕ್ಕೆ ಪ್ರೇಕ್ಷಕರನ್ನು ಸೆಳೆದ ಮೊದಲ ಹೀರೋ ಕೆಂಪರಾಜ ಅರೆಸ್! |trans-title=Kemparaj Urs was the first hero to attract audiences to the Kannada cinema industry in the 40s |url=https://udayavani.com/articles/web-focus/kannada-film-actor-kemparaj-urs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528235507/https://udayavani.com/articles/web-focus/kannada-film-actor-kemparaj-urs |archive-date=28 May 2025 |access-date=18 August 2025 |work=[[Udayavani]] |language=kn}}</ref> The film was dubbed and released in 1959 in Tamil.<ref name="LS"/>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=August 2022}}
The film is based on a story from the [[Vana Parva]] of [[Mahabharata]]. [[Damayanti|Damayanthi]] is the princess of [[Vidarbha Kingdom]] and [[Nala]] is the king of [[Nishadha Kingdom]]. He is an excellent cook. They love and marry each other and beget two children. But soon they undergo hardships due to Nala losing his kingdom in a game of dice. They get separated but Damayanthi is found and joins her father with her two children. Nala is bitten by a snake and becomes a dwarf. Damayanthi arranges for a fake swayamwara to find her husband. Nala, as a dwarf, attends the ceremony with his master. Damayanthi recognizes him from the food he prepared. Nala is restored to his former self and the couple are reunited.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Kemparaj Urs]] as [[Nala]]
*[[P. Bhanumathi]] as [[Damayanti|Damayanthi]]
*M. A. Ganapathi Bhat (Kannada)
*[[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimha Raju]] (Kannada)
*[[V. Nagayya]] (Telugu)
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] (Telugu)
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]]
*Jayalakshmi
*Annapoornamma (Kannada)
*Kameswaramma
*B. Ramadevi
*Seetha
*Lankasathiyam
*Sri Vathsa
*Venkara
*Lakshmaiya Chowdri
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[B. Gopalam]]. Kannada lyrics are written by [[Hunsur Krishnamurthy]] and Indirathanaya while Telugu lyrics are written by [[Samudrala Jr.]]

;Telugu
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s)
|-
| Arubhumapadhambu Taraṇimīrina Bhogi Vantalavadaguchu" || Madhavapeddi
|-
| "Adiren Na Kudikannu Na kuḍi Bhujambhu Atyanta" || P. Bhanumathi
|-
| "Ativa Dapaganela Nan Valachi Nikatyanta Santapa Dusdhiti" || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|}

;Tamil dubbed
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist !! Duration(m:ss)
|-
| "Sarasam Seiyadhe Maname" || P. Bhanumathi || rowspan=6|Puratchidasan || 02:53
|-
| "Anname Thaen Piraiyaale" || P. B. Srinivas || 01:25
|-
| "Jai Bavani Dhayaarpari" || P. Bhanumathi || 00:55
|-
| "Ilanthalir Neeraadum Then Suvai" || A. P. Komala || 03:20
|-
| "Nan Konda Koyil Endha" || P. Bhanumathi || 03:14
|-
| "Nin Paadha Dhaasi" || P. Bhanumathi || 03:41
|-
| "Karunaabharaney" || B. Gopalam || Samudrala || 01:26
|-
| "Vinaip Payan Idhuthaanaa" || B. Gopalam || rowspan=7|Kuyilan || 02:36
|-
| "Singara Dhamayanthi Seemandham" || A. P. Komala || 03:31
|-
| "Thee Vinayo Nenjam Mariyadho" || P. Bhanumathi || 03:39
|-
| "Amma Puviyaalum Mathaa" || P. Bhanumathi || 03:37
|-
| "Varunaadhi Devane" || B. Gopalam || 02:39
|-
| "Seena Seeyanna Sirichaa" || [[S. Janaki]] || 03:06
|-
| "Prabho Yae Prabho" || P. B. Srinivas || 02:15
|-
| "Thappi Pottu Thappu" || B. Gopalam, K. Rani || M. Sundharan || 03:34
|-
| "Mali Pugazh Nala Saridhai" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan || [[Papanasam Sivan]]|| 02:22
|}

== Release ==
The film was a box office failure.<ref name="U"/> The Telugu version of the film was dubbed in Tamil in 1959 under the same title with dialogues by [[Aaroor Dass]].<ref name="LS">{{Cite web |title=1959-ல் வெளியான படப்பட்டியல் - தயாரிப்பாளர்கள் |trans-title=List of films released in 1959 – Producers |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171227102919/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959.asp |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=12 January 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref><ref name="D">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2021 |title=சகலகலா வல்லி பானுமதி (3) |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/malarkal/vara-malar-weekly-magazine/sakalakala-valli-banumathi-3/55051 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808041704/https://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=55051&ncat=2 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=8 November 1959 |title=நள தமயந்தி |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1959/nov/08-11-1959/p53.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=53 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220808042313/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1959/nov/08-11-1959/p53.jpg |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> [[P. Bhanumathi]] dubbed for herself.<ref name="D"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1957 Indian films]]
[[Category:1950s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1950s Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1957 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1957 films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kemparaj Urs]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Padinjarekkara Beach

2026-02-27T07:11:53Z

SharronKifer8: rework lead for clarity

{{Short description| Beach in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date= August 2023}}
{{Infobox landform
| name = Padinjarekkara Beach
| other_name = Azhimugam Beach
| image = Padinharekkara_beach.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Padinharekkara Sky view
| pushpin_map = India #Kerala
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_label =
| mark =
| marker_size =
| location = Padinjarekkara, [[Tirur]], [[Kerala]]
| grid_ref =
| grid_ref_UK =
| grid_ref_Ireland =
| coordinates = {{coord| 10.794|N|75.909|E|display=inline}}
| coordinates_ref =
| range =
| part_of =
| water_bodies =
| length = 1,600+ m
| formed_by =
| type = Beach
| free_label_1 = Patrolled by
| free_data_1 =
| free_label_2 = Hazard rating
| free_data_2 =
| free_label_3 = Access
| free_data_3 = [[Tirur|Bus Station]] {{rint|bus}} - 16.1 m, [[ Tirur railway station |Railway Station]] {{rint|rail}} - 17.4 km, [[Ponnani|Ferry Terminal]] {{rint|ferry}} - 3.1 km
| embedded =
}}
'''Padinjarekkara Beach''', also known as '''Azhimugam Beach''', is a beach and (Azhimugam) tourist destiny at [[Tirur]], [[Malappuram district]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. Padinjarekkara Beach is the first 'Kite flying event ' in Kerala.<ref name="charmed">{{Cite web |title=Charmed by kites on Koottayi beach |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/charmed-by-kites-on-koottayi-beach/article6997802.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 March 2015 |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref>

==Events and attractions ==
===Events===
* Kite flying event<ref name="charmed"/>
*
===Attractions===
*Paramotoring<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paramotoring launched at Padinjarekkara Beach |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/paramotoring-launched-at-padinjarekkara-beach/article26561912.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 March 2019 |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="160">
File:Padinjarekara Azhimukham Beach 3.png
File:Padinjarekara Azhimukham Beach 5.png
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Waters of Kerala |state=expanded}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}



[[Category:Tourist attractions in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Beaches of Kerala|*]]

Howrah Zilla School

2026-02-21T09:56:13Z

SharronKifer8: cleanup lead for consistency

{{More citations needed|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Howrah Zilla School
| former_name = Howrah Government School
| image =
| caption = Howrah Zilla School in 2023
| logo = Howrah Zilla School.jpg
| established = 1 December 1845
| schooltype = Government High School
| ratio = 40:1
| publication =
| motto =
| location =
| region =
| city = [[Howrah, West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates =
| affiliation = [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] and [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]]
| founder = [[East India Company]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| information =
| schedule = *Sec, HS- 11.00am- 4.00pm
*Primary- 7.30am-10.30am
| address = 9 Church Road (also Biplabi Haren Ghosh Sarani), Howrah-711101
| grades = Preprimary-XII
| song = [[Jana Gana Mana]]
| yearbook = Diganta (দিগন্ত) and a wall magazine named Ankur (অঙ্কুর)
| houses =
| enrollment = {{c.|1200}} (secondary and high secondary) and 600 (primary)
| faculty = 50
| headmaster = Rakendu Bikash Majumdar (assistant headmaster-in-charge)
| school_code = 19161502906
| classrooms = 22
| editor =
| website = {{URL|howrahzillaschool.webs.com}}
}}
'''Howrah Zilla School''', abbreviated as ''HZS'', is a [[Government of West Bengal|Government]]al, [[Bengali language|Bengali]] medium, [[Higher Secondary School Certificate|higher secondary]] school located in [[Howrah district|Howrah]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], India. It is the only government high school of [[Howrah]]. It is affiliated with [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] and [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]].

==History==
The school was established on 1 December 1845. The plan for the school was approved by the District Magistrate, Cockburn Sahib. British teacher, Mr. Donalgard was appointed as the first headmaster. During that period, educationist Bhagabati Charan Basu served as one of its teachers. At that time, it was known as Howrah Government School. [[Bhudev Mukhopadhyay]], a disciple of [[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio]] and classmate of [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]], was the first Indian headmaster of the school. Classes were initially held in a rented house near Howrah Court, in exchange for Rs. 60. Later, when the number of students increased, the [[British Raj|British]] Government provided new land and money for setting up a new building for the students. In 1885, students of this school first appeared in the entrance examination of [[University of Calcutta]]. Makhanlal Dey, who ranked first in this exam in 1899, was appointed as the Headmaster of this institution in 1938. Other notable faculty include Umes Chandra Das, Korunanidhan Bandopadhyay, Bidhubhusan Bhattacharya, [[Jogen Chowdhury]], Jaydeep Sarangi and Sagar Sen. Now it is the only Governmental school of [[Howrah district]].<ref name="schoolandcollegelistings.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.schoolandcollegelistings.com/IN/Howrah/128496|title=Schools & colleges in Howrah|publisher=}}</ref>

==Campus==
Howrah Zilla School has six buildings in total. Two of them have been declared as heritage buildings. The school has two different teachers' rooms for morning and day section. The school has two conference halls named as "New Hall" and "Old Hall".

===Laboratories===

The school has five subject-based laboratories.
*Chemistry Laboratory
*Physics Laboratory
*Computer Laboratory
*Biology Laboratory
*Geography Laboratory
*Statistics Laboratory

==Notable alumni==
{{alumni|date=January 2026}}
*[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], film and stage actor and poet<ref name="schoolandcollegelistings.com" />
*[[Subroto Mukherjee]], first Air Marshal of the [[Indian Air Force]]
*[[Mahendranath Roy]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]], lawyer and politician, first elected chairman of the [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]]
*[[Mani Shankar Mukherjee]], Bengali writer, known for his book on [[Swami Vivekananda]]
*[[Muhammad Shahidullah]], educationist, linguist
*[[Bani Kumar]], the writer of the [[Mahisasuramardini]] script which is played on the auspicious Mornings of Mahalaya in the voice of [[Birendra Krishna Bhadra]]

==Notable Faculty==
* [[Jogen Chowdhury]]

==Alumni Association==
Alumni association of the school was established in the year 2010. The association mainly celebrates the foundation day of the institution. It also arranges an annual medical camp for students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://howrahzillaschoolalumniassociation.com/ |title=Home |website=howrahzillaschoolalumniassociation.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Zilla Schools}}

[[Category:Education in Howrah]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1845]]
[[Category:1845 establishments in India]]

Vinay Kumar Lal

2026-02-20T22:28:06Z

SharronKifer8: made some biography from scratch.

{{short description|Indian paralympic athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Vinay Kumar Lal
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|03|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Para Athletics]]
| event = 100m, 200, 400m
| coach =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2018 Asian Para Games|2018 Indonesia]]|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Para Games|400m T44]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Para Athletics Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2019 World Para Athletics Championships|2019 Dubai]]|[[2019 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's 400 metres|400m T44]]}}
}}

'''Vinay Kumar Lal''' (born 22 March 1999) is an [[Para-athletics|Indian Para athlete]] competing in Men's 100m, 200m, 400m events in the T44 category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinay Kumar Lal - Athletics {{!}} Paralympic Athlete Profile |url=https://www.paralympic.org/vinay-kumar-lal |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=International Paralympic Committee |language=en}}</ref> He is bronze medallist in [[2018 Asian Para Games|Asian Para Games 2018]] held in [[Jakarta|Jakarta, Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-09 |title=Indian Para Athletics Medals Tally – Asian Para games 2018 |url=https://enabled.in/wp/indian-para-athletics-medals-tally-asian-para-games-2018/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=enabled.in |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> He also won bronze medal in [[2019 World Para Athletics Championships]] held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI|date=Nov 16, 2019 |title=India record best-ever medal haul at World Para Athletics Championships {{!}} More sports News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/india-record-best-ever-medal-haul-at-world-para-athletics-championships/articleshow/72088229.cms |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-15 |title=Sharad wins silver; Mariyappan, Vinay take bronze at WPA C’ships |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/sharad-wins-silver-mariyappan-vinay-take-bronze-at-wpa-c-ships/story-Dko0rwpzeSIUasvnL6aAbN.html |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Vinay Kumar Lal was born to a [[Punjabi Hindu]] family in 1999 in [[Chandigarh]] and suffered from a Left leg lower limb polio by birth. Vinay, at a very early stage, represented his state in volleyball, playing alongside able-bodied athletes. In 2015, inspired by the movie about one of India's greatest athletes, [[Milkha Singh]], popularly known as "the Flying Sikh", Vinay started athletics .The same year, he won his first-ever national medal at the Nationals, winning two silvers in both the 200m and 400m.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Player Profile - Vinay Kumar Lal |url=https://www.indusind.com/in/en/for-sports/Programs/para-champions/vinay-kumar-lal.html |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=www.indusind.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-28 |title=Chandigarh: World Para Athletics bronze winner forced to work at a call center to make ends meet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/world-para-athletics-bronze-winner-forced-to-work-at-a-call-center-to-make-ends-meet-7474588/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==

Vinay was inspired by a film about one of India's greatest athletes, [[Milkha Singh]], better known as the "Flying Sikh". Vinay took up athletics in 2015 and, in the same year, won both the 200m and 400m.He has been holding national record from 6 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Player Profile - Vinay Kumar Lal |url=https://www.indusind.com/in/en/for-sports/Programs/para-champions/vinay-kumar-lal.html |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=www.indusind.com}}</ref> He won his first medals at the national level by winning two silvers. At the Nationals held at Panchkula in 2016, he won two gold and missed a third by a small margin due to a hamstring pull in the 100m, eventually settling for bronze.
In 2017, Vinay won a gold and a silver in Beijing. Later that year, at the London World Championships, he finished fourth. In 2018, he won his first [[2018 Asian Games|Asian Games medal]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-03 |title=Asian Para Games 2018 Bronze Medalist Vinay Kumar Lal Works at a ... - Latest Tweet by ANI {{!}} 📰 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/india/news/asian-para-games-2018-bronze-medalist-vinay-kumar-lal-works-at-a-latest-tweet-by-ani-2810410.html |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref> and also won a bronze medal at the 2019 world para athletic championship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-29 |title=4. Vinay Kumar Lal - 100m T44 5. Ravi Rongali - Shotput F40 6. Shreyansh Trivedi - 200m ... - Latest Tweet by SAI Media {{!}} 🏆 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/sports/4-vinay-kumar-lal-100m-t445-ravi-rongali-shotput-f406-shreyansh-trivedi-200m-latest-tweet-by-sai-media-4522977.html |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref> He also won a gold medal in Marrakech Para Athletics Grand 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2022-09-20 |title=Indian athletes shine in Marrakech Para Athletics Grand Prix with 19 medals |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/indian-athletes-shine-in-marrakech-para-athletics-grand-prix-with-19-medals-122091901374_1.html |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IPC athlete|vinay-kumar-lal}}
* {{Instagram|vinay_kumar_lal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:lal, Vinay kumar}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men sprinters]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Medalists at the World Para Athletics Championships]]
[[Category:Track and field athletes with limb difference]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Para Games]]

Visweswara Rao

2026-02-16T20:57:02Z

SharronKifer8: made initial biography with sources.

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Visweswara Rao
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Garimella Visweswara Rao<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nadigar-sangam.org/member/g-vishveshwara-rao-a-k-a-vichu/ |title=Member Details |access-date=2024-06-04 |archive-date=2024-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604093531/https://nadigar-sangam.org/member/g-vishveshwara-rao-a-k-a-vichu/ |url-status=live |work=[[Nadigar Sangam]]}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1959|5|30}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2024|4|3|1959|5|30}}
| death_place =
| nationality = 
| other_names = Vichu (in Tamil)
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1966-1975 (child actor) 1994-2024
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Pithamagan]]'' (2003)
}}
'''Visweswara Rao''' was an Indian actor who worked in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]] apart from a few [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]].

== Personal life and career ==
Originally from [[Kakinada]], he moved to [[Chennai]] and pursued a career in films. He started out as a comedic child artist and starred in Telugu films such as ''[[Bala Bharatam]]'' (1972). As he became an adult, he received less opportunities and played minor roles in several films barring the Tamil film ''[[Pithamagan]]'' (2003) where he played [[Laila (actress)|Laila]]'s father before starting his YouTube channel Vissu Talkies.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-04-03 |title=తొలి తెలుగు కామెడీ కిడ్‌ స్టార్‌ విశ్వేశ్వరరావు ఇక లేరు {{!}} The first Telugu comedy kid star Visveswara Rao is no more |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2024/cinema-news/the-first-telugu-comedy-kid-star-visveswara-rao-is-no-more-52275.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=[[ABN Andhra Jyothi|Chitrajyothy]]|language=te |archive-date=2024-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604093539/https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2024/cinema-news/the-first-telugu-comedy-kid-star-visveswara-rao-is-no-more-52275.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-04 |title=Character artiste-comedian Visweswara Rao, who acted with three CMs, passes away |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/character-artiste-comedian-visweswara-rao-who-acted-with-three-cms-passes-away/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=The South First |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404143921/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/character-artiste-comedian-visweswara-rao-who-acted-with-three-cms-passes-away/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He died in 2024 at the age of 64 in Chennai due to cancer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil actor Visheshwara Rao dies at 64 in Chennai hospital after battling cancer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/tamil-actor-visheshwara-rao-dies-at-64-in-chennai-hospital-after-battling-cancer-101712133063488.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=2024-06-04 |archive-date=2024-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503212731/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/tamil-actor-visheshwara-rao-dies-at-64-in-chennai-hospital-after-battling-cancer-101712133063488.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Telugu films===
''Source''<ref>{{Cite web |title=All movies |url=https://indiancine.ma/grid/year/Master_Visweswara_Rao|access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Indiancine.ma }}</ref>
{{Colbegin}}
*''[[Potti Pleader]]'' (1966)
*''Sri Rama Katha'' (1969)
*''[[Mooga Nomu]]'' (1969)
*''[[Kadaladu Vadaladu]]'' (1969)
*''[[Nindu Hrudayalu]]'' (1969)
*''Dharma Patani'' (1969)
*''[[Mathru Devata]]'' (1969)
*''Maa Nanna Nirdoshi'' (1970)
*''Paga Sadhistha'' (1970)
*''[[Dharma Daata]]'' (1970)
*''Thalli Thandralu'' (1970)
*''Inti Gowravam'' (1970)
*''[[Balaraju Katha]]'' (1970)
*''[[Nindu Dampathulu]]'' (1971)
*''Sisindri Chittibabu'' (1971)
*''Pattindalla Bangaram'' (1971)
*''[[Bharya Biddalu]]'' (1972)
*''Monagadosthunnadu Jagratha'' (1972)
*''[[Bala Bharatam]]'' (1972)
*''Shanti Nilayam'' (1972)
*''Kanna Thalli'' (1972)
*''[[Papam Pasivadu]]'' (1972)
*''Oka Naari Vandha Thupakulu'' (1973)
*''Kanna Koduku'' (1973)
*''Devi Lalithamba'' (1973)
*''Varasuralu'' (1973)
*''Abimanavanthulu'' (1973)
*''Sthree'' (1973)
*''Aajanma Brahmachari'' (1973)
*''[[Neramu Siksha]]'' (1973)
*''[[Andala Ramudu (1973 film)|Andala Ramudu]]'' (1973)
*''Peddalu Marali'' (1974)
*''Intinti Katha'' (1974)
*''Vaikuntapali'' (1974)
*''Bhagasthulu'' (1975)
*''Manassakshi'' (1975)
*''Raktha Sambandhalu'' (1975)
*''[[Kathanayakuni Katha]]'' (1975)
*''[[President Gari Pellam]]'' (1992)
*''Vintha Kodallu'' (1993)
*''[[Allari Alludu]]'' (1993)
*''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]'' (1994)
*''Srivari Priyuralu'' (1994)
*''[[Parugo Parugu]]'' (1994)
*''[[Criminal (1994 film)|Criminal]]'' (1994)
*''[[Aayanaki Iddaru]]'' (1995)
*''[[Maatho Pettukoku]]'' (1995)
*''Desa Drohulu'' (1995)
*''[[Rikshavodu]]'' (1995)
*''[[Pelli Sandadi]]'' (1996)
*''[[Sahasa Veerudu Sagara Kanya]]'' (1996)
*''[[Maa Aavida Collector]]'' (1996)
*''[[Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi]]'' (1996)
*''Ratra Yatra'' (1997)
*''Super Heroes'' (1997)
*''[[Devudu]]'' (1997)
*''[[Aavida Maa Aavide]]'' (1998)
*''[[Nuvvu Vastavani]]'' (2000)
*''[[Pottu Amman (film)|Durga]]'' (2000)
*''[[Naalo Unna Prema]]'' (2001)
*''[[Cheppave Chirugali]]'' (2004)
*''[[Kithakithalu]]'' (2006)
*''[[Astram (film)|Astram]]'' (2006)
*''[[Maharathi (2007 film)|Maharathi]]'' (2007)
*''[[Nava Vasantham]]'' (2007)
*''[[Bommana Brothers Chandana Sisters]]'' (2008)
*''[[Kathanayakudu (2008 film)|Kathanayakudu]]'' (2008)
*''[[Mee Sreyobhilashi]]'' (2010)
*''[[Brahmi Gadi Katha]]'' (2011)
*''[[Friends Book]]'' (2012)
*''[[Janda Pai Kapiraju]]'' (2015)
*''[[Jai Simha]]'' (2018)
{{Colend}}

=== Tamil films ===
{{colbegin}}
*''[[Jolly (film)|Jolly]]'' (1998)
*''[[Vaanathaipola]]'' (2000)
*''[[Unnai Ninaithu]]'' (2002)
*''[[Pithamagan]]'' (2003)
*''[[Gajendra (2004 film)|Gajendra]]'' (2004)
*''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]'' (2005)
*''[[Unakkum Enakkum]]'' (2006)
*''[[E (2006 film)|E]]'' (2006)
*''[[Evano Oruvan]]'' (2007)
*''[[Theeradha Vilaiyattu Pillai]]'' (2010)
*''[[Thillalangadi]]'' (2010)
*''[[Kazhugu (2012 film)|Kazhugu]]'' (2012)
*''[[Vathikuchi]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Kantha (film)|Kantha]]'' (2013)
*''[[Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum]]'' (2016)
*''[[Kotigobba 2|Mudinja Ivana Pudi]]'' (2016)
*''[[Maanagaram]]'' (2017)

=== Kannada film ===
*''[[Kotigobba 2]]'' (2016)
{{Colend}}

===Television===
* ''Oka Stree Katha'' ([[AVM Productions]]) (2000)
*''[[Manasu Mamata]]'' (2011-2021)
*''[[Uppena (TV series)|Uppena]]'' (2022)
*''[[Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum]]'' (2021-2023) (Vijay Television)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3817175}}

[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actors]]
[[Category:People from Kakinada]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]

East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950

2026-02-11T21:43:54Z

SharronKifer8: New New Info W/ Sources

{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
[[File:Lord Cornwallis.jpg|thumb|[[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] made the ''Permanent Settlement Act of 1793'' in [[Bengal]] which led to the [[zamindars]] gaining influence as the ruling class.]]{{Zamindars of Bengal}}

The '''East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950''' was a law passed by the newly formed democratic [[East Bengal|Government of East Bengal]] in the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] (present day [[Bangladesh]]). The bill was drafted on 31 March 1948 during the early years of Pakistan and passed on 16 May 1951. Before passage of the legislature, landed revenue laws of Bengal consisted of the [[Permanent Settlement|Permanent Settlement Regulations of 1793]] and the [[Bengal Tenancy Act (1885)|Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885]].

The 1793 legislature created a landed aristocracy (see: [[Zamindars of Bengal]]) which was supposed to be loyal to the [[British Empire]]. The Act of 1885 defined the rights and liabilities of the [[peasants]] (''[[Ryot|ryats]]'') in relation to their superior [[lord]]s (''[[Zamindars]]''). After the end of the British rule in 1947, the law abolished the Zamindari system in the region, after which the lands of the state were under the federal government. It was seen as a democratic move to a ''people's state'' rather than a [[Indian feudalism|feudal class system]]. After [[East Bengal]], India adopted a similar law in 1953 in the [[Constitution of India]]. In modern Pakistan, such reforms were never carried out, which is why [[Feudalism in Pakistan|the effects of feudalism]] has perpetrated national politics and governance.

==History==
{{History of Bengal}}
During the times of the [[Middle Kingdoms of India]] rent was called ''rajasva''{{which lang|date=March 2020}} (the King's share). The king's men used to collect rajasva from his subjects according to law, and none could be evicted if rajasva was paid regularly. Later, the Hindu 'rajasva' became 'jama' during Muslim rule of the [[Mughal Empire]]. However, the spirit of rajasva and jama remained the same. The cultivators had customary rights in land which the sovereign honoured, as long as they paid revenue to the rulers. These revenues were supplied to the ''zamindars'', officials of the empire, who created the [[Feudalism|feudalistic nobility]]. During the mughal era (specifically during the rule of Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]), the [[Mansabdar|mansabdari system]], the military nobility evolved into the aristocratic landed zamindari system.

During the [[British Raj|British rule]], the zamindars became equivalents of the [[Lord of the Manor|landed aristocracy]] of Britain. in 1793, the zamindars were created absolute owners of the estates, and not just representatives of the sovereign rulers<ref>{{cite book |last=Quayum |first=Abdul |year=2012 |chapter=East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act 1950 |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=East_Bengal_State_Acquisition_and_Tenancy_Act_1950 |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |chapter=Rent |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rent |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

==Abolishing the system==
The Act comprises 152 sections divided into five parts and 19 chapters. In consequence of introduction of the law, no intermediary interest were present between the Government and its people, the government has become the only lord and the cultivators were relieved of the baneful effect of ''[[subinfeudation]]''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} The zamindari families were partly reimbursed for their losses during the exchange of land ownership after a few battles in court. The rule of zamindars were substituted by a hierarchy of officials with the '''Board of Land Administration''' with Assistant commissioners, collectors and Deputy Commissioner etc. A collector or deputy commissioner is assisted by one additional deputy commissioner for revenue, one revenue deputy collector, and a number of other governmental officials.

Families like the [[Dhaka Nawab family]], the [[Prithimpassa family|Prithimpassa Nawab family]], the [[Rajshahi Raj]] family, the [[Dighapatia Raj]] family, the [[Puthia Raj family]], the [[Singranatore family]] and thousands of others were legally abolished and relieved of centuries of duties, rights, and titles. However, in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] region, the law was not applicable, which is why [[Tridev Roy]] and [[Devasish Roy|Debashish Roy]] still held on to their [[Chakma people|Chakma]] royal titles of ''Raja'' (King), ''Rani'' ([[Queen regnant|Queen]]) and ''Rajkumar'' (Prince), while the former families lost theirs. As the majority of zamindars in East Bengal happened to be [[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindus]], the passage of the act in the backdrop of the [[1950 East Pakistan riots|1950 riots]] caused many of them to migrate to India.

==1950s==
Elsewhere in the former [[British Raj|Indian Empire]], most of the [[princely state]]s in the western part of empire ([[Pakistan]]) merged into the province of [[West Pakistan]] on 14 October 1955 and the new nation was declared a republic within a year even though some of the frontier states continued to be administered as separate units. During 1948–1950, some of the remaining princely states joined India, and the Indian zamindaris were also abolished. In return for surrendering the government of their states in the case of princes, and estates in the case of zamindars, together with their revenues and military forces, the former ruling princes were guaranteed their hereditary styles and titles, certain privileges of rank and honour, as well as privy purses to cover the living expenses of themselves and their families. However, this too was abolished in 1956.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

==1970s==
In 1971, the styles and titles enjoyed by the former ruling families ceased to be officially recognised by the [[Government of Pakistan]] in January 1972. Coincidentally, that year was also the year of independence of [[East Pakistan]] into [[Bangladesh]]. In Pakistan, however, most of the formerly ruling families continued to exercise significant influence and considerable political and economic power.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} After a year-long debate, in India, an amendment to the Constitution at the end of 1971 abolished the [[privy purse]]s, guaranteed by the [[Indian Constitution]] and eliminated the princely order itself.

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Ryotwari]]
* [[Feudalism]]
* [[Princely States]]
* [[Manorialism]]
* [[Raja]]
* [[Maharaja]]
* [[Nawab]]
* [[Landed property]]
* [[Mirza (noble)|Mirza]]
* [[Manorialism]]
* [[Medieval demography]]
* [[Middle Ages]]
* [[Quia Emptores]]
* [[Serfdom]]
* [[Statutes of Mortmain]]
* [[Vassal]]
* [[Feudalism in England]]
* [[Protofeudalism]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/pdf_part.php?id=241 Official Government website of the Law]
{{Bengal Nobility}}

[[Category:1950 in East Bengal]]
[[Category:Government of East Pakistan]]

Sitar in Western popular music

2026-02-11T14:04:20Z

SharronKifer8: made some data more to come

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2021}}
[[File:Dia5275 Ravi Shankar.jpg|thumb|right|237px|[[Ravi Shankar]], a master of the instrument, was the first to make inroads into Western culture with the [[sitar]].]]

The use of the [[sitar]] in Western popular music arose in the 1960s due to experimentation by various rock bands such as [[The Beatles]], [[The Kinks]], and [[The Rolling Stones]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bellman |first=Jonathan |date=January 1997 |title=Indian Resonances in the British Invasion, 1965-1968 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/763906 |journal=Journal of Musicology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=116–136 |doi=10.1525/jm.1997.15.1.03a00060 |jstor=763906 |issn=0277-9269|url-access=subscription }}</ref> While the sitar had earlier been used in [[jazz]]<ref name=":0" /> and [[Filmi|Indian film music]], it was from the 1960s onwards that various [[pop music|pop]] artists in the [[Western world]] began to experiment with incorporating the sitar, a [[Indian classical music|classical Indian]] [[String instrument|stringed instrument]], within their compositions. The introduction of the sitar into popular music exposed many Westerners to Indian musical traditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Farrell |first=Gerry |date=1988 |title=Reflecting Surfaces: The Use of Elements from Indian Music in Popular Music and Jazz |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/853536 |journal=Popular Music |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1017/S0261143000002750 |jstor=853536 |issn=0261-1430|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Early uses in Western pop music ==
{{main|Raga rock}}
The use of sitar in popular music started amongst British invasion rock bands in the 1960s. Cultural exchange between India and Britain was common due to the [[British Raj]] and subsequent Indian immigration, making Indian music more familiar to British artists and culture.<ref name=":0" /> Before the [[sitar]] was first used on a Western pop recording, the instrument's drone had been imitated on electric guitar by the Kinks on their 1965 single "[[See My Friends]]".{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|pp=154–55}} Another English band, [[the Yardbirds]], hired a sitar player to play the main [[riff]] on their song "[[Heart Full of Soul]]", but the group subsequently re-recorded the track without a sitar part.{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=154}} The first pop release to actually feature a sitar was [[The Beatles]]' "[[Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)]]", released on their album ''[[Rubber Soul]]'' in December 1965. The sitar was played by [[George Harrison]], making him the first Western musician to play an Indian instrument on a commercial recording.{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=173}}<ref> Sitar and other Indian instrumentation had appeared on the US release of the Beatles' ''[[Help!]]'' soundtrack album, in an instrumental piece titled "Another Hard Day's Night". These parts were played by British-based Indian session musicians.</ref>

Harrison is recognized as having introduced the sitar to pop music due to the Beatles' popularity and cultural influence.{{sfn|Hunt|2000|p=109}} He claimed to have first picked up a sitar on the set of the Beatles' 1965 film ''[[Help! (film)|Help!]]'', although this has been disputed.<ref name=":0" /> Harrison went on to write and record "[[Love You To]]" for the Beatles' 1966 album ''[[Revolver (Beatles album)|Revolver]],'' which was Harrison's first song entirely composed on sitar.<ref name=":0" /> He went on to compose a number of songs using the sitar, including "[[Within You Without You]]", which features other Indian instruments such as [[tabla]], [[swarmandal]], [[tanpura]], and [[dilruba]].<ref name=":0" /> Following the disbandment of the Beatles, Harrison continued to work with the sitar and remained in touch with Shankar, with Shankar joining Harrison on stage at his 1971 [[The Concert for Bangladesh|Concert for Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ferraris |first1=Gabriele |last2=de Richemont |first2=Laurence |date=2016 |title=For a Fistful of Sitars |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/643739 |journal=The Massachusetts Review |language=en |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=741–749 |doi=10.1353/mar.2016.0124 |issn=2330-0485|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In August 1966, [[Donovan]], a Scottish folk singer, released his sitar-centered album [[Sunshine Superman (album)|Sunshine Superman]], featuring [[Shawn Phillips]] on sitar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miles |first=Barry |title=The British Invasion |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company |year=2009 |isbn=9781402769764}}</ref> In early 1966, [[Rolling Stones]] guitarist [[Brian Jones]] played sitar on "[[Paint It Black]]", having received tuition from another protégé of Shankar, [[Harihar Rao]].{{sfn|Brend|2005}}{{pn|date=April 2025}} Jones also used sitar on some tracks on the Rolling Stones' 1967 album ''[[Their Satanic Majesties Request]]''. He again played the instrument on "My Little One" in an October 1967 recording session with [[Jimi Hendrix]], as well as tambura on the Stones' 1968 single "[[Street Fighting Man]]".

==Widespread popularity, 1966–1968==
Shankar credited Harrison with inspiring "the great sitar explosion" in the West, as many rock guitarists similarly adopted the instrument. A fad for sitars in pop songs soon developed, facilitated by the [[Danelectro]] Company's 1967 introduction of the first "[[electric sitar]]", known as the "Coral Electric Sitar". This instrument was an electric guitar with a distinctive sitar-like sound, rather than an acoustic sitar of the type traditionally made in India. As the electric sitar was much easier to play than the traditional version, it quickly became the preferred choice of many rock musicians. Guitarists such as Harrison, Jones, Phillips, and [[Big Jim Sullivan]] were more dedicated in their approach as sitarists, however.{{sfn|Brend|2005|p=154}} Author Peter Lavezzoli also highlights [[Traffic (band)|Traffic]]'s [[Dave Mason]] as a guitarist who displayed an obvious skill as a sitar player.{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=180}}

From 1966 onwards, hundreds of songs by pop artists featured sitar.{{sfn|Brend|2005|p=152}} The late 1960s saw the release of songs featuring the sitar that included [[Ricky Nelson]]'s "Marshmallow Skies", [[Scott McKenzie]]'s "[[San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)|San Francisco]]", [[The Cyrkle]]'s "[[Turn-Down Day]]", [[The Cowsills]]' "The Rain, the Park, and Other Things", [[John Fred]] and His Playboy Band's "[[Judy in Disguise (With Glasses)]]", [[The Turtles]] "Sound Asleep", [[The Stone Poneys]] "Evergreen", [[First Edition (band)|First Edition]] "[[Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)]]", [[The Chocolate Watch Band]]'s "In the Past", The [[Box Tops]]' "[[Cry Like a Baby]]" (electric sitar), [[The Lemon Pipers]]' "[[Green Tambourine]]" (electric sitar), [[Traffic (band)|Traffic]]'s "[[Paper Sun]]" and "[[Hole In My Shoe]]", [[Tomorrow (band)|Tomorrow]]'s "Real Life Permanent Dream" and [[July (band)|July]]'s "The Way".

[[Elvis Presley]] had several recordings that feature the electric sitar. These include a 1967 cover of [[Tommy Tucker (singer)|Tommy Tucker]]'s R&B classic "[[Hi-Heel Sneakers]]", [[Mort Shuman]]'s "You'll Think of Me" (1969), [[Percy Mayfield]]'s "Stranger in My Own Home Town" (1969) and a cover of the [[Anne Murray]] country song "[[Snowbird (song)|Snowbird]]" (1970). On "Hi-Heel Sneakers" and "Snowbird", the parts were played by session guitarist [[Harold Bradley (guitarist)|Harold Bradley]], while [[Reggie Young]] played the instrument on "You'll Think of Me" and "Stranger in My Own Home Town".<ref>"Elvis Presley: A Life In Music" St. Martin's Press, July, 1998 Ernst Jørgensen, Foreword by Peter Guralnick. Pages 234–236, 264, 269, 275, 316–317</ref>

[[The Mamas & The Papas]] included the sitar on tracks such as "People Like Us", "Snowqueen Of Texas', "Lady Genevieve", "I Wanna Be a Star" and "Grasshopper", and [[Sergio Mendes|Sergio Mendes & Brazil '66]] used it on “Chove Chuva”. [[Eric Burdon and the Animals]] played the instrument in the songs "Winds of Change", "No Self Pity", "Orange and Red Beams", "All Is One", "We Love You Lil" and "Monterey". The [[Strawberry Alarm Clock]] use the sitar in songs such as "An Angry Young Man", "Black Butter-Present" and "[[Sit with the Guru]]". Although often overlooked, some of the most extensive users of the instrument in contemporary music were [[Mike Heron]] and [[Robin Williamson]] of [[The Incredible String Band]], combining folk, psychedelia with eastern influences in the songs "The Song Has No Ending Parts 1–9", "The Mad Hatter's Song" and "The Iron Stone". Steve Miller Band used sitar in their song "Wild Mountain Honey".

Art-rock bands such as [[The Moody Blues]] used the sitar on a few albums, particularly ''[[In Search of the Lost Chord]]''. [[The Pretty Things]]' album ''[[S.F. Sorrow]]'' also featured the instrument on a few tracks, as did [[Procol Harum]]'s song "In Held 'Twas In I", on the segment "Glimpses of Nirvana". [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]] used the sitar on "Fat Man" and "Skating Away on the Thin Ice of the New Day", and [[the Strawbs]] included the instrument on many of their recordings. [[Family (band)|Family]] used sitar in the song "Face in the Cloud", released on the band's 1969 album ''[[Family Entertainment]]''.

[[Donovan]]'s hit song "[[Hurdy Gurdy Man]]" used a tambura, which can also be heard on songs such as "Sunny South Kensington", "Breezes of Patchouli", "Celeste", "[[Guinevere (song)|Guinevere]]", "Three King Fishers", "Ferris Wheel" and "Fat Angel". [[Roy Wood]] from [[The Move]] played sitar on "[[Night of Fear]]" using the same riffs as [[Tchaikovsky]]'s "[[1812 Overture]]", as well as the electric sitar on "Open up said the world at the door". The Dutch band [[Shocking Blue]] used the sitar in many of their songs, most prominently in "[[Love Buzz]]", "Acka Raga", "Water Boy", "Hot Sand" and "I'm A Woman". [[Richie Havens]] made extensive use of the sitar in the title track of his second album, ''[[Something Else Again]]''. [[Blue Cheer]] used both sitar and tabla in their song "Babji (Twilight Raga)".

==Subsequent usage==
Although the sitar craze had died down by 1970, its distinctive sound had become an indelible part of pop music. [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]] used the electric sitar on "[[I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)]]", from their fifth album ''[[Selling England by the Pound]]''.<ref>{{Citation |title=I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe) by Genesis on Apple Music |date=1973-10-13 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/song/i-know-what-i-like-in-your-wardrobe/919919448 |access-date=2025-03-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Steve Howe (musician)|Steve Howe]] of [[Yes (band)|Yes]] used an electric sitar on the band's album ''[[Close to the Edge (Yes album)|Close to the Edge]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Close To The Edge |url=http://albumlinernotes.com/Close_To_The_Edge.html |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=albumlinernotes}}</ref>

[[Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers]] used a guitar fitted with a harpsichord device to simulate a sitar for their 1985 hit "[[Don't Come Around Here No More]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kornhaber |first=Spencer |date=2017-10-03 |title=The Strange Genius of Tom Petty's 'Don't Come Around Here No More' |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/10/tom-pettys-hallucination/541854/ |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> [[John Renbourn]] used the instrument prominently during his time with the folk band [[Pentangle (band)|Pentangle]], on songs such as "Once I Had a Sweetheart", "House Carpenter", "Cruel Sister", "Rain and Snow", and "The Snows".<ref>{{Citation |title=Pentangle - Cruel Sister |date=November 1970 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/1001476-Pentangle-Cruel-Sister?srsltid=AfmBOorkzais14vqFJUqBXmjasXZLH0n1xrY5FFOThIcZev02dv5wGPY |access-date=2025-03-05 |language=en}}</ref> [[Metallica]] used an electric sitar during the intro of their 1991 song "[[Wherever I May Roam]]".<ref>{{Citation |title=Wherever I May Roam (Live with the SFSO) by Metallica on Apple Music |date=1999-11-23 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/song/wherever-i-may-roam-live-with-the-sfso/579377569 |access-date=2025-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Beck]] also used a sitar on his 1993 hit "[[Loser (Beck song)|Loser]]".<ref>{{Citation |title=Loser by Beck on Apple Music |date=1993-01-18 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/song/loser/1440891592 |access-date=2025-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The sitar is not a regular staple in country music, but it can be heard in [[Hank Williams Jr.]]’s "[[A Country Boy Can Survive]]" off his 1981 studio album [[The Pressure Is On]], and was played by [[Reggie Young]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Hank Williams, Jr. - The Pressure Is On |date=1981 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/4322227-Hank-Williams-Jr-The-Pressure-Is-On?srsltid=AfmBOorTefAbLoNkjylgaF1m_fKO-_imecoDdjYLrKI-i9SskG1d-D5G |access-date=2025-03-05 |language=en}}</ref>

Although his period of dedicated sitar study ended in 1968, Harrison continued to champion Indian classical music. In addition to producing recordings by Shankar, Harrison included sitar in "[[When We Was Fab]]"<ref>{{Citation |title=When We Was Fab (2004 Remaster) by George Harrison on Apple Music |date=1987-11-02 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/song/when-we-was-fab-2004-remaster/1666655528 |access-date=2025-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> and other songs from his solo career, as well as in the [[Traveling Wilburys]]' 1990 track "[[The Devil's Been Busy]]".<ref>{{Citation |title=The Devil's Been Busy by The Traveling Wilburys on Apple Music |date=1990-10-19 |url=https://music.apple.com/bg/song/the-devils-been-busy/1440942581 |access-date=2025-03-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

From the 2010s on, there are still examples of pop artists using the sitar in their music. The sitar is featured prominently in the music of the 2010s Japanese [[neo-psychedelic]] band [[Kikagaku Moyo]], played by Ryu Kurosawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gage |first=Justin |date=2017-04-20 |title=Kikagaku Moyo : The Aquarium Drunkard Interview |url=https://aquariumdrunkard.com/2017/04/20/kikagaku-moyo-the-aquarium-drunkard-interview/ |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Aquarium Drunkard |language=en-US}}</ref> Stu Mackenzie of Australian psychedelic rock band [[King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard]] played sitar on the band's 2013 album [[Float Along – Fill Your Lungs]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-02 |title=King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard - Float Along - Fill Your Lungs |url=https://www.speakertv.com/reviews/king-gizzard-the-lizard-wizard-float-along-fill-your-lungs/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202103303/https://www.speakertv.com/reviews/king-gizzard-the-lizard-wizard-float-along-fill-your-lungs/ |archive-date=2 December 2020 }}</ref> Also in 2013, [[Katy Perry]] included the sitar on the track "Legendary Lovers" from the album ''[[Prism (Katy Perry album)|Prism]]''.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Jack Antonoff|Jack Antonoff]]-fronted band [[Bleachers (band)|Bleachers]] utilized an electric sitar on their 2017 single "Don't Take The Money", which features [[Lorde]] on backup vocals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marchese |first=As Told to David |date=2017-06-29 |title=Jack Antonoff on How to Write a Perfect Pop Song |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/06/jack-antonoff-how-to-write-a-perfect-pop-song.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Vulture |language=en}}</ref> Pop/rock artist [[St. Vincent (musician)|St. Vincent]] used the electric sitar in "Down," a single from her 2021 album ''[[Daddy's Home (St. Vincent album)|Daddy’s Home]]''.<ref>{{Citation |title=Down by St. Vincent on Apple Music |date=2021-05-14 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/song/down/1552955788 |access-date=2025-03-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Examples ==
*[[Behind the Sun (Red Hot Chili Peppers song)|Behind the Sun]] - [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]]
*[[Runaway (Janet Jackson song)|Runaway]] - [[Janet Jackson]]
*[[Colour My World (Petula Clark song)|Colour My World]] - [[Petula Clark]]
*Can't Lose You – [[Type O Negative]]
*[[Captain of Your Ship]] – [[Reparata and the Delrons]] (electric sitar)
*Carpet Man – [[The 5th Dimension]]
*Chrome Sitar – [[T. Rex (band)|T. Rex]]
* "[[Come and Get Your Love]]" – [[Redbone (band)|Redbone]]
*[[Do It Again (Steely Dan song)|Do It Again]] – [[Denny Dias]] / [[Steely Dan]] (electric sitar)
*[[Every Time You Go Away]] – [[Paul Young]]
*Greed – [[Tomi Koivusaari]] - [[Amorphis]]
*[[Holiday Inn (song)|Holiday Inn]] – [[Elton John]]
*Hooked On a Feeling – [[B.J. Thomas]]
*[[Living on the Ceiling]] - [[Blancmange (band)]]
*Mausam and Escape – Asad Khan ([[Slumdog Millionaire: Music from the Motion Picture]])
*Legendary Lovers – [[Katy Perry]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine |last=Strecker |first=Erin |date=2015-06-17 |title=5 Underrated Katy Perry Songs for 'One of the Boys' Anniversary |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/katy-perry-one-of-the-boys-anniversary-underrated-songs-6598262/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Metal Heart]] – [[Accept (band)|Accept]]<ref>[http://www.discogs.com/Accept-Metal-Heart/release/1771720 Page about ''Metal Heart'' on Discogs]</ref>
*Om – [[Moody Blues]]
*[[Pretty Tied Up]] – [[Izzy Stradlin]] / [[Guns N' Roses]]
*[[London Conversation|Rolling Home]] - [[John Martyn]]
*Signed, Sealed, Delivered, I'm Yours – [[Stevie Wonder]]
*The Devil's Been Busy - [[Traveling Wilburys]]
*Transdermal Celebration and Tried and True – [[Ween]] (electric sitar)
*[[When We Was Fab]] – [[George Harrison]]
*[[Band of Gold (Freda Payne song)|Band of Gold]] – [[Freda Payne]]
*[[Didn't I (Blow Your Mind This Time)]] – [[The Delfonics]]
*[[Cry Like a Baby]] – [[The Box Tops]]
*[[Love Will Lead You Back]] – [[Taylor Dayne]]
* [[Glass Hammer]] regularly uses [[electric sitar]] in their songs since the addition of guitarist and sitarist Kamran Alan Shikoh to their line-up in 2009
*Blackbird - Bosco and Peck - 2012
*Down – [[St. Vincent (musician)|St. Vincent]]
*Don’t Take The Money - [[Bleachers (band)|Bleachers]]
*The Rolling Stones - Paint it Black
*Root Of All Evil - Daniel Caesar
*Twenties - Giveon
*Someone’s Missing - MGMT
*Orange County - Gorillaz (feat. Bizarrap, Kara Jackson, Anoushka Shankar)

== See also ==
* [[Indo jazz]]
* [[Psychedelic music]]
* [[Psychedelic rock]]
* [[Raga rock]]
* [[Sitar in jazz]]
* [[Sitarla]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Bellman|first=Jonathan|year=1998|title=The Exotic in Western Music|publisher=UPNE|location=Lebanon, New Hampshire|isbn=1-55553-319-1}}
* {{cite book|title=Strange Sounds: Offbeat Instruments and Sonic Experiments in Pop|last=Brend|first=Mark|publisher=Backbeat Books|location=San Francisco, CA|year=2005|isbn=978-0-879308551}}
* {{cite book|last=Hunt|first=Ken|chapter=Meetings by the River|title=World Music: The Rough Guide (Volume 2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific)|year=2000|location=London|publisher=Rough Guides/Penguin|isbn=1-85828-636-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Lavezzoli|first=Peter|title=The Dawn of Indian Music in the West|publisher=Continuum|location=New York, NY|year=2006|isbn=0-8264-2819-3}}
{{Refend}}

[[Category:Popular music]]
[[Category:Psychedelic music]]
[[Category:Sitars]]

Pradeep Mathur (scientist)

2026-02-09T06:12:32Z

SharronKifer8: started entry...

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Pradeep Mathur
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|8|17}}
| birth_place = [[Teheran]], Iran
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Organometallic chemistry]] | [[Cluster chemistry]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[IIT Mumbai]] | [[IIT Indore]] | [[University of Cambridge]] | [[University of Freiburg]] | [[University of Karlsruhe]]}}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of North London]] | [[Keele University]] |[[Yale University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on mixed metal cluster compounds
| awards = {{ublist | 2000 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}
'''Pradeep Mathur''' (born 1955) is an Indian organometallic and cluster chemist and the founder director of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Indore]].<ref name="Director">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iiti.ac.in/administration.php |title=Director |date=2016 |publisher=IIT Indore}}</ref><ref name="Our Focus is Quality Faculty, Research Facility">{{Cite web |url=http://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2012/12/our-focus-is-quality-faculty-research-facility/ |title=Our Focus is Quality Faculty, Research Facility |date=17 December 2012 |publisher=Digital Learning}}</ref> He is a former professor of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai]]<ref name="Welcome to Prof. Pradeep Mathur's Homepage">{{Cite web |url=http://www.chem.iitb.ac.in/~mathur/ |title=Welcome to Prof. Pradeep Mathur's Homepage |date=2016 |publisher=IIT Mumbai}}</ref> and is known for his studies on mixed metal cluster compounds.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=183 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> He is an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Mathur,_Prof._Pradeep |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2000, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> He has also been honoured by the award of an honorary Doctor of Science degree by the University of Keele in the U.K.

== Biography ==

Pradeep Mathur, born on 17 August 1955 in [[Teheran]] to Damyanti and Amrit Dayal. Mathur and his older brother, renowned physicist at TIFR, Deepak Mathur (married to Helen Mathur) were both brought up and educated in London whilst their father Amrit Dayal worked as a senior diplomatic official at the Indian High Commission in London and Accra. Mathur continued to live in England till he moved to Yale. He gained an honours degree at the [[University of North London]] in 1976 and secured a PhD from [[Keele University]] in 1981 before moving onto [[Yale University]] as a post-doctoral researcher.<ref name="We offer Holistic Education, Student-Centred Pedagogy - Interview with Prof Pradeep Mathur, Director IIT Indore">{{Cite web |url=http://www.engineering.careers360.com/articles/we-offer-holistic-education-student-centred-pedagogy-interview-prof-pradeep-mathur-director |title=We offer Holistic Education, Student-Centred Pedagogy - Interview with Prof Pradeep Mathur, Director IIT Indore |date=13 July 2015 |publisher=Careers 360}}</ref> Mathur chose to move to India and joined [[Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai]] in 1984 as a member of the faculty of chemistry where he held several positions before reaching the position of a professor<ref name="P. Mathur, Professor">{{Cite web |url=http://www.chem.iitb.ac.in/people/Faculty/prof/pm.html |title=P. Mathur, Professor |date=2016 |publisher=IIT Mumbai}}</ref> and the head of the National Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction Facility.<ref name="Welcome to Prof. Pradeep Mathur's Homepage" /> When the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Indore]] was established in 2009, Mathur was appointed as its founder director. At the end of his first five-year term, his contract was extended for a second term and he continues to hold the position,<ref name="Director" /> simultaneously serving as a professor of the department of chemistry.<ref name="Faculty">{{Cite web |url=http://chemistry.iiti.ac.in/faculty.htm |title=Faculty |date=2016 |publisher=IIT Indore}}</ref> He has been a visiting professor at [[University of Cambridge]], [[University of Freiburg]] and [[University of Karlsruhe]] and has been associated with a number of scientific journals, viz. [[Organometallics]], Journal of Organometallic Chemistry and [[Journal of Cluster Science]] as a member of their editorial boards.<ref name="Director" />

Mathur is married to Vinita and the couple have two daughters, Nehika and Saloni.

== Legacy and honors ==
Mathur's researches were focused on the organometallic chemistry of mixed metal cluster compounds and he has developed synthetic strategies for introducing [[chalcogen]] bridges.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |access-date=29 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At IIT Mumbai, he handled projects related to the investigation of unusual metal mediated transformations and the interactions between the metal atoms and unsaturated organic species.<ref name="Summary of Achievements">{{Cite web |url=http://serb.gov.in/pdfs/research/Prof_Pradeep_Mathur.pdf |title=Summary of Achievements |date=2016 |publisher=Science and Engineering Research Board}}</ref> He has published his researches by way of chapters contributed to books authored by others<ref>{{cite book|title=Advances in Organometallic Chemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cF76voG_-t4C&pg=PA243|date=23 July 1997|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-058042-5|pages=243–}}</ref> and over 180 peer-reviewed articles;<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Mathur=3APradeep=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> [[ResearchGate]] and [[Google Scholar]], two online repositories have listed several of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pradeep_Mathur |title=On ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref><ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=tzaYOskAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2016 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref> He has also guided 22 doctoral scholars in their studies.<ref name="Director" />

Mathur was a [[Fulbright scholar]] in 1995<ref name="Prof. Pradeep Mathur">{{Cite web |url=https://vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in/profile/21280 |title=Prof. Pradeep Mathur |date=2016 |publisher=Vidwan |work=Web profile}}</ref> and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] elected him as a fellow in 1996.<ref name="Fellow profile" /> The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2000.<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | title=Chemical Sciences | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=2016 | access-date=7 November 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | archive-date=12 September 2012 }}</ref> He has also been honoured with an honorary D.Sc. degree by the University of Keele in the U.K.

== See also ==
* [[Cluster chemistry]]
{{portal|India|Chemistry}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/iit-i-director-denies-clearing-air-on-anomaly-allegations/161876 |title=IIT- I director denies clearing air on anomaly allegations |date=19 March 2013 |publisher=The Free Press Journal}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathur, Pradeep}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Technology directors]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Organometallic chemistry]]
[[Category:Alumni of Keele University]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Bombay]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Freiburg]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Shivanarayanpur railway station

2026-01-30T11:07:27Z

SharronKifer8:

{{Short description|Railway station in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Shivanarayanpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Passenger train]] station
| image =
| caption =
| address = [[National Highway 33 (India)|National Highway 80]], Mathurapur, [[Shivnarayanpur]], [[Bhagalpur district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.29465|87.33277|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{cvt|47|m}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| line = [[Sahibganj loop|Sahibganj loop line]]
| platform = 3
| tracks = 6
| other =
| accessible =
| parking =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SVRP
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Malda}}
}}
| status = Active
| closed =
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company]]
| opened =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Eastern Railway zone|left=Lakshmipur Bhorang|right=Bikramshila|type=[[Sahibganj loop]]}}
| map_locator =
}}

'''Shivanarayanpur railway station''' is a railway station on [[Sahibganj loop]] line under the [[Malda railway division]] of [[Eastern Railway zone]]. It is situated beside [[National Highway 33 (India)|National Highway 80]] at Mathurapur,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shivanarayanpur Railway Station (SVRP) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/shivanarayanpur-svrp-station|access-date=2021-06-06|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Shivnarayanpur]] in [[Bhagalpur district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shivanarayanpur Railway Station Forum/Discussion - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/blog/shivanarayanpur-svrp/2025|access-date=2021-06-06|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shivnarayanpur Railway Station. Station location and description. Division - Malda Town - eRailway.co.in|url=https://erailway.co.in/stations/SVRP-Shivanarayanpur|access-date=2021-06-06|website=erailway.co.in}}</ref>

== History ==
23 Acer of land has been donated by Late Shivnarayan Rama who was landlord of Maturapur village and the Railway station was named after him.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Bhagalpur district]]
[[Category:Malda railway division]]

AMU Journal

2026-01-25T04:53:07Z

SharronKifer8: put up stub

{{Short description|Indian news magazine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = AMU Journal
| logo = AMU Journal Logo.jpg
| logo_caption =
| image_file = AMU Journal Newsletter cover page.jpg
| image_caption = ''AMU Journal Newsletter'' (Volume - 1 , 17 October 2023)
| founded = 2016
| founder = Hashim Azmi <ref>{{cite web |title=About AMU Journal |url=https://www.amujournal.com/p/about-us.html}}</ref>
| editor = Hashim Azmi
| editor_title = Editor-in-chief
| category = News Magazine
| country = India
| based = [[Aligarh]]
| language = English, Hindi, Urdu
| website = {{URL|amujournal.com}}
}}
'''''AMU Journal''''' is an independent student and alumni-run educational community and media organisation for [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. It was founded in 2016 by Hashim Azmi to raise campus issues and to provide news and information about events at the university.<ref name="News18-2Feb25">{{cite news |title=Aligarh Muslim University Student Start Online Portal to Disseminate AMU-Related News |url=https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/aligarh-muslim-university-student-start-online-portal-to-disseminate-amu-related-news-4367276.html |access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AMU Journal launches 1st student-run Newsletter in collaboration with TPO AMU |url=https://ummid.com/news/2023/october/21-10-2023/amu-journal-launches-1st-student-run-newsletter-in-collaboration-with-tpo-amu.html |access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref>

==Website Launch==
On 17 October 2021, the Proctor and [[Public relations officer]] re-launched the ''AMU Journal'' website. While launching the website, AMU Proctor ''prof Mohd Wasim Ali'' said the AMU Journal would be used to counter misinformation about AMU.<ref name="News18-2Feb25"/>
[[Aligarh Muslim University|AMU]] has long been a target of fake news propaganda, such as the claim that AMU students are forced to fast during Ramadan. In reality, the university's [[Refectory|mess]] remained closed in the afternoon during Ramadan due to low demand for lunch. However, the allegation that this was done to force non-Muslims to fast was a misleading post-truth narrative.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fake News: Decoding Reports About AMU Forcing Hindu Students to Fast |url=https://thewire.in/media/allegations-amu-forcing-non-muslims-fast-reflect-media-uses-post-truth-advantage |access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref>

==Newsletter==
The AMU Journal launched a Monthly Newsletter in Streachy Hall on the occasion of the 206th birth anniversary of Sir [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] on 17 October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=AMU Journal, TPO launch first student-run monthly newsletter |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/aligarh-muslim-university-journal-tpo-amu-launch-first-student-run-newsletter-8997152/ |access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AMU releases first monthly newsletter |date=19 October 2023 |url=https://www.newindian.in/amu-releases-first-monthly-newsletter-amid-protests-for-palestine/ |access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Fake news in India]]
* [[AMU Literary Festival]]
* [[Aligarh Muslim University]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{website|https://www.amujournal.com|AMU Journal website}}

{{Aligarh Muslim University}}
[[category:Student magazines]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 2016]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:Urdu-language journals]]
[[Category:English-language journals]]

Second Omar Abdullah ministry

2026-01-22T15:35:50Z

SharronKifer8: made new details added tags.

{{Short description|Council of ministers headed by Omar Abdullah (2024–present)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
|image=Omar Abdullah (Cropped).jpg |cabinet_name=Second Omar Abdullah ministry
|flag=Flag of India.svg
|jurisdiction=[[Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|cabinet_type=Ministry
|cabinet_number=18th
|flag_border=true
|incumbent=[[Omar Abdullah]]
|date_formed=16 October 2024
|governor_title=Lieutenant Governor
|governor=[[Manoj Sinha]]
|government_head_title=[[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister]]
|government_head=[[Omar Abdullah]]
| deputy_government_head_title = [[Deputy Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir|Deputy Chief Minister]]
||deputy_government_head=[[Surinder Kumar Choudhary]]
|legislature_status=[[Coalition government]]
|election=[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 election]]
|legislature_term=[[13th Jammu and Kashmir Assembly|13th Assembly]] (2024 - present)
|predecessor=[[Mehbooba Mufti ministry]] (state)
|political_party=
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}}} [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]] (5)
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Independent politician}}}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (1)
|opposition_party={{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|opposition_leader= [[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
|members_number=6 (incl. Chief Minister)}}

The '''Second Omar Abdullah ministry''' was formed on 16 October 2024, following the elections of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] in [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], with [[Omar Abdullah]] as [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir| first Chief Minister]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|union territory of Jammu and Kashmir]].

== Background ==
In 2018, following the dissolution of [[Mehbooba Mufti ministry]], the [[Government of India]] imposed [[President's rule]] in Jammu and Kashmir. After [[2019 Indian general election|2019 Lok Sabha election]], the BJP government [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revoked]] [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] and [[Article 35A of the Constitution of India|Article 35A]] in Jammu and Kashmir, which gave its semi-autonomous status and degraded as a Union Territory along with Ladakh.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Hassan |first2=Aakash |date=2024-10-08 |title=Opposition Congress party wins power in Indian-administered Kashmir |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/08/opposition-congress-party-wins-power-in-indian-administered-kashmir |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Under [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]], the upper house (Legislative Council) is dissolved. The delimitation commission in 2022, recommended re-redistricting the seats to 90 members. In 2023, the Supreme Court advised the Election Commission to conduct the election before September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhakto |first=Anando |date=2023-12-11 |title=Jammu & Kashmir: Supreme Court upholds abrogation of Article 370 in landmark decision |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/jammu-kashmir-supreme-court-upholds-abrogation-of-article-370-in-landmark-decision/article67627243.ece |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

On 8 October 2024, [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] bloc, comprising [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]], [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] won 49 seats, staking to form a government after their victory in the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 election]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2024-10-08 |title=NC-Congress alliance set to form govt. in J&K, BJP wins big in Jammu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results/article68733305.ece |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
On 10 October, the National Conference voted its Vice President Abdullah as its leader of the National Conference in the J&K Assembly. Later on four Independents as declared their support to Abdullah as Chief Minister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2024-10-11 |title=AAP Announces Support For Omar Abdullah's NC In J&K, Submits Letter To LG |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/aap-announces-support-for-omar-abdullahs-nc-in-jk-submits-letter-to-lg/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aaps-lone-mla-mehraj-malik-withdraws-support-from-national-conference-govt-in-jk-101749956718583-amp.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=4 Independents Extend Support, Omar Abdullah's Party Reaches Majority In J&K |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/4-independents-extend-support-omar-abdullahs-party-reaches-majority-in-j-k-6758917 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roushan |first=Anurag |date=2024-10-11 |title=Congress formally extends support to NC to form govt in J-K, hands over letter of support to Omar Abdullah |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/jammu-and-kashmir/congress-formally-extends-support-to-nc-to-form-govt-in-j-k-hands-over-letter-of-support-to-omar-abdullah-2024-10-11-956688 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> On 11 October Omar Abdullah met with the [[Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Manoj Sinha]], and was sworn in as Chief Minister on 16 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/nc-congress-alliance-stakes-claim-to-form-govt-omar-abdullah-likely-to-take-oath-on-oct-16/ | title=NC-Congress alliance stakes claim to form govt; Omar Abdullah likely to take oath on Oct 16}}</ref> The swearing-in ceremony, held at Sher-e-Kashmir International Conference Centre (SKICC), was presided over by Lieutenant Governor [[Manoj Sinha]]. Omar was joined by [[Surinder Kumar Choudhary]], [[Sakeena Masood]], [[Javid Ahmad Dar]], [[Javed Ahmed Rana]] and [[Satish Sharma (politician)|Satish Sharma]] on the dias to take the oath of office as his [[Union Council of Ministers#Council of Ministers in state governments|council of ministers]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly/omar-abdullah-sworn-in-as-first-cm-of-ut-jammu-and-kashmir/article68759594.ece | title=Omar Abdullah sworn in as J&K CM; Surinder Kumar Choudhary is Deputy CM | newspaper=The Hindu | last1=Ashiq | first1=Peerzada }}</ref>

On 18 October 2024, an order was issued by Lieutenant Governor Sinha to allocate portfolios to council of ministers on the advice of chief minister.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-10-18 |title=J&K L-G allocates portfolios; who gets what in newly inducted Omar Abdullah-led cabinet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/jk-l-g-allocates-portfolios-who-gets-what-in-newly-inducted-omar-abdullah-led-cabinet/article68767814.ece |access-date=2024-10-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Council of Ministers==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!S.No
!Name
!Constituency
!Department
!Assumed office
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-
|colspan="7" style="text-align: center;"|'''[[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister]]'''
|-
| 1
| '''[[Omar Abdullah]]'''
|[[Ganderbal Assembly constituency|Ganderbal]]
|
*Any department that is not allotted to any other Minister<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-17 |url=https://www.jkgad.nic.in/common/showOrder.aspx?actCode=O44007 |title= Order No. 1791-JK(GAD) of 2024|access-date=2024-10-18 |website=General Administration Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir }}</ref>
|16 October 2024
|{{Party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
|colspan="7" style="text-align: center;"|'''[[List of deputy chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
|-
| 2
| '''[[Surinder Kumar Choudhary]]'''
|[[Nowshera Assembly constituency|Nowshera]]
|
*Public Works (R&B)
*Industries & Commerce Mining
*Labour & Employment and Skill Development<ref name=":0"/>
|16 October 2024
|{{Party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
|colspan="7" style="text-align: center;"|'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
| 3
|[[Sakina Itoo]]
|[[Damhal Hanji Pora Assembly constituency|Damal Hanji Pora]]
|
*Health & Medical Education
*School Education
*Higher Education and Social Welfare<ref name=":0" />
|16 October 2024
|{{Party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| 4
|[[Javid Ahmad Dar]]
|[[Rafiabad Assembly constituency|Rafiabad]]
|
*Agriculture Production
*Rural Development & Panchayati Raj
*Cooperative, and Election.<ref name=":0" />
|16 October 2024
|{{Party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| 5
|[[Javed Ahmed Rana]]
|[[Mendhar Assembly constituency|Mendhar]]
|
*Jal Shakti
*Forest
*Ecology & Environment and Tribal Affairs<ref name=":0" />
|16 October 2024
|{{Party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| 6
|[[Satish Sharma (politician)|Satish Sharma]]
|[[Chhamb Assembly constituency|Chhamb]]
|
*Food, Civil Supplies & Consumer Affairs
*Transport, Science & Technology
*Information Technology
*Youth Services & Sports
*ARI & Training.<ref name=":0" />
|16 October 2024
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

== Demographics ==
=== Parties ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!colspan="2" | Party
!Total number of ministers
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 5
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 1
|-
|}
{{Pie chart
| caption= Representation of cabinet ministers by party
| label1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| value1 = 83.34 | color1 = {{party color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
| label2 = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| value2 = 16.66 | color2 = {{party color|Independent politician}}
}}
== See also ==
* [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[First Omar Abdullah ministry]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://jk.gov.in/jammukashmir/ Government of Jammu and Kashmir]

{{Current Indian ministries}}
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir ministries|Abdullah II]]
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial ministries|J]]
[[Category:Current governments in Asia|Omar]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2024|Abdullah II]]

Vardhan Puri

2026-01-21T08:28:21Z

SharronKifer8: made new data first draft

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vardhan Puri
| image = Photos-Vardhan-Puri-grace-the-special-screening-of-Yeh-Saali-Aashiqui-5 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Puri in 2019
| parents =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|05|02}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| yearsactive = 2019–present
| occupation = Actor
| relatives = [[Amrish Puri]] (grandfather)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/vardhan-puri-there-are-miscreants-who-are-spoiling-the-name-of-the-industry/story-Y2SJGEDEWaQMYYqETAoJBN.html? | title=Vardhan Puri: There are miscreants who're spoiling the name of the industry | date=16 October 2020 }}</ref>
}}

'''Vardhan Puri''' (born 2 May 1990) is an Indian actor who works in [[Hindi]] films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vardhan-puri-explains-how-much-he-is-like-his-dadu-amrish-puri-2132330|title=Vardhan Puri Explains How Much He Is Like His 'Dadu' Amrish Puri|website=NDTV|date=12 November 2019 |access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref> The grandson of actor [[Amrish Puri]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-amrish-puri-was-rejected-in-screen-test-for-harsh-face-and-scary-voice-101655971403913.html|title=When Amrish Puri was rejected in first screen test for 'harsh' face and 'scary' voice: 'Let me make it my strength'|date=23 June 2022 |access-date=23 June 2022}}</ref> he made his first screen appearance as an actor in the 2019 film ''[[Yeh Saali Aashiqui]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vardhan-puri-reveals-an-important-advice-from-granddad-amrish-puri-preparation-is-the-key-1615933-2019-11-05 | title=Vardhan Puri reveals an important advice from granddad Amrish Puri: Preparation is the key | date=18 October 2019 }}</ref>

==Early life and background==
Puri is the son of Rajeev Amrish Puri and Meena Rajeev Puri.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/amrish-puri-s-grandson-vardhan-jokes-his-parents-can-be-called-product-of-nepotism-they-will-be-proud-to-say-yes-101620786577200.html|title=Amrish Puri's grandson Vardhan jokes his parents can be called 'product of nepotism': 'They will be proud to say yes'|website=Hindustan Times|date=12 May 2021 |access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref> He is the grandson of actor [[Amrish Puri]]. He completed his graduation from [[Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics]] in 2011. He made his acting debut in the 2019 film ''[[Yeh Saali Aashiqui]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/amrish-puris-grandson-vardhan-puri-on-nepotism-im-the-guy-who-has-given-more-auditions-than-anyone-else/|title=Amrish Puri's Grandson Vardhan Puri On Nepotism: "I'm The Guy Who Has Given More Auditions Than Anyone Else"|date=11 May 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021}}</ref> starring Shivaleeka Oberoi. Puri worked as an assistant director<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/vardhan-puri-interesting-facts-about-amrish-puris-grandson/photostory/65425502.cms | title=Vardhan Puri: Interesting facts about Amrish Puri's grandson | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> for the films ''[[Daawat-e-Ishq]]'', ''[[Shuddh Desi Romance]]'' and ''[[Ishaqzaade]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/vardhan-puri-on-his-stint-as-an-assistant-director-gave-an-immense-amount-of-knowledge-on-filmmaking/ | title=Vardhan Puri on His Stint as an Assistant Director: "Gave an Immense Amount of Knowledge on Filmmaking" | date=11 August 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/amrish-puri-s-grandson-vardhan-puri-my-grandpa-wasn-t-around-to-make-calls-for-me-701942|title=Amrish Puri's grandson Vardhan Puri: My grandpa wasn't around to make calls for me|website=India TV|date=2 May 2021 |access-date=2 May 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Puri made his acting debut with ''[[Yeh Saali Aashiqui]]'' in 2019, co-starring [[Shivaleeka Oberoi]]. Puri played dual roles of brothers Sahil Mehra and Surya Mehra.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/yeh-saali-aashiqui-trailer-amrish-puris-grandson-vardhan-makes-film-debut-in-this-romantic-thriller-7603181.html/amp |title=Yeh Saali Aashiqui trailer: Amrish Puri's grandson Vardhan makes film debut in this romantic thriller |date=5 November 2019 |website=Firstpost |language=en-US |access-date=5 November 2019 |archive-date=5 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105123238/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/yeh-saali-aashiqui-trailer-amrish-puris-grandson-vardhan-makes-film-debut-in-this-romantic-thriller-7603181.html/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' noted, "Vardhan Puri overtips his hand on occasion, but he is very convincing as the gullible trainee who is forced to confront the dark depths of the human soul."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/945233/yeh-saali-aashiqui-movie-review-a-deft-psychological-thriller-with-a-gender-twist|title=Yeh Saali Aashiqui movie review: A deft psychological thriller with a gender twist|website=Scroll.in|access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Devesh Sharma from ''[[Filmfare]]'' stated that Puri has potential to shine further as more projects come.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/movie-review-yeh-saali-aashiqui-37704.html|title=Yeh Saali Aashiqui: Movie Review|website=Filmfare|access-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> For his performance in the film, Puri received [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut]] nomination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/actor-vardhan-puri-is-making-headlines-these-days-he-talks-about-his-passion-for-music-grandfather-amrish-puri-more-456551|title=Actor Vardhan Puri is making headlines these days|website=Tribune India|access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref>

After four years, Puri played Ronnie in ''[[Aseq]]'' alongside [[Sonnalli Seygall]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/vardhan-puri-recalls-horrific-incident-while-shooting-for-his-first-horror-film-aseq-in-london | title=Vardhan Puri recalls horrific incident while shooting for his first horror film 'Aseq' in London | work=Telangana Today| access-date=23 September 2023 | archive-date=3 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903054247/https://telanganatoday.com/vardhan-puri-recalls-horrific-incident-while-shooting-for-his-first-horror-film-aseq-in-london | url-status=live }}</ref> Archika Khurana from ''[[Times of India]]'' opined that Puri plays his part well, but has an underdeveloped character.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/aseq/ottmoviereview/101202145.cms | title=Aseq Movie Review| newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=27 September 2023 | archive-date=29 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629025756/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/aseq/ottmoviereview/101202145.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;|{{dagger|alt=Film has yet to be released}}
|Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Ref.
|-

|2012
|[[Ishaqzaade]]
|{{N/A}}
| rowspan="3" |Assistant director
|
|-
|2013
|[[Shuddh Desi Romance]]
|{{N/A}}
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Daawat-e-Ishq]]''
|{{N/A}}
|
|-
| 2019
! scope="row"|''[[Yeh Saali Aashiqui]]''
| Sahil Mehra / Surya Mehra{{efn|Puri played dual roles in the film.}}
| Also writer
|
|-
| 2023
! scope="row"|''[[Aseq]]''
| Ronnie
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
!scope="row"|''[[Dashmi]]''
| Sohail
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Bloody Ishq]]''
| Romesh
|
|<ref>{{cite web | last=Web | first=Statesman | title=Bloody Ishq: Avika Gor starrer trailer promises spine-chilling thrill | website=The Statesman | date=17 July 2024 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/bloody-ishq-avika-gor-starrer-trailer-promises-spine-chilling-thrill-1503321465.html | access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" |2025
! scope="row"|''[[Bobby Aur Rishi Ki Love Story]]''
|Rishi
|
|
|-
| TBA
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''Nautanki'' {{dagger|alt=Film has yet to be released}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Completed
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/vardhan-puri-reminisces-late-satish-kaushiks-words-on-nautanki-sets-1503164999.html/amp |title=Vardhan Puri reminisces late Satish Kaushik’s words on ‘Nautanki’ sets |website=The Statesman |access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref>
|}

=== Music video appearances ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Singer(s)
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022
! scope="row"|"O Raano Bura Na Mano"
| [[Aditya Narayan]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/vardhan-puri-impresses-deepak-mukut-here-s-how--news-242508 |title=Vardhan Puri Impresses Deepak Mukut, Here's How! |website=Outlook |access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"Na Jaana Kahin Door"
| [[Sonu Nigam]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/vardhan-puri-shot-for-two-music-videos-across-india-and-mauritius-in-a-span-of-36-hours |title=Vardhan Puri shot for two music videos across India and Mauritius in a span of 36 hours |website=Telangana Today |access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020
| [[65th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Yeh Saali Aashiqui]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 November 2021|title=Presenting the winners of the 65th Amazon Filmfare Awards 2020|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/presenting-the-winners-of-the-65th-amazon-filmfare-awards-2020_-39101.html|url-status=live|access-date=6 November 2021|website=[[Filmfare]]|language=en|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200216133526/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/presenting-the-winners-of-the-65th-amazon-filmfare-awards-2020_-39101.html |archive-date = 2020-02-16}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2020/winners/ |title=The 20th Zee Cine Awards 2020 Viewers Choice Awards Nominees & Winners |work=[[Zee Cine Awards]] |access-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121220825/https://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2020/winners/ |archive-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|vardhan-puri}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Bollywood|Film|India}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puri, Vardhan}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people|Puri, Vardhan]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]

Cockfighting in India

2026-01-16T11:47:15Z

SharronKifer8:

{{short description|Animal fighting game in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
[[File:COCK FIGHT.JPG|thumb|Cockfight in [[Tamil Nadu]], India]]
[[Cockfight]]ing (''Kodi Pandem'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], ''Seval Sandai in'' [[Tamil language|Tamil]]) in [[India]] primarily takes place in January, coinciding with the festival of [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]]. The practice is widespread in [[Coastal Andhra|coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh]], including [[Krishna district|Krishna]], [[Guntur district|Guntur]], [[East Godavari]] and [[West Godavari district]]s, despite being illegal in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Slater|first=Joanna|date=5 February 2019|title=Inside India's illegal 'Super Bowl' of cockfighting, where the roosters wear razors|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/the-roosters-wear-razors-inside-indias-super-bowl-of-cockfighting/2019/02/04/63476888-1e60-11e9-a759-2b8541bbbe20_story.html|access-date=2020-08-22|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Srinivas|first=Rajulapudi|date=2020-01-12|title=Despite ban, stage being set for cockfighting in Andhra Pradesh|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/fowl-play/article30546425.ece|access-date=2020-08-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Overview ==
[[File:Battle of Palnadu sculpture in Telugu Museum.jpg|thumb|Sculpture depicting cockfighting during the [[Battle of Palnadu]]]]
Fights between birds such as [[junglefowl]]s and [[rooster]]s are said to have been arranged in [[ancient India]] as a mode of entertainment.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bird Fights|url=http://www.bwcindia.org/Web/Awareness/LearnAbout/BirdFights.html|access-date=2020-08-24|website=Beauty Without Cruelty – India}}</ref> It is recorded that the outcome of the [[Battle of Palnadu]] (1178–1182) was decided by a rooster fight, following which cockfighting gained foothold in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Sumit|date=2020-01-12|title=A favourite pastime|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/a-favourite-pastime/article30546348.ece|access-date=2020-08-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In the present day, cockfighting takes place in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and other parts of India such as [[Telangana]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Odisha]].<ref name=":1" />

Roosters are specially bred for cockfights, with knives and blades tied to their legs. The fight typically results in the death of one of the birds.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bommakanti|first=Ujwal|date=15 January 2020|title=Cockfights continue across Andhra Pradesh despite court ban {{!}} Vijayawada News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/cockfight-arenas-spring-up-lakhs-trade-hands-as-organisers-flout-ban/articleshow/73257193.cms|access-date=2020-08-22|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> Roosters are trained for fights year-round and are worth as much as {{INRConvert|50000|lk=r}}. Events which can last as long as three days are organized during Sankranti, with each event drawing thousands of people.<ref name=":0" /> In a 2019 investigation, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the practice the "[[Super Bowl]] of cockfighting".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-01-22|title=Man killed by chicken at illegal cockfight|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/india-man-killed-rooster-cockfight-razor-blades-andhra-pradesh-a9296531.html|access-date=2020-08-22|website=[[The Independent]]|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Cockfighting is an ancient spectator sport. There is evidence that cockfighting was a pastime in the [[Indus Valley Civilization]].<ref name="Sherman">Sherman, David M. (2002). ''Tending Animals in the Global Village''. Blackwell Publishing. 46. {{ISBN|0-683-18051-7}}.</ref> The Encyclopædia Britannica (2008) holds:<ref>''Cockfighting''. Encyclopædia Britannica 2008</ref>
{{Blockquote|The sport was popular in ancient times in India, China, Persia, and other Eastern countries and was introduced into Ancient Greece in the time of Themistocles (c. 524–460 BC). For a long time the Romans affected to despise this "Greek diversion", but they ended up adopting it so enthusiastically that the agricultural writer Columella (1st century AD) complained that its devotees often spent their whole patrimony in betting at the side of the pit.}}

Based on his analysis of a Mohenjo-daro seal, Iravatham Mahadevan speculates that the city's ancient name could have been Kukkutarma ("the city [-rma] of the cockerel [kukkuta]").<ref>[[Iravatham Mahadevan]]. [http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/00151/Dr_Iravatham_Mahade_151204a.pdf "'Address' Signs of the Indus Script" (PDF)]. Presented at the [[World Classical Tamil Conference 2010]]. 23–27 June 2010. ''The Hindu''.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=VMSF7m2CFTEC&pg=PA11] Poultry Breeding and Genetics By R. D. Crawford – Elsevier Health Sciences, 1990, page 10</ref> However, according to a recent study,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Al-Nasser|first1=A.|last2=Al-Khalaifa|first2=H.|last3=Al-Saffar|first3=A.|last4=Khalil|first4=F.|last5=Albahouh|first5=M.|last6=Ragheb|first6=G.|last7=Al-Haddad|first7=A.|last8=Mashaly|first8=M.|year=2007|title=Overview of chicken taxonomy and domestication|journal=World's Poultry Science Journal|volume=63|issue=2|pages=285|doi=10.1017/S004393390700147X|s2cid=86734013}}</ref> "it is not known whether these birds made much contribution to the modern domestic fowl. Chickens from the [[Harrapa|Harappan]] culture of the [[Indus Valley Civilization|Indus Valley]] (2500–2100 BC) may have been the main source of diffusion throughout the world." "Within the Indus Valley, indications are that chickens were used for sport and not for food" (Zeuner 1963)<ref name="google11">{{cite book|author=R. D. Crawford|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMSF7m2CFTEC&pg=PA11|title=''Poultry Breeding and Genetics''|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=1990|isbn=9780444885579|page=11|access-date=2014-05-10}}</ref> and that by 1000 BC they had assumed "religious significance".<ref name="google11" />

== ''Kukkuta Sastra'' ==
''Kukkuta Sastra'' ({{Translation|''Cock Science''}}) is a [[shastra]] dealing with cockfighting.<ref name=":4" /> There is no information about the author or when the book is written.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|title=కోడిపందేల చరిత్ర తెలిసి ఉండొచ్చు.. మరి కోడి చరిత్ర తెలుసా?|language=te|work=[[BBC News]] తెలుగు|url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-42652250|access-date=2020-08-19}}</ref>

''Kukkuta Sastra'' recognises 50 types of cocks suitable for cockfighting. It prescribes the diet for the cocks raised for cockfighting, including but not limited to [[almond]], [[cashew]], [[pistachio]], and meat. ''Kukkuta Sastra'' is diligently followed when cocks are raised for cockfighting in India.<ref name="nt">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=కాలుదువ్వుతున్న పందెంకోళ్లు... {{!}} ఖమ్మం {{!}} www.NavaTelangana.com|url=http://m.navatelangana.com/article/khammam/193083|access-date=2020-08-19|website=[[Nava Telangana]]|language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=K|first1=Srinivas|date=2011-01-12|title=కోట్ల రూపాయల కోడి పందేలు|url=http://www.suryaa.com/features/article-1-12718|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140113135722/http://www.suryaa.com/features/article-1-12718|archive-date=2014-01-13|access-date=2014-01-13|website=[[Suryaa (newspaper)|Suryaa]]}}</ref>

== Ban ==
Cockfighting has been illegal in India since the enactment of [[Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act]] in 1960. Subsequent judgements by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|author=Esha Mitra|title=Man dies after rooster attack on way to cockfight|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/22/india/rooster-cockfight-death-intl-hnk-scli/index.html|access-date=2020-08-22|website=[[CNN]]|date=23 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Daniel |first1=Christopher |title=ไก่ชน |url=https://www.xn--12cs7apa5d7cc4dzgpbzc7c.com/ |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref> and the [[Telangana High Court|Hyderabad High Court]] in 2016, upheld the ban.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=12 January 2017|title=Despite Ban, Roosters and Punters Ready for the Cockfights|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/despite-ban-roosters-and-punters-ready-for-the-cockfights-1334749.html|access-date=2020-08-22|website=[[News18]]}}</ref> In January 2018, the Supreme Court allowed the sport to be held in a traditional way, without the use of knives and blades and without gambling or betting.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-13|title=SC allows conduct of cockfights in 'traditional manner' in coastal Andhra|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-allows-conduct-of-cockfights-in-traditional-manner-in-coastal-andhra/story-Iqy4q3u2WIlismJeP0OFSP.html|access-date=2020-08-22|website=[[The Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref>

Despite the ban,<ref name=":3" /> cockfighting is still popular in Andhra Pradesh, with an estimated amount over {{INRConvert|900|c|lk=c}} being wagered in the state during a three-day period in 2019.<ref name=":5" /> More than 200,000 roosters have been used in cockfights in the state.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|title=cockfights: Cockfights have turned into a multi-crore biz in coastal Andhra Pradesh – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/cockfights-have-turned-into-a-multi-crore-biz-in-coastal-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/67599224.cms|access-date=2020-08-22|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Incidents ==
* In 2010, in [[Midnapore|West Midnapore]] of the state of [[West Bengal]], a man was killed by his rooster, which pierced his neck with a blade attached to its leg.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 December 2010|title=Master dies in rooster revolt|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/master-dies-in-rooster-revolt/cid/458403|access-date=2020-08-24|website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph India]]}}</ref>
* In 2019, in [[Pragadavaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], a spectator succumbed to the injuries inflicted by a rooster. It reportedly sunk the blade tied to its leg into his abdomen during a cockfight.<ref name=":2" />
*In 2021, in [[Telangana]] state, the owner of a rooster fitted with a blade was killed after it impaled him in the groin as he attempted to recapture it after an escape attempt.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-27|title=Indian man killed by his own rooster during cockfight|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56224144|access-date=2021-02-27}}</ref>

==Popular culture==
* The 2001 [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]]'' [[Kannaki (film)|Kannaki]] ''directed by [[Jayaraj]] is a reimagining of the play [[Antony and Cleopatra]] told in the background of cockfighting tournaments in [[Kerala]].
* The plot of the 2011 [[Tamil language]]- film ''[[Aadukalam]]'' directed by [[Vetrimaran]] is centred around cockfights.<ref>{{cite news|title='Aadukalam':Fascinating shades of grey|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/lsquoAadukalamrsquo-Fascinating-shades-of-grey/article15531664.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 January 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Cockfighting in India}}

[[Category:Culture of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cockfighting]]

Kashmir Times

2026-01-10T12:20:44Z

SharronKifer8: stub

{{short description|English language daily newspaper from Kashmir, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Kashmir Times
| logo = KashmirTimesLogo.jpg
| logo_size = 200px
| image = KashmirTimesCover.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| caption =
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| owners = Kashmir Times
| founder = Ved Bhasin
| publisher = Kashmir Times
| editor =
| chief_editor =
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor =
| news_editor =
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| seniorstaff =
| staff_writers =
| founded = 1954 (as weekly) 1964 (converted to daily)
| political_position = National Conference
| language = English
| ceased_publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]], India
| sister_newspapers = Dainik Kashmir Times (Hindi edition) Jammu Prabhat (Dogri daily)
| ISSN =
| oclc =
| website = {{URL|http://www.kashmirtimes.com/}}
| circulation = 2,000,000
}}
'''''Kashmir Times''''' is an Indian [[English language|English-language]] daily [[newspaper]] published from the Indian [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="Kashmir Times ePaper info">{{cite web|title=Kashmir Times ePaper info|url=http://www.epapercatalog.com/epaper/kashmir-times-epaper.php|accessdate=8 November 2012|archive-date=15 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215114319/http://www.epapercatalog.com/epaper/kashmir-times-epaper.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was first published in 1954 as a weekly. In 1964 it was converted as a daily. This newspaper is the oldest and largest circulated newspaper of Jammu and Kashmir and it has a total subscription of two million it is worldwide also known as "Key to Kashmir affairs.<ref name="About Kashmir Times">{{cite web|title=About Kashmir Times|url=http://www.kashmirtimes.com/aboutus.aspx|publisher=Kashmir Times|accessdate=8 November 2012|archive-date=8 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108114150/http://www.kashmirtimes.com/aboutus.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its founding editor, Ved Bhasin, reportedly upheld a belief in "secularism, justice and democracy" that made it popular in [[Kashmir division]] depite originating form [[Jammu division|Jammu]].<ref name="Scroll">{{cite web|first1=Scroll|last1=Staff|access-date=2025-11-22|title=Kashmir Times: A Jammu newspaper that stood up for the Valley|url=https://scroll.in/article/1088717/kashmir-times-a-jammu-newspaper-that-stood-up-for-the-valley|date=22 November 2025|website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

On 19 Oct 2020, the Srinagar Office of ''Kashmir Times'' was sealed by the Indian Government without any explanation.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/20/vendetta-kashmir-newspapers-office-sealed-by-india-officials ‘Vendetta’: Kashmir newspaper’s office sealed by India officials], Al Jazeera, 20 October 2020.</ref> After the 2021-2022 print edition, the publication moved entirely online.<ref name="Scroll"/>

In November 2025, the [[State Investigation Agency]] of the Jammu & Kashmir Police raided the office of the Kashmir Times in Jammu for allegedly promoting anti-national activities. According to sources in the police, Ak-47 cartridges, pistol rounds and three grenade levers were recovered during the searches.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kashmir Times Office Raided In Jammu, AK-47 Cartridges Found: Police |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kashmir-times-office-raided-in-jammu-ak-47-cartridges-pistol-rounds-found-police-anuradha-bhasin-9669292 |work=NDTV |date=20 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.kashmirtimes.com/}}
* [http://epaper.kashmirtimes.com/ ''Kashmir Times'' E-paper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418175229/http://epaper.kashmirtimes.com/ |date=18 April 2023 }}
* [http://www.newsepapers.com/indian/kashmir-times/ About ''Kashmir Times'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Newspapers in India}}

[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Srinagar]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1950s establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1954]]

{{india-newspaper-stub}}

Next Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

2026-01-03T14:01:16Z

SharronKifer8: small improve formatting for accuracy and added references

{{Short description|Upcoming Indian state election}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Next Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = yes
| vote_type = party
| previous_election = 2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2023
| next_election =
| next_year = 2033
| election_date = By November 2028
| seats_for_election = All 230 seats in the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 116
| map_image = [[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Madhya Pradesh.svg|300px]]
| map2_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption = Map of the assembly constituencies in Madhya Pradesh
| turnout =
| outgoing_members = 16th Madhya Pradesh Assembly
| elected_members =
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Jitu Patwari.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| leader2 = [[Jitu Patwari]]
| leader_since2 = 2023
| leaders_seat2 = [[To be determined|TBD]]
| last_election2 = 40.45%, 66 seats
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| alliance2 = Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance
| seats2 =
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=PM attends swearing in ceremony of Mohan Yadav and his deputies at Bhopal, in Madhya Pradesh.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| image1_size = 130px
| leader1 = [[Mohan Yadav]]
| leader_since1 = 2023
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance
| leaders_seat1 = [[Ujjain South Assembly constituency|Ujjain South]]
| last_election1 = 48.62%, 163 seats
| seats1 =
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =
| title = [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Mohan Yadav]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election =
| after_party =
| seats_before1 = 165
| seats_needed1 = {{steady}}
| seats_before2 = 64
| seats_needed2 = {{increase}} 52
}}

The '''Next Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly election''' is expected to be held in November 2028 to elect all 230 members of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. [[Mohan Yadav]] is the incumbent [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=MP Assembly Election 2028: प्रदेश में नए परिसीमन और महिला आरक्षण के साथ होगा साल 2028 का विधानसभा चुनाव|url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-mp-assembly-election-2028-assembly-elections-of-the-year-2028-will-be-held-in-the-state-with-new-delimitation-and-women-reservation-8343860 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Nai Duniya}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MP cabinet approves ‘Gareeb Kalyan Mission’, says will eliminate poverty by 2028|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bhopal-news/mp-cabinet-approves-gareeb-kalyan-mission-says-will-eliminate-poverty-by-2028-101736960249083.html |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=मध्य प्रदेश में कांग्रेस करवाएगी जातिगत जनगणना? महू की रैली में जीतू पटवारी ने किया बड़ा ऐलान |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/madhya-pradesh/mp-congress-ready-for-caste-survey-says-jitu-patwari-in-mhow-rally-ann-2871667 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=ABP Live}}</ref>

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll Event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification Date
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Last Date for filing nomination
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Date of Poll
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Date of Counting of Votes
| '''TBD'''
|}

== Parties and Alliances ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Mohan Yadav]]
|TBD
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:INC Hand.svg|50px]]
| [[Jitu Patwari]]
| TBD
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharat Adivasi Party}}
| [[Bharat Adivasi Party]]
| [[File:Bharat Adivasi Party.png|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[Kamleshwar Dodiyar]]
| TBD
|-
| {{party color cell|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
| [[Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)]]
| [[File:AZAD SAMAJ PARTY LOGO.webp|50px]]
|
| [[Chandrashekhar Azad Ravan|Chandrashekhar Azad]]
| TBD
|}

==See also==
* [[Elections in Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{notelist}}

{{Madhya Pradesh elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Future elections in India]]

Zamin Ryot

2025-12-13T05:28:23Z

SharronKifer8: made some page basic info

{{Short description|Indian Telugu-language weekly newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Zamin Ryot
| logo = Zamin Ryot masthead.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_border =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_border =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| type = [[Weekly newspaper|Weekly]]
| format =
| school =
| owner = 
| founder = N. Venkatrama Naidu
| publisher =
| president =
| general_manager =
| chief_editor =
| editor =
| deputy_editor =
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor = 
| news_editor =
| onlineeditor =
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| metro_editor =
| metro_chief =
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| staff_writers =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| founded = {{Circa|1930}}
| political_position =
| language = Telugu
| ceased_publication = 
| relaunched =
| headquarters =
| publishing_city = [[Nellore]], Andhra Pradesh
| publishing_country = India
| circulation =
| circulation_date =
| circulation_ref =
| readership =
| sister_newspapers =
| ISSN =
| eISSN =
| oclc =
| RNI =
| website = {{URL|zaminryot.com}}
| free =
}}

'''''Zamin Ryot''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[weekly newspaper]] published from [[Nellore]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Lisa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBchTO0NS0EC&dq=Zamin+Ryot&pg=PR11 |title=Language, Emotion, and Politics in South India: The Making of a Mother Tongue |date=2009 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-35301-6 |pages=xi, 203 |language=en}}</ref> It was started by N. Venkatrama Naidu in {{Circa|1930}}.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Somasekhara |first=Dr G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_85YDwAAQBAJ&dq=Zamin+Ryot&pg=PA182 |title=Telugu Press and Indian Freedom Movement |date=24 April 2018 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-387-76595-9 |page=42 |language=en}}</ref> It has been called the longest continuously running Telugu newspaper.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Lisa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBchTO0NS0EC&dq=Zamin+Ryot&pg=PR11 |title=Language, Emotion, and Politics in South India: The Making of a Mother Tongue |date=2009 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-35301-6 |page=252 |language=en}}</ref> It is one of the notable district newspapers in Telugu.<ref name=":2" />

== Name ==
''Zamin Ryot'' name is based on words 'Zamin' ({{Translation|Land}}) and 'Ryot' ({{Translation|Farmer}}). Zamin Ryot is a term used to refer to [[tenant farmer]]s under the [[Zamindar]]i system.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sumit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOawCwAAQBAJ&dq=Zamin+Ryot&pg=PA340 |title=Modern India 1885–1947 |date=1989-01-24 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-19712-5 |page=340 |language=en}}</ref> The newspaper was founded to advocate for the cause of the [[ryot]]s (peasants and tenant farmers) and against the [[Feudalism|feudal system]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Rakesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-YsAAAAMAAJ&q=Zamin+Ryot |title=Bihar Peasantry and the Kisan Sabha, 1936-1947 |date=1982 |publisher=People's Publishing House |isbn=978-0-8364-0941-3 |page=XVIII |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The publication was started by Nellore Venkatrama Naidu as ''Zamindari Ryot'' in {{Circa|1930}},{{efn|Dr. G. Somasekhara notes the founding year as 1928 in his book ''Telugu Press and Indian Freedom Movement''.<ref name=":2" /> But, the publication itself mentions the founding year as 1930 in its masthead.}} before changing its name to ''Zamin Ryot''.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=General |first=India (Republic) Office of the Registrar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hs4cAQAAMAAJ&q=Zamin+Ryot |title=Census of India, 1961 |date=1961 |publisher=Manager of Publications |page=20 |language=en}}</ref> Originally meant to advocate against the [[Feudalism|feudal system]] in the area,<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Somasekhara |first=Dr G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_85YDwAAQBAJ&dq=Zamin+Ryot&pg=PA182 |title=Telugu Press and Indian Freedom Movement |date=24 April 2018 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-387-76595-9 |page=171 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Subramanyam |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5IcAAAAMAAJ&q=zamin |title=The Press and the National Movement in South India, Andhra, 1905–1932 |publisher=New Era Publications |year=1984 |page=165 |access-date=6 December 2021 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502103158/https://books.google.com/books?id=z5IcAAAAMAAJ&q=zamin |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Manikumar |first=K. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GI24vQuNFjUC&dq=Zamin+Ryot&pg=PA191 |title=A Colonial Economy in the Great Depression, Madras (1929-1937) |date=2003 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-2456-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> it played an important role in reporting on the success of the [[Salt Satyagraha]] in [[Nellore district]].<ref name=":2" />

The British government searched house and office of Venkatrama Naidu and also of the editor Chundi Jagannatham for three days from 15 to 17 February 1941, officially on the basis that it spread anti-war propaganda.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Somasekhara |first=Dr G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_85YDwAAQBAJ&dq=Zamin+Ryot&pg=PA182 |title=Telugu Press and Indian Freedom Movement |date=24 April 2018 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-387-76595-9 |page=182 |language=en}}</ref> Such press restrictions during [[World War II]] led to the paper being suspended voluntarily from 1 September 1942. It resumed publication on 20 November 1942.<ref name=":3" />

By 1993, it was identified as a pro-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] publication.<ref name=":3" /> For example, during the reign of [[N. T. Rama Rao]] as chief minister, the publication often criticised and mocked him with "dripping sarcasm".<ref>{{Cite book |first=Ramesh |last=Kandula |publisher=[[Ebury Publishing|Ebury Press]] |title=[[Maverick Messiah|Maverick Messiah: A Political Biography of N.T. Rama Rao]] |date=2021 |isbn=978-0-670-09393-9 |location=Gurgaon, Haryana, India |oclc=1237107554 |page=210}}</ref>

In 2019, editor Dolendra Prasad was attacked by MLA [[Kotamreddy Sridhar Reddy]] of Nellore Rural district in retaliation for a negative story on him.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=YSRC MLA booked for 'attacking' weekly editor |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/aug/13/ysrc-mla-booked-for-attacking-weekly-editor-2018087.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905171318/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/aug/13/ysrc-mla-booked-for-attacking-weekly-editor-2018087.html |archive-date=5 September 2021 |access-date=5 September 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Prasad later expressed concerns that other attacks on journalists in Andhra Pradesh, inaction by the government on his attack, and a law passed by the cabinet allowing the government to sue media organisations for "distorted news" would lead to a chilling effect on journalism.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/how-jagan-is-putting-andhras-development-in-jeopardy-due-to-his-obsession-with-naidu/311572/|title=How Jagan is putting Andhra's development in 'jeopardy' due to his obsession with Naidu|first=Prasad|last=Nichenametla|website=[[ThePrint]]|date=28 October 2019|access-date=5 September 2021|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905171319/https://theprint.in/india/governance/how-jagan-is-putting-andhras-development-in-jeopardy-due-to-his-obsession-with-naidu/311572/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.zaminryot.com/}}

{{Newspapers in India}}

[[Category:Telugu-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Weekly newspapers published in India]]

Makhan Bada

2025-11-10T09:27:34Z

SharronKifer8:

{{Short description|Type of doughnuts}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Makhan Bada
| image = Home made makkhan bada.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| alternate_name = Makhan Vada,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yi4PbmKuE70C&dq=Makhan+wada&pg=PT236 |title=The Rough Guide to India |date=2011-01-20 |publisher=Rough Guides UK |isbn=978-1-4053-8847-4 |language=en}}</ref> balushahi, balusaahi, badusha
| country = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| region =
| national_cuisine = [[Indian cuisine|India]], [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]], and [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistan]]
| creator =
| course = [[Dessert]]
| served = Hot
| main_ingredient = [[Maida flour]], [[sugar]], [[clarified butter|ghee]], [[Butter|makhan]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''''Makhan Bada''','' also known as '''''Makhan Vada, balusaahi, balushahi or badusha''''' is a traditional [[dessert]] originating from the [[Sweets from the Indian subcontinent|Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rock |first=Gordon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCziDwAAQBAJ&dq=Balushahi+Makhan+Bada&pg=PT35 |title=From India, With Love: Palatable Desserts from India You Never Knew You Needed |date=2020-05-08 |language=en |quote=Balushahi. This Indian sweet is flaky yet soft and tastes best when fresh. It is also known as Makhan Bada in Hindi. }}</ref> It is also known as Balushahi or Balusaahi and is similar to a glazed [[doughnut]] in terms of Ingredients, but differs in texture and taste. ''Makhan Bada'' also resembles Rajasthani [[Bati (bread)|Baati]] in terms of size and preparation but its shape is more similar to [[Medu vada|Medu Vada]]. In [[South India]], a similar [[pastry]] is known as '''Badusha'''.

==Preparation==
Makhan Badas are made of [[maida flour]] and are deep-fried in [[ghee]] and then dipped in [[sugar]] syrup.<ref>{{cite book|title= The Pastry Chef's Companion: A Comprehensive Resource Guide for the Baking and Pastry Professional|author=Glenn Rinsky and Laura Halpin Rinsky|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2008|isbn=978-0-470-00955-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Amit |first1=Dassana |title=Balushahi Recipe |url=https://www.vegrecipesofindia.com/balushahi-recipe-badusha-recipe/ |website=Dassana's Veg Recipes |publisher=Dassana Amit |access-date=21 September 2019}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Balushahi.jpg|Makhan Bada (also known as Balushahi)
</gallery>

<gallery>
File:Badusha.jpg|Badusha from South India
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Food|India}}
*[[List of fried dough foods]]
*[[List of doughnut varieties]]
*[[Rajasthani cuisine]]
*[[Bihari Cuisine]]
*[[Pakistani cuisine]]
*[[Indian cuisine]]
*[[Indian sweets]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Doughnut}}
{{Cuisine of India}}

[[Category:Doughnuts]]
[[Category:Indian desserts]]
[[Category:Bihari cuisine]]
[[Category:Pakistani desserts]]
[[Category:Rajasthani cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian doughnuts]]

{{india-dessert-stub}}

M. V. Gangadhara Siva

2025-10-19T00:47:09Z

SharronKifer8: minor enhanced information after review and improved wording after review

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. V. Gangadhara Siva
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1898}}
| birth_place = [[Cuddapah]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (Now [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Cuddapah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddapah constituency]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]]
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Nagamani
| children = 1 son
| website = [http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/1044.htm]
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''M. V. Gangadhara Siva''' (born 1898) was an Indian politician and member of Indian Parliament.

He is son of M. Varadarajulu; born at [[Cuddapah]] in 1898. He was educated at Municipal High School, Cuddapah and Wesley College, Madras. He married Shrimati Nagamani in 1935. They had a son.

He was member of [[Madras Legislative Council]] between 1926–1931 and member of Provisional Parliament, 1950–1951.

He was elected to 1st and 2nd [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Chittoor (Lok Sabha constituency)]] in 1952 and 1957 as a member of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=election1951>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4111-general-election-1951-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1951 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=election1957>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4112-general-election-1957-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1957 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>

He was member of Planning Committee, Prohibition Committee, Central Health Advisory Committee, and Commerce and Industries Advisory Committee. He was member of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Andhra University]] Senate and [[Employees State Insurance Corporation]].

He was founder and president of the Ceded District Depressed Class Association, Cuddapah.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/1044.htm Biodata of Dr. M. V. Gangadhara Siva at Lok Sabha website.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siva, M. V. Gangadhara}}

[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittoor district]]
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:People from Kadapa]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Andhra University]]

{{AndhraPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Madras Gazette

2025-10-12T22:37:23Z

SharronKifer8: enhanced details further and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Madras Gazette
| logo =
| caption = Issue dated 17 October 1795
| image = File:Madras Gazette.jpg
| type =
| format =
| founded = January 1795
| ceased_publication =
| owners = Robert Williams
| publisher =
| editor =
| editor-in-chief =
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor =
| staff_writers =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| political_position =
| circulation =
| headquarters = [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| sister_newspapers =
| oclc =
| ISSN =
| website =
}}
'''Madras Gazette''' was a weekly newspaper published in [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] and one of the first in India. Madras Gazette competed with the [[Madras Courier]] for printing Government notifications.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1358484 | title=The English Press in Colonial India | publisher=The Dawn | work=S.M.A. Feroze | date=22 April 2017 | accessdate=11 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2nkEiSSDaYC&q=madras+Gazette&pg=PA359 | title=Indian Records Series Vestiges of Old Madras |accessdate=11 September 2021| publisher=Mittal Publications. | author=Henry Davidson Love | pages=519}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cL7KVAqvSEYC&dq=madras+gazette+&pg=PA4 | title=The Press in Tamil Nadu and the Struggle for Freedom, 1917-1937 | publisher=South Asia Books | author=A. Ganesan | date=January 1988 | pages=4| isbn=9788170990826 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/9/the_story_of_the_indian_press.pdf | title=The Story of the Indian Press | author=Reba Chaudhuri | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | date=22 February 1955 | archive-date=25 February 2024 | access-date=11 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225131254/https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/9/the_story_of_the_indian_press.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Newspapers established in 1795]]
[[Category:Publications with year of disestablishment missing]]
[[Category:Defunct weekly newspapers]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:History of Chennai]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:1795 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:Gazetteers of India]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}

Chumathra

2025-10-12T12:10:59Z

SharronKifer8: New Initial Pg W/ Refs

{{Short description|Locality in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chumathra
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Ward
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| temple =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2003
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 689103
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0469
| registration_plate = KL-27
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Pathanamthitta
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chumathra''' is a [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|ward]] of [[Thiruvalla]], [[Kerala]], located approximately 1.5 kilometres north of the town centre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/chumathra/id/3193|title=Chumathra|website=Kerala Tourism|access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref> It falls within the boundaries of the [[Kuttappuzha|Kuttappuzha P.O.]] pincode (689103).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiamapia.com/Pathanamthitta/Chumathra.html|title=Chumathra information|website=indiamapia.com|access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref> Chumathra is a primarily residential area located west of the Thiruvalla-Mallapally Road, and has a small shopping area located along the Muthoor-Chumathra Road.

Chumathra is the location of the Chumathra Sree Mahadeva Temple. It is also the location of the headquarters of the [[Believers Eastern Church]] and its campus, including the [[Believers Church Medical College Hospital]] and the Believers Church Residential School.

==Government==
Chumathra falls under the jurisdiction of Thiruvalla municipality. It is registered as Ward number 2, with a [[Reservation in India|female reservation]]. The ward councilor is Bindhu Prakash,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberpersondet/2020/179/2020017900201|title=Bindhu Prakash|website=www.lsgkerala.gov.in|access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref> elected from the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M) party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2020/179|website=www.lsgkerala.gov.in|title=Thiruvalla Municipality|access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Indian census]], Chumathra has a total population of 2003,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42560/download/46186/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistTwnWrd-0000.xlsx|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|title=India population by State, District, Town, Ward}}</ref> and 469 households. Of the population, 49.13% are male and 50.87% are female. 8.13% of the population is under 6 years of age. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] constitute a high proportion of the population at 20.47%, compared to 8.49% for Thiruvalla on average.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42526/download/46152/A-1_NO_OF_VILLAGES_TOWNS_HOUSEHOLDS_POPULATION_AND_AREA.xlsx|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|title=India population by State, District, Town}}</ref> There are no [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] present.

The total literacy rate in 2011 was 89.62% (90.55% for males and 88.71% for females), which was lower than the state average of 94% and higher than the national average of 74.04%.

==Education==
The Chumathra Government U.P. School provides services to the local population.

The Believers Church Residential School is a private institution run by the [[Believers Eastern Church]] and affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcrschool.org/about/management/|title=Management | Believers Church Residential School : Thiruvalla|website=www.bcrschool.org}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kizhakkenmuthoor|Kizhakken Muthoor]]
* [[Kuttappuzha]]
* [[Thiruvalla]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Pathanamthitta district]]

MTV Force India The Fast and The Gorgeous

2025-09-07T15:47:19Z

SharronKifer8: improved intro for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| alt_name = ''The Fast and The Gorgeous''
| genre = [[Reality show]]
| creator =
| director =
| presenter = [[Rannvijay Singha|Rannvijay Singh]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
| location = India
| cinematography =
| camera =
| network = [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]]
| first_aired =
| last_aired =
}}

'''''MTV Force India The Fast and The Gorgeous''''' is a [[reality show]] on [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]] produced in association with Indian Formula 1 team [[Force India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/mtv-force-india-partner-for-new-reality-series/409661|title=MTV, Force India partner for new reality series {{!}} Media|website=Campaign India|access-date=2020-03-15|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020124155/https://www.campaignindia.in/article/mtv-force-india-partner-for-new-reality-series/409661|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/mtv-force-india-the-fast-and-the-gorgeous|title='MTV-Force India-The Fast and The Gorgeous!'|website=www.radioandmusic.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-15|archive-date=20 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420004459/http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/mtv-force-india-the-fast-and-the-gorgeous|url-status=live}}</ref> The show’s concept was to find four new face of Force India [[Formula One|F1]] for the 2009 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mtv.in.com/fg/ |title=MTV Force India the Fast & the Gorgeous |accessdate=2009-05-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515094439/http://mtv.in.com/fg/ |archivedate=2009-05-15 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/media-briefs/40948_mtv-force-india--the-fast-and-the-gorgeous|title=MTV Force India -The Fast and The Gorgeous|website=afaqs!|date=14 May 2009 |access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/The-fast-and-the-gorgeous-on-your-screens/articleshow/4535436.cms|title=The fast and the gorgeous...on your screens! - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=16 May 2009 |language=en|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref>

The show was hosted by the VJ [[Rannvijay Singha|Rannvijay Singh]].

MTV India did not commission a second series. In 2011, Force India partnered with [[NDTV Good Times]] for a second season, presented by [[Ambika Anand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/what-does-it-take-to-be-a-formula-one-girl-/844800/|title=What does it take to be a Formula One girl? - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref>

*

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090515094439/http://mtv.in.com/fg/ Official Site]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mtv Force India The Fast And The Gorgeous}}
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:MTV (Indian TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Motorsports television series]]
[[Category:Formula One on television]]

Bishan Narayan Dar

2025-08-25T20:33:05Z

SharronKifer8: revise

{{More citation needed|date=January 2025}}{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
Pandit '''Bishan Narayan Dar''' (1864 – 19 November 1916) was an Indian politician who served as the President of the [[Indian National Congress]] for one term in 1911.

Dar belonged to a prominent [[Kashmiri Pandit]] family from [[Lucknow]]. His uncle Pandit Shambhu Nath was the first Indian Judge of the [[Calcutta High Court]]. Dar studied at the Church Mission High School and Canning College in [[Lahore]].<ref name=TIBD>{{Cite IBD1915|wstitle= Bishun Narayan Dhar, Pandit |volume= 3.4 |page= 53 |year=1915|short=1}}</ref>

Dar went to England where he practised as a lawyer. After his return to India, he joined the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1887. He was the President of the United Provincial Conference in 1911 and the President of the [[Indian National Congress]] in the same year. In 1914, he was elected as a member of the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] from the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]].<ref name=TIBD/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian National Congress Presidents}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dar, Bishan Narayan}}
[[Category:Presidents of the Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India]]
[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1916 deaths]]
[[Category:Kashmiri politicians]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Politicians from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]

{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Uttar Pradesh Human Rights Commission

2025-08-19T05:08:57Z

SharronKifer8: made some entry with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = ''' Uttar Pradesh Human Rights Commission '''
| nativename = ''' उत्तर प्रदेश मानव अधिकार आयोग '''
| nativenamea =
| nativenamer =
| commonname =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo =
| logocaption =
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| imagesize =
| motto =
| mottotranslated =
| mission =
| formed = 7 October 2002 (Notification: No. 2388-89)
| preceding1 = [[National Human Rights Commission of India]]
| employees =
| volunteers =
| budget =
| country = India
| federal = Yes
| map =
| mapcaption =
| sizearea = 243,286 km2 (93,933 sq mi)
| sizepopulation = 199,581,477 (2011)
| legaljuris =
| governingbody =
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 =
| restriction =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| website = {{Official website| http://uphrc.up.nic.in/ }}
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| electeetype =
| minister1name =
| minister1pfo =
| chief1name = Justice B. K. Narayana, Former Judge Alld. HC
| chief1position = Chairperson
| chief2name =
| chief2position =
| parentagency =
| child1agency =
| unittype =
| unitname =
| officetype =
| officename =
| stationtype =
| stations =
}}
In the State of [[Uttar Pradesh]], the State Human Rights Commission was established on 4 April 1996. However, the Commission was formally constituted vide notification No. 2388-89 Dt: 7.10.2002 when Justice A.P. Mishra, a former [[Chief Justice]] of [[Delhi High Court]] and former Judge of [[Supreme Court of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home {{!}} SUPREME COURT OF INDIA|url=https://api.sci.gov.in/|access-date=2021-01-12|website=main.sci.gov.in|archive-date=14 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614163057/https://api.sci.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> was appointed as first Chairperson along with Justice V. Saran, Mr. S.R. Arya, Mr. S.V.M. Tripathi and Mr. Sukh Lal Adarsh as supporting members of the Commission.<ref>http://uphrc.up.nic.in/pf/Introduction.pdf<nowiki/>{{Dead link|date=January 2021}}</ref>
Currently, UPHRC is headed by Justice (Retired) Bala Krishna Narayan.

==Functions==
According to TPHRA, 1993<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhrc.nic.in/documents/Publications/TheProtectionofHumanRightsAct1993_Eng.pdf|title=Documents {{!}} National Human Rights Commission India|website=www.nhrc.nic.in|access-date=2019-07-09}}</ref> (with amendment act 2006), the commission is entitled to perform any of the following functions:

* Autonomously investigate on a petition filed by a victim or any person on his/her behalf as a complaint of
:# Violation of human rights and instigation or
:# Negligence in the prevention of such violations by any public servant.
* Get involved in any proceeding under allegation or violation of human right pending before a court with the approval of that court.
* Inspect living conditions of the inmates in any jail or any other institution under the control of the State Government where persons are detained or lodged for purposes of treatment, reformation or protection.
* Review the safeguards provided in the constitution or any other law for the time it is in force to ensure the protection of human rights
* Review the factors that inhibit the enjoyment of human rights
* Undertake and promote research and awareness programs in the field of human right
* Promote human right awareness through literacy campaigns, publications, seminars etc. for the protection and safeguards available under human rights practices.
* Encourage involvement of Non-Government Organizations and individuals for expansion work in the field of human rights awareness.
* Perform any other functions that may be considered necessary for the promotion of human rights.

It is clarified that though the Commission has the power to inquire in violation of human rights (or instigation thereof) by a public servant. Instances where the human rights are violated by any individual citizen then the Commission can intervene, if there is failure or negligence on the part of a public servant to prevent any such violation.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Human rights enforcement agencies in India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Uttar Pradesh|Human rights]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1996]]

Ila Ghose

2025-08-15T20:06:01Z

SharronKifer8: stub!

{{Short description|West Bengal's first woman engineer (1930–2019)}}
'''Ila Ghose''' (née Majumdar) (24 July 1930 - 11 December 2019) was a [[Mechanical engineering|mechanical engineer]] and [[West Bengal]]'s first woman engineer. She was the first female alumna of the [[Bengal Engineering College]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=First Female Engineer Alumnus of BEC Passes Away.|url=https://www.gaabesu.in/blog/first-female-engineer-alumnus-of-bec-passes-away/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=www.gaabesu.in|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Woman_Engineer_Ila_Ghosh_(née_Majumdar).jpg|thumb|Ila Ghose in circa 1947 (née Majumdar)]]

== Early life and education ==
Ila Majumdar was born in the Madaripur subdivision, [[Faridpur district]], [[East Bengal]] in 1930. She was one of six sisters and two brothers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Lone woman in the classroom|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/lone-woman-in-the-classroom/cid/1256946|access-date=2021-03-10|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> Her father, Jatindra Kumar Majumdar, was a deputy magistrate and her mother was a housewife. From a young age her interest in engineering was recognised.<ref name=":0" /> The family moved to West Bengal, before moving to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in 1945. She was admitted to study at the Bengal Engineering College, where there was only one other woman in her cohort. In an interview in [[The Telegraph (India)|''The Telegraph'' (India)]] in 2008, she said "There was only one other woman in the entire batch. The boys were shocked, but we soon became good friends. We would chat and crack jokes with them and cheer them on at cricket matches. Never did we feel uncomfortable."<ref name=":1" /> Her fellow female student dropped out after one year, making her the first woman to graduate from the college.<ref name=":0" /> She graduated in 1951.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
For her postgraduate training, she travelled to the United Kingdom to work for Glasgow-based company [[Barr and Stroud]].<ref name=":0" /> Once back in India, she worked in an ordnance factory in [[Dehradun|Dehra Dun]], before taking up a lecturer's post at [[Delhi Polytechnic]] in 1955.<ref name=":0"/> After her marriage, she moved back to Calcutta where she became a lecturer at the [[Institute of Jute Technology]], followed by the principal of the Women's Polytechnic on Gariahat Road.<ref name=":1" /> In 1985, she was approached by [[UNESCO]] to set up Mahila Polytechnic in Dhaka, Bangladesh.<ref name=":0" />

In 1967, she attended the second [[International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists]] held in Cambridge, United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Koerner|first=Emily Rees|date=2020-12-04|title=Who went to the International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists (ICWES) in 1964 and 1967?|url=https://electrifyingwomen.org/who-went-to-the-international-conference-of-women-engineers-and-scientists-icwes-in-1964-and-1967/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Electrifying Women|language=en-GB}}</ref>

In an interview with the Global Alumni Association of Bengali Engineering and Science University, Shibpur, she spoke of the gender bias she faced in her career:<blockquote>“Of course, I have faced gender bias all the time in my professional life. I think it will take a long time to change the mindset of the society, and there is no other way to bear it. But it hurts when the cases of selection / promotion comes, how the authorities find flimsy excuses not to offer a woman her rightful place as they feel she is not supposed to boss over men. One had to tolerate this.”<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

== Personal life ==
Ila Majumder married in 1959, taking her husband's surname Ghose. The couple had a son in 1960, lost a daughter to stillbirth in 1963 and had a second son in 1967.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chakraborty|first=Tanusree|title="Ila Ghose ('51ME), the first woman engineer from Bengal Engineering College." Alumni Link – a publication of the Global Alumni Associations of Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur.|url=https://www.gaabesu.in/mt-content/uploads/2020/03/1576861504ila_ghose_interview_gaabesu_may2009.pdf}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghose, Ila}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian women engineers]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:People from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Indian mechanical engineers]]
[[Category:Engineers from West Bengal]]

Thipkyanchi Rangoli

2025-08-07T17:53:25Z

SharronKifer8:

{{Short description|Marathi-language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Thipkyanchi Rangoli.jpeg
| image_size =
| genre = [[Family drama]]
| story = Manaswini Lata Ravindra Smita Prakashkar
| related = ''[[Khorkuto]]''
| director = Girish Vasaikar
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| composer = [[Nilesh Moharir]]
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_episodes = 679
| producer = Rupali Guha Kalyan Guha
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Film Farm India]]
| network = [[Star Pravah]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|10|04|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|11|18|df=y}}
}}

'''''Thipkyanchi Rangoli''''' ({{translation|Dotted Rangoli}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] drama television series directed by Girish Vasaikar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-29 |title=स्टार प्रवाहवर नवी मालिका 'ठिपक्यांची रांगोळी'; उलगडणार एकत्र कुटुंबाची गोष्ट |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/new-series-thipkyanchi-rangoli-on-star-pravah-story-of-family-together-1005528 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref> It is an official remake of Bengali TV series ''[[Khorkuto]]''. It premiered on [[Star Pravah]] on 4 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Marathi TV show 'Thipkyanchi Rangoli' to launch soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/new-marathi-tv-show-thipkyanchi-rangoli-to-launch-soon/articleshow/86192450.cms |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It stars [[Dnyanada Ramtirthkar]] and Chetan Vadnere in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-10 |title=Viewers Love Apurva's New Look in Marathi Serial Thipkyanchi Rangoli |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/viewers-love-apurvas-new-look-in-marathi-serial-thipkyanchi-rangoli-4758164.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Apoorva "Appu", a sophisticated upper-class girl, crosses paths with Shashank, a scholar who belongs to a middle-class joint family, and everything changes. Apart from a beautiful love story, It narrates the tale of a joint family, its roots and beliefs. After a few meetings with Shashank, Dr. Kaushik, Apoorva's father, decides to marry Apoorva off with Shashank to teach her morals and ethics. Although Apoorva is a little ill-mannered, she is very good at heart and gets deserved love from Shashank's family. She becomes a part of the family and stands by them through all their difficulties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trina Saha and Koushik Roy starrer 'Khorkuto' to have a Marathi remake - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/trina-saha-and-koushik-roy-starrer-khorkuto-to-have-a-marathi-remake/articleshow/86314785.cms |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Dnyanada Ramtirthkar]] as Apoorva "Appu" Vartak Kanitkar – Kaushik and Anjali's daughter; Netra's cousin; Shashank's wife
* Chetan Vadnere as Shashank "Khadoos" Kanitkar – Vitthal and Suvarna's son; Suman's brother; Amey, Avantika and Prachi's cousin; Apoorva's husband

=== Recurring ===
* [[Sharad Ponkshe]] / [[Uday Tikekar]] as Vinayak "Dada" Kanitkar – [[Patriarchy]] of Kanitkars'; Vitthal, Vidya and Vikas's brother; Madhavi's husband; Amey and Avantika's father
* [[Supriya Pathare]] as Madhavi "Mai" Kanitkar – Vinayak's wife; Amey and Avantika's mother
* Mangesh Kadam as Vitthal "Vithu" Kanitkar – Vinayak, Vidya and Vikas's brother; Suvarna's husband, Shashank and Suman's father
* [[Leena Bhagwat]] as Suvarna "Suva" Kanitkar – Vitthal's wife, Shashank and Suman's mother
* Atul Todankar as Vikas "Cookie" Kanitkar – Vinayak, Vitthal and Vidya's brother; Aparna's husband; Prachi's father
* Sheetal Kulkarni as Aparna "Panna" Kanitkar – Vikas's wife; Prachi's mother
* Sarika Nawathe as Vidya "Babi" Kanitkar Vaidya – A Teacher; Vinayak, Vitthal and Vikas's sister; Bhaskar's wife
* Kashyap Parulekar as Bhaskar Vaidya – Vidya's husband
* Veena Jagtap as Avantika Kanitkar Chaudhari – Vinayak and Madhavi's daughter; Amey's sister; Shashank, Suman and Prachi's cousin
* Swapnil Kale as Amey Kanitkar – Vinayak and Madhavi's son; Avantika's brother; Shashank, Suman and Prachi's cousin; Manasi's husband
* Amruta Phadke / Sai Kalyankar as Manasi Kanitkar – Amey's wife
* Namrata Pradhan as Suman "Sumi" Kanitkar Darekar – Vitthal and Suvarna's daughter; Shashank's sister; Amey, Avantika and Prachi's cousin; Nikhil's wife
* Shrikant Bhide / Guru Divekar as Nikhil Darekar – Suman's husband
* Tanvi Barve as Prachi "Prachu" Kanitkar – Vikas and Aparna's daughter; Amey, Avantika, Shashank and Suman's cousin
* Rajan Tamhane as Kaushik Vartak – A [[Cardiology|cardiologist]], Sarika's brother; Anjali's estranged husband; Apoorva's father
* Mugdha Godbole-Ranade as Anjali Vartak – A [[Cardiology|cardiologist]], Kaushik's estranged wife; Apoorva's estranged mother
* Radhika Vidyasagar as Sarika Vartak Desai – Kaushik's sister; Netra's mother; Apoorva's mother-figure
* Snehlata Maghade / Pranjal Ambavane as Netra Desai – Sarika's daughter; Apoorva's cousin
* Ashwini Apte as Deepali
* Maithili Patwardhan as Ovi – Deepali's daughter
* Ashutosh Kulkarni as Abhay – Apoorva's friend
* [[Shubha Khote]] as Durga – Vinayak, Vitthal and Vikas's aunt
* Mangesh Desai as Dhananjay Karmarkar
* Shalaka Pawar as Snehlata Paranjape
* Ujjwala Jog as Shakuntala
* Bipin Surve as Krish
* Roshan Vichare as Ronit
* Akshay Waghmare as Ninad
* Ashwin Bornare as Chandu Bhatwadekar

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Rupali Guha and Kalyan Guha, the producer of [[Film Farm India]] announces the Marathi remake of ''[[Khorkuto]]'' a Bengali series aired on [[Star Jalsha]]. The title song was composed by [[Nilesh Moharir]] and lyrics by Rohini Ninawe and sung by Sai Tembhekar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-07 |title=Marathi show Thipkyanchi Rangoli Launches Title Theme Song |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/marathi-show-thipkyanchi-rangoli-launches-title-theme-song-4296350.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Dnyanada Ramtirthkar]] was selected for the role of Apoorva and Chetan Vadnere selected for the role of Shashank.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘सख्या रे’ ते ‘धुरळा’, ‘ठिपक्यांची रांगोळी’ मालिकेतील अपूर्वाबद्दल तुम्हाला माहितीये का? |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/2635488/star-pravah-marathi-serial-thipkyanchi-rangoli-apruva-fame-dnyanada-ramtirthkar-information-nrp-97/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> Mugdha Godbole plays the role of Apoorva's mother and [[Sharad Ponkshe]] the role of Vinayak Kanitkar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-17 |title=Mugdha Godbole To Enter Popular Marathi Show Thipkyanchi Rangoli |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mugdha-godbole-to-enter-popular-marathi-show-thipkyanchi-rangoli-4565030.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Sharad Ponkshe is excited to play a pivotal role in Thipakyanchi Rangoli - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/actor-sharad-ponkshe-is-excited-to-play-a-pivotal-role-in-tipakyanchi-rangoli/articleshow/86288818.cms |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Star Pravah Parivaar Awards
!Year
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
|Best Family
|
|Kanitkar family
|-
|Best Face - Female
|rowspan="2"|[[Dnyanada Ramtirthkar]]
|rowspan="2"|Apoorva
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|Best Daughter-in-law
|-
|Best Siblings
|[[Sharad Ponkshe]], Mangesh Kadam, Atul Todankar, Sarika Nawathe
|Vinayak, Vithhal, Vikas, Vidya
|}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue"|Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" |Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" |Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" |Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" |Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" |Notes
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''[[Khorkuto]]'' খড়কুটো
|17 August 2020
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|21 August 2022
|Original
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''[[Namma Veetu Ponnu]]'' நம்ம வீட்டு பொண்ணு
|16 August 2021
|[[Star Vijay]]
|25 March 2023
| rowspan="4" |Remake
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''Thipkyanchi Rangoli'' ठिपक्यांची रांगोळी
|4 October 2021
|[[Star Pravah]]
|18 November 2023
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''[[Palunku (TV series)|Palunku]]'' പളുങ്ക്
|22 November 2021
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|30 December 2022
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey]]'' कभी कभी इत्तेफाक से
|3 January 2022
|[[StarPlus]]
|20 August 2022
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt15742642}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/thipkyanchi-rangoli/1260070470 ''Thipkyanchi Rangoli''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Pravah original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Shibnote

2025-08-06T02:42:00Z

SharronKifer8: made first info more to come.

{{short description|Village and rafting location in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shibnote
| type = Village
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_label_position = center
| pushpin_map_alt = Shibnote
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.151150|75.672728|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and union territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type3 = Division
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jammu region]]
| subdivision_type4 = Region
| subdivision_name4 = [[Chenab valley]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Doda district|Doda]]
| subdivision_type6 = [[Subdistrict]]
| subdivision_name6 = [[Thathri]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics_name1 =
| demographics_title =
| demographics1_title1 = Spoken
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Bhadarwahi language|Bhaderwahi]], [[Sarazi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]
| area_total_km2 =
| population_demonym = Bhaderwahi and [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]]
| population_total = 243
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 182203
| registration_plate =
| website =
| population_footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Shibnote''' is a village in [[Thathri]] [[Subdivision (India)|sub-division]] of [[Doda district]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="risingkashmir2021">{{Cite news|title=Chenab White Water Rafting Festival begins at Doda|url=http://risingkashmir.com/%C3%A2chenab-white-water-rafting-festival%C3%A2-begins-at-doda|date=5 March 2021|publisher=[[Rising Kashmir]]|access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Shibnote village is located in the [[Thathri]] subdivision of [[Doda district]]. This village is known for its [[whitewater]] rafting point, which was established in 2021 after the ''Chenab White Water Rafting Festival'' was organised at this place.<ref name="risingkashmir2021"/> The village also has a sand mine that is used for sand extraction purposes.<ref>{{Cite news|title=SHO Thathri injured in stone pelting by Sand Mafia|url=http://www.earlytimes.in/m/newsdet.aspx?q=321780|date=21 August 2021|publisher=Early Times|access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref>

===Education===
In 1995, a primary level government school was established in Shibnote village.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://schools.org.in/doda/01091705301/gps-shibnote.html|title=GPS Shibnote|access-date=4 November 2022|website=Schools.org.in}}</ref>

==Whitewater Rafting==

Shibnote is one of the notable destinations for whitewater rafting on the [[Chenab river]]. The commercial rafting at this location was started in 2021<ref>{{Cite news|title=Doda to host Chenab water rafting fest|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/doda-to-host-chenab-water-rafting-fest-209381|date=8 February 2021|publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]]|access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref> after district administration Doda initiated the Chenab Whitewater Rafting Festival. This festival has been organised every year since then.<ref>{{Cite news|title=B2V4: Chenab White Water Rafting Fest set to boost tourism|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/b2v4-chenab-white-water-rafting-fest-set-to-boost-tourism/Sports/news/2849835.html|date=27 October 2022|publisher=[[United News of India]]|access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref>

===Rapids===

On the 4 kilometre stretch of river Chenab where rafting point is located, there are five main rapids, some of which are named The Sagar's Surprise, JK's Heaven, and The Caliper. The two names, "Sagar's Surprise" and "The Caliper," were given after the names of key participants in the first ever Rafting Festival on Chenab, including Dr.Sagar D.Doifode, IAS (as The Sagar's Surprise), who was Deputy Commissioner / District Magistrate, Doda in 2021, and [[Athar Amin Zargar]] (as The Caliper), who is Sub-Divisional Magistrate Thathri.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shibnote Thathri—the adventurous rafting point of J&K’s mighty river Chenab|url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2022/11/03/shibnote-thathri-the-adventurous-rafting-point-of-jks-mighty-chenab-river/|date=3 November 2022|publisher=[[The Chenab Times]]|access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Doda district]]

Shanti Parva

2025-06-02T13:52:20Z

SharronKifer8: typo fix

{{Short description|Twelfth book of the Mahabharata}}

The '''Shanti Parva''' ({{langx|sa|शान्ति पर्व}}; [[IAST]]: ''Śānti parva)'' ("Book of Peace") is the twelfth of the eighteen ''parvas'' (books) of the Indian epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. It traditionally has three parts and 365 chapters.<ref name="kmg">Ganguli, K.M. (1883–1896) "[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/index.htm Shanti Parva]" in ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa'' (12 Volumes). Calcutta.</ref><ref name="mnd">Dutt, M. N. (1903). ''The Mahabharata (Volume 12): Shanti Parva''. Calcutta: Elysium Press</ref> The [[Textual criticism|critical edition]] has three parts and 353 chapters.<ref>van Buitenen, J. A. B. (1973). ''The Mahabharata: Book 1: The Book of the Beginning''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 477–478.</ref><ref>Debroy, B. (2010). ''The Mahabharata'', Volume 1. Gurgaon: Penguin Books India, pp. xxiii–xxvi.</ref> It is the longest book among the eighteen books of the epic.

The book is set after the war is over— the two sides have accepted peace and Yudhishthira starts his rule of the [[Pandava]] kingdom. The Shanti parva recites the duties of the ruler, ''[[dharma]]'' and good governance, as counseled by the dying [[Bhishma]] and various ''[[Rishi]]s''.<ref name=snm>{{cite book |title=Public governance and decentralisation, Vol. 1|author=S. N. Mishra|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2003|isbn=81-7099-918-9 |page=935 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bu7UcHVE8NMC&q=Shanti+Parva&pg=PA935 }}</ref> The parva includes many fables such as that of "the fowler and pigeons". The book also provides what some have described as a "theory of varna" as well as a comparative discussion between a rule of truth versus a rule of rituals, declaring truth to be far superior over rituals.<ref name=jm/> Shanti parva has been widely studied for its treatises on jurisprudence, prosperity and success.<ref>Sivakumar & Rao (2010), An integrated framework for values-based management – Eternal guidelines from Indian ethos, International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management, 3(5), pages 503-524</ref><ref>Harrop Freeman (1959), An Introduction to Hindu Jurisprudence, The American Journal of Comparative Law, 8(1), pages 29-43</ref>

Scholars have questioned whether parts or all of the parva was inserted or interpolated at a later age.<ref name=vss/><ref name=vvi270>V.V. Iyer (1922), [https://archive.org/stream/notesofstudyofpr00venkiala#page/n270/mode/2up Notes on a study of the preliminary chapters of The Mahabharata - An attempt to separate genuine from spurious matter], Ramaswami Sastrulu & Sons, Madras, pages 270-282, also see pages 1-19</ref>

==Structure and chapters==
The Shanti Parva traditionally has 3 ''upa-parvas'' (parts, little books) and 365 ''adhyayas'' (chapters).<ref name="mnd"/><ref name=kmg/> The following are the sub-parvas:<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahābhārata (Table of Contents) |url=https://www.tititudorancea.com/z/mahabharata_table_of_contents.htm |website=The Titi Tudorancea Bulletin |access-date=2021-03-01}}</ref>

# '''Rajadharma-anusasana Parva''' {{Nobold|(chapters: 1–130)}}<ref name="mnd" /><ref name="jm" /> – describes the duties of kings and leaders, among other things
# '''Apaddharma-anusasana Parva''' {{Nobold|(chapters: 131–173)}}<ref name="jm" /> – describes the rules of conduct when one faces adversity
# '''Moksha-dharma Parva''' {{Nobold|(chapters: 174–365)}}<ref name="mnd" /> – describes behavior and rules to achieve moksha (emancipation, release, freedom)

Shanti parva begins with sorrowful [[Yudhishthira]] lamenting the loss of human lives during the war. The great Rishis came there to see that monarch, among them were Vyasa, Narada, Devala, Devasthana and Kanwa. Yudhishthira griefs for loss of his kinsmen and especially for his eldest brother. He says that for gaining kingdom, unwittingly, he caused that brother of his to be slain, for that his heart is burning exceedingly. He says that if he had both Karna and Arjuna for aiding him, he could have vanquished the gods himself. He asks [[Narada]] who was acquainted with everything of world, the cause for car wheel stuck and curses on his brother.
Narada says, Nothing could resist Karna and Arjuna in battle. And what he is about to tell him is unknown to the very gods. He tell him how Kunti conceived that child and latter he had status of Suta, how when refused by Drona for Brahma weapon, he met with Parshurama, how he obtained celestial weapons by servicing Parshurama, how he was cursed by a Brahmin for killing his cow unwitting, by Parshurama for lying, and by goddess earth, how he came to be with friendship of Duryodhana, how when Duryodhana abducted the maiden of Kalingas with force, Karna defended him from the other kings, how when king Jarasandha challenged him to a single combat he fought with him, how when he was about to sever his antagonist body into two pieces, spared him from desire of friendship. From friendship he gave unto Karna the town Malini & Champa, and made him famous for his valour. When for their good, the Lord of the celestials begged of him his natural coat of mail and ear-rings, stupefied he gave away those precious possessions. Deprived of his armor and ear-rings, in consequence of Brahmana's curse as also of the illustrious Parshurama, of the boon granted to Kunti, of illusion practised on him by Indra, of his depreciation by Bhishma as only half a car-warrior, of destruction of his energy caused by Shalya keen speeches, of Vasudeva's policy, and lastly of the celestial weapons given to Arjuna of Rudra, Indra, Yama, Varuna, Kuvera, Drona and Kripa, with these the wielder of Gandiva succeeded in slaying, that tiger among men, Vikartana's son Karna, of effulgence like that of sun. Having said these words, the celestial Rishi Narada became silent. Yudhishthira griefs, shedding copious tears and Kunti consoles him.
Yudhishthira announces his desire to renounce the kingdom, move into a forest as a mendicant and live in silence. He receives counsel from his family and then sages [[Narada]] and [[Vyasa]], as well as Devala, Devasthana and Kanwa.<ref name=jm>John Murdoch (1898), The Mahabharata - An English Abridgment, Christian Literature Society for India, London, pages 108-115</ref> The parva includes the story of king Janaka and the queen of the Videhas, presenting the theory of true mendicant as one who does not crave for material wealth, not one who abandons material wealth for an outward show. Arjuna argues it is more virtuous to create and maintain virtuous wealth and do good with it, than to neither create nor have any. Yudhishthira challenges Arjuna how would he know. Sage Vyasa then intervenes and offers arguments from Vedas that support Arjuna's comments, and the story of Sankha and Likhita. Krishna concurs with Arjuna and Vyasa, and adds his own arguments. Vasudeva then tells him to approach Bhishma who was in his bed of arrows and question him about knowledge of life and duties of the four orders, before he disappears. They all go and meet with Bhishma, where Krishna relieves Bhishma from pain using his power and Bhishma gives them lecture about duties of a king, further days.<ref name=mnd/><ref name=jm/>

Shanti parva recites a theory of governance and duties of a leader.<ref name=snm/> This theory is outlined by dying Bhishma to Yudhishthira and his brothers (shown), as well as words from sage [[Vidura]].<ref name=kmg/>

Shanti parva is a treatise on duties of a king and his government, dharma (laws and rules), proper governance, rights, justice and describes how these create prosperity. Yudhishthira becomes the king of a prosperous and peaceful kingdom, Bhima his heir apparent, sage Vidura the prime minister, Sanjaya the finance minister, Arjuna the defense and justice minister, and Dhaumya is appointed one responsible to service priests and counsels to the king.<ref name=kmg/><ref name=jm/> This books also includes a treatise on [[yoga]] as recited by [[Krishna]].

==English translations==
Shanti Parva was composed in Sanskrit. Several translations of the book in English are available. Two translations from 19th century, now in public domain, are those by Kisari Mohan Ganguli<ref name=kmg/> and Manmatha Nath Dutt.<ref name=mnd/> The translations vary with each translator's interpretations.

Clay Sanskrit Library has published a 15 volume set of the Mahabharata which includes a translation of Shanti Parva by Alex Wynne.<ref>Alex Wynne, Book XII - Volume 3, The Clay Sanskrit Library, Mahabharata: 15-volume Set, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-9453-1}}, New York University Press, Bilingual Edition</ref>

Debroy, in 2011, notes<ref>Bibek Debroy, The Mahabharata : Volume 3, {{ISBN|978-0143100157}}, Penguin Books, page xxiii - xxiv of Introduction</ref> that updated critical edition of Shanti Parva, after removing verses and chapters generally accepted so far as spurious and inserted into the original, has 3 parts, 353 ''adhyayas'' (chapters) and 13,006 ''shlokas'' (verses).

The entire parva has been "transcreated" and translated in 2 volumes by the poet Dr. [[Purushottama Lal]] (Rajadharma-anusasana and Apaddharma-anusasana parvas) and his student, Dr. Pradeep Bhattachaarya (Moksha-dharma parva) in verse, published in 2015 by [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]].

==Salient features==
Shanti parva - the longest book and most number of verses - has a number of treatises and fables embedded in it. Examples include a theory on caste,<ref>John Murdoch, {{Google books|iws3AQAAMAAJ|Caste: Its Supposed Origin: Its History; Its Effects: The Duty of Government, Hindus and Christians with respect to it and its prospects|page=5}}</ref> a theory on governance,<ref>S. Garg, Political Ideas of Shanti Parva, The Indian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 65, No. 1 (Jan.-March, 2004), pages 77-86</ref> and the fable of the wicked fowler and compassionate pigeons.<ref name=jm/>

===View on caste===
Chapters 188 and 189 of the parva begin by reciting Bhrigu's theory of ''varna'', according to whom Brahmins were white, Kshatriyas red, Vaishyas yellow, and Shudras black. Rishi [[Bharadwaja]] asks how can castes be discriminated when in truth all colors are observed in every class of people, when in truth people of all groups experience the same desire, same anger, same fear, same grief, same fatigue, same hunger, same love and other emotions? Everyone is born the same way, carries blood and bile, and dies the same way, asserts Bharadwaja. Why do castes exist, asks Bharadwaja? [[Bhrigu]] replies there is no difference among castes. It arose because of differentiation of work. Duty and rites of passage are not forbidden to any of them.<ref name=mnd/><ref name=jm/> According to [[John Muir (indologist)|John Muir]], Shanti Parva and its companion book [[Anushasana Parva]] claim neither birth, nor initiation, nor descent, nor bookish knowledge determines a person's merit; only their actual conduct, expressed qualities and virtues determine one's merit.<ref>John Muir, [https://archive.org/stream/metricaltransla00muirgoog#page/n313/mode/2up Metrical Translations from Sanskrit Writers], Oxford University, Trubner & Co., London, pages 260-264</ref> There is no superior caste, claims Shanti parva.<ref>Alain Daniélou (1993), Virtue, Success, Pleasure, and Liberation: The Four Aims of Life in the Tradition of Ancient India, {{ISBN|978-0892812189}}, Page 26</ref>

===Shanti parva on governance===
The parva dedicates over 100 chapters on duties of a king and rules of proper governance. A prosperous kingdom must be guided by truth and justice.<ref>Sarkar, B. K. (1921), The Hindu theory of the state, Political Science Quarterly, 36(1), pages 79-90; Sarkar, B. K. (1920), The Theory of Property, Law, and Social Order in Hindu Political Philosophy, International Journal of Ethics, 30(3), pages 311-325; Sarkar, B. K. (1919), Hindu theory of international relations, The American Political Science Review, 13(3), pages 400-414</ref> Chapter 58 of Shanti parva suggests the duty of a ruler and his cabinet is to enable people to be happy, pursue truth and act sincerely. Chapter 88 recommends the king to tax without injuring the ability or capacity of citizens to provide wealth to monarchy, just like bees harvest honey from flower, keepers of cow draw milk without starving the calf or hurting the cow; those who cannot bear the burden of taxes, should not be taxed.<ref name=kmg/> Chapter 267 suggests the judicial staff to reflect before sentencing, only sentence punishment that is proportionate to the crime, avoid harsh and capital punishments, and never punish the innocent relatives of a criminal for the crime.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/mahabharataofkri07royp#page/384/mode/2up Chapter 267, Shanti Parva] The Mahabharata, Published by P.C. Roy (1890), page 385</ref> Several chapters, such as 15 and 90, of the parva claim the proper function of a ruler is to rule according to ''dharma''; he should lead a simple life and he should not use his power to enjoy the luxuries of life.<ref name=mnd/><ref name=snm/> Shanti parva defines ''dharma'' not in terms of rituals or any religious precepts, but in terms of that which increases ''Satya'' (truth), ''Ahimsa'' (non-violence), ''Asteya'' (non-stealing of property created by another), ''Shoucham'' (purity), and ''Dama'' (restraint).<ref>Suda, J. P. (1970), DHARMA: ITS NATURE AND ROLE IN ANCIENT INDIA, The Indian Journal of Political Science, pages 356-366</ref><ref>Muniapan & Dass (2008), Corporate social responsibility: A philosophical approach from an ancient Indian perspective, International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management, 1(4), pages 408-420</ref> Chapter 109 of Shanti parva asserts rulers have a dharma (duty, responsibility) to help the upliftment of all living beings. The best law, claims Shanti parva, is one that enhances the welfare of all living beings, without injuring any specific group.<ref name=mnd/><ref>D. Hema (2010), Good Governance Models from Ancient India and Their Contemporary Relevance: A Study, IBA Journal of Management & Leadership, Volume 2, Issue 1, pages 75-88</ref>

===The fowler and the pigeons===
Shanti parva recites many symbolic fables and tales,<ref>[[Horace Hayman Wilson]], [[Reinhold Rost]] (ed.) {{Google books|67o9AAAAcAAJ|Essays on Sanskrit literature|volume=I|page=286}}</ref> one of which is the fable of the fowler and the pigeons. This fable is recited in Chapters 143 through 147, by [[Bhishma]] to [[Yudhishthira]], as a lesson on virtue, profit and desire:<ref>[http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/scripts/FullindexDefault.htm?path1=/data9/upload/0288/143&first=1&last=495&barcode=99999990290211 Shanti Parva] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222061904/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/scripts/FullindexDefault.htm?path1=%2Fdata9%2Fupload%2F0288%2F143&first=1&last=495&barcode=99999990290211 |date=2014-02-22 }} The Mahabharata, Translated by Manmatha Nath Dutt (1903), page 220-222</ref> A wicked fowler made his living by capturing wild birds in the forest, by cruel means, and selling them for their meat or as pets. One day, while he was in the forest, a cold storm blew in. The storm knocked down a pigeon, who lay helpless on the ground, trembling in the cold. The fowler picked up the pigeon and put her in a cage in order to sell her. The storm continued. The fowler decided to take shelter and spend the cold night under a huge tree. As he sat under the tree, he loudly called on all deities and creatures that resided in the tree to allow him shelter, as he was their guest. On one of the branches of the tree, there lived a pigeon family, whose lady-of-the-nest had gone out for food but had not yet returned. The male pigeon lamented how he missed his wife, cooing, "One's home is not a home, it is a wife that makes a home. Without my wife, my house is desolate. If my wife does not come back today, I do not want to live, for there is no friend like a wife."<ref name=jm/> The missing wife of the lamenting pigeon was the pigeon in the cage below.

The pigeon in the cage called out her pigeon husband, and asked him not to worry about her or his own desire, but to treat the fowler as a guest to the best of his abilities. "The fowler is cold and hungry," said the she-pigeon. "Be hospitable to him, do not grieve for me. One should be kind to everyone, even those who have done you wrong," said the she-pigeon. The pigeon husband, so moved by his wife's request, flew down and welcomed the fowler. The pigeon asked what he could provide to make the fowler comfortable. The fowler said a warm fire could drive his cold away. So, the pigeon collected some dry leaves and set them ablaze.<ref name=jm/> The fire warmed up the fowler, who then told the male pigeon he was very hungry. The pigeon had no food to offer to his guest. So, the pigeon walked around the fire three times, then told the fowler to eat him, and the pigeon entered the fire to provide a meal for the fowler. The pigeon's compassion shook the fowler, who began reflecting on his life. The fowler resolved to be compassionate to all creatures. He silently released the female pigeon from the cage. She, who had just lost her pigeon husband, was so deeply in love that she too walked into the fire. The fowler cried, and was overwhelmed with sadness for all the injury and pain he had caused to wild birds over the years.<ref name=mnd/>

==Critical reception==
Western Scholars<ref>E. Washburn Hopkins, Epic Chronology, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 24 (1903), pages 7-56</ref> have questioned the chronology and content of many chapters in Shanti Parva and its companion book the [[Anushasana Parva]]. These scholars ask whether these two books represent wisdom from ancient India, or were these chapters smuggled in to spread social and moral theories during India's medieval era or during second millennium AD.<ref name=vss>VISHNU S. SUKTHANKAR (1933), [http://fiindolo.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil_elib/Suk933__Sukthankar_ProlegomenaMBh1.pdf The Mahabharata, Critically Edited Version] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202172328/http://fiindolo.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil_elib/Suk933__Sukthankar_ProlegomenaMBh1.pdf |date=2014-02-02 }} A history of the debate of various conflicting versions of the Mahabharata, University of Goettingen Archives, Germany, Prologue section</ref>

==Quotations and teachings==
{{Copy to Wikiquote|section=yes}}
'''Rajadharma anushasana parva''', Chapter 25:
{{quote|
<poem>
Sorrow comes after happiness, and happiness after sorrow;
One does not always suffer sorrow, nor always enjoy happiness.

Only those who are stolid fools, and those who are masters of their souls, enjoy happiness here;
They, however, who occupy an intermediate position suffer misery.

Happiness and misery, prosperity and adversity, gain and loss, death and life, in their turn, visit all creatures;
The wise man, endued with equanimous soul would neither be puffed up with joy, nor be depressed with sorrow.
</poem>
|[[Vyasa]]|Shanti Parva, [[Mahabharata]] Book xii.25.23-31<ref>[http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/scripts/FullindexDefault.htm?path1=/data9/upload/0288/143&first=1&last=495&barcode=99999990290211 Shanti Parva] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222061904/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/scripts/FullindexDefault.htm?path1=%2Fdata9%2Fupload%2F0288%2F143&first=1&last=495&barcode=99999990290211 |date=2014-02-22 }} The Mahabharata, Translated by Manmatha Nath Dutt (1903), Chapter 25, page 30-31 Abridged</ref>}}

Rajadharma anushasana parva, Chapter 56:
{{quote|
<poem>
There is nothing which leads so much to the success of kings as Truth,
the king who is devoted to Truth enjoys happiness both here and hereafter.
Even to the Rishis, O king, Truth is the greatest wealth,
Likewise for the kings, there is nothing that so much creates confidence in them as Truth.
</poem>
|[[Bhishma]]|Shanti Parva, [[Mahabharata]] Book xii.56.17-18<ref>[http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/scripts/FullindexDefault.htm?path1=/data9/upload/0288/143&first=1&last=495&barcode=99999990290211 Shanti Parva] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222061904/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/scripts/FullindexDefault.htm?path1=%2Fdata9%2Fupload%2F0288%2F143&first=1&last=495&barcode=99999990290211 |date=2014-02-22 }} The Mahabharata, Translated by Manmatha Nath Dutt (1903), Chapter 56, page 78</ref>}}

'''Apaddharma anushasana parva''', Chapter 138:
{{quote|
<poem>
Nobody is nobody's friend,
nobody is nobody's wellwisher,
persons become friends or enemies only from motives of interest.
</poem>
|[[Bhishma]]|Shanti Parva, [[Mahabharata]] Book xii.138.108<ref>[http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/scripts/FullindexDefault.htm?path1=/data9/upload/0288/143&first=1&last=495&barcode=99999990290211 Shanti Parva] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222061904/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/scripts/FullindexDefault.htm?path1=%2Fdata9%2Fupload%2F0288%2F143&first=1&last=495&barcode=99999990290211 |date=2014-02-22 }} The Mahabharata, Translated by Manmatha Nath Dutt (1903), Chapter 138, page 202</ref>}}

Apaddharma anusasana parva, Chapter 142:
{{quote|
<poem>
I do not instruct you regarding duty from what I have learned from the Vedas alone;
What I have told you is the result of wisdom and experience, it is the honey that the learned have gleaned.
Kings should collect wisdom from various sources,
One cannot go successfully in the world with the help of a one sided morality;
Duty must originate from understanding, the practices of the good should always be determined.
A king by the help of his understanding and guided by knowledge gathered from various sources,
should so arrange that moral laws may be observed.
</poem>
|[[Bhishma]] to [[Yudhishthira]]|Shanti Parva, [[Mahabharata]] Book xii.142.3-7<ref>[http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/scripts/FullindexDefault.htm?path1=/data9/upload/0288/143&first=1&last=495&barcode=99999990290211 Shanti Parva] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222061904/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/scripts/FullindexDefault.htm?path1=%2Fdata9%2Fupload%2F0288%2F143&first=1&last=495&barcode=99999990290211 |date=2014-02-22 }} The Mahabharata, Translated by Manmatha Nath Dutt (1903), page 218</ref>}}

'''Moksha dharma parva''', Chapter 259:
{{quote|
<poem>
All men who live on this earth, are filled with doubts regarding the nature of Righteousness.
What is this that is called Righteousness? Whence does Righteousness come?
</poem>
|[[Yudhishthira]]|Shanti Parva, [[Mahabharata]] Book xii.259.1-2<ref>[http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/scripts/FullindexDefault.htm?path1=/data9/upload/0288/143&first=1&last=495&barcode=99999990290211 Shanti Parva] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222061904/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/scripts/FullindexDefault.htm?path1=%2Fdata9%2Fupload%2F0288%2F143&first=1&last=495&barcode=99999990290211 |date=2014-02-22 }} The Mahabharata, Translated by Manmatha Nath Dutt (1903), page 385</ref>}}

Moksha dharma parva, Chapter 259:
{{quote|
<poem>
Righteousness begets happiness as its fruit;
There is nothing superior to truth; Everything is supported by truth, and everything depends on truth.

One should not take other's properties, that is an eternal duty;
A thief fears everybody, he considers other people as sinful as himself;
A pure hearted person is always filled with cheerfulness, and has no fear from anywhere;
Such a person never sees his own misconduct in other persons.

A person should never do that to others, which he does not like to be done to him by others;
Whatever wishes one cherishes about his own self, one should certainly cherish regarding another.

The Creator ordained Virtue, gifting it with the power of holding the world together.
</poem>
|[[Bhishma]]|Shanti Parva, [[Mahabharata]] Book xii.259.5-25<ref>[http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/scripts/FullindexDefault.htm?path1=/data9/upload/0288/143&first=1&last=495&barcode=99999990290211 Shanti Parva] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222061904/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/scripts/FullindexDefault.htm?path1=%2Fdata9%2Fupload%2F0288%2F143&first=1&last=495&barcode=99999990290211 |date=2014-02-22 }} The Mahabharata, Translated by Manmatha Nath Dutt (1903), page 385-386</ref>}}

Moksha dharma parva, Chapter 299:
{{quote|
<poem>
There is no fixed time for the acquisition of righteousness. Death waits for no man. When man is constantly running towards the jaws of Death, the accomplishment of righteous acts is proper at all times. Like a blind man who, with attention, is capable of moving about his own house, the man of wisdom, with mind set on [[Yoga]], succeeds in finding the track he should follow. (...) One who walketh along the track recommended by the understanding, earns happiness both here and hereafter.
</poem>
|[[Parashara|Parāśara]]|Shanti Parva, [[Mahabharata]] Book xii.299<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12b126.htm Mahabharat, Shanti Parva: Part II. Section CCXCIX] ''p. 367-368''.</ref>}}

==See also==
*[[Stri Parva|Previous book of Mahabharata: Stri Parva]]
*[[Anushasana Parva|Next book of Mahabharata: Anushasana Parva]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/index.htm Shanti Parva], English Translation by Kisari Mohan Ganguli
* [https://archive.org/stream/mahabharataofkri06royp#page/n77/mode/2up Shanti Parva - Volume 1] English Translation by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, scanned and archived at Princeton University
* [https://archive.org/stream/mahabharataofkri07royp#page/n3/mode/2up Shanti Parva - Volume 2] English Translation by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, scanned and archived at Princeton University
* [http://asi.nic.in/asi_books/8999.pdf Shanti Parva in Sanskrit] by Vyasadeva with commentary by Nilakantha - A large file in Adobe Acrobat PDF format
* [https://archive.org/stream/mahabharat05ramauoft#page/n19/mode/2up Shanti Parva in Sanskrit and Hindi] by Ramnarayandutt Shastri, Volume 5

{{Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Parvas in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian philosophical literature]]

Engineering in India

2024-10-27T13:11:31Z

SharronKifer8: New The Pg Added Tags

{{short description|none}}
From pre-historic to modern times, engineering has played an essential role in the development of India.

==History==

Engineering in the country dates back to pre-historic times. [[Solar dryer|Solar drying]] of agricultural commodities has been dated to a period of 6,000 BCE.<ref>{{cite book|title=Engineering Chemistry|page=136|author=P R Vijayasarathy|year=2011|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd|isbn=9788120342798|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OO6uGq2JjqIC&q=india+agriculture+6000+BCE+engineering&pg=PA136}}</ref> Researchers have also found the evidences of engineering in [[Indus Valley civilization]], dating back to 4th millennium BCE.<ref>{{cite book|title=Harappan Architecture and Civil Engineering|page=16|publisher=Rupa Publication|author=Jagat Pati Joshi}}</ref> Types of engineering such as [[Irrigation|Irrigation engineering]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Water Engineering in Ancient Civilizations: 5,000 Years of History|page=11|publisher=CRC Press|author=Pierre-Louis Viollet|year=2007}}</ref> [[Transportation engineering]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Principles of Engineering|page=1|author=Partha Chakraborty, Animesh Das|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt}}</ref> were also established during this period. Throughout the period 3000 BCE – 1500 BCE, urban cities developed and included advanced developments for that time, such as brick houses, drainage systems, water harvesting,<ref name=question>{{cite book|title=The Lower Damodar River, India: Understanding the Human Role in Changing Fluvial Environment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V892MENKn2kC&pg=PA5|author=Kumkum Bhattacharyya|page=5|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2011|isbn=9789400704671}}</ref> sanitation systems, etc.<ref>{{cite book|title=Foundation of Eduspace, Eighth Edition, Custom Publication|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|author=Ornstein, Daniel U. Levine|year=2002|page=64}}</ref>

[[Vedas]] contains the information on about wells, irrigation, dams, canals, and other factors of engineering.<ref name=question/>

By the period of 1,800 BCE, India had started to produce iron.<ref>{{cite book|title=Materials Science and Engineering Properties|page=393|author=Charles Gilmore|publisher=CengageBrain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TefKAgAAQBAJ|isbn=9781305156197|date=2014-01-01}}</ref> In 500 BCE, [[Damascus steel]] was being produced in the country.<ref>{{cite book|title=Materials Science and Engineering Properties|page=320|author=Charles Gilmore|publisher=CengageBrain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TefKAgAAQBAJ&q=%22engineering&pg=PA320|isbn=9781305156197|date=2014-01-01}}</ref>

[[Kallanai Dam]], also known as Grand Anicut of [[Tamil Nadu]] was originally built around 2nd century CE. Many of the estimated 39,400 reservoirs of Tamil Nadu were built during the period of 500 CE – 1500 CE.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India|page=937|author=Pushpendra K. Agarwal, Vijay P. Singh|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&q=engineering+India&pg=PA937|isbn=9781402051807}}</ref>

==Education==

Foundation of the [[Cooper's Hill College]] in 1875 aimed to train engineers for [[British India]]. [[Madras University]] is considered to be the first college of the country, to provide individual courses in mechanical engineering.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization: pt. 1. Science, technology, imperialism and war|pages=435–440|author=Debi Prasad Chattopadhyaya|publisher=Pearson Education India|year=1999}}</ref>

According to an estimate in 2010, there were over 3,800 engineering colleges in the country, compared to less than 100 engineering colleges in 1996.<ref>{{cite book|title=Offshore: How India Got Back on the Global Business Map|page=153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NaIG8HJlnLEC&q=3%2C800+engineering+colleges+in+India&pg=PT153|author=Gaurav Rastogi|publisher=Penguin UK|year=2011|isbn=9788184755381 }}</ref>

==In culture==
*[[3 Idiots]] - A movie based on a story of three friends studying in an engineering college.<ref>{{cite book|title=Enterprise Culture in Neoliberal India: Studies in Youth, Class, Work and Media|page=46|author=Nandini Gooptu|publisher=Routledge}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[:Category:Indian engineers|List of Indian engineers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:History of engineering]]
[[Category:Engineering education in India]]

Lankapalli Bullayya

2024-08-17T21:01:06Z

SharronKifer8: brief corrected formatting per standard format additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian educator and university vice chancellor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
'''Lankapalli Bullayya''' (1918–1992) was an Indian educator and vice-chancellor of [[Andhra University]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was the first [[Dalit]] to be appointed vice-chancellor of an Indian university.

==Life and career==

Bullayya was born in 1918 in [[Peravali]], near [[Vemuru]], [[Guntur district]] He had to travel long distances to receive his education. Bullayya received a B.A. degree with honours from [[Andhra University]], and served as principal of a [[Bachelor of Education|BEd]] college in [[Kurnool]]. He later became a District Educational Officer in [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]], [[Krishna district|Krishna]] and other districts and served in the Education Department as a senior-level officer. After the formation of Andhra State in 1953, Bullayya was appointed Director of Public Instruction. As Director of Higher Education for the government of Andhra Pradesh, he was instrumental in bringing about educational reform.

He considered the [[Education in India|10+2+3 plan]] in Andhra Pradesh before it was recommended by the [[Kothari Commission]]. In November 1968, Bullaya was appointed vice-chancellor, continuing in that post until December 1974. He sympathised with socially- and economically disadvantaged students, and was concerned about their welfare. Six affiliated colleges were permitted to establish postgraduate departments in selected subjects for the purpose of decentralisation. Coaching classes for civil-service examinations and the Continuing Education Scheme were introduced. For the first time in South India, a School of Correspondence Courses was established due to Bullayya's efforts. When university buildings were damaged after the 1970 [[cyclone]] which struck [[Visakhapatnam]] Bullayya showed photographs of the damage to [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] authorities in New Delhi, seeking grants for the repair of the buildings. The UGC granted funds not only for repairs, but for constructing new buildings.

Bullayya later served at the [[Union Public Service Commission]] in an advisory capacity on behalf of [[Telugu language|Telugu-speaking]] candidates at the UPSC Interview Board. He was chairman of the Andhra Pradesh and all-India units of the Boy Scouts and a director on the Andhra Bank Board. Bullayya's wife, Samyuktha, was also an educator and former chairman of the Andhra Pradesh Housing Board. His brother's sons Lankapally Ramesh Babu and Suresh Babu are public servants in [[Sanjeeva Reddy Nagar]], [[Hyderabad]]. Dr. Bullayya College at Visakhapatnam was named after him. He founded Dr. V.S. Krishna Government College in remembrance of his predecessor, vice-chancellor [[Vasireddy Sri Krishna]], and was more concerned about that school than the one named after himself. A bust of Bullayya has been installed in the School of Distance Education in Visakhapatnam.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040530214956/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/06/stories/2003010600900200.htm "Lankapalli Bullayya (1918-1992): A visionary educationist". ''The Hindu'', January 6, 2003] Retrieved 2011-06-16.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bullayya, Lankapalli}}
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of Andhra University]]
[[Category:People from Guntur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]

Ambeghar (Balapur)

2024-07-08T18:39:51Z

SharronKifer8: put up a info

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ambeghar (Balapur)
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.8231541|N|73.10229778|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vikramgad]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 73
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1174
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =401605
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =02520_____
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551767
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ambeghar (Balapur)''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Vikramgad]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The Ambeghar panchayat administers the following habitations: Ambeghar, Jadhavpada, Jambhulpada (5-gharpada), Tandelpada and Tumbadpada.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/Reports/RWS/Physical/R10_11/Rep_CoverageHabs2011_2012PopWiseBlockWiseDetail.aspx?blockid=0000003130&statename=MAHARASHTRA&districtname=THANE&flag=p11 |title=Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) |access-date=18 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118214625/http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/Reports/RWS/Physical/R10_11/Rep_CoverageHabs2011_2012PopWiseBlockWiseDetail.aspx?blockid=0000003130&statename=MAHARASHTRA&districtname=THANE&flag=p11 |archive-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Ambeghar (Balapur) has 276 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 59.47%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1174 || 578 || 596
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 160 || 80 || 80
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 1164 || 573 || 591
|-
| Literates || 603 || 352 || 251
|-
| Workers (all) || 778 || 373 || 405
|-
| Main workers (total) || 762 || 368 || 394
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 458 || 223 || 235
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 169 || 83 || 86
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 7 || 2 || 5
|-
| Main workers: Other || 128 || 60 || 68
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 16 || 5 || 11
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 9 || 4 || 5
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 4 || 0 || 4
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 3 || 1 || 2
|-
| Non-workers || 396 || 205 || 191
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikramgad taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikramgad taluka]]

Bhagwatipur, Mainpuri

2024-02-21T21:13:12Z

SharronKifer8: put up stub

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{other uses|Bhagwatipur}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhagwatipur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.08799|N|78.90093|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.62
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1087
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bhagwatipur''' ({{IAST|Bhagwatīpur}}) is a village in [[Barnahal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,087, in 192 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Bhagwatipur had a population of 1,087, in 192 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|124}} This population was 51.8% male (563) and 48.2% female (524). The 0-6 age group numbered 179 (92 male and 87 female), or 16.5% of the total population. 140 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 12.9% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|100-1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Bhagwatipur as having a population of 726 people, in 137 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|102-3}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Bhagwatipur as comprising 5 hamlets, with a total population of 532 people (273 male and 259 female), in 110 households and 102 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,196 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Bhagwatipur had 1 primary school and 1 medical clinic and [[dispensary]]. Drinking water was provided by tap, hand pump, and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a public library but no post office; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|124-9}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Zid (1994 film)

2023-08-27T01:37:52Z

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#REDIRECT [[Esmayeel Shroff]]

RSS organisation chart

2023-07-10T03:04:40Z

SharronKifer8: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]

Chennai suburban railway

2009-06-24T21:31:30Z

SharronKifer8: started a info more to come - done

#REDIRECT [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] {{R from other capitalisation}}