Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

List of programmes broadcast by Nickelodeon Sonic

2026-05-22T19:51:44Z

ShantaeBpy: starting first post first draft!

{{short description|None}}
{{About|the programmes broadcast by Sonic|the channel itself|Nickelodeon Sonic}}
This is a list of television programs currently and formerly broadcast by [[Nickelodeon Sonic|Sonic]]. The channel was launched on 20 December 2011.

== Current programming ==
* ''[[Pakdam Pakdai]]''
*''[[Pinaki & Happy – The Bhoot Bandhus]]''<ref name="nickelodeon" />
* ''Shiva''<ref name="nickelodeon">{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2022/04/nickelodeon-claims-it-continues-to-dominate-as-the-no-1-kids-network-in-india|title=Nickelodeon claims it continues to dominate as the No. 1 Kids' network in India|date=20 April 2022|access-date=7 June 2022|website=Best Media Info}}</ref>
* ''The Adventures of Bernie''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9uQKsrz14HY |title=Mission Meet Zig is onnnn! {{!}} Watch 'The Adventures Of Bernie' on Sonic |date=2024-08-13 |last=Nickelodeon India |access-date=2025-07-10 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* ''[[Zig & Sharko]]''
* ''Jungle Box'''<ref>https://www.nickalive.net/2026/03/sonic-india-to-premiere-jungle-box-on.html</ref>

== Former programming ==
=== Animated series ===
* ''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender]]''<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sonicgang.com/shows/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214083452/http://www.sonicgang.com/shows/|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2013|title=Sonic Gang - Shows|date=14 December 2013}}</ref>
* ''[[Norakuro|Blackie the Funny Dog]]''
* ''[[The Daltons (2010 TV series)|Catscratch]]''
* ''[[The Daltons (2010 TV series)|The Daltons]]''
* ''[[Danger Mouse (2015 TV series)|Danger Mouse]]''
* ''[[Dennis the Menace and Gnasher (2009 TV series)|Danny Phantom]]''
* ''[[Dennis the Menace and Gnasher (2009 TV series)|Dennis the Menace and Gnasher]]''
* ''[[Dinosaur Baby Holy Heroes|Dinobob]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sonicgang.com/dinobob/ |title=DINOBOB - Sonic Gang |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=Sonicgang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812233441/http://www.sonicgang.com/dinobob/ |archive-date=2016-08-12}}</ref>
* ''[[Dinosaur King]]''
* ''[[Ejen Ali]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv.parrotanalytics.com/IN/ejen-ali-tv3/amp|title=India TV audience demand for Ejen Ali|publisher=Parrot TV Analytics|access-date=5 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nickalive.net/2018/07/nickelodeon-indias-sonic-to-premiere.html?m=1|title=Nickelodeon India's Sonic To Premiere 'Ejen Ali' On Monday 16th July 2018|website=Nick A Live|date=8 July 2018|access-date=5 October 2023}}</ref>
* ''[[Galactik Football|The Fairly OddParents]]''
* ''[[Galactik Football]]''<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/dqe-turns-co-producer-and-licenser|title=DQE turns co-producer and licenser|date=24 October 2013|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''[[Ghosts at School]]''
*''[[Ginga Densetsu Weed]]''
* ''[[Sugarbunnies]]''<ref name="nickelodeon"/>
* ''[[Hubert & Takako]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.toonzone.net/forums/toonzone-general-animation-discussion/370131-hubert-takako-same-studio-space-goofs.html|title=Hubert & Takako (from the same studio as Space Goofs)|publisher=ToonZone.net|date=15 August 2014}}</ref>
* ''[[List of Hyperdimension Neptunia: The Animation episodes|Hyperdimension Neptunia: The Animation]]''
* ''[[Idaten Jump]]''
* ''[[Jackie Chan Adventures#Successors|Jackie Chan's Fantasia]]''<ref name=Lau>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k11/dec/dec102.php|title=Sonic launches on 20 Dec; ropes in Akshay Kumar as brand ambassador|date=14 December 2011|access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref>
* ''[[Johnny Test|The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron; Boy Genius]]''
* ''[[Johnny Test]]''
* ''[[Keymon Ache]]''
* ''[[Ganbare, Kickers!|Kickers]]''
* ''[[Kong: The Animated Series]]''<ref name=Lau/>
* ''[[Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness]]''<ref name=Lau/>
* ''[[Motu Patlu]]''
* ''[[Mighty Cat Masked Niyander]]''
* ''[[Monsuno]]''<ref name="auto"/>
* ''[[Ninja Hattori]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Ninja Hattori a classic animated comedy |url=https://www.sonicgang.com/shows/ninja-hattori/ |website=Sonicgang |access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref>
* ''[[Oggy and the Cockroaches]]''
* ''[[The Penguins of Madagascar]]''
* ''[[Perman]]''
* ''[[Rimba Racer]]''
* ''[[Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals]]''
* ''[[Rocket Monkeys]]''
* ''[[Shaktimaan: The Animated Series]]''<ref name=Lau/>
* ''[[Shaun the Sheep]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sonicgang.com/shows/shaun-the-sheep/ |title=Shaun The Sheep - Sonicgang |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=Sonicgang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507204503/https://www.sonicgang.com/shows/shaun-the-sheep/ |archive-date=2019-05-07}}</ref>
* ''[[The Smurfs (2021 TV series)|The Smurfs]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-13 |title='Smurfs' set to entertain Indian kids from 13 June only on Sonic |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/smurfs-set-to-entertain-indian-kids-from-13-june-only-on-sonic/ |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=AnimationXpress |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]''
* ''[[Sonic Boom (TV series)|Sonic Boom]]''
* ''[[Supa Strikas (TV series)|Strawberry Shortcake]]''
* ''[[Supa Strikas (TV series)|Strawberry Shortcake's Berry Bitty Adventures]]''
* ''[[Supa Strikas (TV series)|Supa Strikas]]''
* ''[[Suraj: The Rising Star]]''<ref name="auto2"/>
* ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series)|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/viacom18-set-to-bring-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-franchise-to-india|title=Viacom18 set to bring Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise to India|date=15 April 2013|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''[[The Legend of Hanuman]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch The Legend of Hanuman on Sonic! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-QIL-nSoZ4|via=YouTube}}</ref>
* ''[[Ting Tong (TV series)|Ting Tong]]''
* ''[[Zatchbell]]''

=== Live-action ===
* ''[[Are You Afraid of the Dark?]]''<ref name=Lau/>
* ''[[The Adrenaline Project]]''<ref name=Lau/>
* ''[[Drake & Josh]]''
* ''[[House of Anubis]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k13/july/julyrel5.php|title=Tune-in to House of Anubis, an all-new series on Sonic|date=1 July 2013|access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref>
* ''[[Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation]]''
* ''[[Power Rangers]]''
* ''[[Power Rangers Beast Morphers]]''
* ''[[Power Rangers Samurai]]''
* ''[[Supah Ninjas]]''<ref name="auto"/>
* ''[[Ultraman Mebius]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of television series by network]]

Sugauli Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T17:43:07Z

ShantaeBpy:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sugauli
| type = SLA
| map_image = 11-Sugauli constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = Rajesh Kumar Gupta 
| party = {{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}} 
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| preceded_by = [[Ramchandra Sahani]]
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Paschim Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Paschim Champaran]]
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|11]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 283,696
| reservation = None
| abolished = 
}}
'''Sugauli Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[East Champaran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].
It is located District entry point 60.3 kilometres Northeast Old Morden City [[Mehsi]]. 19.2 kilometres north of the District headquarter [[Motihari]].

==Overview==
As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, 11. Sugauli Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Sugauli]] and Ramgarhwa [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Sugauli Assembly constituency is part of 2. [[Paschim Champaran (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/> It was earlier part of [[Bettiah (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|title=Sugauli Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/sugauli.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Jai Narain Prasad
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Bidya Kishore Bidyalankar
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|M.L. Modi
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Badari Narayan Jha
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Azizul Haque (Indian politician)|Azizul Haque]]
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |Ramashray Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Suresh Kumar Mishra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Ramashray Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Chandra Shekhar Dwiwedi
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="2" |Vijay Prasad Gupta
| style="background-color: {{party color|Kosal Party}}" |
|Kosal Party
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ramchandra Sahani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Shashi Bhushan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|Rajesh Kumar Gupta
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sugauli<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar Gupta
|party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|votes = {{formatnum:98875}}
|percentage = 49.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janshakti Janata Dal|candidate=Shyam Kishor Chaudhary|votes={{formatnum:40684}}|percentage=20.47|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Zulfiquar Aftab|votes={{formatnum:25036}}|percentage=12.59|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Jan Suraaj Party|candidate=Ajay Kumar Jha|votes={{formatnum:24718}}|percentage=12.43|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kisan Suraj Dal|candidate=Jitendra Tiwari|votes={{formatnum:4250}}|percentage=2.14|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:5227}}|percentage=2.63|change={{increase}}1.34}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:58191}}|percentage=29.27|change={{increase}}27.25}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:198790}}|percentage=70.07|change={{increase}}10.73}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing = 11.48
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sugauli<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Shashi Bhushan Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:65267}}
|percentage = 38.26
|change = {{increase}}3.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Vikassheel Insaan Party
|candidate = [[Ramchandra Sahani]]
|votes = {{formatnum:61820}}
|percentage = 36.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Vijay Prasad Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:14188}}
|percentage = 8.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Sant Singh Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:6710}}
|percentage = 3.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Minorities Front
|candidate = Sadre Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:3431}}
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jago Hindustan Party
|candidate = Vinod Kumar Mahto
|votes = {{formatnum:2499}}
|percentage = 1.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Akhilesh Kumar Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:2393}}
|percentage = 1.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Sangharsh Dal
|candidate = Shekh Alauddin
|votes = {{formatnum:1973}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shekh Manjar Hussain
|votes = {{formatnum:1970}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Amrit Raj
|votes = {{formatnum:1854}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vishnu Prasad Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:1558}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janta Dal Rashtravadi
|candidate = Zulfiquar Aftab
|votes = {{formatnum:1550}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2193}}
|percentage = 1.29
|change = {{decrease}}0.33
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3447}}
|percentage = 2.02
|change = {{decrease}}2.97
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:170583}}
|percentage = 59.34
|change = {{decrease}}0.5
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sugauli<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramchandra Sahani]]
|votes = {{formatnum:62384}}
|percentage = 40.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Om Prakash Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:54628}}
|percentage = 35.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shashi Bhushan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:15004}}
|percentage = 9.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Gopal
|votes = {{formatnum:6950}}
|percentage = 4.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Radha Mohan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4335}}
|percentage = 2.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Madan Mohan Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2666}}
|percentage = 1.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2523}}
|percentage = 1.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7756}}
|percentage = 4.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:155495}}
|percentage = 59.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sugauli}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramchandra Sahani]]
|votes = 39,021
|percentage = 34.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Vijay Prasad Gupta
|votes = 26,642
|percentage = 23.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mahammed Umar
|votes = 10,922
|percentage = 9.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Arjun Singh
|votes = 10,697
|percentage = 9.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 12,379
|percentage = 10.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,13,367
|percentage = 55.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}
{{coord|26|47|N|84|44|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of East Champaran district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Chandavaram Buddhist site

2026-05-05T00:35:24Z

ShantaeBpy:

{{Short description|Archaeological site in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Chandavaram Buddhist site
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| alternate_name = Chandavaram excavation site
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location on [[Andhra Pradesh]] map
| map_size =
| relief =
| coordinates = {{coord|15|55|58.5156|N|79|25|40.2240|E|display=inline,title}}
| map_dot_label =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 8
| location = [[Chandavaram, Donakonda mandal|Chandavaram]] village
| region = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| type = [[Buddhist]] [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavation]] site
| part_of =
| length =
| width =
| area =
| diameter =
| circumference =
| height =
| builder = [[Satavahana dynasty]]<ref name="Chandavaram – Foothold of Buddhist Mahastupa">{{cite news|title=Chandavaram – Foothold of Buddhist Mahastupa|publisher=kostalife.com|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://www.kostalife.com/heritage/chandavaram-foothold-of-buddhist-mahastupa-in-andhra/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208234401/http://www.kostalife.com/heritage/chandavaram-foothold-of-buddhist-mahastupa-in-andhra/|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| material= [[Limestone]]
| built = 2 century [[Before Christ|BCE]] to 2 century [[Common Era|CE]]
| abandoned =
| epochs = 
| cultures = [[Culture of Buddhism|Buddhist]]
| dependency_of =
| occupants =
| event =
| excavations = 1964
| archaeologists = Veluri Venkata Krishna Sastry
| condition = Restored
| ownership = Public
| management =
| public_access = Yes
| other_designation =
| website = 
| notes =
}}

'''Chandavaram Buddhist site''' is an ancient Indian [[Buddhist]] site in [[Chandavaram, Donakonda mandal|Chandavaram]] village in [[Prakasam district]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Easy pickings"/><ref name="About Chandavaram Excavation Site">{{cite news|title=About Chandavaram Excavation Site|publisher=Holidayiq.com|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://www.holidayiq.com/Chandavaram-Excavation-Site-Ongole-Sightseeing-857-18953.html|archive-date=10 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210192713/http://www.holidayiq.com/Chandavaram-Excavation-Site-Ongole-Sightseeing-857-18953.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Situated on the bank of [[Gundlakamma River]], the site is {{convert|10|km|mi}} northwest of [[Donakonda railway station]].<ref name="Chandavaram monastic cluster">{{cite news|title=Chandavaram monastic cluster|publisher=Monastic Asia|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://monastic-asia.wikidot.com/chandavaram}}</ref> The Chandavaram Buddhist site was built between the 2nd century [[Before Christ|BCE]] and the 2nd century [[Common Era|CE]] during the [[Satavahana dynasty]] and was discovered by Veluri Venkata Krishna Sastry in 1964.<ref name="Chandavaram – Foothold of Buddhist Mahastupa"/><ref name="Easy pickings">{{cite news|title=Easy pickings|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=1 December 2015|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/heritage/story/20010730-series-of-robberies-at-remote-buddhist-sites-in-andhra-pradesh-exposes-neglect-of-excavated-treasures-773893-2001-07-29}}</ref><ref name="Chandavaram Buddhist site">{{cite news|title=Chandavaram Buddhist site|publisher=Discovered India|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://www.discoveredindia.com/andhra-pradesh/attractions/buddhist-centers/chandavaram-buddhist-site.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231083656/http://www.discoveredindia.com/andhra-pradesh/attractions/buddhist-centers/chandavaram-buddhist-site.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=31 December 2013}}</ref>

Much of the sculpture has been removed from the site, and the best collection is in the [[Telangana State Archaeology Museum]], [[Hyderabad]]. Some of the best pieces from the site museum have been stolen in recent decades. It is in the [[Amaravati style]].

==History==
The first of its kind in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], the Chandavaram Buddhist site was constructed between the 2nd century [[Before Christ|BCE]] and the 2nd century [[Common Era|CE]]. It was an active center for [[Buddhist]] religious activities, and was also inhabited at the time.<ref name="About Chandavaram Excavation Site"/><ref name="Chandavaram Buddhist site"/> The age of the site was determined by the [[Radiocarbon dating|carbon dating]] of [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]] discovered during [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavation]]. The sculptural panels in the site are of the [[Amarāvatī mahācetiya#Amaravati School|Amaravati school]] which also suggests that the site was built between the 2nd century [[Before Christ|BCE]] and the 2nd century [[Common Era|CE]].<ref name="Chandavaram – Foothold of Buddhist Mahastupa"/> The Chandavaram Buddhist site was used as a resting place by [[Buddhist monk]]s travelling from [[Varanasi|Kashi]] to [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]].<ref name="Chandavaram Buddhist site"/> Discovered in 1964, the site was constructed during the [[Satavahana dynasty]].<ref name="Easy pickings"/> [[Ayaka pillars]] are absent from the site, indicating that the [[Hinayana]] form of [[Buddhism]] was prevalent in [[Chandavaram]].<ref name="Chandavaram, Andhra Pradesh">{{cite news|title=Chandavaram, Andhra Pradesh|publisher=Buddhist tourism|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://www.buddhist-tourism.com/countries/india/buddhist-sites/chandavaram-andhra-pradesh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195013/http://www.buddhist-tourism.com/countries/india/buddhist-sites/chandavaram-andhra-pradesh.html|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The site houses a double terraced [[Stupa|Maha Stupa]] on a hilltop which is next in importance only to [[Sanchi Stupa]]. The hill on which the Maha Stupa is located is called Singarakonda.<ref name="Chandavaram – Foothold of Buddhist Mahastupa"/><ref name="Chandavaram, Andhra Pradesh"/>

==Construction and structure==
[[File:Chandavaram buddha stupa 360 degree view.webm|thumb|360 degree view of Chadvaram site]]
[[File:Telangana State Archaeology Museum 047 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Section of railing in the Telangana State Archaeology Museum]]
Constructed during the [[Satavahana dynasty]], the Chandavaram Buddhist site houses a double terraced main [[stupa]] built on an elevated platform situated on a hilltop.<ref name="Chandavaram – Foothold of Buddhist Mahastupa"/><ref name="About Chandavaram Excavation Site"/><ref name="Chandavaram, Andhra Pradesh"/> The MahaStupa exhibits the characteristics of stupas built under the [[Hinayana]] form of [[Buddhism]]. The main dome (MahaStupa) is {{convert|120|ft|m}} in circumference and {{convert|30|ft|m}} high. It has carved panels that portray the [[Dharmachakra]] (the wheel of ''[[Dharma]]'', one of the [[Ashtamangala]] of [[Indian religions]] such as [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]] and Buddhism). Apart from the main stupa, the site also houses several [[vihara]]s, [[Brahmi script|Brahmi inscriptions]] and other stupas. In the MahaStupa, there is a [[chaitya]] which is {{convert|1.6|m|feet}} high and {{convert|60|cm|feet}} wide.<ref name="About Chandavaram Excavation Site"/><ref name="Chandavaram Buddhist site"/>

The MahaStupa resembles the [[Dharmarajika]] stupa in [[Taxila]], Pakistan. The panels on the main stupa are made of [[limestone]]. The panels and the drum sections of the main stupa exhibit the [[Buddha footprint]], stupas, [[Bodhi tree]]s and also narratives in the form of [[Jataka tales]] along with other stories. Since 1964, the Chandavaram Buddhist site has been excavated four times, and fifteen regular-sized and approximately one hundred small [[stupa]]s have been discovered. The site comprises the following:<ref name="Chandavaram – Foothold of Buddhist Mahastupa"/>

{{Div col}}
*[[Stupa|Main Stupa]] (MahaStupa)
*[[Chaitya|Maha Chaitya]]
*Museum
*Silamandapa
*[[Vihara]]
*[[Votive offering|Votive Stupas]]
{{div col end}}

==Proposed statue of Buddha==
[[File:Hyderabad Dec2011 15.JPG|thumb|260px|left|Buddha statue, now at the [[Hussain Sagar]], [[Hyderabad]].]]
In 1985, a project called the "Buddha Poornima Project" was proposed. Under this project, the world's tallest standing [[monolith]] statue of [[Buddha]] was to be erected on the site. Made out of [[granite]], the statue was carved by 200 sculptors in two years and on completion it weighed 440 tonnes with an overall height of {{convert|17|m|feet}}. However, the [[Buddha Statue of Hyderabad|Buddha statue]] was transported to city of [[Hyderabad]] in 1988 instead, where it was erected in 1992 in the [[Hussain sagar lake]], where it stands today.<ref name="Chandavaram – Foothold of Buddhist Mahastupa"/><ref name="Buddha of the lake bottom">{{cite news|title=Buddha of the lake bottom|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/04/09/buddha-of-the-lake-bottom/342902b7-7025-41d3-a856-c14c1fac3815/}}</ref><ref name="Buddha statue consecrated">{{cite news|title=Buddha statue consecrated|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article3234728.ece}}</ref>

==Archeological finds==
One [[Stupa|MahaStupa]], fifteen regular-sized and approximately one hundred small [[Stupa]]s have been discovered in the Chandavaram Buddhist site. Apart from the [[Chaitya|Maha Chaitya]], Silamandapa, [[Vihara]] and the [[Votive offering|Votive Stupas]], more than two dozen "Buddhist slabs" (decorated with designs and inscriptions) have also been discovered.<ref name="Chandavaram Buddhist site"/>

==Thefts from museum==
Robberies of artefacts has been reported at the Chandavaram Buddhist site since the year 2000. In Oct 2000, two {{convert|9|feet}} long panels, with engravings of the [[Bodhi tree]] and of the Chaitra were uprooted from a cement platform and stolen from the site's museum.<ref name="Easy pickings"/> In February 2001, three pillars, each measuring {{convert|9|feet}} long and including one in which the [[Buddha]] was represented as fire were stolen.<ref name="Easy pickings"/> In March 2001, three more ornate pillars and a lotus [[medallion]] were stolen.<ref name="Easy pickings"/>

==Geographic location==
{{Geographic location
|Centre = '''Chandavaram Buddhist site'''
|North = [[Macherla]] (100 Km)
|Northeast = [[Narasaraopet]] (93 Km)
|East =
|Southeast =
|South = [[Pamuru]] (100 Km)
|Southwest = [[Markapur]] (34 Km)
|West =
|Northwest =
}}

===Gallery===
;All [[Telangana State Archaeology Museum]]
<gallery widths="180px" heights="170px">
File:Telangana State Archaeology Museum 022.jpg|Drum panel of the chaitya with model stupa depicting the worship of [[Mucalinda]] the [[nagaraja]], before 300
File:Telangana State Archaeology Museum 049.jpg|Scenes from the life of Buddha; below, his birth. Before 100
File:Telangana State Archaeology Museum 038.jpg|Worship of a stupa, which has a [[Jataka]] scene. Before 100
File:Telangana State Archaeology Museum 031.jpg|Worship of thrones with [[dharmachakra]] (above) and [[Bodhi tree]] (below), 2nd century
</gallery>

== References ==
{{commonscat}}
{{Buddhism}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Religion|History|Society}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Indian Buddhist Caves}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Prakasam district]]
[[Category:Colossal Buddha statues in India]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Stupas in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist buildings and structures in India]]

Amresh Kumar

2026-04-30T02:18:19Z

ShantaeBpy: new first bio added tags

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Amresh Kumar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1974|9|7}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh
| constituency = [[Mohanlalganj Assembly constituency|Mohanlalganj]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Ambrish Singh Pushkar]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Amresh Kumar''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Mohanlalganj Assembly constituency]] of the [[Lucknow district]].<ref name="UPLA">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18176/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/amresh-kumar |title=Amresh Kumar |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="UPLA"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/amresh-kumar/ |title=Amresh Kumar, BJP MLA from Mohanlalganj |website=ourneta.com |access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==

Amresh Kumar was born on 7 September 1974 in [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh, to a [[Hindu]] family of Ram Prasad.<ref name="UPLA"/> He married Veermati on 18 June 1996, and they have four children.<ref name="UPLA"/>

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Mohanlalganj Assembly constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Amresh}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Mukesh Sharma (Delhi politician)

2026-04-27T01:10:39Z

ShantaeBpy: Put Up!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
'''Mukesh Sharma'''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://delhiassembly.nic.in/aspfile/whos_who/Mukesh_Sharma.htm | title=Name }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/mukesh-sharma-appointed-delhi-congress-chief-spokesperson-2127259 | title=Mukesh Sharma Appointed Delhi Congress' Chief Spokesperson }}</ref> (born 18 January 1965) is an Indian politician from [[Delhi]]. He served as a member of [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] four times, representing [[Uttam Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Hastsal]] thrice and [[Uttam Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Uttam Nagar]] once. He is currently serving as the Chief Spokesperson and Chairman Media Communication of [[Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/mukesh-sharma-named-delhi-cong--chief-spokesperson.html | title=Mukesh Sharma named Delhi Cong chief spokesperson }}</ref>

== Position held ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Description
|-
| 1993 - 1998
| Elected to [[First Legislative Assembly of Delhi|1st Delhi Assembly]] from Hastsal
|-
| 1998 - 2003
| Elected to [[Second Legislative Assembly of Delhi|2nd Delhi Assembly]] from Hastsal (2nd term)
|-
| 2003 - 2008
| Elected to [[Third Legislative Assembly of Delhi|3rd Delhi Assembly]] from Hastsal (3rd term)
|-
| 2008 - 2013
| Elected to [[Fourth Legislative Assembly of Delhi|4th Delhi Assembly]] from [[Uttam Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Uttam Nagar]] (4th term)
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Mukesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 1993–1998]]

{{Delhi-INC-politician-stub}}

Dal Khalsa (organization)

2026-04-26T19:07:10Z

ShantaeBpy: adding a data and citations

{{Short description|Radical Sikh outfit}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Dal Khalsa
| abbreviation =
| image = Dal Khalsa (International) logo.jpg
| caption =
| type = Sikh nationalism
| status =
| formation = {{start date and age|1978|4|13|p=y|df=yes}}<ref name="TIQ">{{Cite journal|url=https://thinkindiaquarterly.org/index.php/think-india/article/view/19232|title=Operation Blue Star and White Paper on Punjab Agitation|author=M.Arokia Selva Sundar, K. Sasikala|date=10 November 2019|language=English|journal=Think India Quarterly|volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=9361–9371 }}</ref>
| founder = Gajinder Singh<ref name="panch pardhani">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/panch-pardhani-merges-with-dal-khalsa-239913|title=Panch Pardhani merges with Dal Khalsa|access-date=26 April 2023|website=Tribune India}}</ref><ref name="Mahmood"/>
| headquarters = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| origins =
| key_people = Kanwarpal Singh<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/dal-khalsa-to-convene-assembly-of-minorities-347380|title=Dal Khalsa to convene assembly of minorities|access-date=26 April 2023|date=7 December 2021|website=Tribune India}}</ref>
| region_served = Worldwide
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Paramjit Singh Mand
| main_organ =
| purpose = Creation of a Punjabi Sikh nation state
| affiliations =
| slogan =
| num_volunteers =
| num_members =
| former_name =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dal Khalsa''' is a radical<ref name="Pandher 2015">{{cite web |last=Pandher |first=Sarabjit |date=3 January 2015 |title=Dal Khalsa for deadline to free ex-militants |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dal-khalsa-for-deadline-to-free-exmilitants/article6749385.ece |access-date=1 October 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="Link Newspaper 2009" /> Sikh organisation, based in the city of [[Amritsar]] in the state of Punjab. The outfit was formed in 1978 by Gajinder Singh, the leader of the hijackers<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |date=2016-01-25 |title=On IC-423 hijack: Lahore to Pathankot, via Kandahar |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/On-IC-423-hijack-Lahore-to-Pathankot-via-Kandahar/article62116028.ece |access-date=2023-04-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2000-02-22 |title=Hijacker of IA flight discharged |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2000/02/22/stories/0222000w.htm |access-date=2018-07-26 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726185239/https://www.thehindu.com/2000/02/22/stories/0222000w.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1981-09-30 |title=SIKH SEPARATISTS HIJACK INDIAN JETLINER TO PAKISTAN |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/30/world/sikh-separatists-hijack-indian-jetliner-to-pakistan.html |access-date=2018-07-26 }}</ref> of [[Indian Airlines Flight 423]].<ref name="panch pardhani"/><ref name="Mahmood">{{cite book |last1=Mahmood |first1=Cynthia Keppley |title=Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants |date=1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. |isbn=978-0812215922 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqvTRUrwt2UC|page=82}}</ref> It came to prominence during [[Insurgency in Punjab, India|Insurgency in Punjab]] along with [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] in 1981. Members of the Dal Khalsa have also been accused of the assassination of journalist [[Lala Jagat Narain]].<ref name="TIQ"/> The primary aim of Dal Khalsa is to form a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Sikhs|Sikh]] nation state called [[Khalistan movement|Khalistan]].<ref name="Link Newspaper 2009">{{cite web | title=Two Radical Sikh Groups Join Hands To Achieve Khalistan | website=Link Newspaper | date=2 January 2009 | url=http://thelinkpaper.ca/?p=49375 | access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>

==History==
===Origin===
On 13 April 1978, the members and leaders of the [[Sant Nirankari Mission]] (regarded by orthodox sikh as [[heretics]]) held a convention at the [[Golden Temple]]. Opposed to this mission, [[Damdami Taksal]] and [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha]] formed a procession to protest the convention. Soon a clash broke out between the two sides in which 2 Nirankaris and 13 orthodox Sikhs were killed.<ref name="Mahmood 2">{{cite book |last1=Mahmood |first1=Cynthia Keppley |title=Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants |date=1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. |isbn=978-0812215922 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqvTRUrwt2UC|pages=78–79}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 June 2003 |title=Other people's wars: A Review of Overseas Terrorism in Canada |url=http://www.mackenzieinstitute.com/2003/other_peoples_wars2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051024120717/http://www.mackenzieinstitute.com/2003/other_peoples_wars2.htm |archive-date=24 October 2005 |access-date=17 July 2005 |publisher=The Mackenzie Institute |location=Toronto, Canada |df=dmy-all}}</ref> This clash was termed the [[1978 Sikh–Nirankari clash]].

Dal Khalsa (DK) was founded in the immediate aftermath of this incident by Gajinder Singh at a convention held at a [[Gurdwara]] in [[Chandigarh]] with the objective of establishing an independent Sikh state called [[Khalistan movement|Khalistan]], governed by Sikh religious laws.<ref name="Mahmood" />

Noted journalist [[Mark Tully]] in his book claimed that [[Sanjay Gandhi]] and [[Giani Zail Singh]] were instrumental in the formation of DK in order to promote [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale|Bhinderawale]] and to harass Akalis.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XC2L3JQ0i5UC&q=dal+khalsa+zail+singh&pg=PT14| title = Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's Last Battle | author = Mark Tully & Satish Jacob |publisher=Rupa Publications
| year=1985
| isbn = 9788129109170 }}</ref>{{Page needed|date=April 2023}}

At its first annual conference held in [[Gurdaspur]] in December 1979, the DK, with the support of [[All India Sikh Students Federation]], passed a [[Resolution (law)|resolution]] demanding that [[Amritsar]] be officially declared a "holy city". This was later taken up with the Indian government by the [[SGPC]] in 1980 but the demand was rejected by the government. Sikh Students Federation organised a procession on 31 May 1981 which was opposed by a Hindu procession.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

On 1 August 1981, DK Activists raised the Khalistan Flag at the location of the 1978 Sikh-Nirankari clash. The flag was also raised at various places in the Punjab state during India's Independence Day on 15 August 1981.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Formation, ideology and modus operandi of Dal Khalsa |url=https://www.khalistanextremismmonitor.org/Groups/Dal-Khalsa-International-(DKI) |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Khalistan Extremism Monitor |language=en}}</ref>

During 1981 the DK along with other [[Sikh]] organisations such as the [[Sikh Students Federation]], [[SGPC]] and [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] demanded associate membership in the [[United Nations]] for the 'Sikh Nation'.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

===Militancy and Ban===

A 10-year ban was put on the DK by the Indian government in 1982 following militant activities carried out by the organization.<ref name="uscis.gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/INT/HTML/INT/0-0-0-7314/0-0-0-8312.html|title = Agency Decisions|date = 13 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aVcG7EkuPgAC&q=%22dal+khalsa%22+&pg=PA628 |title = Historical Dictionary of Terrorism|isbn = 9780810863118|last1 = Sloan|first1 = Stephen|last2 = Anderson|first2 = Sean K.|date = 3 August 2009}}</ref>

These included the [[Indian Airlines Flight 423|hijacking of the Indian Airlines Flight 423]] on 29 September 1981. The plane was hijacked by five members of the DK including the founder Gajinder Singh. The hijackers forced the plane to land in [[Lahore]] and demanded 500,000 USD random and the release of Khalistani militant [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]]. Pakistani authorities were able to convince the release of most of the passengers and eventually Pakistani military conducted a commando operation to apprehend the hijackers and free the captives. Even though [[General Zia Ul-Haq]] promised full cooperation to the Indian authorities, the hijackers were never extradited to India.<ref name="The Hindu"/> The hijackers were identified as Gajinder Singh, Satnam Singh of [[Paonta Sahib]], Jasbir Singh of [[Ropar]], Tejinderpal Singh of [[Jalandhar]] and Karam Singh of [[Jammu]].

The DK and National Council of Khalistan were banned by the Indian government in May, 1982 after which the DK went underground.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aVcG7EkuPgAC&q=%22dal+khalsa%22+&pg=PA628 |title = Historical Dictionary of Terrorism|isbn = 9780810863118|last1 = Sloan|first1 = Stephen|last2 = Anderson|first2 = Sean K.|date = 3 August 2009|page=628}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Two years later, the DK announced its "Government in Exile" in June, 1984.

==Revival of Dal Khalsa==
The ban imposed on DK was lifted in 1992. The leader of the organisation, Gajinder Singh continued to reside in Pakistan even after this lift of the ban.<ref>Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, India: The treatment of the Dal Khalsa and Balbir Singh by the Indian authorities; recent activities of Dal Khalsa; whether the Indian government views Dal Khalsa as a "terrorist organization", 19 November 2002, IND40419.E, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4da926.html [accessed 27 April 2023]</ref> In 1996, Gajinder Singh tried to escape to Germany but he was deported back to Pakistan. Since the lifting of the ban, DK has openly operated in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2020-08-30 |title=Akal Takht set to honour radical Dal Khalsa founder & accused hijacker Gajinder Singh |url=https://theprint.in/india/akal-takht-set-to-honour-radical-dal-khalsa-founder-accused-hijacker-gajinder-singh/492242/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 30 September 2005, Gajinder Singh stepped down as chairman of the organisation with Satnam Singh Paonta, one of the co-founders,<ref name=":1" /> chosen as his successor.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

In June 2005, the DK became a constituent member of the Punjab Rights Forum.

Currently Harcharanjit Singh Dhami is the president of DK, and Kanwarpal Singh is the secretary general.<ref name="Link Newspaper 2009" />

In February 2007 the DK broke from its earlier stance regarding participation in Indian politics by supporting two candidates in the Punjab polls, most notably [[SGPC]] member Karnail Singh Panjoli. During the Punjab legislative assembly elections the DK also supported candidates from the [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)]] led by [[Simranjit Singh Mann]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

==Recent activity==
In September, 2008, DK named the expatriate Sikh leader Manmohan Singh vice president. Singh had already been placed on an Indian government blacklist for past militant activities.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080921/punjab1.htm#9
|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]
|title=Blacklisted Sikh leader appointed
|date=20 September 2008
}}</ref>

On 3 November 2009, marking 25 years of the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] following the [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassination of then PM Indira Gandhi]], DK called for a [[Bandh]].<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20091111/punjab.htm#13
|title=Sikh leaders to meet UN official today
|date=10 November 2009
|work=The Tribune
}}</ref>

In November 2009, Kanwarpal Singh and other noted Sikh representatives from various organizations, under the leadership of Justice (retd) Ajit Singh Bains met Shalini Dewan, the director of [[United Nations Information Centres|United Nations Information Centre]] at New Delhi and urged the UN to intervene in getting justice for victims of 1984 incident.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

In January 2010, DK along with other separatist organisations in India, namely the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] and [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference|All Parties Hurriyat Conference of Jammu Kashmir]] came together to demand "early solution to the impasse" of Kashmir, Nagaland and Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=terrorist-group-incident-text-india-punjab-all-parties-hurriyat-conference-aphc_Jan-2010 |url=https://www.satp.org/terrorist-incident-text/india-punjab/all-parties-hurriyat-conference-aphc_Jan-2010 |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> On 26 January 2010, DK wrote a letter to prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]] highlighting constitutional and legal discriminations faced by Sikhs in India. It demanded that Indian state should immediately abrogate [[Freedom of religion in India|Article 25]] (2)(b) of the Indian constitution as it violates the fundamental recognition of Sikhs as a separate religion.<ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Prabh |url=http://www.sikhsiyasat.net/2010/01/28/dal-khalsa-wrote-letter-to-indian-pm-on-constitutional-and-legal-discriminations/ |title=Dal khalsa wrote letter to Indian PM on constitutional and legal discriminations | SikhSiyasat.net – Sikh News and Multimedia |publisher=Sikhsiyasat.net |access-date=16 January 2012 |archive-date=4 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304071914/http://www.sikhsiyasat.net/2010/01/28/dal-khalsa-wrote-letter-to-indian-pm-on-constitutional-and-legal-discriminations/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 12 May 2010, the important day of victory of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]], DK participated in parades where flags of Khalistan was unfurled pictures and slogans of Sikh militants were openly displayed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://punjabnewsline.com/content/khalistan-posters-slogans-mark-fateh-march-memory-baba-banda-singh-bahadur |title=Khalistan posters, slogans mark the Fateh March in memory of Baba Banda Singh Bahadur |publisher=Punjabnewsline.com |date=12 May 2010 |access-date=16 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301205006/http://punjabnewsline.com/content/khalistan-posters-slogans-mark-fateh-march-memory-baba-banda-singh-bahadur |archive-date=1 March 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/13/stories/2010051362270700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519082937/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/13/stories/2010051362270700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2010 |title=Other States / Punjab News : Khalsa marches mark major Sikh |date=13 May 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 January 2012}}</ref>

In 2015, DK demanded opening of Cow-[[Slaughterhouse]]s in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<ref name="Punjab News 2015">{{cite web | title=Dal Khalsa favours cow slaughter houses in Punjab | website=Punjab News | date=18 September 2015 | url=http://jagopunjabjagoindia.com/dal-khalsa-favours-cow-slaughter-houses-in-punjab/ | access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> and also questioned Beef-Ban in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="Kashmir Life 2015">{{cite web | title=Beef Ban: Why is There No Ban on Liquor, asks Dal Khalsa | website=Kashmir Life | date=15 August 2015 | url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/beef-ban-why-is-there-no-ban-on-liquor-asks-dal-khalsa-85057/ | access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref>

In September 2015, DK and [[Shiromani Akali Dal (disambiguation)|Shiromani Akali Dal (Panch Pardani)]] merged into a single entity by signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the main aim to achieve a separate Sikh home land.<ref name="India 2015">{{cite web | author=India | title=Sikh extremists merge parties, bring end to unsuccessful stint in electoral politics | website=The Indian Express | date=18 September 2015 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/sikh-extremists-merge-parties-bring-end-to-unsuccessful-stint-in-electoral-politics/ | access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref>

===Nanakshahi calendar===
On 14 March 2010 DK commemorated 227th anniversary of the historic event when Sikh warrior Baba Baghel Singh, unfurled Nishan Sahib atop the historic Red Fort in 1783. At a well-attended convention at a village gurdwara built in memory of Baba Baghel Singh, DK rejected the amended version of the SGPC Nanakshahi Calendar which went back to the original Sikh calendar with Bikrami dates (moon dates). They released the Nanakshahi calendar ([[Mool Nanakshahi Calendar]]) created by SGPC sponsored Sikh scholar [[Pal Singh Purewal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/mool-nanakshai-calendar-mnc-implementation-conference|title = Mool Nanakshai Calendar (MNC) Implementation Conference|date = 16 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="punjabnewsline1">{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/24166/38/ |title=Dal Khalsa rejects SGPC version, released original version of the Nanakshahi calendar |publisher=Punjabnewsline.com |date=14 March 2010 |access-date=16 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304023544/http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/24166/38/ |archive-date=4 March 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The calendar has been dedicated to the great Sikh warrior Baba Baghel Singh.<ref name="punjabnewsline1"/>

DK spokesperson Kanwarpal Singh rued that the SGPC has killed the letter and spirit of Nanakshahi calendar by mixing it with Bikrami calendar, which had its roots in Hinduism. "We had mentioned dates of Gurpurabs [Sikh religious days] according to original calendar adopted in April 2003 as we believe that the amended version has an imprint of RSS ideology," Singh said.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/24166/38/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304023544/http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/24166/38/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-03-04|title=Dal Khalsa rejects SGPC version, released original version of the Nanakshahi calendar {{!}} www.punjabnewsline.com|date=2012-03-04|access-date=2018-09-05}}</ref> "DK fully recognises the conspiracy behind this which is led by Hindutva Fanatics and the RSS. In principle, we are totally against the changes as per Bikrami calendar made by the SGPC on the dictates of SAD (Badal) to appease Sant Samaj," he alleged.{{Quote without source|date=January 2012}} On 3 January 2010, SGPC executive members had given approval to bring amendments in Nanak Shahi Calendar, following the green signal from Akal Takht. However, several Sikh organisations have condemned the changes brought in the calendar.<ref>[http://in.news.yahoo.com/20/20100313/1416/tnl-dal-khalsa-denounces-changes-in-nana.html Dal Khalsa denounces changes in Nanakshahi Calendar] {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Sit-in and hunger strike===
DK party activists held 72 hours sit-in protest at outside the main entrance gate of Darbar Sahib Complex from 3 June to 6,2010.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

=== March 2023 controversy ===
On March 23, 2023, news reports showed Gurcharan Singh, a leader from Dal Khalsa UK, giving a controversial speech while addressing a group of protestors near the High Commission of India in London. A part of his speech in Punjabi translated to: "[[Bhagat Singh]] was a bootlicker and a traitor who showed the Sikh community as terrorists. He should not be called a great martyr (Shaheed-e-azam)."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=WATCH: Khalistanis insult Bhagat Singh, call him a 'traitor' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/watch-khalistanis-insult-bhagat-singh-call-him-a-traitor-12341732.html |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

=== Death of Gajinder Singh ===
Gajinder Singh, the founder of the organization, died due to a heart attack in July 2024 in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|title=1981 Indian Airlines Plane Hijacker Found Dead In Pakistan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/1981-indian-airlines-plane-hijacker-found-dead-in-pakistan/articleshow/111503571.cms|access-date=2024-07-05|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Raj|last=Shekhar|date=2024-07-05}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040219024221/http://www.dalkhalsa.com/ Archive of now-defunct official website]
{{Khalistan movement}}
{{India separatist movements}}

[[Category:Khalistan movement]]

Dawshodishi Kore Aalo

2026-04-21T10:08:10Z

ShantaeBpy: adding new page initial version

{{Short description|2018 music video by Kumar Mukherjee}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|Music|date=June 2018}}
{{Update|date=February 2020}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2023}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dawshodishi Kore Aalo
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Souvik Bhattacharjee
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = RaagReet
| starring =
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = Kumar Mukherjee
| studio = 
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2018}}
| runtime =
| country =
| language =
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Dawshodishi Kore Aalo''''' is a music video about Durga Puja, produced by RaagReet, the organisation of Hindustani Classical vocalist Kumar Mukherjee. According to sources and journalists, this is going to be the largest ever a project that will be depicting the entire period of [[Durga puja of West Bengal|Durga Puja]], the largest festival of West Bengal. This is also the first video where the veteran actor [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] and singer [[Usha Uthup]] will be seen in one frame.

The song has been written, composed and sung by vocalist Kumar Mukherjee, the music supervision has been done by Tabla Maestro [[Bickram Ghosh]]. Mukherjee states that "after the inclusion of the 'Bickram Ghosh' aspect, the song has been spruced up to a great extent". The music video has been directed by Souvik Bhattacharjee. Reportedly the song is about to release in mid-September 2018 and is under the process of post-production.<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/song-to-capture-the-montage-of-durga-puja/articleshow/64220473.cms|title=Song to capture the montage of Durga Puja|newspaper=Times of India|last1=Sen |first1=Zinia }}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
*[[Usha Uthup]]
*[[Bickram Ghosh]]
*[[Jaya Seal|Jaya Seal Ghosh]]
*Kumar Mukherjee
*RJ Somak
*RJ Agni
*Somraj of [[Ei Chheleta Bhelbheleta]]
*Paean Sarkar

==References==
<ref name="indiatimes.com"/>
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/now-a-music-video-which-captures-the-spirit-of-durga-puja/articleshow/64475389.cms|title=Now, a music video which captures the spirit of Durga Puja - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tollytrip.com/music/singer-usha-uthup-actor-usha-uthup/|title=Singer Usha Uthup is Now Actor Usha Uthup..|date=9 June 2018|publisher=|access-date=9 June 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140402/https://www.tollytrip.com/music/singer-usha-uthup-actor-usha-uthup/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gulgal.com/music/usha-uthup-and-soumitra-chatterjee-in-a-music-video/|title=এই 'ম্যাজিক'র জন্য অপেক্ষা করবে বাঙালীরা...|date=11 June 2018|publisher=}}</ref>
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2010s music videos]]

Sharmila Godara

2026-04-19T16:54:38Z

ShantaeBpy:

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
|name = Sharmila Godara
|fullname = Sharmila Devi Godara
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2001|10|10}}
|birth_place = [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Haryana]], India
|position = Forward
|years1 =
|clubs1 = Hockey Haryana
|caps1 =
|goals1 =
|years2 =
|clubs2 = Indian Oil Corporation Ltd
|caps2 =
|goals2 =
|years3 = 2025–
|clubs3 = [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
|caps3 =
|goals3 =
|nationalyears1 = 2019–
|nationalteam1 = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]
|nationalcaps1 = 89
|nationalgoals1 = 10
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalComp|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2025 Hangzhou]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2022 Muscat]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2024 Rajgir]]|}}
}}

'''Sharmila Godara''', also known as '''Sharmila Devi''', is an Indian [[field hockey]] player from [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sadanandam|first=Abishek|date=2021-06-24|title=A look at the Indian women's hockey team going to the Tokyo Olympics|url=https://thebridge.in/hockey/indian-women-hockey-team-tokyo-olympics-22376|access-date=2021-07-05|website=thebridge.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/tokyo-olympics-4th-spot-no-mean-feat-hockey-players-kin-294083 |title=Tokyo Olympics: 4th spot no mean feat, hockey players' kin |work=The Tribune |date=7 August 2021 }}</ref> She plays as forward for the Soorma Hockey Club and Hockey Haryana.

== Early life ==
Godara is from [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Haryana]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-06 |title=Happy with opportunities in senior team, want to make each one count: Indian women's forward Sharmila Devi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/feb/06/happy-with-opportunities-in-senior-team-want-to-make-each-one-count-indian-womens-forward-sharmila-2260468.html |access-date=2021-07-05 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> She is employed with the Indian Oil Corporation Limited and plays for their hockey team.

== Career ==
She made her international debut against the USA in the [[2019 Women's FIH Olympic Qualifiers]], where she scored a goal.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-05|title=Fortunate to be playing alongside Rani Rampal and Vandana Katariya, says Sharmila Devi {{!}} Hockey News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/fortunate-to-be-playing-alongside-rani-rampal-and-vandana-katariya-says-sharmila-devi/articleshow/79056975.cms|access-date=2021-07-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, she was selected as part of the Indian squad which would participate in the [[2020 Summer Olympics|Tokyo Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-17|title=Hockey India announces women's squad for Tokyo Olympics 2020|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/hockey/hockey-india-announces-women-s-squad-for-tokyo-olympics-2020-101623926580229.html|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}
*[https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/sharmila-devi-profile-5826 Sharmila Devi] at [[Hockey India]]

{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FHW Squad 2020 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Asia Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 World Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2025 Asia Cup}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Godara, Sharmila}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Haryana]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

Bramhapuri Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T13:21:42Z

ShantaeBpy: adding first stub first draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bramhapuri
| constituency_no = 73
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 73-Bramhapuri.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Gadchiroli–Chimur Lok Sabha constituency|Gadchiroli-Chimur]]
| district = [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| incumbent_image = Vijay wadettiwar.jpg
| electors =275,922
}}
'''Bramhapuri Assembly constituency''' (also spelled '''Brahmapuri''') is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Chandrapur district]], and is part of [[Gadchiroli–Chimur (Lok Sabha constituency)]] since the 2009 elections.

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises [[Sawali taluka]], [[Sindewahi taluka]], parts of [[Brahmapuri taluka]] revenue circles of Gangalwadi, Brahmapuri and [[Brahmapuri Municipal Council]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=258|accessdate=2015-08-03}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Nagmoti Murharirao Krishnarao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Nagmoti Murharirao Krishnarao, Meshram Govind Bijaji (SC)
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Govinda Bijaji Meshram
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | Gurpude Baliram Marotrao
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Bhendarkar Baburao Shrawanji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan=2 | Khanokar Suresh Chintamanrao || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Donadkar Namdeo Bakaram || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Khanokar Suresh Chintamanrao || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Uddhaorao Antaram Shingade || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan=2 | Atul Devidas Deshkar
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=3 | [[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bramhapuri <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 114,196 |percentage = 51.16% |change = {{increase}}0.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnalal Bajirao Sahare |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 100,225 |percentage = 44.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Rahul Kalidas Meshram |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 4,005 |percentage = 1.79% |change = {{decrease}}2.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kevalram Vasudev Pardhi |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,808 |percentage = 0.81% |change = {{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,034 |percentage = 0.46% |change = {{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,971 |percentage = 6.26% |change = {{decrease}}3.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 224,241 |percentage = 81.27% |change = {{increase}}9.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 223,207}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 275,922 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bramhapuri <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 96,726 |percentage = 50.28% |change = {{increase}}13.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sandip Wamanrao Gaddamwar |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 78,177 |percentage = 40.64% |change = {{increase}}39.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandralal Waktuji Meshram |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 7,608 |percentage = 3.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Paromita Goswami |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 3,596 |percentage = 1.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vinod Ramdas Zodage |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,993 |percentage = 1.04% |change = {{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mukunda Dewaji Meshram |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,925 |percentage = 1.00% |change = {{decrease}}3.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,099 |percentage = 0.57% |change = {{decrease}}0.63 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,549 |percentage = 9.64% |change = {{increase}}2.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 193,550 |percentage = 71.53% |change = {{decrease}}3.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 192,369}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 270,601 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bramhapuri <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 70,373 |percentage = 37.11% |change = {{increase}}16.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Atul Devidas Deshkar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 56,763 |percentage = 29.93% |change = {{decrease}}3.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sandip Wamanrao Gaddamwar |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 44,878 |percentage = 23.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kuthe Yograj Krushnaji |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,631 |percentage = 4.02% |change = {{decrease}}0.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vinod Ramdas Zodage |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,385 |percentage = 1.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,273 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Haridas Lahanuji Laade |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,500 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Banbale Devidas Narayanrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 1,377 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,610 |percentage = 7.18% |change = {{increase}}3.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 191,976 |percentage = 75.16% |change = {{increase}}8.19 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 189,641}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 255,431 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.77 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}3.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bramhapuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Atul Devidas Deshkar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 50,340 |percentage = 33.48% |change = {{decrease}}3.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaddamwar Sandeep Wamanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 44,845 |percentage = 29.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Guddewar Pankaj Madhukar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,265 |percentage = 20.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Urkude Nilkanth Pundalik |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,300 |percentage = 4.85% |change = {{decrease}}5.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramteke Ashok Pandharinath |party = Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 4,535 |percentage = 3.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gajabe Rameshkumar Baburaoji |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,103 |percentage = 2.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shukla Dinkar Indradatta |party = Swatantra Bharat Paksha |votes = 2,368 |percentage = 1.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harane Vikas Shrihari |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,942 |percentage = 1.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,495 |percentage = 3.65% |change = {{decrease}}6.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 150,372 |percentage = 66.97% |change = {{decrease}}5.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 150,369}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 224,521 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bramhapuri }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Atul Devidas Deshkar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 52,953 |percentage = 36.78% |change = {{increase}}1.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Misar Damodhar Shravan |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 38,777 |percentage = 26.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasantbhau Narayanrao Warjurkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,949 |percentage = 16.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mane Harish Kashinath |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 15,338 |percentage = 10.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Milind Nanaji Bhanare |party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 3,949 |percentage = 2.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Borkute Hirachand Yadaorao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,052 |percentage = 1.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Premlal Meshram |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,981 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Sanjay Ramrao Thakare |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,854 |percentage = 1.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,176 |percentage = 9.85% |change = {{decrease}}4.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 143,954 |percentage = 72.26% |change = {{decrease}}4.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 143,954}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 199,220 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bramhapuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Uddhaorao Antaram Shingade |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,218 |percentage = 34.84% |change = {{increase}}8.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Marotrao Rakhaduji |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 27,606 |percentage = 20.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Kisanlal Bhaiyya |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,946 |percentage = 18.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khanokar Suresh Chintamanrao |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 8,655 |percentage = 6.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Govind Bauroji Bhendarkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,260 |percentage = 5.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dighore Yashwant Zinguji |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,138 |percentage = 4.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Warjurkar Jageshwar Govindrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,347 |percentage = 2.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Meher Hariji Jairam |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,054 |percentage = 2.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,612 |percentage = 14.03% |change = {{increase}}12.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 138,865 |percentage = 76.75% |change = {{decrease}}9.60 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 132,661}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,934 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.51 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}6.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bramhapuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Khanokar Suresh Chintamanrao |party = Janata Dal |votes = 42,525 |percentage = 28.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pazhode Vasudeorao Rushiji |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 39,737 |percentage = 26.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Shantaram Tulshiramji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,998 |percentage = 21.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Singam Waman Balkrushna |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 10,113 |percentage = 6.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Morande Nilkanth Gopalrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,225 |percentage = 2.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Urkude Manohar Marotrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,560 |percentage = 2.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wadhai Tukaram Zingu |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,010 |percentage = 2.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thengari Kashiram Sadashio |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,281 |percentage = 1.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,788 |percentage = 1.85% |change = {{decrease}}15.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 153,904 |percentage = 86.35% |change = {{increase}}12.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 150,407}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 178,234 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.44 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}5.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bramhapuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Donadkar Namdeo Bakaram |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 39,837 |percentage = 33.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Shantaram Tulshiramji |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,905 |percentage = 16.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khanokar Suresh Chintamanrao |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes = 17,111 |percentage = 14.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Meshram Premlal Ramkisan |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 9,678 |percentage = 8.22% |change = {{decrease}}6.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amale Kashinath Vithobaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,094 |percentage = 6.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddham Anand Shrihari |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,877 |percentage = 4.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lade Haridas Lahanuji |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,924 |percentage = 3.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wadhai Tukaram Zingu |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,765 |percentage = 3.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,932 |percentage = 17.78% |change = {{increase}}1.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,438 |percentage = 74.01% |change = {{decrease}}1.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 117,709}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,384 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.78 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing = {{decrease}}7.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bramhapuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Khanokar Suresh Chintamanrao |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 41,306 |percentage = 41.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shriram Nanaji Bhoyar |party = Independent politician |votes = 25,456 |percentage = 25.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Premlal Ramkrushna Meshram |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 14,244 |percentage = 14.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagnade Devidas Sheshrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,111 |percentage = 13.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amale Kashinath Vithobaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,257 |percentage = 4.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Meshram Gajanan Tulshiram |party = Independent politician |votes = 796 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,850 |percentage = 15.83% |change = {{decrease}}11.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 101,694 |percentage = 75.48% |change = {{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 100,157}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,729 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.63 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}20.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bramhapuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Khanokar Suresh Chintamanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 57,242 |percentage = 61.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhammani Abdul Ajit Bhanjibhai |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 31,868 |percentage = 34.44% |change = {{decrease}}26.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khobragade Charandas Pundlik |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,856 |percentage = 3.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Meshram Mahadeo Antaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 570 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,374 |percentage = 27.42% |change = {{decrease}}9.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 94,505 |percentage = 75.50% |change = {{decrease}}2.33 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,536}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,175 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.78 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bramhapuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhendarkar Baburao Shrawanji |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 54,717 |percentage = 61.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Marotrao Rakhaduji |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 22,053 |percentage = 24.74% |change = {{increase}}16.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gurpude Baliram Marotrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,072 |percentage = 9.05% |change = {{decrease}}35.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thakre Annaji Govindrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,155 |percentage = 3.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kale Shantabai Damodhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 582 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tupat Wasudeo Narayan |party = Independent politician |votes = 576 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,664 |percentage = 36.64% |change = {{increase}}12.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 92,095 |percentage = 77.83% |change = {{increase}}7.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,155}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,334 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.27 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}16.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bramhapuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gurpude Baliram Marotrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,963 |percentage = 44.39% |change = {{increase}}5.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Morande Nilkanth Gopalrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,312 |percentage = 20.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thengre Natthu Narayan |party = All India Forward Bloc |votes = 13,760 |percentage = 19.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Namdeorao Vishnuji Nagdovate |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 5,566 |percentage = 7.98% |change = {{decrease}}11.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Megharaj Gaikawad |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,289 |percentage = 6.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thakre Raghunath Kashiram |party = Independent politician |votes = 862 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,651 |percentage = 23.87% |change = {{increase}}8.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,124 |percentage = 70.26% |change = {{decrease}}1.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,752}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,659 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bramhapuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gurpude Baliram Marotrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,125 |percentage = 38.41% |change = {{decrease}}20.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Jani |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,743 |percentage = 22.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. R. Kamble |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 11,728 |percentage = 19.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. B. Uike Babu |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 6,864 |percentage = 11.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Thengare |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,174 |percentage = 6.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Namdeorao Vishnuji Nagdovate |party = Independent politician |votes = 565 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,382 |percentage = 15.58% |change = {{decrease}}11.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,500 |percentage = 71.32% |change = {{increase}}12.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,199}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,247 |ref = |change = {{increase}}28.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}20.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bramhapuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Govinda Bijaji Meshram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,114 |percentage = 58.68% |change = {{increase}}5.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Namdeorao Vishnuji Nagdovate |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 12,419 |percentage = 31.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shioram Lahu Chahande |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,855 |percentage = 9.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,695 |percentage = 27.15% |change = {{increase}}14.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,153 |percentage = 59.31% |change = {{decrease}}55.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,388}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,755 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}45.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}30.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bramhapuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nagmoti Murharirao Krishnarao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,558 |percentage = 28.41% |change = {{decrease}}40.87 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Meshram Govind Bijaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,961 |percentage = 24.76% |change = {{decrease}}44.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagdeote Namdeo Visna |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 24,338 |percentage = 15.87% |change = {{increase}}8.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Borkar Balaji Deorao |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 21,843 |percentage = 14.25% |change = {{increase}}8.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagarkatti. K. N |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 11,649 |percentage = 7.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jambhulkar Baliram Dajiba |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 8,392 |percentage = 5.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chunarkar Pandurang Antaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,578 |percentage = 3.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,220 |percentage = 12.54% |change = {{decrease}}39.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 153,319 |percentage = 114.90% |change = {{increase}}63.48 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 153,319}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,437 |ref = |change = {{increase}}128.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}40.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bramhapuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nagmoti Murharirao Krishnarao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,814 |percentage = 69.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithal Pisaram Bhanpurkar |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 5,210 |percentage = 17.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hashyavinod Hari Damle |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 2,366 |percentage = 7.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vinayak Purushottam Pande |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,655 |percentage = 5.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,604 |percentage = 51.94% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,045 |percentage = 51.42% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,045}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,427 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|20.61|79.86|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Chandrapur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Bismil (singer)

2026-04-15T22:02:14Z

ShantaeBpy: adding initial article needs work

{{Short description|Indian singer}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Bismil
| birth_name = Mohd Asif
| alias = Bismil Bismil Ki Mehfil
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|05|19}}
| genre = Pop, Sufi music, Classical music
| occupation = Singer, songwriter
}}

'''Mohd Asif''', (born 19 May 1994), professionally known as, '''Bismil''' is an Indian singer, and songwriter.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kaithwas |first=Sakshi |date=2023-08-25 |title=Get ready to experience a soulful musical evening with Bismil ki Mehfil |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2023/Aug/25/get-ready-to-experience-a-soulful-musical-evening-with-bismil-ki-mehfil-52510.html |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref> He is known for his Classical [[Sufism|Sufi]] music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-10-03 |title=Sufi music 2.0 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2023/Oct/03/sufimusic-20-2620247.html |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He started gaining recognition for his releases titled Ki Kita and cover versions of Kehna Galat Galat, Kali Kali Zulfon Ke Phande and Tumhe Dilagi, Halka Halka Suroor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-01 |title=सूफी सिंगर बिस्मिल का सोशल मीडिया पर तहलका, जबरदस्त आवाज से लूट रहे वाहवाही |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/sufi-singer-bismil-aka-mohd-asif-and-his-songs-and-successful-life-in-the-industry-4844007.html |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Bismil started learning music at the age of 5. He learnt music from Moradabad [[Gharana]], Delhi [[Gharana]] and was taught music by Ustaad Mohd. Ahmed Qadri, Ustad Iqbal Ahmed Khan, Ustad Aftab Ahmed Khan and more as his [[guru]]s.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Bismil started learning music at the age of 5, He started professionally singing and performing at the age of 18.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-18 |title=A hit song is all about lyrics, music and video in totality: Bismil |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/lyrics-music-and-video-all-play-an-equal-role-in-deciding-the-success-of-a-song-bismil/story-e5duNyMxm8aAVH5l3ePl8I.html |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Initially, He was performing in small gigs and weddings. He met his manager Vibhor Hasija, Founder of Yours Eventfully,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Kabir Singh |date=2023-06-21 |title=World Music Day 2023: 4 Indian Music Startups To look Out For |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/lifestyle/world-music-day-2023-4-indian-music-startups-to-look-out/454509 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref> in his college, who first started producing music for him and later worked together with to build the foundation of "Bismil Ki Mehfil" in 2013 and expand [[Sufism]] music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bismil – Sensationalizing Live Sufi Music in India |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/india/bismil-sensationalizing-live-sufi-music-in-india |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=firstindia.co.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaithwas |first=Sakshi |date=2023-08-25 |title=Get ready to experience a soulful musical evening with Bismil ki Mehfil |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2023/Aug/25/get-ready-to-experience-a-soulful-musical-evening-with-bismil-ki-mehfil-52510.html |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref> Bismil released his first song called "Tere Bina" with [[Zee Music Company|Zee Music]] in 2019.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tere Bina – Single by Bismil on Apple Music |date=2019-07-01 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/tere-bina-single/1529455869 |access-date=2024-07-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2020, He released Ki Kita, starring the Indian model [[Akansha Sareen]], and Nawab Faizii.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asian |first=Urban |date=2020-11-30 |title=Bismil: " I am planning to release a romantic number in the starting of 2021" |url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/bollywood/2020/11/bismil-i-am-planning-to-release-a-romantic-number-in-the-starting-of-2021/ |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=Urban Asian |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2022, He released a cover of the song "Kali Kali Zulfon Ke Phande", originally by [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]. The song gained significant popularity online.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2022-12-22 |title=Bismil's latest cover 'Kali Kali Zulfon Ke Phande' crossed magical figure of 2M+ 2 : Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bismils-latest-cover-kali-kali-zulfon-ke-phande-crossed-magical-figure-2m/ |access-date=2024-07-14 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bismil's latest cover "Kali Kali Zulfon Ke Phande" creates a great buzz before its release on 14th Dec 2022 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/partner-content/bismils-latest-cover-kali-kali-zulfon-ke-phande-creates-a-great-buzz-before-its-release-on-14th-d-3499447.html |website=OneIndia}}</ref>

In 2023, He was featured on [[Times Square]] Billboard during his 10 cities US & Canada tour. He was the first Sufi artist from India to perform in US & Canadian cities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2023-08-21 |title=Singer Bismil on Taking His Mehfils to America and Shayaris |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/bismil-singer-mehfils-interview/ |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-21 |title=Sufi singer Bismil to perform in US for 'Bismil ki Mehfil' tour – Glamsham |url=https://glamsham.com/music/music-news/sufi-singer-bismil-to-perform-in-us-for-bismil-ki-mehfil-tour/ |access-date=2024-07-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The same year, He won GIWA Awards for Best Wedding Entertainer and WeddingSutra Influencer Awards for Best Live Entertainers for Weddings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WeddingSutra Influencer Awards 2023 : Winners Revealed |url=https://www.weddingsutra.com/blog/weddingsutra-influencer-awards-2023-winners-revealed/ |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=WeddingSutra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ICWF Winners |url=https://www.icwf.net/past-winners.php |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=www.icwf.net}}</ref>

Bismil was invited to perform at [[Etihad Arena]] in Abu Dhabi, following the only singer from India to perform in the Arena after [[Arijit Singh|Aijit Singh]] and [[A. R. Rahman|A R Rahman]].<ref>{{Cite AV media|date=1975–1985 |hdl=10177/26245 |title=To the east of the University Library, two students perform in a semi-circle arena surrounded by columns taken from the State Capitol Building that burned down in 1935 |url=https://digitalcollections.willamette.edu/items/f26bf04c-4b74-4484-aea1-be13325bffd4 |publisher=Willamette University |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Indian musicians]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives

2026-04-08T10:41:39Z

ShantaeBpy: adding basic post more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Reality television]]
| creator =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Neelam Kothari]]
* Maheep Kapoor
* Bhavna Pandey
* [[Seema Khan]]
}}
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 24
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 32–44 minutes
| company = [[Dharmatic Entertainment]]
| network = [[Netflix]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|11|27|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Fabulous Lives vs Bollywood Wives''''' (formerly ''Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives'') is an Indian [[reality television]] series. The show focuses on the personal and professional lives of [[Neelam Kothari]], Maheep Kapoor, Bhavna Pandey and Seema Kiran Sajdeh (formerly known as Seema Khan), wives of [[Bollywood]] actors [[Samir Soni]], [[Sanjay Kapoor]], [[Chunky Pandey]] and [[Sohail Khan]] (divorced) respectively. The series debuted on 27 November 2020 on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vasudevan |first1=Aishwarya |title='Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives': Karan Johar, Kareena Kapoor, Sonam, Alia Bhatt have best reactions to the trailer |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-fabulous-lives-of-bollywood-wives-karan-johar-kareena-kapoor-sonam-alia-bhatt-have-best-reactions-to-the-trailer-2856411 |access-date=16 November 2020 |publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=14 November 2020 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817030658/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-fabulous-lives-of-bollywood-wives-karan-johar-kareena-kapoor-sonam-alia-bhatt-have-best-reactions-to-the-trailer-2856411 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Cast>{{cite news |title=Netflix's 'Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives': Reality series promises ultimate guilty pleasure |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/netflixs-fabulous-lives-of-bollywood-wives-reality-series-promises-ultimate-guilty-pleasure/article33092295.ece |access-date=16 November 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116031422/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/netflixs-fabulous-lives-of-bollywood-wives-reality-series-promises-ultimate-guilty-pleasure/article33092295.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> A second season premiered on 2 September 2022.

The third season which was renamed ''Fabulous Lives vs Bollywood Wives'' was released on 18 October 2024, where it also focuses on the lives of Riddhima Kapoor Sahni, Shalini Passi, and Kalyani Saha Chawla who joins the original cast.

== Production ==
The idea of creating a reality series similar on the lines of ''[[Real Housewives]]'', originated in 2018.<ref name=Cast/>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="65%"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:25%;" | Cast member
! colspan="4" scope="col" | Seasons
|-
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%;" | 1
! scope="col" style="width:7%;" | 2
! scope="col" style="width:7%;" | 3
|-
| scope="row" | [[Neelam Kothari]]
| colspan="3" {{cMain}}
|-
| scope="row" |Maheep Kapoor
| colspan="3" {{cMain}}
|-
| scope="row" | Bhavna Pandey
| colspan="3" {{cMain}}
|-
| scope="row" | Seema Kiran Sajdeh
| colspan="3" {{cMain}}
|-
| scope="row" | Riddhima Kapoor Sahni
| colspan="2" {{n/a|}}
| colspan="1" {{cMain}}
|-
| scope="row" | Shalini Passi
| colspan="2" {{n/a|}}
| colspan="1" {{cMain}}
|-
| scope="row" | Kalyani Saha Chawla
| colspan="2" {{n/a|}}
| colspan="1" {{cMain}}
|}

=== Recurring ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="50%"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:25%;" | Cast member
! colspan="5" scope="col" | Seasons
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%;" | 1
! scope="col" style="width:7%;" | 2
! scope="col" style="width:7%;" | 3
|-
|scope="row" | [[Samir Soni]] (Neelam's husband)
| colspan="3" {{cRecurring}}
|-
|scope="row" | [[Sanjay Kapoor]] (Maheep's husband)
| colspan="3" {{cRecurring}}
|-
|scope="row" | [[Chunky Panday]] (Bhavna's husband)
| colspan="3" {{cRecurring}}
|-
|scope="row" | [[Sohail Khan]] (Seema's ex-husband)
| colspan="1" {{cRecurring}}
| colspan="2" {{n/a|}}
|-
|scope="row" | Shanaya Kapoor (Maheep's daughter)
| colspan="3" {{cRecurring}}
|-
| scope="row" |[[Ananya Panday]] (Bhavna's daughter)
|colspan="3" {{cRecurring}}
|-
| scope="row" | Nirvaan Khan (Seema's son)
| colspan="1" {{cGuest}}
| colspan="3" {{cRecurring}}
|-
| scope="row" |[[Neetu Singh]] (Riddhima's mother)
| colspan="2" {{n/a|}}
| colspan="1" {{cRecurring}}
|-
| scope="row" |Bharat Sahni (Riddhima's husband)
| colspan="2" {{n/a|}}
| colspan="1" {{cRecurring}}
|-
| scope="row" |Samara Sahni (Riddhima's daughter)
| colspan="2" {{n/a|}}
| colspan="1" {{cRecurring}}
|-
| scope="row" |Sanjay Passi (Shalini's husband)
| colspan="2" {{n/a|}}
| colspan="1" {{cRecurring}}
|}

=== Guest ===
*[[Malaika Arora]] (season 1–2)
*[[Karan Johar]] (season 1–3)
*[[Arjun Kapoor]] (season 1–2)
*[[Janhvi Kapoor]] (season 1)
* Mozez Singh (season 1–3)
*[[Gauri Khan]] (season 1–3)
*[[Jacqueline Fernandez]] (season 1)
*[[Sidharth Malhotra]] (season 1)
*[[Amrita Arora]] (season 1)
*[[Ekta Kapoor]] (season 1,3)
*[[Raveena Tandon]] (season 1)
*[[Neha Dhupia]] (season 1)
*[[Angad Bedi]] (season 1)
*[[Sussanne Khan]] (season 1–3)
*[[Boney Kapoor]] (season 1)
*[[Natasha Poonawalla]] (season 1)
*[[Tusshar Kapoor]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vasudevan |first1=Aishwarya |title='Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives' trailer: Shah Rukh-Gauri steal the show in Seema, Maheep, Bhavana, Neelam's series |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-fabulous-lives-of-bollywood-wives-trailer-shah-rukh-khan-gauri-khan-steal-the-show-in-seema-khan-maheep-kapoor-bhavana-panday-neelam-kothari-soni-s-series-2856284 |access-date=16 November 2020 |publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=13 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113075150/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-fabulous-lives-of-bollywood-wives-trailer-shah-rukh-khan-gauri-khan-steal-the-show-in-seema-khan-maheep-kapoor-bhavana-panday-neelam-kothari-soni-s-series-2856284 |url-status=live }}</ref> (season 1)
*[[Manish Malhotra]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/top-6-cameos-in-fabulous-lives-of-bollywood-wives-season-2-and-4-forgettable-ones/cid/1884731|title=Top 6 cameos in Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives Season 2 and 4 forgettable ones|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> (season 1–2)
*[[Shah Rukh Khan]] (season 1)
*[[Neena Gupta]] (season 2)
*[[Shweta Bachchan Nanda]]<ref name="auto"/> (season 2)
*[[Pragya Yadav|Pragya Kapoor]] (season 2)
*[[Mehr Jesia]] (season 2)
*[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]<ref name="auto"/> (season 2)
*[[Zoya Akhtar]]<ref name="auto"/> (season 2)
* Sima Taparia<ref name="auto"/> (season 2)
*[[Bobby Deol]]<ref name="auto"/> (season 2)
*[[Vikram Phadnis]] (season 2)
*Deanne Pandey (season 2)
*[[Farah Khan]]<ref name="auto"/> (season 2)
*[[Jackie Shroff]]<ref name="auto"/> (season 2)
*[[Ranveer Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ranveer-singh-compares-maheep-kapoor-to-malai-kofta-says-he-loves-being-objectified-i-am-just-a-piece-of-meat-8128450/|title=Ranveer Singh compares Maheep Kapoor to 'malai kofta', says he loves being objectified: 'I am just a piece of meat'|date=3 September 2022|access-date=6 September 2022|archive-date=6 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906034709/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ranveer-singh-compares-maheep-kapoor-to-malai-kofta-says-he-loves-being-objectified-i-am-just-a-piece-of-meat-8128450/|url-status=live}}</ref> (season 2)
*[[Ranbir Kapoor]]<ref name=HTS3>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Santanu |date=18 October 2024 |title=Fabulous Lives vs Bollywood Wives Season 3 review: New faces but not enough drama |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/fabulous-lives-vs-bollywood-wives-season-3-review-new-faces-but-not-enough-drama-101729243297175.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref> (season 3)
*[[Rina Dhaka]] (season 3)
*[[Rohit Gandhi]] (season 3)
*[[Rahul Khanna]] (season 3)
*[[Bharti Kher]] (season 3)
*[[Subodh Gupta]] (season 3)
*[[Khushi Kapoor]] (season 3)
*[[Surily Goel]] (season 3)
*[[Saif Ali Khan]]<ref name=HTS3/> (season 3)

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #FFE4B5
| link1 = #Season 1 (2022)
| episodes1 = 8
| released1 = {{Start date|2020|11|27}}

| color2 = #87CEEB
| link2 = #Season 2 (2022)
| episodes2 = 8
| released2 = {{Start date|2022|9|2}}

| color3 = #9FE5B5
| link3 = #Season 3 (2022)
| episodes3 = 8
| released3 = {{Start date|2024|10|18}}
}}

=== Season 1 (2020) ===
{{Episode table |background=#FFE4B5 |overall= |season= |title= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Of Waltzes and Water Bras
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|27}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = FFE4B5
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Werk it!
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|27}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = FFE4B5
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Crabs, Claws and a Catfight
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|27}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = FFE4B5
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Feelings and Fillers
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|27}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = FFE4B5
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Fasten Your Seat Belt
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|27}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = FFE4B5
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = “Aap Qatar mein hain…”
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|27}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = FFE4B5
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = There's Something About Neelam
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|27}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = FFE4B5
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = The Shah Rukh-Gauri Big Bash!
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|27}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = FFE4B5
}}
}}

=== Season 2 (2022) ===
{{Episode table |background=#87CEEB |overall= |season= |title= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Love, Life and Menopause
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|9|2}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Bollywood Friends Forever
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|9|2}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Heard it on the Grapevine!
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|9|2}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Men are from Mars...
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|9|2}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Friends, Family and Other Animals
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|9|2}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Wild Things
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|9|2}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Face Lifts & FacePalms
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|9|2}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 16
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = Objects of Desire are Closer Than They Appear
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|9|2}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
}}

=== Season 3 (2024) ===
{{Episode table |background=#9FE5B5 |overall= |season= |title= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 17
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = The Delhi Cats
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|18}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 9FE5B5
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 18
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Fasting & Furious
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|18}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 9FE5B5
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 19
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = BYOB - Bring Your Own Baggage
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|18}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 9FE5B5
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 20
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Let The Chaos Begin
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|18}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 9FE5B5
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 21
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Wine & Whine
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|18}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 9FE5B5
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 22
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Drunk Skunks
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|18}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 9FE5B5
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 23
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Home Hits Different
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|18}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 9FE5B5
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 24
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = A Tale Of Two Cities
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|18}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 9FE5B5
}}
}}

== Reception ==
The series received overwhelmingly negative reviews. Debasree Purkayastha from ''[[The Hindu ]]'' stated, "Maheep Kapoor, Neelam Kothari, Seema Khan and Bhavana Pandey star in this half-baked reality show that doesn't have enough drama or wit to hold your attention".<ref>{{cite web |title='Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives' review: Netflix's latest guilty pleasure is a dud |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fabulous-lives-of-bollywood-wives-review-netflixs-latest-guilty-pleasure-is-a-dud/article33211597.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=30 November 2020 |access-date=17 December 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927182336/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fabulous-lives-of-bollywood-wives-review-netflixs-latest-guilty-pleasure-is-a-dud/article33211597.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Devki Nehra from ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote, "Fabulous Lives fulfils the voyeuristic drive of watching people unlike us in action, but is bereft of the drama that we have come to associate with [[reality TV]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives review: Netflix India show lacks the inextricable drama of reality TV |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/fabulous-lives-of-bollywood-wives-review-netflix-india-show-lacks-the-inextricable-drama-of-reality-tv-9060821.html |website=Firstpost |date=28 November 2020 |access-date=17 December 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927182242/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/fabulous-lives-of-bollywood-wives-review-netflix-india-show-lacks-the-inextricable-drama-of-reality-tv-9060821.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jyoti Knayal from ''[[India Today]]'' added, "The Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives is the latest cringe fest from Netflix. You will hate it, but you will probably still watch it".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives Review: The new Netflix cringe fest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/the-fabulous-lives-of-bollywood-wives-review-the-new-netflix-cringe-fest-1745198-2020-11-29 |website=India Today |date=29 November 2020 |language=en |access-date=17 December 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927182241/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/the-fabulous-lives-of-bollywood-wives-review-the-new-netflix-cringe-fest-1745198-2020-11-29 |url-status=live }}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee from ''[[NDTV]]'' shared his review stating, "Fabulous Lives Of Bollywood Wives Review: It does not offer any meaningful glimpses into lives of the stars and their families in an exacting, unforgiving movie industry where those with the right surnames are like cats."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/fabulous-lives-of-bollywood-wives-review-its-anything-but-fabulous-2-stars-out-of-5-2331340|title=Fabulous Lives Of Bollywood Wives Review: It's Anything But Fabulous|website=NDTV.com|access-date=1 October 2023|archive-date=27 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927182345/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/fabulous-lives-of-bollywood-wives-review-its-anything-but-fabulous-2-stars-out-of-5-2331340|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards and nomination==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Result !! Ref
|-
| [[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards|2021]]
| [[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
| Best Non – Fiction Original (Series)
| Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 2023
| [[Pinkvilla Screen and Style Icons Awards]]
| Glam Squad of the Year
| [[Neelam Kothari]], Bhavna Pandey, Maheep Kapoor, Seema Sajdeh
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865|title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Edition 2 Winners list: Kiara Advani, Janhvi to Kartik Aaryan, a look at who won what!|date=7 April 2023|website=PINKVILLA}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| [[Indian Telly Awards|Indian Telly Streaming Awards]]
| Best Reality OTT Show
| Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Congratulations to all the Winners of Indian Telly Streaming Awards 2024|url=https://indiantellystreamingawards.com/|website=indiantellystreamingawards.com|date=19 July 2024|access-date=21 July 2024|archive-date=21 July 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240721081850/https://indiantellystreamingawards.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Netflix title}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix original programming]]
[[Category:Television series about families]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Hindi film families]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama television series]]
[[Category:Television series about actors]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in India]]

Fiji Hindi

2026-03-29T15:24:34Z

ShantaeBpy: general add information per sources additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language of most Indo-Fijians}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Fiji Hindi
| nativename = {{lang|hif|फ़िजी हिंदी}}
| altname = Fiji Baat
| states = [[Fiji]]
| ethnicity = [[Indo-Fijians]] and the [[Fijian Indian diaspora|Indo-Fijian diaspora]]
| speakers = 380,000
| date = 1991
| ref = e18
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Central Zone (Hindi)|Central]] and [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| fam5 = [[Central Zone (Hindi)|Eastern Hindi]] and [[Bihari languages|Bihari]]
| fam6 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| script = {{unbulleted list
|[[Devanagari]] (co-official)<ref name=scriptsource> {{cite web| URL = https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=language_detail&key=hif |title = Fiji Hindi Language }} </ref>
|[[Latin script|Latin]] (co-official)<ref name=scriptsource />
}}
| ancestor = [[Vedic Sanskrit]]
| ancestor2 = [[Sanskrit#Classical Sanskrit|Classical Sanskrit]]
| ancestor3 = [[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit|Ardhamagadhi]] and [[Magadhi Prakrit]]{{efn|Bhojpuri is descended from Magadhi Prakrit and Awadhi is descended from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit}}
| ancestor4 = Ardhamagadhi and Magadhan [[Apabhraṃśa]]{{efn|Bhojpuri is descended from Magadhan Apabhraṃśa and Awadhi is descended from Ardhamagadhi Apabhraṃśa}}
| ancestor5 = [[Abahattha]]{{efn|Only Bhojpuri is descended from Abahattha, not Awadhi. Awadhi comes straight from Ardhamagadhi Apabhraṃśa}}
| ancestor6 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| dia1 = [[#Status|Pidgin Hindustani]]
|nation=
| iso3 = hif
| notice = Indo-Aryan
| lingua = 59-AAF-raf
| glotto = fiji1242
| glottorefname = Fiji Hindi
| image = Fiji Hindi.svg
| imagecaption = Fiji Hindi written in the [[Devanagari]] script
| image_class = skin-invert-image
}}

'''Fiji Hindi''' ([[Devanagari]]: फ़िजी हिंदी) is a vernacular [[Eastern Hindi language]] spoken by [[Indo-Fijians]].<ref name="e18" /> It is the mother tongue and indigenous language of Indo-Fijians. It is also looked at as a [[creole language|creole]] or [[koine language|koine]] language {{cn span|based on [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] that has also been subject to considerable influence by other Eastern Hindi languages such as [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]] and [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]], by [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]] such as [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and [[Maithili language|Maithili]], and has also been partially influenced by many other languages such as [[English language|English]], [[Fijian language|iTaukei]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Standard Hindi]], [[Standard Urdu]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and [[Malayalam]].|date=March 2026}} Many words unique to Fiji Hindi have been created to cater for the new environment that Indo-Fijians now live in.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/hindi-diwas-2018-hindi-travelled-to-these-five-countries-from-india/|title=Hindi Diwas 2018: Hindi travelled to these five countries from India|date=14 September 2020|access-date=14 September 2018|archive-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229020952/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/hindi-diwas-2018-hindi-travelled-to-these-five-countries-from-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> First-generation Indo-Fijians in [[Fiji]], who used the language as a ''[[lingua franca]]'' in Fiji, referred to it as ''Fiji Baat'', "Fiji talk".

While Fiji Hindi is mutually intelligible with various Eastern Hindi languages, it is also closely related to other variants of Hindustani spoken in the Caribbean (such as [[Sarnámi Hindustáni|Sarnami]]) and Africa (especially in the countries of [[Mauritius]] and [[South Africa]]).

== History ==
These are the percentages of each language and dialect spoken by indentured labourers who came to Fiji.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Language/Dialect !! Number !! Percentage
|-
|''Bihari languages (Mainly [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and [[Maithili language|Maithili]] as well as [[Magahi]])'' ||17,868 ||39.3%
|-
|''Eastern Indian languages (Mainly [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] as well as [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]] and [[Chhattisgarhi]])'' ||16,871 ||37.1%
|-
|''Western Indian languages ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Bundeli]], [[Braj Bhasha]], [[Haryanvi]], etc.)'' ||6,903 ||15.2%
|-
|''Rajasthani languages ([[Marwari language|Marwari]])'' ||1,111 ||2.4%
|-
|''Dravidian languages ([[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], etc.)'' ||2,186 ||4.8%
|}

Initially, the majority of [[Girmityas|indentured labourer]]s came to Fiji from [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] and districts of central and eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]], while a small percentage hailed from [[North-West Frontier (military history)|North-West Frontier]] and [[Madras Presidency]] places that are now [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], [[Odisha]] and [[Telangana]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Over time, a distinct [[Indo-Aryan language]] with an [[Eastern Hindi]] [[Substratum (linguistics)|substratum]] developed in [[Fiji]], combining elements of the South Asian Languages spoken in these areas with some native Fijian and [[English language|English]]. The development of Fiji Hindi was accelerated by the need for labourers speaking different languages to work together and by the practice of leaving young children in early versions of day-care centers during working hours. Percy Wright, who lived in Fiji during the indenture period, wrote:

{{Blockquote|Indian children born in Fiji will have a mixed language; there are many different dialects amongst the Indian population, and of course much intercourse with the Fijians. The children pick up a little of each language, and do not know which is the one originally spoken by their parents.<ref>{{cite book |title = Seventy-two years in Australia and the South Pacific|last = Wright|first = Percey|year = 1910|publisher = Mitchell Library|location = Sydney}}</ref>}}

Other writers, including Burton<ref>{{cite book |title= The Fiji of Today|last= Burton|first= John W.|year= 1910|publisher= Charles H. Kelly|location=London }}</ref> (1914) and Lenwood<ref>{{cite book |title=Pastels from the Pacific |url=https://archive.org/details/pastelsfrompaci00lenwgoog |last= Lenwood|first= F.|year= 1917|publisher= Oxford University Press|location=London }}</ref> (1917), made similar observations. By the late 1920s all Fiji Indian children born in Fiji learned Fiji Hindi, which became the common language in Fiji of North and South Indians alike.<ref>
{{cite book
|title= Polynesia|last=Hands |first= W. J. |year= 1929
|publisher= Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts
|location= Westminster
}}
</ref>

==Status==
{{Infobox language
|name=Pidgin Hindustani
|region=
|familycolor=pidgin
|family=Fiji Hindi-based [[pidgin]]
|iso3=none
|glotto2=pidg1251
|glottorefname2=Pidgin Hindustani
}}

Later, approximately 15,000 Indian indentured labourers, who were mainly speakers of [[Dravidian languages]] ([[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Gondi language|Gondi]], and [[Kodava people|Kodava]]), were brought from [[South India]].

By this time Fiji Hindi was well established as the lingua franca of Indo-Fijians and the Southern Indian labourers had to learn it to communicate with the more numerous Northern Indians and their European overseers.

After the end of the indenture system, Indians who spoke [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] arrived in Fiji as free immigrants. A few Indo-Fijians speak Tamil, Telugu, and Gujarati at home, but all are fluently conversant and able to communicate using Fiji Hindi.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

The census reports of 1956 and 1966 shows the extent to which Fiji Hindi (referred to as 'Hindustani' in the census) was being spoken in Indo-Fijian households. Conversational Fiji Hindi alongside Itaukei are compulsory subjects in all Fijian schools <ref> {{cite web|URL = https://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Centre/News/COMPULSORY-TEACHING-OF-VERNACULARS-IN-SCHOOLS-BEGI |title = Compulsory teaching of vernacular begins }} </ref> In addition, students in the Indo-Fijian community also learn Standard Hindi , Urdu and Other Indian languages like Tamil <ref> {{cite web|url = https://www.fijitimes.com.fj/feature-cultural-revival-reviving-tamil-renewing-sangams-spirit/ |title = Tamil language to begin being taught in Fiji }} </ref>

Although in 2020, then Prime Minister of Fiji Frank Bainimarama stated that his government would not force any Hindu organisation to teach Fiji Hindi. This came after some Hindu organisations resisted the governments education policy and continued to teach their students only formal standard Hindi as they viewed Fiji Hindi as a broken language. Prime Minister Bainimarama also stated that he agreed schools should teach formal Hindi even if the students were capable of speaking in Fiji Hindi <ref> {{cite web|url = https://fijivillage.com/news/Govt-will-not-force-any-hindu-organisation-run-school-to-teach-Fiji-Hindi-to-their-students---PM-2rk95s/ |title = Government will not force any Hindu organisation to teach Fiji Hindi to their students}} </ref>

<div align = "center">
{| class="wikitable" border = 1 width = "60%"
|-
! width = "20%"|Language
! width = "20%"|Number of households in 1956
! width = "20%"|Number of households in 1966
|-
| width = "20%"|Fijian Hindustani ||align="right" width = "20%"| 17,164 ||align="right" width = "20%"| 30,726
|-
| Hindi || align="right"|3,644||align="right"|783
|-
| Tamil||align="right"| 1,498 || align="right"|999
|-
| Urdu || align="right"|1,233 || align="right"|534
|-
| Gujarati ||align="right"| 830 ||align="right"| 930
|-
| Telugu || align="right"|797 || align="right"|301
|-
| Punjabi ||align="right"| 468 ||align="right"| 175
|-
| Malayalam || align="right"|134 ||align="right"| 47
|-
| Other ||align="right"| 90 ||align="right"| 359
|}
</div>
Fiji Hindi is also understood and even spoken by Indigenous Fijians in areas of Fiji where there are large Indo-Fijian communities. A pidgin form of the language is used by rural ethnic Fijians, as well as Chinese on the islands, while [[Pidgin Fijian]] is spoken by Indo-Fijians.

Following the recent [[Politics of Fiji#Political conditions|political upheaval in Fiji]], many Indo-Fijians have emigrated to Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States, where they have largely maintained their traditional Indo-Fijian culture, language, and religion.{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}}

Some writers have begun to use Fiji Hindi, until very recently a spoken language only, as a literary language. The Bible has now been translated into Fiji Hindi, and the [[University of the South Pacific]] has recently begun offering courses in the language. It is usually written in the [[Latin script]] though [[Devanāgarī]] has
is also used particularly in signage and education.<ref>{{cite news|title=Academic backs Indo-Fijian 'mother tongue' over formal Hindi|date=5 March 2020|publisher=[[Radio New Zealand|RNZ]]|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/410984/academic-backs-indo-fijian-mother-tongue-over-formal-hindi|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505201356/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/410984/academic-backs-indo-fijian-mother-tongue-over-formal-hindi|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Hindi variant of Fiji's constitution is written in the [[Devanagari]] script <ref> {{cite web|url = https://www.laws.gov.fj/Home/information/constitutionoftherepublicoffiji |title = Constitution of the Republic of Fiji }} </ref>

A Fiji Hindi movie has also been produced depicting Indo-Fijian life and is based on a play by local playwright, [[Raymond Pillai]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Fiji Hindi film set to be released soon |url=http://www.fijilive.com/news/show/news/2007/02/09/09Fijilive09.html |publisher=[[Fijilive]] |date=9 February 2007 |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=4 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404020605/http://www.fijilive.com/news/show/news/2007/02/09/09Fijilive09.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Phonology ==
{{See also|Hindi–Urdu phonology}}
The [[phoneme]]s of Fiji Baat are very similar to standardised [[Hindi]] but there are some important distinctions as observed in Eastern Hindi dialects. For example in the [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] spoken in rural [[India]], mainly [[Bihar]] and Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] — the [[consonant]] {{IPAslink|ʃ}} is replaced with {{IPAslink|s}} (for example, ''saadi'' instead of ''shaadi'') and {{IPAslink|ʋ}} replaced with {{IPAslink|b}} (for example, ''bid-es'' instead of ''videsh''). There is also a tendency to ignore the differences between the consonants {{IPAslink|pʰ}} and {{IPAslink|f}} (In Fiji Hindi a fruit is ''fal'' instead of ''phal'') and between {{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}} and {{IPAslink|z}} (in Fiji Hindi land is ''jameen'' instead of ''zameen''). The consonant {{IPAslink|n}} is used in Fiji Hindi for the nasal sounds {{IPAslink|ɳ}} in Standard Hindi/Urdu. These features are common in the [[Eastern Hindi]] dialects.<ref>{{cite book |title=Language transplanted: the development of overseas Hindi |last=Barz |first= Richard K.|author2=Jeff Siegel |year= 1988|publisher= OttoHarrassowitz|location= Wiesbaden|isbn=3-447-02872-6 |page = 127}}</ref>
Some other characteristics of Fiji Hindi which is similar to [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] are:
* Pronunciation of the vowels ''ai'' and ''au'' as diphthongs {{IPA|/ɐɪ ɐʊ/}}, rather than monophthongs {{IPA|/ɛː ɔː/}} (as in standard Hindi). For example, ''bhauji'' (sister-in-law) and ''gaiya'' (cow).
* Coda clusters are removed with the use of [[epenthesis|epenthetic]] vowels. For example, ''dharm'' (religion) is pronounced as ''dharam''.
* Shortening of long vowels before a stressed syllable. For example, ''Raajen'' (a common name) is pronounced as ''Rajen''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110807213134/http://aladinrc.wrlc.org/bitstream/1961/3455/23/gurt_1999_22.pdf South Asian bilingualism: Hindi and Bhojpuri]</ref>

== Pronouns ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Pronoun
!Fiji Hindi
!Standard Hindi
|-
| I
| Hum
| मैं/हम (Mai/Hum)
|-
| You (Informal)
| Tum
| तुम (Tum)
|-
| You (Formal)
| Aap
| आप (Aap)
|-
| We
| Hum log
| हम (लोग) (Hum Log)
|}

== Morphology ==

=== Verb ===

====Etymology====
In Fiji Hindi [[verb]] forms have been influenced by a number of languages in India. First and [[Grammatical person|second person]] forms of verbs in Fiji Hindi are the same. There is no [[Grammatical gender|gender]] distinction and [[Grammatical number|number]] distinction is only in the [[grammatical person|third person]] past tense. Although, gender is used in third person past tense by the usage of "raha" for a male versus "rahi" for a female.

The use of the first and second person [[imperfective]] suffixes ''-taa'', ''-at'' are of [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] origin.
Example: तुम मन्दिर जाता हैं / तुम मन्दिर जात हैं। "tum Mandir jaata hai/tum Mandir jaat hai." (You are going to the Temple).

While the third person imperfective suffix ''-e'' is of [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] origin.
Example: ई बिल्ली मच्छरी खावे हैं। "Ee billi macchari KHAWE hai." (This cat is eating a fish).

The third person [[perfective]] suffixes (for [[transitive verb]]s) ''-is'' and ''-in'' are also derived from Awadhi.
Example: किसान गन्ना काटीस रहा। "Kisaan ganna katees raha." (The farmer cut the sugarcane).
पण्डित लोगन रामायण पढ़ीन रहा/पण्डित लोगन रामायण पढ़े रहीन। "Pandit logan Ramayan padheen raha/padhe raheen." (The priests read the Ramayana).

The third person definite future suffix ''-ii'' is found in both Awadhi and Bhojpuri.
Example: प्रधानमंत्री हमलोग के पैसा दई। "Pradhanamantri humlog ke paisa daii" (The prime minister will give us money).

The influence of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] is evident in the first and second person perfective suffix ''-aa'' and the first and second person future suffix ''-ega''.
Example: हम करा। तुम करेगा। "Hum karaa, tum karega." (I did, you will do).

The origin of the imperative suffix ''-o'' can be traced to the [[Magahi]] dialect.
Example: तुम अपन मुह खोलो। "Tum apan muh kholo." (You open your mouth). Spoken in the [[Gaya district|Gaya]] and [[Patna]] districts, which provided a sizeable proportion of the first [[indenture]]d labourers from Northern India to Fiji.

Fiji Hindi has developed its own polite imperative suffix ''-naa''.
Example: आप घर के सफा कर लेना। "Aap ghar ke sapha kar Lena." (You clean the house (polite)).

The suffix ''-be'', from Bhojpuri, is used in Fiji Hindi in emphatic sentences.

Another suffix originating from Awadhi is ''-it''.
Example: ई लोगन पानी काहे नहीं पीत हैं। "Ee logan paani kahey nahi peet hai." (Why aren't these people drinking water?),
but is at present going out of use.{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}}

==== Tenses ====

Fiji Hindi tenses are relatively similar to tenses in [[Standard Hindi]] & [[Standard Urdu]]. Bhojpuri and Awadhi influence the Fiji Hindi tenses.
{| class="wikitable"
!Sentence
!Fiji Hindi
!Standard Hindi
|-
|To come
|{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|आना|Aana|}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|आना|ānā|}}
|-
|Come!
|{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|आओ|Aao!|}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|आओ!|āo!|}}
|-
|(I) am coming
|{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|हम आत (आवत) हैं|Ham aat (aawat) hai|}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|मैं आ रहा हूँ|ma͠i ā rahā hū̃|}}
|-
|(I) came
|{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|हम आया रहा|Ham aaya raha|}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|मैं आया|ma͠i āyā|}}
|-
|(I) will come
|{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|हम आयेगा|Ham aayega|}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|मैं आऊंगा|ma͠i āūṅgā|}}
|-
|(I) was coming
|{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|हम आत (आवत) रहा|Ham aat (aawat) raha|}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|मैं आ रहा था|ma͠i ā rahā thā|}}
|-
|(I) used to play
|{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|हम खेलत रहा|Ham khelat raha|}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|मैं खेला करता था|ma͠i khelā kartā thā|}}
|-
|(He/she/they) is/are coming
|{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|ऊ आवे हैं / ऊ लोगन आत हैं|oo aawe hai / oo logan aat hai|}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|वो आ रहा है / वह आ रही है / वे आ रहे हैं||vo ā rahā hai / vah ā rahī hai / ve ā rahe ha͠i|}}
|-
|(He/she) came
|{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|ऊ आईस|Oo Aais|}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|वह आया / वह आई|vah āyā / vah āī|}}
|-
|(They) came
|{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|ऊ लोगन आईन|Oo logan Aain|}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|वे आये|ve āye|}}
|}

== Grammatical features ==

* Fiji Hindi does not have plurals. For example, one house is ''ek gharr'' and two houses is ''dui gharr''. In this example, the number is used to denote plurality. Plurals can also be stated with the use of ''log''. For example, ''ee'' means "this person" (singular) and ''ee log'' means "these people" (plural). ''Sabb'' (all) and ''dHerr'' (many) are also used to denote plural. There are some exceptions, however. For example, a boy is ''larrka'' (single) but boys are ''larrkan'' (plural). Older generations still use a similar form of plural, for example, ''admian'', for more than one man (singular: ''admi'').{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* There is no definite article ("the") in Fiji Hindi, but definite nouns can be made by adding the suffix ''wa''; for example, ''larrka'' (a boy) and ''larrkwa'' (the boy). Definite nouns are also created using the suffix "kana"; for example, ''chhota'' (small) and ''chhotkana'' (the small one). Another way of indicating a definite article is by the use of pronouns: ''ii'' (this), ''uu'' (that) and ''wahii'' (the same one).{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}}

== Fijian words used ==

Indo-Fijians now use Fijian words for those things that were not found in their ancestral India but which existed in Fiji. These include most fish names and root crops. For example, ''kanade'' for [[mullet (fish)]] and ''kumaala'' for [[sweet potato]] or yam. Other examples are:
{| class="wikitable" align="center" border="2"
! colspan="2" |Fiji Hindi
!
!
|-
! Latin Script!!Devanāgarī Script!! Fijian origin !!Meaning
|-
| nangona ||{{Lang|hif|नंगोना}} ||yaqona||[[kava]]
|-
|tabale || {{Lang|hif|तबाले}}|| tavale|| wife's brother
|-
| bilo ||{{Lang|hif|बिलो}}||bilo||cup made of [[coconut]], used to drink [[kava]]
|-
| marama ||{{Lang|hif|मरामा}}|| marama || wife
|}

== Words derived from English ==

Many English words have also been implemented into Fiji Hindi with sound changes to fit the Indo-Fijian pronunciation. For example, ''[[Wiktionary:hutel|hutel]]'' in Fiji Hindi is borrowed from hotel in English. Some words borrowed from English have a specialised meaning, for example, ''[[Wiktionary:garaund|garaund]]'' in Fiji Hindi means a playing field, ''[[Wiktionary:geng|geng]]'' in Fiji Hindi means a "work gang", particularly a cane-cutting gang in the sugar cane growing districts and ''[[Wiktionary:tichaa|tichaa]]'' in Fiji Hindi specifically means a female teacher. There are also unique Fijian Hindi words created from English words, for example, ''[[Wiktionary:kantaap|kantaap]]'' taken from cane-top means slap or associated with beating.

== Semantic shifts ==

=== Indian languages ===
Many words of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] origin have shifted meaning in Fiji Hindi. These are due to either innovations in Fiji or continued use of the old meaning in Fiji Hindi when the word is either not used in Standard Hindi/Urdu anymore or has evolved a different meaning altogether.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barz |first=Richard |author2=Jeff Siegel |title=Language Transplanted: The Development of Overseas Hindi |year=1988 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |location=Wiesbaden |isbn=3-447-02872-6 }}</ref> Some examples are:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Fiji Hindi word !! Fiji Hindi meaning !! Original Hindustani meaning
|-
|''baade'' ||flood ||flooding
|-
| ''bekaar'' || bad, not good, useless ||unemployed, nothing to do, or useless
|-
| ''bhagao'' || elope ||abduct
|-
|''bigha'' ||acre ||1 ''bigha'' = 1600 square yards or 0.1338 hectare or {{convert|0.3306|acre|m2|adj=on}}
|-
|''bihaan'' ||tomorrow ||tomorrow morning ([[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]])
|-
|''Bombaiyaa'' ||Marathi/Gujaratis (Indians) ||from what is today the former [[Bombay Presidency]]
|-
|''fokatiyaa'' ||useless ||bankrupt
|-
| ''gap''||lie||gossip, idle talk, chit chat
|-
|''jaati'' ||race ||caste (more often misused/misunderstood as a term to reference a native Fijian)
|-
|''jhaap'' ||shed ||temporarily built shed
|-
|''jor''||fast, quick||force, strength, exertion
|-
|''juluum'' || beautiful || tyranny, difficulty, amazing (Hindustani ''zalim'', meaning "cruel", is metaphorically used for a beautiful object of affection)
|-
|''kal''||yesterday||yesterday or tomorrow
|-
| ''kamaanii'' ||small spear (for prawns) ||wire, spring
|-
|''khassi''||male goat||castrated animal
|-
| ''konchij'' || what ||from ''kaun chij'' (Awadhi), literally meaning ''what thing'' or ''what stuff''
|-
| ''maalik'' || god ||employer/owner or god
|-
|''Mandaraaji'' ||South Indian ||original word, ''Madraasi'', meant "from [[Chennai|Madras]] (or Tamil Nadu)"
|-
|''palla'' ||door ||shutter
|-
| ''Punjabi'' ||Sikh ||native of Punjab, regardless of religion
|}

=== English ===
Many words of English origin have shifted meaning in Fiji Hindi.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English word !! Fiji Hindi meaning
|-
| purse || wallet
|-
| theatre || cinema
|-
| teacher || female teacher
|-
|engine||locomotive (in addition to usual vehicle/boat engines)
|-
|pipe||tap (faucet) (in addition to artificially made tubes)
|-
|cabbage||Chinese cabbage or bok choy
|-
|set||everything is ok (used as a statement or question)
|-
|right||ok (used as a statement)
|}

== Counting ==

Though broadly based on standard Hindi, counting in Fiji Hindi reflects a number of cross-language and dialectal influences acquired in the past 125 years.

The pronunciation for numbers between one and ten show slight inflections, seemingly inspired by Eastern Hindi languages such as Awadhi. The number two, consequently, is {{Lang|hi|दो}} ({{IAST|do}}) in standard Hindi/Urdu, while in Fiji Hindi it is ''dui'' ({{Lang|hif|दुइ}}), just as it is in Awadhi, Bhojpuri & Nepali.

Words for numbers between 10 and 99 present a significant difference between standard and Fiji Hindi. While, as in other Indo-Aryan languages, words for [[b:Hindi/Numbers|numbers in standard Hindustani]] are formed by mentioning units first and then multiples of ten, Fiji Hindi reverses the order and mentions the tens multiple first and the units next, as is the practice in many European and South-Indian languages. That is to say, while "twenty-one" in Standard Hindi/Urdu is ({{IAST|ikkīs}}), an internal [[sandhi]] of ''ek aur biis'', or "one-and-twenty", in Fiji Hindi the order would be reversed, and simply be ''biis aur ek'', without any additional morpho-phonological alteration. Similarly, while the number thirty-seven in standard Hindi/Urdu is ({{IAST|saintīs}}), for ''saat aur tiis'' or "seven-and-thirty", the number would be ''tiis aur saat'', or 'thirty-and-seven' in Fiji Hindi.

Additionally, powers of ten beyond ten thousand, such as ''[[lakh]]'' (100,000) and ''[[crore]]'' (10 million), are not used in Fiji Hindi.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Numeral
! English!!Hindi/Urdu!!Fiji Hindi
|-
|21
|twenty-one|| ({{IAST|ikkīs}})||bis aur ek
|-
|22
|twenty-two|| ({{IAST|bāīs}})||bis aur dui
|-
|23
|twenty-three|| ({{IAST|teīs}})||bis aur teen
|-
|31
|thirty-one|| ({{IAST|ikattīs}})||tiis aur ek
|-
|32
|thirty-two|| ({{IAST|battīs}})||tiis aur dui
|-
|33
|thirty-three|| ({{IAST|taintīs}})||tiis aur teen
|-
|41
|forty-one||({{IAST|iktālīs}})||chaalis aur ek
|-
|42
|forty-two||({{IAST|bayālīs}})||chaalis aur dui
|-
|43
|forty-three||({{IAST|taintālīs}})||chaalis aur teen
|-
|}

== Spread overseas ==
{{main|Fiji Indian diaspora}}
With political upheavals in Fiji, beginning with the first [[1987 Fijian coups d'état|military coup in 1987]], large numbers of Indo-Fijians have since migrated overseas and at present there are significant communities of Indo-Fijian expatriates in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States. Smaller communities also reside on other [[Pacific Islands]] and [[United Kingdom|Britain]]. The last census in each of the countries where Fiji Hindi is spoken (counting Indo-Fijians who were born in Fiji) provides the following figures:
{|class="wikitable" width="50%" align="center"
|-
!width="30%"|Country
!width="30%"|Number of Fiji-born Indo-Fijians
|-
|Fiji
|313,798<ref>[http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/Tourism/tourmigstats_index.htm Fiji - 2007 census] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709220811/http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/Tourism/tourmigstats_index.htm |date=9 July 2011 }}</ref>
|-
|New Zealand
|27,882<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/culture-and-identity/birthplace-and-people-born-overseas.aspx |title=New Zealand - 2006 census |access-date=11 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517155119/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/culture-and-identity/birthplace-and-people-born-overseas.aspx |archive-date=17 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Australia
|27,542<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/comm-summ/_pdf/fiji.pdf |title=Australian Government - 2006 census |access-date=11 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912025004/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/comm-summ/_pdf/fiji.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|United States
|24,345<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/stp-159/stp159-fiji.pdf |title=United States - 2000 census |access-date=7 December 2017 |archive-date=19 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121544/https://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/stp-159/stp159-fiji.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Canada
|22,770<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/countrydata/data.cfm |title=Migration Facts Stats and Maps |access-date=11 April 2011 |archive-date=23 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823222738/http://www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/countrydata/data.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Tonga
|310<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spc.int/prism/country/to/stats/Census06/social/ethnic.htm |title=Tonga census 2006 |access-date=11 April 2011 |archive-date=4 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204033308/http://www.spc.int/prism/Country/TO/stats/Census06/social/ethnic.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Writers==
* '''[[Rodney F. Moag]]''', who had lived in India before joining the University of the South Pacific as a lecturer. He analysed Fiji Hindi and concluded that it was a unique language with its own distinct grammar, rather than "broken Hindi", as it had been previously referred to. Moag documented his findings and wrote lessons using the Fijian Hindi dialect in the book, ''Fiji Hindi: a basic course and reference grammar'' (1977).
* '''[[Jeff Siegel]]''', in his thesis on ''Plantation languages in Fiji'' (1985), has written a detailed account of the development of Fiji Hindi and its different forms as used by Indo-Fijians and Indigenous Fijians. Earlier, Siegel had written a quick reference guide called ''Say it in Fiji Hindi'' (1976).
* '''Raman Subramani''', professor in literature at the [[University of the South Pacific]], who wrote the first Fiji Hindi novel, ''Duaka Puraan'' ([[Devanagari]]: डउका पुरान, 2001), which is the story of Fiji Lal (an old villager) as told by him to a visiting scholar to his village. The book is written in the style of the ''[[Puranas|Puraans]]'' (sacred texts) but in a humorous way. He received a Government of India award for his contribution to Hindi language and literature for this novel. In June 2003, in Suriname at the Seventh World Hindi Conference, Professor Subramani was presented with a special award for this novel.
* [[Vimal Reddy]] wrote the story for the first Fiji Hindi movie, ''Adhura Sapna'' (Devanagari: अधूरा सपना, "Incomplete Dream"), produced in 2007.
* '''[[Urmila Prasad]]''', who helped translate the Biblical Gospels of Mark, Luke, Matthew and John into Fiji Hindi, written using Roman script, known as ''Susamaachaar Aur Romiyo'' (2002)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/51759/bible-using-fiji-hindi-sparks-debate|title=Bible using 'Fiji Hindi' sparks debate|date=9 August 2002|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507053210/https://www.dawn.com/news/51759/bible-using-fiji-hindi-sparks-debate|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Girmityas]], the descendants of late 18th and early 19th century labourers who were brought or emigrated to Fiji from India
* [[Hindustani language]]
* [[Caribbean Hindustani]], a similar language developed under similar conditions in the Caribbean
* [[Surinamese Hindustani]], spoken by people of Indian origin in [[Suriname]].
* [[Mauritian Bhojpuri]], spoken by descendants of Girmityas in Mauritius. This is more like [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] because Mauritius' Indian population contains a larger number of those whose forefathers came from the Bhojpuri speaking districts of [[India]].
* [[Fiji Hindi films]], a few Fiji Hindi films became popular in the last decade, including Adhura Sapna, Ghar Pardes, [[Langha Phobia]].

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Siegel Jeff, ''Plantation Languages in Fiji'', Australian National University, 1985 (Published as ''Language Contact in a Plantation Environment: A Sociolinguistic History of Fiji'', Cambridge University Press, 1987, recently reprinted in paperback).
* {{cite book |title=Say it in Fiji Hindi |last= Siegel|first= Jeff|year= 1977|publisher=Pacific Publications (Aust) Pty Ltd|location= Sydney|isbn=0-85807-026-X }}
*{{cite book |title=Fiji Hindi: A basic course and reference grammar |last=Moag |first=Rodney F.|year=1977 |publisher=Australian National University |location=Canberra |isbn=0-7081-1574-8 }}
* {{cite book |title=Language transplanted: the development of overseas Hindi |last=Barz |first= Richard K.|author2=Jeff Siegel |year= 1988|publisher= OttoHarrassowitz|location= Wiesbaden|isbn=3-447-02872-6 }}

== External links ==
{{InterWiki|code=hif}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080308065956/http://www.geocities.com/fijihindi/FijiHindiEnglishDict.htm Fiji Hindi Dictionary] (archived)
* [http://www.sidsnet.org/pacific/usp/journ/docs/news/wansolnews/wansol0711011.html The first novel written in Fiji Hindi] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015408/http://www.sidsnet.org/pacific/usp/journ/docs/news/wansolnews/wansol0711011.html archived])
* [http://www.biblesociety.org/wr_370/370_04.htm Fiji Hindi version of the Gospels and Romans]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080218032929/http://www.adhurasapna.com/ Adhura Sapna – Movie in Fiji Hindi] (archived)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090704134049/http://www.gharpardes.com/ Ghar Pardes – Another movie in Fiji Hindi, 2009] (archived)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WA2qgwUK5VY&NR=1 Trailer of Ghar Pardes]
* [http://hi.wiktionary.org/wiki/Fiji_Hindi_to_Hindi_Dictionary Fiji Hindi-to-Hindi Dictionary]
* [https://archive.today/20121208214721/http://myfijiguide.com/about-fiji/local-languages/popular-hindi-phrases.aspx MyFijiGuide.com] (archived)
* [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Index:Fiji_Hindi Fiji Hindi words on Wiktionary]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223220835/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Index:Fiji_Hindi |date=23 December 2020 }}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121029135122/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?ref=archive&id=168939 Texan talks the talk] (archived)
*[[iarchive:fiji-hindi-a-basic-course-and-reference-grammar-by-rodney-f.-moag-z-lib.org|Fiji Hindi: A basic course and reference grammar.]]

{{Languages of Fiji}}
{{Hindi topics}}
{{Central Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Languages of Fiji]]
[[Category:Central Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of the Indian diaspora]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Fiji]]
[[Category:Fusional languages]]
[[Category:Awadhi language]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]

Erumbeeswarar Temple

2026-03-28T23:53:27Z

ShantaeBpy: adding basic location initial version

{{Short description|Shiva temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Erumbeeswarar Temple
| image = Siva Temple (Erumbisvara Temple).jpg
| alt = A view of the temple from north east
| caption = View from the foothills
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|10|47|34|N|78|46|3|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Trichy]]
| location = [[Thiruverumbur]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Erumbeeswarar([[Shiva]])
Narun Kuzhal Nayagi ([[Parvathi]])

| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website = http://erumbeeswararkovil.in
}}
'''Erumbeeswarar Temple''' in [[Thiruverumbur]], Tamil Nadu, India, is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Shiva]]. Built on a {{convert|60|ft|m|adj=on}} tall hill, it is accessible via a flight of steps. The temple's main shrines and its two ''[[prakaram]]s'' (outer courtyards) are on top of the hill, while a hall and the [[temple tank]] are located at the foothills. Shiva is believed to have transformed himself into an ant hill and tilted his head at this place to enable ants to climb up and worship him. Erumbeeswarar is revered in the canonical 7th-century Tamil Saiva work the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as [[nayanmars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.

The temple is one in a series built by [[Aditya I|Aditya Chola]] (871-907 CE) along the banks of river [[Cauvery]], to commemorate his victory in the Tirupurambiyam Battle. It has several inscriptions from the [[Chola Empire]] dating back to the 10th century.<ref name="Orr"/> The temple has been declared a protected monument by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] and is locally referred as "Kailash of South India".<ref name="Singh"/> The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 5:30 am to 8:00 pm, and three yearly festivals in its calendar. The annual ''[[Brahmotsavam]]'' (prime festival) is attended by thousands of devotees from far and near.<ref name="Hindu"/> Every full moon, tens of thousands of pilgrims worship Erumbeeswarar by circumambulating the hill barefoot in a practice called ''girivalam''. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the Government of Tamil Nadu.

== Etymology ==
[[File:tiruverumbur6.jpg|The shrine of Narunguzhal Nayagi Amman inside the temple complex|alt=a precinct inside a temple with shrine at the end|200px|left|thumb]]
According to Hindu legend, there lived a demon (''[[asura]]'') Tharukasuran, who conquered ''[[Prithvi]]'' (earth) and ''[[Svarga]]'' (heaven). [[Indra]], the leader of celestial deities and other [[Deva (Hinduism)|gods]] suffered at the hands of Tharukasuran and sought the help of the creator-god [[Brahma]], who asked them to worship [[Shiva]] in [[Thiruverumbur]]. In order to deceive Tharukasuran, the devas transformed into ants and reached the temple. Since the surface of the [[lingam]] (aniconic form of Shiva) was slippery, the ants found it difficult to climb up and worship. Shiva transformed himself into an ant hill and slid his head, which enabled the ants to climb and worship. Hence the name ''Erumbeeswarar'' is derived from ''Erumbu'' meaning ant and ''Easwaran'' referring to Shiva.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=tiruverumbur+temple&pg=PA248|page=248}}</ref> This is one of the three places where Shiva slid his head for his worshippers, the other two being the temples at Virinjipuram and [[Thiruppanandal]]. The temple is also referred as Rathinakoodam, Thirverumbipuram, Erumbeesam, Brahmapuram, Laskhmipuram, Madhuvanam, Rathnakoodapuram, Manikoodapuram and Kumarapuram in various religious literature.<ref name="temple">{{cite journal|title=Thirukoyil |publisher=Hindu Religious And Endowment Board Tamil Nadu |volume=15 |series=1 |date=January 2013 |url=http://www.tnhrce.org/thirukoil.html |pages=42–43 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The temple is locally called as [[Kailash]] (the abode of Shiva) of [[South India]].<ref name="Singh"/>

==History==
Erumbeeswarar temple in its current form was built by the [[Chola]] king [[Aditya I]] (871-907 CE). Aditya won a battle in Tirupurambiyam and to commemorate the victory, he built a series of temples along the banks of the river [[Cauvery]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu spirituality: Postclassical and modern|last=Sundararajan|first=K. R.|author2=Bithika Mukerji|publisher=Cross Road Publishing Company|location=Delhi|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUWIEfAY-mMC&q=tiruverumbur+temple&pg=PA427|isbn=81-208-1937-3|pages=426–427}}
</ref> The temple has 49 inscriptions from the Chola period (850-1280 CE). The inscriptions numbered 101, 104, 105, 127, 130 and 133 of 1914 are believed to be inscribed during the 5th to 7th year of the reign of Aditya and hence believed to be between 882 and 885 CE.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Pallavas|last=Jouveau-Dubreuil|first=Gabriel |publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|year=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6o9XCT3XiaMC&q=101&pg=PA66|isbn=81-206-0574-8|page=66}}</ref> Another set of inscriptions from the [[Sundara Chola]] (957-970 CE) period indicate gift of land to maintain four signs of ''Tirupadigam''.<ref>{{cite book | title=A history of Indian literature, 500-1399: from courtly to the popular| last=Das| first=Sisir Kumar|author2=Sāhitya Akādemī| year=2005| publisher=Sāhitya Akādemī|location=Chennai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC&q=tiruverumbur+temple&pg=PA240|isbn = 81-260-2171-3|page=240}}</ref> One another inscription indicates the donation of ten {{Transliteration|ta|''kalanchu''}} (a measure) of gold to the deity by a temple woman in the year 875 CE.<ref name="Orr">[[#Orr|Orr]] 2004, p. 65</ref><ref>[[#Orr|Orr]] 2004, p. 144</ref>
A king by name Siruthavur Sembian Veithi Velan from Kiliyurnadu is believed to have constructed the [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]] (structure over the sanctum).<ref name="temple"/> The temple was the only temple that [[Malik Kafur]] (1296-1316 CE) could not conquer in 1311 CE, during his South Indian expedition.<ref name="Singh">{{cite book|title=Yatra2Yatra|last=Singh|first=Sanjay|publisher=Yatra2Yatra|page=159|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWqPwWpkhg0C&q=thiruverambur+temple&pg=PA159|isbn=978-81-908569-0-4}}</ref> The temple is a declared monument of the Archaeological Survey of India on account of the inscriptions in the temple.<ref name="ASI">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_tamilnadu.asp|title=List of Ancient Monument and Archeological Sites and Remains of Chennai and Tiruchur Circle|access-date= 2012-01-09 |work= ASI |publisher= Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref> During the war between [[British Raj|British]] and [[France|French]] during 1752, the temple acted as an infantry for the French troops.<ref name="temple"/><ref name="sindianrailwayp">{{cite book|title=Illustrated guide to the South Indian Railway: including the Mayavaram-Mutupet, and Peralam-Karaikkal railways|year=1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzWvq8EYBwUC&q=tiruverumbur&pg=PA77|page=77|publisher=[[Higginbotham's]]|isbn=9788120618893}}</ref> In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the Government of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="official">{{cite web|title=Arulmigu Erumbeeswar Kovil|url=http://erumbeeswararkovil.in/Erumbeeswarar_home.htm|publisher=Hindu Religious and Endowment Board, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=2013-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004034042/http://www.erumbeeswararkovil.in/Erumbeeswarar_home.htm|archive-date=2012-10-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Arulmigu Erumbeeswarar Temple.jpg|thumb|Left side view from the hill-top entrance of Erumbeeswarar Temple located in Thiruverumbur, Trichy.]]
[[File:tiruverumbur1.jpg|The temple tank in the foothills of the temple|alt=square temple tank as seen from top of the hill|200px|left|thumb]]
Erumbeeswarar temple is located atop a {{convert|60|ft|m}} hill with a flight of granite steps to the top. Since the temple is atop a hill, it is locally called "Malai Kovil" (meaning hill temple). The temple complex has two ''[[prakaram]]s'' (outer courtyard) and a two-tiered ''raja[[gopuram]]'' (gateway tower).<ref name="Hindu"/> The central shrine faces east and holds the image of Erumbeeswarar (Shiva) in the form of ''lingam'' made of mud mound. The granite images [[Ganesha]] (son of Shiva and god of wisdom), [[Murugan]] (son of Shiva and god of war), [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (the bull and vehicle of Shiva) and [[Navagraha]] (nine planetary deities) are in the hall leading to the sanctum. As in other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the first precinct or the walls around the sanctum of Erumbeeswarar has images of [[Dakshinamurthy]] (god of knowledge), [[Durga]] (warrior-goddess) and [[Chandeshvara Nayanar|Chandikeswarar]] (a saint and devotee of Shiva). The central image of Erumbeeswarar is made of mud mound and is referred by other names like Erumbeesar, Mathuvaneswarar, Manikoodalachapathi, Piplikesvarar and Manickanathar. The inscriptions in the temple refer Erumbeeswarar as Thirumalai Alwar, Thiruverumbur Alwar and Thiruverumburudaya Nayanar. The shrine of the consort-goddess Narunguzhal Nayagi Amman, facing south, is in the second precinct of the temple. The second precinct is surrounded by granite walls. Narunguzhal Nayagi Amman is referred by other names like Sugantha Kuzhalal, Soundra Nayagi, Madhuvaneswari and Rathnambal.<ref name="temple"/>

The path around the foothills, called Girivalam Path, is {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|900|m|ft|abbr=on}} long. The construction and beautification of the path was carried out by the Tourism department of the government of Tamil Nadu in 2011.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/article2129111.ece|title=Encroachments around Sri Erumbeeswarar Temple removed|access-date= 2011-06-23 |year=2011 |work= The Hindu }}</ref> The temple has a garden maintained by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL, Trichy).<ref name="bhel">{{cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/trichytourism/other.htm|title=Trichy Tourism - A land of tradition|access-date= 2011-06-23 |year=2012 |work= Tamil Nadu Government |publisher= Tamil Nadu Government}}</ref>

==Worship and festivals==
[[File:Erumbiswara Aalayam.JPG|The ''Rajagopuram'' - the gateway tower of the temple|alt=The temple tower of the temple|200x200px|right|thumb]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaiva]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 5:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 10:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 5:00 p.m., Irandamkalam at 7:00 p.m. and Ardha Jamam at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Erumbeeswarar and Narunguzhal Nayagi Amman. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] (sacred texts) read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. The major festival of the temple, the ''Brahmotsavam'', is celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of Vaikasi (May -June). Other festivals include Annabishekam during the Tamil month of Aipasi (October -November), [[Mahashivaratri]] and Pournami Girivalam. Every full moon, tens of thousands of pilgrims worship Erumbeeswarar by circumambulating the hill barefoot. The circumambulation covers the circumference of the hill, and is referred as ''girivalam''.<ref name="Hindu"/><ref name="temple"/><ref name="Melton">{{Cite book|last=Melton |first= J. Gordon |title=The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena|year=2008 |publisher=Visible Ink Press |location=MI |isbn=978-1-57859-209-8}}</ref>

== Literary mention ==
The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the banks of [[River Kaveri]].<ref name=Ka>{{cite book|title=River cauvery the most battl(r)ed|last=Ka. Vi.|first=Kannan|page=30|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019|isbn=9781684666041|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CGFDwAAQBAJ&q=thiruvavaduthurai}}</ref> [[Appar]], a 7th-century [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Saivite]] saint poet and ''[[nayanmar]]'', has revered Erumbeeswarar and the temple in his verses in ''[[Tevaram]]'', compiled as the ''Fifth Tirumurai''. As the temple is revered in ''Tevaram'', it is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', one of the 276 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon. The temple is counted as the seventh in the list of temples in the southern banks of river [[Cauvery]].<ref name="bhel"/><ref name="appar">{{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0188.pdf|title=Tevaram Of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal Tirumurai 5 part - 2 Poems(510-516)|access-date=2011-12-13 |last=Swamigal |first=Tirunavukkarasu |publisher=projectmadurai.org|pages=33–34}}</ref> Appar has glorified the temple in nine poems referring the place as "Erumbiyur" and the deity as "Erubmiyur Eesan", meaning god of Erumbiyur.<ref name="appar"/> [[Manickavasagar]], a 9th-century Tamil saint and poet has revered Erumbeeswarar in his work, ''[[Thiruvasakam]]''. ''Tiruverumbiyur Puranam'' is a religious work that describes the religious history of the temple. [[Ramalinga Swamigal]] (1823-74 CE) has revered Erumbeeswarar and the temple in his religious work, ''Thiruvarutpa''.<ref name="temple"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="180">
Malaikovil Full View.JPG|Malaikovil Front View
Rajagopuram at Erumbeeshwarar Temple.JPG|Rajagopuram at Erumbeeshwarar Temple
Narungulal Nayagi Amman Gopuram.JPG|Narungulal Nayagi Amman Gopuram
Teppakkulam Top View.JPG|Teppakkulam Top View
Tamil Sculptures in Erumbeeswarar Temple.JPG|Tamil Sculptures in Erumbeeswarar Temple
Erumbeeswarar Temple Corridor.JPG|Erumbeeswarar Temple Corridor
Ruined Area of Erumbeeswarar Temple.JPG|Ruined Area of Erumbeeswarar Temple
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Donors, devotees, and daughters of God: temple women in medieval Tamilnadu|last=Orr|first=Leslie C.|publisher=Oxfort University Press|year=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F___xKcP8lMC&q=tiruverumbur+temple&pg=PA65|isbn=0-19-509962-1|ref=Orr}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121004034042/http://www.erumbeeswararkovil.in/Erumbeeswarar_home.htm Official website of Erumbeeswarar temple]
{{commons category|Erumbeeswarar Temple}}
{{Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Temples_around_Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Famous Shiva temples}}

[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Tiruchirappalli district]]
[[Category:Chola architecture]]
[[Category:Dravidian architecture]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tiruchirappalli]]

Manoj Bajpayee

2026-03-28T06:42:43Z

ShantaeBpy:

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1969)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manoj Bajpayee
| image = Manoj Bajpai at 52nd IFFI.jpg
| caption = Bajpayee in 2021
| alt = Manoj Bajpayee at IFFI
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |df=yes|1969|4|23}}
| birth_place = [[West Champaran district|Belwa]], [[Bihar]], India
| occupation = Actor
| alma mater = [[Delhi University]]
| yearsactive = 1993–present
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Shabana Raza]]|2006}}
| children = 1
| honours = [[Padma Shri]] (2019)
| works = [[Manoj Bajpayee filmography|Full list]]
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Manoj Bajpayee|Full list]]
}}

'''Manoj Bajpayee''' (born 23 April 1969), also transliterated as '''Manoj Bajpai''', is an Indian actor who predominantly works in [[Hindi cinema]]. He has appeared in [[Manoj Bajpayee filmography|over 70 films]]. A prolific actor of [[Indian cinema]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo9BAAAQBAJ&q=manoj+bajpai+method+actor&pg=PT202|title=Hero Vol.2|last=Raj|first=Ashok|publisher=Hay House|year=2009|isbn=9789381398036|pages=202|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211044019/https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT202&lpg=PT202&dq=manoj+bajpai+method+actor&source=bl&ots=nITps-ArL8&sig=BlrWSTqsHVyMRmYeKyJ6MDQ4npY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZw9qg_87JAhXKGI4KHRdoCUkQ6AEIRTAH#v=onepage&q=manoj%20bajpai%20method%20actor&f=false|archive-date=11 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/the-method-of-manoj-bajpayee-celebrating-bollywood-s-unlikely-hero/story-YLPxf19kjckkZsTV2XMOCI.html|title=The method of Manoj Bajpayee, celebrating Bollywood's unlikely hero|last=Kaushal|first=Sweta|work=Hindustan Times|date=23 April 2015|access-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211095217/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/the-method-of-manoj-bajpayee-celebrating-bollywood-s-unlikely-hero/story-YLPxf19kjckkZsTV2XMOCI.html|archive-date=11 December 2015}}</ref>, he is the recipient of [[List of awards and nominations received by Manoj Bajpayee|numerous accolades]] including four [[National Film Awards]], four [[Filmfare Awards]], and two [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]]. In 2019, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]].

Born in a small village in [[Bihar]], Bajpayee aspired to become an actor since childhood.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=Manoj Bajpayee was 'uncomfortable' with stardom after Satya, felt like an impostor: Akshaye Khanna knocked sense into me |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/manoj-bajpayee-was-uncomfortable-with-stardom-after-satya-felt-like-an-impostor-akshaye-khanna-knocked-sense-into-me-101736397548049.html |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He relocated to Delhi at the age of seventeen, and applied for the [[National School of Drama]], only to be rejected four times.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manoj Bajpayee Movies and Shows - Apple TV |url=https://tv.apple.com/us/person/manoj-bajpayee/umc.cpc.hzwlj55ea4j7jgin9a66bgp9 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Apple TV |language=en-US}}</ref> He continued to do theatre while studying in college. Bajpayee made his feature film debut with minor roles in ''[[Drohkaal]]'' (1994) and ''[[Bandit Queen]]'' (both 1994). He had his breakthrough playing a gangster in [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s 1998 crime drama [[Satya (1998 film)|''Satya'']],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-04 |title=Manoj Bajpayee celebrates 24 years of 'Satya' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/manoj-bajpayee-celebrates-24-years-of-satya/articleshow/92648338.cms |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> for which he won the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manoj Bajpayee Awards: List of awards and nominations received by Manoj Bajpayee {{!}} Times of India Entertainment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Manoj-Bajpayee/awards |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He then acted in films such as ''[[Kaun?]]'' (1999) and ''[[Shool]]'' (1999). For the latter, he won his second Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-18 |title=Manoj Bajpayee - Jaikrit Speakers Bureau |url=https://jaikritspeakerbureau.com/speaker/manoj-bajpayee/ |access-date=2025-07-31 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Bajpayee won the [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)|Special Jury National Award]] for [[Pinjar (film)|''Pinjar'']] (2003).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-17 |title=Gulmohar wins a National Award: Manoj Bajpayee celebrates his win while reminiscing about his early days in Mumbai, says, 'working with Sharmila Tagore was an honour' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/gulmohar-wins-a-national-award-manoj-bajpayee-celebrates-his-win-while-reminiscing-about-his-early-days-in-mumbai-says-working-with-sharmila-tagore-was-an-honour/articleshow/112587527.cms |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> This was followed by a series of brief, unnoticed roles in films that failed to propel his career forward. His reassurance marked with supporting role in political thriller ''[[Raajneeti]]'' (2010). In 2012, Bajpayee received widespread acclaim for the lead role in [[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1|''Gangs of Wasseypur'']]. His next roles were as a [[Naxalite]] in [[Chakravyuh (2012 film)|''Chakravyuh'']] (2012), and a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI officer]] in ''[[Special 26]]'' (2013). In 2016, he portrayed Professor [[Ramchandra Siras]], in [[Hansal Mehta]]'s biographical drama [[Aligarh (film)|''Aligarh'']], for which he won his third Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor and the Best Actor Award at the [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]]. He won the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] for his performance in the film [[Bhonsle (film)|''Bhonsle'']]. He also won the [[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award for Best Actor]] for the thriller series [[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|''The Family Man'']] (2021–present).<ref name="the family man">{{cite web|last=Sharma|first=Sandeep|title=Filmfare OTT Best Actor Award|url=https://news24online.com/news/entertainment/filmfare-ott-awards-2021-manoj-bajpayee-samantha-clinch-top-honours-family-man-475ba28d/|website=News24online|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211110756/https://news24online.com/news/entertainment/filmfare-ott-awards-2021-manoj-bajpayee-samantha-clinch-top-honours-family-man-475ba28d/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Manoj Bajpayee was born in a [[Biharis|Bihari]] [[Brahmin]] family<ref>{{Cite news|title=Manoj Bajpayee believes in Lord Shiva|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/manoj-bajpayee-believes-in-lord-shiva/articleshow/9063387.cms|access-date=2 January 2022|website=The Times of India|date=2 July 2011 |language=en}}</ref> on 23 April 1969 in a small village called Belwa near the city [[Bettiah]] in [[West Champaran]], [[Bihar]].<ref name="koimoi">{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/actor/manoj-bajpai/|title=Manoj Bajpai's Biography|publisher=Koimoi|access-date=14 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002042715/http://www.koimoi.com/actor/manoj-bajpai/|archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref> He is the second child among his five other siblings, and was named after actor [[Manoj Kumar]].<ref name="suicide">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/I-wanted-to-commit-suicide-after-I-was-rejected-by-NSD-Manoj-Bajpayee/articleshow/18399539.cms?referral=PM|title=I wanted to commit suicide after I was rejected by NSD: Manoj Bajpayee|last=Gupta|first=Priya|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 February 2013|access-date=29 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131144520/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/I-wanted-to-commit-suicide-after-I-was-rejected-by-NSD-Manoj-Bajpayee/articleshow/18399539.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=31 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="indie">{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ul0O5gNwKGArQhedU17b7J/Manoj-Bajpayee-The-original-indie-star.html|title=Manoj Bajpayee: The original indie star|last=Bhatia|first=Uday|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=7 December 2015|access-date=8 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208233123/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ul0O5gNwKGArQhedU17b7J/Manoj-Bajpayee-The-original-indie-star.html|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> One of his younger sisters Poonam Dubey, is a fashion designer in the film industry.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/brother-manoj-bajpayee-pushed-me-into-designing-poonam-dubey-113101200383_1.html|title=Brother Manoj Bajpayee pushed me into designing: Poonam Dubey|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=12 October 2013|access-date=10 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211061336/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/brother-manoj-bajpayee-pushed-me-into-designing-poonam-dubey-113101200383_1.html|archive-date=11 December 2015}}</ref> His father was a farmer and his mother was a housewife. As a son of a farmer, Bajpayee would do farming during their vacation.<ref name="suicide" /> Since childhood, he wanted to become an actor.<ref name="bb">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/22/stories/2002102200280400.htm|title=From Bihar to Bollywood ... a long journey|last=Salam|first=Ziya Us|author-link=Ziya Us Salam|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 October 2002|access-date=6 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040116022313/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/22/stories/2002102200280400.htm|archive-date=16 January 2004}}</ref>
[[File:Neha-Manoj-Bajpai.jpg|thumb|right|Bajpayee with his wife [[Shabana Raza]] at the premiere of ''[[Raajneeti]]'' in 2010]]
His father struggled to gather funds for their education. He studied in a "hut school" till fourth standard, and later did his schooling at [[Khrist Raja High School, Bettiah]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mar 17 |first1=Abhay Mohan Jha / Updated |title='Aligarh'-acclaimed actor essays double role in Bettiah |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/aligarh-acclaimed-actor-essays-double-role-in-bettiah/articleshow/51448217.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indie" /> He completed his 12th class from Maharani Janaki Kunwar College in Bettiah.<ref name="bb" />

He moved to New Delhi at the age of seventeen and went to [[Satyawati College|Satyawati]], then to [[Ramjas College]], [[Delhi University]].<ref name="indie" /> Bajpayee had heard about the [[National School of Drama]] from actors such as [[Om Puri]] and [[Naseeruddin Shah]], so he applied. He was rejected three times and wanted to commit suicide afterward.<ref name="suicide" /> He then attended director and acting coach [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]]'s workshop after actor [[Raghubir Yadav]]'s suggestion. Impressed by Bajpayee's acting, John hired him to assist him in his teaching.<ref name="indie" /> After that he applied at the National School of Drama for the fourth time, and they offered him a teaching position at the school instead.<ref name="indie" />

Bajpayee was married to a girl from Delhi, but got divorced during his period of struggle.<ref name="koimoi" /> He met actress [[Neha (actress)|Shabana Raza]], who is also known as Neha, right after her debut film ''[[Kareeb]]'' (1998). The couple married in 2006 and they have a daughter.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/i-was-just-happy-being-mrs-manoj-bajpai-neha/story-U1BfBuTMkOrQr4JPRdzpQK.html|title=I was just happy being Mrs. Manoj Bajpai: Neha|last=Jha|first=Subhash K.|author-link=Subhash K. Jha|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=5 March 2008|access-date=9 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205125831/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/i-was-just-happy-being-mrs-manoj-bajpai-neha/story-U1BfBuTMkOrQr4JPRdzpQK.html|archive-date=5 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/manoj-bajpayee-my-wife-rarely-praises-me-975.html|title=Manoj Bajpayee: ''My wife rarely praises me''|last=Sharma|first=Suman|work=[[Filmfare]]|date=1 August 2012|access-date=9 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222135637/http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/manoj-bajpayee-my-wife-rarely-praises-me-975.html|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== 1994–2001: Debut and breakthrough ===
Following his one-minute role in [[Govind Nihalani]]'s ''[[Drohkaal]]'' (1994),<ref name="bb" /> Bajpayee acted in the biographical drama ''[[Bandit Queen]]'' (1994). [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]], the casting director of the film suggested his name to its director [[Shekhar Kapur]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/badlands-bad-guy/article3525924.ece|title=Badland's bad guy|work=The Hindu|date=14 June 2012|access-date=29 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203081458/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/badlands-bad-guy/article3525924.ece|archive-date=3 February 2018}}</ref> Bajpai was considered for the role of dacoit Vikram Mallah in the film, which eventually went to [[Nirmal Pandey]].<ref name="indie" /> Bajpayee got the role of [[dacoit]] Mann Singh in the film. During that time, he also did a television serial called ''Kalakaar'', directed by [[Hansal Mehta]] and [[Imtihaan (TV show)|Imtihaan]] (Doordarshan).<ref name="indie" />

Bajpayee was a struggling actor when [[Mahesh Bhatt]] offered him the soap opera ''[[Swabhimaan]]'' (1995), which aired on [[Doordarshan]].<ref name="tete">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120701/jsp/7days/story_15677164.jsp|title=The industry makes me sit at home most of the time|last=Verma|first=Smitha|work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|date=1 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109141204/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120701/jsp/7days/story_15677164.jsp#.VmQ067Kqqkp|archive-date=9 November 2014}}</ref> He agreed to do the serial at a low fee.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/photos/photos-30-bollywood-stars-and-their-tales-of-struggle/4568/39842|title=30 Bollywood stars and their tales of struggle|work=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=29 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208094352/http://www.mid-day.com/photos/photos-30-bollywood-stars-and-their-tales-of-struggle/4568/39842|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> Next, Bajpayee appeared in minor roles in films such as ''[[Dastak (1996 film)|Dastak]]'' (1996) and ''[[Tamanna (1997 film)|Tamanna]]'' (1997).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/jul/11man.htm|title=Powerful performer|last=Rajyadhyaksha|first=Mrudula|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=11 July 1998|access-date=29 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105121453/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/jul/11man.htm|archive-date=5 January 2016}}</ref> Director [[Ram Gopal Varma]] discovered Bajpayee when he was casting for ''[[Daud (film)|Daud]]'' (1997), a comedy film, where he had a supporting role. Following completion of the filming, Varma expressed his regret for offering Bajpayee a minor role.<ref name="kind">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19980831-after-satya-success-manoj-bajpai-ram-gopal-varma-hold-promise-for-the-future-827001-1998-08-30|title=Two of a kind|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|work=[[India Today]]|date=31 August 1998|access-date=29 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208162922/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/after-satya-success-manoj-bajpai-ram-gopal-varma-hold-promise-for-the-future/1/264870.html|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> He then promised Bajpayee a prominent role in his next film.<ref name="tete" /> ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]'' (1998), a crime drama, was their next film together. In the film, Bajpayee played gangster Bhiku Mhatre, who accompanies the title character to form their nexus in the Mumbai underworld.<ref name="man">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19980720-film-review-satya-starring-urmila-matondkar-j-d-chakravarty-manoj-bajpai-826739-1998-07-19|title=Nowhere man|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|work=India Today|date=20 July 1998|access-date=29 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208120158/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/film-review-satya-starring-urmila-matondkar-j-d-chakravarty-manoj-bajpai/1/264589.html|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>

''Satya'' was mostly shot in the real slums of Mumbai.<ref name="man" /> It was screened at the 1998 [[International Film Festival of India]] and opened to mostly positive reviews.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1998Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1998.pdf|title=The Indian Panorama 1998|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=29 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105726/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1998Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1998.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] called Bajpayee and others' performances "[..] so good that you can almost smell the Mumbai grime on their sweaty bodies."<ref name="man" /> The film was a commercial success, and Bajpayee won the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor]] for his performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_world_total/1998|title=Top Worldwide Grossers 1998|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=4 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318000438/http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_world_total/1998#.VbxZD9xViko|archive-date=18 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf|title=46th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=12 March 2012|pages=28–29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310180429/http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf|archive-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> ''[[Filmfare]]'' later included his performance in the 2010 issue of Bollywood's "Top 80 Iconic Performances".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-310-953.html|title=80 Iconic Performances 3/10|work=[[Filmfare]]|date=4 June 2010|access-date=12 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627103954/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-310-953.html|archive-date=27 June 2011}}</ref> Bajpayee then collaborated with Verma in the year 1999 with ''[[Kaun?]]'' and ''[[Shool]]''; with Verma directing the former and producing the latter. ''Kaun'', was a [[whodunit]] with only three characters in a house, where Bajpayee played an annoying talkative stranger.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-manoj-bajpayees-top-10-performances/20130903.htm#8|title=Manoj Bajpayee's Top 10 Performances|last=Tuteja|first=Joginder|work=Rediff.com|date=September 2013|access-date=28 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105115549/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-manoj-bajpayees-top-10-performances/20130903.htm#8|archive-date=5 January 2016}}</ref> The film was a [[Box-office bomb|box office disappointment]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oW0-CQAAQBAJ&q=manoj+bajpai+preparing+for+shool&pg=PA204|title=Studying Indian Cinema|last=Ahmed|first=Omar|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|year=2015|isbn=978-0-9932384-9-9|pages=204|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208152658/https://books.google.com/books?id=oW0-CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA204&lpg=PA204&dq=manoj+bajpai+preparing+for+shool&source=bl&ots=5-g4HZEh7f&sig=cJppv1WqJPYq0wHUlD_oqjgy2m8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjE-fPs2rDJAhXICI4KHaITB8EQ6AEIOTAG#v=onepage&q=manoj%20bajpai%20preparing%20for%20shool&f=false|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> ''Shool'' saw him play the role of an honest police officer who finds himself in the politician-criminal nexus of the [[Motihari]] district in Bihar. ''[[Sify]]'' labelled Bajpayee's performance in the film as "truly amazing [..] especially the emotional scenes with [[Raveena Tandon]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shool-review-bollywood-pcltSrcffcfcb.html|title=Shool|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=28 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211134801/http://www.sify.com/movies/shool-review-bollywood-pcltSrcffcfcb.html|archive-date=11 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]], with Bajpayee winning the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/47th_nff_2000.pdf|title=47th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=13 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022161229/http://dff.nic.in/2011/47th_nff_2000.pdf|archive-date=22 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> He also acted in the Telugu romantic film ''[[Prema Katha]]'' (1999).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/prema-katha/|title=Prema Katha (1999)|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=28 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312075343/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/prema-katha/|archive-date=12 March 2016}}</ref>

The year 2000 started for Bajpayee with the comedy ''[[Dil Pe Mat Le Yaar!!]]'' and the crime drama ''[[Ghaath (2000 film)|Ghaath]]'', both alongside [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Das|first=Ronjita|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/09ghaath.htm|title=A cop-out!|work=Rediff.com|date=9 December 2000|access-date=4 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140623/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/09ghaath.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> A dialogue from the former sparked controversy in some political parties.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/blog/its-time-for-raj-thackeray-to-wake-up_475.html|title=It's time for Raj Thackeray to wake up|last=Srivastava|first=Ritesh K|publisher=[[Zee News]]|date=11 October 2009|access-date=27 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208153432/http://zeenews.india.com/blog/its-time-for-raj-thackeray-to-wake-up_475.html|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Raj-Thackeray-is-a-master-rapist-Hansal-Mehta/articleshow/5096770.cms|title=Raj Thackeray is a master rapist: Hansal Mehta|work=The Times of India|date=7 October 2009|access-date=27 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221233754/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Raj-Thackeray-is-a-master-rapist-Hansal-Mehta/articleshow/5096770.cms|archive-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> Bajpayee's first release in 2001 was [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]]'s supernatural thriller ''[[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]]''. His negative portrayal of Raghavan Ghatge, a criminal who dies and is reincarnated in the body of Manu Verma (played by [[Amitabh Bachchan]]),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/07/20/stories/09200223.htm|title=Film Review: Aks|date=20 July 2001|access-date=27 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203081458/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/07/20/stories/09200223.htm|archive-date=3 February 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> garnered him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role]] nomination.<ref name="koimoi" /> It was followed by [[Shyam Benegal]]'s ''[[Zubeidaa]]'', co-starring [[Rekha]] and [[Karisma Kapoor]]. He played Maharaja Vijayendra Singh of [[Fatehpur, Rajasthan|Fatehpur]], a polo enthusiast prince with two wives. His character was inspired by [[Hanwant Singh]], the Maharaja of [[Jodhpur]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/how-bollywood-actors-have-fared-in-their-royal-avatars/15592198|title=How Bollywood actors have fared in their royal avatars|last=Banerjee|first=Urmimala|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=11 September 2014|access-date=27 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208124715/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/how-bollywood-actors-have-fared-in-their-royal-avatars/15592198|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>

=== 2002–09: Career struggle ===
Bajpayee's sole release of 2002 was the [[Road movie|road]] thriller ''[[Road (2002 film)|Road]]''. He played the antagonist in the film, a hitchhiker who turns out to be a psychopathic killer, after taking a lift from a couple (played by [[Vivek Oberoi]] and [[Antara Mali]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/sep/27road.htm|title=So, does Vivek live up to the hype?|last=Verma|first=Sukanya|work=Rediff.com|date=27 September 2002|access-date=14 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924131719/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/sep/27road.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Bajpayee received another Filmfare nomination for Best Performance in a Negative Role, for the film.<ref name="koimoi" /> ''[[Pinjar (film)|Pinjar]]'' (2003), a period drama, set during the [[partition of India]], was Bajpayee's first release of the year. Directed by [[Chandraprakash Dwivedi]], the film was based on a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] novel of [[Pinjar (novel)|the same name]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20031110-film-review-of-chandraprakash-dwivedi-pinjar-791897-2003-11-09|title=Slow saga|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|work=India Today|date=10 November 2003|access-date=14 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032436/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/film-review-of-chandraprakash-dwivedi-pinjar/1/205480.html|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> He received the [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|National Film Special Jury Award]] for his performance in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf|title=51st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=15 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821032408/http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf|archive-date=21 August 2013}}</ref> He subsequently portrayed [[Grenadier#India|Grenadier]] [[Yogendra Singh Yadav]] in [[J. P. Dutta]]'s ensemble [[war film]] ''[[LOC: Kargil]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/history/kargil/305-the-real-story.html|title=The Real Story behind LOC Kargil Movie|publisher=[[Bharat Rakshak]]|last=Patel|first=Y. I|date=12 October 2006|access-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024928/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/history/kargil/305-the-real-story.html|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It was based on the [[Kargil War]], and Bajpayee was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for it.<ref name="koimoi" /> Both the films were commercially unsuccessful.<ref name="BOI">{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Star_Cast/actor_detail/manoj_bajpai/actor|title=Manoj Bajpai Filmography|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015231/http://boxofficeindia.com/Star_Cast/actor_detail/manoj_bajpai/actor#.Vmp50LKqqkp|archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>

Bajpayee's next roles were in ''[[Jaago (2004 film)|Jaago]]'' (2004) opposite Raveena Tandon, [[Makarand Deshpande]]'s ''Hanan'' and the thriller ''Inteqam''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/|title=Inteqam|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |access-date=14 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021102/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/503635/Inteqam|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> In ''Jaago'', he played a police officer who takes the situation into his own hands, after his 10-year-old daughter is raped and killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/feb/06jaago.htm|title=Why make a film on rape?|last=Verma|first=Sukanya|work=Rediff.com|date=6 February 2004|access-date=14 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020755/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/feb/06jaago.htm|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> The same year, he appeared in a supporting role in [[Yash Chopra]]'s romantic drama ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004). The film was screened at the [[Berlin International Film Festival|55th Berlin Film Festival]], and grossed over {{INRConvert|940|m}} globally, becoming [[List of Bollywood films of 2004|the highest-grossing film of the year]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Yash Chopra on Berlin Film Festival Jury|date=18 January 2006|url=http://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/yc_berlinaile.htm|publisher=[[Yash Raj Films]]|access-date=17 October 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618144056/http://www1.yashrajfilms.com/news/yc_berlinaile.htm|archive-date=18 June 2007}}</ref><ref name="web.archive.org showProd">{{cite web|title=Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=9 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015223626/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2005, Bajpayee acted in [[Dharmesh Darshan]]'s drama ''[[Bewafaa (2005 film)|Bewafaa]]'', the thriller ''[[Fareb (2005 film)|Fareb]]'', and the English language film ''Return to Rajapur''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/25bewaf.htm|title=Hum Aapke Hain Corn!|last=Sen|first=Raja|author-link=Raja Sen|work=Rediff.com|date=25 February 2005|access-date=13 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125657/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/25bewaf.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Fareb movie review|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jul102005/movies174158200579.asp|access-date=24 November 2014|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=10 July 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022236/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jul102005/movies174158200579.asp|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribecafilm.com/filmguide/archive/512cf9c61c7d76e046001f63-return-to-rajapur|title=Return to Rajapur|publisher=[[Tribeca Film Festival]]|access-date=13 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023218/https://tribecafilm.com/filmguide/archive/512cf9c61c7d76e046001f63-return-to-rajapur|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> He also acted in the Telugu romance ''[[Happy (2006 film)|Happy]]'' (2006).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article3246001.ece|title=It's a 'Happy' flick all the way|work=The Hindu|date=28 January 2006|access-date=3 January 2010}}</ref>

In 2007, Bajpayee played Major Suraj Singh in ''[[1971 (2007 film)|1971]]''. The film tells the story of six [[Indian army]] soldiers, who escape from the Pakistani prison after they were captured during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070408/spectrum/main9.htm|title=Story of a loss in victory|last=Chatterji|first=Shoma A.|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=8 April 2007|access-date=13 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081320/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070408/spectrum/main9.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[CNN-IBN]], criticised the film but wrote: "[Bajpayee] is in great form, he holds back mostly and in the process, constructs a character that says more with his eyes than with words."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/masands-verdict-1971/|title=Masand's verdict: 1971|last=Masand|first=Rajeev|publisher=CNN-IBN|access-date=13 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015159/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/masands-verdict-1971/|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> He next starred opposite [[Juhi Chawla]] in [[Ganesh Acharya]]'s drama film ''[[Swami (2007 film)|Swami]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/04ganesh.htm|title=Swami has the Malgudi Days effect|last=N|first=Patcy|work=Rediff.com|date=4 June 2007|access-date=13 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125807/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/04ganesh.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Bajpayee's final release of the year was the [[anthology film]] ''[[Dus Kahaniyaan]]''. He acted in the [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]] – directed story ''Zahir'' alongside [[Dia Mirza]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071126/asp/entertainment/story_8594178.asp|title=One tight slap|last=Gupta|first=Pratim D.|author-link=Pratim D. Gupta|work=The Telegraph|date=26 November 2007|access-date=13 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023417/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071126/asp/entertainment/story_8594178.asp|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> All of his 2007 releases were financial failures. Next year, he starred in the ensemble comedy ''[[Money Hai Toh Honey Hai]]'' (2008), which was also a box office disaster.<ref name="BOI" />

Bajpayee's shoulder got injured while filming the Telugu film ''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]'', and was absent from the screen for nearly two years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Back-logged/articleshow/15952746.cms|title=Back-logged|last=Shah|first=Kunal M|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=8 September 2009|access-date=12 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030322/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Back-logged/articleshow/15952746.cms|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> He then returned in a major role with the comedy ''Jugaad'' (2009), which was based on the [[2006 Delhi sealing drive]] incident.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sealing-on-screen/article1407892.ece|title=Sealing on screen|work=The Hindu|date=11 February 2009|access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref> His next release was the mystery thriller ''[[Acid Factory]]'' (2009), which was a remake of the 2006 American film ''[[Unknown (2006 film)|Unknown]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/09/movie-review-acid-factory.htm|title=Acid Factory could be a health hazard|last=Pal|first=Chandrima|work=Rediff.com|date=9 October 2009|access-date=13 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030524/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/09/movie-review-acid-factory.htm|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> He played a comic role of one among the people who are kidnapped and locked in a factory with no memory of how they came there. The film did not do well at the box office.<ref name="Jail">{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/i-waited-long-for-character-like-mine-in-jail-manoj-bajpai/531866/1|title=I waited long for character like mine in 'Jail': Manoj Bajpai|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=22 October 2009|access-date=12 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203081458/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/i-waited-long-for-character-like-mine-in-jail-manoj-bajpai/531866/1|archive-date=3 February 2018}}</ref> The string of financial failures continued with his next release.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/btown-ignores-madhur-bhandarkar-85752-2010-11-17|title=B-town ignores Madhur Bhandarkar|work=India Today|date=18 November 2010|access-date=12 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063441/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/btown-ignores-madhur-bhandarkar/1/120318.html|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]'s ''[[Jail (2009 film)|Jail]]'' (2009), he played a convict serving life imprisonment. He called his role a "narrator" and "mentor" of its protagonist (played by [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]]).<ref name="Jail" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/i-was-frustrated-before-jail-happened-manoj-bajpai/story-uAYFYBbVwO6chiFawsO1jK.html|title=I was frustrated before Jail happened: Manoj Bajpai|last=Bansal|first=Robin|work=Hindustan Times|date=31 October 2009|access-date=12 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032954/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/i-was-frustrated-before-jail-happened-manoj-bajpai/story-uAYFYBbVwO6chiFawsO1jK.html|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref>

=== 2010–present: ''Raajneeti'' and beyond ===
In 2010, Bajpayee starred in [[Prakash Jha]]'s big-budget ensemble political thriller ''[[Raajneeti]]''. [[Nikhat Kazmi]] of ''[[The Times of India]]'' in her review mentioned that Bajpayee "[..] grab[s] eyeballs in [his] scenes" and "brings back memories of his mesmeric performances."<ref>{{cite news|last=Kazmi|first=Nikhat|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Raajneeti/movie-review/6007822.cms|title=Raajneeti movie review|work=The Times of India|date=3 June 2010|access-date=3 June 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820214326/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Raajneeti/movie-review/6007822.cms|archive-date=20 August 2012}}</ref> Indian trade journalists were apprehensive of ''Raajneeti'' recovering its {{INRConvert|600|m}} investment.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kotwani|first=Hiren|title=Can ''Raajneeti'' recover its Rs 60 crore investment?|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/can-raajneeti-recover-its-rs-60-crore-investment/story-QLbUAyjGC6vwWoVTzSIfLK.html|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=21 June 2010|date=4 June 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104634/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/can-raajneeti-recover-its-rs-60-crore-investment/story-QLbUAyjGC6vwWoVTzSIfLK.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> The film, however, proved to be a major commercial success, with worldwide earnings of over {{INRConvert|1.43|b}}.<ref name="web.archive.org showProd" /> Bajpayee received a Best Supporting Actor nomination at Filmfare for the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1765/|title=Nominations for 56th Filmfare Awards 2010|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=14 January 2011|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114012817/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1765/|archive-date=14 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> He then acted in two Telugu films; ''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]'' (2010) and ''[[Puli (2010 film)|Puli]]'' (2010), followed by the comedy ''[[Dus Tola]]'' (2010).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Dus-Tola/movie-review/6787838.cms|title=Dus Tola Movie Review|work=The Times of India|date=22 October 2010|access-date=12 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201011802/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Dus-Tola/movie-review/6787838.cms|archive-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> He also provided the voice of [[Rama]] in the animated film ''[[Ramayana: The Epic]]'', which was based on the Indian epic [[Ramayana]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/photos/bollywood-stars-in-animation-films/4586/40095|title=Bollywood stars in animation films|work=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=12 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208160917/http://www.mid-day.com/photos/bollywood-stars-in-animation-films/4586/40095|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>

[[File:ManojBajpayee.jpg|thumb|left|Bajpayee promoting ''[[Aarakshan]]'' in 2011]]
''[[Aarakshan]]'' (2011), a socio-drama based on the issue of [[Reservation in India|caste based reservations in Indian]], was Bajpayee's next film. The film sparked controversy in some groups and was banned in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] before its theatrical release.<ref>{{cite news|title=After UP, Aarakshan banned in Punjab, AP|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/After-UP-Aarakshan-banned-in-Punjab-AP/articleshow/9564962.cms?referral=PM|access-date=12 August 2011|work=The Times of India|date=11 August 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029180202/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/After-UP-Aarakshan-banned-in-Punjab-AP/articleshow/9564962.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=29 October 2017}}</ref> Trade journalists had high expectations for the film, but it ultimately flopped at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|title=Will Aarakshan draw in the crowds?|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/will-aarakshan-draw-in-the-crowds/20110801.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=4 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203184214/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/will-aarakshan-draw-in-the-crowds/20110801.htm|archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=It's raining flops at the box office|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/raining-flops-at-box-office/20110919.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=4 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429131112/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/raining-flops-at-box-office/20110919.htm|archive-date=29 April 2012}}</ref> Bajpayee's followup was the thriller ''[[Lanka (2011 film)|Lanka]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/548041|title=Lanka|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|author-link=Taran Adarsh|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=9 December 2011|access-date=11 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023002829/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/548041|archive-date=23 October 2015}}</ref>

In 2012, Bajpayee appeared in [[Anurag Kashyap]]'s two-part crime film ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1|Gangs of Wasseypur]]''. His character Sardar Khan appeared in the first one. To prepare for his role, Bajpayee shaved his head and lost four kilogram of weight.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120621/jsp/entertainment/story_15635989.jsp|title=Bajpai the baddie|last=Upadhyay|first=Karishma|work=The Telegraph|date=21 June 2012|access-date=8 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210193240/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120621/jsp/entertainment/story_15635989.jsp#.VmabqLKqqko|archive-date=10 December 2015}}</ref> It premiered at the [[2012 Cannes Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Gangs of Wasseypur: World premiere at Cannes|work=IBNLive |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/gangs-of-wasseypur-world-premiere-at-cannes-468137.html|access-date=24 April 2012|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=24 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627194640/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/gangs-of-wasseypur-world-premiere-at-cannes-468137.html|archive-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> [[2012 Toronto International Film Festival|Toronto film festival]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/entertainment/Wasseypur-Shanghai-Peddlers-at-Toronto-film-fest/articleshow/15310537.cms?|title='Wasseypur', 'Shanghai', 'Peddlers' at Toronto film fest|date=1 August 2012|access-date=31 May 2015|work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028054641/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/entertainment/Wasseypur-Shanghai-Peddlers-at-Toronto-film-fest/articleshow/15310537.cms|archive-date=28 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Sundance Film Festival]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gangs of wasseypur to be screened at the Sundance Film Festival|work=IBNLive |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/gangs-of-wasseypur-to-be-screened-at-sundance-2013-524361.html|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=30 November 2012|access-date=31 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823153006/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/gangs-of-wasseypur-to-be-screened-at-sundance-2013-524361.html|archive-date=23 August 2015}}</ref> ''Gangs of Wasseypur'' released in India on 22 June to positive response. Anupama Chopra called it his best performance since Bhiku Mhatre in ''Satya''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/anupama-chopra-s-review-gangs-of-wasseypur/story-iGAekBzJAuamgXRfcODzbJ.html|title=Anupama Chopra's review: Gangs of Wasseypur|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|work=Hindustan Times|date=23 June 2012|access-date=11 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020533/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/anupama-chopra-s-review-gangs-of-wasseypur/story-iGAekBzJAuamgXRfcODzbJ.html|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> For his performance in the film, Bajpayee was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{cite news|title=58th Idea Filmfare Awards nominations are here!|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/58th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-are-here-2123.html|work=Filmfare|date=13 January 2013|access-date=31 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227075057/http://www.filmfare.com/news/58th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-are-here-2123.html|archive-date=27 December 2014}}</ref> His next film was the historical drama ''[[Chittagong (film)|Chittagong]]'' (2012), based on the [[Chittagong armoury raid]]. Bajpai portrayed the Bengali independence fighter [[Surya Sen]] in it, for which he charged no money.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/manoj-bajpayee-took-no-money-for-chittagong-607889|title=Manoj Bajpayee took no money for Chittagong|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=28 September 2012|access-date=11 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032957/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/manoj-bajpayee-took-no-money-for-chittagong-607889|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> His final release of the year was ''[[Chakravyuh (2012 film)|Chakravyuh]]'', where he played a [[Naxalite]]; a role which required him to lose 5 kilograms weight.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/jun/070612-Manoj-Bajpai-goes-for-facial-fuzz.htm|title=Manoj Bajpai goes for facial fuzz|last=Shah|first=Jigar|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=7 June 2012|access-date=31 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203104000/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/jun/070612-Manoj-Bajpai-goes-for-facial-fuzz.htm/|archive-date=3 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Writer and lyricist [[Javed Akhtar]] called ''Chakravyuh'' "the best film of last 20 years".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-29/news/34798457_1_middle-class-salim-khan-ramesh-sippy|title=Films are not made for middle-class now: Javed Akhtar|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=29 October 2012|access-date=28 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208162224/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-29/news/34798457_1_middle-class-salim-khan-ramesh-sippy|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the contrary, a review carried by ''[[India Today]]'' called it an "amateurish attempt", but praised Bajpayee's acting.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/bollywood-movie-review-chakravyuh-119756-2012-10-26|title=Movie review: Chakravyuh|last=Khilnani|first=Rohit|work=India Today|date=27 October 2012|access-date=28 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208160014/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bollywood-movie-review-chakravyuh/1/226492.html|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>

In 2013, Bajpayee had five releases: ''[[Samar (2013 film)|Samar]]'', his [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] debut film, was the first release. He appeared in a supporting role in the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Manoj-Bajpayee-in-Samaran/articleshow/11696919.cms|title=Manoj Bajpayee in Samaran|last=Suganth|first=S|work=The Times of India|date=31 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203113519/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Manoj-Bajpayee-in-Samaran/articleshow/11696919.cms|archive-date=3 February 2012}}</ref> He then appeared in [[Neeraj Pandey]]'s heist thriller ''[[Special 26]]''. Based on the [[1987 Opera House heist]], he portrayed a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI officer]] in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-special-chabbis-is-exciting/20130208.htm|title=Review: Special Chabbis is an exciting con caper|last=Verma|first=Sukanya|work=Rediff.com|date=8 February 2013|access-date=11 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063537/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-special-chabbis-is-exciting/20130208.htm|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> It was followed by the crime film ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]'', where he played a character inspired by the gangster [[Shabir Ibrahim Kaskar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zoomtv.indiatimes.com/interviews/politics-will-never-happen-for-me-manoj-bajpai/articleshow/21163635.cms|title=Politics will never happen for me: Manoj Bajpai|last=Kashyap|first=Nitisha|publisher=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]]|date=19 July 2013|access-date=11 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033048/http://zoomtv.indiatimes.com/interviews/politics-will-never-happen-for-me-manoj-bajpai/articleshow/21163635.cms|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> Bajpayee collaborated with Prakash Jha for the fourth time with ''[[Satyagraha (film)|Satyagraha]]''. The film was loosely inspired by social activist [[Anna Hazare]]'s [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement|fight against corruption in 2011]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-satyagraha-review-a-mission-left-unaccomplished-1882077|title='Satyagraha' review: A mission left unaccomplished|access-date=17 February 2014|last=Sengar|first=Resham|date=30 August 2013|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222083637/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-satyagraha-review-a-mission-left-unaccomplished-1882077|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> featuring an ensemble cast, the film was highly anticipated by trade journalists due to its release coinciding with the [[2013 Mumbai gang rape|Mumbai]] and [[2012 Delhi gang rape#Public protests|Delhi gang rape public protests]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/prakash-jha-talks-about-new-film-satyagraha-1.606642/|title=Prakash Jha talks about new film Satyagraha|access-date=18 October 2013|last=Khan|first=Ujala A|date=28 August 2013|work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019120808/http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/film/prakash-jha-talks-about-new-film-satyagraha|archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> ''Satyagraha'' earned {{INRConvert|675|m}} domestically.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/box-office-bollywood-films-of-2013/|title=Box-Office Verdicts of Major Bollywood Releases of 2013|access-date=18 October 2013|publisher=Koimoi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803012622/http://www.koimoi.com/box-office-bollywood-films-of-2013/|archive-date=3 August 2014}}</ref> Bajpayee then provided the voice of [[Yudhishthira]] for ''[[Mahabharat (2013 film)|Mahabharat]]'', a [[computer animation|3D animation film]] based on the Indian epic of the same name.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pathak|first=Ankur|title=Deepti Naval is Kunti in Mahabharat|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Deepti-Naval-is-Kunti-in-Mahabharat/articleshow/23661825.cms|access-date=12 February 2015|work=Mumbai Mirror|date=8 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011030553/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Deepti-Naval-is-Kunti-in-Mahabharat/articleshow/23661825.cms|archive-date=11 October 2013}}</ref> In 2014, Bajpayee played the antagonist in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] action film ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Manoj-Vidyut-in-Suriyas-next-with-Lingusamy/articleshow/25322609.cms|title=Manoj, Vidyut in Suriya's next with Lingusamy|work=The Times of India|date=7 November 2013|access-date=9 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107015509/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Manoj-Vidyut-in-Suriyas-next-with-Lingusamy/articleshow/25322609.cms|archive-date=7 November 2013}}</ref>

Bajpayee continued to play negative roles with his next film ''[[Tevar]]'' (2015). A remake of the 2003 [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Okkadu]]'', the film opened to negative reviews and was a box office failure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/tevar-review-roundup-one-time-watch-619808|title='Tevar' Movie Review Roundup: One Time Watch|last=Mehta|first=Ankita|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=8 January 2015|access-date=11 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033716/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/tevar-review-roundup-one-time-watch-619808|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collections-alone-fails-tevar-falls-i-shows-decent-growth-620770|title=Box Office Collections: 'Alone' Fails, 'Tevar' Falls, 'I' Shows Decent Growth|last=Seshagiri|first=Sangeetha|work=International Business Times|date=8 January 2015|access-date=11 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117034154/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collections-alone-fails-tevar-falls-i-shows-decent-growth-620770|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> The same year, he along with Raveena Tandon, appeared in the patriotic-themed short film ''Jai Hind''. With a run-time of 6 minutes, the film was released on YouTube by [[OYO Rooms]], right before the [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence Day]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/watch-short-film-jai-hind-starring-manoj-bajpayee-and-raveena-tandon-is-jingoistic-not-patriotic-2392430.html|title=Watch: Short film Jai Hind starring Manoj Bajpayee and Raveena Tandon is jingoistic not patriotic|last=D' Cunha|first=Zenia|publisher=Firstpost|date=14 August 2015|access-date=12 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117010830/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/watch-short-film-jai-hind-starring-manoj-bajpayee-and-raveena-tandon-is-jingoistic-not-patriotic-2392430.html|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> Bajpayee acted in another short film titled ''Taandav'' in 2016. Directed by [[Devashish Makhija]], the film showcased the pressure and scenarios faced by an honest police constable, and was released on YouTube.<ref name="taandav">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/manoj-bajpayee-in-a-new-cop-drama/article8191707.ece|title=Manoj Bajpayee in a new cop drama|last=Modi|first=Chintan Girish|work=The Hindu|date=4 February 2016|access-date=7 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204032608/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/manoj-bajpayee-in-a-new-cop-drama/article8191707.ece|archive-date=4 February 2016}}</ref> The same year, he portrayed professor
[[Ramchandra Siras]], in Hansal Mehta's biographical drama ''[[Aligarh (film)|Aligarh]]''. The story followed the life of a homosexual professor who was expelled from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] because of his sexuality. Bajpayee watched a few clippings of Siras to prepare for his role.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Manoj-Bajpai-People-will-fall-in-love-with-professor-Dr-Shrinivas-Ramchandra-in-Aligarh/articleshow/50862862.cms|title=Manoj Bajpai: People will fall in love with professor Dr Shrinivas Ramchandra in 'Aligarh'|work=The Times of India|date=5 February 2016|access-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> The film was screened at the [[20th Busan International Film Festival]], and the 2015 [[Mumbai Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aligarh-gets-standing-ovation-in-busan-director-hansal-mehta-elated/|title='Aligarh' gets standing ovation in Busan, director Hansal Mehta elated|work=The Indian Express|date=4 October 2015|access-date=29 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028181216/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aligarh-gets-standing-ovation-in-busan-director-hansal-mehta-elated/|archive-date=28 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hansal-mehtas-aligarh-premieres-at-mami-film-festival/|title=Hansal Mehta's 'Aligarh' premieres at MAMI Film Festival|work=The Indian Express|date=31 October 2015|access-date=29 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208120312/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hansal-mehtas-aligarh-premieres-at-mami-film-festival/|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> ''Aligarh'' was released on 26 February 2016 to positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/aligarh-review-round-here-what-critics-have-say-about-manoj-bajpai-rajkummar-rao-starrer-668222|title='Aligarh' review round-up: Here is what critics have to say about Manoj Bajpai and Rajkummar Rao-starrer|last=Mehta|first=Ankita|work=International Business Times|date=26 February 2016|access-date=7 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307174735/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/aligarh-review-round-here-what-critics-have-say-about-manoj-bajpai-rajkummar-rao-starrer-668222|archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> Bajpayee won the Best Actor award at the 10th [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]] and his third Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Going-global/article16832558.ece|title=Going global|last=Khan|first=Atif|work=The Hindu|date=15 December 2016|access-date=16 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216174401/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Going-global/article16832558.ece|archive-date=16 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="ff17win">{{cite news |url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/62nd-filmfare-awards-2017-winners-list/articleshow/56541241.cms |title = 62nd Filmfare Awards 2017: Winners' list |work = The Times of India |date = 15 January 2017 |access-date = 15 January 2017 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170114235906/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/62nd-filmfare-awards-2017-winners-list/articleshow/56541241.cms |archive-date = 14 January 2017 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> He next played a traffic constable in [[Rajesh Pillai]]'s [[swan song]] ''[[Traffic (2016 film)|Traffic]]'' (2016). A remake of the [[Traffic (2011 film)|Malayalam film of the same name]], the film was released on 6 May 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/traffic-movie-review-it-is-an-impressive-thriller_1882762.html|title=Traffic movie review: It is an impressive thriller|publisher=Zee News|date=6 May 2016|access-date=6 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509041817/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/traffic-movie-review-it-is-an-impressive-thriller_1882762.html|archive-date=9 May 2016}}</ref> His subsequent release of the year was the biographical sports film ''[[Budhia Singh – Born to Run]]'', where he played the coach of [[Budhia Singh]]; the world's youngest marathon runner.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/budhia-singh-born-to-run-review-breaking-stereotypes/article8947556.ece|title=Budhia Singh Born to Run : not weighed down by 'nationalism'|last=Joshi|first=Namrata|work=The Hindu|date=5 August 2016|access-date=13 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807133800/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/budhia-singh-born-to-run-review-breaking-stereotypes/article8947556.ece|archive-date=7 August 2016}}</ref>
It was followed by the comedy film ''[[Saat Uchakkey]]'' (2016) and the short film ''Ouch'' directed by Neeraj Pandey.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/too-dirty-for-words/article9222065.ece|title=Saat Uchakkey: Too dirty for words
|last=Joshi|first=Namrata|work=The Hindu|date=15 October 2016|access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/sVXNjPlg545kGM5Q16ZIyN/Review-Neeraj-Pandeys-short-film-Ouch.html|title=Review: Neeraj Pandey's short film 'Ouch'|last=Ghosh|first=Sankhayan|work=Mint|date=2 November 2016|access-date=5 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105173748/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/sVXNjPlg545kGM5Q16ZIyN/Review-Neeraj-Pandeys-short-film-Ouch.html|archive-date=5 November 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Padma Shri Manoj Bajpai.jpg|thumb|Bajpayee receiving the Padma Shri in 2019]]
Bajpayee's first release of 2017 was the spy thriller ''[[Naam Shabana]]'', a [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] to the 2015 film ''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]'' with [[Taapsee Pannu]] reprising her role as Shabana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-naam-shabana-is-spin-off-not-prequel-to-baby-taapsee-pannu-2353190|title='Naam Shabana' is spin-off, not prequel to 'Baby' Taapsee Pannu|date=15 March 2017|work=Daily News and Analysis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330041452/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-naam-shabana-is-spin-off-not-prequel-to-baby-taapsee-pannu-2353190|archive-date=30 March 2017}}</ref> The same year, he reunited with Ram Gopal Varma for the crime drama ''[[Sarkar 3]]''. It was the third instalment in the [[Sarkar (film series)|Sarkar film series]]. In the film, his character was loosely based on [[Arvind Kejriwal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/manoj-bajpayee-sarkar-3-ram-gopal-varma-arvind-kejriwal-amitabh-bachchan-3098196/|title=Manoj Bajpayee's character in Sarkar 3 inspired by Arvind Kejriwal, says RGV|work=The Indian Express|date=23 October 2016|access-date=10 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205115111/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/manoj-bajpayee-sarkar-3-ram-gopal-varma-arvind-kejriwal-amitabh-bachchan-3098196/|archive-date=5 December 2016}}</ref> Later that year, Bajpayee appeared briefly in the drama film ''[[Rukh (film)|Rukh]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/rukh-movie-review-a-fine-film-that-says-more-with-its-silence-than-words-1559515.html|title=Rukh Movie Review: A Fine Film That Says More With Its Silence Than Words|last=Tulsiani|first=Kriti|publisher=CNN-News18|date=27 October 2017|access-date=30 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027175902/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/rukh-movie-review-a-fine-film-that-says-more-with-its-silence-than-words-1559515.html|archive-date=27 October 2017}}</ref>

In 2018, Bajpayee reunited with Neeraj Pandey with the crime thriller ''[[Aiyaary]]'', where he played Colonel Abhay Singh who is in pursuit of his protege Major Jai Bakshi ([[Sidharth Malhotra]]). Film critic [[Namrata Joshi]] criticised the film's plot and called Bajpayee and one song, the "film's only saving graces".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aiyaary-review-much-ado-about-nothing/article22771612.ece|title=Aiyaary' review: A flashback too many|last=Joshi|first=Namrata|work=The Hindu|date=16 February 2018|access-date=23 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511203443/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aiyaary-review-much-ado-about-nothing/article22771612.ece|archive-date=11 May 2018}}</ref> He later appeared in [[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]]'s ''[[Baaghi 2]]'', alongside [[Tiger Shroff]] and [[Disha Patani]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/baaghi-2-movie-review-tiger-shroff-s-film-is-all-about-sound-and-fury-118033100026_1.html|title='Baaghi 2' movie review: Tiger Shroff's film is all about sound and fury|work=Business Standard|date=31 March 2018|access-date=1 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401213556/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/baaghi-2-movie-review-tiger-shroff-s-film-is-all-about-sound-and-fury-118033100026_1.html|archive-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> Later that year, Bajpayee acted and made his debut as a producer with the psychological thriller ''[[Missing (2018 film)|Missing]]'', co-starring [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]. The film mostly received negative review from critics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/missing/movie-review/63633283.cms|title=Missing Movie Review|last=Gupta|first=Rachit|work=The Times of India|date=7 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408175848/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/missing/movie-review/63633283.cms|archive-date=8 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/missing-review-tabu-proves-she-is-one-of-the-finest-talents-steals-the-show/articleshow/63641620.cms|title='Missing' review: Thriller works only for Tabu fans, actress steals the show|work=The Economic Times|date=9 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409233623/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/missing-review-tabu-proves-she-is-one-of-the-finest-talents-steals-the-show/articleshow/63641620.cms|archive-date=9 April 2018}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta called it a "shoddy mess".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/missing-movie-review-tabu-manoj-bajpayee-star-rating-5125807/|title=Missing movie review: The Manoj Bajpayee and Tabu starrer is a shoddy mess|last=Gupta|first=Shubhra|work=The Indian Express|date=6 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409233546/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/missing-movie-review-tabu-manoj-bajpayee-star-rating-5125807/|archive-date=9 April 2018}}</ref> He next appeared alongside [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] in the vigilante action film ''[[Satyameva Jayate (2018 film)|Satyameva Jayate]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite news|title=Satyameva Jayate movie review: The John Abraham starrer revives all the forgotten horrors of 80s B-grade cinema|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/satyameva-jayate-movie-review-rating-john-abraham-5307367/|last=Gupta|first=Shubhra|work=The Indian Express|date=15 August 2018|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815131510/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/satyameva-jayate-movie-review-rating-john-abraham-5307367/|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The same year he appeared in the psychological drama ''[[Gali Guleiyan]]'', directed by debutant Dipesh Jain, where he played an electrician living in [[Old Delhi]], who starts losing his grasp over reality.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/method-in-his-madness-manoj-bajpayee-5322817/|title=Method in His Madness: Manoj Bajpayee on his forthcoming film Gali Guleiyan|last=Sahani|first=Alaka|work=The Indian Express|date=26 August 2018|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907234418/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/method-in-his-madness-manoj-bajpayee-5322817/|archive-date=7 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> He won the Best Actor award at the Indian Film Festival of Melbourne.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/manoj-bajpayee-on-his-role-in-gali-guleiyan-perhaps-the-most-difficult-character-of-my-career-4954561.html|title=Manoj Bajpayee on his role in Gali Guleiyan: Perhaps the most difficult character of my career|work=Firstpost|date=14 August 2018|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908021155/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/manoj-bajpayee-on-his-role-in-gali-guleiyan-perhaps-the-most-difficult-character-of-my-career-4954561.html|archive-date=8 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The film premiered at the [[22nd Busan International Film Festival]] and was also screened at the 2017 [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|MAMI Film Festival]], [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]], [[Atlanta Film Festival]], [[Cleveland International Film Festival]] and the [[Chicago International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-s-zoo-manoj-bajpayee-s-in-the-shadows-to-premiere-at-busan-film-festival/story-ku4CWQVDxTb2HdirGlzveO.html|title=Anurag Kashyap's Zoo, Manoj Bajpayee's In The Shadows to premiere at Busan Film Festival|work=Hindustan Times|date=12 September 2017|access-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013013221/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-s-zoo-manoj-bajpayee-s-in-the-shadows-to-premiere-at-busan-film-festival/story-ku4CWQVDxTb2HdirGlzveO.html|archive-date=13 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/manojs-gali-guleiyan-on-a-foreign-fest-journey/articleshow/63696573.cms|title=Manoj Bajpayee's 'Gali Guleiyan' on a foreign fest journey|work=The Times of India|date=10 August 2018|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907180155/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/manojs-gali-guleiyan-on-a-foreign-fest-journey/articleshow/63696573.cms|archive-date=7 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> His final release of the year was Tabrez Noorani's ensemble drama ''[[Love Sonia]]'', a film about sex trafficking. It had its premiere at the 2018 [[London Indian Film Festival]] and was released in India on 14 September 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/love-sonia-premieres-in-london-highlights-ignored-realities-of-the-world/story-g8n6Qma3o39jaAleha2m8J.html|title=Love Sonia premieres in London, highlights ignored realities of the world|work=Hindustan Times|date=22 June 2018|access-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915002143/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/love-sonia-premieres-in-london-highlights-ignored-realities-of-the-world/story-g8n6Qma3o39jaAleha2m8J.html|archive-date=15 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Devashish Makhija's ''[[Bhonsle (film)|Bhonsle]]'', Bajpayee played a terminally ill retired Mumbai cop who befriends a North Indian girl when the locals are trying to get rid of the migrants in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screenanarchy.com/2019/01/j-hurtados-13-favorite-indian-films-of-2018-gallery.html|title=J Hurtado's 14 Favorite Indian Films of 2018|last=Hurtado|first=J|publisher=Screen Anarchy|date=3 January 2018|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> The film and his performance met with positive response from critics with [[Namrata Joshi]] calling his acting "astounding in his internalisation of Bhonsle and acts with not just his face but by deploying his whole body."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhonsle-movie-review-agents-of-anger-and-gloom/article31937302.ece|title='Bhonsle' movie review: Agents of anger and gloom|last=Joshi|first=Namrata|work=The Hindu|date=28 June 2020|access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref> The role earned him his first [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] and second Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Performance by an Actor.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/national-film-awards-priyadarshan-kangana-dhanush-bag-top-honours/article34134989.ece|title=National Film Awards: Priyadarshan, Kangana, Dhanush bag top honours|work=The Hindu|date=22 March 2021|access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/asia-pacific-screen-awards-manoj-bajpayee-wins-best-actor-for-bhonsle-1621498-2019-11-22|title=Asia Pacific Screen Awards: Manoj Bajpayee wins Best Actor for Bhonsle|last=Singh|first=Suhani|work=India Today|date=22 November 2019|access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref>

In 2019, he was given India's fourth highest civilian honour [[Padma Shri]] for his contributions to art.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/mohanlal-to-be-awarded-padma-bhushan-padma-shri-for-manoj-bajpayee-prabhu-deva-and-late-kader-khan/354145|title=Mohanlal to be honoured with Padma Bhushan; Padma Shri for Manoj Bajpayee, Prabhu Deva and Late Kader Khan|website=Times Now|date=25 January 2019|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126000916/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/mohanlal-to-be-awarded-padma-bhushan-padma-shri-for-manoj-bajpayee-prabhu-deva-and-late-kader-khan/354145|archive-date=26 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The same year he portrayed dacoit [[Man Singh (dacoit)|Man Singh]] in [[Abhishek Chaubey]]'s action film ''[[Sonchiriya]]''. [[Raja Sen]] in his review wrote that Bajpayee is "excellent as a rebel chief."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sonchiriya-movie-review-sushant-singh-rajput-and-ranvir-shorey-are-brilliant-as-bandits/story-b2aIAz7fhMfCauFPLmikXI.html|title=Sonchiriya movie review: Sushant Singh Rajput and Ranvir Shorey are brilliant as bandits|last=Sen|first=Raja|work=Hindustan Times|date=1 March 2019|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301082555/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sonchiriya-movie-review-sushant-singh-rajput-and-ranvir-shorey-are-brilliant-as-bandits/story-b2aIAz7fhMfCauFPLmikXI.html|archive-date=1 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, he appeared in the spy action drama web series ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'', directed by [[Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.]] Bajpayee played the role of [[Srikant Tiwari (The Family Man)|Srikant Tiwari]], a middle-class man who secretly works for an intelligence agency. The series and his performance received positive response from critics with Rohit Naahar of ''Hindustan Times'' writing: "Manoj Bajpayee is, as he usually tends to be, effortlessly excellent."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/the-family-man-review-lighthearted-but-not-lightweight-amazon-and-manoj-bajpayee-have-a-winner-on-their-hands/story-Md1nRWexIIh7ogxifIrUHM.html|title=The Family Man review: Lighthearted but not lightweight; Amazon and Manoj Bajpayee have a winner on their hands|last=Naahar|first=Rohit|work=Hindustan Times|date=27 September 2019|access-date=5 October 2019}}</ref> He won the Critics Choice Best Actor, Drama Series Award at the 2020 [[Filmfare OTT Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-2020-winners-so-far/articleshow/79812177.cms|title=Flyx Filmfare OTT Awards 2020: Complete winners' list|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 December 2020|access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref>

In 2020, Bajpayee did a supporting role in [[Shirish Kunder]]'s crime thriller film ''[[Mrs. Serial Killer]]'', co-starring [[Jacqueline Fernandez]]. The film, which was released on [[Netflix]], met with a negative response.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/20-tweets-you-should-read-before-watching-netflix-s-mrs-serial-killer/|title=21 Tweets You Should Read Before Watching Netflix's 'Mrs. Serial Killer'|last=Magan|first=Srishti|publisher=ScoopWhoop|date=2 May 2020|access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref> His final release of the year was the comedy flick ''[[Suraj Pe Mangal Bhari]]'' alongside [[Diljit Dosanjh]] and [[Fatima Sana Shaikh]]. It was the first film to release theatrically in India after nearly eight months due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Suraj Pe Mangal Bhari Review: With Manoj Bajpayee And Diljit Dosanjh's Buoyant Performances, It Is Mildly Chucklesome|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/suraj-pe-mangal-bhari-review-with-manoj-bajpayee-and-diljit-dosanjhs-buoyant-performances-it-is-mildly-chucklesome-2-5-stars-out-of-5-2325351|last=Chatterjee|first=Saibal|publisher=NDTV|date=15 November 2020|access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref> The next year, he narrated the [[Discovery+]] documentary show ''Secrets of Sinauli'', directed by Neeraj Pandey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/secrets-of-sinauli-manoj-bajpayee-neeraj-pandeys-discovery-plus-show-is-must-watch-for-indian-history-buffs/2196405/|title=Secrets of Sinauli: Manoj Bajpayee, Neeraj Pandey's Discovery Plus show is must watch for Indian history buffs|work=The Financial Express|date=17 February 2021|access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref> Bajpayee also appeared as a cop trying to solve a murder case in the thriller ''[[Silence... Can You Hear It?]]''. The film was released on [[ZEE5]] and met with mixed critical feedback.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/990594/silence-can-you-hear-it-review-manoj-bajpayee-is-the-soul-of-a-twisty-mystery|title='Silence… Can You Hear it?' review: Manoj Bajpayee is the soul of a twisty mystery|website=Scroll.in|date=26 March 2021|access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>

== Acting style and influence ==
[[File:Manoj_Bajpayee_at_special_screening_of_Aarakshan.jpg|thumb|Bajpayee in 2011 during [[Aarakshan]] screening]]
''Bajpayee'' is a [[Method acting|method actor]] and a director's actor, and is known for his unconventional roles in films.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo9BAAAQBAJ&q=manoj+bajpai+method+actor&pg=PT202|title=Hero Vol.2|last=Raj|first=Ashok|publisher=Hay House|year=2009|isbn=9789381398036|pages=202|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211044019/https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT202&lpg=PT202&dq=manoj+bajpai+method+actor&source=bl&ots=nITps-ArL8&sig=BlrWSTqsHVyMRmYeKyJ6MDQ4npY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZw9qg_87JAhXKGI4KHRdoCUkQ6AEIRTAH#v=onepage&q=manoj%20bajpai%20method%20actor&f=false|archive-date=11 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/the-method-of-manoj-bajpayee-celebrating-bollywood-s-unlikely-hero/story-YLPxf19kjckkZsTV2XMOCI.html|title=The method of Manoj Bajpayee, celebrating Bollywood's unlikely hero|last=Kaushal|first=Sweta|work=Hindustan Times|date=23 April 2015|access-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211095217/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/the-method-of-manoj-bajpayee-celebrating-bollywood-s-unlikely-hero/story-YLPxf19kjckkZsTV2XMOCI.html|archive-date=11 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://180.179.160.21/photogallery/4595-10.html|title=Satya to Aarakshan: Why Manoj Bajpayee is a director's actor|publisher=CNN-IBN|access-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211085047/http://180.179.160.21/photogallery/4595-10.html|archive-date=11 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sarkar|first=Neeti|title=Life's about choice|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article621147.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=31 August 2011|date=8 September 2010}}</ref> Actor [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] has cited Bajpayee's performance in ''[[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]]'' as the inspiration for his role as the antagonist in ''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/i-wont-do-commercial-films-6838.html|title=I won't do commercial films|last=Singh|first=Raghuvendra|work=Filmfare|date=29 July 2014|access-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211064412/http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/i-wont-do-commercial-films-6838.html|archive-date=11 December 2015}}</ref> Bajpayee has also been vocal about the disparity in the pay he commands, in comparison to the top actors in the film industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2013/08/30/need-good-roles-but-need-money-too-manoj-bajpayee/|title=Need good roles but need money too: Manoj Bajpayee|last=Jamkhandikar|first=Shilpa|work=[[Reuters]]|date=30 August 2013|access-date=10 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211124223/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2013/08/30/need-good-roles-but-need-money-too-manoj-bajpayee/|archive-date=11 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/ive-done-enough-acting-now-i-want-money-manoj-bajpayee-4099.html|title=I've done enough acting, now I want money – Manoj Bajpayee|last=Sharma|first=Suman|work=Filmfare|date=5 September 2013|access-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211062931/http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/ive-done-enough-acting-now-i-want-money-manoj-bajpayee-4099.html|archive-date=11 December 2015}}</ref> He has cited [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and [[Raghubir Yadav]] as his inspirations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/aug/22manoj.htm|title=The importance of being Manoj Bajpai|last=Verma|first=Sukanya|work=Rediff.com|date=22 August 2000|access-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125814/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/aug/22manoj.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

Director Ram Gopal Varma considers him to be "an education" for himself and said he is "simply the best actor I've ever worked with."<ref name="kind" /> Shekhar Kapur, who directed him in ''Bandit Queen'', recalls: "Manoj had the ability to portray a lot just by doing little. He never tried to overplay a scene and seemed totally comfortable with a minimalist statement."<ref name="kind" /> According to director Hansal Mehta, Manoj "has the ability to transform himself like few others."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Nidhi |date=28 October 2015 |title=The problem with actors? They're too disciplined |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/actor-manoj-bajpayees-almora-property-under-scanner/articleshow/115193150.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211085213/http://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/personalities/hansal-mehta-aligarh-interview-manoj-bajpai-gq-india/ |archive-date=11 December 2015 |access-date=10 December 2015 |work=[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ]]}}</ref>

Bajpayee's performance as Bhiku Mhatre in ''Satya'' is considered to be one of the most memorable characters of Hindi cinema, along with his dialogue in it: "Mumbai ka king kaun? Bhiku Mhatre" (Who is the king of Mumbai? Bhiku Mhatre).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/100-years-of-bollywood-10-characters-we-love/211818|title=100 years of Bollywood: 10 characters we love|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=3 May 2013|access-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211073842/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/100-years-of-bollywood-10-characters-we-love/211818|archive-date=11 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/top-lists/Top-10-Dons-of-Bollywood/videols/19930293.cms|title=Top 10 Dons of Bollywood|work=The Times of India|date=14 May 2013|access-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304134222/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/top-lists/Top-10-Dons-of-Bollywood/videols/19930293.cms|archive-date=4 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/dialoguebaazi-the-tough-men/story-moGv3zA3ihceHFJW3bgbyN.html|title=#Dialoguebaazi: The tough men|last1=Ali|first1=Asad|last2=Usman|first2=Yasser|work=Hindustan Times|date=12 December 2014|access-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211075111/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/dialoguebaazi-the-tough-men/story-moGv3zA3ihceHFJW3bgbyN.html|archive-date=11 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/18sl8.htm|title=Where have the evil lines gone?|last=Sen|first=Raja|work=Rediff.com|access-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105121819/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/18sl8.htm|archive-date=5 January 2016}}</ref> [[Kay Kay Menon]] credits this character as a turning point for other method actors: "If it were not for Manoj's brilliant performance in ''Satya'', actors like [[Irrfan Khan|Irrfan]] and me might still be waiting to be accepted. Manoj opened the doors for us."<ref name="indie" /> Writing about the character in his book ''Popcorn Essayists'', journalist-writer [[Jai Arjun Singh]] wrote that "the "earthiness" and the "authenticity" [of the character], was the subtle result of a persistence in Bajpai's performance."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zwQG-xYuzcC&q=bhiku+mhatre&pg=PT70|title=Popcorn Essayists|last=Jai|first=Arjun Singh|publisher=Westland|year=2011|isbn=9789380658353|pages=70}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{main|Manoj Bajpayee filmography}}

==Awards and nominations==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Manoj Bajpayee}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://news24online.com/news/entertainment/filmfare-ott-awards-2021-manoj-bajpayee-samantha-clinch-top-honours-family-man-475ba28d/|title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2021: Manoj Bajpayee, Samantha clinch top honours for 'The Family Man'|date=11 December 2021|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211110756/https://news24online.com/news/entertainment/filmfare-ott-awards-2021-manoj-bajpayee-samantha-clinch-top-honours-family-man-475ba28d/|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/12/10/filmfare-ott-awards-2021-the-family-man-2-and-scam-1992-win-big.html|title = Filmfare OTT Awards 2021: The Family Man 2 and Scam 1992' win big}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oW0-CQAAQBAJ&q=manoj+bajpai+preparing+for+shool&pg=PA204|title=Studying Indian Cinema|last=Ahmed|first=Omar|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|year=2015|isbn=978-0-9932384-9-9|pages=204}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo9BAAAQBAJ&q=manoj+bajpai+method+actor&pg=PT202|title=Hero Vol.2|last=Raj|first=Ashok|publisher=Hay House|year=2009|isbn=9789381398036|pages=202}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zwQG-xYuzcC&q=bhiku+mhatre&pg=PT70|title=Popcorn Essayists|last=Jai|first=Arjun Singh|author-link=Jai Arjun Singh|publisher=Westland|year=2011|isbn=9789380658353|pages=70}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Manoj Bajpai
| list =
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Actor}}
{{National Film Award Best Supporting Actor}}
{{National Film Award Special Jury Award Feature Film}}
{{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor}}
{{ScreenAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{Screen Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestSupportingActorMale}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajpayee, Manoj}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from West Champaran district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Special Jury Award (feature film) National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Film producers from Bihar]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:Best Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Asia Pacific Screen Award winners]]
[[Category:Ramjas College alumni]]

Basina, North 24 Parganas

2026-03-25T23:19:13Z

ShantaeBpy: new first data w/ infobox

{{Other uses|Basina (disambiguation){{!}}Basina}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Basina
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = [[West Bengal]]
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.613467|N|88.494344|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.3206
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5,413
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700135
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03174
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-23, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-24, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-25, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-26
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Rajarhat New Town (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarhat New Town]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Basina''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Rajarhat (community development block)|Rajarhat]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Bidhannagar subdivision]] of the [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=520| height=400| zoom=12
| coord={{coord|22|36|0|N|88|28|30|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Bidhannagar subdivision, North 24 Parganas''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: facilities Abbreviation: UEM - University of Engineering & Management Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|38|5|N|88|29|21|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Bhatenda | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Bhatenda]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|35|58|N|88|27|30|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Ghuni| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Ghuni]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|36|48|N|88|29|39|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Basina| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=Basina, North 24 Parganas (CT)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black 
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|37|0|N|88|29|36|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Bishnupur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Bishnupur, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|36|40|N|88|32|18|E}} | label-pos5=top|label5= Chandpur |labela5= Champagachhi| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Chandpur Champagachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|35|55|N|88|27|58|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Jatragachhi | numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Jatragachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|38|14|N|88|28|23|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Raigachhi | numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Raigachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|37|5|N|88|28|9|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Rekjuani | numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Rekjuani]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|36|16|N|88|27|8|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Sulanggari | numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Sulanggari]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|34|48|N|88|25|12|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Bidhannagar| numbered10=M| mark-title10=[[Bidhannagar]] (M) | shape-color10= #800000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|35|30|N|88|29|7|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Aliah University| numbered11=F| mark-title11= [[Aliah University]] (F) |shape-color11=#967117
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|33|42|N|88|29|15|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= St. Xavier's University| numbered12=F| mark-title12= [[St. Xavier's University, Kolkata]] (F) |shape-color12=#967117
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|57|42|N|88|32|39|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= MAKAUT| numbered13=F| mark-title13= [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]] (F) |shape-color13=#967117
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|33|27|N|88|29|24|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= UEM| numbered14=F| mark-title14= [[University of Engineering & Management (UEM), Kolkata]] (F) |shape-color14=#967117
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|35|40|N|88|29|7|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Amity University| numbered15=F| mark-title15= [[Amity University, Kolkata]] (F) |shape-color15=#967117
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|36|21|N|88|28|1|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16=Eco Park| numbered16=T|shape-color16= #74C365| mark-title16= [[New Town Eco Park]] (T)
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|37|0|N|88|30|20|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Rajarhat| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Rajarhat]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|35|30|N|88|28|29|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= New Town| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[New Town, Kolkata]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|38|0|N|88|32|40|E}} | label19= Bidyadhari |labela19 =River| label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 10| label-pos19=right| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none}}

===Location===
Basina is located at {{coord|22.613467|N|88.494344|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Rajarhat, a rural area earlier, adjacent to Kolkata, is being transformed into an upmarket satellite township, with modern business hubs, luxury real estate and eye-catching shopping malls. With enormous construction activity taking place all around, things are changing fast, leaving behind a description at any given point of time as outdated in no time.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/5472 | title = Politics of a Transformative Rural: Development, Dispossession and Changing Caste-Relations in West Bengal, India | work= Ritanjan Das| publisher = Open edition journals, 21/2019 |accessdate = 22 June 2021}}</ref> Bidhannagar subdivision consists of [[Bidhannagar|Bidhannagar Municipality]], Mahishbathan II Gram Panchayat and [[Rajarhat|Rajarhat-Gopalpur Municipality]] (subsequently merged to form [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]] since 2015), including Nabadiganta Industrial Township (Bidhannagar Sector - V) and [[Rajarhat (Community development block)]].<ref>{{cite web|title=BMC Profile|url=http://www.bmcwbgov.in/index.php/about-us/bmc-profile}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Change of guard|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/change-of-guard/cid/1471266}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://north24parganas.gov.in/pdf/notice%20220615.pdf|title=Notification No. 401/MA/O/C4/1A-12/2012 dated 18 Jun 2015|access-date=11 May 2018|publisher=Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726060058/http://north24parganas.gov.in/pdf/notice%20220615.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Basina had a total population of 5,413, of which 2,772 (51%) were males and 2,641 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 685. The total number of literate persons in Basina was 3,907 (82.64% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1911_PART_B_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, North Twnty Four Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 323767, pages 38-39|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 18 June 2021}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook, North Twenty Four Parganas'', 2011, Basina covered an area of 1.3206 km2. It had 6 km roads, with open drains. The protected water-supply involved tap water from untreated sources, hand pumps. It had 476 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 9 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities, it had 1 primary school, secondary and senior secondary schools at [[Bidhannagar]] 4 km away. The nearest college was 10 km away at [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]]. It is well known for polythene pipes. It had branch offices of 1 private commercial bank.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 803-805 Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 16 June 2021}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Rekjoani Rural Hospital at [[Rekjuani]] with 30 beds functions as the main medical facility in Rajarhat CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 May 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]

Sangam World Centre

2026-03-25T11:19:13Z

ShantaeBpy: new - done

{{Short description|World Scout Centre in Maharasthra, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{promotional|date=May 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2022}}
{{primary sources|date=June 2022}}
}}
{{Infobox WorldScouting
|type=campsite
|image=
|caption=
|name=Sangam World Centre
|location=[[Mula River, India|Mula River]], [[Pune]]
|country=[[India]]
|f-date=1966
|founder=
|owner=[[World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts|WAGGGS]]
|website=http://www.sangamworldcentre.org/
}}

'''Sangam World Centre''' is one of the five [[World Centre (WAGGGS)|World Centres]] of the [[World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts]] (WAGGGS), located on the banks of the [[Mula River, India|Mula River]] in [[Pune]].

The word '''Sangam''' means ‘coming together’ in the ancient language of [[Sanskrit]]. The centre serves as a place for Girl Guides and Girl Scouts around the world to come together to share their experiences, as well as the culture and traditions of their homelands and Member Organizations.

Four other WAGGGS World Centers are [[Our Chalet]] in [[Switzerland]], [[Our Cabaña]] in [[Mexico]], [[Pax Lodge]] in [[England]], and [[Kusafiri]] in [[Africa]].

==Location==
The Sangam World Centre is situated 190 km (120 mi) from [[Mumbai]], in the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].

==History==
Sangam was first imagined at the 1956 WAGGGS International Commissioners’ meeting in New Delhi,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Story of Sangam |url=https://worldcentres.wagggs.org/sangam/about-us/story-of-sangam/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=WAGGGS World Centres |language=en-GB}}</ref> where the idea to build a World Centre in the Asia Pacific Region was proposed.

A year later, at the World Conference, the decision to build the new Centre in India was finalized, thanks to the work of [[Lakhshmi Mazumdar]], the National Commissioner of the Indian WAGGGS Member Organization [[Bharat Scouts and Guides]], and the state of Maharashtra's donation of 7¾ acres of land to be used as the World Centre's site. The city of Pune, located in the state of Maharashtra in India, was selected because of its climate, cultural history, tradition in education, and proximity to Bombay (now Mumbai).

In 1963, the building plans were approved at the World Conference in Denmark. Girl Guides and Girl Scouts around the world raised over 50 per cent of the construction funds, and the foundation stone was laid in 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} Sangam |url=https://worldcentres.wagggs.org/sangam/about-us/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=WAGGGS World Centres |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The center was designed by the Bombay architectural firm Messrs Mody and Colgan and the construction was supervised by Mrs. [[Lakhshmi Mazumdar]], the National Commissioner of the Indian WAGGGS Member Organization [[Bharat Scouts and Guides]]. On 16 October 1966, the World Chief Guide, Lady [[Olave Baden-Powell]], inaugurated the center.

== Influential women ==

=== Lakshmi Mazumdar ===
As head of the Sangam Planning Committee, Mazumdar secured a promise of land and funding from the government of Maharashtra. She was the first woman to have served as the National Commissioner of the Bharat Scouts and Guides. She was also the first Chairman of the Sangam Committee. Mazumdar received the Padma Shri (4th highest award in India) in 1965 and was awarded the Bronze Wolf from the World Scout Committee.

=== Anu Karkare ===
Karkare was the first Guider-in-Charge at Sangam. She presided over every Welcome Ceremony until she was no longer able to. She is known at Sangam for her words: "I expect to pass through this world but once; any good thing, therefore, that I can do, or any kindness that I can show to any fellow creature, let me do it now; let me not defer or neglect it, for I shall not pass this way again."

=== Armaity Dastur ===
She was instrumental in forming the Friends of Sangam Mumbai group,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangam Group |url=https://www.sangamgroup.com/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=www.sangamgroup.com}}</ref> and sat on the managing committee. She has also been a member of the Sangam Committee and Centre Team. She was also a District Commissioner for [[Bharat Scouts and Guides]] and enjoyed Girl Guiding throughout her life and was of great assistance to Sangam in forging connections with National Bharat Scouts and Guides

=== Tehmina Barma ===
Supporter of Sangam from the beginning. She held a position of vice-president of the Pune Bharat Scouts and Guides. She was also Sangam Committee Chairman from 1973 to 1978, and "Chief Guest" at the 20th birthday.

== Involvement in the Community ==
From 1973 onwards, community development began to feature strongly in the programmes. The Phulenagar Service Project, based opposite Sangam, was set up to organise activities. It became the root of future projects featuring training for local women, adolescent girls and children. Children's holidays were soon a regular feature of the event schedule. Many projects in the Pune area have been, and continue to be, assisted by Sangam's staff, participants and friends.

Over the years, as Sangam grew so did the opportunity to lend a hand to other organisations. The centre started to work closely with other new community partners in Pune. Participants started to visit and share the work of partners. Then Sangam started to work together with partners on projects. The partnerships still exist today and Sangam continues to work with and support many organisations. Today, all participants visit at least one community partner during their event.

==Events==
Sangam offers five kinds of international events: Leadership, Cultural, Celebratory, Wellness and World Bureau-Led events. Each provides the opportunity to explore India's exciting culture and traditions and interact with Sangam's community partner organisations.

== Volunteering at Sangam ==
Sangam World Centre offers long-term experiences, such as volunteering programmes, as an opportunity for self-development and the chance to live abroad, gain personal and professional experience, work in a multicultural environment, and enjoy the friendship and fun of international guiding and scouting.

=== Sangam Volunteer ===
Sangam Volunteers are responsible for the delivery of Sangam's international events. They run sessions on Indian culture and the latest WAGGGS developments, and lead tours around the local neighbourhood and Pune city centre.

=== Intern ===
Sangam interns bring their ideas and talents to Sangam and contribute to the management and development of the World Centre.

Interns at Sangam have the opportunity to explore Indian culture, experience international girl guiding and girl scouting, and develop personal and professional abilities. They will also develop skills in all areas at Sangam.

=== Community Programme ===
Since 1966, Sangam World Centre has partnered with a variety of non-governmental organizations striving to better the lives of people in Pune. Today, Sangam is affiliated with more than twenty organizations, which work in a number of fields: medicine, education, environmental sustainability, women's empowerment, and more.

During events, participants visit Sangam's Community Partners, and are given the chance to witness community leadership and advocacy in action, while participating in dialogue with the partner organizations and the children, women, and men they assist. These connections often result in partnerships between event participants and Community Partners, helping to build the capacity of these organizations.

== Friends of Sangam ==
A special donor group is set up for supporters of Sangam. Their donations ensure that girls from around the world can access and enjoy self-development, learning and adventure at Sangam. It is open to any individual who donates £40 or more. Friends of Sangam provide funding for Sangam's programs, activities and work with girls, receive news and information on projects and campaigns, and a pin and certificate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangam in India |url=https://www.worldfoundationgggs.org/global_support/sangam/index.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=World Foundation for Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, Inc. |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Scouting|places}}

{{coord|18|34|18|N|73|52|40|E|region:IN-MH_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}

[[Category:World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts]]
[[Category:Scouting and Guiding in India]]
[[Category:Scout campsites]]
[[Category:Outdoor structures in India]]

Mala Malasar language

2026-03-24T11:49:15Z

ShantaeBpy: New!

{{Short description|Language}}
{{distinguish|Malasar language}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Mala Malasar
|nativename=
|states=[[India]]
|ethnicity=
|speakers=1,000
|date=2004
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Dravidian
| fam2 = Southern
| fam3 = [[Southern Dravidian languages|Southern I]]
| fam4 = Tamil–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]
| fam5 = Tamil–[[Kota language (India)|Kota]]
| fam6 = Tamil–[[Toda language|Toda]]
| fam7 = Tamil–Irula
| fam8 = Tamil–[[Kodava language|Kodava]]–[[Urali language|Urali]]
| fam9 = [[Tamiloid languages|Tamil]]–[[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalam]]
| fam10 = [[Tamiloid languages|Tamiloid]]
| ancestor = [[Old Tamil language|Old Tamil]]
| ancestor2 = [[Middle Tamil language|Middle Tamil]]
|iso3=ima
|glotto=mala1457
|glottorefname=Mala Malasar
}}
'''Mala Malasar''' ({{ipa|ima|mɐlɐ mɐlɐsɐr|ipa}}) is a [[Southern Dravidian languages|Southern Dravidian language]] spoken by a [[scheduled tribe]] of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tribes of Palakkad, Kerala: A Sociolinguistic Profile (SIL) |author=Bijumon Varghese |date=2015 |orig-year=2004 |page=10 |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/12/30/35/123035517420667367799205409945550701297/silesr2015_028.pdf}}
</ref> It is close to [[Irula language|Irula]] and classified as a [[Tamiloid languages|Tamiloid language]], sometimes as a dialect of [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tribes of Palakkad, Kerala: A Sociolinguistic Profile (SIL) |author=Bijumon Varghese |date=2015 |orig-year=2004 |pages=2, 10 |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/12/30/35/123035517420667367799205409945550701297/silesr2015_028.pdf}}
</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

* {{Cite web |title=The Tribes of Palakkad, Kerala: A Sociolinguistic Profile (SIL) |author=Bijumon Varghese |date=2015 |orig-year=2004 |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/12/30/35/123035517420667367799205409945550701297/silesr2015_028.pdf}}

{{Dravidian languages |state=autocollapse}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dravidian languages]]

{{Dravidian-lang-stub}}

Bubu Eklund

2026-03-22T17:46:14Z

ShantaeBpy:

{{Short description|Bengali singer (born 1951)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bubu Eklund
| image = Bubu Eklund.jpeg
| caption = Portrait, ''[[Sydsvenskan]]''
| native_name =
| birth_name = Bubu Munshi
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1951|03|11}}
| birth_place = Paikpara, [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupation = Singer, exponent of [[Rabindra Sangeet]]
| father = [[Annada Munsi|Annada Munshi]]
| mother = Jayati Munshi
| alma mater = [[Rabindra Bharati University]]
| spouse = [[Lars Eklund]]
| relatives = [[Manto Munshi (musician)|Manto Munshi]] (brother) [[Manu Munsi]] (half-uncle)
}}
'''Bubu Eklund''' (''née'' '''Munshi''', born: 11 March 1951) is an Indian-born Swedish singer and exponent of [[Rabindra Sangeet]]. She is based in [[Lund]] and leads the ''Lund International Tagore Choir'' with her husband [[Lars Eklund]], which is involved in popularising Rabindra Sangeet and the ideologies of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in Sweden.<ref name="auto1">[https://www.sydsvenskan.se/2011-03-11/konst-och-musik-ramar-in-livet Konst och musik ramar in livet (in Swedish)], ''[[Sydsvenskan]]'', 11 March 2011</ref><ref name="auto2">[https://indianexpress.com/article/research/from-shantiniketan-to-sweden-how-tagores-music-connects-people-across-borders-10444454/ From Santiniketan to Sweden: How a choir in Lund is keeping Tagore’s songs alive], ''[[The Indian Express]]'', 1 January 2026.</ref> She is the daughter of Indian painter and commercial artist [[Annada Munsi]]. Eklund is known for her series of concerts titled ''A Swedish View of Rabindranath Tagore'', along with Per Olov Henricson.<ref name="nordic-2011">[https://nordicsouthasianet.eu/tagore-choir-pages/a-swedish-view-of-rabindranah-tagore-cultural-program-by-bubu-munshi-eklund-and-per-olov-henricson/ Nordic South Asia Network. "A Swedish View of Rabindranath Tagore – Cultural Program by Bubu Munshi-Eklund and Per Olov Henricson". publisher: Nordic South Asia Network (2011)]</ref>

==Biography==
Eklund was born in a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family, the daughter of painter and commercial artist [[Annada Munsi]]. She attended the Rabitirtha Institute in [[Kolkata]], [[India]], as a student of Rabindra Sangeet exponents [[Suchitra Mitra]] and [[Kanika Bandopadhyay]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="nordic-2011"/>

According to Riyanka Roy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'',
<blockquote>“Bubu was already an accomplished exponent of Rabindrasangeet, having trained under two of the most revered figures in Tagore’s musical tradition, Suchitra Mitra and Kanika Bandyopadhyay, whose guidance shaped both her artistic grounding and interpretive depth."<ref name="auto2"/>
</blockquote>

Eklund started the ''International Tagore Choir in Lund'' with her husband [[Lars Eklund]] in 2012, where Swedish people are trained to sing [[Rabindra Sangeet]].<ref name="auto2"/> She lives in [[Lund]], [[Sweden]] from 1983 with her husband [[Lars Eklund]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="telegraph-tagore">[https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/swede-sound-of-tagore/cid/1486293 Swede sound of Tagore], ''[[The Telegraph (India)]]'', 2 December 2015</ref><ref>[https://sydasien.se/intervju/tidskriftshistoria-nar-sydasiens-arkiv-gors-sokbart/. "Tidskriftshistoria när Sydasiens arkiv görs sökbart (in Swedish)". publisher: Sydasien (10-19-20)]</ref>

According to a feature published in ''[[The Telegraph (India)]]'' in 2015, [[Hindol Sengupta]] (former Editor-at-Large, ''[[Fortune India]]'') and Andreas Mattsson (Lecturer in Media Studies, [[Lund University]]),
<blockquote>“It was in 2012 that the couple inaugurated their "other dream project" - a Swedish Rabindrasangeet choir. It now has 15 members, comprising an Indian and a Bangladeshi, but the rest all Swedes. The choir has performed at many concerts in Lund and also Uppsala, where a Tagore statue was unveiled at the university in 2013."<ref name="telegraph-tagore"/>
</blockquote>

==Performances==
* Performance at [[Lund Cathedral]] to commemorate [[Mother Teresa]] after her demise in 1997
* Performance at the [[Nobel Prize Museum]] at [[Stockholm]] in 2002 in the presence of [[Chitra Narayanan]], the former Ambassador of [[India]] to [[Sweden]]
* The [[Lund]] concert on the occasion of [[Tagore]]'s 150th Birth Anniversary in 2011
* Performance in [[Uppsala University]] on the occasion of [[Tagore]]'s 150th Birth Anniversary in 2011 in the presence of [[AFM Gousal Azam Sarker]], Former Ambassador of [[Bangladesh]] to [[Sweden]] and Ashok Sajjanhar, Former Ambassador of [[India]] to [[Sweden]]
* The [[India]] Tour in 2013: Performances in [[Star Theatre, Kolkata]], [[Sangit Bhavana]] of [[Visva-Bharati University]], Shakuntala Rheumatology Hospital and Research Institute in [[Balasore]], [[North Orissa University]] and [[IIT Kharagpur]].<ref>[https://www.fisk-lund.se/international-tagore-choir-commemorated-tagore-concerts-bengal-and-odisha_.html Nordic South Asia Network. "International Tagore Choir commemorated Tagore with concerts in Bengal and Odisha". publisher: Nordic South Asia Network (2013)]</ref>
* The [[Stockholm]] concert in 2014 on the celebration of 100 years of [[Tagore]]'s [[Nobel Prize]] winning
* The Bangladesh Tour in 2023<ref>[https://www.sydsvenskan.se/artikel/tagorekonsert-i-helgen-med-kor-och-instrumentalister/ Sydsvenskan. "Tagorekonsert i helgen med kör och instrumentalister (in Swedish)". publisher: Sydsvenskan (05-04-23)]</ref>

In 2013 the choir toured [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]], performing at Calcutta’s [[Star Theatre, Kolkata|Star Theatre]] alongside [[Mamata Shankar]]’s troupe and at [[Santiniketan]]’s [[Sangit Bhavana]] for students and faculty.<ref name="telegraph-tagore"/>

==Further reading==
*[https://www.kristianstadsbladet.se/artikel/hinduismen-i-nytt-ljus/ Rutberg, Ingela (February 17, 2002), ''i nytt ljus: En klockas pinglande hördes ut i Regionmuseets foajé. Ringlande rökelse och Bubu Eklunds sång mötte de 50 personer som lämnat det vackra vädret på söndagseftermiddagen och letat sig in i Regionmuseets samlingssal för att få veta mer om hinduismen (in Swedish).'']
*[https://www.fisk-lund.se/bangladeshresasummaryx.pdf Eklund, Lars (2020), ''Lund International Tagore Choir tour to Bangladesh 2019-2020 '']
*[https://www.fredsrorelsen-pa-orust.se/referat_sissela_kyle2015.php Henån, Kulturhuset (november, 2015), ''Sissela Kyle läser Gandhi och Bubu Munshi Eklund från Calcutta spelar och sjunger Tagore (in Swedish).'']
*[https://www.sydsvenskan.se/lund/indiskt-forfattarkalas-i-lund/ Maya Isaksson (March 15, 2011), ''Indiskt författarkalas i Lund (in Swedish)'']

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kolkatakonnector.blogspot.com/2015/08/from-land-of-nobel-prize-now-comes.html From The Land of the Nobel Prize, Now comes Rabindrasangeet!]
* [https://osterlensbokcafe.blogspot.com/2013/07/indiska-afton-i-bokcafeet.html Rabindranath Tagore 100 år efter Nobelpriset]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eklund, Bubu}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian singers]]
[[Category:Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:People from West Bengal]]

Aparna Popat

2026-03-20T15:02:53Z

ShantaeBpy: new new article added tags

{{short description|Indian badminton player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| image = The President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting the Arjuna Award -2005 to Ms. Aparna Popat for Badminton, at a glittering function in New Delhi on August 29, 2006.jpg
| caption = Popat receiving the [[Arjuna Award]] from [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| alt = Popat smiling at the camera in a white sweatshirt
| name = Aparna Popat
| birth_name = Aparna Lalji Popat
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|1|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| height = {{convert|1.63|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| weight =
| event = Women's singles
| highest_ranking = 16 (1997)<ref name="career high">{{cite web |title=Previous stars – Aparna Popat |url=http://www.tatapadukoneacademy.com/previous-stars.asp |publisher=Tata Padukone Academy |accessdate=14 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521084804/http://tatapadukoneacademy.com/previous-stars.asp |archivedate=21 May 2007 }}</ref>
| date_of_highest_ranking =
| current_ranking =
| date_of_current_ranking =
| country = India
| coach =
| years_active = 1989–2006
| handedness = Right
| best_result =
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport | Women's [[badminton]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[1998 Commonwealth Games|1998 Kuala Lumpur]] | [[Badminton at the 1998 Commonwealth Games|Women's singles]] }}
{{MedalBronze | 1998 Kuala lumpur | Women's team }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2002 Commonwealth Games|2002 Manchester]] | [[Badminton at the 2002 Commonwealth Games#Badminton|Women's singles]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2006 Commonwealth Games|2006 Melbourne]] | [[Badminton at the 2006 Commonwealth Games|Mixed team]] }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[BWF World Junior Championships|World Junior Championships]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[1996 IBF World Junior Championships|1996 Silkeborg]] | Girls' singles }}
| bwfbadminton_id = 9574
| bwf_id = 07C98FC0-68FA-4D62-9BC3-7D86E0CC3BF0
}}

'''Aparna Popat''' (born 18 January 1978) is a former Indian [[badminton]] player. She was India's national champion for a record equaling nine times when she won all the senior national championships between 1997 and 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai Masters – Aparna Popat |url=http://www.badmintoninindia.com/news/tag/aparna-popat/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130814140925/http://www.badmintoninindia.com/news/tag/aparna-popat/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 August 2013 |publisher=Badminton India |accessdate=14 August 2013 }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Aparna Popat was born on 18 January 1978 in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] into a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] family of Lalji Popat and Heena Popat. She studied at J. B. Petit High School in Mumbai and attended a pre-university course at [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore|Mount Carmel College]] in [[Bangalore]]. Aparna also holds a bachelor's degree in commerce from the [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]].

== Training background ==
Aparna started playing badminton in 1986 in Mumbai. As an 8-year-old, when she approached Anil Pradhan for coaching, he saw a spark in the girl and told her parents "Give me this girl and I will put her on the map of Indian badminton". Being a national champion himself, he helped her develop skills required to face the many challenges of the game.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aparna Popat's Profile |url=http://studyrays.com/info/alltimegreat/sports/aparna-popat.php |publisher=Studyrays |accessdate=14 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731041208/http://studyrays.com/info/alltimegreat/sports/aparna-popat.php |archivedate=31 July 2012 }}</ref>

In 1994, she shifted to the Prakash Padukone Badminton Academy in Bangalore to further expand her capabilities. Training under the legendary [[Prakash Padukone]], a former All-England champion, she built up her fitness and learned techniques to be more competitive at the international level.

Yearning to expand her learning, in 2002 she shifted to the Sports Authority of India training centre at Kengeri, Bangalore where she learnt the nuances of the game under coach Gangula Prasad.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aparna Popat to train with Ganguly Prasad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Aparna-Popat-to-train-with-Ganguly-Prasad/articleshow/967298344.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130814140933/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-08-19/bangalore/27227592_1_aparna-popat-badminton-physical-fitness |url-status=live |archive-date=14 August 2013 |date=19 August 2001 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 August 2013}}</ref>

== Career ==
Aparna captured her first Senior National title at Hyderabad in 1997. She went on to win the Senior National title till 2006, thereby equaling the Prakash Padukone's record of winning nine consecutive national singles titles. She won her last of the nine Senior Nationals titles at the age of 27 after defeating the 15-year-old [[Saina Nehwal]] at Bangalore in January 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=No stopping Aparna |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/no-stopping-aparna/article3238731.ece |accessdate=10 September 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

The highlights of her achievements at the international level are participation in 2 Olympic Games, 1 Asian Games, a silver medal at the World Junior Championships in 1996 and 4 medals in 3 Commonwealth Games appearances. She reached career-high world ranking of 16.<ref name="career high"/>

* '''1989:''' Won the national title (under-12) title at Bangalore. This was the 1st tournament she played at the national level.
* '''1990:''' Finished runner up in the Nationals in the Sub-Junior girls category (under-15). This was the only year that she did not win the national title in her age group.
* '''1991:''' Won the National Sub-Junior girls title (under-15).
* '''1992:''' Retained the National Sub Junior Girls title (under-15) and was finalist in the Junior girls (under-18) category. Also, got a chance to represent India at the World Junior Championships held at Jakarta. This was her maiden international tournament.
* '''1993:''' Won the Junior National title (under-18) at Pune.
* '''1994:''' Retained the Junior National title (under-18). Represented India at the World Junior Championships held at Kuala Lumpur. This year she also made her foray into the senior category at the international level being part of the Indian squad for the [[Uber Cup]] at Prague.
* '''1995:''' Retained the Junior National title (under-18). Finalist at the Senior Nationals.
* '''1996:''' Won bronze medal at Prince Asian Junior Championships at Hong Kong. Later that year, she won a silver medal at the World Junior Championships at Silkeborg, Denmark. This was India's first ever medal at this event. She also retained the Junior National title (under-19) and was finalist at the Senior Nationals held at Pune. Represented India in the Uber Cup.
* '''1997:''' After finishing runners-up in the previous two years, she won her maiden Senior National title at Hyderabad defeating Manjusha Kanwar in straight games.
* '''1998:''' This was one of her most fruitful years as a player. Apart retaining the Senior National title, she won an individual silver medal and team bronze medal at the Commonwealth Games held at Kuala Lumpur. She participated in the Asian Games at Bangkok and the Uber Cup. She also won a gold medal at the Asian Satellite Tournament.
* '''1999:''' Riding on the good form of the previous year, she reached the semi-finals of the Swedish Open and finished runner-up at the French Open. Retained her Senior National title in the Women's singles and finished runner-up in the Women's Doubles category. Won a gold medal at the Asian Satellite Tournament.
* '''2000:''' She represented the country at the Sydney Olympic Games 2000 as India's sole woman's badminton representative. Represented India in the Uber Cup. Retained the Senior National title.
* '''2001:''' Retained the Senior National title. Won a gold medal at the Asian Satellite Tournament.
* '''2002:''' She was the lone Indian medalist at the Commonwealth Games held at Manchester, UK winning a bronze medal in the Women's singles. Retained the Senior National title. Represented India in the Uber Cup.
* '''2003:''' Retained the Senior national title. Won a gold medal at the Asian Satellite Tournament.
* '''2004:''' Participated in her second Olympic Games held at Athens, Greece. She reached the pre-quarter final losing to the eventual silver medalist, Mia Audina in 3 games. At this point in time she was the only Indian woman badminton player to have represented India in 2 Olympics. Retained the Senior National title. Represented India in the Uber Cup.
* '''2005:''' Retained the Senior National title. However, this year she developed a pain in her playing wrist.
* '''2006:''' By this time, the injury was chronic. Yet managed to play the Senior Nationals and win her record 9th consecutive title. Thereafter, represented India in the Uber Cup at Jaipur. She played her 3rd Commonwealth Games at Melbourne, Australia which was the last international tournament she participated in. She reached the quarter-finals in the Women's singles and won a bronze medal in the team championships. The wrist injury forced her to retire from the game. She retired at the top of the game being the No.1 player in the country.

== Achievements ==
=== Commonwealth Games ===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|+Women's singles
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#FFE4B5"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 1998 Commonwealth Games|1998]]
| align="left" | [[Kuala Lumpur Badminton Stadium]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Kelly Morgan]]
| align="left" | 10–13, 5–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
|- style="background:#FFE4B5"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2002 Commonwealth Games|2002]]
| align="left" | [[Bolton Arena]], [[Manchester]], [[England]]
| align="left"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Tracey Hallam]]
| align="left" | 3–7, 3–7, 1–7
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|}

=== World Junior Championships ===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|+Girls' singles
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#98FB98"
| align="center" | [[1996 IBF World Junior Championships|1996]]
| align="left" | [[Jysk Arena|Silkeborg Hallerne]], [[Silkeborg, Denmark]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Yu Hua (badminton)|Yu Hua]]
| align="left" | 7–11, 3–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
|}

=== IBF International ===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+Women's singles
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 1998
| align="left" | [[Sri Lanka International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Neelima Chowdary]]
| align="left" | 1–11, 13–12, 11–3
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 1998
| align="left" | [[French Open (badminton)|French International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|GER}} [[Katja Michalowsky]]
| align="left" | 11–8, 11–4
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 1998
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} K. Neelima Chowdary
| align="left" | 6–11, 11–6, 11–8
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | [[1999 French Open (badminton)|1999]]
| align="left" | French International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhou Mi (badminton)|Zhou Mi]]
| align="left" | 0–11, 2–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2001
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[B. R. Meenakshi]]
| align="left" | 11–5, 11–4
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2002
| align="left" | India Satellite
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Salakjit Ponsana]]
| align="left" | 7–11, 11–8, 5–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2003
| align="left" | India Satellite
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} Salakjit Ponsana
| align="left" | 11–4, 10–13, 11–4
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2005
| align="left" | India Satellite
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saina Nehwal]]
| align="left" | 8–11, 6–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

== Retirement ==
After 17 years of professional badminton, Popat retired from the game in 2006 after suffering a wrist injury that remained undiagnosed. She remained undefeated at the national championships. Post-retirement, Popat was employed with the [[Indian Oil Corporation]] in Mumbai until 2015.

==Coaching==
Aparna Popat took up the coaching role for the [[Mumbai Masters]] in the first edition of the [[Indian Badminton League]].<ref>{{cite news |title=IBL will benefit Indian players: Aparna Popat |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ibl-will-benefit-indian-players-aparna-popat/410002-5-135.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821151723/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ibl-will-benefit-indian-players-aparna-popat/410002-5-135.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 August 2013 |publisher=ibnlive |date=28 July 2013 |accessdate=14 August 2013}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Popat received the [[Arjuna Award]] in 2005, one of the highest sporting honors awarded by the Government of India.

She was one of seventeen participants from around the world—and the lone Indian—to be selected for the Global Sports Mentoring Programme, an initiative promoted by then-U.S. Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[ESPN]]. This prestigious programme was aimed at empowering women and girls through sport.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{Badminton in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Popat, Aparna}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female badminton players]]
[[Category:Olympic badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in badminton]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in badminton]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2002 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Indian national badminton champions]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Asian Games badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Mount Carmel College, Bangalore alumni]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Baghi Sipahi (1936 film)

2026-03-20T14:59:32Z

ShantaeBpy:

{{short description|1936 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baghi Sipahi
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Abdul Rashid Kardar]]
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Gul Hamid]]|[[Patience Cooper]]|Bimla Kumari|[[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1905)|Mazhar Khan]]}}
| music = [[K. C. Dey]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = East India Film Company
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1936}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Baghi Sipahi''''' (Rebel Soldier) is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1936|1936]] [[Hindi]]/[[Urdu]] film directed by [[A. R. Kardar]].<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|author3=Professor of Critical Studies Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&q=Baghi+Sipahi+%281936%29&pg=PT241 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9|pages=81 and 122}}</ref> It was an adaptation of ''[[Cardinal Richelieu (film)|Cardinal Richelieu]]'' (1935) directed by [[Rowland V. Lee]], a [[Twentieth Century Pictures]] production, which was a big success at the box office.<ref name="Thoraval2000">{{cite book|author=Yves Thoraval|title=The cinemas of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OpkAAAAMAAJ|date=1 February 2000|publisher=Macmillan India|isbn=978-0-333-93410-4}}</ref> ''Baghi Sipahi'', a costume action drama, was produced by the East India Film Company.<ref name=citwf/>

[[Gul Hamid]] played the lead, and it was cited as an "important film" for him.<ref name="Raj2009">{{cite book|author=Ashok Raj|title=Hero Vol.1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT52|date=1 November 2009|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-02-9|pages=52–}}</ref> [[Patience Cooper]], Bimla Kumari, [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1905)|Mazhar Khan]] and Lalita also played significant roles.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|title=Baghi Sipahi |url=http://www.citwf.com/film27274.htm |website=Complete Index To World Film (CITWF) website |publisher=Alan Goble|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142506/http://www.citwf.com/film27274.htm |archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Gul Hamid]]<ref name=citwf/>
* Bimla Kumari<ref name=citwf/>
* [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1905)|Mazhar Khan]]<ref name=citwf/>
* [[Lalita Pawar]]<ref name=citwf/>
* Indubala
* Anees<ref name=citwf/>
* Azurie
* Mohammed Ishaq<ref name=citwf/>

==Reception==
''Baghi Sipahi'' was a big commercial success, which "won him (Kardar) a wide audience following". However, Kardar was also criticised for "plagiarising", but his handling of the story and theme earned him critical acclaim.<ref name="Garga1996">{{cite book|author=Bhagwan Das Garga|title=So many cinemas: the motion picture in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXRZAAAAMAAJ&q=Baghi+Sipahi+%281936%29|year=1996|publisher=Eminence Designs|isbn=978-81-900602-1-9}}</ref> The success of the film established East India Company on a large scale across the "Indian film map".<ref name="RamachandranRukmini1985">{{cite book|author1=T. M. Ramachandran|author2=S. Rukmini|title=70 Years of Indian Cinema, 1913-1983|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9rthUDKxyEC&q=Baghi+Sipahi+%281936%29|date=1 January 1985|publisher=CINEMA India-International|isbn=978-0-86132-090-5}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music director was [[K. C. Dey]], and the lyricist was Akbar Khan Peshawri.<ref name=Muvyz>{{cite web|title=Baghi Sipahi|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/es999433/songs/#tabs|publisher=Muvyz.com website|access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref>

===Songlist===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title
|-
| 1
| "Ae Saqiye Mastana Bhar De Mera Paimana"
|-
| 2
| "Anokhi Vaza Hain Saare Jahan Se Nirale Hain"
|-
| 3
| "Bewafa Kis Se Ja Kar Kahun"
|-
| 4
| "Dil Teer-e-Nazar Ka Nishana Hua"
|-
| 5
| "Ilaaj Ki Nahin Haalat Dil-o-Jigar Ke Liye"
|-
| 6
| "Maston Pe Ungalian Na Uthao Bahaar Mein"
|-
| 7
| "Phir Dil Ko Namkada Mein Rakha Do"
|-
| 8
| "Saqiya Abr Abhi Aaya Nahin Maikhane Par"
|-
| 9
| "Sitam Hai Mashware Yeh Ho Rahein Hain"
|-
| 10
| "Yeh Aabroo Thi Tujhe Gal Ke Rubaru Karte"
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0231219}}
* Bimla Kumari in Bhagi Sipahi by Rashid Ashraf https://www.flickr.com/photos/rashid_ashraf/16593601277/in/photostream/

{{A. R. Kardar}}

[[Category:1936 films]]
[[Category:1936 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. R. Kardar]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

India

2026-03-17T22:34:43Z

ShantaeBpy: Updated entries and formatting

{{Short description|Country in South Asia}}
{{About|the country}}
{{Featured article}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of India 
| common_name = India
| native_name =  {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Bhārat Gaṇarājya}}
| image_flag = Flag of India.svg
| alt_flag = Horizontal tricolour flag bearing, from top to bottom, deep saffron, white, and green horizontal bands. In the centre of the white band is a navy-blue wheel with 24 spokes.
| image_coat = [[File:Emblem of India.svg|class=skin-invert-image|60px]]
| symbol_width = 60px
| alt_coat = Three lions facing left, right, and toward viewer, atop a frieze containing a galloping horse, a 24-spoke wheel, and an elephant. Underneath is a motto: "सत्यमेव जयते".
| symbol_type = [[State Emblem of India|State emblem]]
| other_symbol_type = National song: {{nobold|{{native phrase|sa-Latn|[[Vande Mataram]]|italics=on}}{{efn|Written in a mixture of Sanskrit and [[Sadhu bhasha|Sanskritised Bengali]]}}}}
| other_symbol = "I Bow to Thee, Mother"{{lower|0.2em|{{efn|"[...] ''Jana Gana Mana'' is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in the words as the Government may authorise as occasion arises; and the song ''Vande Mataram'', which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with ''Jana Gana Mana'' and shall have equal status with it."{{sfn|Constituent Assembly of India|1950}}}}{{sfn|National Informatics Centre|2005}}<ref name="india.gov.in" />}} 
<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Vande Mataram on Mohan Veena.ogg]]</div>
| national_motto = {{native phrase|sa-Latn|[[Satyameva Jayate]]|italics=on}}
| national_anthem = {{native phrase|hi-Latn|[[Jana Gana Mana]]|italics=on}}{{efn|Originally written in [[Sadhu bhasha|Sanskritised Bengali]] and adopted as the national anthem in its Hindi translation}}<ref name="india.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=National Symbols &#124; National Portal of India |url=https://india.gov.in/india-glance/national-symbols |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204121208/https://india.gov.in/india-glance/national-symbols |archive-date=4 February 2017 |access-date=1 March 2017 |publisher=[[India.gov.in]] |quote=The National Anthem of India Jana Gana Mana, composed originally in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore, was adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem of India on 24 January 1950.}}</ref><ref name="tatsama">{{Cite news |date=14 August 2012 |title=National anthem of India: a brief on 'Jana Gana Mana' |publisher=[[News18 India|News18]] |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html |access-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417194530/https://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html |archive-date=17 April 2019}}</ref> "Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People"{{lower|0.2em|{{sfn|Wolpert|2003|p=1}}<ref name="india.gov.in" />}} 
<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Jana Gana Mana instrumental.ogg]]</div>
| image_map = India (orthographic projection).svg
| map_width = 250px
| alt_map = Image of a globe centred on India, with India highlighted.
| map_caption = {{Legend|#336830|Territory controlled by India}}{{Legend|#61E760|[[Disputed territories of India|Territory claimed but not controlled]]}}
| capital = [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|50|N|77|12|30|E|type:city_region:IN-DL}}
| admin_center = [[Mumbai]]
| admin_center_type = Largest city {{normal|by [[List of cities in India by population|city proper population]]}}
| largest_city =
| largest_settlement = [[Delhi]]
| largest_settlement_type = city {{normal|by metropolitan area population}}
| official_languages = {{hlist |[[Hindi]]|[[Indian English|English]]{{efn|According to [[Part XVII of the Constitution of India]], [[Standard Hindi|Hindi]] in the [[Devanagari]] script is the [[official language]] of the Union, along with [[Indian English|English]] as an additional official language.{{sfn|National Informatics Centre|2005}}{{sfn|Ministry of Home Affairs 1960}}<ref name="india.gov.in2">{{Cite web |title=Profile &#124; National Portal of India |url=https://india.gov.in/india-glance/profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830064815/https://india.gov.in/india-glance/profile |archive-date=30 August 2013 |access-date=23 August 2013 |publisher=[[India.gov.in]]}}</ref> [[States and union territories of India|States and union territories]] can have a different official language of their own other than Hindi or English.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutional Provisions – Official Language Related Part-17 of the Constitution of India |url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/constitutional-provisions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418112326/https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/constitutional-provisions |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=[[Department of Official Language]] via [[Government of India]]}}</ref>}}
| regional_languages = {{collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;color: inherit; text-align:left;
|title = [[Languages with official status in India#Official languages of states|State level]] and [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|{{nowrap|Eighth Schedule}}]]<ref name="langoff">{{Cite web |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |url=https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016 |access-date=26 December 2014 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref>
|1= Eighth Schedule {{hlist
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| [[Boro language (India)|Boro]]
| [[Dogri language|Dogri]]
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Kannada]]
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| [[Malayalam]]
| [[Meitei language|Manipuri]]
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| [[Sanskrit]]
| [[Santali language|Santali]]
| [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Urdu]]
}}
|2= State level{{efn|Not all the state-level official languages are in the eighth schedule and not all the scheduled languages are state-level official languages. For example, the [[Sindhi language]] is an 8th scheduled but not a state-level official language.}} {{hlist
| [[Kokborok]]
| [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]
| [[Mizo language|Mizo]]
| [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]]
| all the 8th scheduled languages – except [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Dogri language|Dogri]]{{efn|[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Dogri language]] are the official languages of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] which is currently a [[union territory]] and no longer the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|former state]].}}
}}
}}
| languages_type = Native languages
| languages = [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India|424 languages]]{{efn|
* According to [[Ethnologue]], there are 424 living indigenous languages in India, in contrast to 11 extinct indigenous languages. In addition, there are 30 living non-indigenous languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Eberhard |first1=David M. |last2=Simons |first2=Gary F. |last3=Fennig |first3=Charles D. |year=2025 |title=India |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/ |website=[[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World |edition=28 |access-date=10 November 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303233113/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Different sources give widely differing figures, primarily based on how the terms "language" and "dialect" are defined and grouped.
}}
| religion_ref = <ref name="Census2011religion">{{cite web |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |title=C −1 Population by religious community – 2011 |publisher=[[Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner]] |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
| demonym = {{hlist|[[Indian people|Indian]]|[[Names for India|others]]}}
| government_type = Federal [[parliamentary republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of India|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vice President of India|Vice President]]
| leader_name2 = [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of India|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| lower_house = [[Lok Sabha]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Indian independence movement|Independence]]
| sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]]
| established_event1 = [[Dominion of India|Dominion]]
| established_date1 = [[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947]]
| established_event2 = [[Republic]]
| established_date2 = [[Republic Day (India)|26 January 1950]]
| area_km2 = 3,287,263
| area_footnote = <ref name="india.gov.in2" />{{efn|"The country's exact size is subject to debate because some borders are disputed. The Indian government lists the total area as {{convert|3287260|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and the total land area as {{convert|3060500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}; the United Nations lists the total area as {{convert|3287263|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and total land area as {{convert|2973190|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}."{{sfn|Library of Congress|2004}} }}
| area_rank = 7th
| area_sq_mi = 1,269,346
| percent_water = 9.6
| population_estimate = {{increaseNeutral}} 1,428,627,663<ref name="WPP UN">{{Cite web |title=World Population Prospects |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=Population Division – United Nations |archive-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 1st
| population_census = {{increaseNeutral}} 1,210,854,977<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Enumeration Data (Final Population) |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522213913/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html |archive-date=22 May 2016 |access-date=17 June 2016 |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A – 2 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/00%20A%202-India.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430213141/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/00%20A%202-India.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2016 |access-date=17 June 2016 |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India]]}}</ref>
| population_census_year = 2011
| population_census_rank = 2nd
| population_density_km2 = {{Pop density|{{Indian population clock}}|3287263|km2|disp=num|prec=1}}
| population_density_sq_mi = {{Pop density|{{Indian population clock}}|1269219|sqmi|disp=num|prec=1}}
| population_density_rank = 30th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$17.647 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEO.IN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=534,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (India) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 April 2025 |access-date=26 May 2025 |archive-date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114173945/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=534,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank = 3rd
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $12,132<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 119th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$4.187 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank = 4th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,878<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 136th
| Gini = 25.5 
| Gini_year = 2022
| Gini_change = decrease
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gini index (World Bank estimate) – India |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=IN |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=31 January 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902023243/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=IN |url-status=live }}</ref>
| HDI = 0.685
| HDI_rank = 130th
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref>
| currency = [[Indian rupee]] ([[₹]])
| currency_code = INR
| time_zone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| date_format = {{ubl
| {{nowrap|{{abbr|dd|day}}-{{abbr|mm|month}}-{{abbr|yyyy|year}}}}{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in India]].}}
}}
| drives_on = left<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2020 |title=List of all left- & right-driving countries around the world |url=https://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/list-of-left-driving-countries/ |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=worldstandards.eu |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110051742/https://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/list-of-left-driving-countries/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91]]
| cctld = [[.in]] ([[.in#Internationalised domain names and country codes|others]])
| englishmotto="Truth Alone Triumphs"{{lower|0.2em|{{sfn|National Informatics Centre|2005}}}}
| religion_year = 2011
| religion = {{ubl
| 79.8% [[Hinduism in India|Hinduism]]
| 14.2% [[Islam in India|Islam]]
| 2.3% [[Christianity in India|Christianity]]
| 1.7% [[Sikhism in India|Sikhism]]
| 0.7% [[History of Buddhism in India|Buddhism]]
| 0.4% [[Jainism in India|Jainism]]
| 0.23% [[Irreligion in India|unaffiliated]]
| 0.65% [[Religion in India|other]]
}}
| official_website = 
| today =
| iso3166code = IN
}}


'''India''', officially the '''Republic of India''',{{efn|[[ISO 15919]]: {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Bhārat Gaṇarājya}}}}<ref>
* {{citation |title=The Essential Desk Reference |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjcOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA76 |year=2002 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-512873-4 |page=76}} "Official name: Republic of India.";
* {{citation |author=John Da Graça |title=Heads of State and Government |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0YfDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA421 |year=2017 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-349-65771-1 |page=421}} "Official name: Republic of India; Bharat Ganarajya (Hindi)";
* {{citation |author=Graham Rhind |title=Global Sourcebook of Address Data Management: A Guide to Address Formats and Data in 194 Countries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGdQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA302 |year=2017 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-351-93326-1 |page=302}} "Official name: Republic of India; Bharat.";
* {{citation |last=Bradnock |first=Robert W. |title=The Routledge Atlas of South Asian Affairs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzjbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 |year=2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-40511-5 |page=108}} "Official name: English: Republic of India; Hindi:Bharat Ganarajya";
* {{citation |title=Penguin Compact Atlas of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pLw-ReHIgvQC&pg=PA140 |year=2012 |publisher=[[Penguin Group|Penguin]] |isbn=978-0-7566-9859-1 |page=140}} "Official name: Republic of India";
* {{citation |title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA515 |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-87779-546-9 |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |pages=515–516}} "Officially, Republic of India";
* {{citation |title=Complete Atlas of the World: The Definitive View of the Earth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5moCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54-IA10 |edition=3rd |year=2016 |publisher=[[DK Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4654-5528-4 |page=54}} "Official name: Republic of India";
* {{citation |title=Worldwide Government Directory with Intergovernmental Organizations 2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQWhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA726 |year=2013 |publisher=[[CQ Press]] |isbn=978-1-4522-9937-2 |page=726}}</ref> is a country in [[South Asia]].  It is the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|seventh-largest country by area]]; the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|most populous country]] since 2023;<ref>{{cite book |last1=James |first1=K. S. |last2=Sekher |first2=T. V. |editor1-last=James |editor1-first=K. S. |editor2-last=Sekher |editor2-first=T. V. |title=India Population Report |date=2024 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-00-931886-0 |pages=1–18 |edition=1st |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009318846.003 |chapter=India's Population Change: Critical Issues and Prospects. |doi=10.1017/9781009318846.003}}</ref> and, since its independence in 1947, the world's most populous democracy.<ref>{{harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=327}}: "Even though much remains to be done, especially in regard to eradicating poverty and securing effective structures of governance, India's achievements since independence in sustaining freedom and democracy have been singular among the world's new nations."</ref><ref name="stein-arnold">{{Citation |last=Stein |first=Burton |title=A History of India |year=2012 |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=David |series=The Blackwell History of the World Series |edition=2nd |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |quote=One of these is the idea of India as 'the world's largest democracy', but a democracy forged less by the creation of representative institutions and expanding electorate under British rule than by the endeavours of India's founding fathers – Gandhi, Nehru, Patel and Ambedkar – and the labours of the Constituent Assembly between 1946 and 1949, embodied in the Indian constitution of 1950. This democratic order, reinforced by the regular holding of nationwide elections and polling for the state assemblies, has, it can be argued, consistently underpinned a fundamentally democratic state structure – despite the anomaly of the Emergency and the apparent durability of the Gandhi-Nehru dynasty. |author-link=Burton Stein |editor-link=David Arnold (historian)}}</ref>{{sfn|Fisher|2018|pp=184–185|ps=: "Since 1947, India's internal disputes over its national identity, while periodically bitter and occasionally punctuated by violence, have been largely managed with remarkable and sustained commitment to national unity and democracy."}} Bounded by the [[Indian Ocean]] on the south, the [[Arabian Sea]] on the southwest, and the [[Bay of Bengal]] on the southeast, it shares land borders with [[Pakistan]] to the west;{{efn|1 = The [[Government of India]] also regards [[Afghanistan]] as a bordering country, as it considers all of [[Kashmir]] to be part of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Home Affairs (Department of Border Management) |url=https://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf |access-date=1 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317182910/https://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> However, this is [[Kashmir conflict|disputed]], and the region bordering Afghanistan is administered by Pakistan.}} [[China]], [[Nepal]], and [[Bhutan]] to the north; and [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]] to the east. In the [[Indian Ocean]], India is near [[Sri Lanka]] and the [[Maldives]]; its [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] share a [[Maritime boundary|maritime border]] with Myanmar, [[Thailand]], and [[Indonesia]].

[[Modern humans]] arrived on the [[Indian subcontinent]] from [[Africa]] no later than 55,000 years ago.<ref name="PetragliaAllchin" /><ref name="Dyson2018p1" /><ref name="Fisher2018p23" /> Their long occupation, predominantly in isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse.<ref name="Dyson2018-28a"/> [[Neolithic|Settled life]] emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the [[Indus River|Indus]] [[river basin]] 9,000 years ago, evolving gradually into the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] of the third millennium BCE.<ref name="Combined-2"/> By {{BCE|1200}}, an [[Proto-language|archaic form]] of [[Sanskrit]], an [[Indo-European language]], had [[Trans-cultural diffusion|diffused]] into India from the northwest.<ref name=lowe1/><ref name="Combined-4-Rigveda"/> [[Rig Veda|Its hymns]] recorded the [[Historical Vedic religion|early dawnings]] of [[Hinduism]] in India.<ref name="Combined-3">* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Jamison|Brereton|2020|pp=2, 4–5}}: "The Ṛgveda is one of the four Vedas, which together constitute the oldest texts in Sanskrit and the earliest evidence for what will become Hinduism. [...] Although Vedic religion is very different in many regards from what is known as Classical Hinduism, the seeds are there. Gods like Viṣṇu and Śiva (under the name Rudra), who will become so dominant later, are already present in the Ṛgveda, though in roles both lesser than and different from those they will later play, and the principal Ṛgvedic gods like Indra remain in later Hinduism, though in diminished capacity."
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Flood|2020|p=4, see note 4}}: "I take the term 'Hinduism' to meaningfully denote a range and history of practice characterised by a number of features, particularly reference to Vedic textual and sacrificial origins, belonging to endogamous social units (''jāti''/''varṇa''), participating in practices that involve making an offering to a deity and receiving a blessing (''pūjā''), and a first-level cultural polytheism (although many Hindus adhere to a second-level monotheism in which many gods are regarded as emanations or manifestations of the one, supreme being)."
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Michaels|2017|pp=|p=86}}: "Almost all traditional Hindu families observe until today at least three ''samskaras'' (initiation, marriage, and death ritual). Most other rituals have lost their popularity, are combined with other rites of passage, or are drastically shortened. Although ''samskaras'' vary from region to region, from class (''varna'') to class, and from caste to caste, their core elements remain the same owing to the common source, the Veda, and a common priestly tradition preserved by the ''Brahmin'' priests."
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Flood|1996|p=35}}: "It is this Sanskrit, vedic, tradition which has maintained a continuity into modern times and which has provided the most important resource and inspiration for Hindu traditions and individuals. The Veda is the foundation for most later developments in what is known as Hinduism."</ref> India's pre-existing [[Dravidian languages]] were supplanted in the northern regions.<ref name="Combined-4">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16], [https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 25]}}.</ref> By {{BCE|400}}, [[caste]] had emerged within Hinduism,<ref name="Dyson2018-16a"/> and [[History of Buddhism in India|Buddhism]] and [[History of Jainism|Jainism]] had arisen, proclaiming [[social order]]s unlinked to heredity.<ref name="Fisher2018-59">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 59]}}.</ref> Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] and [[Gupta Empire]]s.<ref name="Combined-5">
* {{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16–17]}}.
* {{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 67]}}.
* {{harvnb|Robb|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-2VH1LO_EC&pg=PA56 56–57]}}
* {{harvnb|Ludden|2014|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 29–30]}}.</ref> This era was noted for creativity in art, architecture, and writing,<ref name="Combined-6">
* {{harvnb|Ludden|2014|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 28–29]}}.
* {{citation |author=Glenn Van Brummelen |title=Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia |pages=46–48 |year=2014 |editor=Thomas F. Glick |chapter=Arithmetic |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77y2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-45932-1 |editor2=Steven Livesey |editor3=Faith Wallis}}</ref> but the status of women declined,<ref name="Combined-7">
* {{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 20]}}.
* {{harvnb|Stein|2010|p=90}}.
* {{citation |last=Ramusack |first=Barbara N. |title=Women in Asia: Restoring Women to History |pages=27–29 |year=1999 |editor1=Barbara N. Ramusack |chapter=Women in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNi9Jc22OHsC&pg=PA27 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-21267-2 |editor2=Sharon L. Sievers}}</ref> and [[untouchability]] became an organised belief.{{efn|"A Chinese pilgrim also recorded evidence of the caste system as he could observe it. According to this evidence the treatment meted out to untouchables such as the Chandalas was very similar to that which they experienced in later periods. This would contradict assertions that this rigid form of the caste system emerged in India only as a reaction to the Islamic conquest."{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2016|pp = 122–123}}}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2016|pp=122–123}} In [[South India]], the [[Middle kingdoms of India#The Deccan plateau and South|Middle kingdoms]] exported Dravidian language scripts and religious cultures to the kingdoms of [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="AsherAsher2006-17">{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA17 17]}}.</ref>

In the [[1st millennium]], [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Zoroastrianism]] became established on India's southern and western coasts.<ref name="Combined-8">
* {{harvnb|Ludden|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 54]}}.
* {{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA78 78–79]}}.
* {{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 76]}}.</ref> In the early centuries of the [[2nd millennium]] Muslim armies from [[Central Asia]] intermittently overran India's northern plains.<ref name="Combined-13">
* {{harvnb|Ludden|2014|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 68–70]}}.
* {{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA19 19], 24}}.</ref> The resulting [[Delhi Sultanate]] drew northern India into the cosmopolitan [[Islamic Golden Age|networks of medieval Islam]].<ref name="Combined-10">
* {{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 48]}}.
* {{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA53 52]}}.</ref> In south India, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] created a long-lasting composite Hindu culture.<ref name="AsherAsher2006-74">{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA74 74]}}.</ref> In the [[Punjab]], [[Sikhism]] emerged, rejecting institutionalised religion.<ref name="AsherAsher2006-267">{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA267 267]}}.</ref> The [[Mughal Empire]] ushered in two centuries of economic expansion and relative peace,<ref name="AsherAsher2006-152">{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA152 152]}}.</ref> and left [[Mughal architecture|a rich architectural legacy]].<ref name="Fisher2018-106">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 106]}}.</ref>{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=[https://archive.org/details/architectureofmu0000ashe/page/250/mode/2up 250]}} Gradually expanding [[Company rule in India|rule of the British East India Company]] turned India into a colonial economy but consolidated its [[sovereignty]].<ref name="Combined-11">
* {{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA289 289]}}.
* {{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 120]}}.</ref> [[British Raj|British Crown rule]] began in 1858. The rights promised to Indians were granted slowly,<ref name="Combined-12">{{Citation |last=Taylor |first=Miles |title=Crowns and Colonies: European Monarchies and Overseas Empires |pages=38–39 |year=2016 |editor-last=Aldrish, Robert |chapter=The British royal family and the colonial empire from the Georgians to Prince George |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iR3GDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5261-0088-7 |editor2-last=McCreery, Cindy}}</ref>{{sfn|Peers|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dyQuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 76]}} but [[Industrial Revolution|technological changes]] were introduced, and modern ideas of education and the public life took root.<ref name="EmbreeHay1988">{{Citation |last1=Embree |first1=Ainslie Thomas |title=Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan |page=85 |year=1988 |chapter=Nationalism Takes Root: The Moderates |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XoMRuiSpBp4C&pg=PA85 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-06414-9 |last2=Hay |first2=Stephen N. |last3=Bary |first3=William Theodore De}}</ref> [[Indian independence movement|A nationalist movement]] emerged in India, the first in the non-European [[British Empire]] and an influence on other nationalist movements.<ref name="Marshall2001">{{Citation |last=Marshall |first=P. J. |title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire |url={{Google books|S2EXN8JTwAEC |page=PA179 |keywords= |text= |plainurl=yes}} |page=179 |year=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-00254-7 |quote=The first modern nationalist movement to arise in the non-European empire, and one that became an inspiration for many others, was the Indian Congress.}}</ref><ref name="Chiriyankandath2016">{{Citation |last=Chiriyankandath |first=James |title=Parties and Political Change in South Asia |url={{Google books|c4n7CwAAQBAJ |page=PA2 |keywords= |text= |plainurl=yes}} |page=2 |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-58620-3 |quote=South Asian parties include several of the oldest in the post-colonial world, foremost among them the 129-year-old Indian National Congress that led India to independence in 1947}}</ref> Noted for nonviolent resistance after 1920,<ref name="metcalf-metcalf-gandhi-1920">{{harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=202}}: "The year 1919 was a watershed in the modern history of India. [...] By its end the Montagu–Chelmsford reforms... were enacted. [...] The year, however, also brought the repressive Rowlatt bills and the catastrophe of the Amritsar massacre. For many, if not most, Indians the reforms had become a poisoned chalice. They chose instead a novel course of political action, that of 'non-violent non-cooperation', and a new leader, Mohandas K. Gandhi, only recently returned from twenty years in South Africa. Gandhi would endure as a lasting symbol of moral leadership for the entire world community."</ref> it became the primary factor in ending British rule.<ref name=stein-arnold-successful-nationalism>{{harvnb|Stein|2010|p=289}}: "Gandhi was the leading genius of the later and ultimately successful campaign for India's independence"</ref> In 1947, the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]] was [[Partition of India|partitioned]] into two independent [[Dominion#India and Pakistan|dominions]], a Hindu-majority [[dominion of India]] and a Muslim-majority [[dominion of Pakistan]]. A large-scale loss of life and an unprecedented migration accompanied the partition.<ref>
* {{harvnb|Copland|2001|pp=71–78}}.
* {{harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=222}}.</ref>

India has been a [[federal republic]] since 1950, governed through a democratic [[parliamentary system]]. It is a [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralistic]], [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] and [[Multiculturalism|multi-ethnic society]]. India's population grew from 361 million in 1951 to over 1.4 billion in 2023.<ref name="Dyson2018-219">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 219], 262}}.</ref> During this time, its nominal [[per capita income]] increased from US$64 annually to US$2,601, and its literacy rate from 16.6% to 74%. A comparatively destitute country in 1951,<ref name="Fisher2018-8">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 8]}}.</ref> India has become a [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate|fast-growing]] major economy and [[Information technology in India|a hub for information technology services]], with an expanding middle class.<ref name="MetcalfMetcalf2012-265">{{harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC&pg=PA265 265–266]}}.</ref> India has reduced [[Poverty in India|its poverty rate]], though at the cost of increasing economic inequality.<ref name="Dyson2018-216-a">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA216 216]}}.</ref> It is a [[List of states with nuclear weapons|nuclear-weapon state]] that [[List of countries by military expenditures|ranks high in military expenditure]]. It has disputes over [[Kashmir]] with its neighbours, Pakistan and China, unresolved since the mid-20th century.<ref name="kashmir-disputes">
* {{citation |title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |access-date=15 August 2019 |url-access=subscription |quote=Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent{{nbsp}}... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813203817/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |archive-date=13 August 2019 |url-status=live}}
* {{citation |last1=Pletcher |first1=Kenneth |title=Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |access-date=16 August 2019 |url-access=subscription |quote=Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, ... constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402090308/https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |archive-date=2 April 2019}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Kashmir |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Americana]]: Jefferson to Latin |publisher=[[Scholastic Library Publishing]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328 |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6 |page=328 |first=C. E |last=Bosworth |quote=KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partly by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947}}</ref> Among the socio-economic challenges India faces are [[Gender inequality in India|gender inequality]], [[Malnutrition in India|child malnutrition]],<ref name="NarayanJohn2018-lead">{{Cite journal |last1=Narayan |first1=Jitendra |last2=John |first2=Denny |last3=Ramadas |first3=Nirupama |year=2018 |title=Malnutrition in India: status and government initiatives |journal=[[Journal of Public Health Policy]] |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=126–141 |doi=10.1057/s41271-018-0149-5 |pmid=30353132 }}</ref> and rising levels of [[Air pollution in India|air pollution]].<ref name="BalakrishnanDey2019-lead">{{Cite journal |last1=Balakrishnan |first1=Kalpana |author-link=Kalpana Balakrishnan |last2=Dey |first2=Sagnik |display-authors=etal |year=2019 |title=The impact of air pollution on deaths, disease burden, and life expectancy across the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 |journal=[[The Lancet Planetary Health]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e26–e39 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30261-4 |pmc=6358127 |pmid=30528905}}</ref> India's land is [[megadiverse country|megadiverse]] with four [[biodiversity hotspots]]. [[Wildlife of India|India's wildlife]], which has traditionally been viewed with tolerance in [[Culture of India|its culture]],{{sfn|Karanth|Gopal|2005|p=374}} is supported in [[Protected areas of India|protected habitats]].

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Names for India}}

According to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the English proper noun "India" derives most immediately from the [[Classical Latin]] ''India'', a reference to a loosely-defined historical region of Asia stretching from [[South Asia]] to the borders of China. Further [[etymon]]s are: [[Hellenistic Greek]] {{tlit|grc|India}} ({{lang|grc|Ἰνδία}}); [[Ancient Greek]] {{tlit|grc|Indos}} ({{lang|grc|Ἰνδός}}), or the River [[Indus]]; Achaemenian [[Old Persian]] {{tlit|peo|[[Hindu]]}} (an eastern province of the [[Achaemenid Empire]]); and [[Sanskrit]] {{tlit|sa|Sindhu}}, or "river," but specifically the Indus river, and by extension its well-settled basin.<ref>{{Cite OED|India (n)|3183874375}}</ref> The [[Ancient Greeks]] referred to South Asians as {{tlit|grc|Indoi}}, 'the people of the Indus'.{{sfn|Kuiper|2010|p=86}}

The term ''[[Names for India#Bharat|Bharat]]'' ({{transliteration|hi|ISO|Bhārat}}; {{IPA|hns|ˈbʱaːɾət|pron|hi-Bharat.ogg}}), mentioned in both [[Indian epic poetry]] and the [[Constitution of India]],{{sfn|Clémentin-Ojha|2014}}<ref>{{Citation |title=The Constitution of India |date=1 December 2007 |url=https://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf |access-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/https://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]] |quote=Article 1(1): India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States. |archive-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> is used in its variations by [[Names for India|many Indian languages]]. A modern rendering of the historical name {{tlit|sa|Bharatavarsha}}, which applied originally to [[North India]],<ref name="Jha2014">{{Citation |last=Jha |first=Dwijendra Narayan |title=Rethinking Hindu Identity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqDgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |page=11 |year=2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-49034-0}}</ref>{{sfn|Singh|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 253]}} ''Bharat'' gained increased currency from the mid-19th century as a native name for India.{{sfn|Clémentin-Ojha|2014}}{{sfn|Barrow|2003}}

''[[Hindustan]]'' ({{IPA|hns|ɦɪndʊˈstaːn||Hindustan.ogg}}) is a [[Middle Persian]] name for India that became popular by the 13th century,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Paturi |first1=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCo5DAAAQBAJ |title=World Religions & Cults Volume 2: Moralistic, Mythical and Mysticism Religions |last2=Patterson |first2=Roger |date=2016 |publisher=New Leaf Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-89051-922-6 |editor-last=Hodge |editor-first=Bodie |location=United States |pages=59–60 |chapter=Hinduism (with Hare Krishna) |quote=The actual term Hindu first occurs as a Persian geographical term for the people who lived beyond the Indus River. The term Hindu originated as a geographical term and did not refer to a religion. Later, Hindu was taken by European languages from the Arabic term al-Hind, which referred to the people who lived across the Indus River. This Arabic term was itself taken from the Persian term Hindū, which refers to all Indians. By the 13th century, Hindustan emerged as a popular alternative name for India, meaning the "land of Hindus." |editor-last2=Patterson |editor-first2=Roger}}</ref> and was used widely since the era of the [[Mughal Empire]]. The meaning of ''Hindustan'' has varied, referring to a region encompassing the northern [[Indian subcontinent]] (present-day northern India and [[Pakistan]]) or to India in its near entirety.{{sfn|Clémentin-Ojha|2014}}{{sfn|Barrow|2003}}<ref>{{Citation |title=Hindustan |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266465/Hindustan |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 July 2011 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717105344/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266465/Hindustan |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of India}}

=== Ancient India ===
Based on [[Coalescent theory|coalescence]] of [[Mitochondrial DNA]] and [[Y Chromosome]] data, it is thought that the earliest extant [[lineage (evolution)|lineage]]s of anatomically modern humans or ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' on the Indian subcontinent had reached there from Africa between 80,000 and 50,000 years ago, and with high likelihood by 55,000 years ago.<ref name="PetragliaAllchin">{{harvnb|Petraglia|Allchin|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA10 10]}}: "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. [...] Coalescence dates for most non-European populations average to between 73 and 55 ka."</ref><ref name="Dyson2018p1">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1]}}: "Modern human beings—''Homo sapiens''—originated in Africa. Then, intermittently, sometime between 60,000 and 80,000 years ago, tiny groups of them began to enter the north-west of the Indian subcontinent. It seems likely that initially they came by way of the coast. [...] it is virtually certain that there were ''Homo sapiens'' in the subcontinent 55,000 years ago, even though the earliest fossils that have been found of them date to only about 30,000 years before the present."</ref><ref name="Fisher2018p23">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23]}}: "Scholars estimate that the first successful expansion of the ''Homo sapiens'' range beyond Africa and across the Arabian Peninsula occurred from as early as 80,000 years ago to as late as 40,000 years ago, although there may have been prior unsuccessful emigrations. Some of their descendants extended the human range ever further in each generation, spreading into each habitable land they encountered. One human channel was along the warm and productive coastal lands of the Persian Gulf and northern Indian Ocean. Eventually, various bands entered India between 75,000 years ago and 35,000 years ago."</ref><ref name="mattern-slow-moon-non-african-migration">{{harvnb|Mattern|2019|pp=146–147}}<nowiki> All non-African human populations share a common ancestry in the recent past, about 80,000 to 50,000 years ago. Some time within this period, a group of modern humans migrated from Africa, traversed southern Asia, and crossed the sea to the ancient continent of Sahul (now Australia, Tasmania, and Papua New Guinea), picking up Neanderthal and Denisovan genes along the way; branches reached Europe somewhat later, and Americas last. This was not the first migration of anatomically modern humans out of Africa. ... But for the most part, earlier populations of humans around Eurasia sputtered out, returned to Africa, or were replaced by humans from the last migration out of Africa.}}</nowiki></ref> Their long occupation, initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse, second only to Africa in human [[genetic diversity]].<ref name="Dyson2018-28a">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 28]}}</ref> However, the earliest known modern human fossils in South Asia date to about 30,000 years ago.<ref name="Dyson2018p1" /> Evidence for the [[neolithic period]] in the western margins of the [[Indus River|Indus]] [[river basin]], at [[Mehrgarh]] in [[Balochistan, Pakistan]], dates to after {{BCE|7000}}. Domestication of grain-producing plants (including [[barley]]) and animals (including [[Zebu|humped zebu]] cattle) occurred here. These cultures gradually evolved into the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], which flourished during {{BCE|2500–1900}} in Pakistan and western India.{{sfn|Wright|2010|pp=45–51}}<ref name="Combined-2">
* {{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 4–5]}}.
* {{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 33]}}.</ref> Centred around cities such as [[Mohenjo-daro]], [[Harappa]], [[Dholavira]], [[Ganweriwala]], and [[Rakhigarhi]],{{sfn|Wright|2010|p=107}} its characteristic features included standardised weights, [[soapstone|steatite]] [[Indus Valley Civilisation#Seals|seals]], a written script, urban planning, public works, and arts and crafts including pottery styles, terracotta human figures and animal statuettes.{{sfn|Wright|2010|p=107}} Networks of towns and villages grew around the cities in a new [[agriculture|agro]]-[[Animal husbandry|pastoral]] economy.{{sfn|Wright|2010|pp=145–146}}

Between {{BCE|1500}} and {{BCE|1200}}, an [[Proto-language|archaic form]] of [[Sanskrit]], an [[Indo-European language]], [[Trans-cultural diffusion|diffused]] into India from the northwest. Its evidence today is found in the [[Rig Veda]]—the oldest scripture associated with what later became [[Hinduism]]—which was composed by [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]-speaking tribes migrating east from what is today northern [[Afghanistan]] and across the [[Punjab region]].<ref name=lowe1>{{Harvnb|Lowe|2015|p=|pp=1–2}}: "[[Rigveda|It]] consists of 1,028 hymns (''sūktas''), highly crafted poetic compositions originally intended for recital during rituals and for the invocation of and communication with the Indo-Aryan gods. Modern scholarly opinion largely agrees that these hymns were composed between around 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE, during the eastward migration of the Indo-Aryan tribes from the mountains of what is today northern Afghanistan across the Punjab into north India."</ref><ref name="Combined-4-Rigveda">
* {{harvnb|Witzel|2003|pp=68–70}}: "It is known from internal evidence that the Vedic texts were orally composed in northern India, at first in the Greater Punjab and later on also in more eastern areas, including northern Bihar, between ca. 1500 BCE and ca. 500–400 BCE. The oldest text, the Rgveda, must have been more or less contemporary with the Mitanni texts of northern Syria/Iraq (1450–1350 BCE); [...] The Vedic texts were orally composed and transmitted, without the use of script, in an unbroken line of transmission from teacher to student that was formalised early on. This ensured an impeccable textual transmission superior to the classical texts of other cultures; it is in fact something of a ''tape-recording'' of ca. 1500–500 BCE. Not just the actual words, but even the long-lost musical (tonal) accent (as in old Greek or in Japanese) has been preserved up to the present. [...] The RV text was composed before the introduction and massive use of iron, that is before ca. 1200–1000 BCE."
* {{Harvnb|Doniger|2014|pp=xviii, 10}}: "A Chronology of Hinduism: ca. 1500–1000 BCE Rig Veda; ca. 1200–900 BCE Yajur Veda, Sama Veda and Atharva Veda [...] Hindu texts began with the ''Rig Veda'' ('Knowledge of Verses'), composed in northwest India around 1500 BCE; the first of the three Vedas, it is the earliest extant text composed in Sanskrit, the language of ancient India."
* {{harvnb|Ludden|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 19]}}
* {{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 14–15]}}
* {{harvnb|Robb|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-2VH1LO_EC&pg=PA46 46–]}}</ref> The settling of the [[Ganges river|Ganges]] [[river plain]] took place during the next millennium, when large swathes of the river system's adjoining regions were deforested, at times by setting fires, or later by employing iron implements, and prepared for agriculture. The settlement may have involved driving the preexisting people out or enslaving them.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|pp=16, 25}} The [[Dravidian languages]] of India were supplanted in the north, creating a broad [[Language family|language family]]-divide, with the Indo-Aryan languages being spoken mainly in the [[North India|north]] and [[West India|west]], and the Dravidian in some parts of [[East India|east India]] and most of the [[South India|south]].<ref name="Combined-4">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16], [https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 25]}}.</ref> [[Classical Sanskrit]], a refined and standardised grammatical form would emerge in the mid-1st millennium BCE and was codified in the ''[[Aṣṭādhyāyī]]'' ('Eight chapters') of [[Pāṇini]].{{efn|"All these achievements are dwarfed, though, by the Sanskrit linguistic tradition culminating in the famous grammar by Pāṇini, known as the Aṣṭhādhyāyī. The elegance and comprehensiveness of its architecture have yet to be surpassed by any grammar of any language, and its ingenious methods of stratifying out use and mention, language and metalanguage, and theorem and metatheorem predate key discoveries in western philosophy by millennia."<ref name=Evans-2009>{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Evans (linguist) |title=Dying Words: Endangered languages and what they have to tell us |year=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-631-23305-3 |pages=27– |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjXnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27}}</ref>}} The two major Sanskrit epics, the [[Mahābhārata]] and the [[Rāmāyaṇa]], however, were composed in a range of oral storytelling registers called [[Epic Sanskrit]] which was used in northern India between 400 BCE and 300 CE, and roughly contemporary with classical Sanskrit.<ref name="Lowe2017-epic">{{cite book |last=Lowe |first=John J. |title=Transitive Nouns and Adjectives: Evidence from Early Indo-Aryan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSgmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |year=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-879357-1 |page=58 |quote=The term 'Epic Sanskrit' refers to the language of the two great Sanskrit epics, the Mahābhārata and the Rāmāyaṇa. ... It is likely, therefore, that the epic-like elements found in Vedic sources and the two epics that we have are not directly related, but that both drew on the same source, an oral tradition of storytelling that existed before, throughout, and after the Vedic period.}}</ref>

A second [[urbanisation]] had taken place in [[South Asia]] by {{BCE|400}}, this time on the Ganges plain. In fortified cities, [[social differentiation]] by [[caste]], or [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]], had emerged.<ref name="Dyson2018-16a">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16]}}</ref> By the mid-millennium two new ethical and social systems had arisen: [[History of Jainism|Jainism]] based on the teachings of [[Mahavira]] and [[History of Buddhism in India|Buddhism]] on those of [[The Buddha|the Buddha]]. Both religions stressed non-violence and abjured animal sacrifices conducted in [[Historical Vedic religion#Brahmanism|Brahmanism]],{{efn|the historic religion of the [[Vedas]], and the precursor to [[Hinduism]]}} and birth into a fixed hereditary ''varna''. By living ethically, lay people could rise socially and morally in these religions.<ref name="Fisher2018-59">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 59]}}.</ref> Chronicling the life of the Buddha was central to the beginnings of recorded history in India.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 21, 61–62}} The rise of the two religions was a backdrop to the emergence of the first loose-knit geographically extensive power in South Asia, the [[Maurya Empire]]. During the rule of the founder's grandson, [[Ashoka]] (ca. 268–232 BCE), the empire briefly controlled the major urban hubs and arteries of the subcontinent, except in the deep south.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|pp=16–17}}{{efn|The Mauryan economy was helped by the rise of Buddhism and Jainism, creeds that promoted nonviolence, proscribed ostentation, or superfluous sacrifices and rituals, and reduced the costs of economic transactions; by coinage that increased economic accommodation in the region; and by the use of writing, which might have boosted more intricate business dealings.{{sfn|Roy|2012|p=28}}}}{{efn|To promote movement and trade, the Mauryans built roads, most prominently a chiefly winter-time road—the Uttarapath—which connected eastern Afghanistan to their capital [[Patliputra|Pataliputra]], during the time of year when the water levels in the intersecting rivers were low, and they could be easily [[ford (crossing)|forded]].{{sfn|Iori|2023|pp=184,219}}}} The empire's period was notable for creativity in art, architecture, inscriptions, and produced texts,{{sfn|Ludden|2014|pp=28–29}} but also for the declining rights of women in the mainstream [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan speaking]] regions.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|p=19}} After the [[Kalinga War]] in which his troops visited great violence on the region, Ashoka embraced [[Buddhism]] and promoted its tenets in edicts scattered across South Asia.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p=73}} As the edicts forbade both the killing of wild animals and the destruction of forests, Ashoka is seen by some modern environmental historians as an early embodiment of that ethos.<ref name=elverskog-2020-lead-1>{{cite book|last=Elverskog|first=Johan|title=The Buddha's Footprint: An Environmental History of Asia|location=Philadelphia|publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-5183-8|year=2020|page=56|quote=The imperial edicts of Asoka echo this commodity view of trees. In Pillar Edict V, Asoka decreed that "forests must not be burned without reason." The Buddhist community took this mandate further by declaring that in order to protect forests from such conflagrations monks were allowed to set counterfires}}</ref>{{sfn|Fisher|2018|p=72}}

By the 4th and 5th centuries, the [[Gupta Empire]] had created a complex system of administration and taxation in the greater Ganges Plain;{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2016|pp=118,126}} this system became a model for later Indian kingdoms.{{sfn|Robb|2011|pp=68–69}} Under the Guptas, a renewed Hinduism based on devotion, rather than the management of ritual, began to assert itself.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 93–94}} The renewal was reflected in a flowering of art, literature, and science.{{sfn|Gilbert|2017|pp=54–55}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2016|pp=122–123}} In South India, the [[Sangam literature]] of the [[Tamil language]] reveals that, between {{BCE|200}} and {{CE|200}}, the southern peninsula was ruled by the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] and the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], along the western and eastern plains, respectively, of the [[Kaveri river]] valley, and the [[Pandya]]s farther south along the [[Vaigai river]] valley.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 98}} By the sixth century, the [[Pallava]]s had grown into a regional power. Simultaneously, Buddhism and Jainism, which had favoured a conservative [[transactionalism]], were replaced by kingly devotion to the gods of particular places, which became a characteristic of the [[Bhakti movement]].{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 100–101}} The Pallavas, in particular, [[Indo-Roman trade relations|traded extensively with the Roman Empire]] and with [[Western Asia|West]] and [[Southeast Asia]].{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 99}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Battle at Lanka, Ramayana, Udaipur, 1649-53.jpg|Manuscript illustration, {{circa|1650}}, of the Sanskrit epic [[Ramayana]], composed in story-telling fashion {{circa|{{BCE|400}}|{{CE|300}}}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lowe |first=John J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSgmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |title=Transitive Nouns and Adjectives: Evidence from Early Indo-Aryan |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-879357-1 |page=58 |quote=The term 'Epic Sanskrit' refers to the language of the two great Sanskrit epics, the Mahābhārata and the Rāmāyaṇa. ... It is likely, therefore, that the epic-like elements found in Vedic sources and the two epics that we have are not directly related, but that both drew on the same source, an oral tradition of storytelling that existed before, throughout, and after the Vedic period.}}</ref>
File:Popular print, album (BM 2003,1022,0.18).jpg|Colour lithograph, 1895, British Museum. [[Draupadi]], the wife of all five [[Pandava]] brothers in the [[Mahabharata]], is presented at a [[parcheesi]] game where [[Yudhishthira]], the king of [[Hastinapura]], had gambled away all material wealth, one of several instigating factors in the Mahabharata war.
File:Cave 26, Ajanta.jpg|Cave 26, a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] shrine, of the rock-cut [[Ajanta Caves]]
</gallery>

=== Medieval India ===
{{Main|Medieval India}}
The Indian early medieval age, from {{CE|600 to 1200}}, was defined by regional kingdoms and cultural diversity.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 116}} No ruler of this period was able to create an empire and consistently control lands much beyond their core region.{{efn|When [[Harsha]] of [[Kannauj]], who ruled much of the Indo-Gangetic Plain from {{CE|606 to 647}}, attempted to expand southwards, he was defeated by the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] ruler of the Deccan. When his successor attempted to expand eastwards, he was defeated by the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] king of [[Bengal]]. When the Chalukyas attempted to expand southwards, they were defeated by the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] from farther south, who in turn were opposed by the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] and the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] from still farther south.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 115–116}}}}{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 115–116}} During this time, pastoral peoples, whose land had been cleared to make way for the growing agricultural economy, were accommodated within caste society, as were new non-traditional ruling classes.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 116–117}} The caste system consequently began to show regional differences.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 116–117}}

In the 6th and 7th centuries, the first [[Bhakti|devotional hymns]] were composed in Tamil.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 118}} They were imitated all over India and led to both the resurgence of Hinduism and the development of all [[Languages of India|modern languages of the subcontinent]].{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 118}} Indian royalty, big and small, and the temples they patronised drew citizens in significant numbers to the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 118–119}} Temple towns of various sizes began to appear everywhere as India underwent another urbanisation.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 118–119}} By the 8th and 9th centuries, the effects were felt in Southeast Asia, as South Indian culture and political systems were exported to lands that became part of modern-day [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Brunei]], [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnam]], [[Philippines]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Indonesia]].{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 121–123}} Indian merchants, scholars, and sometimes armies were involved in this transmission; Southeast Asians took the initiative as well, with many sojourning in Indian seminaries and translating Buddhist and Hindu texts into their languages.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 121–123}}

After the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans, using [[courser (horse)|swift-horse]] cavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity, repeatedly overran South Asia's north-western plains,{{efn|Central Asian warriors became supreme during South Asia’s medieval transition by deploying swift-horse cavalry skilled in firing arrows at full gallop, volley after volley.{{sfn|Ludden|2014|p=87}}}} leading eventually to the establishment of the Islamic [[Delhi Sultanate]] in 1206.{{sfn|Ludden|2014|p = 85}} The sultanate was to control much of North India and to make many forays into South India. Although at first disruptive for the Indian elites, the sultanate largely left its vast non-Muslim subject population to its own laws and customs.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2022|p = 54}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 6}}

By repeatedly repulsing [[Mongol Empire|Mongol raiders]] in the 13th century, the sultanate saved India from the devastation visited on West and Central Asia,{{sfn|Ludden|2014|p = 85}} setting the scene for centuries of [[Human migration|migration]] of fleeing soldiers, learned men, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from that region into the subcontinent, thereby creating a syncretic Indo-Islamic culture in the north.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|pp = 50–51}} The sultanate's raiding and weakening of the regional kingdoms of South India paved the way for the indigenous [[Vijayanagara Empire]].{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 53}} Embracing a strong [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] tradition and building upon the military technology of the sultanate, the empire came to control much of peninsular India,{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 12}} and was to influence South Indian society for long afterwards.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 53}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Brihadisvara Temple during Maha Shivaratri-WUS03611 (edit).jpg| [[Brihadisvara Temple]], built by [[Chola Empire|Chola emperor]] [[Rajaraja I]] between 1003 and 1010 CE
File:Qutb Minar with Neem Tree.jpg|Calligraphy on the [[Qutb Minar]], built in the [[Delhi sultanate]] from 1199 CE to 1220 CE
File:Hampi - King's Palace - Throne Platform - Relief - 15.jpg|[[Vijayanagara Empire|Relief on Vijayanagara]] King's palace throne platform, [[Hampi]], Karnataka, 14th and 15th centuries CE
</gallery>

=== Early modern India ===
[[File:Shaikh Salim Chishti Ka Maqbara.jpg|The ''[[dargah]]'', or mausoleum of [[Sufi]] saint [[Salim Chisti]], built by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]], [[Akbar]], in the early 17th century|thumb|right]]
[[File:India 1835 2 Mohurs.jpg|A two-[[mohur]] [[Company rule in India|East India Company rule]] gold coin, issued in 1835, the [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]] inscribed "[[William IV|William IIII]], King"|thumb|right]]

In the early 16th century, northern India, then under mainly Muslim rulers,{{sfn|Robb|2011|p = 97&ndash;98}} fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 159}} The resulting [[Mughal Empire]] did not stamp out the local societies it came to rule. Instead, it balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2022|p = 136}}{{sfn|Robb|2011|pp = 108–109}} and diverse and inclusive ruling elites,{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p = 15}} leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2022|pp = 136, 151–152}} Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under [[Akbar]], the Mughals united their far-flung realms through loyalty—expressed through a Persianised culture—to an emperor who had near-divine status.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p = 17}}

The Mughal state's economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 158}} and mandating that taxes be paid in the well-regulated silver currency,{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 164}} caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2022|p = 187}} The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion,{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2022|p = 187}} resulting in greater patronage of [[Mughal painting|painting]], literary forms, textiles, and [[Mughal architecture|architecture]].{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 186}} Newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], the [[Rajput]]s, and the [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]], gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 23–24}} Expanding commerce during Mughal rule gave rise to new Indian commercial and political elites along the coasts of southern and eastern India.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 23–24}} The empire gradually disintegrated in the late 17th and 18th centuries, enabling many among these elites were able to seek control of their own affairs.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 256}}

By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred, several European trading companies, including the [[East India Company|English East India Company]], had established coastal outposts.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 286}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 44–49}} The East India Company's control of the seas, greater resources, and more advanced military training and technology led it to assert its military strength increasingly and caused it to become attractive to a portion of the Indian elite; these factors were crucial in allowing the company to gain control over the [[Bengal]] region by 1765 and sideline the other European companies.{{sfn|Robb|2011|pp = 115–117}}{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 286}}{{sfn|Ludden|2002|pp = 128–132}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 51–55}} Its further access to the riches of Bengal and the subsequent increased strength and size of its army enabled it to annexe or subdue most of India by the 1820s.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 68–71}} India was no longer exporting manufactured goods as it long had, but instead supplying the [[British Empire]] with raw materials. Many historians consider this to be the onset of India's colonial period.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 286}} By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and having effectively been made an arm of British administration, the East India Company began more consciously to enter non-economic arenas, including education, social reform, and culture.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 289}}

=== Modern India ===
{{Main|History of India (1947–present)}}
[[File:Mahatma Gandhi leaves Presidency Jail in Calcutta.jpg|Mahatma Gandhi leaves the Presidency Jail in [[Calcutta]] in April 1938, after interviewing political prisoners there.|thumb|right]]
[[File:Palace of Assembly Chandigarh 2006.jpg|thumb|The [[Chandigarh Capitol Complex|Capitol Complex]] in [[Chandigarh]]. Commissioned by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the city was built in the aftermath of India's [[Partition of India|1947 partition]] and independence.]]
The appointment in 1848 of [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]] as Governor General of the East India Company set the stage for changes essential to a modern state: the consolidation and demarcation of sovereignty, the surveillance of the population, and the education of citizens. Technological changes—among them, railways, canals, and the telegraph—were introduced not long after their introduction in [[Europe]].{{sfn|Robb|2011|pp = 169–171}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 94–99}}{{sfn|Brown|1994|p = 83}}{{sfn|Peers|2006|p = 50}} Disaffection with the company also grew during this time and set off the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. Fed by diverse resentments and perceptions, including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, and summary treatment of some wealthy landowners and princes, the rebellion rocked many regions of northern and central India and shook the foundations of Company rule.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 100–103}}{{sfn|Brown|1994|pp = 85–86}} After the rebellion was suppressed in 1858, the East India Company was disbanded, and the British government began to [[British Raj|directly administer India]]. Proclaiming a [[unitary state]] and a gradual but limited British-style parliamentary system,{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 227}} the new rulers also protected princes and landed gentry as a feudal safeguard against future unrest.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 103–108}} In the decades following, public life gradually emerged all over India, leading eventually to the founding of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1885.{{sfn|Robb|2001|p = 183}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1983|pp = 1–4}}{{sfn|Copland|2001|pp = ix–x}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 123}}

The rush of technology and the commercialisation of agriculture in the second half of the 19th century was marked by economic setbacks, and many small farmers became dependent on the whims of faraway markets.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 249}} There was an increase in the number of large-scale [[Famine in India|famines]],{{sfn|Stein|2010|p=245|ps=: An expansion of state functions in British and in princely India occurred as a result of the terrible famines of the later nineteenth century, ... A reluctant regime decided that state resources had to be deployed and that anti-famine measures were best managed through technical experts.}} and, despite the risks of infrastructure development borne by Indian taxpayers, little industrial employment was generated for Indians.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 247–248}} However, commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to increased food production for internal consumption.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 126}} The railway network provided critical famine relief,{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 97}} notably reduced the cost of moving goods,{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 97}} and helped nascent Indian-owned industry.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 126}}

After [[World War I]], in which approximately [[Indian Army during World War I|one million Indians served]],{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 163}} a new period began. It was marked by [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms|British reforms]] but also [[Rowlatt act|repressive legislation]], by more strident Indian calls for self-rule, and by the beginnings of a [[nonviolent]] movement of non-co-operation led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]].{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 167}} During the 1930s, the British enacted slow legislative reform; the Indian National Congress won victories in the resulting elections.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 195–197}} The next decade was beset with crises: [[India in World War II|Indian participation in World War&nbsp;II]], the Congress's final push for non-co-operation, and an upsurge of [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Muslim nationalism]]. All were capped by the advent of independence in 1947, but tempered by the [[partition of India]] into two states: India and Pakistan.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 203}}

India's constitution was adopted in 1950 and established a secular, democratic republic.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 231}} Economic liberalisation has created a large urban middle class and transformed India into a [[List of countries by GDP (real) growth rate|fast growing economy]].<ref name=exp-middle-class>{{cite book | last1 = Javalgi| first1 = Rajshekhar (Raj) G. | last2 = Grossman| first2 = David A.| chapter = 7 Understanding the Characteristics and Entrepreneurial Activities of Middle-Class Consumers in Emerging Markets: The Case of India| title = The Middle Class in Emerging Societies: Consumers, Lifestyles and Markets| editor1-last= Marsh| editor1-first= Leslie L.| editor2-last= Li| editor2-first= Hongmei| publisher = Routledge| series = Routledge Research in Cultural and Media Studies Series|year = 2016 | isbn = 978-1-138-85882-4|doi=10.4324/978135717692-10| doi-broken-date = 8 December 2025 |quote = Between now and 2039, India is projected to add over 1 billion people to the global middle class creating the world's fifth-largest consumer market (Dobbs). ... India's middle class saw its largest growth during the early 1990s when economic reforms led to integration into global markets. As Western countries were experiencing economic contraction, India's economy continued to grow above 5 percent.}}</ref><ref name="MetcalfMetcalf2012-265"/> However, India has been hamstrung by persistent poverty, both rural and urban;{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006 |pp=265–266}} [[Religious violence in India|religious]]- and [[Caste-related violence in India|caste-related violence]];{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 266–270}} [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Maoist-inspired Naxalite insurgencies]];{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 253}} and [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|separatism in Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[insurgency in Northeast India|in Northeast India]].{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 274}} India has unresolved territorial disputes with [[China–India relations#1960s|China]] and with [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|Pakistan]].{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 247–248}}

== Geography ==
{{See also|Geography of India}}
India accounts for the bulk of the Indian subcontinent, lying atop the [[Indian Plate|Indian tectonic plate]], and a part of the [[Indo-Australian Plate]].{{sfn|Ali|Aitchison|2005}} India's defining geologic processes began approximately 70&nbsp;million years ago, when the Indian Plate, then part of the southern supercontinent [[Gondwana]], began a north-eastward [[Plate tectonics|drift]] caused by [[seafloor spreading]] to its south-west, and later, south and south-east.{{sfn|Ali|Aitchison|2005}} Simultaneously, the vast [[Tethys Ocean|Tethyan]] [[oceanic crust]], to its northeast, began to [[subduction|subduct]] under the [[Eurasian Plate]].{{sfn|Ali|Aitchison|2005}} The [[Indian plate|Indian continental crust]], however, was obstructed and was sheared horizontally. Its lower crust and mantle slid under, but the upper layer piled up in sheets (or [[nappe]]s) ahead of the subduction zone.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=117}} This created the [[orogeny]], or process of mountain building, of the Himalayas.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=118}} The middle and stiffer layer continued to push into Tibet, causing [[Thrust tectonics|crustal thickening]] of the [[Tibetan Plateau]].{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=128}} Immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast crescent-shaped [[trough (geology)|trough]] that rapidly filled with river-borne sediment{{sfn|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2023|p=7}} and now constitutes the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].{{sfn|Prakash et al.|2000}} The original Indian plate makes its first appearance above the sediment in the ancient [[Aravalli range]], which extends from the [[Delhi Ridge]] in a southwesterly direction. To the west lies the [[Thar Desert]], the eastern spread of which is checked by the Aravallis.<ref name="aravalli">{{harvnb|Kaul|1970|p=160}}, "&nbsp;The Aravalli range boldy defines the eastern limit of the arid and semi-arid zone. Probably the more humid conditions that prevail near the Aravallis prevented the extension of aridity towards the east and the Ganges Valley. It is noteworthy that, wherever there are gaps in this range, sand has advanced to the east of it."</ref><ref name="prasad-aravalli">{{harvnb|Prasad|1974|p=372}}, "&nbsp;The topography of the Indian Desert is dominated by the Aravalli Ranges on its eastern border, which consist largely of tightly folded and highly metamorphosed Archaean rocks."</ref><ref name="fisher-aravalli">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=83}}, "&nbsp;East of the lower Indus lay the inhospitable Rann of Kutch and Thar Desert. East of the upper Indus lay the more promising but narrow corridor between the Himalayan foothills on the north and the Thar Desert and Aravalli Mountains on the south. At the strategic choke point, just before reaching the fertile, well-watered Gangetic plain, sat Delhi. On this site, where life giving streams running off the most northern spur of the rocky Aravalli ridge flowed into the Jumna river, and where the war-horse and war-elephant trade intersected, a series of dynasties built fortified capitals."</ref>

The remaining Indian Plate survives as [[South India|peninsular India]], the oldest and geologically most stable part of India. It extends as far north as the [[Satpura Range|Satpura]] and [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] ranges in central India. These parallel chains run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] in Jharkhand in the east.{{sfn|Dikshit |Schwartzberg|2023|p=8}} To the south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the [[Deccan Plateau]], is flanked on the west and east by coastal ranges known as the [[Western Ghats|Western]] and [[Eastern Ghats]];{{sfn|Dikshit |Schwartzberg|2023|pp=9–10}} the plateau contains the country's oldest rock formations, some over one billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6° 44′ and 35° 30′ north latitude{{efn|The northernmost point under Indian control is the disputed [[Siachen Glacier]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]; however, the [[Government of India]] regards the entire region of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, including [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] administered by Pakistan, to be its territory. It therefore assigns the latitude 37° 6′ to its northernmost point.}} and 68° 7′ and 97° 25′ east longitude.{{sfn|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|2007|p = 1}}

Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the [[Ganges]] and the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], both of which drain into the [[Bay of Bengal]].{{sfn|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2023|p=15}} Important tributaries of the Ganges include the [[Yamuna]] and the [[Kosi River|Kosi]]. The Kosi's extremely low gradient, caused by long-term silt deposition, leads to severe floods and course changes.{{sfn|Duff|1993|p = 353}}{{sfn|Basu|Xavier|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nXmLDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 78]}} Major peninsular rivers, whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding, include the [[Godavari River|Godavari]], the [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]], the [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]], and the [[Krishna River|Krishna]], which also drain into the Bay of Bengal;{{sfn|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2023|p=16}} and the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] and the [[Tapti River|Tapti]], which drain into the [[Arabian Sea]].{{sfn|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2023|p=17}}

India's coastline measures {{Convert|7517|km|mi|-2}} in length; of this distance, {{Convert|5423|km|mi|-2}} belong to peninsular India and {{Convert|2094|km|mi|-2}} to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep island chains.{{sfn|Kumar|Pathak|Pednekar|Raju|2006}} According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the [[Coastal India|mainland coastline]] consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including cliffs; and 46% [[mudflat]]s or marshy shores.{{sfn|Kumar|Pathak|Pednekar|Raju|2006}} Coastal features include the marshy [[Rann of Kutch]] of western India and the alluvial [[Sundarbans]] delta of eastern India; the latter is shared with Bangladesh.{{sfn|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2023|p=12}} India has two [[archipelago]]s: the [[Lakshadweep]] [[Atoll|coral atolls]] off India's south-western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanic chain in the [[Andaman Sea]].{{sfn|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2023|p=13}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px">
{{Main|Geography of India|Himalayas}}
File:Panorama of Himalayas from Ranikhet, Uttarakhand, India.jpg|A panoramic view of the Garhwal and Kumaon Himalayas. Peaks rising above their surroundings in this view are, among others, [[Trisul]], [[Nanda Devi]], the highest peak entirely within India's borders, and [[Nanda Kot]]. The [[Tibetan Plateau]] lies behind these mountains, as does the part of the [[Indus-Yarlung suture zone]], the contour along which the [[Indian Plate]] has welded to the [[Eurasian plate]]. [[Mount Kailash]] and [[Lake Manasarovar]] in the [[Transhimalaya|Tibet Trans-Himalaya]]—sacred in Hindu and Buddhist mythology—lie immediately behind to the right. The [[Indus]] and [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] (the upper [[Brahmaputra]] river), which mark the western and eastern limits of the Himalaya range, rise in the vicinity of the lake.
File:Tungabhadra River and Coracle Boats.JPG|The [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]], with rocky outcrops, flows into the peninsular [[Krishna River]].{{sfn|Mcgrail|Blue|Kentley|Palmer|2003|p=257}}
File:Ganges Delta ESA22274217.jpeg|The [[Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta]] in a European [[Sentinel-3B]] image. The [[Ganges]] and the eastern [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] lie to the left, the Brahmaputra to the right.
File:Havelock Island, Mangrove tree on the beach, Andaman Islands.jpg|A [[mangrove]] tree on a beach on [[Havelock Island]], the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
</gallery>

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of India}}

The Indian climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive the economically and culturally pivotal summer and winter [[monsoon]]s.{{sfn|Chang|1967|pp = 391–394}} The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian [[katabatic wind]]s from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes.{{sfn|Posey|1994|p = 118}}{{sfn|Wolpert|2003|p = 4}} The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden south-west summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of India's rainfall.{{sfn|Chang|1967|pp = 391–394}}

Four major climatic groupings predominate in India: [[Climate of India#Tropical wet|tropical wet]], [[Climate of India#Arid and semi-arid regions|tropical dry]], [[Climate of India#Subtropical humid|subtropical humid]], and [[Climate of India#Mountain|montane]].{{sfn|Heitzman|Worden|1996|p=97}} Temperatures in India have risen by {{convert|0.7|C-change|1|abbr=on}} between 1901 and 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vibha |date=15 June 2020 |title=Average temperature over India projected to rise by 4.4 degrees Celsius: Govt report on impact of climate change in country |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/average-temperature-over-india-projected-to-rise-by-4-4-degrees-celsius-govt-report-on-impact-of-climate-change-in-country-99583 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=[[The Tribune]] |archive-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921173504/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/average-temperature-over-india-projected-to-rise-by-4-4-degrees-celsius-govt-report-on-impact-of-climate-change-in-country-99583 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in India]] is often thought to be the cause. The [[Retreat of glaciers since 1850|retreat of Himalayan glaciers]] has adversely affected the [[Volumetric flow rate|flow rate]] of the major Himalayan rivers, including the [[Ganges]] and the [[Brahmaputra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Nitin |date=3 February 2007 |title=Global warming: Mumbai to face the heat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/global-warming-mumbai-to-face-the-heat/articleshow/1556662.cms |access-date=11 March 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023235353/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-02-03/india/27877261_1_climate-change-global-warming-gdp-growth |url-status=live }}</ref> According to some current projections, the number and severity of droughts in India will have markedly increased by the end of the present century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Vivek |last2=Jain |first2=Manoj Kumar |year=2018 |title=Investigation of multi-model spatiotemporal mesoscale drought projections over India under climate change scenario |journal=[[Journal of Hydrology]] |volume=567 |pages=489–509 |bibcode=2018JHyd..567..489G |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.10.012 }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Coral Tree Monsoon Mallalli Falls Hassan Jun24 A7CR 01575.jpg|[[Indian coral tree]] in bloom in the mist of the [[Southwest Monsoon]], [[Mallalli Falls]], [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]], Karnataka
File:Dromedary in Thar desert.jpg|A [[dromedary]] in the [[Thar desert]]
File:Baspa Valley at Sangla, Himachal Pradesh, India.jpg|New snow in [[Baspa Valley]], [[Sangla, India|Sangla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
</gallery>

=== Biodiversity ===
{{Main|Forestry in India|Wildlife of India}}
India is a [[megadiverse country]], a term employed for 17 countries that host high [[biological diversity]] and contain many species [[indigenous (ecology)|indigenous]], or [[endemic]], to them.<ref>{{Citation |title=Megadiverse Countries |url=https://www.biodiversitya-z.org/content/megadiverse-countries |access-date=17 October 2021 |publisher=Biodiversity A–Z, [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre]] |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903011526/http://www.biodiversitya-z.org/areas/26 |url-status=live }}</ref> India is the [[habitat]] for 8.6% of all [[mammal]]s, 13.7% of [[bird]] species, 7.9% of [[reptile]] species, 6% of [[amphibian]] species, 12.2% of [[fish]] species, and 6.0% of all [[flowering plant]] species.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Animal Discoveries 2011: New Species and New Records |url=https://zsi.gov.in/right_menu/Animal_disc/Animal%20Discovery%202011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116214754/https://zsi.gov.in/right_menu/Animal_disc/Animal%20Discovery%202011.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013 |access-date=20 July 2012 |publisher=[[Zoological Survey of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Puri">{{Citation |last=Puri |first=S. K. |title=Biodiversity Profile of India |url=https://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/cesmg/indiabio.html |work=ces.iisc.ernet.in |access-date=20 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121153614/https://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/cesmg/indiabio.html |archive-date=21 November 2011}}</ref> Fully a third of Indian plant species are endemic.{{sfn|Basak|1983|p = 24}} India also overlaps four of the world's 34 [[biodiversity hotspot]]s,<ref name="IUCN-India">{{Citation |title=India |url=https://www.iucn.org/asia/countries/india |year=2019 |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101033802/https://www.iucn.org/asia/countries/india |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) |archive-date=1 November 2020}}</ref> or regions that display significant habitat loss in the presence of high endemism.{{efn|A biodiversity hotspot is a [[biogeography|biogeographical]] region which has more than 1,500 [[vascular plant]] species, but less than 30% of its primary habitat.<ref name="SivaperumanVenkataraman2018" />}}<ref name="SivaperumanVenkataraman2018">{{Citation |last1=Venkataraman |first1=Krishnamoorthy |title=Indian Hotspots: Vertebrate Faunal Diversity, Conservation and Management |page=5 |year=2018 |editor-last=Sivaperuman, Chandrakasan |chapter=Biodiversity Hotspots in India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kFKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |isbn=978-981-10-6605-4 |last2=Sivaperuman |first2=Chandrakasan |editor2-last=Venkataraman, Krishnamoorthy}}</ref>

India's most dense forests, such as the [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest|tropical moist forest]] of the [[Andaman Islands]], the [[Western Ghats]], and [[Northeast India]], occupy approximately 3% of its land area.<ref name="Jha2018">{{Citation |last=Jha |first=Raghbendra |title=Facets of India's Economy and Her Society Volume II: Current State and Future Prospects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9n9SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA198 |page=198 |year=2018 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |isbn=978-1-349-95342-4}}</ref><ref name="indiaforest">{{Cite web |title=Forest Cover in States/UTs in India in 2019 |url=https://www.frienvis.nic.in/Database/Forest-Cover-in-States-UTs-2019_2478.aspx |access-date=16 October 2021 |publisher=[[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]] via [[National Informatics Centre]] |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019155758/http://www.frienvis.nic.in/Database/Forest-Cover-in-States-UTs-2019_2478.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Moderately dense forest'', whose canopy density is between 40% and 70%, occupies 9.39% of India's land area.<ref name="Jha2018" /><ref name="indiaforest" /> It predominates in the [[temperate coniferous forest]] of the [[Himalaya]]s, the moist deciduous ''[[Shorea robusta|sal]]'' forest of eastern India, and the dry deciduous [[teak]] forest of central and southern India.{{sfn|Tritsch|2001|pp=11–12}} India has two natural zones of [[deserts and xeric shrublands|thorn forest]], one in the [[Deccan Plateau]], immediately east of the Western Ghats, and the other in the western part of the Indo-Gangetic plain, now turned into rich agricultural land by irrigation, its features no longer visible.{{sfnq|Tritsch|2001|p=12|q=India has two natural zones of thorn forest, one in the rain shadow area of the Deccan Plateau east of the Western Ghats, and the other in the western part of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Growth is limited only by moisture availability in these areas, so with irrigation the fertile alluvial soil of Punjab and Haryana has been turned into India's prime agricultural area. Much of the thorn forest covering the plains probably had savannah-like features now no longer visible.}} Among the Indian subcontinent's notable indigenous trees are the [[astringent]] ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'', or ''neem'', which is widely used in rural Indian [[herbal medicine]],<ref name="Goyal2006">{{Citation |last=Goyal |first=Anupam |title=The WTO and International Environmental Law: Towards Conciliation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UTGQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA295 |page=295 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-567710-2}} Quote: "The Indian government successfully argued that the medicinal ''neem'' tree is part of traditional Indian knowledge. (page 295)"</ref> and the luxuriant ''[[Ficus religiosa]]'', or ''peepul'',<ref name="Hughes2013">{{Citation |last=Hughes |first=Julie E. |title=Animal Kingdoms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RL8qWNmpkc0C&pg=PT106 |page=106 |year=2013 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-07480-4 |quote=At same time, the leafy pipal trees and comparative abundance that marked the Mewari landscape fostered refinements unattainable in other lands.}}</ref> which is displayed on the ancient seals of [[Mohenjo-daro]],<ref name="AmeriCostello2018">{{Citation |last=Ameri |first=Marta |title=Seals and Sealing in the Ancient World: Case Studies from the Near East, Egypt, the Aegean, and South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SklVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 |pages=156–157 |year=2018 |editor-last=Ameri |editor-first=Marta |chapter=Letting the Pictures Speak: An Image-Based Approach to the Mythological and Narrative Imagery of the Harappan World |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-17351-3 |editor2-last=Costello |editor2-first=Sarah Kielt |editor3-last=Jamison |editor3-first=Gregg |editor4-last=Scott |editor4-first=Sarah Jarmer}} Quote: "The last of the centaurs has the long, wavy, horizontal horns of a markhor, a human face, a heavy-set body that appears bovine, and a goat tail ... This figure is often depicted by itself, but it is also consistently represented in scenes that seem to reflect the adoration of a figure in a pipal tree or arbour and which may be termed ritual. These include fully detailed scenes like that visible in the large 'divine adoration' seal from Mohenjo-daro."</ref> and under which [[Gautama Buddha|the Buddha]] is recorded in the [[Pāli Canon|Pali canon]] to have sought enlightenment.<ref name="Gwynne2011">{{Citation |last=Paul Gwynne |title=World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdsRKc_knZoC&pg=RA5-PT195 |page=358 |year=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-4443-6005-9 |quote=The tree under which Sakyamuni became the Buddha is a peepal tree (''[[Ficus religiosa]]'').}}</ref>

Many Indian species have descended from those of [[Gondwana]], the southern [[supercontinent]] from which India separated more than 100 million years ago.{{sfn|Crame|Owen|2002|p = 142}} India's subsequent collision with Eurasia set off a mass exchange of species. However, [[Deccan Traps|volcanism]] and [[Climate variability and change|climatic changes]] later caused the extinction of many endemic Indian forms.{{sfn|Karanth|2006}} Still later, mammals entered India from Asia through two [[Zoogeography|zoogeographic]] passes flanking the Himalayas.{{sfn|Tritsch|2001|p=14}} This lowered endemism among India's mammals, which stands at 12.6%, contrasting with 45.8% among reptiles and 55.8% among amphibians.<ref name="Puri" /> Among endemics are the vulnerable<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Singh, M. |author2=Kumar, A. |author3=Molur, S. |year=2008 |title=''Semnopithecus johnii'' |volume=2008 |article-number=e.T44694A10927987 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T44694A10927987.en |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref> [[Nilgiri Langur|hooded leaf monkey]]<ref name="itis">{{Cite web |last=Fischer |first=Johann |author-link=Johann Baptist Fischer |title=Semnopithecus johnii |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=944270#null |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829072131/https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=944270#null |archive-date=29 August 2018 |access-date=27 August 2018 |publisher=[[ITIS]]}}</ref> and the threatened [[Duttaphrynus beddomii|Beddome's toad]]<ref name="IUCN">{{cite iucn |author=Biju, S.D. |author2=Dutta, S. |author3=Ravichandran, M.S. |author4=Vasudevan, K. |author5=Vijayakumar, S.P. |author6=Srinivasulu, C. |author7=Dasaramji Buddhe, G. |year=2004 |errata=2016 |title=''Duttaphrynus beddomii'' |volume=2004 |article-number=e.T54584A86543952 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54584A11155448.en |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2015 |title=''Duttaphrynus beddomii'' (Günther, 1876) |url=https://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Duttaphrynus/Duttaphrynus-beddomii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721092639/https://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Duttaphrynus/Duttaphrynus-beddomii |archive-date=21 July 2015 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]]}}</ref> of the Western Ghats.

India contains 172 [[World Conservation Union|IUCN]]-designated [[List of endangered animals in India|threatened animal species]], or 2.9% of endangered forms.{{sfn|IUCN|1994|p = xli}} These include the endangered [[Bengal tiger]] and the [[South Asian river dolphin|Ganges river dolphin]]. [[Critically endangered]] species include the [[gharial]], a [[crocodilian]]; the [[great Indian bustard]]; and the [[White-rumped vulture|Indian white-rumped vulture]], which has become nearly extinct by having ingested the carrion of [[diclofenac]]-treated cattle.<ref name="LovetteFitzpatrick2016">{{Citation |last1=Lovette |first1=Irby J. |title=Handbook of Bird Biology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGyQDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA599 |page=599 |year=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-29105-4 |last2=Fitzpatrick |first2=John W.}}</ref> Before they were extensively used for agriculture and cleared for human settlement, the thorn forests of Punjab were mingled at intervals with open grasslands that were grazed by large herds of [[Blackbuck Conservation Area|blackbuck]] preyed on by the [[Asiatic cheetah]]; the blackbuck, no longer extant in Punjab, is now severely endangered in India, and the cheetah is extinct.{{sfnq|Tritsch|2001|p=15|q=Before it was so heavily settled and intensively exploited, the Punjab was dominated by thorn forest interspersed by rolling grasslands which were grazed on by millions of Blackbuck, accompanied by their dominant predator, the Cheetah. Always keen hunters, the Moghul princes kept tame cheetahs which were used to chase and bring down the Blackbuck. Today the Cheetah is extinct in India and the severely endangered Blackbuck no longer exists in the Punjab.}} The pervasive and ecologically devastating human encroachment of recent decades has critically endangered Indian wildlife. In response, the system of [[National parks of India|national parks]] and [[protected areas of India|protected areas]], first established in 1935, was expanded substantially. In 1972, India enacted the [[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972|Wildlife Protection Act]]{{sfn|Ministry of Environment and Forests 1972}} and [[Project Tiger]] to safeguard crucial wilderness; the Forest Conservation Act was enacted in 1980 and amendments added in 1988.{{sfn|Department of Environment and Forests|1988}} India hosts [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India|more than five hundred wildlife sanctuaries]] and [[Biosphere reserves of India|eighteen{{Nbsp}}biosphere reserves]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biosphere |url=https://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/biosphere.pdf |access-date=28 June 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030821/http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/biosphere.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> four of which are part of the [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves]]; its [[List of Ramsar sites in India|eighty-nine wetlands]] are registered under the [[Ramsar Convention]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Annotated List of Wetlands of International Importance {{!}} India |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites-annotated-summary-India.pdf |website=rsis.ramsar.org |publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service |access-date=16 April 2025 |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703084811/https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites-annotated-summary-India.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Attacus taprobanis-Kadavoor-2018-07-07-001.jpg|An ''[[Attacus taprobanis]]'' moth from [[Kadavoor]], [[Kerala]]
File:Bengal tiger in Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve December 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 11.jpg|India has the majority of the world's wild [[tiger]]s, approximately 3,170 in 2022.<ref>{{Citation |title=Reviving the Roar: India's Tiger Population Is On the Rise |date=13 April 2023 |url=https://www.goodgoodgood.co/articles/india-tiger-population-good-news |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415102930/https://www.goodgoodgood.co/articles/india-tiger-population-good-news |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:003 Purple sunbird in Jim Corbett National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|A [[purple sunbird]] perched on an [[Indian coral tree]], [[Jim Corbett National Park]], [[Uttarakhand]]
File:Crested hawk-eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus cirrhatus) with Indian garden lizard.jpg|A [[Crested hawk-eagle]] with an Indian [[garden lizard]] in [[Satpura National Park]], Madhya Pradesh
File:Saltwater crocodile in Sundarbans National Park November 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 03.jpg|[[Saltwater crocodile]] in [[Sundarbans National Park]], [[West Bengal]]
</gallery>

== Government and politics ==

=== Politics ===
{{Main|Politics of India}}
{{See also|Democracy in India}}
[[File:Indira Gandhi official portrait.png|thumb|right|[[Indira Gandhi]], India's first and only female Prime Minister, is the second-longest-serving Indian prime minister after her father, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi addressing the inaugural function of the WCIT India 2018 at Hyderabad via video conferencing from Misuru, on February 19, 2018 (1).jpg|thumb|right|[[Narendra Modi]] has been India's Prime Minister since 2014.]]
India is a [[parliamentary republic]] with a [[multi-party system]].{{sfn|Burnell|Calvert|1999|p = 125}} There are six{{Nbsp}}recognised [[List of political parties in India#National parties|national parties]] in the country, including the [[Indian National Congress]] (generally, "the Congress") and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP); there are over 50{{Nbsp}}[[List of political parties in India#State parties|regional parties]].{{sfn|Election Commission of India}} The Congress is considered the [[Centrism|ideological centre]] in Indian [[political culture]];<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sáez |first1=Lawrence |last2=Sinha |first2=Aseema |year=2010 |title=Political cycles, political institutions and public expenditure in India, 1980–2000 |journal=[[British Journal of Political Science]] |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=91–113 |doi=10.1017/s0007123409990226 }}</ref> the BJP is [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] to [[Far-right politics|far-right]].

After India's independence on August 15, 1947, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] became prime minister of the [[Dominion of India]], an office he held until January 26, 1950, when India became a republic; Nehru remained the caretaker prime minister until the following year.{{efn|During the last years of [[British Raj|British rule]], elections were held in 1946 in all [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|provinces of British India]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Judd|2004|pp=170–71}}</ref> The Congress won electoral victories in eight of 11 provinces.<ref>{{Harvnb|Judd|2004|p=172}}</ref> A Congress-led government was formed in September; Jawaharlal Nehru served as interim prime minister.<ref name="Gopal1976">{{cite book|author=Sarvepalli Gopal|title=Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/jawaharlalnehrub01gopa|url-access=registration|access-date=21 February 2012|year=1976|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-47310-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/jawaharlalnehrub01gopa/page/362 362]}}</ref>}} In the general elections in [[1951 Indian general election|1951]], [[1957 Indian general election|1957]], and [[1962 Indian general election|1962]], the Congress, led by Nehru, won by comfortable margins. After Nehru [[Death and state funeral of Jawaharlal Nehru|died]] in office in May 1964, [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] was unanimously chosen by the Congress to be parliamentary leader, and thus prime minister. After the [[India–Pakistan war of 1965]], Shastri [[Death and state funeral of Lal Bahadur Shastri|died]] in January 1966, soon after signing the [[Tashkent Declaration|Tashkent Peace Declaration]]. The Congress chose [[Indira Gandhi]] to be prime minister. She led the party to election victories in [[1967 Indian general election|1967]] and [[1971 Indian general election|1971]], the latter a [[landslide victory|landslide]] after Pakistan's defeat in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. In 1975, Indira Gandhi declared a [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency]], suspending many civil liberties. Following public discontent with the Emergency, the Congress was voted out of power in [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]; [[Janata Party]], which had opposed the Emergency, was voted in. Its government lasted two years; [[Morarji Desai]] and [[Charan Singh]] served as prime ministers. The Congress returned to power in 1980. After a [[Operation Blue Star|military operation]] against [[Sikhs|Sikh]] militants occupying the [[Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]], Indira Gandhi was [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassinated]] by a Sikh bodyguard on October 31, 1984. She was succeeded as prime minister by [[Rajiv Gandhi]], who led Congress to a comfortable victory in the [[1984 Indian general election|elections]] at the end of the year. In 1989, a [[National Front (India)|National Front]] coalition, led by the [[Janata Dal]], in alliance with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Left Front]], won the [[1989 Indian general election|general elections]]. The subsequent government lasted just under two years; [[V. P. Singh]] and [[Chandra Shekhar]] served as prime ministers.{{sfn|Bhambhri|1992|pp=118, 143}} In 1991, soon after the first round of polling in the [[1991 Indian general election|general election]], Congress leader Rajiv Gandhi [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|was assassinated]] by a member of a [[Sri Lankan Tamil]] [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|separatist organisation]] who was seeking to avenge [[Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war]]. After the elections, Congress emerged as the largest single party; a new Congress leader, [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], formed a [[minority government]] which served a full five-year term.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 2004 |title=Narasimha Rao Passes Away |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.hindu.com/2004/12/24/stories/2004122408870100.htm |access-date=2 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213181659/https://www.hindu.com/2004/12/24/stories/2004122408870100.htm |archive-date=13 February 2009}}</ref>

In 1996, the BJP briefly formed a government after winning the [[1996 Indian general election|general election]]. [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] coalition governments followed, which relied on external political support, [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] and [[I. K. Gujral]] serving as prime ministers. After the [[1998 Indian general election]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] of the BJP became prime minister; his government was short-lived due to the lack of a continued mandate. Elections were held again in [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]. The BJP, now a part of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), formed a coalition government led by Vajpayee, who became the first non-Congress prime minister to complete a five-year term.{{sfn|Dunleavy|Diwakar|Dunleavy|2007}} In the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general election]], the NDA was defeated. Congress emerged as the largest single party and formed a coalition, the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA). [[Manmohan Singh]], a Sikh, who was proposed by Congress President [[Sonia Gandhi]] to be parliamentary leader, served as prime minister of the UPA government, but with some external support.{{efn|Congress had the support of [[Left-wing politics|left-leaning]] parties and MPs who opposed the BJP.}} The UPA returned to power in the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]] with increased numbers, no longer dependent on external support.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p = 384}} Singh became the first prime minister to be re-elected after Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962.{{sfn|Business Standard|2009}} In the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]], the BJP under [[Narendra Modi]] became the first political party since 1984 to win an absolute majority.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 May 2014 |title=BJP first party since 1984 to win parliamentary majority on its own |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-first-party-since-1984-to-win-parliamentary-majority-on-its-own-1988981 |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521032413/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-first-party-since-1984-to-win-parliamentary-majority-on-its-own-1988981 |archive-date=21 May 2014}}</ref> The party won a larger majority in the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]]. After losing its majority in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]], the BJP formed a coalition government with its NDA partners. Modi is the longest-serving non-Congress prime minister.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Modi Wins 3rd Term in India Election With Closer Results Than Expected |date=4 June 2024 |last=Mashal |first=Mujib |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/04/world/asia/modi-india-election.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> [[Democratic backsliding]] was found by the 2026 [[V-Dem Institute#Democracy Report|V-Dem Democracy Report]].<ref name="j496">{{cite web | title=Democracy Report 2026, Unraveling The Democratic Era?, V-Dem Institute | url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf | access-date=2026-03-17}}</ref>

=== Government ===
{{Main|Government of India|State governments of India|Local government in India}}
{{See also|Constitution of India}}

[[File:Constitution of India.jpg|right|The original preamble of the [[Constitution of India]] in 1950. In 1976, during the tenure of Indian prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]], the first sentence was changed to "Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic".|thumb]]
[[File:Rashtrapati Bhavan-Delhi-India4445.JPG|right|The [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]], the official residence of the [[President of India]], was designed by British architects [[Edwin Lutyens]] and [[Herbert Baker]] for the [[Viceroy of India]], and constructed between 1911 and 1931 during the [[British Raj]].<ref name="Bremner2016">{{Citation |last=Bremner |first=G. A. |title=Architecture and Urbanism in the British Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjRADQAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |page=117 |year=2016 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-102232-6}}</ref>|thumb]]
The Constitution of India was drafted by the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] with uncommon speed and absence of irregularities between 1946 and 1949.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} The [[Government of India Act 1935]] was used as a model and framework.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} Long passages from the Act were included. The constitution describes a federal state with a parliamentary system of democracy.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} The federal structure was conspicuous for the strength of the central government, which exclusively exercised control of defence, foreign affairs, railways, ports, and currency.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} The President, the constitutional head of state, has reserve powers for taking over the administration of a state.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} The central legislature has two houses: the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'', whose delegates are directly elected by the people in general elections every five years, and the ''[[Rajya Sabha]]'', whose members are nominated by the elected representatives in the states.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} There are also features not to be found in the Act of 1935. The definition of fundamental rights is based on the [[Constitution of the United States]], and the constitutional directives, or goals of endeavor, are based on the [[Constitution of Ireland]].{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=243}} An Indian institution recommended by the constitution is the ''[[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]'' or village committees.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=243}} [[Untouchability]] is illegal (Article 17) and caste distinctions are derecognized (Articles 15(2) and 16(2)).{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=243}} The promulgation of the Indian constitution transformed India into a republic within the Commonwealth.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=243}}

The [[Prime Minister of India]] is the [[head of government]] and exercises most [[executive (government)|executive power]].{{sfn|Sharma|1950}} Appointed by the president,{{sfn|Sharma|2007|p = 162}} the prime minister is supported by the [[political party|party]] or [[political alliance]] with a majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.{{sfn|Sharma|1950}} The executive of the Indian government consists of the president, the [[Vice President of India|vice-president]], and the [[Union Council of Ministers]]—with the [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] being its executive committee—headed by the prime minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of one of the houses of parliament.{{sfn|Sharma|2007|p = 31}} In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature; the prime minister and their council are directly responsible to the lower house of the parliament. [[Civil Services of India|Civil servants]] act as permanent executives and all decisions of the [[Executive (government)|executive]] are implemented by them.{{sfn|Mathew|2003|p = 524}}

India has a three-tier{{Nbsp}}unitary [[Judicial independence|independent judiciary]]{{sfn|Neuborne|2003|p = 478}} comprising the [[Supreme Court of India|supreme court]], headed by the [[Chief Justice of India]], 25{{Nbsp}}[[High courts of India|high courts]], and a large number of trial courts.{{sfn|Neuborne|2003|p = 478}} The supreme court has [[original jurisdiction]] over cases involving [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]] and over disputes between states and the centre and has [[appellate jurisdiction]] over the high courts.{{sfn|Sharma|2007|pp = 238, 255}} It has the power to both strike down union or state laws which contravene the constitution{{sfn|Sripati|1998|pp=423–424}} and invalidate any government action it deems unconstitutional.{{sfn|Pylee|2003b|p = 314}}

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Administrative divisions of India}}

{{See also|Political integration of India}}
{{Indian states and territories image map|image-width=220}}
India is a federal union comprising 28 [[States and union territories of India|states]] and 8 [[Union territory|union territories]].{{sfn|Library of Congress|2004}} All states, as well as the union territories of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and the [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]], have elected legislatures and governments following the [[Westminster system]]. The remaining five union territories are directly ruled by the central government through appointed administrators. In 1956, under the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation Act]], states were reorganised on a linguistic basis.{{sfn|Sharma|2007|p = 49}} There are over a quarter of a million local government bodies at city, town, district, block and village levels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India |url=https://www.clgf.org.uk/regions/clgf-asia/india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715203036/https://www.clgf.org.uk/regions/clgf-asia/india/ |archive-date=15 July 2019 |access-date=7 September 2019 |website=[[Commonwealth Local Government Forum]]}}</ref>

==== States ====
{{columns-list |colwidth=18em|
* [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Assam]]
* [[Bihar]]
* [[Chhattisgarh]]
* [[Goa]]
* [[Gujarat]]
* [[Haryana]]
* [[Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Jharkhand]]
* [[Karnataka]]
* [[Kerala]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Manipur]]
* [[Meghalaya]]
* [[Mizoram]]
* [[Nagaland]]
* [[Odisha]]
* [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
* [[Rajasthan]]
* [[Sikkim]]
* [[Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[Tripura]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Uttarakhand]]
* [[West Bengal]]
}}

==== Union territories ====
{{columns-list |colwidth=18em|
* [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
* [[Chandigarh]]
* [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Ladakh]]
* [[Lakshadweep]]
* [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
* [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
}}

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of India}}
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru, Nasser and Tito at the Conference of Non-Aligned Nations held in Belgrade.jpg|thumb|In the 1950s and 60s, India played a pivotal role in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref name="Dinkel2018">{{Cite book |last=Dinkel |first=Jürgen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqOODwAAQBAJ |title=The Non-Aligned Movement: Genesis, Organization and Politics (1927–1992) |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-90-04-33613-1 |pages=92–93}}</ref> From left to right: [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] of [[United Arab Republic]] (now Egypt), [[Josip Broz Tito]] of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in Belgrade, September 1961.]]
India remained a member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] after becoming a republic in 1950.<ref name="storm-india-commonwealth">{{cite book |last=Storm |first=Eric |title=Nationalism: A World History |year=2024 |isbn=978-0-691-23309-3 |lccn=2024015293 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YfEIEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |publisher=Princeton University Press |quote=The whole constellation changed when India and Pakistan gained independence as dominions, which was a solution that made possible a speedier withdrawal of the British. In the end, India decided to become a republic, although the leadership preferred to remain within the Commonwealth. |archive-date=20 March 2025 |access-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320070147/https://books.google.com/books?id=YfEIEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 April 1949 |title=The London Declaration |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/181889/34293/35468/214257/londondeclaration.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706045924/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/181889/34293/35468/214257/londondeclaration.htm |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=4 July 2013 |publisher=Commonwealth of Nations}}</ref> It strongly supported decolonisation in Africa and Asia in the 1950s, and played a leading role in the Non-Aligned Movement.{{sfn|Rothermund|2000|pp = 48, 227}} After cordial relations with China during the greater part of the 1950s, India and China went to [[Sino-Indian War|war in 1962]]; India was widely thought to have been decisively defeated.<ref name=62-humiliation>(a) {{citation |last=Guyot-Rechard |first=Berenice |title=Shadow States: India, China and the Himalayas, 1910–1962 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbktDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA235 |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-107-17679-9 |quote=By invading NEFA, the PRC did not just aim to force a humiliated India to recognise its possession of the Aksai Chin. It also hoped to get, once and for all, the upper hand in their shadowing competition.}}
 (b) {{citation |last=Chubb |first=Andrew |chapter=The Sino-Indian Border Crisis: Chinese Perceptions of Indian Nationalism |title=Crisis |editor1-last=Golley |editor1-first=Jane |editor2-last=Jaivan |editor2-first=Linda |editor3-last=Strange |editor3-first=Sharon |publisher=Australian National University Press |year=2021 |pages=231–232 |isbn=978-1-76046-439-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1crEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 |quote=The ensuing cycle of escalation culminated in the 1962 Sino-Indian border war in which Mao Zedong's troops overran almost the entire state of Arunachal Pradesh in the eastern sector before unilaterally withdrawing, as if to underline the insult; most of the war's several thousand casualties were Indian. The PLA's decisive victories in the 1962 war not only humiliated the Indian Army, they also entrenched a status quo in Ladakh that was highly unfavourable for India, in which China controls almost all of the disputed territory. A nationalistic press and commentariat have kept 1962 vivid in India's popular consciousness.}}
 (c) {{citation |last=Lintner |first=Bertil |title=China's India War: Collision Course on the Roof of the World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-909163-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-L9DDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT106 |quote=Lin Biao was put in charge of the operation and that alliance between Mao and his loyal de facto chief of the PLA made the attack on India possible. With China's ultimate victory in the war, Mao's ultra-leftist line had won in China; whatever critical voices that were left in the Party after all the purges fell silent.}}
 (d) {{citation |last=Medcalf |first=Rory |title=Indo-Pacific Empire: China, America and the contest for the world's pivotal |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-5261-5077-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCjXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT81 |quote=From an Indian perspective, the China-India war of 1962 was a shocking betrayal of the principles of co-operation and coexistence: a surprise attack that humiliated India and personally broke Nehru.}}
 (e) {{citation |last=Ganguly |first=Sumit |title=The Crisis in Kashmir: Portents of War, Hope of Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |page=44 |isbn=978-0-521-65566-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi66mjIqR1IC&pg=PA44 |quote=In October 1962 India suffered the most humiliating military debacle in its post-independence history, at the hands of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA). The outcome of this conflict had far-reaching consequences for Indian foreign and defence policies. The harsh defeat that the Chinese PLA had inflicted on the Indian Army called into question some of the most deeply held precepts of Nehru's foreign and defence policies.}}
 (f) {{citation |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |chapter=A Missed Opportunity? The Nehru-Zhou Enlai Summit of 1960 |title=India and the Cold War |editor-last=Bhagavan |editor-first=Manu |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |page=121 |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-4696-5117-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-yoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 |quote=The 'forward policy' adopted by India to prevent the Chinese from occupying territory claimed by them was undertaken in the mistaken belief that Beijing would be cautious in dealing with India owing to Moscow's stance on the dispute and its growing proximity to India. These misjudgments would eventually culminate in India's humiliating defeat in the war of October–November 1962.}}</ref> By 1967, however, India was able to fend off [[Sino-Indian War of 1967|Chinese excursions into Sikkim]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brahma Chellaney |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCmFAAAAMAAJ |title=Asian Juggernaut: The Rise of China, India, and Japan |date=2006 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=978-81-7223-650-2 |page=195 |quote=Indeed, Beijing's acknowledgement of Indian control over Sikkim seems limited to the purpose of facilitating trade through the vertiginous Nathu-la Pass, the scene of bloody artillery duels in September 1967 when Indian troops beat back attacking Chinese forces. |author-link=Brahma Chellaney}}</ref>

India has had [[Indo-Pakistani relations|uneasy relations]] with its western neighbour, Pakistan. The two went to war in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|1947]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]], and [[Kargil War|1999]]. Three wars were fought over the [[Kashmir conflict|disputed territory of Kashmir]].{{sfn|Gilbert|2002|pp = 486–487}} After the 1965 war, India began to pursue close military and economic [[India-Soviet Union relations|ties with the Soviet Union]]. By the late 1960s, the Soviet Union was India's largest arms supplier.{{sfn|Sharma|1999|p=56}}
[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the President of France, Mr. Nicolas Sarkozy, at the Bastille Day Parade of France, in Paris on July 14, 2009 (2).jpg|thumb|Indian prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and French president [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] review the 221st [[Bastille Day military parade]] in Paris, July 2009. India's oldest regiment, the [[Maratha Light Infantry]], founded in 1768, led the parade.<ref name="guardian-muir-diary-maratha">{{Citation |last=Muir |first=Hugh |title=Diary |date=13 July 2009 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/jul/14/bbc-peter-salmon-trevor-mcdonald |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019165743/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/jul/14/bbc-peter-salmon-trevor-mcdonald |quote="Members of the Indian armed forces have the plum job of leading off the great morning parade for Bastille Day. Only after units and bands from India's navy and air force have followed the Maratha Light Infantry will the parade be entirely given over to ... France's armed services." |archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref>]]
China's [[596 (nuclear test)|nuclear test of 1964]] and threats to intervene in support of Pakistan in the 1965 war caused India to produce nuclear weapons.{{sfn|Perkovich|2001|pp = 60–86, 106–125}} India conducted its [[Smiling Buddha|first nuclear weapons test]] in 1974 and carried out [[Pokhran-II|additional underground testing]] in 1998. India has signed neither the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty]] nor the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]], considering both to be flawed and discriminatory.{{sfn|Kumar|2010}} India maintains a "[[no first use]]" nuclear policy and is developing a [[nuclear triad]] capability as a part of its "[[Minimum Credible Deterrence]]" doctrine.{{sfn|Nair|2007}}{{sfn|Pandit|2009}}

Since the end of the [[Cold War]], India has increased its economic, strategic, and military cooperation with the [[India–United States relations|United States]] and the [[India–European Union relations|European Union]].{{sfn|European Union 2008}} In 2008, a [[U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement|civilian nuclear agreement]] was signed between India and the United States. Although India possessed nuclear weapons at the time and was not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, it received waivers from the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] and the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]], ending earlier restrictions on India's nuclear technology and commerce; India subsequently signed co-operation agreements involving [[Nuclear power in India|civilian nuclear energy]] with Russia,{{sfn|British Broadcasting Corporation 2009}} France,{{sfn|Rediff 2008 a}} the [[India–United Kingdom relations|United Kingdom]],{{sfn|Reuters|2010}} and [[Canada–India relations|Canada]].{{sfn|Curry|2010}}

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of India}}

According to the [[International Monetary Fund]], the Indian economy in 2024 was nominally worth $3.94&nbsp;trillion; it is the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|fifth-largest economy]] by market exchange rates and, at around $15.0&nbsp;trillion, the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|third-largest]] by [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP).<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" /> With an average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% over the past two decades, and reaching 6.1% during 2011–2012,{{sfn|International Monetary Fund 2011|p = 2}} India is one of the [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate|world's fastest-growing economies]].{{sfn|Nayak|Goldar|Agrawal|2010|p = xxv}} However, it has a low per capita GDP, ranking [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|144th]] in the world in nominal terms and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|123rd]] adjusted for PPP.<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" /> The vast majority of Indians fall into the global low-income group based on average daily income.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kochhar |first=Rakesh |date=18 March 2021 |title=In the pandemic, India's middle class shrinks and poverty spreads while China sees smaller changes |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/03/18/in-the-pandemic-indias-middle-class-shrinks-and-poverty-spreads-while-china-sees-smaller-changes/ |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Pew Research Center |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205114312/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/03/18/in-the-pandemic-indias-middle-class-shrinks-and-poverty-spreads-while-china-sees-smaller-changes/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Until 1991, all Indian governments followed [[protectionism|protectionist]] policies that were influenced by socialist economics. Widespread [[Licence Raj|state intervention and regulation]] largely walled the economy off from the outside world. An acute [[1991 Indian economic crisis|balance of payments crisis in 1991]] forced the nation to [[Economic liberalisation in India|liberalise its economy]];{{sfn|Wolpert|2003|p = xiv}} since then, it has moved increasingly towards a free-market system{{sfn|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2007}}{{sfn|Gargan|1992}} by emphasising both foreign trade and direct investment inflows.{{sfn|Alamgir|2008|pp = 23, 97}} India has been a member of [[World Trade Organization]] since 1 January 1995.{{sfn|World Trade Organization 1995}}

The 522-million-worker [[Labour in India|Indian labour force]] is the [[List of countries by labour force|world's second largest]], {{As of|2017|lc=y}}.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency}} The service sector makes up 55.6% of GDP, the industrial sector 26.3% and the agricultural sector 18.1%. India's [[Remittance|foreign exchange remittances]] of US$100 billion in 2022,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2022 |title=Remittances to India set to hit record $100bn this year, 25% higher than FDI flows |work=The times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/remittances-to-india-set-to-hit-record-100bn-this-year-25-higher-than-fdi-flows/articleshow/95894938.cms |access-date=5 December 2022 |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203123720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/remittances-to-india-set-to-hit-record-100bn-this-year-25-higher-than-fdi-flows/articleshow/95894938.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> the highest in the world, were contributed to its economy by 32 million Indians working in foreign countries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2021 |title=India received $87 billion in remittances in 2021: World Bank |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/economy-policy/india-received-87-billion-in-remittances-in-2021-world-bank-121111800329_1.html |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203175214/https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/economy-policy/india-received-87-billion-in-remittances-in-2021-world-bank-121111800329_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2006, the share of external trade in India's GDP stood at 24%, up from 6% in 1985.{{sfn|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2007}} In 2008, India's share of world trade was 1.7%;<ref>{{Citation |title=Exporters Get Wider Market Reach |date=28 August 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Exporters-get-wider-market-reach/articleshow/4942892.cms?referral=PM |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912002353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Exporters-get-wider-market-reach/articleshow/4942892.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |archive-date=12 September 2014}}</ref> in 2021, India was the [[List of countries by imports|world's ninth-largest importer]] and the [[List of countries by exports|sixteenth-largest exporter]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999–2019 |title=Trade Map: Trade statistics for international business development |url=https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProduct_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c%7c1 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[International Trade Centre]] |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929135108/https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProduct_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7C%7C%7C%7C%7CTOTAL%7C%7C%7C2%7C1%7C1%7C1%7C2%7C1%7C2%7C1%7C%7C1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 2001 and 2011, the contribution of petrochemical and engineering goods to total exports grew from 14% to 42%.{{sfn|Economist 2011}} India was the [[List of countries by textile exports|world's second-largest textile exporter]] after [[China]] in the 2013 calendar year.{{sfn|Economic Times 2014}}

Averaging an economic growth rate of 7.5% for several years before 2007,{{sfn|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2007}} India has more than doubled its hourly wage rates during the first decade of the 21st century.{{sfn|Bonner|2010}} Some 431 million Indians have left poverty since 1985; India's middle classes are projected to number around 580&nbsp;million by 2030.{{sfn|Farrell|Beinhocker|2007}} In 2024, India's consumer market was the [[List of largest consumer markets|world's third largest]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_high_desc=true |title=Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (current US$) |website=World Bank Open Data |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111211439/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live }}</ref> India's nominal [[GDP per capita]] increased steadily from US$308 in 1991, when economic liberalisation began, to US$1,380 in 2010, to an estimated US$2,731 in 2024. It is expected to grow to US$3,264 by 2026.<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" />

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Plowing the land in India - modern and traditional.jpg|In 2019, 43% of India's total workforce was employed in agriculture.<ref name="worldbank-ilo-total-agriculture">{{Citation |title=Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?most_recent_value_desc=false&view=map |work=[[The World Bank]] |year=2019 |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822193854/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS%3Fmost_recent_value_desc%3Dfalse%26view%3Dmap |url-status=live |archive-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>
File:Fields Akoni Nilgiris Tamil Nadu Nov24 A7CR 05287.jpg|A woman growing radish in the foreground and garlic to the right in a village in the [[Nilgiris]], Tamil Nadu. 55% of India's female workforce was employed in agriculture in 2019.<ref name="worldbank-ilo-female-agriculture">{{Citation |title=Employment in agriculture, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.FE.ZS?most_recent_value_desc=false&view=map |work=[[The World Bank]] |year=2019 |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822193855/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.FE.ZS%3Fmost_recent_value_desc%3Dfalse%26view%3Dmap |url-status=live |archive-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>
File:ILRI, Stevie Mann - Villager and calf share milk from cow in Rajasthan, India.jpg|India is the [[List of countries by milk production|world's largest producer of milk]], with the largest population of cattle. In 2018, nearly 80% of India's milk was sourced from small farms with herd size between one and two, the milk harvested by hand milking.<ref name="milk-sourcing">{{Citation |last=Kapoor |first=Rana |title=Growth in organised dairy sector, a boost for rural livelihood |date=27 October 2015 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/growth-in-organised-dairy-sector-a-boost-for-rural-livelihood/article7810689.ece# |work=[[Business Line]] |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720215652/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/growth-in-organised-dairy-sector-a-boost-for-rural-livelihood/article7810689.ece |url-status=live |quote="Nearly 80 per cent of India's milk production is contributed by small and marginal farmers, with an average herd size of one to two milching animals." |archive-date=20 July 2019}}</ref>
</gallery>

=== Industries ===
{{Main|Industry in India|Energy in India}}

{{See also|Energy policy of India}}
The [[Automotive industry in India|Indian automotive industry]], the world's second-fastest growing, increased domestic sales by 26% during 2009–2010,{{sfn|Business Line 2010}} and exports by 36% during 2008–2009.{{sfn|Express India 2009}} In 2022, India became the world's third-largest vehicle market after China and the United States, surpassing Japan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2023 |title=India beats Japan to become world's third-largest vehicle market |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/india-beats-japan-to-become-worlds-third-largest-vehicle-market/articleshow/96874402.cms |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725090655/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/india-beats-japan-to-become-worlds-third-largest-vehicle-market/articleshow/96874402.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> At the end of 2011, the [[Information technology in India|Indian IT industry]] employed 2.8&nbsp;million professionals, generated revenues close to US$100&nbsp;billion equalling 7.5% of Indian GDP, and contributed 26% of India's merchandise exports.{{sfn|Nasscom 2011–2012}}

The [[pharmaceutical industry in India]] includes 3,000 pharmaceutical companies and 10,500 manufacturing units; India is the world's third-largest pharmaceutical producer, largest producer of generic medicines, and supplies up to 50–60% of global vaccines demand, contributing up to {{USD}}24.44&nbsp;billion in exports. India's local pharmaceutical market is estimated up to {{USD}}42&nbsp;billion.<ref name="Phamra1">{{Cite news |date=16 September 2021 |title=Indian Pharma: a strategic sector from 'Make in India' to 'Make and Develop in India' |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/indian-pharma-a-strategic-sector-from-make-in-india-to-make-and-develop-in-india/2331377/ |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018121432/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/indian-pharma-a-strategic-sector-from-make-in-india-to-make-and-develop-in-india/2331377/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pharma2">{{Cite web |date=12 October 2021 |title=Indian Pharmaceutical Industry |url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/pharmaceutical-india.aspx |access-date=18 October 2021 |website=[[India Brand Equity Foundation]] |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411072103/https://www.ibef.org/industry/pharmaceutical-india.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> India is among the top 12 biotech destinations in the world.<ref>Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sector in India: sector briefing by the UK Trade and Investment 2011, utki.gov.uk</ref>{{sfn|Yep|2011}} The Indian biotech industry grew by 15.1% in 2012–2013, increasing its revenues from {{INR}}204.4&nbsp;billion ([[Indian rupee]]s) to {{INR}}235.24&nbsp;billion (US$3.94&nbsp;billion at June 2013 exchange rates).<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2013 |title=Biotechnology in India – 2013 "biospectrum-able" Survey |url=https://www.differding.com/page/biotechnology_in_india_2013_biospectrum_able_survey/f1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223203715/https://www.differding.com/page/biotechnology_in_india_2013_biospectrum_able_survey/f1.html |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Differding.com}}</ref>

India's capacity to generate electrical power is 300 gigawatts, of which 42 gigawatts is renewable.<ref name="Par">{{Cite web |date=1 August 2016 |title=India's Total Power Generation Capacity Crosses 300 GW Mark |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-total-power-generation-capacity-crosses-300-gw-mark-1438906 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616181350/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-total-power-generation-capacity-crosses-300-gw-mark-1438906 |archive-date=16 June 2017 |access-date=17 October 2021 |publisher=[[NDTV India|NDTV]]}}</ref> [[Coal in India|The country's usage of coal]] is a major cause of [[Climate change in India#Greenhouse gas emissions|India's greenhouse gas emissions]], but [[Renewable energy in India|its renewable energy]] is growing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rowlatt |first=Justin |date=12 May 2020 |title=India's carbon emissions fall for first time in four decades |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52614770 |access-date=3 December 2020 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125143650/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52614770 |url-status=live }}</ref> India emits about 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions. This equates to about 2.5 tons of [[carbon dioxide]] per person per year, which is half the world average.<ref name="USAID2018">{{cite web |last=USAID |date=September 2018 |title=Greenhouse Gas Emissions in India |url=https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/India%20GHG%20Emissions%20Factsheet%20FINAL.pdf |access-date=10 June 2021 |website= |archive-date=14 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214194144/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/India%20GHG%20Emissions%20Factsheet%20FINAL.pdf}}</ref><ref name="UNEP2019">{{cite web |last=UN Environment Programme |year=2019 |title=Emissions Gap Report 2019 |url=https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2019 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=UNEP – [[UN Environment Programme]] |archive-date=21 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421155030/https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Increasing [[Electrification|access to electricity]] and [[clean cooking]] with [[liquefied petroleum gas]] have been priorities for energy in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=India 2020 – Analysis |date=9 January 2020 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/india-2020 |access-date=3 December 2020 |publisher=[[International Energy Agency]] |archive-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316072614/https://www.iea.org/reports/india-2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Panoramic view of Taj Palace Hotel and Taj Tower with the iconic Gateway of India in the background.jpg|[[Mumbai]], the centre of India's [[tertiary sector]] [[finance industry]], also contributes to [[Tourism in India|tourism]]. Shown here are the [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] to the left and the [[Gateway of India]].
File:Cherry Resort inside Temi Tea Garden, Namchi, Sikkim.jpg|A tea garden in Sikkim. India, the [[List of countries by tea production|world's second-largest producer of tea]], is a nation of one billion tea drinkers, who consume 70% of India's tea output.
File:Bangalore Panorama edit1.jpg|A panorama of [[Bangalore]], the centre of India's software development economy. In the 1980s, when the first [[multinational corporation]]s began to set up centres in India, they chose Bangalore because of the large pool of skilled graduates in the area, in turn due to the many science and engineering colleges in the surrounding region.<ref name="ScottGarofoli2007">{{Citation |last1=Scott |first1=Allen J. |title=Development on the Ground: Clusters, Networks and Regions in Emerging Economies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GUCUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA208 |page=208 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-98422-9 |last2=Garofoli |first2=Gioacchino}}</ref>
File:Chinese Fishing Net Raising Birds Sunrise Ashtamudi Kollam Mar22 A7C 01784.jpg|A [[Chinese fishing nets|Chinese fishing net]] being raised out of the water in [[Kochi]]. Fishing, which contributes 1.07% to India's total [[Gross domestic product|GDP]],<ref name=":2"/> supports the livelihood of over 28 million people, especially within marginalized and vulnerable communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Page 279 - economic_survey_2021-2022 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/ebook_es2022/files/basic-html/page279.html |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=www.indiabudget.gov.in |archive-date=26 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226052506/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/ebook_es2022/files/basic-html/page279.html |url-status=live }}</ref> India is the third-largest fish producing country in the world, accounting for 7.96% of global production.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/indias-blue-economy-net-getting-bigger-country-ranks-third-in-fisheries-and-second-in-aquaculture/1867607/ |title=India's Blue Economy net getting bigger |publisher=Financial Express |date=14 February 2020 |access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref>
</gallery>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of India}}

With an estimated 1,428,627,663 residents in 2023, India is the world's most populous country.<ref name="WPP UN" /> 1,210,193,422 residents were reported in the [[2011 Census of India|2011 provisional census report]].{{sfn|Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India|p=160}} The median age was 28.7 in 2020.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency}} Medical advances made in the last 50 years as well as increased agricultural productivity brought about by the "[[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]]" have caused India's population to grow rapidly,{{sfn|Rorabacher|2010|pp = 35–39}} though India's decennial rates of growth are decreasing: its population grew by 17.64% from 2001 to 2011,{{sfn|Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India|p=165}} compared to 21.54% growth in the previous decade (1991–2001).{{sfn|Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India|p=165}} The first post-colonial census, conducted in 1951, counted 361&nbsp;million people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |title=Population Of India (1951–2001) |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812042806/https://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2011 |access-date=13 February 2013}}</ref> The [[life expectancy]] at birth has increased from 49.7 years in 1970–1975 to 72.0 years in 2023.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gapminder.org/tools/#$chart-type=bubbles |title=Gapminder |last=Rosling |access-date=5 September 2018 |archive-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904041729/https://www.gapminder.org/tools/#$chart-type=bubbles |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?country=OWID_WRL~IND |title=Life expectancy at birth: World, India |publisher=[[Our World in Data]] |access-date=7 September 2025 |archive-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112080632/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?country=OWID_WRL~IND |url-status=live }}</ref> The under-five [[Infant mortality|mortality]] rate for the country was 113 per 1,000 live births in 1994 whereas in 2018 it reduced to 41.1 per 1,000 live births.<ref name=":5" />

The human sex ratio, according to the 2011 census, is 940 females per 1,000 males.{{sfn|Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India|p=160}} [[Female infanticide in India]], and lately [[female foeticide in India|female foeticide]], have created lop-sided gender ratios; the number of [[missing women]] in the country quadrupled from 15 million to 63&nbsp;million during the period 1964–2014, faster than the population growth during the same period.<ref name="The Hindu_November_17_2019c">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/indias-missing-women/article5670801.ece |title=India's missing women |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 February 2014 |last1=Kapoor |first1=Mudit |last2=Shamika |first2=Ravi |access-date=17 November 2019 |quote=In the last 50 years of Indian democracy, the absolute number of missing women has increased fourfold from 15 million to 68 million. This is not merely a reflection of the overall population growth, but rather a worsening of the dangerous trend over time. As a percentage of the female electorate, missing women have gone up significantly — from 13 per cent to approximately 20 per cent |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309094641/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/indias-missing-women/article5670801.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an Indian government study, an additional 21 million girls are unwanted and do not receive adequate care.<ref name="The_Guardian_November_17_2019c">{{cite web |date=30 January 2018 |title=More than 63 million women 'missing' in India, statistics show |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/30/more-than-63-million-women-missing-in-india-statistics-show |access-date=17 November 2019 |newspaper=[[Associated Press]] via [[The Guardian]] |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309044247/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/30/more-than-63-million-women-missing-in-india-statistics-show |url-status=live }} Quote: "More than 63 million women are "missing" statistically across India, and more than 21 million girls are unwanted by their families, government officials say. The skewed ratio of men to women is largely the result of sex-selective abortions, and better nutrition and medical care for boys, according to the government's annual economic survey, which was released on Monday. In addition, the survey found that "families where a son is born are more likely to stop having children than families where a girl is born".</ref> Despite a government ban on sex-selective foeticide, the practice has far from stopped.<ref name="Foreign_Policy_November_17_2019c">{{cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/15/a-generation-of-girls-is-missing-in-india/ |title=A Generation of Girls Is Missing in India – Sex-selective abortion fuels a cycle of patriarchy and abuse. |newspaper=[[Foreign Policy]] |first=Ira |last=Trivedi |date=15 August 2019 |access-date=17 November 2019 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309041410/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/15/a-generation-of-girls-is-missing-in-india/ |url-status=live }} Quote: "Although it has been illegal nationwide for doctors to disclose the sex of a fetus since the 1994 Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, the ease of ordering cheap and portable ultrasound machines, especially online, has kept the practice of sex-selective abortions alive."</ref>

Migration from rural to urban areas has been an important dynamic in India's recent history. The number of people living in urban areas grew by 31.2% between 1991 and 2001.{{sfn|Garg|2005}} In 2001, over 70% lived in rural areas.{{sfn|Dyson|Visaria|2005|pp = 115–129}}{{sfn|Ratna|2007|pp = 271–272}} The level of urbanisation increased further from 27.81% in the 2001 census to 31.16% in the 2011 census. The slowing down of the overall population growth rate was due to the sharp decline in the growth rate in rural areas since 1991.{{sfn|Chandramouli|2011}} In the 2011 census, there were 53 [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|million-plus urban agglomerations in India]]. Among them [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Ahmedabad]], in decreasing order by population.<ref name="censusindia 2011">{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |publisher=[[Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner]], India |access-date=12 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref>
<gallery mode = "packed" heights = "200px">
File:Life-expectancy, 1881 to 2023, IND.svg | The historical development of life expectancy in India from 1881 to 2023
File:Child-mortality rate in india.png|The child mortality rate in India from 1960 to 2023
</gallery>
=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of India}}

Languages of India belong to several [[language family|language families]]. The [[2011 Census of India]], the last conducted by the Indian government, gives the following breakdown:<ref name=jolad-agarwal>{{cite book |last1=Jolad |first1=Shivakumar |last2=Agarwal |first2=Aayush |chapter=Mapping India's Linguistic Diversity and Exclusion in the Indian Census 1 |title=Practices of Digital Humanities in India: Learning by Doing |editor1-last=Dodd |editor1-first=Maya |editor2-last=Menon |editor2-first=Nirmala |publisher=Routledge India |year=2024 |doi=10.4324/9781003325239 |isbn=978-1-003-32523-9 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto;"
! style="background:#ddd;" colspan="6"| Language families and speakers in India<ref name=jolad-agarwal/>
|-
! Serial number !! Language family !! Sub-family !! Number of languages !! Number of speakers !! Percentage of speakers
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 21 || style="text-align:center;"| 945,052,555 || style="text-align:center;"| 78.05%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 21,677 || style="text-align:center;"| 0%{{efn|The 0% results from rounding to two decimal places.}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 259,678 || style="text-align:center;"| 0.02%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Dravidian languages]] || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"| 17 || style="text-align:center;"| 237,840,116 || style="text-align:center;"| 19.64%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 3 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Austro-Asiatic languages|Austro-Asiatic]] || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"| 14 || style="text-align:center;"| 13,493,080 || style="text-align:center;"| 1.11%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 4 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"| 66 || style="text-align:center;"| 12,257,382 || style="text-align:center;"| 1.01%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 5 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Afroasiatic languages|Semito-Hamitic]] || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 54,947 || style="text-align:center;"| 0%
|}

There are also small numbers of speakers of [[Kra–Dai languages|Tai–Kadai]], [[Andamanese languages|Andamanese]], and minor language families and [[language isolate|isolates]].<ref name="Moseley2008">{{cite book |last=Moseley |first=Christopher |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-7ON7Rvx_AC&pg=PT528 |date=10 March 2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79640-2}}</ref>{{rp|283}}

The official language of India's federal government was chosen by the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] in September 1949 after three years of debate between two opposing camps. [[Hindi language]] protagonists wanted Hindi in the [[Devanagari script]] to be the sole "national language" of India whereas delegates from South India preferred English to have a place in the Constitution.<ref name=lerner-Hindi/><ref name=isaka-Hindi/> The compromise reached declared (i) Hindi to be the "official language" of India's federal government; (ii) English to be an associate official language for 15 years during which Hindi's formal lexicon would be developed; and (iii) the international form of [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system|Hindu–Arabic numerals]] to be the official numerals.<ref name=lerner-Hindi/><ref name=isaka-Hindi/> The compromise resolution became articles 343–351 of India's constitution, which came into effect on 26 January 1950.<ref name=lerner-Hindi/><ref name=isaka-Hindi/> In 1965, when the 15 years were up, the Government of India announced that English would continue to be the "de facto formal language of India".<ref name=lerner-Hindi>{{citation |last=Lerner |first=Hanna |chapter=The Indian Founding: A Comparative Perspective |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution |editor1-first=Sujit |editor1-last=Choudhry |editor2-first=Madhav |editor2-last=Khosla |editor3-first=Pratap Bhanu |editor3-last=Mehta |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0knDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |pages=63–64 |isbn=978-0-19-870489-8 |quote=Ultimately, it was the pragmatic consensus-seeking approach that triumphed. On 14 September 1949, after three years of debate, the assembly overwhelmingly approved a compromise resolution, known as the Munshi—Ayyangar formula, which later became Articles 343-51 of the Indian Constitution. Instead of declaring a 'national language', Hindi was labelled the 'official language of the Union', while English was to continue to be used 'for all official purposes'. It was decided that this arrangement would apply for a period of fifteen years, during which time Hindi was to be progressively introduced into official use. What would happen at the end of this interim period was left undetermined, with the Constitution providing for the establishment of a parliamentary committee to examine the issue in the future. In addition, the Constitution recognised fourteen other languages for official use (listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution). ... Fifteen years after the enactment of the Constitution, Hindi was still not widely used by the Union government. Following a series of violent riots in non-Hindi-speaking States in the 1960s, Parliament renounced the ideal of an Indian national language. In 1965, when the fifteen-year interim period prescribed by the Constitution elapsed, the government announced that English would remain the de facto formal language of India.}}</ref><ref name=isaka-Hindi>{{citation |last=Isaka |first=Riho |title=Language, Identity, and Power in Modern India: Gujarat, c. 1850–1960 |series=Routledge New Horizons in South Asian Studies |year=2021 |publisher=Routledge |pages=126–197 |isbn=978-1-000-46858-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3F5CEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |quote=Partition may have 'killed' Hindustani, but it had a marked effect on the debates regarding the position of English and provincial languages in the Constitution. The Hindi protagonists became even more insistent on establishing Hindi as the sole national language and imposing it on the non-Hindi-speaking regions to enhance 'national unity'. In addition, these leaders even began to argue that the Devanagari form of numerals should be used instead of the international form. This was firmly opposed by members from South India. To solve the continuing dispute among the Assembly members, (K. M.) Munshi and N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar, a Tamil member of the Assembly, drew up detailed language provisions. These, in the words of the latter, represented a 'compromise between opinions not easily reconcilable' (Constituent Assembly Debates 1X 1966: 1319). The provisions were proposed to the Congress on 2nd September 1949 and engendered a heated discussion. It was eventually decided that they would be proposed in the Assembly by Munshi, Ayyangar, and Bhimrao Ambedkar (the Chairman of the Drafting Committee) in their personal capacities, not as an official proposal on behalf of the Drafting Committee.}}</ref>

The [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Eighth Schedule of India's Constitution]] also recognises 22 languages, including Hindi but not English, which the government is obligated to develop. These are sometimes called "scheduled languages". This list includes major regional languages, but also others—such as [[Sanskrit]], which no longer has [[first language]] speakers in India, and [[Urdu]], which is not region-specific—because of their value to India's cultural heritage.<ref name="KachruKachru2008-1">{{cite book |last=Annamalai |first=E. |editor=Braj B. Kachru |editor2=Yamuna Kachru |editor3=S. N. Sridhar |title=Language in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA223 |year=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-46550-2 |pages=223– |chapter=Contexts of multilingualism |quote=Some of the migrated languages ... such as Sanskrit and English, remained primarily as a second language, even though their native speakers were lost.}}</ref><ref name="GazzolaWickström2016">{{cite book |last1=Gazzola |first1=Michele |last2=Wickström |first2=Bengt-Arne |title=The Economics of Language Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4snDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA469 |year=2016 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-03470-8 |pages=469– |quote=The Eighth Schedule recognizes India's national languages as including the major regional languages as well as others, such as Sanskrit and Urdu, which contribute to India's cultural heritage. ... The original list of fourteen languages in the Eighth Schedule at the time of the adoption of the Constitution in 1949 has now grown to twenty-two.}}</ref><ref name="Groff2017-lead">{{cite book |last=Groff |first=Cynthia |title=The Ecology of Language in Multilingual India: Voices of Women and Educators in the Himalayan Foothills |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLc7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |year=2017 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-137-51961-0 |pages=58– |quote=As Mahapatra says: "It is generally believed that the significance for the Eighth Schedule lies in providing a list of languages from which Hindi is directed to draw the appropriate forms, style and expressions for its enrichment" ... Being recognized in the Constitution, however, has had significant relevance for a language's status and functions.}}</ref> In 1950, there were 14 scheduled languages: [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Odia language|Oriya]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]].<ref name=jolad-agarwal/> In the following decades constitutional amendments added others: [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] (1967), [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Meitei language|Manipuri]], and [[Konkani language|Konkani]] (1992), [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Santali language|Santali]] and [[Boro language (India)|Bodo]] (2004).<ref name=jolad-agarwal/>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Language Map of India.jpg|The regions of first-language speech of the main languages of India
File:Indian Languages Map.jpg|The main languages of India by relative numbers of speakers
File:India_new_500_INR,_MG_series,_2016,_reverse.jpg|On the reverse of each of India's [[paper money|paper money notes]], the denomination is listed in a panel on the left in 15 languages, in addition to Hindi and English, which appear more prominently elsewhere. These are from top to bottom: 1. Assamese, 2. Bengali, 3. Gujarati, 4. Kannada, 5. Kashmiri, 6. Konkani, 7. Malayalam, 8. Marathi, 9. Nepali, 10. Oriya, 11. Punjabi, 12. Sanskrit, 13. Tamil, 14. Telugu, 15. Urdu.<ref name=rupee-15lang>{{citation |last=Gautam |first=Vanya |title=Did You Know? Indian Rupee Notes Feature 15 Languages, Here's The List |publisher=India Times |date=5 January 2024 |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/did-you-know-indian-rupee-notes-feature-15-languages-heres-the-list/articleshow/122444265.html}}</ref>
</gallery>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in India}}

[[Religion]] in India is characterised by a diversity of beliefs and practices. Throughout India's history, religion has been an important part of its culture. The [[Indian subcontinent]] is the birthplace of four [[Major religious groups|major world religions]]: [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], and [[Sikhism]]. India has the largest population of Hindus, Sikhs, and Jains, the third-largest population of Muslims (after [[Indonesia]] and [[Pakistan]]) and the ninth largest of Buddhists.<ref name="Firstpost_Aug2016">{{cite news |url=http://firstpost.com/india/india-has-79-8-percent-hindus-14-2-percent-muslims-2016-census-data-on-religion-2407708.html |title=India has 79.8% Hindus, 14.2% Muslims, says 2011 census data on religion |work=Firstpost |date=26 August 2016 |access-date=14 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426050938/https://www.firstpost.com/india/india-has-79-8-percent-hindus-14-2-percent-muslims-2011-census-data-on-religion-2407708.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 April 2020}}</ref> India also has the largest population of people adhering to both [[Zoroastrianism]] ([[Parsi]]s and [[Irani (India)|Iranis]]) and the [[Baháʼí Faith in India|Bahá'í Faith]].{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=94}}

The [[Preamble to the Constitution of India]] declares India to be a [[secular state]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-750-preamble-to-the-indian-constitution.html |title=Preamble To The Indian Constitution |website=legalserviceindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l324-S.-R.-Bommai-v.-Union-of-India.html |title=S. R. Bommai v. Union of India |website=www.legalserviceindia.com |access-date=23 November 2025 |archive-date=28 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128111301/https://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l324-S.-R.-Bommai-v.-Union-of-India.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[freedom of religion]] to be a [[Fundamental Rights in India|fundamental right]] ("... liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship.")<ref>{{cite book |last=Basu |first=Durga Das |title=Introduction to the Constitution of India |publisher=LexisNexis |year=2013 |isbn=978-81-803-8918-4 |edition=21 |page=124 |author-link=Durga Das Basu}}</ref> According to the 2011 census of India, 79.8% of the [[demographics of India|population of India]] follows [[Hinduism in India|Hinduism]], 14.2% [[Islam in India|Islam]], 2.3% [[Christianity in India|Christianity]], 1.7% [[Sikhism in India|Sikhism]], 0.7% [[Buddhism in India|Buddhism]] and 0.4% [[Jainism in India|Jainism]]. Several tribal religions are also present in India, such as [[Donyi-Polo]], [[Sanamahism]], [[Sarnaism]], and [[Niamtre]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Dharmaraya Swamy Temple Bangalore edit1.jpg|The [[Dharmaraya Swamy Temple]], a Hindu temple in [[Bangalore]], Karnataka
File:Gomateswara, Shravanabelagola.jpg|A [[Jainism|Jain]] woman making an offering at the feet of Bahubali Gomateswara at [[Shravanabelagola]], Karnataka
File:Front Judes Church Chinnathurai Tamil Nadu crop Mar24 A7C 10007.jpg|The exterior of St Judes Church, [[Chinnathurai]], Tamil Nadu. Christianity is believed to have been introduced to India by the late 2nd century by [[Christianity in India#Early Christianity in India|Syriac-speaking Christians]].
File:Maneckji Seth Agiary in Fort, Mumbai.jpg|[[Maneckji Seth Agiary]], the oldest [[Parsi]], or [[Zoroastrian]], [[fire temple]] in Mumbai
File:Sikh pilgrim at the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) in Amritsar, India.jpg|A Sikh pilgrim after a dip in the sacred pond at the [[Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]], Punjab, with a group of pilgrims performing [[seva (Indian religions)|seva]], or volunteer work, on the temple's roof
File:Magen David Synagogue Interiors after restoration.jpg|Interior of the [[Magen David Synagogue (Kolkata)|Magen David Synagogue]], Kolkata
</gallery>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in India}}

{{See also|Literacy in India|History of education in the Indian subcontinent}}

The literacy rate in 2011 was 74.04%: 65.46% among females and 82.14% among males.{{sfn|Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India|p=163}} The rural-urban literacy gap, which was 21.2 percentage points in 2001, dropped to 16.1 percentage points in 2011. The improvement in the rural literacy rate is twice that of urban areas.{{sfn|Chandramouli|2011}} [[Kerala]] is the most literate state with 93.91% literacy; while [[Bihar]] the least with 63.82%.{{sfn|Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India|p=163}} In 1981 the respective literacy rates for total population, men and women were 41%, 53% and 29%. In 1951, the rates were 18%, 27% and 9%. In 1921, the rates 7%, 12% and 2%. In 1891, they were 5%, 9% and 1%.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Rajni |last=Pathania |title=Literacy in India: Progress and Inequality |url=https://www.bangladeshsociology.org/LiteracyinIndiaBEJS17.1.pdf |volume=17 |website=bangladeshsociology.org |publisher=Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology |date=January 2020 |issue=1 |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010044811/http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/LiteracyinIndiaBEJS17.1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Dandapani |last=Natarajan |title=Extracts from the All India Census Reports on Literacy |url=https://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/366/1/26501_1971_CEN.pdf |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India]] |year=1971 |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628052820/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/366/1/26501_1971_CEN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Latika Chaudhary, in 1911 there were under three primary schools for every ten villages. Statistically, more caste and religious diversity reduced private spending. Primary schools taught literacy, so local diversity limited its growth.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Latika |title=Determinants of Primary Schooling in British India |journal=The Journal of Economic History |date=March 2009 |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=269–302 |doi=10.1017/S0022050709000400 }}</ref>

The education system of India is the world's second-largest.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.studyinindia.gov.in/whyindiaeducation |title=Study in India |website=studyinindia.gov.in |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627194417/https://www.studyinindia.gov.in/whyindiaeducation |url-status=dead }}</ref> India has over 900 universities, 40,000 colleges<ref name="highered1">{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/hrd-to-increase-nearly-25-pc-seats-in-varsities-to-implement-10-pc-quota-for-poor-in-gen-category/articleshow/67545006.cms |title=HRD to increase nearly 25 pc seats in varsities to implement 10 pc quota for poor in gen category |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 January 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416152014/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/hrd-to-increase-nearly-25-pc-seats-in-varsities-to-implement-10-pc-quota-for-poor-in-gen-category/articleshow/67545006.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and 1.5&nbsp;million schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dashboard.udiseplus.gov.in/#/home |title=UDISE+ Dashboard |website=dashboard.udiseplus.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018105056/https://dashboard.udiseplus.gov.in/#/home |url-status=live }}</ref> In India's higher education system, a significant number of seats are reserved under [[Reservation in India|affirmative action]] policies for the historically disadvantaged. In recent decades India's improved education system is often cited as one of the main contributors to [[economic development in India|its economic development]].<ref name=Sify>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/finance/fullstory.php?id=1475704 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220170624/https://www.sify.com/finance/india-achieves-27-decline-in-poverty-news-news-jegxaXgfcab.html |title=India achieves 27% decline in poverty |work=[[Press Trust of India]] via [[Sify.com]] |date=12 September 2008 |archive-date=20 February 2014 |access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=N. Jayapalan |title=History of Education in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDNeW78fedkC |year=2005 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7156-922-9}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:47 Raika School - eating together (3384824242).jpg|Children await school lunch in Rayka (also Raika), a village in rural Gujarat. The salutation ''[[Jai Bhim]]'' written on the blackboard honours the jurist, social reformer, and [[Dalit]] leader [[B. R. Ambedkar]].
File:Madrasah1.jpg|The [[Madrasah]] of the [[Masjid-i-Ala]] mosque in [[Srirangapatna]], Karnataka. The mosque was built in the period 1786–87, during the rule of [[Tipu Sultan]].
File:ThomasonCollegeOfEngineeringRoorkeeEst1847.jpg | The [[IIT Roorkee|Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee]], formerly the Thomason College of Civil Engineering, is the oldest engineering college in India.<ref name=hedrick-thomason/><ref name=subram-thomason>{{citation |last=Subramanian |first=Ajantha |title=The Caste of Merit: Engineering Education in India |location=Cambridge, MA and London |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-674-98788-3 |publisher=Harvard University Press |pages=30–31 |quote=Before the 1854 despatch, there was already one engineering college in operation: the Thomason College of Civil Engineering at Roorkee. The college was founded in 1847 and was affiliated to the [[University of Calcutta]], in response to the demand for civil engineers to aid the construction of the Ganges Canal in the North-west Provinces.}}</ref> It was founded as the ''College of Civil Engineering'' in 1847 during [[Company rule in India|East India Company rule]] to train officers and surveyors employed in the construction of the [[Ganges Canal]].<ref name=subram-thomason/><ref name=hedrick-thomason>{{citation |last=Headrick |first=Daniel R. |title=The Tentacles of Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism, 1850–1940 |location=New York |year=1988 |isbn=0-19-505115-7 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=317 |quote=The first engineering college was an outgrowth of the Ganges Canal. Named after the lieutenant governor of the North-Western Provinces who founded it in 1847, the Thomason Engineering College at Roorkee trained employees for the irrigation branch of the Public Works Department. It offered different curricula for different types of students: an engineering class for domiciled Europeans and a few Indians, an upper subordinates class to train British noncommissioned officers as construction foremen, and a lower subordinates class to train Indian surveyors. By the mid-1880s, the school has a hundred students, substantial buildings, and a reputation as an important center for the study of hydraulic engineering.}}</ref>
</gallery>

=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in India}}
[[File:Female health workers in India (34332433890).jpg | Immunisation health workers in 2006. Eight years later, and three years after India's last case of polio, the WHO declared India to be polio-free.<ref name=who-chan-14-feb-2014>{{citation |last1=Chan |first1=Margaret |title=Address at the 'India celebrates triumph over polio' event |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |date=11 February 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-celebrates-polio-free-india |access-date=17 October 2021 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017165217/https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-celebrates-polio-free-india |url-status=live }}</ref>|thumb]]

India bears a disproportionately large burden of the world's [[Tuberculosis in India|tuberculosis]] rates, with [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) statistics for 2022 estimating 2.8 million new infections annually, accounting for 26% of the global total.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2024 |title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.1 TB incidence |url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-1-tb-incidence |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> It is estimated that approximately 40% of the population of India carry [[Latent tuberculosis|tuberculosis]] infection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chauhan |first1=Arohi |last2=Parmar |first2=Malik |last3=Dash |first3=Girish Chandra |last4=Solanki |first4=Hardik |last5=Chauhan |first5=Sandeep |last6=Sharma |first6=Jessica |last7=Sahoo |first7=Krushna Chandra |last8=Mahapatra |first8=Pranab |last9=Rao |first9=Raghuram |last10=Kumar |first10=Ravinder |last11=Rade |first11=Kirankumar |last12=Pati |first12=Sanghamitra |date=3 May 2023 |title=The prevalence of tuberculosis infection in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Research |volume=157 |issue=2–3 |pages=135–151 |doi=10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_382_23 |doi-access=free |pmc=10319385 |pmid=37202933}}</ref>

In 2018 [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] was the leading cause of death after [[Heart disease in India|heart disease]]. The 10 [[List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration|most polluted cities in the world]] are all in India with more than 140 million people breathing air 10 times or more over the WHO safe limit. In 2017, air pollution killed 1.24 million Indians.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 December 2018 |title=Dirty air: how India became the most polluted country on earth |newspaper=Financial Times |url=https://ig.ft.com/india-pollution/ |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930130506/https://ig.ft.com/india-pollution/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of India}}

=== Society ===
{{Main|Caste system in India|Gender inequality in India}}

Although sometimes applied to other cultures and religions, caste is a uniquely Indian, and Hindu, social institution.{{efn|Caste is a form of [[social stratification]] characterised by [[endogamy]], hereditary transmission of an occupation, ritual status in a hierarchy, and customary social interaction or exclusion defined by cultural notions of purity and pollution.<ref name=caste-lead>* {{citation |editor=Lagasse, Paul |title=The Columbia Encyclopedia |chapter=Caste |chapter-url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/caste.aspx#3 |access-date=24 September 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-231-14446-9 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001133425/https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/anthropology-terms-and-concepts/caste#3 |url-status=live }} Quote: "'''caste''' [Port., casta=basket], ranked groups based on heredity within rigid systems of social stratification, especially those that constitute Hindu India. Some scholars, in fact, deny that true caste systems are found outside India. The caste is a closed group whose members are severely restricted in their choice of occupation and degree of social participation. Marriage outside the caste is prohibited. Social status is determined by the caste of one's birth and may only rarely be transcended."
* {{citation |last1=Madan |first1=T. N. |author-link1=T. N. Madan |title=caste |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/98395/caste |date=2012 |access-date=23 November 2025 |archive-date=30 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130130911/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/98395/caste |url-status=live }} Quote: "'''caste''', any of the ranked, hereditary, endogamous social groups, often linked with occupation, that together constitute traditional societies in South Asia, particularly among Hindus in India. Although sometimes used to designate similar groups in other societies, the "caste system" is uniquely developed in Hindu societies."
* {{citation |last=Gupta |first=Dipankar |chapter=Caste |editor-last=Schaefer |editor-first=Richard T. |title=Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMUola6pDnkC&pg=PA246 |location=Thousand Oaks |access-date=5 August 2012 |year=2008 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2694-2 |pages=246–250 }} Quote: "'''Caste''': What makes Indian society unique is the phenomenon of caste. Economic, religious, and linguistic differentiations, even race-based discrimination, are known elsewhere, but nowhere else does one see caste but in India."
* {{harvnb|Béteille|2002|pages=136–137|ps=. Quote: "'''Caste''': Caste has been described as the fundamental social institution of India. Sometimes the term is used metaphorically to refer to rigid social distinctions or extreme social exclusiveness wherever found, and some authorities have used the term 'colour-caste system' to describe the stratification based on race in the United States and elsewhere. But it is among the Hindus in India that we find the system in its most fully developed form although analogous forms exist among Muslims, Christians. Sikhs and other religious groups in South Asia. It is an ancient institution, having existed for at least 2,000 years among the Hindus who developed not only elaborate caste practices hut also a complex theory to explain and justify those practices (Dumont 1970). The theory has now lost much of its force although many of the practices continue."}}
* {{citation |last=Mitchell |first=Geoffrey Duncan |title=A New Dictionary of the Social Sciences |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-a4vvdBrSVgC&pg=PA194 |access-date=10 August 2012 |date=2006 |publisher=Aldine Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-0-202-30878-4 |pages=194–195 |chapter=Castes (part of SOCIAL STRATIFICATION) |location=New Brunswick, NJ }} Quote:"'''Castes''' A pure caste system is rooted in the religious order and may be thought of as a hierarchy of hereditary, endogamous, occupational groups with positions fixed and mobility barred by ritual distances between each caste. Empirically, the classical Hindu system of India approximated most closely to pure caste. The system existed for some 3,000 years and continues today despite many attempts to get rid of some of its restrictions. It is essentially connected with Hinduism."
* {{citation |chapter=caste, n. |title=Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition; online version June 2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |chapter-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/28546 |access-date=5 August 2019 |year=1989 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924123226/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/28546 |url-status=live }} Quote: "'''caste, n.''' 2a. spec. One of the several hereditary classes into which society in India has from time immemorial been divided; ... ''This is now the leading sense, which influences all others''."</ref>}} All Hindus fall broadly into four castes, or ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]s'': [[Brahmin]], or priests, at the top; below them [[Kshatriya]], or warriors; further below, [[Vaishya]], or merchants and farmers; and at the bottom, [[Shudra]], or the service class. Outside the caste system, and therefore of traditional Hinduism, lie people formerly called "outcastes" or "untouchables," and now [[scheduled caste]] (a term used in India's constitution) or [[Dalit]], a later self-description of pride, meaning "broken" or "downtrodden". Each caste is further divided into sub-castes, or [[Jāti|jati]]s, many of which are tied to occupations. The custom of [[endogamy]], or marrying within one's subcaste, however, makes caste a hereditary label, not of one occupational choice, and has caused the caste system, therefore, to become entrenched.<ref name=atrey1>{{cite book| last = Atrey | first = Shreya | title = Intersectional Discrimination| location = Oxford, UK and New York, NY | publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2019 | isbn = 978-0-19-884895-0 | page = 63&ndash;64}}</ref> The [[Constituent Assembly of India]] abolished untouchability in 1947,<ref name=nyt-india-constit-assmb-caste>{{cite news|title=Indians Outlaw 'Untouchability' In Formal Action by Assembly; UNTOUCHABILITY' FORMALLY BANNED|date=April 30, 1947|publisher=Reuters/New York Times|quote=NEW DELHI, India, April 29 -- India's Constituent Assembly, discussing the Fundamental Rights Committee's report, today adopted this provision: "Untouchability in any form is abolished and the imposition of any disability on that account shall be an offense.}}</ref> the [[Republic of India]] did more formally in 1950, and India has since enacted other anti-discriminatory laws and social welfare initiatives related to caste. Still, caste-based inequality, discrimination, segregation, and [[Caste-related violence in India|violence]] persist.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Teltumbde |first=Anand |title=The Persistence of Caste: The Khairlanji Murders and India's Hidden Apartheid |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84813-449-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Sarah |date=28 June 2022 |title=The struggle to challenge India's caste system remains real, still |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-06-28/struggle-to-challenge-indias-caste-system/101185772 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] |access-date=11 July 2025 |archive-date=13 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713213206/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-06-28/struggle-to-challenge-indias-caste-system/101185772 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Multi-generational [[patrilineal]] [[joint family|joint families]] have been the norm in India, though [[nuclear family|nuclear families]] are becoming common in urban areas.{{sfn|Makar|2007}} A very large majority of Indians have [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|their marriages arranged]] by their parents or family elders.{{sfn|Medora|2003}} Marriage is thought to be for life;{{sfn|Medora|2003}} and the divorce rate is extremely low;{{sfn|Jones|Ramdas|2005|p = 111}} less than one in a thousand marriages end in divorce.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-37481054 |title=What divorce and separation tell us about modern India |first=Soutik |last=Biswas |date=29 September 2016 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321061012/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-37481054 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many women marry before reaching 18, which is their legal marriageable age; [[child marriage]]s are not uncommon, especially in rural areas.{{sfn|Cullen-Dupont|2009|p = 96}} In large parts of Hindu northern India, moreover, a form of territorial [[exogamy]] is observed in which a bride marries out of her natal village and her parents do not visit her in her married home; the annual rite [[raksha bandhan]], during which married women return to their [[Birth|natal]] homes, has served both to affirm bonds with their natal families and offer a recourse in times of marital stress.<ref name="Agarwal1994">{{citation |last=Agarwal |first=Bina |author-link=Bina Agarwal |title=A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3pdP30OnEUC&pg=PA264 |year=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-42926-9 |page=264 |quote=Mayer's (1960: 219) observation for central India would not be inaccurate for most communities in the subcontinent: "A man's tie with his sister is accounted very close. The two have grown up together, at an age when there is no distinction made between the sexes. And later, when the sister marries, the brother is seen as her main protector, for when her father has died to whom else can she turn if there is trouble in her conjugal household.(Adrian C. Mayer, ''Caste and kinship in Central India'' (1960)" The parental home, and after the parents' death the brother's home, often offers the only possibility of temporary or longer-term support in case of divorce, desertion, and even widowhood, especially for a woman without adult sons. Her dependence on this support is directly related to economic and social vulnerability.}}</ref><ref name="Coleman2017">{{citation |last=Coleman |first=Leo |title=A Moral Technology: Electrification as Political Ritual in New Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YDTDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT127 |year=2017 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-0791-9 |page=127}} Quote: Rakhi and its local performances in Kishan Garhi were part of a festival in which connections between out-marrying sisters and village-resident brothers were affirmed. In the "traditional" form of this rite, according to Marriott, sisters exchanged with their brothers to ensure their ability to have recourse—at a crisis, or during childbearing—to their natal village and their relatives there even after leaving for their husband's home. For their part, brothers engaging in these exchanges affirmed the otherwise hard-to-discern moral solidarity of the natal family, even after their sister's marriage.</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Closeup at Gussadi dance performer.jpg|A member of the [[Gondi people|Gond]] tribe during the [[Gussadi dance|Dandari]] festival in [[Jainoor]], Telangana. Some 8.6% of India's population belong to tribal groups. The supercontinent [[Gondwana]] is named after the Gond region of India. Their religion predates the [[Hindu synthesis]] of the mid-first-millennium BCE.
File:A smiling member of the Ramnami Samaj (edited).jpg|A member of the [[Ramnami Samaj]], a movement among [[Dalit]]s, whose members worship the Hindu [[deity]] [[Rama]] and tattoo their bodies with his name
File:Hindu Bride, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.jpg|A Hindu bride in [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat
</gallery>

=== Visual art ===
{{Main|Indian art}}

India has a very ancient tradition of art, which has exchanged many influences with the rest of [[Eurasia]], especially in the first millennium. During this period [[Buddhist art]] spread with Indian religions to [[Central Asia|Central]], [[East Asia|East]] and [[Southeast Asia]], the last also greatly influenced by Hindu art.{{Sfn|Rowland|1970|pp=185–198, 252, 385–466}} Thousands of [[Indus Valley civilisation#Seals|seals from the Indus Valley civilisation]] of the third millennium BCE have been found, usually carved with animals, but also some with human figures. The [[Pashupati seal]], excavated in [[Mohenjo-daro]], Pakistan, in 1928–29, is the best known.{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=14–16}}{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=17–18}} Virtually no art survives from a long period following the Indus Valley Civilisation.{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=17–18}}{{Sfn|Rowland|1970|pp=46–47}} Almost all surviving ancient Indian art thereafter is in various forms of religious [[Indian sculpture|sculpture]] in durable materials, or coins. There was probably originally far more in wood, which is lost. In north India [[Mauryan art]] is the first imperial movement.{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=35–46}}{{Sfn|Rowland|1970|pp=67–70}}{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=22–24}}

Over the following centuries a distinctly Indian style of sculpting the human figure developed, with less interest in articulating precise anatomy than [[ancient Greek sculpture]] but showing smoothly flowing forms expressing ''prana'' ("breath" or life-force).{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=22, 88}}{{Sfn|Rowland|1970|pp=35, 99–100}} This is often complicated by the need to give figures multiple arms or heads, or represent different genders on the left and right of figures, as with the [[Ardhanarishvara]] form of Shiva and [[Parvati]].{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=18–19}}{{Sfn|Blurton|1993|p=151}}

Most of the earliest large sculpture is Buddhist, either excavated from Buddhist [[stupa]]s such as [[Sanchi]], [[Sarnath]] and [[Amaravati Stupa|Amaravati]],{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=32–38}} or is rock cut [[relief]]s at sites such as [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], [[Karla Caves|Karla]] and [[Ellora]]. Hindu and Jain sites appear rather later.{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=43–55}}{{Sfn|Rowland|1970|pp=113–119}} In spite of this complex mixture of religious traditions, generally, the prevailing artistic style at any time and place has been shared by the major religious groups, and sculptors probably usually served all communities.{{Sfn|Blurton|1993|pp=10–11}} [[Gupta art]], at its peak {{circa|{{CE|300}}|{{CE|500}}}}, is often regarded as a classical period whose influence lingered for many centuries after; it saw a new dominance of Hindu sculpture, as at the [[Elephanta Caves]].{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=111–121}}{{Sfn|Michell|2000|pp=44–70}} Across the north, this became rather stiff and formulaic after {{circa|{{CE|800}}}}, though rich with finely carved detail in the surrounds of statues.{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=212–216}} But in the South, under the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] and [[Chola dynasty|Chola dynasties]], sculpture in both stone and bronze had a [[Chola art and architecture#Sculpture and bronzes|sustained period of great achievement]]; the large bronzes with Shiva as [[Nataraja]] have become an iconic symbol of India.{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=152–160}}{{Sfn|Blurton|1993|pp=225–227}}

Ancient paintings have only survived at a few sites, of which the crowded scenes of court life in the [[Ajanta Caves]] are some of the most important.{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=356–361}}{{Sfn|Rowland|1970|pp=242–251}} Painted manuscripts of religious texts survive from Eastern India from 10th century onwards, most of the earliest being Buddhist and later Jain. These significantly influenced later artistic styles.{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=361–370}} The Persian-derived [[Deccan painting]], starting just before the [[Mughal miniature]], between them give the first large body of secular painting, with an emphasis on portraits, and the recording of princely pleasures and wars.{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=202–208}}{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=372–382, 400–406}} The style spread to Hindu courts, especially [[Rajput painting|among the Rajputs]], and developed a variety of styles, with the smaller courts often the most innovative, with figures such as [[Nihâl Chand]] and [[Nainsukh]].{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=222–243}}{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=384–397, 407–420}} As a market developed among European residents, it was supplied by [[Company painting]] by Indian artists with considerable Western influence.{{Sfn|Craven|1997|p=243}}{{Sfn|Michell|2000|p=210}} In the 19th century, cheap [[Kalighat painting]]s of gods and everyday life, done on paper, were urban [[folk art]] from [[Calcutta]], which later saw the [[Bengal School of Art]], reflecting the art colleges founded by the British, the first movement in [[modern Indian painting]].{{Sfn|Michell|2000|pp=210–211}}{{Sfn|Blurton|1993|p=211}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Bhutesvara Yakshis Mathura reliefs 2nd century CE front.jpg|[[Bhutesvara Yakshis]], Buddhist reliefs from [[Mathura]], {{CE|2nd century}}
File:MET DT5237 (cropped).jpg|[[Gupta art|Gupta]] [[terracotta]] relief, ''[[Krishna]] Killing the [[Keshi (demon)|Horse Demon Keshi]]'', 5th century
File:Unknown, Kangra, India - Krishna Fluting to the Milkmaids - Google Art Project.jpg|''Krishna Fluting to the Milkmaids'', [[Kangra painting]], 1775–1785
File:Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja).jpg|[[Chola art and architecture#Sculpture and bronzes|Chola bronze]] of [[Shiva]] as [[Nataraja]] ("Lord of Dance"), [[Tamil Nadu]], 10th or 11th century
</gallery>

===Mathematics===
{{main|Indian mathematics|Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics}}

Significant mathematics began in India in the first millennium BCE. The ''[[Shulba Sutras|Śulba Sūtras]]'' (literally, "Aphorisms of the Chords" in [[Vedic Sanskrit]]) (c. 700–400 BCE) contain the earliest extant verbal expression of the [[Pythagorean theorem]] (although very likely it had been known to the [[First Babylonian dynasty|Old Babylonians]].)<ref name=hayashi2005-p363>{{Harvnb|Hayashi|2005|p=363}}</ref>{{efn|Ancient and medieval Indian mathematical works, all composed in [[Sanskrit]] usually consisted of two sections: ''[[sutra]]s'' in which a set of rules or problems were stated with economy in verse, and a prose commentary that explained the problem in more detail and provided justification for the solution.<ref name="plofker">{{Harvnb|Plofker|2007|p=1}}</ref><ref name=filliozat-p140to143>{{Harvnb|Filliozat|2004|pp=140–143}}</ref>}} All mathematical works were orally transmitted until approximately 500&nbsp;BCE; thereafter, they were transmitted both orally and in manuscript form. The oldest extant mathematical document produced on the Indian subcontinent is the birch bark [[Bakhshali manuscript]] from the 7th century CE.<ref name=hayashi95>{{Harvnb|Hayashi|1995}}</ref><ref name=plofker-brit6>{{Harvnb|Plofker|2007|p=6}}</ref>

In the classical period of Indian mathematics (400 CE to 1200 CE), important contributions were made by [[Aryabhata]], [[Brahmagupta]], [[Bhaskara II]], [[Varāhamihira]], and [[Madhava of Sangamagrama|Madhava]]. The [[Decimal|decimal number system]] in use today<ref name="irfah346">{{Harvnb|Ifrah|2000|p=346}}: "The measure of the genius of Indian civilisation, to which we owe our modern (number) system, is all the greater in that it was the only one in all history to have achieved this triumph. Some cultures succeeded, earlier than the Indian, in discovering one or at best two of the characteristics of this intellectual feat. But none of them managed to bring together into a complete and coherent system the necessary and sufficient conditions for a number-system with the same potential as our own."</ref> was first recorded in Indian mathematics.<ref>{{Harvnb|Plofker|2009|pp=44–47}}</ref> Indian mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the concept of [[0 (number)|zero]] as a number,<ref name="bourbaki46">{{Harvnb|Bourbaki|1998|p=46}}: "...our decimal system, which (by the agency of the Arabs) is derived from Hindu mathematics, where its use is attested already from the first centuries of our era. It must be noted moreover that the conception of zero as a number and not as a simple symbol of separation) and its introduction into calculations, also count amongst the original contribution of the Hindus."</ref> [[negative numbers]],<ref name="bourbaki49">{{Harvnb|Bourbaki|1998|p=49}}: Modern arithmetic was known during medieval times as "Modus Indorum" or method of the Indians. [[Leonardo of Pisa]] wrote that compared to method of the Indians all other methods is a mistake. This method of the Indians is none other than our very simple arithmetic of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Rules for these four simple procedures was first written down by [[Brahmagupta]] during the 7th century AD. "On this point, the Hindus are already conscious of the interpretation that negative numbers must have in certain cases (a debt in a commercial problem, for instance). In the following centuries, as there is a diffusion into the West (by intermediary of the Arabs) of the methods and results of Greek and Hindu mathematics, one becomes more used to the handling of these numbers, and one begins to have other "representation" for them which are geometric or dynamic."</ref> [[arithmetic]], and [[algebra]].<ref name=concise-britannica/> [[Trigonometry]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Pingree|2003|p=45}} Quote: "Geometry, and its branch trigonometry, was the mathematics Indian astronomers used most frequently. Greek mathematicians used the full chord and never imagined the half chord that we use today. Half chord was first used by Aryabhata which made trigonometry much more simple. In fact, the Indian astronomers in the third or fourth century, using a pre-Ptolemaic Greek table of chords, produced tables of sines and versines, from which it was trivial to derive cosines. This new system of trigonometry, produced in India, was transmitted to the Arabs in the late eighth century and by them, in an expanded form, to the Latin West and the Byzantine East in the twelfth century."</ref> was further advanced in India, and the modern definitions of [[sine]] and [[cosine]] were developed there.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bourbaki|1998|p=126}}: "As for trigonometry, it is disdained by geometers and abandoned to surveyors and astronomers; it is these latter ([[Aristarchus of Samos|Aristarchus]], [[Hipparchus]], [[Ptolemy]]) who establish the fundamental relations between the sides and angles of a right angled triangle (plane or spherical) and draw up the first tables (they consist of tables giving the ''chord'' of the arc cut out by an angle <math>\theta < \pi</math> on a circle of radius ''r'', in other words the number <math> 2r\sin\left(\theta/2\right)</math>; the introduction of the sine, more easily handled, is due to Hindu mathematicians of the Middle Ages)."</ref> These mathematical concepts were transmitted to the Middle East, China, and Europe.<ref name="concise-britannica">"algebra" 2007. [https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-231064 ''Britannica Concise Encyclopedia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929134632/http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-231064|date=29 September 2007}}. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 16 May 2007. Quote: "A full-fledged decimal, positional system certainly existed in India by the 9th century (AD), yet many of its central ideas had been transmitted well before that time to China and the Islamic world. Indian arithmetic, moreover, developed consistent and correct rules for operating with positive and negative numbers and for treating zero like any other number, even in problematic contexts such as division. Several hundred years passed before European mathematicians fully integrated such ideas into the developing discipline of algebra."</ref> A later landmark in Indian mathematics was the development of the [[Series (mathematics)|series]] expansions for [[trigonometric function]]s (sine, cosine, and [[arc tangent]]) by mathematicians of the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics|Kerala school]] in the 15th century CE. Their work, completed two centuries before the invention of [[calculus]] in Europe, provided the first example of a [[power series]].{{efn|Apart from geometric series}}<ref>{{Harvnb|Stillwell|2004|p=173}}</ref> In the modern era [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] made fundamental contributions to [[number theory]].<ref name=hardy-ramanumajan-notice>{{cite book |last=Hardy |first=G. H. |author-link=G. H. Hardy |chapter=Notice |title=Collected papers of Srinivasa Ramanujan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=xxi–xxxv |year=2015 |orig-year=1927 |isbn=978-1-107-53651-7 |quote=It was his insight into algebraical formulae, transformation of infinite series, ... that was most amazing. On this side most certainly I have never met his equal, and I can compare him only with [[Leonhard Euler|Euler]] and [[Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi|Jacobi]]. He worked, far more than the majority of modern mathematicians, by induction from numerical examples. ... But with his memory, his patience, and his power of calculation, he combined a power of generalisation, a feeling for form, and a capacity for rapid modification of his hypotheses, that were often really startling, and made him, in his own peculiar field, without a rival in his day.}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of India}}

India contains a wide array of musical practices, including many different [[Indian folk music|folk musics]] from different regions. [[Indian classical music]] has Vedic origins, and split in the 13th century into the two main traditions of [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] and [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] music. Hindustani is associated with North India and is more [[Musical improvisation|improvisational]], featuring instruments such as the [[sitar]] and [[tabla]], and Carnatic is South Indian and more focused on written [[Musical composition|compositions]] such as the ''[[Kriti (music)|kriti]]'', while both styles contain common elements such as the [[raga]] melodic framework and [[Tala (music)|tala]] rhythmic meter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Capwell |first=Charles |title=Excursions in World Music |publisher=[[Pearson plc|Pearson]] |year=2012 |edition=6th |pages=31, 52 |chapter=The Music of India}}</ref> Indian music has influenced western genres, notably [[Rock music|rock]] and [[jazz]] musicians during the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|1960s counterculture]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lavezzoli |first1=Peter |title=The Dawn of Indian Music in the West |date=24 April 2006 |page=14}}</ref>

[[Filmi]] is music written for [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]], generally composed by [[List of Indian film music directors|music directors]] and sung by [[playback singers]]. Modern [[Indian pop]] takes influences from classical, folk, and western pop music.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarrazin |first=Natalie |title=Focus: Popular Music in Contemporary India |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-429-99931-4}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Sakunthala 1940 filmposter (2).jpg|[[M. S. Subbulakshmi]], Carnatic music vocalist and the first Indian musician to perform at the [[United Nations]] in 1966, began her career singing in [[Tamil films]].
File:L Vaidyanathan, L Subramaniam and L Shankar trio with Palghat Mani Iyer on Mridangam.jpg|Carnatic music [[mridangam]] player [[Palghat Mani Iyer]] (left) at a concert with three violinists, from left to right: [[L. Vaidyanathan]], [[L. Subramaniam]], and [[L. Shankar]].
File:Allaudin Khan.jpg|[[Allauddin Khan]], a [[Hindustani classical music]] [[sarod]] player was also an influential teacher. Among his students were the [[sitar]]ist [[Ravi Shankar]], [[sarod]] player [[Ali Akbar Khan]], and flutist [[Pannalal Ghosh]].
File:Ravi Shankar.jpg|[[Ravi Shankar]] playing the [[sitar]] at the [[Woodstock music festival]], 1972
</gallery>

===Dance===
{{main|Dance in India}}

Dance in India has drawn heavily from [[Indian classical dance]] traditions. Many of these in turn arose in temples or other religious contexts. Their sponsorship and promotion, however, has continued in secular, modern India.<ref name=vatsyayan-lord>{{citation|last1=Vatsyayan|first1=Kapila|last2=Lord|first2=Maria (revision)|chapter=India, subcontinent of, IX. Dance|title=Grove Music Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|year = 2020|orig-year=2001}}</ref>{{efn|Among young urban middle-class women, for example, a proficiency in classical dance is sometimes a sought-after social achievement.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" />}} India also has local and modern dance traditions.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" /> Whether or not a dance is classical is determined by the [[Sangeet Natak Academi]], the Indian government's organisation for performing arts.{{efn|The classical status increases a dance's visibility and attracts more funding from agencies and ticket purchases from audiences.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" />}} Although more dances could perhaps meet the criteria for classical, the Akademi has chosen eight.{{efn|Given the geographical distribution of the chosen dances and their stylistic range, the choices could be seen as a facet of India's ethos of national integration.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" />}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto;"
|+ Classical Dances of India<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" /><ref>{{cite book |author1=Bishnupriya Dutt |author2=Urmimala Sarkar Munsi |title=Engendering Performance: Indian Women Performers in Search of an Identity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNaGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA216 |year=2010 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-0612-8 |page=216}}</ref>
|-
! Serial number !! Dance !! Indigenous to: State !! Region !! Type or origin !! Musical accompaniment
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Bharatanatyam]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Tamil Nadu]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[South India]]|| style="text-align:center;"| Temple dance || style="text-align:center;"| [[Melam|Cinna Melam]], [[Carnatic music]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Kathak]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[North India]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Court dance]]|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Hindustani music]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 3 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Kathakali]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Kerala]] || style="text-align:center;"| South India || style="text-align:center;"| Dance-drama || style="text-align:center;"| [[Madhalam]] drum ensembles; [[Sopana Sangeetham|Sopana]] vocal music
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 4 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Kuchipudi]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;"| South India || style="text-align:center;"| Dance-drama|| style="text-align:center;"| Carnatic music ensemble
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 5 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Manipur]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Northeast India]] || style="text-align:center;"| Temple/ritual dance || style="text-align:center;"| Ensemble comprising [[Pung Cholom]], flutes, trumpets, [[Tanbur|Tambura]], [[Pena (musical instrument)|Pena]], and cymbals
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 6 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Mohiniattam]] || style="text-align:center;"| Kerala || style="text-align:center;"| South India || style="text-align:center;"|Dance-drama || style="text-align:center;"| Carnatic ensemble
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 7 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Odissi]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Odisha]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[East India]] || style="text-align:center;"| Temple dance || style="text-align:center;"|Ensemble of Hindustani music instruments: [[pakhavaj]], [[sitar]], flute, cymbals, [[harmonium]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 8 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Sattriya]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Assam]] || style="text-align:center;"| Northeast India || style="text-align:center;"| Dance-drama || style="text-align:center;"| [[Borgeet]] accompanied by [[khol]] drums and cymbals.
|}
The best-known classical dance is Bharatnatyam, which began in the temple dances of [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[devadasi]]s.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" /> Identified with "prostitutes and courtesans", their dancing was formally banned in 1947.{{efn|As per the [[Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act]] after agitation from the Indian middle and upper classes.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" />}} Concurrently, the dance was rehabilitated as a "pure" art form, with [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]] as a prominent figure. A devdasi who went on to attain national and international prominence was [[Balasaraswati|Thanjavur Balasaraswati]].<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" /> Some sources consider the dance-dramas [[Chhau dance|Chhau]] of [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]], and [[Odisha]] and [[Yakshagana]] of [[Karnataka]] to also belong to the classical tradition.<ref name=burch-2013>{{cite book |author=Frank Burch Brown |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8g8BAAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Religion and the Arts |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-972103-0 |pages=195–196}}, Quote: All of the dances considered to be part of the Indian classical canon (Bharata Natyam, Chhau, Kathak, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Manipuri, Mohiniattam, Odissi, Sattriya, and Yakshagana) trace their roots to religious practices (...) the Indian diaspora has led to the translocation of Hindu dances to Europe, North America and the world."</ref>

Local dance traditions vary widely across India. In addition to the dance-dramas Chhau and Yakshagana, they include dance-dramas [[Raslila]] of western [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Terukkuttu]] of Tamil Nadu; calendrical and festival dances such as the [[Bhangra (dance)|Bhangra]] of Punjab, especially at [[Vaisakhi]], the onset of spring, and [[Garba (dance)|Garba]] of [[Gujarat]] during [[Navratri]]; and tribal or [[Adivasi]] dances, such as those of the [[Santal]] and [[Toda people]], the latter, for example, in honour of the god [[Toda_people#Religion|Ön]] who brought buffalo to earth.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" />

Among 20th-century directions is the [[modern dance]] of [[Uday Shankar]] in which classical styles were employed but not adhered to rigidly. Examples are dance-dramas based on the ancient Indian [[Animal fable|animal fables]], ''[[Panchatantra]]'', and Nehru's mid-century meditation on Indian history, ''[[The Discovery of India]]''.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" /> Dance has been an essential aspect of Indian films from the first [[talkies]] of the 1930s. The individual and group dances of [[Bollywood]], for example, show a broad range of influences, including classical, local, and Western popular dance.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" /> Towards the end of the 20th century, innovations in [[British South Asian]] music and dance, such as [[Music_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1990s)#Post-Bhangra|Post-Bhangra]], fed back into dance in India.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" />

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Kathakali of Kerala at Nishagandhi dance festival 2024 (266).jpg|The ''Kathakali'' dance of [[Kerala]]
File:Bharata Natyam Performance DS.jpg|The ''Bharatanatyam'' dance of [[Tamil Nadu]]
File:Kathak Solo Performance (8).jpg| The ''Kathak'' dance of northern India absorbed Persian and Central Asian influences during [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]].
</gallery>

=== Clothing ===
{{Main|Clothing in India}}

From ancient times until the advent of the modern, the most widely worn traditional dress in India was [[Draped garment|draped]].<ref name="Tarlo1996-26">{{harvnb|Tarlo|1996|p=26}}</ref> For women it took the form of a [[sari]], a single piece of cloth many yards long.<ref name="Tarlo1996-26" /> The sari was traditionally wrapped around the lower body and the shoulder.<ref name="Tarlo1996-26" /> In its modern form, it is combined with an underskirt, or Indian [[Petticoat#Asian petticoats|petticoat]], and tucked in along the waist band for more secure fastening. It is also commonly worn with an Indian [[blouse]], or [[choli]], which serves as the primary upper-body garment, the sari's end—passing over the shoulder—covering the midriff and obscuring the upper body's contours.<ref name="Tarlo1996-26" /> For men, a similar but shorter length of cloth, the [[dhoti]], has served as a lower-body garment.<ref name="Tarlo1996-26-28">{{harvnb|Tarlo|1996|pp=26–28}}</ref>

The use of stitched clothes became widespread after Muslim rule was established by the [[Delhi sultanate]] ({{Circa|1300 CE}}) and continued by the [[Mughal Empire]] ({{Circa|1525 CE}}).<ref name="Rahman-Alkazi2002">{{citation |last=Alkazi |first=Roshen |editor=Rahman, Abdur |title=India's Interaction with China, Central and West Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZvpAAAAMAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-565789-0 |pages=464–484 |chapter=Evolution of Indian Costume as a result of the links between Central Asia and India in ancient and medieval times}}</ref> Among the garments introduced during this time and still commonly worn are: the [[Shalwar kameez|shalwar]]s and [[pyjama]]s, both styles of trousers, and the tunics [[kurta]] and [[kameez]].<ref name="Rahman-Alkazi2002" /> Shalwars are atypically wide at the waist but narrow to a cuffed bottom. They are held up by a drawstring, which causes them to become pleated around the waist.<ref name="StevensonWaite2011">{{citation |last1=Stevenson |first1=Angus |last2=Waite |first2=Maurice |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1272 |year=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=3 September 2019 |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |page=1272}}</ref> When the pants are cut quite narrow, on the [[Grain (textile)#Bias|bias]], they are called [[churidar]]s. The kameez is a long shirt or tunic.<ref name="StevensonWaite2011-b">{{citation |last1=Stevenson |first1=Angus |last2=Waite |first2=Maurice |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA774 |year=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |page=774}}</ref> Its side seams left open below the waistline.<ref>{{citation |url=https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/platts_query.py?page=418 |author=Platts, John T. (John Thompson) |title=A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English |location=London |page=418 |publisher=[[W. H. Allen & Co.]] |year=1884 |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224204345/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/platts_query.py?page=418}} (online; updated February 2015)</ref> The [[kurta]] is traditionally collarless and made of cotton or silk; it is worn plain or with embroidered decoration, such as [[chikankari]]; and typically falls to either just above or just below the wearer's knees.<ref name="Shukla2015">{{citation |last=Shukla |first=Pravina |title=The Grace of Four Moons: Dress, Adornment, and the Art of the Body in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MlObCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71 |year=2015 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-02121-2 |page=71}}</ref>

In the last 50 years, fashions have changed a great deal in India. Increasingly, in urban northern India, the sari is no longer the apparel of everyday wear, though they remain popular on formal occasions. The traditional shalwar kameez is rarely worn by younger urban women, who favour churidars or jeans. In office settings, ubiquitous air conditioning allows men to wear sports jackets year-round. For weddings and formal occasions, men in the middle and upper classes often wear bandhgala, or short [[Nehru jackets]], with pants, with the groom and his [[groomsmen]] sporting [[sherwani]]s and churidars.<ref name="Dwyer2014">{{citation |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |title=Bollywood's India: Hindi Cinema as a Guide to Contemporary India |pages=244–245 |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqwBBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 |publisher=[[Reaktion Books]] |isbn=978-1-78023-304-8 |author-link=Rachel Dwyer}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Water pump, Varanasi (15563170660) Cropped.jpg|A man in [[dhoti]] and woollen shawl in [[Varanasi]]
File:India School.jpg|Women in [[sari]] at an adult literacy class in [[Tamil Nadu]]
File:GroupFromNorthEastIndiaAtTaj.jpg|Female tourists from [[Manipur]] in shawl and [[phanek]]—lower-body garment similar to a [[sarong]], and made of a rectangular piece of cloth with one pair of opposite sides stitched together<ref name=phanek>{{cite book|last=Haripriya|first = Soibam| chapter = Irom Sharmila's Poetry and the Problem of Anthologizing Indian Literature| title = The Oxford Handbook of Modern Indian Literatures|editor1-last = Anjaria| editor1-first = Ulka|editor2-last = Nerleker| editor2-first = Anjali= |publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2024 | page = 423 | isbn = 978-0-19-764791-2}}</ref>
File:Women of Puducherry.jpg|Women in [[shalwar-kameez]] in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
</gallery>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Indian cuisine}}

The foundation of a typical Indian meal is a cereal cooked plainly and complemented with savoury dishes.<ref name="Davidson2014-p409">{{citation |last=Davidson |first=Alan |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA409 |year=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 |page=409}}</ref> The cooked cereal could be steamed rice; [[chapati]], a thin unleavened bread;<ref name="Davidson2014-p161">{{citation |last=Davidson |first=Alan |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 |year=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 |page=161 |quote=Chapatis are made from finely milled whole-wheat flour, called chapati flour or atta, and water. The dough is rolled into thin rounds which vary in size from region to region and then cooked without fat or oil on a slightly curved griddle called a tava.}}</ref> [[idli]], a steamed breakfast cake; or [[Dosa (food)|dosa]], a griddled pancake.<ref name=tamang-yeast-idlidosa>{{citation |last1=Tamang |first1=J. P. |last2=Fleet |first2=G. H. |editor1-last=Satyanarayana |editor1-first=T. |editor2-last=Kunze |editor2-first=G. |chapter=Yeasts Diversity in Fermented Foods and Beverages |title=Yeast Biotechnology: Diversity and Applications |publisher=Springer |page=180 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLFmiervaqMC&pg=PA180 |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-8292-4 |quote=Idli is an acid-leavened and steamed cake made by bacterial fermentation of a thick batter made from coarsely ground rice and dehulled black gram. Idli cakes are soft, moist and spongy, have desirable sour flavour, and is eaten as breakfast in South India. Dosa batter is very similar to idli batter, except that both the rice and black gram are finely grounded. The batter is thinner than that of idli and is fried as a thin, crisp pancake and eaten directly in South India.}}</ref> The savoury dishes might include [[lentil]]s, [[pulses]], vegetables, meat, poultry and fish commonly spiced with [[ginger root|ginger]] and [[garlic]], but also [[coriander]], [[cumin]], [[turmeric]], [[cinnamon]], [[cardamom]] and others.<ref name="Davidson2014-p409" /> In some instances, the ingredients may be mixed during the cooking process.<ref name=jhala-princely-biryani>{{citation |last=Jhala |first=Angma Day |title=Royal Patronage, Power and Aesthetics in Princely India |publisher=Routledge |page=70 |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-31657-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGpECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 |quote=With the ascent of the Mughal Empire in sixteenth-century India, Turkic, Persian and Afghan traditions of dress, 'architecture and cuisine' were adopted by non-Muslim indigenous elites in South Asia. In this manner, Central Asian cooking merged with older traditions within the subcontinent, to create such signature dishes as biryani (a fusion of the Persian pilau and the spice-laden dishes of Hindustan), and the Kashmiri meat stew of Rogan Josh. It not only generated new dishes and entire cuisines, but also fostered novel modes of eating. Such newer trends included the consumption of Persian condiments, which relied heavily on almonds, pastries and quince jams, alongside Indian achars made from sweet limes, green vegetables and curds as side relishes during Mughlai meals.}}</ref> India has distinctive vegetarian cuisines, each a feature of the geographical and cultural histories of its adherents.<ref name="Davidson2014-p410">{{citation |last=Davidson |first=Alan |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA410 |year=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 |page=410}}</ref> About 20% to 39% of India's population consists of vegetarians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Soutik |date=4 April 2018 |title=The myth of the Indian vegetarian nation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43581122 |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=16 July 2025 |archive-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808011417/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43581122 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2021 |title=Religion in India: Tolerance and Segregation {{!}} Religion and food |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/06/29/religion-and-food/ |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Although meat is eaten widely, the proportional consumption of meat is low.<ref name="SahakianSaloma2016-50">{{citation |last1=Sahakian |first1=Marlyne |last2=Saloma |first2=Czarina |last3=Erkman |first3=Suren |title=Food Consumption in the City: Practices and patterns in urban Asia and the Pacific |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TBIxDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT50 |year=2016 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-317-31050-1 |page=50}}</ref>

The most significant import of cooking techniques into India during the last millennium occurred during the [[Mughal Empire]], spreading into northern India from regions to its northwest,<ref name="CollinghamCollingham2007">{{citation |last=Collingham |first=Elizabeth M. |title=Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pH88DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-532001-5 |page=25}}</ref> along with dishes such as [[pilaf]].{{sfn|Roger|2000}}<ref name=sengupta-74>{{citation |last=Sengupta |first=Jayanta |editor=Freedman, Paul |editor2=Chaplin, Joyce E. |editor3=Albala, Ken |title=Food in Time and Place: The American Historical Association Companion to Food History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNQkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |year=2014 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-27745-8 |page=74 |chapter=India}}</ref> Onions, garlic, almonds, and spices were added to the simple yogurt marinade of Persia.<ref name="CollinghamCollingham2007" /> Rice was partially cooked and layered alternately with sauteed meat, the pot sealed tightly, and slow cooked according to another Persian cooking technique, to produce [[biryani]],<ref name="CollinghamCollingham2007" /> a feature of festive dining in many parts of India.<ref name=nandy2004>{{citation |last1=Nandy |first1=Ashis |author-link=Ashis Nandy |title=The Changing Popular Culture of Indian Food: Preliminary Notes |journal=[[South Asia Research]] |volume=24 |issue=1 |year=2004 |pages=9–19 |doi=10.1177/0262728004042760 }}</ref>

The diversity of Indian food served worldwide has been partially concealed by the dominance of [[Punjabi cuisine]]. The popularity of [[tandoori chicken]]—cooked in a [[tandoor]] oven, which had traditionally been used for baking bread in the rural Punjab and the Delhi region, especially among Muslims, but which is originally from [[Central Asia]]—dates to the 1950s, and was caused in large part by an entrepreneurial response among people from the Punjab who had been displaced by the 1947 partition.<ref name="Davidson2014-p410" />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px">
File:South Indian Thali Cropped.jpg|South Indian vegetarian [[thali]], or platter
File:Pabda Jhaal - Home- Kolkata - West Bengal.jpg|[[Machher jhol]], a spicy fish curry eaten in eastern India, Nepal, and Bangladesh
File:Khairdeen, alias Pritam, relishing a mango at the dusk of his life 05.jpg|[[Mango]], the national fruit of India, is eaten widely in the summer months.<ref name=mango-national-fruit>{{cite book|last1 = Haidar | first1 = Sakina | last2 = Hussain | first2 = Sajjad | last3 = Naz | first3 = Safina | last4 = Ali |first4 = Sajid | last5 = Noor | first5 = Anam | chapter = Introduction and History of Mango | title = Handbook of Research on Mango Fruit: Postharvest Science, Production, Nutrition, and Processing Technology |editor1-first = Sajjad | editor1-last = Hussain | editor2-last = Nahar| editor2-first = Kamrun| editor3-last = Rajwana| editor3-first = Ishtiaq A.| editor4-last = Ercisli|editor4-first= Sezai| editor5-last= Ahmad| editor5-first = Shakeel| publisher = CRC Press, Routledge | year = 2025 | page = 1&ndash;2 |isbn = 978-1-77964-338-4}}</ref>{{efn|Genetic studies have shown that mangos were first domesticated in the region between northeastern India, northwestern Myanmar, and Bangladesh.<ref name="Kuhn">{{cite journal |last1=Kuhn |first1=David N. |last2=Bally |first2=Ian S. E. |last3=Dillon |first3=Natalie L. |last4=Innes |first4=David |last5=Groh |first5=Amy M. |last6=Rahaman |first6=Jordon |last7=Ophir |first7=Ron |last8=Cohen |first8=Yuval |last9=Sherman |first9=Amir |title=Genetic Map of Mango: A Tool for Mango Breeding |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |date=20 April 2017 |volume=8 |article-number=577 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2017.00577 |pmid=28473837 |pmc=5397511 |bibcode=2017FrPS....8..577K |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Warschefsky">{{cite journal |last1=Warschefsky |first1=Emily J. |last2=Wettberg |first2=Eric J. B. |title=Population genomic analysis of mango (''Mangifera indica'') suggests a complex history of domestication |journal=New Phytologist |date=June 2019 |volume=222 |issue=4 |pages=2023–2037 |doi=10.1111/nph.15731 |pmid=30730057 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019NewPh.222.2023W}}</ref>}}
</gallery>

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in India}}

Several traditional indigenous sports such as ''[[kabaddi]]'', ''[[kho kho]]'', ''[[pehlwani]]'' and ''[[gilli-danda]]'', and also [[Indian martial arts|martial arts]], such as ''[[Kalarippayattu]]'' and ''[[marma adi]]'' remain popular. [[Chess]] is commonly held to have [[History of chess#India|originated in India]] as ''[[chaturanga|chaturaṅga]]'';{{sfn|Wolpert|2003|p = 2}} There has been a rise in the number of Indian [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmasters]].{{sfn|Rediff 2008 b}} [[Viswanathan Anand]] became the [[World Chess Championship 2007|undisputed Chess World Champion]] in 2007 and held the status until 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.chessvibes.com/candidates%E2%80%99-r13-anand-draws-clinches-rematch-with-carlsen |title=Candidates' R13: Anand Draws, Clinches Rematch with Carlsen |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111220728/https://www.chessvibes.com/candidates%E2%80%99-r13-anand-draws-clinches-rematch-with-carlsen |archive-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Parcheesi]] is derived from ''[[Pachisi]]'' another traditional Indian pastime, which in early modern times was played on a giant marble court by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]].{{sfn|Binmore|2007|p = 98}}

[[Cricket in India|Cricket]] is the most popular sport in India.<ref>{{citation |last=Shores |first=Lori |title=Teens in India |date=15 February 2007 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPQmbyiS-iEC |access-date=24 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617050252/https://books.google.com/books?id=CPQmbyiS-iEC |archive-date=17 June 2012 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Compass Point Books]] |isbn=978-0-7565-2063-2}}</ref> [[India national cricket team|India]] is one of the more successful cricket teams, having won two [[Cricket World Cup]]s, three [[Men's T20 World Cup|T20 World Cups]], and three [[ICC Champions Trophy|Champions Trophies]]. [[India men's national field hockey team|India]] has won a record eight [[field hockey]] gold medals in the [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/independence-day-india-at-70-cricket-football-hockey-kabaddi-1029624-2017-08-14 |title=What India was crazy about: Hockey first, Cricket later, Football, Kabaddi now? |website=India Today |date=14 August 2017 |access-date=2 March 2025 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104013320/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/independence-day-india-at-70-cricket-football-hockey-kabaddi-1029624-2017-08-14 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Indian-Hockey-Team-Berlin-1936.jpg|The Indian hockey team, captained by [[Dhyan Chand]] (standing second from left), after winning the finals at the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] – their third of six consecutive Olympic golds
File:President of Bharat Smt. Droupadi Murmu confers Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award on Shri Gukesh Dommaraju.jpg|[[Gukesh Dommaraju]], the reigning world chess champion,<ref name=guardian-gukesh>{{citation|last=Graham |first = Bryan Armen| title = Gukesh Dommaraju becomes youngest world chess champion after horrific Ding Liren blunder | journal = Guardian | date = 12 December 2024|url= https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/dec/12/gukesh-dommaraju-india-wins-world-chess-championship-youngest-champion-ding-liren}}</ref> receives India's highest sporting honour, the [[Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award|Dhyan Chand Award]] from India's president [[Droupadi Murmu]], January 17, 2025.
File:Sachin defends the ball.jpg|Indian [[cricket]] player [[Sachin Tendulkar]], the highest [[Run (cricket)|run]]-getter in [[test cricket]], playing a defensive stroke against Australia in [[Bangalore]], 2010
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Outline of India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}


== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
===Overview===
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{citation |title=India |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |access-date=10 July 2021 |ref={{sfnRef|Central Intelligence Agency}} |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023536/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{citation |date=December 2004 |title=Country Profile: India |edition=5th |work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |publisher=Library of Congress [[Federal Research Division]] |url=https://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131058/https://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2011 |access-date=30 September 2011 |ref={{sfnRef|Library of Congress|2004}} }}
* {{citation |last1=Heitzman |first1=James |last2=Worden |first2=Robert L. |year=1996 |title=India: A Country Study |series=Area Handbook Series |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |place=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-8444-0833-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiacountrystud0000unse }}

* {{citation |title=Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner]] |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_results_paper1_india.html |ref={{sfnRef|Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India}} |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=9 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909032654/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_results_paper1_india.html |url-status=live }}
* Robinson, Francis, ed. ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and the Maldives'' (1989)
* {{citation |date=24 January 1950 |title=Constituent Assembly of India – Volume XII |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]], [[Government of India]] |url=https://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol12p1.htm |access-date=17 July 2011 |ref={{sfnRef|Constituent Assembly of India|1950}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173243/https://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol12p1.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}
{{refend}}

===Etymology===
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite journal |last=Barrow |first=Ian J. |title=From Hindustan to India: Naming change in changing names |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=26 |pages=37–49 |number=1 |year=2003 |doi=10.1080/085640032000063977 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Clémentin-Ojha |first=Catherine |title='India, that is Bharat...': One Country, Two Names |journal=South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal |volume=10 |year=2014 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/3717 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928035644/https://samaj.revues.org/3717}}
* {{cite book |last=Thieme |first=P. |chapter=Sanskrit ''sindu-/Sindhu-'' and Old Iranian ''hindu-/Hindu-'' |editor1=Mary Boyce |editor2=Ilya Gershevitch |year=1970 |title=W. B. Henning Memorial Volume |publisher=[[Lund Humphries]] |isbn=978-0-85331-255-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3UBAAAAMAAJ}}
{{refend}}

===History===
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Asher |first1=C. B. |last2=Talbot |first2=C. |year=2006 |title=India Before Europe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-80904-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC }}
* {{cite book |last1=Asher |first1=C. B. |last2=Talbot |first2=C. |year=2008 |title=India Before Europe t |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-51750-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Asher |first1=C. B. |last2=Talbot |first2=C. |year=2022 |title=India Before Europe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-42816-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=J. M. |author-link=Judith M. Brown |year=1994 |title=Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy |edition=2nd |series=[[The Short Oxford History of the Modern World]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-873113-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PaKdsF8WzbcC }}
* {{cite book |last1=Coningham |first1=Robin |last2=Young |first2=Ruth |title=The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE – 200 CE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hB5TCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-84697-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Copland |first=I. |year=2001 |title=India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire |publisher=[[Longman]] |isbn=978-0-582-38173-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |title=On Hinduism |pages=xviii, 10 |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUnaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR18 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-936009-3 }}
*{{cite book |last=Elverskog |first=Johan |title=The Buddha's Footprint: An Environmental History of Asia |location=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-5183-8 |year=2020}}
* {{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C&pg=PA35 |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Marc Jason |title=South Asia in World History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |series=The New Oxford World History series |pages=54–56 |isbn=978-0-19-517653-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Judd |first1=Denis |year=2004 |title=The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947 |publisher=Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 280 |isbn=978-0-19-280358-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=H. |last2=Rothermund |first2=D. |author1-link=Hermann Kulke |year=2004 |title=A History of India |series=4th |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-32920-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=H. |last2=Rothermund |first2=D. |author1-link=Hermann Kulke |year=2016 |title=A History of India |series=6th |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn= 978-1-138-96114-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Lowe |first=John J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L07CBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |title=Participles in Rigvedic Sanskrit: The Syntax and Semantics of Adjectival Verb Forms |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-100505-3 |pages= |quote= }}
* {{cite book |last=Ludden |first=D. |year=2002 |title=India and South Asia: A Short History |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |isbn=978-1-85168-237-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Ludden |first=D. |year=2014 |title=India and South Asia: A Short History |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |isbn=978-1-85168-936-1 |edition=2nd, revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |author1-link=Barbara Metcalf |author2-link=Thomas R. Metcalf |year=2006 |title=A Concise History of Modern India |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-68225-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C }}
* {{cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |year=2012 |title=A Concise History of Modern India |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-02649-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC |archive-date=13 July 2023 |access-date=13 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713021259/https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Peers |first=D. M. |year=2006 |title=India under Colonial Rule: 1700–1885 |publisher=[[Pearson Education|Pearson Longman]] |isbn=978-0-582-31738-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iNuAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{citation |last=Flood |first=Gavin |title=The Oxford History of Hinduism: Hindu Practice: Hindu Practice |pages= |year=2020 |editor=Gavin Flood |chapter=Introduction |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4yT3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-105322-1 |author-link=Gavin Flood }}
* {{cite journal |last=Iori |first=Elisa |year=2023 |title=Releasing Urban Religion beyond the City Wall: The Spatial Capital of Early Buddhist Monasticism in NW South Asia |journal=Numen |volume=70 |issue=2–3 |pages=184&ndash;219 |doi=10.1163/15685276-20231691 |doi-access=free |hdl=10278/5079362 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{citation |last1=Jamison |first1=Stephanie |title=The Rigveda |year=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LTRDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-063339-4 |last2=Brereton |first2=Joel |author-link1=Stephanie W. Jamison }}
*{{cite book |last=Mattern |first=Susan |title=The Slow Moon Climbs: The Science, History, and Meaning of Menopause |location=Princeton, NJ, and London |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-691-17163-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Michaels |first=Axel |author-link=Axel Michaels |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAJCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |title=The Oxford History of Hinduism: Hindu Law: A New History of Dharmaśāstra |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-100709-5 |editor=Patrick Olivelle, Donald R. Davis |location=Oxford }}
* {{cite book |last=Peers |first=D. M. |year=2013 |title=India Under Colonial Rule: 1700–1885 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-88286-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyQuAgAAQBAJ |access-date=13 August 2019 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Petraglia |first1=Michael D. |last2=Allchin |first2=Bridget |author-link2=Bridget Allchin |editor=Michael Petraglia |editor2=Bridget Allchin |title=The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA6 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4020-5562-1 |chapter=Human evolution and culture change in the Indian subcontinent }}
* {{cite book |last=Possehl |first=G. |author-link=Gregory Possehl |title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |year=2003 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Rowman Altamira]] |isbn=978-0-7591-0172-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC }}
* {{cite book |last=Robb |first=P. |title=A History of India |year=2001 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan|Palgrave]] |isbn=978-0-333-69129-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindia00pete }}
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*{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Tirthankar |author-link=Tirthankar Roy |title=India in the World Economy: From Antiquity to the Present |location=Cambridge and New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-00910-3 |year=2012}}
* {{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=S. |year=1983 |title=Modern India: 1885–1947 |place=Delhi |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |isbn=978-0-333-90425-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVxuAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |year=2009 |publisher=[[Longman]] |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC }}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |title=Political Violence in Ancient India |year=2017 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-98128-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Spear |first=Percival |author-link=Percival Spear |title=History of India, Volume 2: From the sixteenth century to the twentieth century |publisher=Penguin |year=1990 |orig-year=1978 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2H_v0t5jTkC |isbn=978-0-140-13836-8 }}
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* {{cite book |last=Witzel |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Witzel |editor=Gavin D. Flood |title=The Blackwell companion to Hinduism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C |access-date=15 March 2012 |year=2003 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-631-21535-6 |chapter=Vedas and Upanișads }}
* {{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=S. |author-link=Stanley Wolpert |year=2003 |title=A New History of India |edition=7th |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-516678-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Rita P. |author-link=Rita P. Wright |title=The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgFPQAACAAJ |access-date=29 September 2013 |year=2010 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press & Assessment|Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-57219-4 }}
{{refend}}

===Geography===
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=J. R. |last2=Aitchison |first2=J. C. |year=2005 |title=Greater India |journal=[[Earth-Science Reviews]] |volume=72 |issue=3–4 |pages=170–173 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005 |bibcode=2005ESRv...72..169A}}
* {{cite book |last1=Basu |first1=Mahua |last2=Xavier |first2=Savarimuthu |year=2017 |title=Fundamentals of Environmental Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXmLDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-316-87051-8 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Chang |first=J. H. |year=1967 |title=The Indian Summer Monsoon |periodical=[[Geographical Review]] |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=373–396 |doi=10.2307/212640 |jstor=212640 |publisher=[[American Geographical Society]], Wiley |bibcode=1967GeoRv..57..373C}}
* {{cite book |year=1988 |title=Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with Amendments Made in 1988 |publisher=Department of Environment and Forests, Government of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands |url=https://forest.and.nic.in/fca1980.pdf |access-date=25 July 2011 |ref={{sfnRef|Department of Environment and Forests|1988}} |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163118/https://forest.and.nic.in/fca1980.pdf }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Dikshit |first1=K. R. |last2=Schwartzberg |first2=Joseph E. |author2-link=Joseph E. Schwartzberg |title=India: Land |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=2023 |pages=1–29 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508084916/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Duff |first=D. |author-link=Donald Duff (geologist and author) |year=1993 |title=Holmes Principles of Physical Geology |edition=4th |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-7487-4381-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6vknq9SfIIC&pg=PT353 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Frisch |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Meschede |first2=Martin |last3=Blakey |first3=Ronald |title=Plate Tectonics: Continental Drift and Mountain Building |location=Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-76503-5 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-76504-2 |year=2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Kaul |first=R. N. |editor-last=Kaul |editor-first=R. N. |year=1970 |chapter=The Indian Subcontinent: Indo-Pakistan |title=Afforestation in Arid Zones |isbn=978-94-010-3352-7 |location=The Hague |publisher=Dr. W. Junk, N.V., Publishers}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=V. Sanil |last2=Pathak |first2=K. C. |last3=Pednekar |first3=P. |last4=Raju |first4=N. S. N. |last5=Gowthaman |first5=R. |year=2006 |title=Coastal processes along the Indian coastline |periodical=[[Current Science]] |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=530–536 |url=https://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/350/1/Curr_Sci_91_530.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908141613/https://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/350/1/Curr_Sci_91_530.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2009 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Mcgrail |first1=Sean |last2=Blue |first2=Lucy |last3=Kentley |first3=Eric |last4=Palmer |first4=Colin |year=2003 |title=Boats of South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1eBAgAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-134-43130-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Molnar |first=Peter |title=Plate Tectonics: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-872826-9}}
* {{cite book |year=2007 |title=India Yearbook 2007 |publisher=Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]] |place=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-230-1423-4 |ref={{sfnRef|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|2007}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Posey |first=C. A. |year=1994 |title=The Living Earth Book of Wind and Weather |publisher=[[Reader's Digest Association|Reader's Digest]] |isbn=978-0-89577-625-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/livingearthbooko00pose }}
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* {{cite book |last=Prasad |first=Ishwar |editor-last=Mani |editor-first=M. S. |year=1974 |chapter=The Ecology of Vertebrates of the Indian Desert |title=Ecology and Biogeography in India |location=The Hague |publisher=Dr. W. Junk bv Publishers |isbn=978-94-010-2333-7}}
{{refend}}

===Biodiversity===
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* {{cite book |last=Basak |first=R. K. |year=1983 |title=Botanical Survey of India: Account of Its Establishment, Development, and Activities |publisher=India. [[Department of Environment]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXAVcgAACAAJ |access-date=20 July 2011 }}
* {{citation |last1=Crame |first1=J. A. |last2=Owen |first2=A. W. |year=2002 |title=Palaeobiogeography and Biodiversity Change: The Ordovician and Mesozoic–Cenozoic Radiations |series=Geological Society Special Publication |issue=194 |publisher=[[Geological Society of London]] |isbn=978-1-86239-106-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YswVy5YolYsC&pg=PA142 |access-date=8 December 2011 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Karanth |first1=K. Ullas |last2=Gopal |first2=Rajesh |editor=Rosie Woodroffe |editor2=Simon Thirgood |editor3=Alan Rabinowitz |year=2005 |title=People and Wildlife, Conflict Or Co-existence? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vNzRzcjntAC |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-53203-7 |chapter=An ecology-based policy framework for human-tiger coexistence in India }}
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* {{cite book |last=Tritsch |first=M. F. |year=2001 |title=Wildlife of India |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |place=London |isbn=978-0-00-711062-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/wildlifeofindia0000trit }}
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* {{cite book |date=9 September 1972 |title=Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 |publisher=[[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]], [[Government of India]] |url=https://envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1.html |access-date=25 July 2011 |ref={{sfnRef|Ministry of Environment and Forests 1972}} |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716175843/http://envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1.html |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

===Politics===
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* {{cite book |last1=Burnell |first1=P. J. |last2=Calvert |first2=P. |year=1999 |title=The Resilience of Democracy: Persistent Practice, Durable Idea |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-7146-8026-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hv6TkML5_HAC&pg=PA271 |access-date=20 July 2011 }}
* {{cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |date=16 May 2009 |title=Second UPA Win, A Crowning Glory for Sonia's Ascendancy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india/news/second-upa-wincrowning-glory-for-sonia%5Cs-ascendancy/61892/on |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072031/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/second-upa-win-a-crowning-glory-for-sonia-s-ascendancy-109051600183_1.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 |ref={{sfnRef|Business Standard|2009}} |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] India |last1=India |first1=Press Trust of }}
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===Culture===
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* {{citation |editor1-last=Kiple |editor1-first=K. F. |editor2-last=Ornelas |editor2-first=K. C. |title=The Cambridge World History of Food |volume=2 |year=2000 |place=Cambridge and New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-40215-6}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Kuiper |editor-first=K. |year=2010 |title=The Culture of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LiqloV4JnNUC |access-date=24 July 2011 |publisher=[[Britannica Educational Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-61530-203-1 }}
* {{citation |last=Makar |first=E. M. |year=2007 |title=An American's Guide to Doing Business in India |publisher=Adams |isbn=978-1-59869-211-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujYmdNVIr7QC }}
* {{citation |last=Medora |first=N. |editor1-last=Hamon |editor1-first=R. R. |editor2-last=Ingoldsby |editor2-first=B. B. |year=2003 |title=Mate Selection Across Cultures |chapter=Mate Selection in Contemporary India: Love Marriages Versus Arranged Marriages |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]] |pages=209–230 |isbn=978-0-7619-2592-7}}
* {{citation |last=Michell |first=George |title=Hindu Art and Architecture |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVl2QgAACAAJ |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |isbn=978-0-500-20337-8 }}
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{{refend}}

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Kerala State Water Transport Department

2026-03-12T04:44:27Z

ShantaeBpy: refine article as per guidelines and added references

{{Short description|Indian state government department}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Kerala State Water Transport Department
| logo = Kswtd logo.jpg
| logo_size = 150px
| type = Separate government department in the state of kerala.
| foundation = 1968
| location_city = [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| location =
| locations = 
| key_people =
| area_served = Kerala
| industry = Public transport [[ferry]] service
| products = Passenger and Cargo [[Ferry]]
| services = Operates 81 boats
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| owner = [[Department of Transport (Kerala)|Department of Transport]], Government of Kerala
| num_employees =
| divisions = 13
| subsid =
| homepage = [http://swtd.kerala.gov.in/ http://swtd.kerala.gov.in/]
| dissolved =
}}
[[File:Aditya solar boat.jpg|thumb|238px|Aditya, India's first solar ferry]]
[[File:കായലിലെ ഒരു മോട്ടോർ ബോട്ട്.jpg|thumb|238px|SWTD ferry on service in the [[Kerala Backwaters]]]]
[[File:Junkar Service Cochin.JPG|thumb|238px|Junkar Service Fort Cochin]]
[[File:People coming by boat for urul nercha at Ashtamudi veerabadraswamy temple.JPG|thumb|238px|SWTD ferry at [[Ashtamudi Lake]], disembarking passengers]]

'''Kerala State Water Transport Department (SWTD)''' is a governmental department that regulates the [[inland navigation]] systems in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]] and provides inland water transport facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://swtd.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28&Itemid=27 |title=State Water Transport Department, Government of Kerala, India - STATE WATER TRANSPORT DEPARTMENT |access-date=11 October 2012 |archive-date=18 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218124333/http://www.swtd.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28&Itemid=27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The department is headed by the State Minister in charge of transportation.

This system consists of 1895 kilometers of waterways, including navigable rivers, backwaters, and man made cross canals. Most of these are in [[Travancore]]-[[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] region. Of the 44 rivers in Kerala, 41 of the westward flowing rivers combine with back waters and man made canals to form an integral part of inland navigation system.

A study conducted in 2011-2012 by CPPR on Inland Water Transport in Kochi shows that around 56 percent of the passengers expressed their dissatisfaction over the quality of ferry service.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2015/sep/03/more-than-half-the-passengers-unhappy-with-ferry-service-808898.html|title=More Than Half The Passengers Unhappy With Ferry Service|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-10-02}}</ref>

==Landmark projects==
*[[Aditya_(boat)]] - India's first solar ferry launched in 2017
*Vega - Kerala's fastest public transport ferry launched in 2018<ref>{{Cite web | title=Kerala Launches Vega 120, Its Fastest Inland Ferry, With AC Cabins And Top Speed Of 25 Kmph | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kerala-launches-its-fastest-inland-ferry-top-speed-25-kmph-ac-cabin-1943193 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105142318/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kerala-launches-its-fastest-inland-ferry-top-speed-25-kmph-ac-cabin-1943193 | access-date=2025-11-21 | archive-date=2018-11-05}}</ref>
*Kerala's first water taxi service launched in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web | title=First Water Taxi Launched In Kerala | url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/keralas-first-water-taxi-service-launched-525572.html | access-date=2025-11-21 | website=www.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
*[[Indra (boat)]] - India's first solar cruise and largest solar boat launched in 2024

==External sources==
[http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_watertransport/iwtrtrtrndex.htm Kerala Government Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416144852/http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_watertransport/iwtrtrtrndex.htm |date=16 April 2007 }}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Kerala}}

[[Category:Government departments of Kerala]]
[[Category:Water transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourism in Kerala]]

Nari Gandhi

2026-03-11T18:28:46Z

ShantaeBpy: updated page

{{Short description|Indian architect (1934–1993)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox architect
| name = Nariman (Nari) Gandhi
| image = FFA Nari Gandhi.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1934|1|2}}
| birth_place = [[Surat]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1993|8|18|1934|1|2}}
| death_place = Khopoli near [[Mumbai]], India
| practice =
| significant_buildings = Daya residence (Mumbai), Patel residence (Surat), Gateway to mosque (Kolgaon), Jain house ([[Lonavala]])
| significant_projects =
| significant_design =
| awards =
}}
'''Nariman (Nari) Dossabhai Gandhi''' (1934–1993) was an Indian architect known for his highly innovative works in [[organic architecture]].<ref name="Lang2002">{{cite book|author=Jon T. Lang|title=A Concise History of Modern Architecture in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxyGbhlKQXQC&pg=PA141|year=2002|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-017-6|pages=141–}}</ref><ref name="JohnsonLangmead2013">{{cite book|author1=Donald Leslie Johnson|author2=Donald Langmead|title=Makers of 20th-Century Modern Architecture: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COMrlmpRS0UC&pg=PA119|date=13 May 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-64063-6|pages=119–}}</ref> He practiced as an architect in India from 1964 to 1993 having worked on approximately 27 projects.<ref name=":2">Jalia 2008, p. 36</ref> He primarily focused on designing residences with a secondary focus on designing furniture, objects, and upholstery textiles.<ref name=":3">Jalia 2008, p. 36, p. 106</ref>

==Early life and education==
Nari Gandhi was born on 2 January 1934 in [[Surat]] to a [[Zoroastrian]] [[Parsi]] family based in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ar. Nari Gandhi (1934 - 1993): A Maverick, A Legend |url=https://www.tfod.in/art-design-articles/5452/ar-nari-gandhi-1934--1993--a-maverick-a-legend |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=www.tfod.in}}</ref><ref>Jalia 2008, p. 84</ref> He was one of the six children and had three brothers and two sisters.<ref name=":0" />

He completed his primary and secondary education at [[St. Xavier's High School, Fort|St. Xavier's High School]] located in [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort, Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumni {{!}} St. Xavier's High School |url=https://stxaviersfort.org/alumni/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=stxaviersfort.org}}</ref> He then attended the [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|Sir J. J. School of Art]] in Mumbai and pursued the diploma program in architecture until 1956.<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 11, p. 13</ref> During his time at the Sir J. J. School of Art, he was acquainted with Rustom Patell, a former [[Taliesin (studio)|Taliesin]] (1949-1952), who, in turn, introduced him to a colleague from Taliesin, Mansinh Rana (1947-1951).<ref name=":1">Hawker 2007, p. 2-4, cited in Jalia 2008, p. 14</ref> Upon recommendation from Rana, he left the Sir J. J. School of Art without completing his formal education to join [[Frank Lloyd Wright|Frank Lloyd Wright's]] Taliesin.<ref name=":1" />

== Taliesin ==
Following his departure from the Sir J. J. School of Art, Nari Gandhi attended Taliesin from October 1956 through December 1961.<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 15</ref> The time spent training and collaborating with Frank Lloyd Wright at Taliesin heavily influenced Gandhi's views on organic architecture.<ref name=":4">Jalia 2008, p. 9</ref> The environment at Taliesin was conducive for artists to explore and engage in various forms of artistic express; it was here that, along with architecture, he became interested in stonework and [[pottery]].<ref>Hawker 2007, p. 2 cited in Jalia 2008, p. 17</ref>

His interest in stonework helped him leave an enduring mark at [[Taliesin (studio)|Taliesin]]. He once ignored the mandatory Sunday breakfast with [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] and [[Olgivanna Lloyd Wright]] to instead drag a large stone that he had discovered in the mountains down to the Taliesin campus. This stone—referred to as Eagle Stone or more rarely as Nari's Rock—was erected at the entrance of the Taliesin campus.<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 17</ref>

He befriended architect [[Bruce Goff]] during his time at Taliesin.<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 19</ref> After leaving Taliesin, he briefly worked with architect Warren Webber before studying [[pottery]], [[weaving]], [[ceramic]]s, [[photography]], and [[Wood carving|woodcarving]] at [[Kent State University]].<ref>Hawker 2007, p. 9 cited in Jalia 2008, p. 26</ref>

== Career ==
Following his studies at Kent State University, Nari Gandhi returned to India to practice as an independent architect.<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 26</ref> He owned an office space on Nepeansea Road near [[Malabar Hill]] in South Mumbai but it was rarely occupied and used.<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 35</ref> He was not a registered architect with the [[Indian Institute of Architects]] so the legal permits for his projects were obtained by an architect-friend, Dady Banaji, and other associates.<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 33</ref>

He practiced as an architect in India from 1964 to 1993 having worked on approximately 27 projects.<ref name=":2" /> He primarily focused on designing residences (apartments, penthouses, farm houses, beach houses) with a secondary focus on designing furniture, objects, and upholstery textiles.<ref name=":3" />

His work-team included Pravin Bhayani—acknowledged by Gandhi as his 'troubleshooter'—and Arvind Soni—who was responsible for the on-site labour force.<ref name=":5">Jalia 2008, p. 44</ref>

== Architectural style ==

Nari Gandhi was known for his highly innovative works in organic architecture that blended elements unique to India with the influence of Frank Lloyd Wright.<ref name=":4" /> He developed an integrated architectural style that considered the local climate, tropical lifestyle, and artisanship in collaboration with the craftsmen and masons on site.<ref name=":4" /> Labor-intensive methods were intrinsic to his work, which showed a refined sense of materials with an extraordinary use of [[clay]], stone, [[brick]], wood, [[glass]], and [[leather]].<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 34</ref>

Recurring themes in his work include extended roof slopes that touch the ground, arched structural design, preservation of and building around on-site trees, and obscuring the interior-exterior distinction.<ref name=":5" /> The idea of constant growth and change, as evident through rebuilding, rearranging, and extending, was also present in his work.<ref name=":7">Jalia 2008, p. 48</ref>

==Personal life==

Nari Gandhi was a practicing Zoroastrian Parsi who dressed plainly in white, [[khadi]] fabric kurta pyjamas, a Parsi top, and [[Kolhapuri chappal]]s.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2019-03-18 |title=This Nari Gandhi-designed red-brick house stands above its peers in Alibag |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/magazine-story/nari-gandhi-architecture-alibag-house/ |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-US}}</ref> He was a bachelor and a teetotaler.<ref name=":6" /> He was influenced by the ideas of the Indian philosopher [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Nanda |first=Puja |title=The Culture of Building to Craft — A Regional Contemporary Aesthetic: Material Resources, Technological Innovations and the Form Making Process |date=June 1999 |degree=MSc |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref>

He died in a car accident on 18 August 1993 while on a visit to a client's site.<ref name=":0" />

==Selected works==

* Jal Gobhai's mountain lodge (Lonavala)<ref>Hawker 2007, p. 10-11 cited in Jalia 2008, p. 37-39</ref>
* Asha Parekh's Akruti residence (Juhu, Mumbai)<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 40</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2009 |first=Sharmila |last=Ganesan-Ram |title=Remembering the Howard Roark of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/remembering-the-howard-roark-of-india/articleshow/4820679.cms |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* Valia resident (Vile-Parle, Mumbai)<ref>Hawker 2007, p. 14 cited in Jalia 2008, p. 41</ref>
* Interior design for Vasant Seth's penthouse (Mumbai)<ref>Hawker 2007, p. 15 cited in Jalia 2008, p. 43</ref>
* Sam Dastoor's weekend house (Madh Island, Mumbai)<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 43-46</ref>
* Vasant Seth's beach house<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 43</ref>
* Landscape and furniture design for Moondust (Versova)<ref name=":7" />
* Sadruddin Daya's Revdanda residence (Revdanda, Maharashtra)<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 54</ref>
* Sadruddin Daya's Mark Haven apartment (Coloba, Mumbai)<ref name=":8">Jalia 2008, p. 57</ref>
* Suryakant Patel's residence (Surat, Gujarat)<ref name=":8" />
* Interior design for Mr. Malik Tejani's apartment (Kanchanjunga, Mumbai)<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 58</ref>
* Rustom Mehta's residence (Korlai, Maharashtra)<ref name="Jalia 2008, p. 61">Jalia 2008, p. 61</ref>
* Jain (co-owners of [[the Times of India]] group) bungalow (Lonavala)<ref name="Jalia 2008, p. 61"/><ref>Hawker 2007, p. 36 cited in Jalia 2008, p. 65</ref>
* Kishore Bajaj's farmhouse (Karjat)<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 68</ref>
* Nasir Jamal's penthouse (Colaba, Mumbai)<ref name=":9">Jalia 2008, p. 72</ref>
* Abu Asim Azmi's penthouse (Colaba, Mumbai)<ref name=":9" />
* Sadruddin Daya's Madh Island house (Madh Island, Mumbai) (unfinished)<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 76</ref>
* Malik Tejani's Tungarli bungalow (Lonavala)<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 79</ref>
* Madhusthali Vidyapeeth girls school (Madhpur, Jharkhand) (unfinished)<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 81</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* Jalia, Aftab Amirali. (2008). ''[https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/43905 Refiguring the Sketch: The Nari Gandhi Cartographic]'' (MSc). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
* Hawker, Michael C. (2007). "Celebrating the life and work of Nari Gandhi". ''[https://friendsofkebyar.com/products/volume-23-1-number-72-2007 Friends of Kebyar]''. Volume 23.1, Issue No. 72.

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=H MasudTaj|title=Nari Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uG5eQwAACAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Foundation Forarchitecture|isbn=978-81-908832-0-7}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Nari}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Kent State University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Surat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:Organic architecture]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Indian Zoroastrians]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
[[Category:Architecture academics]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]

2019 AIFF Super Cup

2026-03-11T07:28:57Z

ShantaeBpy: new initial stub basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
| title = Super Cup
| year = 2019
| other_titles = Hero Super Cup
| image = Kalinga Stadium during ISL.jpg
| caption = [[Kalinga Stadium]] hosted the final on 13 April 2019
| image_size = 300px
| country = India
| venue = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
| dates = 15 March – 13 April
| num_teams = 20
| champions = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| count = 1
| runner-up = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| continentalcup1 =
| continentalcup1 qualifiers =
| matches = 12
| goals = 45
| attendance = 5920
| top goal scorer = [[Coro (footballer)|Coro]] (5 goals)
| prevseason = [[2018 Super Cup (India)|2018]]
| nextseason = [[2023 Super Cup (India)|2023]]
| updated =
}}

The '''2019 AIFF Super Cup''', officially known as the '''2019 Hero Super Cup''' for sponsorship reasons, was the second edition of the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] and the 40th season of the national [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]] [[association football|football]] competition in [[Football in India|India]]. The competition was sponsored by [[Hero MotoCorp]]. The competition began with the qualifiers on 15 March<ref name=goal>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-i-league-super-cup-2019-india-bhubaneshwar-march-15/1d455uef58npj1i3y0vts9qfsg|title=Super Cup 2019 to start on March 15 in Bhubaneshwar|author=Nisanth V Easwar|date=5 February 2019|access-date=16 February 2019|publisher=Goal}}</ref> at [[Kalinga Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and was concluded with the [[2019 Indian Super Cup Final|final]] on 13 April.

[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] were the defending champions but lost to [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]] in the quarter-finals. [[FC Goa|Goa]] won the title by defeating [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] 2–1 in the final.<ref name="final">{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/super-cup-final-2019-fc-goa-chennaiyin-fc-score-live-streaming-corominas-edu-bedia-thapa-ck-vineeth-brandon-updates-commentary/article26830391.ece |title=Super Cup final: FC Goa wins first trophy after beating Chennaiyin 2-1 |date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621013826/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/super-cup-final-2019-fc-goa-chennaiyin-fc-score-live-streaming-corominas-edu-bedia-thapa-ck-vineeth-brandon-updates-commentary/article26830391.ece |archive-date=21 June 2023 |website=Sportstar |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Super Cup Media Team |url=https://www.supercup.in/news/goa-overcome-chennaiyin-to-clinch-2019-hero-super-cup-title |title=Goa overcome Chennaiyin to clinch 2019 Hero Super Cup title |date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413195556/https://www.supercup.in/news/goa-overcome-chennaiyin-to-clinch-2019-hero-super-cup-title |archive-date=13 April 2019 |website=supercup.in}}</ref>

==Teams==
A total of 16 teams are participating in the competition proper.<ref name="goal2">{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-i-league-super-cup-2019-india-schedule-fixtures/112vckyyq9u5z1uj3edc1gjuti|title=Super Cup 2019: Qualifiers being on 15 March, final in Bhubaneshwar on 13 April}}</ref> The top six teams from both the [[I-League]] and [[Indian Super League]] qualified for the Super Cup automatically while the bottom four sides have participated in the qualifiers. Before the qualification round, seven [[I-League]] clubs — Minerva Punjab, East Bengal, Mohun Bagan, NEROCA, Gokulam Kerala and Aizawl announced they would withdraw from Super Cup, citing "unfair treatment to I-League clubs."<ref name="withdrawal">{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/916643/super-cup-minerva-punjab-miss-pre-match-conference-meeting-aiff-terms-it-blatant-disregard|title=Super Cup: Minerva Punjab miss pre-match conference, meeting; AIFF terms it 'blatant disregard’|date=14 March 2019}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:; text-align:center;"
| style="width:25%;"| '''Qualification round''' (8 teams){{#tag:ref|Teams listed based on final position in either [[2018–19 I-League|I-League]] or [[2018–19 Indian Super League|Indian Super League]].|group="note"}}
| style="width:25%;"| '''Main competition''' (12 teams){{#tag:ref|Teams listed based on final position in either [[2018–19 I-League|I-League]] or [[2018–19 Indian Super League |Indian Super League]].|group="note"}}
|- valign="top"
|
;I-League
* [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]] (withdrawn)
* [[Indian Arrows]]
* [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.|Gokulam Kerala]] (withdrawn)
* [[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]] (withdrawn)

;Indian Super League
* [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
* [[Odisha FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
* [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
* [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]

|
;I-League
* [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]
* [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] (withdrawn)
* [[Real Kashmir F.C.|Real Kashmir]]
* [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] (withdrawn)
* [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] (withdrawn)
* [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]] (withdrawn)

;Indian Super League
* [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
* [[FC Goa|Goa]]
* [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
* [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
* [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
* [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|}

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Phase
!Round
!Match dates
|-
|colspan=2|Qualification round
|15–16 March 2019
|-
|rowspan=4|Main tournament
|Round of 16
|29 March – 3 April 2019
|-
|Quarter-finals
| 4–7 April 2019
|-
|Semi-finals
| 9–10 April 2019
|-
|Final
| 13 April 2019
|}

==Bracket==
<onlyinclude>{{32TeamBracket-Info
| paramstyle = numbered
|byes=2
|3rdplace=no
|widescore=yes
|RD1 = [[2019 Indian Super Cup#Qualification round|Qualification round]]
|RD2 = [[2019 Indian Super Cup#Round of 16|Round of 16]]
|RD3 = [[2019 Indian Super Cup#Quarter-finals|Quarter-finals]]
|RD4 = [[2019 Indian Super Cup#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
|RD5 = [[2019 Indian Super Cup Final|Final]]


|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|15 March|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]|0|[[Indian Arrows]]|'''2'''
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||

|||||
|31 March|[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]|2|'''[[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]'''|'''4'''
|30 March|[[Indian Arrows]]|0|'''[[FC Goa|Goa]]'''|'''3'''
|||||
|29 March|'''[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]'''|'''2'''|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]|0
|||||
|||||
|1 April|'''[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]'''|'''3'''|[[Real Kashmir F.C.|Real Kashmir]]|1

|4 April|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]|1|'''[[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]'''|'''2'''
|6 April|'''[[FC Goa|Goa]]'''|'''4'''|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]|3
|7 April|'''[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]'''|'''2'''|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]|1
|5 April|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]|3|'''[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]'''|'''4'''

|9 April|[[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]|0|'''[[FC Goa|Goa]]'''|'''3'''
|10 April|'''[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]'''|'''2'''|[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]|0

|13 April|'''[[FC Goa|Goa]]'''|'''2'''|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]|1

|||||
}}</onlyinclude>

==Qualification round==
After the conclusion of the [[2018–19 I-League|I-League]] and [[2018–19 Indian Super League|Indian Super League]] seasons, the [[All India Football Federation]] announced the draw for the qualification round of the Super Cup. Before the qualification round, seven [[I-League]] clubs — Minerva Punjab, East Bengal, Mohun Bagan, NEROCA, Gokulam Kerala, and Aizawl — announced they would withdraw from Super Cup, citing "unfair treatment to I-League clubs."<ref name="withdrawal">{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/916643/super-cup-minerva-punjab-miss-pre-match-conference-meeting-aiff-terms-it-blatant-disregard|title=Super Cup: Minerva Punjab miss pre-match conference, meeting; AIFF terms it 'blatant disregard’|date=14 March 2019}}</ref>

{{football box
|id=
|date= 15 March 2019
|time= 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round=
|score= 0–2
|report= http://www.supercup.in/news/spirited-arrows-end-kerala-blasters-hero-super-cup-dreams
|team1= [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|goals1=
|team2= [[Indian Arrows]]
|goals2=
* [[Amarjit Singh Kiyam|Kiyam]] {{goal|39||77|pen.}}
|stadium= [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance= 250
|referee= Crystal John
}}

==Round of 16==
[[Chennai City F.C.]] had announced they would withdraw from the tournament along with other I-League clubs but eventually decided to participate.<ref name="withdrawal"/>
{{Football box
|id=
|date= 29 March 2019
|time= 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round=
|score= 2–0
|report= http://www.supercup.in/news/chennaiyin-overcome-mumbai-city-to-progress-to-the-quarter-final
|team1= [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|goals1=
* [[C.K. Vineeth|Vineeth]] {{goal|42}}
* [[Jeje Lalpekhlua|Lalpekhlua]] {{goal|43}}
|team2= [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance= 300
|referee= Ajit Meetei
}}
{{football box
|id=
|date= 30 March 2019
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round=
|score= 0–3
|report= http://www.supercup.in/news/goa-seal-quarter-final-berth-with-commanding-display-against-indian-arrows
|team1= [[Indian Arrows]]
|goals1=
|team2= [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|goals2=
* [[Ferran Corominas|Coro]] {{goal|17|pen.}}
* [[Hugo Boumous|Boumous]] {{goal|60}}
* [[Carlos Peña (Spanish footballer)|Peña]] {{goal|81}}
|stadium= [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance= 350
|referee= Rahul Kumar Gupta
}}
{{football box
|id=
|date= 31 March 2019
|time= 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round=
|score= 2–4
|report= http://www.supercup.in/news/manzi-hattrick-dismantles-pune-as-chennai-storm-into-quarter-finals
|team1= [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
|goals1=
* [[Marcelinho (footballer, born June 1987)|Marcelinho]] {{goal|42}}
* [[Marko Stanković|Stanković]] {{goal|57|pen.}}
|team2= [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]
|goals2=
* [[Pedro Manzi|Manzi]] {{goal|35||40||62|pen.}}
* [[Sandro Rodríguez|Rodríguez]] {{goal|74}}
|stadium= [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance= 350
|referee= Tejas Nagvenkar
}}
{{football box
|id=
|date= 1 April 2019
|time= 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round=
|score= 3–1
|report= http://www.supercup.in/news/atk-overcome-resilient-real-kashmir-to-book-quarter-final-spot
|team1= [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|goals1=
* [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|B. Singh]] {{goal|26}}
* [[Manuel Lanzarote|Lanzarote]] {{goal|79}}
* [[Everton Santos|Santos]] {{goal|83}}
|team2= [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|goals2=
* [[Mason Robertson|Robertson]] {{goal|31}}
|stadium= [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance= 270
|referee= [[Santosh Kumar (referee)|Santosh Kumar]]
}}

==Quarter-finals==
{{Football box
|id=
|date= 4 April 2019
|time= 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round=
|score= 1–2
|report= http://www.supercup.in/news/chennai-city-knock-out-champions-bengaluru-after-tightly-fought-contest
|team1= [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|goals1= [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|65}}
|team2= [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]
|goals2= [[Néstor Gordillo|Gordillo]] {{goal|15}} [[Pedro Manzi|Manzi]] {{goal|55}}
|stadium= [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance= 1,000
|referee= Ajit Meetei
}}
{{Football box
|id=
|date= 5 April 2019
|time= 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round=
|score= 3–4
|report= http://www.supercup.in/news/atk-edge-out-delhi-in-seven-goal-thriller-to-book-semi-final-spot
|team1= [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|goals1=
* [[Mohammad Sajid Dhot|Dhot]] {{goal|15}}
* [[Daniel Lalhlimpuia|Lalhlimpuia]] {{goal|35}}
* [[Nanda Kumar|Kumar]] {{goal|72}}
|team2= [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|goals2=
* [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|B. Singh]] {{goal|23||33||51}}
* [[Manuel Lanzarote|Lanzarote]] {{goal|28}}
|stadium= [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance= 450
|referee= Venkatesh R
}}
{{Football box
|id=
|date= 6 April 2019
|time= 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round=
|score= 4–3
|report= http://www.supercup.in/news/goa-set-semi-final-date-with-chennai-city-after-dramatic-win-over-jamshedpur
|team1= [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|goals1=
* [[Edu Bedia|Bedia]] {{goal|23}}
* [[Brandon Fernandes|B. Fernandes]] {{goal|45+2}}
* [[Seriton Fernandes|S. Fernandes]] {{goal|64}}
* [[Ferran Corominas|Coro]] {{goal|74|pen.}}
*
|team2= [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|goals2=
* [[Pablo Morgado|Morgado]] {{goal|71}}
* [[Sergio Cidoncha|Cidoncha]] {{goal|77}}
* [[Carlos Calvo (footballer, born 1985)|Calvo]] {{goal|84|pen.}}
|stadium= [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance= 200
|referee= Rahul Kumar Gupta
}}
{{Football box
|id=
|date= 7 April 2019
|time= 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round=
|score= 2–1
|report= http://www.supercup.in/news/chennaiyin-confirm-semi-final-spot-with-hard-fought-win-over-northeast
|team1= [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|goals1=
* [[Mailson Alves|Alves]] {{goal|33}}
* [[Anirudh Thapa|Thapa]] {{goal|40}}
|team2= [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|goals2=
* [[Rowllin Borges|Borges]] {{goal|9}}
|stadium= [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance= 300
|referee= [[Santosh Kumar (referee)|Santosh Kumar]]
}}

==Semi-finals==
{{Football box
| id =
| date = 9 April 2019
| time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round =
| score = 0–3
| report = http://www.supercup.in/news/ruthless-goa-deny-chennai-city-another-fairytale-finish-and-cruise-into-the-final
| team1 = [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]
| goals1 =
| team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| goals2 =
* [[Ferran Corominas|Coro]] {{goal|26|pen.|35}}
* [[Brandon Fernandes|B. Fernandes]] {{goal|70}}
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| attendance = 250
| referee = [[Santosh Kumar (referee)|Santosh Kumar]]
}}
{{Football box
|id=
|date= 10 April 2019
|time= 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round=
|score= 2–0
|report= http://www.supercup.in/news/clinical-chennaiyin-outplay-atk-to-book-final-encounter-against-goa
|team1=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|goals1 =
* [[C.K. Vineeth|Vineeth]] {{goal|51}}
* [[Anirudh Thapa|Thapa]] {{goal|58}}
|team2= [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance= 700
|referee= Rahul Kumar Gupta
}}

==Final==
{{main|2019 Indian Super Cup final}}
{{Football box
|id=
|date= 13 April 2019
|time= 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round=
|score= 2–1
|report= http://www.supercup.in/news/goa-overcome-chennaiyin-to-clinch-2019-hero-super-cup-title
|team1= [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|goals1=
* [[Ferran Corominas|Coro]] {{goal|51}}
* [[Brandon Fernandes|B. Fernandes]] {{goal|64}}
|team2= [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|goals2=
* [[Raphael Augusto|Augusto]] {{goal|54}}
|stadium= [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance= 1,500
|referee= Ajit Meetei
}}

==Top scorers==
{{updated|13 April 2019}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Rank
! Player
! Club
! Goals<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/super-cup |title=Hero Super Cup |website=the-aiff.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220000056/https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/super-cup |archive-date=20 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 1
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Coro (footballer)|Coro]]
| align="left" | [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| 5
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]]
| align="left" | [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
| rowspan="2" | 4
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pedro Manzi]]
| align="left" | [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]
|-
| 4
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Brandon Fernandes]]
| align="left" | [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| 3
|-
| rowspan="4" | 5
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Thapa]]
| align="left" | [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| rowspan="4" | 2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[C.K. Vineeth]]
| align="left" | [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Manuel Lanzarote]]
| align="left" | [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amarjit Singh Kiyam]]{{efn|Goals in qualification round}}
| align="left" | [[Indian Arrows]]
|-
| 9
| colspan="2" | ''20 players''
| 1
|}

{{notelist}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{AIFF Super Cup}}
{{2018–19 in Indian football}}
{{2019 in Asian football (AFC)}}

[[Category:2019 AIFF Super Cup| ]]
[[Category:AIFF Super Cup seasons]]
[[Category:2018–19 in Indian football]]
[[Category:2018–19 in Asian domestic association football cups|Indian Super Cup]]
[[Category:2019 in Asian domestic association football cups|India]]

Sanjay Barbora

2026-03-09T05:31:03Z

ShantaeBpy: done

{{Short description|Assamese Sociologist}}
{{likeresume|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Sanjay Barbora
| native_name = (Xonzoi)
| image =
| caption = Barbora in Dimapur 2019
| image_size =
| birth_date = 11 February 1973
| alma_mater = [[North-Eastern Hill University]], [[Delhi School of Economics]], [[Elphinstone College, Mumbai]], St. Edmund's School, Shillong
| thesis_title = Land, Class and Ethnicity: Permutations of Environmental Conflicts in Two Districts of Assam
| discipline = [[Sociology]]
| workplaces = [[University of California, Santa Cruz]][[Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Guwahati]]
| sub_discipline = [[Anthropocene]], [[social movements]]
}}

'''Sanjay (Xonzoi) Barbora''' is an associate professor at [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]. Earlier, he worked as professor at the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] Guwahati and was the dean of School of Social Sciences. He is the co-founder of [[North Eastern Social Research Centre]].

== Early life ==
On 11 February 1973, Sanjay was born in Christian Mission Hospital in [[Jorhat]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morung Express News |date=20 August 2023 |title='Our ancestors went very far from their comfort zones' |url=https://www.morungexpress.com/our-ancestors-went-very-far-from-their-comfort-zones |access-date=18 May 2025 |work=[[The Morung Express]] |pages=1}}</ref> His father, Bijoy Chandra Barbora, retired as the director of the [[Tocklai Tea Research Institute]] in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tea Research Association (TRA Tocklai) |title=The Council of Management of TRA expresses its deepest condolences on the… {{!}} Tea Research Association (TRA Tocklai) {{!}} 21 comments |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/tea-research-association-tra-_the-council-of-management-of-tra-expresses-activity-7311002305712005120-vioS/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref>

Barbora completed his BA in Sociology from [[Elphinstone College]] under [[Mumbai University]]. He then received his MA and MPhil from the Department of Sociology at [[Delhi School of Economics]]. His MPhil thesis title was ''Plantation Systems and Labour Movements in Assam, 1826-1947.'' He was awarded PhD from [[North-Eastern Hill University]] in 2007 for his thesis, ''Land, class, ethnicity: Permutation of environmental conflicts in two districts of Assam.''<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Land, class, ethnicity: Permutation of environmental conflicts in two districts of Assam|url=http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/handle/1/3235|date=2010-10-13|degree=Thesis|language=en|first=Sanjay|last=Barbora}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2000, Barbora helped start the [[North Eastern Social Research Centre|North Eastern Social Research Centre (NESRC)]] in Guwahati with [[Walter Fernandes]]. Later, he joined the Board of Trustees for NESRC. From 2005-2011, Barbora worked in various capacities with [[Panos Network|Panos South Asia]].

=== Academic ===
Barbora joined [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]]' Guwahati campus in 2012 as an associate professor. He was instrumental in designing three courses offered on campus: MA in [[Peace and conflict studies|Peace and Conflict Studies]] (discontinued since 2024), MA in Sociology and Social Anthropology, and the integrated MPhil-PhD programme. He was promoted as a professor in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Barbora: Vidwan-ID : 56735 |url=https://tiss.irins.org/profile/56735 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529160107/https://tiss.irins.org/profile/56735 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Indian Research Information Network System |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2013, Barbora has been on the editorial board of the peer-reviewed journal [[Refugee Watch]]. He joined the peer-reviewed journal [[Conservation and Society]] as an associate editor in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Editorial Board: Conservation and Society |url=https://journals.lww.com/coas/pages/editorialboard.aspx |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Conservation and Society |publisher=[[Wolters Kluwer]]}}</ref>

In September 2023 Barbora joined [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]'s Sociology department in the Social Sciences Division.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Messick |first=Sandra |date=2023-09-26 |title=UC Santa Cruz welcomes new faculty to campus |url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2023/09/welcome-new-faculty-2023/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Velazquez |first=Laney Mae |date=2024-10-07 |title=Social Sciences Division welcomes new faculty |url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2024/10/social-sciences-new-faculty-2024/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sociology Faculty |url=https://sociology.ucsc.edu/about/directory-faculty.php?uid=sbarbora |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=sociology.ucsc.edu}}</ref> In the department, he is part of two research focus: Political Economies and Ecologies, and World Building, Political Imaginaries, and Alternative Futures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sociology Department: Areas of Research |url=https://sociology.ucsc.edu/research/directory-page-research.php |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Sociology department, UCSC}}</ref> Barbora is an Honorary Research Fellow at the [[North Eastern Social Research Centre|NESRC]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Staff Page – NESRC |url=https://nesrc.org/staff-page/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=nesrc.org |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a research affiliate at The Initiative for Peacebuilding, [[University of Melbourne]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 July 2014 |title=The Initiative for Peacebuilding |url=https://arts.unimelb.edu.au/peacebuilding#people |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Faculty of Arts, University of Melbourne |language=en}}</ref> Previously, he was on the board of trustees of The Kohima Institute (now, The Highland Institute).

== Research ==
Barbora's research focuses on agrarian change, human rights, conservation, media, peace building,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Barbora |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ZNUzdXwAAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=Google Scholar}}</ref> and citizenship.

=== Agrarian change ===

* (with Erik de Maaker and [[Dolly Kikon]]) "Shifting Ground? State and market in the uplands of Northeast India" in ''The Newsletter, International Institute for Asian Studies'' (73), Spring 2016. Pp. 6-7.
* "Life After Empires: Comparing Trajectories of Workers in Plantations (Assam) and Kolkhozes (Kyrgyzstan)", in ''Refugee Watch: A South Asian Journal on Forced Migration,'' (38), (December 2011); pp. 32-46.
* "Struggles in the Tea Plantations of Assam: Then and Now", in ''Revolutionary Democracy,'' 5 (1), April 1999.
* "Violence, Agrarian Change and the Politics of Autonomy in Assam" in B. Karlsson, M. Vandenhelsken and M. Barkataki-Ruscheweyh (Eds), ''Geographies of Difference: Identity, Society and Landscapes in Northeast India,'' London: Routledge (2017). Pp. 128-149.

=== Conservation ===

* (with Dolly Kikon) "The rehabilitation zone: Living with lemons and elephants in Assam", in Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, 4 (3). Pp. 1121-1138.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kikon |first1=Dolly |last2=Barbora |first2=Sanjay |date=2021-09-01 |title=The rehabilitation zone: Living with lemons and elephants in Assam |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2514848620946973 |journal=Environment and Planning E |language=EN |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=1121–1138 |doi=10.1177/2514848620946973 |bibcode=2021EnPlE...4.1121K |issn=2514-8486|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* "Riding the Rhino: Conservation, Conflicts and Militarisation of [[Kaziranga National Park]] in Assam", in ''Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography,'' 49 (5). Pp. 1145-1163.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barbora |first=Sanjay |date=2017 |title=Riding the Rhino: Conservation, Conflicts, and Militarisation of Kaziranga National Park in Assam |journal=Antipode |language=en |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=1145–1163 |doi=10.1111/anti.12329 |bibcode=2017Antip..49.1145B |issn=1467-8330}}</ref>

=== Media ===

* "Media and Minorities in the United Kingdom" in Subir Bhaumik (Ed). ''Counter-Gaze: Media, Migrants, Minorities,'' Frontpage: London and Kolkata. Pp. 66-75. (2010).

=== Human rights and Peace building ===

* "After counter-insurgency: policing dissent in Assam" in ''Seminar,'' 640 (Assam: Unstable Peace), December 2012. Pp. 63-67.<ref>{{Cite web |title=640 Sanjay Barbora, After counter-insurgency: policing dissent in Assam |url=https://www.india-seminar.com/2012/640/640_sanjay_barbora.htm |access-date=2020-02-11 |website=www.india-seminar.com}}</ref>
* "Autonomous Councils And/Or Ethnic Homelands: An Ethnographic Account of the Genesis of Political Violence in Assam (Northeast India) Against the Normative Frame of the Indian Constitution" in ''International Journal on Minority and Group Rights'' 15 (2-3). 2008. Pp. 313-334.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barbora |first=Sanjay |date=2008 |title=Autonomous Districts and/or Ethnic Homelands: An Ethnographic Account of the Genesis of Political Violence in Assam (North-East India) Against the Normative Frame of the Indian Constitution |journal=International Journal on Minority and Group Rights |volume=15 |issue=2/3 |pages=313–334 |doi=10.1163/157181108X332640 |issn=1385-4879 |jstor=24674995}}</ref>
* "Rethinking India’s Counter-insurgency Campaign in North-East", in ''Economic and Political Weekly,'' XLI (35); pp. 3805-3812 (September 2006).

*"Labouring Conflicts in Karbi Anglong", in ''Labour File'' 2 (3). New Delhi: May–June, 2004. 21-24.
* "Ethnic politics and land use: Genesis of conflicts in India’s North-East", in ''Economic and Political Weekly,'' 37 (13), 30 March 2002. Pp. 1285-1292.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barbora |first=Sanjay |date=2002 |title=Ethnic Politics and Land Use: Genesis of Conflicts in India's North-East |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=37 |issue=13 |pages=1285–1292 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4411936}}</ref>
* "Planter Raj to Police Raj", in ''Revolutionary Democracy,'' 5(2), September 2000.
* "Autonomy in the Northeast: The Frontiers of Centralised Politics", in Ranabir Samaddar (Ed), ''The Politics of Autonomy: Indian Experiences,'' New Delhi: Sage Publications. 2005.
* "Peace Process in Assam: Some Considerations", in Imdad Hussain (Ed), ''The Guwahati Declaration and the Road to Peace in Assam,'' New Delhi: Akansha Publications. 2005.
* "Unearthing a Terrible Beauty: Violence and the Politics of Choices in Assam" in K. Kannabiran (Ed), ''Violence and its Habitations in South Asia,'' New Delhi: [[Oxford University Press]] (2016). Pp. 276-294.
* (With Saba Sharma) "Survivors of Ethnic Conflict" in [[Harsh Mander]] (Ed), ''India Exclusion Report,'' New Delhi: Yoda Press (2016).
* "Weary of Wars: Memory, Violence and Women in the Making of Contemporary Assam" in Uma Chakravarti (Ed), ''Sexual violence and impunity, Vol. 1,'' New Delhi: Zubaan Publishers (2016).
* "Seven Sisters" in Gita Dharampal-Frick, Monica Kirloskar-Steinbach, Rachel Dwyer and Jahnavi Phalkey (Eds), ''Key Concepts in Modern Indian Studies,'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press (2015).
* "Road to Resentment: Impunity and its impact on notions of community in Assam" in Patrick Hoenig and Navsharan Singh (Ed). ''Understanding Impunity in South Asia,'' New Delhi: Zubaan (2014). Pp. 110-127.
* "Autonomy in India’s Northeast: The Frontiers of Centralised Politics" in Thomas Benedikter (Ed). ''Solving Ethnic Conflicts Through Self-governance,'' Bolzano/Bolzen: Eurasia-Net. Pp. 80-85. (2009)
* "Natural Resources Contested in Autonomous Councils: Assessing the Causes of Ethnic Conflict in North-East India" in Urs Geiser and Stephan Rist (Ed). ''Decentralisation Meets Local Complexity:Local Struggles, State Decentralisation and Access to Natural Resources in South Asia and Latin America,'' Bern: National Centre of Competence in Research (North-South). Pp. 191-210. (2009)
* (With Walter Fernandes) "Development, Displacement and the Right to Life" in Samir Kumar Das (Ed). ''Blisters on their feet: Tales of Internally Displaced Persons in India's North-East,'' New Delhi: Sage Publication. Pp 314-336. (2008).

=== Citizenship ===

* “National Register of Citizens: Politics and Problems in Assam” in ''Explorations,'' 3 (2). Pp 3-28. (October 2019).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barbora |first=Sanjay |date=October 2019 |title=National Register of Citizens: Politics and Problems in Assam |url=http://app.insoso.org/ISS_journal/Repository/Article_NRC.pdf |journal=Explorations |publisher=The Indian Sociological Society |volume=3 |pages=2}}</ref>
* "The Crises of Citizenship in Assam" in ''The India Forum'', (Published online on 8 March 2019).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-14 |title=The Crisis of Citizenship in Assam |url=https://www.theindiaforum.in/article/crisis-citizenship-assam |access-date=2020-02-10 |website=The India Forum |language=en}}</ref>
* "Uneasy Homecomings: Political Entanglements in Contemporary Assam" in ''South Asia: journal of South Asian Studies,'' 38 (2), 290-309 (2015).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barbora |first=Sanjay |date=2015-04-03 |title=Uneasy Homecomings: Political Entanglements in Contemporary Assam |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=290–303 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1032473 |issn=0085-6401 |s2cid=143107823}}</ref>
* "Assam’s New Voice of Dissent", in ''Economic and Political Weekly, (July 9, 2011), 46(28).'' Pp. 19-22.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barbora |first=Sanjay |date=2011 |title=Assam's New Voice of Dissent |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=46 |issue=28 |pages=19–22 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=23017812}}</ref>
* (With Susan Thieme, Karin A. Siegmann, Vineeta Menon and Ganesh Gurung). 2008. "Migration matters in South Asia: Commonalities and critiques" in ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 43(24):57-65.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barbora |first1=Sanjay |last2=Thieme |first2=Susan |last3=Siegmann |first3=Karin Astrid |last4=Menon |first4=Vineetha |last5=Gurung |first5=Ganesh |date=2008 |title=Migration Matters in South Asia: Commonalities and Critiques |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=43 |issue=24 |pages=57–65 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=40277567}}</ref>

=== Others themes ===

* "Remaking Dibrugarh in Contemporary Assam" in ''The Newsletter'' Summer Issue (77), 2017. Pp. 40.
* "Remember Easter of 1916? When the Irish Declared a Republic" in ''Economic and Political Weekly,'' 51 (25), 16 June 2016. Pp. 25-28.

== Books ==

=== ''Homeland Insecurities: Autonomy, Conflict, and Migration in Assam'' ===
Barbora's book, ''Homeland Insecurities,'' explores [[Assam]]'s political and social issues that have shaped life in the past two decades. Based in [[Northeast India]], he engages with citizenship, autonomy, conservation, and reconciliation. These are overdetermined by militarisation of crucial spaces of debate and dialogue within civil society.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barbora |first=Sanjay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lU9gEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT12 |title=Homeland Insecurities: Autonomy, Conflict, and Migration in Assam |date=2022-03-07 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-266762-5 |language=en}}</ref>

Manta Wangsu reviews the book as "an honest scholarly intervention at a time when Assam is yet to overcome the [[National Register of Citizens for Assam|National Register of Citizens]] (NRC) and [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|Citizenship Amendment Act]] (CAA) anxieties that are set to exclude millions of people." Wangsu adds, "he brings out the complex realities and voices from the margins and also captures the intimate linkages of micro and macro processes."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wangsu |first=Manta |date=3 December 2022 |title=Homeland Insecurities: Autonomy, Conflict, and Migration in Assam by Sanjay Barbora (2022): A Review |url=https://doingsociology.org/2022/12/03/homeland-insecurities-autonomy-conflict-and-migration-in-assam-by-sanjay-barbora-2022-a-review-by-manta-wangsu/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Doing Sociology |language=en-US}}</ref> Sociologist Nazimuddin Siddique calls the book, "a significant contribution towards understanding contemporary Assam."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddique |first=Nazimuddin |date=2023-02-01 |title=Book review: Sanjay Barbora. 2022. Homeland Insecurities: Autonomy, Conflict, and Migration in Assam |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00699659231210125 |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |language=EN |volume=57 |issue=1–2 |pages=152–155 |doi=10.1177/00699659231210125 |issn=0069-9659|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Derhasat Narzary reviews, "the book provides a profound and thorough exploration, offering valuable insights into the intricate issues that have persistently affected Assam over the decades.... comprehending the multifaceted dynamics of autonomy, conflict, and migration in the region."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Narzary |first=Derhasat |date=2024 |title=Homeland Insecurities: autonomy, conflict, and migration in Assam: by Sanjay Barbora, United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2022, 251 pp., Rs. 1495 (Hardcover), ISBN 978-0-19-285532-9. |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14631369.2024.2331117 |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=759–761 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2024.2331117 |issn=1463-1369|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In another review essay, Narzary writes, "[Barbora's] interdisciplinary approach, drawing on sociology, anthropology, and political science, allows for a nuanced examination of the complexities of belonging in a region marked by ethnic, cultural, and historical diversity."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Narzary |first=Derhasat |date=2025 |title=The struggles and resilience of Northeast India: a critical examination of Three Key Texts |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592318.2025.2464579 |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |volume=36 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=817–822 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2025.2464579 |issn=0959-2318|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Documentary movies ==

* (With Kazimuddin Ahmed) 2008-9. ''Football Reconciliation'' (20 minute documentary on the reconciliation process between different Naga armed groups in Northeast India). Panos South Asia documentary. The documentary has been screened in Zurich, New Delhi, Kohima, Dimapur, Guwahati and has now been handed over to the Forum for Naga Reconciliation (FNR) for distribution and dissemination.<ref>{{Citation|title=Reconciliation Soccer| date=18 July 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SybRjfL9qO8|language=en|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>
* (With Susan Thieme). 2008. ''The other Silk Road'' (28 min documentary on labour migration in post-Soviet Central Asia, especially Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan). NCCR North-South and PANOS South Asia. (The film was screened in Kathmandu, Kohima, [[Stanford University]], Berkeley, New York, Bern, Zurich and Bishkek).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/89387343|title=the other silk road|website=Vimeo|language=en|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>

== Radio ==

* Co-hosted and produced with Preeti Mangalasekhar for KPFA, Berkeley: APEX Express show (2011).
* Interview with Mr. Kyaw Zwa Moe (Managing Editor of Irrawady News, Chiangmai, Thailand) on the fallout of Burma's elections of 7 November 2010.
* Interview with Dr. Bishnu Raj Upreti, (South Asia regional coordinator for National Centre for Competence and Research, north–south) and Ms. Anita Bhattarai-Ghimire, (research scholar, Kathmandu University) on the state of internally displaced persons in Nepal, January 2010.
* Interview with Mr. Nurul Kabir (editor, New Age, Bangladesh) on the political situation in Bangladesh, October 2008.
* Interview with Dr. Walter Fernandes (director, North Eastern Social Research Centre, Guwahati), Mr. C.R. Bijoy and Mr. Shankar Gopalakrishnan (Campaign for Survival and Dignity) on the impact and implications of Forest Dwellers’ Act, 2006 passed by the [[Government of India]], January 2008.

== Personal life ==
Barbora is married to [[Dolly Kikon]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laishram |first=Indira |date=2 March 2021 |title=Dolly Kikon's four continent life experience - |url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2021/03/02/learning-curve-meet-anthropologist-writer-filmmaker-dolly-kikon/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> director of the Center for South Asian Studies at [[University of California, Santa Cruz]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barbora, Sanjay}}
[[Category:Indian sociologists]]
[[Category:People from Jorhat district]]
[[Category:North-Eastern Hill University alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi School of Economics alumni]]
[[Category:Elphinstone College alumni]]
[[Category:Tata Institute of Social Sciences]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People associated with Shillong]]
[[Category:University of California, Santa Cruz faculty]]

National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration

2026-03-07T17:02:28Z

ShantaeBpy: cleanup citations further and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|Indian research-focused university}}
{{third-party|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration
| native_name =
| image_name = National University of Educational Planning and Administration.png
| image_size = 164
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| punch line =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{start date and age|1962}}
| closed =
| type =
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor = Mahesh Chandra Pant
| vice_chancellor = Shashikala Wanjari
| president =
| director_general =
| total_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| scientists =
| city = [[South West Delhi]]
| state =
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| campus = Urban
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname = NIEPA
| mascot =
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| budget =
| website = {{URL|http://www.niepa.ac.in|Official Web Site}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

'''National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration''' is a research focused university located in [[South West Delhi district|South West Delhi]], [[India]].<ref name="bed">{{cite news|title=Bengal to bring all BEd colleges under one roof|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Bengal-to-bring-all-BEd-colleges-under-one-roof/articleshow/41812905.cms|access-date=6 October 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 September 2014}}</ref> The institute was set up by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (now known as [[Ministry of Education]]), [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Leadership drive to ensure quality education|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/leadership-drive-to-ensure-quality-education/articleshow/41076367.cms|access-date=6 October 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=28 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nuepa.org/|title=National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration|website=niepa.ac.in|accessdate=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703072553/http://www.nuepa.org/|archive-date=3 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Reforming teacher management in the public school system|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/p32eZPAacVTYJt1fXZ1oZP/Reforming-teacher-management-in-the-public-school-system.html|accessdate=18 September 2015|agency=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

==History==
National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration was established in the year 1962 as UNESCO Asian Centre for Educational Planners, Administrators and Supervisors which later became the Asian Institute of Educational Planning and Administration in 1965, which was later converted into the National Staff College for Educational Planners and Administrators in 1973, which was again rechristened as National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration (NIEPA) in the year 1979. In 2006, NIEPA was given the status of a Deemed to be University<ref>{{cite web|title=History National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration |url=http://nuepa.org/ |accessdate=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625035449/http://nuepa.org/ |archivedate=25 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Budget 2014: Falls short of expectation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/budget-2014-falls-short-of-expectation/articleshow/38348864.cms|access-date=6 October 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 July 2014}}</ref>

==Departments==
National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration has eight different academic departments and two centres for the better governance and management.<ref>{{cite web|title=National University of Educational Planning and Administration Departments|url=http://www.niepa.ac.in|website=niepa.ac.in|accessdate=28 March 2020}}</ref> These are-
* Department of Educational Planning – It is one of the fundamental divisions of NIEPA. The main function of the department is the integration of inputs, processes and products of planning at all levels. With the increasing emphasis on education as a means of reducing poverty and promoting sustainable development, the department considers the expanded scope of educational planning not only to cover the institutionalization of strategic planning at the macro level but also promoting decentralization and use of local level planning techniques such as school mapping, micro planning and school improvement planning for improving quality of investment in education.<ref>{{cite web|title=department of educational planning|url=http://www.nuepa.org/Download/DepartmentFolders/EduPlanning.pdf|website=nuepa.org|accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref>
* Department of Educational Finance – The function of this department is conduct and promote research on economic and financial aspects of education at all levels. The department focuses its activities like research, teaching and training, around issues relating to public and private financing of education.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Educational Finance|url=http://www.nuepa.org/Download/DepartmentFolders/EduFinance.PDF|website=nuepa.org|accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref>
* Department School and Non-Formal Education – This department focuses on critical issues of school education, non-formal and adult literacy. Research studies is conducted in various areas to develop and improve school education in India. Besides conducting research and developmental programmes, the department extends support to the state and central government in formulating and implementing plans and policies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of school and non formal education|url=http://www.nuepa.org/Download/DepartmentFolders/SchNFE.PDF|website=nuepa.org|accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref>
* Department of [[Educational management|Educational Management]] Information System – To strengthen the database and management system on education in India, the department undertakes research, capacity building activities and provides technical advice. The department has also taken the responsibility for strengthening the management information system of secondary education. It has developed an information system, called DISE, to collect and compile detailed information on all schools in the country. District Information System for Education (DISE) is covering unrecognised schools and recognised and unrecognised madrasas since 2010–11. [7] The department also conducts conferences, seminars, workshops and research with regard to [[educational management]] information system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Educational Management Information System|url=http://www.niepa.ac.in/Download/DepartmentFolders/EMIS.pdf|website=nuepa.org|accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref>
* Department of Educational Administration – This department focuses on training and research on [[educational management]] and also planning and management of resources in education.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Educational Administration|url=http://www.niepa.ac.in/eduadmin.html|website=nuepa.org|accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref>
* Department of Educational Policy – The main activity of the department is training, research and dissemination. The department stimulates discussion on policy issues. It also conducts short term courses.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Educational Policy|url=http://www.nuepa.org/Download/DepartmentFolders/EduPolicy.pdf|website=nuepa.org|accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref>
* Department of Higher and Professional Education – This department has constantly provided research support and policy advice to the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. It has provided academic support to regional conferences of [[UNESCO]] leading up to the world conference on Higher education and Planning Commission.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Higher and Professional Education|url=http://www.niepa.ac.in/Download/DepartmentFolders/HigherEdu.pdf|website=nuepa.org|accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref>
* Department of Training and Capacity Building in Education – Its mission is to expand the scope and coverage of training programmes and capacity-building initiatives of NIEPA. The aim is to create more stable and dedicated institutional arrangement for trained teams to help improve the design, implement, monitor and evaluate educational policies, plans and programmes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Training and Capacity building in education|url=http://www.niepa.ac.in/Download/DepartmentFolders/TrngCapBld.pdf|website=niepa.ac.in|accessdate=25 September 2015|archive-date=8 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308170616/http://www.niepa.ac.in/Download/DepartmentFolders/TrngCapBld.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Centre for Policy Research in Higher Education
* National Centre for School Leadership

==Programmes==
* MASTER OF ARTS IN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT (M.A.E.D.)
* [[Master of Philosophy]] (M.Phil.)
* [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (PhD)
*

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|28.538836|77.191779|type:edu_region:IN-DL|display=title}}

===Additional References===

Jandhyala BG Tilak: International Organizations on Education: National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration, New Delhi, in ''The International Encyclopedia of Education'' 3rd Edition, Vol. 4, pp. 676–681 (Eds: Barry McGaw, Penelope L Peterson, Eva Baker). Oxford: Elsevier, 2010 http://www.spibooktrack.com/eoffprint/FrmProcess.aspx?ID=58560

Kavita Sharma: ''National University of Educational Planning and Administration: A Transformational Journey'' NUEPA, New Delhi, 2015.

==External links==
*{{URL|http://www.niepa.ac.in/|University's Official website}}

{{Universities in Delhi |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1962 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Deemed universities in India]]
[[Category:Universities in Delhi]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1962]]
[[Category:Colleges of education in India]]

Human population planning

2026-03-02T06:01:22Z

ShantaeBpy: minor refine page as per guidelines and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|Practice of controlling rate of growth}}
{{redirect|Population planning|the practice among non-humans|Population control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
[[File:Total Fertility Rate Map by Country.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Map of countries by [[List of sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate|total fertility rate]] (2022–2023), referring to the average number of children that are born to a woman over her lifetime, according to the [[Population Reference Bureau]].<ref>{{cite web |editor1-last=Kaneda |editor1-first=Toshiko |editor2-last=Greenbaum |editor2-first=Charlotte |editor3-last=Haub |editor3-first=Carl |date=October 2022 |title=2022 World Population Data Sheet |url=https://2022-wpds.prb.org/ |url-status=live |website=2022-wpds.prb.org |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[Population Reference Bureau]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007213329/https://2022-wpds.prb.org/ |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=23 November 2025}}</ref>]]

'''Human population planning''' is the practice of managing the [[Human population growth|growth rate of a human population]]. The practice, traditionally referred to as [[population control]], had historically been implemented mainly with the goal of increasing population growth, though from the 1950s to the 1980s, concerns about [[human overpopulation|overpopulation]] and its effects on [[poverty]], [[Human impact on the environment|the environment]] and [[political stability]] led to efforts to reduce [[population growth]] rates in many countries. More recently, however, several countries such as [[China]], [[Japan]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Fears grow that Japan's birth rate and aging crisis could be worsened by pandemic |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/08/18/national/social-issues/birth-rate-aging-crisis-coronavirus/ |website=The Japan Times |date=18 August 2020 |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804163540/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/08/18/national/social-issues/birth-rate-aging-crisis-coronavirus/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Japan to fund AI matchmaking to boost birth rate |work=BBC News |date=8 December 2020 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55226098 |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref> [[South Korea]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=David D. |title=Can South Korea lift the world's lowest birth rate by offering cash incentives? |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3115396/can-south-korea-lift-worlds-lowest-birth-rate-offering |website=South China Morning Post |date=27 December 2020 |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref> [[Russia]],<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news |title=How do countries fight falling birth rates? |work=BBC News |date=15 January 2020 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51118616 |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref> [[Iran]], [[Italy]],<ref name="BBC News"/> [[Spain]], [[Finland]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Business lobby calls for govt action to boost Finland's birth rate |url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/business_lobby_calls_for_govt_action_to_boost_finlands_birth_rate/11165325 |website=Yle.fi |date=19 January 2020 |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref> [[Hungary]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Hungary tries for baby boom with tax breaks and loan forgiveness |work=BBC News |date=11 February 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47192612 |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref> and [[Estonia]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rooney |first1=Katharine |title=This is how Estonia is growing its population |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/11/family-subsidy-birth-rate-estonia-finland-france/ |website=World Economic Forum |date=12 November 2019 |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Männi |first1=Marian |title=Feature: Estonians starting to have more kids — because they can |url=https://news.err.ee/1111731/feature-estonians-starting-to-have-more-kids-because-they-can |website=ERR Online |date=11 July 2020 |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref> have begun efforts to boost birth rates once again, generally as a response to looming demographic crises.

While population planning can involve measures that improve people's lives by giving them greater control of their [[Human reproduction|reproduction]], a few programs, such as the Chinese government's "[[one-child policy]] and [[two-child policy]]", have employed coercive measures.

==Types==
{{Eugenics sidebar}}
Three types of population planning policies pursued by governments can be identified:

# Increasing or decreasing the overall population growth rate.
# Increasing or decreasing the relative population growth of a subgroup of people, such as those of high or low intelligence or those with special abilities or disabilities. Policies that aim to boost relative growth rates are known as [[positive eugenics]]; those that aim to reduce relative growth rates are known as [[negative eugenics]].
# Attempts to ensure that all population groups of a certain type (e.g. all social classes within a society) have the same average rate of population growth.

==History==

===Ancient times through Middle Ages===
A number of ancient writers have reflected on the issue of population. At about 300 BC, the Indian [[political philosopher]] [[Chanakya]] (c. 350-283 BC) considered population a source of political, economic, and military strength. Though a given region can house too many or too few people, he considered the latter possibility to be the greater evil. Chanakya favored the remarriage of [[widows]] (which at the time was forbidden in India), opposed taxes encouraging emigration, and believed in restricting [[asceticism]] to the aged.<ref name="Neurath 1994 7">{{cite book |title=From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back |last= Neurath |first=Paul |year=1994 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-407-0 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&q=%22population+control%22}}</ref>

In [[ancient Greece]], [[Plato]] (427-347 BC) and [[Aristotle]] (384-322 BC) discussed the best population size for Greek [[city-state]]s such as [[Sparta]], and concluded that cities should be small enough for efficient administration and direct citizen participation in public affairs, but at the same time needed to be large enough to defend themselves against hostile neighbors. In order to maintain a desired population size, the philosophers advised that [[procreation]], and if necessary, immigration, should be encouraged if the population size was too small. Emigration to colonies would be encouraged should the population become too large.<ref name=" Neurath 1994 6"/> Aristotle concluded that a large increase in population would bring, "certain poverty on the citizenry and poverty is the cause of sedition and evil." To halt rapid population increase, Aristotle advocated the use of [[abortion]] and the exposure of newborns (that is, [[infanticide]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back |last= Neurath |first=Paul |year=1994 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-407-0 |pages=6–7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&q=%22population+control%22}}</ref>

[[Confucius]] (551-478 BC) and other Chinese writers cautioned that, "excessive growth may reduce output per worker, repress levels of living for the masses and engender strife." Some Chinese writers may also have observed that "mortality increases when food supply is insufficient; that premature marriage makes for high infantile mortality rates, that war checks population growth."<ref name="Neurath 1994 6">{{cite book |title=From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back |last= Neurath |first=Paul |year=1994 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-407-0 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&q=%22population+control%22}}</ref> It is particularly noteworthy that Han Fei (281-233 BC), long before Malthus, had already noted the conflict between a population growing at the exponential rate and a food supply growing at the arithmetic rate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwermann |first1=Christian |last2=Sabattini |first2=Elisa Levi |title=Between Command and Market.Economic Thought and Practice in Early China|date=2022 |publisher=Brill |location=London |isbn=978-90-04-44863-6 |page=24}}</ref> Not only did he conclude that overpopulation was the root cause of the intensification of political and social conflict, but he also reduced traditional morality to an evolutionary product of material surplus rather than having any objective value. Nevertheless, during the Han Dynasty, the emperors enacted a large number of laws to encourage early marriage and childbirth.

[[Ancient Rome]], especially in the time of [[Augustus]] (63 BC-AD 14), needed manpower to acquire and administer the vast [[Roman Empire]]. A series of laws were instituted to encourage early marriage and frequent childbirth. Lex Julia (18 BC) and the Lex Papia Poppaea (AD 9) are two well-known examples of such laws, which among others, provided tax breaks and preferential treatment when applying for public office for those who complied with the laws. Severe limitations were imposed on those who did not. For example, the surviving spouse of a childless couple could only inherit one-tenth of the deceased fortune, while the rest was taken by the state. These laws encountered resistance from the population which led to the disregard of their provisions and to their eventual abolition.<ref name="Neurath 1994 7"/>

[[Tertullian]], an early Christian author (ca. AD 160-220), was one of the first to describe famine and war as factors that can prevent overpopulation.<ref name=" Neurath 1994 7"/> He wrote: "The strongest witness is the vast population of the earth to which we are a burden and she scarcely can provide for our needs; as our demands grow greater, our complaints against Nature's inadequacy are heard by all. The scourges of pestilence, famine, wars, and [[earthquake]]s have come to be regarded as a blessing to overcrowded nations since they serve to prune away the luxuriant growth of the human race."<ref name="Neurath94-page8"/>

[[Ibn Khaldun]], a North African [[polymath]] (1332–1406), considered population changes to be connected to economic development, linking high birth rates and low death rates to times of economic upswing, and low birth rates and high death rates to economic downswing. Khaldoun concluded that high [[population density]] rather than high absolute population numbers were desirable to achieve more efficient division of labour and cheap administration.<ref name=Neurath94-page8 >{{cite book |title=From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back |last= Neurath |first=Paul |year=1994 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-407-0 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&q=%22population+control%22}}</ref>

During the [[Middle Ages]] in Christian Europe, population issues were rarely discussed in isolation. Attitudes were generally pro-[[natalist]] in line with the [[Biblical]] command, "Be ye fruitful and multiply."<ref name=Neurath94-page8 />

When Russian explorer [[Otto von Kotzebue]] visited the [[Marshall Islands]] in Micronesia in 1817, he noted that Marshallese families practiced [[infanticide]] after the birth of a third child as a form of population planning due to frequent [[famine]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hezel |first=Francis X. |date=1983 |title=The First Taint of Civilization: A History of the Caroline and Marshall Islands in Pre-colonial Days, 1521–1885 |series=Pacific Islands Monograph Series |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |pages=92–94 |isbn=978-0-8248-1643-8}}</ref>

===16th and 17th centuries===
European cities grew more rapidly than before, and throughout the 16th century and early 17th century discussions on the advantages and disadvantages of population growth were frequent.<ref name="Neurath 1994 10">{{cite book |title=From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back |last= Neurath |first=Paul |year=1994 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-407-0 |page=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&q=%22population+control%22}}</ref> [[Niccolò Machiavelli]], an Italian [[Renaissance]] [[political philosopher]], wrote, "When every province of the world so teems with inhabitants that they can neither subsist where they are nor remove themselves elsewhere... the world will purge itself in one or another of these three ways," listing [[floods]], [[Yersinia pestis|plague]] and [[famine]].<ref name="Neurath 1994 9">{{cite book |title=From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back |last= Neurath |first=Paul |year=1994 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-407-0 |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&q=%22population+control%22}}</ref> [[Martin Luther]] concluded, "God makes children. He is also going to feed them."<ref name="Neurath 1994 9"/>

[[Jean Bodin]], a French [[jurist]] and [[political philosophy|political philosopher]] (1530–1596), argued that larger populations meant more production and more exports, increasing the wealth of a country.<ref name="Neurath 1994 9"/> [[Giovanni Botero]], an Italian priest and diplomat (1540–1617), emphasized that, "the greatness of a city rests on the multitude of its inhabitants and their power," but pointed out that a population cannot increase beyond its food supply. If this limit was approached, late marriage, emigration, and the war would serve to restore the balance.<ref name="Neurath 1994 9"/>

[[Richard Hakluyt]], an English writer (1527–1616), observed that, "Through our longe peace and seldom sickness... we are grown more populous than ever heretofore;... many thousands of idle persons are within this realme, which, having no way to be sett on work, be either mutinous and seek alteration in the state, or at least very burdensome to the commonwealth." Hakluyt believed that this led to crime and full jails and in ''A Discourse on Western Planting'' (1584), Hakluyt advocated for the emigration of the surplus population.<ref name=" Neurath 1994 10"/> With the onset of the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618–48), characterized by widespread devastation and deaths brought on by hunger and disease in Europe, concerns about depopulation returned.<ref>{{cite book |title=From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back |last= Neurath |first=Paul |year=1994 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-407-0 |pages=10–11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&q=%22population+control%22}}</ref>

==Population planning movement==
In the 20th century, population planning proponents have drawn from the insights of [[Thomas Malthus]], a British clergyman and economist who published ''[[An Essay on the Principle of Population]]'' in 1798. Malthus argued that, "Population, when unchecked, increases in a [[geometric progression|geometrical]] ratio. [[Subsistence]] only increases in an [[arithmetic progression|arithmetical]] ratio." He also outlined the idea of "positive checks" and "preventative checks." "Positive checks", such as [[disease]]s, [[war]]s, [[disaster]]s, [[famine]]s, and [[genocide]]s are factors which Malthus believed could increase the death rate.<ref name="geography.about.com">{{cite web|author=Rosenberg, M.|date=9 September 2007|title=Thomas Malthus on Population|url=http://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/malthus.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624052900/http://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/malthus.htm |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref>
"Preventative checks" were factors which Malthus believed could affect the birth rate such as moral restraint, abstinence and [[birth control]].<ref name="geography.about.com"/> He predicted that "positive checks" on [[exponential growth|exponential population growth]] would ultimately save humanity from itself and he also believed that human misery was an "absolute necessary consequence".<ref name="Knudsen 2006 2–3">{{cite book |title=Reproductive Rights in a Global Context |last= Knudsen |first=Lara |year=2006 |publisher= Vanderbilt University Press |isbn=978-0-8265-1528-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/reproductiverigh0000knud/page/2 2]–3 |url=https://archive.org/details/reproductiverigh0000knud |url-access=registration |quote=reproductive rights. }}</ref>
[[File:World population growth rate 1950–2050.svg|300px|thumb|[[Population growth#Population growth rate|World population growth rate 1950–2050]]]] Malthus went on to explain why he believed that this misery affected the poor in a disproportionate manner.

{{Blockquote|There is a constant effort towards an increase in population which tends to subject the lower classes of society to distress and to prevent any great permanent amelioration of their condition…. The way in which these effects are produced seems to be this. We will suppose the means of subsistence in any country just equal to the easy support of its inhabitants. The constant effort towards population... increases the number of people before the means of subsistence are increased. The food, therefore which before supplied seven million must now be divided among seven million and a half or eight million. The poor consequently must live much worse, and many of them are reduced to severe distress.<ref>Bleier, R. The Home Page of the International Society of Malthus. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from The International Society of Malthus Web site: {{cite web |url=http://desip.igc.org/malthus/principles.html |title=Malthus Society Rationale and Core Principles |access-date=2009-06-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618035115/http://desip.igc.org/malthus/principles.html |archive-date=2009-06-18 }}</ref>}}

Finally, Malthus advocated for the education of the lower class about the use of "moral restraint" or voluntary abstinence, which he believed would slow the growth rate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/profiles/malthus.htm|title=Thomas Robert Malthus, 1766-1834|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801082256/http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/profiles/malthus.htm |archive-date=1 August 2009 |website=The History of Economic Thought Website}}</ref>

[[Paul R. Ehrlich]], a US biologist and environmentalist, published ''[[The Population Bomb]]'' in 1968, advocating stringent population planning policies.<ref>{{cite book |title=Reproductive Rights in a Global Context |last= Knudsen |first=Lara |year=2006 |publisher= Vanderbilt University Press |isbn=978-0-8265-1528-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/reproductiverigh0000knud/page/3 3] |url=https://archive.org/details/reproductiverigh0000knud|url-access=registration |quote=reproductive rights. }}</ref> His central argument on population is as follows:

{{Blockquote|A cancer is an uncontrolled multiplication of cells; the population explosion is an uncontrolled multiplication of people. Treating only the symptoms of cancer may make the victim more comfortable at first, but eventually, he dies - often horribly. A similar fate awaits a world with a population explosion if only the symptoms are treated. We must shift our efforts from the treatment of the symptoms to the cutting out of cancer. The operation will demand many apparently brutal and heartless decisions. The pain may be intense. But the disease is so far advanced that only with radical surgery does the patient have a chance to survive.|<ref name="Knudsen 2006 3">{{cite book |title=Reproductive Rights in a Global Context |last= Knudsen |first=Lara |year=2006 |publisher= Vanderbilt University Press |isbn=978-0-8265-1528-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/reproductiverigh0000knud/page/3 3] |url=https://archive.org/details/reproductiverigh0000knud |url-access=registration |quote=reproductive rights. }}</ref>}}

[[File:World population history.svg|thumb|280px|World population 1950–2010]]
[[File:Human population growth from 1800 to 2000.png|thumbnail|right|World population 1800-2000]]

In his concluding chapter, Ehrlich offered a partial solution to the "population problem",
"[We need] compulsory birth regulation... [through] the addition of temporary sterilants to water supplies or staple food. Doses of the antidote would be carefully rationed by the government to produce the desired family size".<ref name="Knudsen 2006 3"/>

Ehrlich's views came to be accepted by many population planning advocates in the United States and Europe in the 1960s and 1970s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Reproductive Rights in a Global Context |last= Knudsen |first=Lara |year=2006 |publisher= Vanderbilt University Press |isbn=978-0-8265-1528-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/reproductiverigh0000knud/page/3 3]–4 |url=https://archive.org/details/reproductiverigh0000knud |url-access=registration |quote=reproductive rights. }}</ref> Since Ehrlich introduced his idea of the "population bomb", overpopulation has been blamed for a variety of issues, including increasing poverty, high unemployment rates, [[environmental degradation]], famine and genocide.<ref name="Knudsen 2006 2–3"/> In a 2004 interview, Ehrlich reviewed the predictions in his book and found that while the specific dates within his predictions may have been wrong, his predictions about climate change and disease were valid. Ehrlich continued to advocate for population planning and co-authored the book ''The Population Explosion'', released in 1990 with his wife Anne Ehrlich.

However, it is controversial as to whether human population stabilization will avert environmental risks. A 2014 study published in the ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]'' found that given the "inexorable demographic momentum of the global human population", even mass mortality events and draconian one-child policies implemented on a global scale would still likely result in a population of 5 to 10 billion by 2100. Therefore, while reduced fertility rates are positive for society and the environment, the short term focus should be on mitigating the [[human impact on the environment]] through technological and social innovations, along with reducing [[overconsumption]], with population planning being a long-term goal.<ref>{{cite news |first=Matt |last=McGrath |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29788754 |title=Population controls 'will not solve environment issues' |publisher=BBC |date=27 October 2014 |access-date=8 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504092235/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29788754 |archive-date=4 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Human population reduction is not a quick fix for environmental problems |last1=Bradshaw |first1=Corey J. A. |last2=Brook |first2=Barry W. |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=111 |issue=46 |pages=16610–16615 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1410465111 |pmid=25349398 |year=2014 |pmc=4246304 |bibcode=2014PNAS..11116610B |doi-access=free }}</ref> A letter in response, published in the same journal, argued that a reduction in population by 1 billion people in 2100 could help reduce the risk of catastrophic climate disruption.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Dean |last=Spears |title=Smaller human population in 2100 could importantly reduce the risk of climate catastrophe |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=112 |issue=18 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1501763112 |pages=E2270 |pmid=25848063 |pmc=4426416 |bibcode=2015PNAS..112E2270S |year=2015 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A 2021 article published in ''Sustainability Science'' said that sensible population policies could advance social justice (such as by abolishing child marriage, expanding family planning services and reforms that improve education for women and girls) and avoid the abusive and coercive population control schemes of the past while at the same time mitigating the human impact on the climate, biodiversity and ecosystems by slowing fertility rates.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=C. |last2=Ripple |first2=W.J. |last3=Crist |first3=E. |date=2021 |title=Human population, social justice, and climate policy |journal=Sustainability Science |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=1753–1756 |url=https://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/sw/files/Wolf2021.pdf |doi=10.1007/s11625-021-00951-w |bibcode=2021SuSc...16.1753W |s2cid=233404010 |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026131650/https://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/sw/files/Wolf2021.pdf }}</ref>
[[File:Human population since 1800.png|alt=|thumb|World population since 1800 in billions. Data from the [https://population.un.org/wpp/ United Nations projections in 2019].]]
Paige Whaley Eager argues that the shift in perception that occurred in the 1960s must be understood in the context of the demographic changes that took place at the time.<ref name=WhaleyEager>{{cite book |title=Global Population Policy |last= Whaley Eager |first=Paige |year=2004 |publisher= Ashgate Publishing|isbn=978-0-7546-4162-9 |page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2WBj4BDLqYC&q=reproductive+rights }}</ref> It was only in the first decade of the 19th century that the world's population reached one billion. The second billion was added in the 1930s, and the next billion in the 1960s. 90 percent of this net increase occurred in developing countries.<ref name=WhaleyEager/> Eager also argues that, at the time, the [[United States]] recognised that these demographic changes could significantly affect global geopolitics. Large increases occurred in [[China]], [[Mexico]] and [[Nigeria]], and demographers warned of a "population explosion", particularly in developing countries from the mid-1950s onwards.<ref>{{cite book |title=Global Population Policy |last= Whaley Eager |first=Paige |year=2004 |publisher= Ashgate Publishing|isbn=978-0-7546-4162-9 |page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2WBj4BDLqYC&q=reproductive+rights }}</ref>

In the 1980s, tension grew between population planning advocates and women's health activists who advanced women's [[reproductive rights]] as part of a [[human rights]]-based approach.<ref>{{cite book |title=Reproductive Rights in a Global Context |last= Knudsen |first=Lara |year=2006 |publisher= Vanderbilt University Press |isbn=978-0-8265-1528-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/reproductiverigh0000knud/page/2 2] |url=https://archive.org/details/reproductiverigh0000knud |url-access=registration |quote=reproductive rights. }}</ref> Growing opposition to the narrow population planning focus led to a significant change in population planning policies in the early 1990s.{{further explanation needed|date=January 2013}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Reproductive Rights in a Global Context |last= Knudsen |first=Lara |year=2006 |publisher= Vanderbilt University Press |isbn=978-0-8265-1528-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/reproductiverigh0000knud/page/4 4]–5 |url=https://archive.org/details/reproductiverigh0000knud |url-access=registration |quote=reproductive rights. }}</ref>

==Population planning and economics==
Opinions vary among economists about the effects of population change on a nation's economic health. US scientific research in 2009 concluded that the raising of a child cost about $16,000 yearly ($291,570 total for raising the child to its 18th birthday).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE57367220090804 | work=Reuters | first=Charles | last=Abbott | title=Pricetag to raise a child -- $291,570, says U.S | date=4 August 2009 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824010713/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE57367220090804 | archive-date=24 August 2010 }}</ref> In the US, the multiplication of this number with the yearly population growth will yield the overall cost of the population growth. Costs for other developed countries are usually of a similar order of magnitude.

Some economists, such as [[Thomas Sowell]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell021298.html%22|title=Thomas Sowell Julian Simon, combatant in a 200-year war|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090708044535/http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell021298.html%22 |archive-date=8 July 2009|author=Thomas Sowell|date=12 February 1998}}</ref> and [[Walter E. Williams]],<ref>{{cite web|archive-date=15 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515032842/http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/williams022499.asp|author=Walter Williams|date=24 February 1999|title=Population control nonsense|url=http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/williams022499.asp}}</ref> have argued that poverty and famine are caused by bad government and bad economic policies, not by overpopulation.

In his book ''[[The Ultimate Resource]]'', economist [[Julian Simon]] argued that higher population density leads to more specialization and [[technological innovation]], which in turn leads to a higher standard of living. He claimed that human beings are the ultimate resource since we possess "productive and inventive minds that help find creative solutions to man's problems, thus leaving us better off over the long run".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Moore, S.|date=March–April 1998|title=Julian Simon Remembered: it's a Wonderful Life|url=http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/cpr-20n2-1.html |website=CATO Institute Web site|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626035831/http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/cpr-20n2-1.html |archive-date=26 June 2009 }}</ref>

Simon also claimed that when considering a list of [[List of countries by population density|countries ranked in order by population density]], there is no correlation between population density and poverty and starvation.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} Instead, if a list of countries is considered according to corruption within their respective governments, there is a significant correlation between government corruption, poverty and famine.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

==Views on population planning==

===Birth rate reductions===
====Support====

As early as 1798, [[Thomas Malthus]] argued in his ''[[Essay on the Principle of Population]]'' for implementation of population planning. Around the year 1900, Sir [[Francis Galton]] said in his publication ''Hereditary Improvement'': "The unfit could become enemies to the State if they continue to propagate." In 1968, Paul Ehrlich noted in ''[[The Population Bomb]]'', "We must cut the cancer of population growth", and "if this was not done, there would be only one other solution, namely the 'death rate solution' in which we raise the death rate through war-famine-pestilence, etc."

In the same year, another prominent modern advocate for mandatory population planning was [[Garrett Hardin]], who proposed in his landmark 1968 essay ''[[Tragedy of the commons]]'', society must relinquish the "freedom to breed" through "mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon." Later on, in 1972, he reaffirmed his support in his new essay "[[Exploring New Ethics for Survival]]", by stating, "We are breeding ourselves into oblivion." Many prominent personalities, such as [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Margaret Sanger]] (1939), [[John D. Rockefeller]], [[Frederick Osborn]] (1952), [[Isaac Asimov]], [[Arne Næss]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodrick-Clarke |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |title=Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth and Neo-Nazism |title-link=Hitler's Priestess |year=1998 |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8147-3111-6 |language=en |pages=227–228}}</ref> and [[Jacques Cousteau]] have also advocated for population planning.
Today, a number of influential people advocate population planning such as these:

* [[David Attenborough]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article855953.ece | location=London | work=The Times | first=Jonathan | last=Leake | title=Attenborough cut population by half | date=3 August 2003 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508161558/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article855953.ece | archive-date=8 May 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Christian de Duve]], Nobel laureate<ref>{{cite web|author=Lloyd, Robin |date=30 June 2011|url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/06/30/laureate-urges-next-generation-to-address-population-control-as-central-issue/ |title=Laureate urges next generation to address population control as central issue|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120410093447/http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/06/30/laureate-urges-next-generation-to-address-population-control-as-central-issue/ |archive-date=10 April 2012 | website=Scientific American}}</ref>
* [[Sara Parkin]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kingston.ac.uk/environment/conf_parkin.ppt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527203213/http://www.kingston.ac.uk/environment/conf_parkin.ppt|title=Local to Global: Kingston University|archive-date=27 May 2008}}</ref>
* [[Jonathon Porritt]], UK sustainable development commissioner<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/sep/01/environment.farrightpolitics | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Walter | last=Schwarz | title=Crowd control | date=1 September 2004 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116102021/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/sep/01/environment.farrightpolitics | archive-date=16 November 2016 }}</ref>
* [[William J. Ripple]], lead author of the 2017 [[World Scientists' Warning to Humanity|World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crist|first1=Eileen|last2=Ripple|first2=William J.|last3= Ehrlich|first3=Paul R.|author-link3=Paul R. Ehrlich|last4=Rees|first4=William E. |last5=Wolf|first5=Christopher |date=2022 |title=Scientists' warning on population|url=https://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/Crist2022.pdf|journal=[[Science of the Total Environment]]|volume=845 |article-number=157166 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157166|pmid= 35803428|s2cid=250387801 }}</ref>
* [[Crispin Tickell]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13318134.700-the-green-diplomat-sir-crispin-tickell-has-had-adistinguished-diplomatic-career-he-has-also-helped-to-put-climate-changeatthe-top-of-the-worlds-political-agenda-.html|title=Last Word Archive - New Scientist|website=newscientist.com|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019120449/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13318134.700-the-green-diplomat-sir-crispin-tickell-has-had-adistinguished-diplomatic-career-he-has-also-helped-to-put-climate-changeatthe-top-of-the-worlds-political-agenda-.html|archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref>

The head of the UN Millennium Project [[Jeffrey Sachs]] is also a strong proponent of decreasing the effects of overpopulation. In 2007, Jeffrey Sachs gave a number of lectures (2007 [[Reith Lectures]]) about population planning and overpopulation. In his lectures, called "[[Bursting at the seams (Reith lectures)|Bursting at the Seams]]", he featured an integrated approach that would deal with a number of problems associated with overpopulation and [[poverty reduction]]. For example, when criticized for advocating mosquito nets he argued that child survival was, "by far one of the most powerful ways", to achieve fertility reduction, as this would assure poor families that the smaller number of children they had would survive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith2007/lecture1.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412162642/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith2007/lecture1.shtml |archive-date=12 April 2009 |title=Bursting at the Seams}}</ref>

====Opposition====
Critics of human population planning point out that attempts to curb human population growth have resulted in violations of [[human rights]] such as [[forced sterilization]], particularly in [[China]] and [[India]].<ref>{{cite report |last1=Follet |first1=Chelsea |title=Neo-Malthusianism and Coercive Population Control in China and India: Overpopulation Concerns Often Result in Coercion |date=2020 |publisher=Cato Institute |jstor=resrep26887}}</ref> In the latter half of the twentieth century, India's population reduction program received substantial funds and powerful incentives from Western countries and international population planning organizations to reduce India's growing population. This culminated in "the Emergency," a period in the mid-1970's where millions of people were forcibly sterilized. Violent resistance to forced sterilization led to [[police brutality]] and some instances of [[mass shooting]]s of civilians by police.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gupte |first1=Prajakta R. |title=India: "The Emergency" and the Politics of Mass Sterilization |journal=Education About Asia |date=2017 |volume=22 |issue=3 |url=https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/india-the-emergency-and-the-politics-of-mass-sterilization/}}</ref> Critics also argue that supposedly voluntary population planning is often coerced.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nandagiri |first1=Rishita |title=What's so troubling about 'voluntary' family planning anyway? A feminist perspective |journal=Population Studies |date=2021 |volume=75 |issue=sup1 |pages=221–234 |doi=10.1080/00324728.2021.1996623 |pmid=34902284 |s2cid=245125394 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some also believe that the environmental problems caused by supposed overpopulation are better explained by other factors, and that the goal of human population reduction does not justify the threat to human rights posed by population planning policies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shrivastava |first1=Aseem |title=Overpopulation: The Great Red Herring? |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1992 |volume=27 |issue=38}}</ref>

Other causes for opposition emerge from the feasibility of substantially impacting human population. According to some researchers, even rapid global adoption of a one-child policy would result in a world population exceeding 8 billion in 2050, and in a scenario involving catastrophic mass death of 2 billion people, world population would exceed 8 billion by 2100.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bradshaw |first1=Corey J.A. |last2=Brook |first2=Barry W. |title=Human population reduction is not a quick fix for environmental problems |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=2014 |volume=111 |issue=46|pages=16610–16615 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1410465111 |pmid=25349398 |pmc=4246304 |bibcode=2014PNAS..11116610B |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The Catholic Church [[Catholic Church and abortion|has opposed abortion, sterilization, and artificial contraception]] as a general practice but especially in regard to population planning policies.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Saunders|first1=William|title=Church Has Always Condemned Abortion|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/55397/the-catholic-church-and-abortion|website=Catholic News Agency|publisher=Arlington Catholic Herald|access-date=20 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321081341/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resources/abortion/catholic-teaching/the-catholic-church-and-abortion/|archive-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> [[Pope Benedict XVI]] has stated, "The extermination of millions of unborn children, in the name of the fight against poverty, actually constitutes the destruction of the poorest of all human beings."<ref name="Vatican.va">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/messages/peace/documents/hf_ben-xvi_mes_20081208_xlii-world-day-peace_en.html|title=42nd World Day of Peace 2009, Fighting Poverty to Build Peace - BENEDICT XVI|website=www.vatican.va|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011230252/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/messages/peace/documents/hf_ben-xvi_mes_20081208_xlii-world-day-peace_en.html|archive-date=11 October 2011}}</ref> The reformed Theology pastor Dr. [[Stephen Tong]] also opposes the planning of human population.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ww123.net/redirect.php?tid=4862770&goto=lastpost |title=唐崇荣牧师圣经难解经文第二十九讲诺亚咒诅迦南 - 宗教与信仰 - 旺旺网给你一片纯净的天空 |access-date=22 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323053413/https://ww123.net/redirect.php?tid=4862770&goto=lastpost |archive-date=23 March 2017 }} 唐崇荣牧师圣经难解经文第二十九讲诺亚咒诅迦南, Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>

==Pro-natalist policies==
{{See also|Natalism}}
In 1946, Poland introduced a [[:pl: Bykowe|tax on childlessness]], discontinued in the 1970s, as part of natalist policies in the Communist government. From 1941 to the 1990s, the Soviet Union had a [[Tax on childlessness|similar tax]] to replenish the population losses incurred during the Second World War.

The [[Socialist Republic of Romania]] under [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] severely [[abortion in Romania|repressed abortion]], (the most common [[birth control]] method at the time) in 1966,<ref name="Scarlat">{{Citation | language = RO | last = Scarlat | first = Sandra | url = http://www.hotnews.ro/articol_22541-Decreteii-produsele-unei-epoci-care-a-imbolnavit-Romania.htm | title = 'Decreţeii': produsele unei epoci care a îmbolnăvit România | trans-title = Scions of the Decree': Products of an Era that Sickened Romania | newspaper = [[Evenimentul Zilei]] | date = 17 May 2005 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221359/http://www.hotnews.ro/articol_22541-Decreteii-produsele-unei-epoci-care-a-imbolnavit-Romania.htm | archive-date = 26 September 2007 }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Gail | last = Kligman | title = The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania | place = Berkeley | publisher = Univ. of California Press | year = 1998 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JhkImAIcqCMC| isbn = 978-0-520-91985-3 }}.</ref> and forced gynecological revisions and penalties for unmarried women and childless couples.
The surge of the birth rate taxed the public services received by the ''[[Decree 770|decreței 770]]'' ("Scions of the Decree 770") generation. A consequence of Ceaușescu's natalist policy is that large numbers of children ended up living in [[orphanages]], because their parents could not cope. The vast majority of children who lived in the communist orphanages were not actually orphans, but were simply children whose parents could not afford to raise them.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4629589.stm|title=What happened to Romania's orphans?|work=BBC News|access-date=19 July 2017|date=8 July 2005}}</ref> The [[Romanian Revolution]] of 1989 preceded a fall in population growth.

===Balanced birth policies===
Nativity in the Western world dropped during the [[interwar period]]. Swedish sociologists [[Alva Myrdal|Alva]] and [[Gunnar Myrdal]] published ''[[Crisis in the Population Question]]'' in 1934, suggesting an extensive [[welfare state]] with universal healthcare and childcare, to increase overall Swedish birth rates, and level the number of children at a reproductive level for all social classes in Sweden. [[Demographics of Sweden|Swedish fertility]] rose throughout World War II (as [[Sweden during World War II|Sweden was largely unharmed by the war]]) and peaked in 1946.

==Modern practice by country==

===Australia===
[[Australia]] currently offers fortnightly Family Tax Benefit payments, a Child Care Subsidy based on income and other circumstances, and free immunizations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Family Tax Benefit: Department of Social Services, Australian Government |url=https://www.dss.gov.au/families-and-children/benefits-payments/family-tax-benefit |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=www.dss.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Child Care Subsidy: Department of Education, Australian Government |url=https://www.education.gov.au/early-childhood/providers/child-care-subsidy|access-date=1 March 2026 |website=www.education.gov.au}}</ref>
===China===
{{Main|Family planning policies of China}}

====One-child era (1979–2015)====
{{Main|One-child policy}}
The most significant population planning system in the world was China's [[one-child policy]], in which, with various exceptions, having more than one child was discouraged. Unauthorized births were punished by fines, although there were also allegations of illegal forced [[abortion]]s and [[forced sterilization]].<ref name=dewey>{{cite web |url=http://statelists.state.gov/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind0412c&L=dossdo&P=401 |title=Arthur E. Dewey, Assistant Secretary for Population, Refugees and Migration Testimony before the House International Relations Committee Washington, DC 14 December 2004 |access-date=31 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721062432/http://statelists.state.gov/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind0412c&L=dossdo&P=401 |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> As part of China's planned birth policy, (work) unit supervisors monitored the fertility of married women and may decide whose turn it is to have a baby.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+cn0081) |title= China: a country study|website=lcweb2.loc.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303220526/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+cn0081%29 |archive-date=3 March 2013}}</ref>

The Chinese government introduced the policy in 1978 to alleviate the social and [[Environmental issues in the People's Republic of China|environmental problems of China]].<ref>{{citation|author=Pascal Rocha da Silva|title=La politique de l'enfant unique en République Populaire de Chine|year=2006|publisher=[[Université de Genève]]|pages=22–28|url=http://www.sinoptic.ch/textes/recherche/2006/200608_Rocha.Pascal_memoire.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128072311/http://www.sinoptic.ch/textes/recherche/2006/200608_Rocha.Pascal_memoire.pdf |archive-date= 28 November 2007}}</ref> According to government officials, the policy has helped prevent 400 million births. The success of the policy has been questioned, and reduction in fertility has also been attributed to the modernization of China.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7000931.stm | work = BBC News | title = Has China's one-child policy worked? | date = 20 September 2007 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080719103208/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7000931.stm | archive-date = 19 July 2008 }}</ref> The policy is controversial both within and outside of China because of its manner of implementation and because of concerns about negative economic and social consequences e.g. [[female infanticide]]. In Asian cultures, the oldest male child has responsibility of caring for the parents in their old age. Therefore, it is common for Asian families to invest most heavily in the oldest male child, such as providing college, steering them into the most lucrative careers, and so on. To these families, having an oldest male child is paramount, so in a one-child policy, daughters have no economic benefit, so daughters, especially as a first child, are often targeted for abortion or infanticide. China introduced several government reforms to increase retirement payments to coincide with the one-child policy. During that time, couples could request permission to have more than one child.<ref>{{cite news |first=Max |last=Fisher |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/11/16/chinas-rules-for-when-families-can-and-cant-have-more-than-one-child/ |title=China's rules for when families can and can't have more than one child |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=16 November 2013 |access-date=8 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610152024/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/11/16/chinas-rules-for-when-families-can-and-cant-have-more-than-one-child/ |archive-date=10 June 2016 }}</ref>
[[File:China Pop Pyramid Forecast.gif|thumb|China's population distribution in 2012, 2015 and 2020]]
According to [[Tibetology|Tibetologist]] [[Melvyn Goldstein]], natalist feelings run high in China's [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], among both ordinary people and government officials. Seeing [[population control]] "as a matter of power and ethnic survival" rather than in terms of ecological [[sustainability]], Tibetans successfully argued for an exemption of [[Tibetan people]] from the usual [[family planning]] policies in China such as the [[one-child policy]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2645246 | title = China's Birth Control Policy in the Tibet Autonomous Region| journal= [[Asian Survey]] | author1-link= Melvyn Goldstein |first1= Melvyn |last1= Goldstein |first2= Beall|last2= Cynthia|date=March 1991|volume= 31 | issue= 3| pages= 285–303| jstor = 2645246}}</ref>

==== Two-child era (2016–2021) ====
{{Main|Two-child policy}}
In November 2014, the Chinese government allowed its people to conceive a second child under the supervision of government regulation.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-08-01/with-end-of-chinas-one-child-policy-there-hasnt-been-a-baby-boom | work=Bloomberg | title=Why China's Second-Baby Boom Might Not Happen | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306230412/http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-08-01/with-end-of-chinas-one-child-policy-there-hasnt-been-a-baby-boom | archive-date=6 March 2016 }}</ref>

On 29 October 2015, the ruling Chinese Communist Party announced that all one-child policies would be scrapped, allowing all couples to have two children. The change was needed to allow a better balance of male and female children, and to grow the young population to ease the problem of paying for the aging population. The law enacting the [[two-child policy]] took effect on 1 January 2016, and replaced the previous one-child policy.<ref>{{cite news |title= China to end one-child policy and allow two |work= BBC |date= 29 October 2015 |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-34665539 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-27/chinas-one-child-policy-officially-scrapped/7055834|title=China officially ends one-child policy, signing into law bill allowing married couples to have two children|publisher=[[ABC Online]]| date=27 December 2015}}</ref>

==== Three-child era (2021–) ====
{{Main|Three-child policy}}
In May 2021, the Chinese government allowed its people to conceive a third child, in a move accompanied by "supportive measures" it regarded "conducive" to improving its "population structure, fulfilling the country's strategy of actively coping with an ageing population and maintaining the advantage, endowment of human resources" after declining birth rates recorded in the [[2020 Chinese census]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 May 2021|title=China allows three children in major policy shift|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-57303592|access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref>

===Hungary===
During the [[Second Orbán Government]], Hungary increased its family benefits spending from one of the lowest rates in the [[OECD]] to one of the highest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://visegradinsight.eu/the-v4s-greatest-existential-threat05082014/|title=The V4's greatest existential threat|date=5 August 2014|website=Visegrad Insight}}</ref> In 2015, it amounted to nearly 4% of GDP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF1_1_Public_spending_on_family_benefits.pdf|title=Wayback Machine|website=www.oecd.org}}</ref>

===India===
{{Main|Family planning in India}}
Only those with two or fewer children are eligible for election to a local government.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Buch|first=Nirmala|date=2005|title=Law of Two-Child Norm in Panchayats: Implications, Consequences and Experiences|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=40|issue=24|pages=2421–2429|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4416748}}</ref>

''Us two, our two'' ("Hum do, hamare do" in Hindi) is a slogan meaning ''one family, two children'' and is intended to reinforce the message of family planning thereby aiding population planning.

Facilities offered by government to its employees are limited to two children. The government offers incentives for families accepted for sterilization. Moreover, India was the first country to take measures for family planning back in 1952.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://iussp.org/sites/default/files/event_call_for_papers/IUSSP_40FP_0.pdf | title=40 YEARS OF PLANNED FAMILY PLANNING EFFORTS IN INDIA | access-date=26 June 2019 | author=Aalok Ranjan Chaurasia, Ravendra Singh | page=1}}</ref>
{{cquote |In the south west of India lies the long narrow coastal state of Kerala. Most of its thirty-two million inhabitants live off the land and the ocean, a rich tropical ecosystem watered by two monsoons a year. It's also one of India's most crowded states – but the population is stable because nearly everybody has small families… At the root of it all is education. Thanks to a long tradition of compulsory schooling for boys and girls Kerala has one of the highest literacy rates in the World. Where women are well educated they tend to choose to have smaller families… What Kerala shows is that you don't need aggressive policies or government incentives for birthrates to fall. Everywhere in the world where women have access to education and have the freedom to run their own lives, on the whole they and their partners have been choosing to have smaller families than their parents. But reducing birthrates is very difficult to achieve without a simple piece of medical technology, contraception.||[[David Attenborough]]|[[Horizon (British TV series)|BBC ''Horizon'']] (2009)|''How Many People Can Live on Planet Earth''}}

In 2019, the [[Population Control Bill, 2019]] bill was introduced in the [[Rajya Sabha]] in July 2019 by [[Rakesh Sinha]]. The purpose of the bill is to control the population growth of India.

===Iran===
{{Main|Family planning in Iran}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{contradict-self|section|date=March 2017}}
{{Update|section|date=March 2017}}
}}
After the [[Iran–Iraq War]], [[Iran]] encouraged married couples to produce as many children as possible to replace population lost to the war.<ref>{{cite web | title = 'Get back to your washing machine': Iran's ambitious women | url = http://mondediplo.com/2016/02/02iran | work = Le monde diplomatique | date = 2 February 2016 | access-date = 27 April 2016 | last = Beaugé | first = Florence | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160408082339/http://mondediplo.com/2016/02/02iran | archive-date = 8 April 2016 }}</ref>

Iran succeeded in sharply reducing its birth rate from the late 1980s to 2010.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abbasi-Shavasi |first1=Mohammad J. |last2=McDonald |first2=Pater |title=National and Provincial-level fertility trends in Iran, 1972-2000 |journal=Working Paper in Demography |date=February 2005 |issue=94 |pages=9–10 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/156615121.pdf |access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran's declining birth rate alarms country's leaders |date=30 July 2020 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/iran-birth-rate-decline/a-54371973 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=DW.COM |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mandatory contraceptive courses are required for both males and females before a marriage license can be obtained, and the government emphasized the benefits of smaller families and the use of contraception.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/Update4ss.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917192303/http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/Update4ss.htm|title=Iran's Birth Rate Plummeting at Record Pace|archive-date=17 September 2008}}</ref> This changed in 2012, when a major policy shift back towards increasing birth rates was announced. In 2014, permanent contraception and advertising of birth control were to be outlawed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-to-ban-permanent-contraception-after-islamic-clerics-edict-to-increase-population-9662349.html|title=Iran bans permanent contraception in attempt to increase population|date=11 August 2014|website=independent.co.uk|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829204243/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-to-ban-permanent-contraception-after-islamic-clerics-edict-to-increase-population-9662349.html|archive-date=29 August 2017}}</ref>

===Israel===
In [[Israel]], [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] families with many children receive economic support through generous governmental child allowances, government assistance in housing young religious couples, as well as specific funds by their own community institutions.<ref>{{cite web|first=Dov|last=Friedlander|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/completingfertility/RevisedFriedlanderpaper.PDF|title=Fertility in Israel: Is the Transition to Replacement Level in Sight?|series=Completing the Fertility Transition|publisher=[[United Nations]], Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division|year=2002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211125436/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/completingfertility/RevisedFriedlanderpaper.PDF|archive-date=11 December 2017}}</ref> Haredi women have an average of 6.7 children while the average Jewish Israeli woman has 3 children.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/essays/117247/israeli-women-do-it-numbers | title=Israeli women do it by the numbers | work=The Jewish Chronicle | date=7 April 2014 | access-date=20 May 2014 | first=Paul | last=Morland | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521085616/http://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/essays/117247/israeli-women-do-it-numbers | archive-date=21 May 2014 }}</ref>

===Japan===
[[Japan]] has experienced [[Aging of Japan|a shrinking population]] for many years.<ref name='economist-japan'>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2014/03/japans-demography|title=Japan's demography: the incredible shrinking country|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=25 March 2014|access-date=25 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324183812/http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2014/03/japans-demography|archive-date=24 March 2017}}</ref> The government is trying to encourage women to have children or to have more children – many Japanese women do not have children, or even remain single. The population is culturally opposed to [[immigration]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1862645|title=Views on immigration in Japan: identities, interests, and pragmatic divergence|first1=Jeremy|last1=Davison|first2=Ito|last2=and Peng|date=18 August 2021|journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies|volume=47|issue=11|pages=2578–2595|via=Taylor and Francis+NEJM|doi=10.1080/1369183X.2020.1862645}}</ref>

Some Japanese localities, facing significant population loss, are offering economic incentives. [[Yamatsuri]], a town of 7,000 just north of [[Tokyo]], offers parents $4,600 for the birth of a child and $460 a year for 10 years.

===Myanmar===
In [[Myanmar]], the Population planning Health Care Bill requires some parents to space each child three years apart.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/id-7aa2bc05d5264653b5b969d337e89e16|title=Myanmar president signs off on contested population law|date=23 May 2015|access-date=28 November 2025|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> The Economist, in 2015, stated that the measure was expected to be used against the persecuted Muslim [[Rohingyas]] minority.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rohingyas: Still in peril: Myanmar's repression of Rohingyas continues apace |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21653661-myanmars-repression-rohingyas-continues-apace-still-peril |access-date=7 June 2015 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=6 June 2015 |location=Singapore |quote=This measure grants local authorities the power to mandate that mothers in areas deemed to have high rates of population growth have children no fewer than three years apart. Buddhist chauvinists in Myanmar have fomented fears of high birth rates among Muslims; this measure is likely to be used against Rohingyas. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607020301/http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21653661-myanmars-repression-rohingyas-continues-apace-still-peril |archive-date=7 June 2015 }}</ref>

===Pakistan===
{{main|Family planning in Pakistan}}

=== Russia ===

Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] directed Parliament in 2006 to adopt a 10-year program to stop the [[Aging of Russia|sharp decline]] in [[Russia]]'s population, principally by offering financial incentives and subsidies to encourage women to have children.<ref name='nytimes-russia'>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/11/world/europe/11russia.html| title=Putin Urges Plan to Reverse Slide in the Birth Rate| work=The New York Times| first=C.J| last=Chivers| date=11 May 2006| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515125939/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/11/world/europe/11russia.html| archive-date=15 May 2017}}</ref>

In August 2022, Russia revived the Soviet-era [[Mother Heroine]] award for women with 10 children.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2022 |title=Putin revives Stalin-era 'Mother Heroine' award for women with 10 children |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/18/europe/putin-mother-heroine-award-decree-intl/index.html |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Putin revives Soviet 'Mother Heroine' award for women who have 10 children |date=17 August 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819143212/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/17/russia-ukraine-putin-mother-heroine-award-children/ |archive-date=19 August 2022 |url-status=live |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/17/russia-ukraine-putin-mother-heroine-award-children/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Jenni |date=18 August 2022 |title=Russia is offering a hero's medal and $16,000 to women who have 10 kids |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/18/russia-offers-mother-heroine-medal-and-16800-for-having-10-children.html |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2024, Putin signed a bill into law that bans '[[Voluntary childlessness|Childfree Propaganda]]' to boost birthrates in Russia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2024/11/24/putin-signs-child-free-propaganda-bill-into-law-en-news|title=Putin signs ‘child-free propaganda’ bill into law|website=Novaya Gazeta Europe}}</ref>

=== Singapore ===
{{main|Population planning in Singapore}}

Singapore has undergone two major phases in its population planning: first to slow and reverse the [[Post-World War II baby boom|baby boom]] in the [[Post-World War II]] era; then from the 1980s onwards to encourage couples to have more children as the [[birth rate]] had fallen below the [[Sub-replacement fertility|replacement-level fertility]]. In addition, during the [[demographic transition|interim period]], [[eugenics]] policies were adopted.<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP12.pdf | title = Fertility and the Family: An Overview of Pro-natalist Population Policies in Singapore | first1 = Theresa | last1 = Wong | first2 = Brenda S.A | last2 = Yeoh | series = Asian MetaCentre Research Paper Series | date = June 2003 | issue = 12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110727182245/http://www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP12.pdf | archive-date = 27 July 2011 | access-date = 30 November 2013 }}</ref>

The [[anti-natalist]] policies flourished in the 1960s and 1970s: initiatives advocating small families were launched and developed into the ''Stop at Two'' programme, pushing for two-children families and promoting [[sterilisation (medicine)|sterilisation]]. In 1984, the government announced the ''Graduate Mothers' Scheme'', which favoured children of [[Population Planning in Singapore#The demographic transition and the Graduate Mothers Scheme|more well-educated mothers]];<ref>{{cite book| first =Pekka | last = Louhiala |title= Preventing intellectual disability: ethical and clinical issues |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bb8grOsEyEC&pg=PA62|year= 2004|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-53371-3|page= 62}}</ref> the policy was however soon abandoned due to the outcry in the [[Singapore general election, 1984|general election of the same year]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Quah|first=Jon |title= Singapore in 1984: Leadership Transition in an Election Year |journal=Asian Survey|year=1985|jstor=2644306 |doi= 10.2307/2644306 |volume= 25|issue=2 |pages=220–231 }}</ref>
Eventually, the government became [[pro-natalist]] in the late 1980s, marked by its ''Have Three or More'' plan in 1987.<ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore: Population Control Policies |url=http://www.photius.com/countries/singapore/society/singapore_society_population_control_p~11008.html |work=Country Studies |year=1989 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411115633/http://www.photius.com/countries/singapore/society/singapore_society_population_control_p~11008.html |archive-date=11 April 2011 }}</ref> Singapore pays $3,000 for the first child, $9,000 in cash and savings for the second; and up to $18,000 each for the third and fourth.<ref name= 'nytimes-russia' />

===Spain===
In 2017, the government of Spain appointed [[Edelmira Barreira]], as "Government Commissioner facing the Demographic Challenge", in a pro-natalist attempt to reverse a negative population growth rate.<ref name='spain-independent'>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/spain-sex-tsar-population-crisis-baby-parents-demographic-government-a7599091.html|title=Spain appoints 'sex tsar' in bid to boost declining population|website=The Independent|date=25 February 2017|access-date=25 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326052733/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/spain-sex-tsar-population-crisis-baby-parents-demographic-government-a7599091.html|archive-date=26 March 2017}}</ref>

===Turkey===
In May 2012, [[Turkey]]'s Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan argued that abortion is murder and announced that legislative preparations to severely limit the practice are underway. Erdogan also argued that abortion and [[Caesarean section|C-section deliveries]] are plots to stall Turkey's economic growth. Prior to this move, Erdogan had repeatedly demanded that each couple have at least three children.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/03/us-turkey-abortion-idUSBRE85207520120603 | work = Reuters | date = 3 June 2012 | type = article | title = US, Turkey: abortion | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150102120545/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/03/us-turkey-abortion-idUSBRE85207520120603 | archive-date = 2 January 2015 }}</ref>

===United States===
{{Main|Family planning in the United States}}
Enacted in 1970, [[Title X]] of the [[Public Health Service Act]] provides access to contraceptive services, supplies and information to those in need. Priority for services is given to people with low incomes. The Title X Family Planning program is administered through the [[Office of Population Affairs]] under the Office of Public Health and Science.
It is directed by the [[Office of Population Affairs#Office of Family Planning|Office of Family Planning]].<ref name="pop">{{cite web|url=http://opa.osophs.dhhs.gov/titlex/ofp.html |title=Office of Population Affairs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019032539/http://opa.osophs.dhhs.gov/titlex/ofp.html |archive-date=19 October 2007 }}</ref> In 2007, Congress appropriated roughly $283 million for family planning under Title X, at least 90 percent of which was used for services in family planning clinics.<ref name="pop" /> Title X is a vital source of funding for family planning clinics throughout the nation,<ref name="pp">{{cite web|url=http://www.plannedparenthood.org/news-articles-press/politics-policy-issues/birth-control-access-prevention/family-planning-6553.htm|title=Newsroom and Media Kit - Planned Parenthood|website=www.plannedparenthood.org|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208000810/http://www.plannedparenthood.org/news-articles-press/politics-policy-issues/birth-control-access-prevention/family-planning-6553.htm|archive-date=8 December 2007}}</ref> which provide reproductive health care, including abortion.

The education and services supplied by the Title X-funded clinics support young individuals and low-income families. The goals of developing healthy families are accomplished by helping individuals and couples decide whether to have children and when the appropriate time to do so would be.<ref name="pp" />

Title X has made the prevention of [[unintended pregnancies]] possible.<ref name="pp" /> It has allowed millions of American women to receive necessary reproductive health care, plan their pregnancies and prevent abortions. Title X is dedicated exclusively to funding family planning and reproductive health care services.<ref name="pop" />

Title X as a percentage of total public funding to family planning client services has steadily declined from 44% of total expenditures in 1980 to 12% in 2006. Medicaid has increased from 20% to 71% in the same time. In 2006, Medicaid contributed $1.3 billion to public family planning.<ref>{{Cite web | last1 = Sonfield | first1 = Adam | last2 = Alrich | first2 = Casey | last3 = Gold | first3 = Rachel Benson | title = Public Funding for Family Planning, Sterilization and Abortion Services, FY 1980–2006 | url = https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/pubs/2008/01/28/or38.pdf | series = Occasional Report | place = New York | publisher = Guttmacher Institute | year = 2008 | number = 38 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910082729/https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/pubs/2008/01/28/or38.pdf | archive-date = 10 September 2017 }}</ref>

In the early 1970s, the United States Congress established the Commission on Population Growth and the American Future (Chairman [[John D. Rockefeller III]]), which was created to provide recommendations regarding population growth and its social consequences. The Commission submitted its final recommendations in 1972, which included promoting contraceptives and liberalizing abortion regulations, for example.<ref>{{Cite book|date=1972|title=Population and the American future; the report. United States.|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015007261855|via=HathiTrust Digital Library|publisher=Washington|hdl=2027/mdp.39015007261855}}</ref>

====Natalism in the United States====
In a 2004 [[editorial]] in ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[David Brooks (journalist)|David Brooks]] expressed the opinion that the relatively high birth rate of the United States in comparison to Europe could be attributed to social groups with "natalist" attitudes.<ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/07/opinion/07brooks.html?ex=1260162000&en=ebdde83f03fe6d2e&ei=5090 | title = The New Red-Diaper Babies | first = David | last = Brooks | newspaper = The New York Times | access-date = 21 January 2006 | date = 7 December 2004 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070311175027/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/07/opinion/07brooks.html?ex=1260162000&en=ebdde83f03fe6d2e&ei=5090 | archive-date = 11 March 2007 }}.</ref> The article is referred to in an analysis of the [[Quiverfull]] movement.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.thenation.com/article/arrows-war | newspaper = The Nation | date = 27 November 2006 | first = Kathryn | last = Joyce | title = Arrows for the War | access-date = 10 March 2015 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150320060132/http://www.thenation.com/article/arrows-war | archive-date = 20 March 2015 }}.</ref> However, the figures identified for the demographic are extremely low.

Former US Senator [[Rick Santorum]] made natalism part of his platform for his [[Rick Santorum presidential campaign, 2012|2012 presidential campaign]].<ref name="santorum">{{cite web |url= https://www.politico.com/blogs/politico-now/2012/01/santorum-more-babies-please-110897 |first= Seung Min |last= Kim |website= Politico |date= 15 January 2012 |title= Santorum: More babies, please! |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120118215636/http://www.politico.com/blogs/politico-live/2012/01/santorum-more-babies-please-110897.html |archive-date= 18 January 2012 }}</ref> Many of those categorized in the General Social Survey as "Fundamentalist Protestant" are more or less natalist, and have a higher birth rate than "Moderate" and "Liberal" Protestants.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McKeown |first1=John |title=Receptions of Israelite Nation-building: Modern Protestant Natalism and Martin Luther |journal=Dialog |date=14 June 2010 |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=133–140 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6385.2010.00517.x |hdl=10034/254540 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> However, Rick Santorum is not a Protestant but a practicing Catholic.

===Uzbekistan===
{{Main|Compulsory_sterilization#Uzbekistan|l1=Compulsory sterilization in Uzbekistan}}
It is reported that [[Uzbekistan]] has been pursuing a policy of forced sterilizations, hysterectomies and IUD insertions since the late 1990s in order to impose population planning.<ref name=iwpr-2005-11-18>{{cite web|url=http://iwpr.net/report-news/birth-control-decree-uzbekistan |title=Birth Control by Decree in Uzbekistan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019132115/http://iwpr.net/report-news/birth-control-decree-uzbekistan |archive-date=19 October 2013 |publisher=[[Institute for War and Peace Reporting|IWPR Institute for War & Peace Reporting]]|date=18 November 2005}}</ref><ref name=bbc-news-2012-04-12>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17612550|title=BBC News: Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405112247/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17612550 |archive-date=5 April 2015 |publisher=[[BBC]]|date=12 April 2012}}</ref><ref name=bbc-cc-2012-04-12>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01fjx63|title=Crossing Continents: Forced Sterilisation in Uzbekistan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903195248/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01fjx63 |archive-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=12 April 2012}}</ref><ref name=moscow-2010-03-10>{{cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/uzbeks-face-forced-sterilization/401279.html|title=Uzbeks Face Forced Sterilization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019203218/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/uzbeks-face-forced-sterilization/401279.html |archive-date=19 October 2013 |publisher=[[The Moscow Times]]|date=10 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/ngos/omctuzbekistan39.pdf|title=Shadow Report: UN Committee Against Torture|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109020604/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/ngos/omctuzbekistan39.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2014 |publisher=[[United Nations]], authors Rapid Response Group and OMCT|date=November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Antelava |first=Natalia |date=12 April 2012 |title=Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17612550 |newspaper=BBC World Service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302071400/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17612550 |archive-date=2 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Antelava |first=Natalia |date=12 April 2012 |title=Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17612550 |newspaper=BBC World Service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405112247/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17612550 |archive-date=5 April 2015 }}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
In the United Kingdom, access to contraception has been expanded through NHS-commissioned services, including the Pharmacy Contraception Service (PCS) launched in 2023 to initiate and continue oral contraception in community pharmacies, thereby increasing choice and relieving pressure on GP and specialist services.<ref>{{cite web |title=NHS Pharmacy Contraception Service |url=https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/nhs-pharmacy-contraception-service/ |publisher=NHS England |date=2025 |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref>
A 2023 study of a free online contraception service operating in the UK found the service was accessible to ethnically and socioeconomically diverse users, but that users obtaining emergency contraception did not commonly transition to ongoing oral methods, indicating that access initiatives may need to be paired with proactive counselling to support method continuation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bury |first1=F |last2=Iguyovwe |first2=V |last3=Trivett |first3=M |last4=Baraitser |first4=P |year=2023 |title=Patterns of use of emergency and oral contraceptives from an online service in the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 pandemic: A quantitative study of routinely collected data |journal=Contraception |volume=121 |article-number=109017 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2023.109017 |pmid=36849031 }}</ref>
More evidence shows that pharmacy-based delivery of contraception is acceptable to adolescents in high-income settings, supporting UK policy efforts to diversify access points beyond traditional clinics.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Assifi |first1=AR |last2=Norris Turner |first2=AN |last3=Fitzsimons |first3=DA |year=2025 |title=Contraception and abortion information and care in community pharmacies: a systematic review of adolescents' experiences and acceptability |journal=EClinicalMedicine |volume=76 |article-number=102550 |doi=10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.102550 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(25)00326-8/fulltext}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* {{annotated link|Population ethics}}
* {{annotated link|Antinatalism}}
* {{annotated link|Birth control}}
* {{annotated link|Dependency ratio}}
* {{annotated link|Eugenics}}
* {{annotated link|Human overpopulation}}
* {{annotated link|List of population concern organizations}}
* {{annotated link|Malthusianism}}
* {{annotated link|Overconsumption}}
* {{annotated link|Steady-state economy}}
* {{annotated link|Population ageing}}
* {{annotated link|Population growth}}
* {{annotated link|Population Matters#Pledge two or fewer|Pledge two or fewer}} (campaign for small families)
* {{annotated link|Planet of the Humans}}
* {{annotated link|Voluntary Human Extinction Movement}}
}}

===Fiction===
* ''[[Logan's Run]]'' (book) - State-mandated euthanasia at 21 for all people (30 in the [[Logan's Run (film)|film]]) to conserve resources.
* ''[[Make Room! Make Room!]]'' (book) - Novel, explores the consequence of overpopulation.
* ''[[Ishmael (Quinn novel)]]'' - Explores the biological and ecological causes of overpopulation which is a result of [[Carrying capacity#Further reading|increased carrying capacity]] for humans. The planning proposal is to limit that capacity (see [[Food Race]]).
* ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' (film) - [[Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Thanos]] uses the [[Infinity Gauntlet (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Infinity Gauntlet]] to kill half of all life in the universe, achieving his goal of maintaining ecological balance.
*[[Inferno (2016 film)|''Inferno'']] (film) - A billionaire has created a virus that will kill 50% of the world's population to save the other 50%. His followers try to release the virus after his suicide.
* ''[[Shadow Children]]'' (book series) - Families are allowed two children maximum, and "shadow children" (third children and beyond) are subject to be killed.
* ''[[2 B R 0 2 B]]'' (book) - Aging is cured and each new life requires the sacrifice of another to maintain a stable population.
* ''[[2BR02B: To Be or Naught to Be]]'' (film) - Based on the above book.
* ''[[The Thinning]]'' and ''[[The Thinning: New World Order]]'' (film series) - Involves a [[dystopia]]n United States enforcing population control via [[aptitude test]] and an [[Secret police|authoritarian police force]] known as the Department of Population Control.

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|url=https://dks.library.kent.edu/?a=d&d=dks19980424-01.2.44&|title=Controlled food supply could stop overpopulation|work=Carrie Gazarish|publisher=Daily Kent Stater, Volume 32, Number 52, [[Kent State University]]}}
* Thomlinson, R. 1975. ''Demographic Problems: Controversy over Population Control''. 2nd ed. Encino, CA: Dickenson.
*{{cite book|author=[[David Pimentel (scientist)|David Pimentel]]|title=The Case for Population Reduction: Miscellaneous papers of David Pimentel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tOdFAAAAYAAJ|publisher=Collection of papers, reprints, and other publications on population control and related issues. [[Cornell University]]}}{{efn|Also co-authored Hopfenberg, Russell, and David Pimentel. "[https://dn790008.ca.archive.org/0/items/human-population-numbers-as-a-function-o/Human_population_numbers_as_a_function_o.pdf Human population numbers as a function of food supply]." Environment, development and sustainability 3.1 (2001): 1-15.}}
*{{cite journal|url=https://ia801807.us.archive.org/28/items/from-population-control-to-reproductive-rights-feminist-fault-lines/From%20population%20control%20to%20reproductive%20rights%20feminist%20fault%20lines.pdf|title=From population control to reproductive rights: feminist fault lines|journal=Rosalind Pollack Petchesky|publisher=Reproductive Health Matters Volume 3, Issue 6, November 1995. Taylor & Francis}}
*Hopfenberg, Russell. [http://www.panearth.org/WVPI/Papers/GeneticFeedback.pdf "Genetic feedback and human population regulation"]. (PDF) Human Ecology 37.5 (2009): 643-651.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==External links==
{{externalvideo|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wG7R1SOupJg Could We Control Human OVER Population? BBC Earth Lab]}}
* [[Wikiversity:Should we aim to reduce the Earth population?]]
* [https://overpopulation-project.com/thirty-years-is-too-long-to-turn-a-blind-eye-to-world-population-growth/ "Thirty years is too long to turn a blind eye to world population growth"] by Jane O'Sullivan. The Overpopulation Project
* {{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/info/q95-19-5.htm|title=A chat with Tim Flannery, senior research scientist, on Population Control|work=Karina Kelly, Peter Kirkwood, Owen Craig|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113095438/http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/info/q95-19-5.htm|archive-date=13 January 2010}}
{{Human impact on the environment}}
{{Population}}
{{Population country lists}}
{{Sustainability|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Human Population Planning}}
[[Category:Human population planning| ]]
[[Category:Birth control]]
[[Category:Human overpopulation]]
[[Category:Population density]]
[[Category:Climate change mitigation]]
[[Category:Natalism]]

Ajay Kochhar

2026-02-24T03:51:44Z

ShantaeBpy: brief adjust page per sources and improved wording to improve readability

{{short description|Indian Navy Admiral}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]
| name = Ajay Kochhar
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=IND|size=90%|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Vice Admiral Ajay Kochhar.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command|Commander-in-Chief Andaman and Nicobar Command]]
| term_start = 1 October 2025
| term_end =
| 1blankname = [[Chief of the Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]
| 1namedata = [[Anil Chauhan]]
| predecessor = [[Dinesh Singh Rana]]
| successor =
| birth_date =
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| serviceyears = July 1988 - present
| rank = [[File:13-Indian_Navy-VADM.svg|20px]] [[File:British_Royal_Navy_(sleeves)_OF-8.svg|19px]] [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]
| military_blank1 = Service number
| military_data1 = 03326-H <ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1792624</ref>
| unit =
| commands = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Andaman and Nicobar Command.jpg|22px]] [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]]
* [[File:National Defence Academy NDA.png|20px]] [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]]
* [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]]
* {{ship|INS|Vikramaditya|R33}}
* {{ship|INS|Trikand|F51}}
}}
| battles =
| battles_label =
| military_blank2 = Awards
| military_data2 = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Nao_Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Nao Sena Medal]]
}}
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| memorials =
| module =
}}
[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] '''Ajay Kochhar''', [[PVSM]], [[AVSM]], [[Nao Sena Medal|NM]] is a serving Flag officer in the [[Indian Navy]]. He currently serves as the [[Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vice Admiral Ajay Kochhar assumes charge of Andaman & Nicobar Command |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/vice-admiral-ajay-kochhar-assumes-charge-of-andaman-nicobar-command/2966652 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://x.com/AN_Command/status/1973397745445773686|title= VAdm Ajay Kocchar Appoint as CinC Andaman and Nicobar Command |website=X(former Twitter)|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> His flag appointments include Chief of Staff, [[Western Naval Command]], [[Commandant of the National Defence Academy|Commandant]] of the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] and [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-28 |title=Vice Admiral Ajay Kochhar assumes charge as WNC's chief of staff |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vice-admiral-ajay-kochhar-assumes-charge-as-wncs-chief-of-staff/articleshow/110483653.cms |access-date=2025-10-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=Vice Admiral Ajay Kochhar is new NDA Commandant |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/vice-admiral-ajay-kochhar-is-new-nda-commandant-7847961/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He was the third commanding officer of the [[aircraft carrier]] {{ship|INS|Vikramaditya|R33}} and the commissioning commanding officer of the [[Talwar-class frigate]] {{ship|INS|Trikand|F51}}.

== Naval career ==
Kochhar was commissioned into the [[Indian Navy]] on 1 July 1988. He is a specialist in Gunnery and Missile Warfare. He has commanded five [[warship]]s of the Indian Navy.<ref name="PIB - FOCWF">{{cite web |title=REAR ADMIRAL AJAY KOCHHAR ASSUMES COMMAND OF THE WESTERN FLEET (FOCWF) |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1700554 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> On 29 June 2013, as the [[ship commissioning|commissioning]] [[commanding officer]] of the [[Talwar-class frigate|Talwar-class]] [[Stealth technology|stealth]] [[Frigate#Guided-missile role|guided missile frigate]] {{ship|INS|Trikand|F51}}, he commissioned the ship in [[Kaliningrad]], Russia.<ref>{{cite web |title=INS Trikand, a Stealth Frigate joins Indian Navy {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-trikand-stealth-frigate-joins-indian-navy |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref> On 20 July 2017, Kochhar took command of the [[flagship]] of the Indian Navy, the [[aircraft carrier]] {{ship|INS|Vikramaditya|R33}} as its third [[commanding officer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/indiannavy/status/854873877222014978 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>

===Flag rank===
On promotion to Flag rank, Kochhar took over as the Assistant Controller Carrier Project (ACCP) at Naval headquarters. He then served as the Assistant Controller Warship Production & Acquisition (ACWP&A).<ref name="ACWP&A">{{cite web |title=Image Gallery |url=http://www.grse.in/visit/example/visit_44.html?ml=1&iframe=1#ad-image-17 |website=www.grse.in}}</ref> As the ACCP, he managed the construction of the indigenous aircraft carrier. In his role as ACWP&A, he oversaw all aspects related to construction and acquisition of warships for the Navy both from Indian as well as foreign shipyards.<ref name="FOCWF" />

Kochhar took over as the [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]] on 24 February 2021 from Rear Admiral [[Krishna Swaminathan]].<ref name="FOCWF">{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Ajay Kochhar Assumes Command of The Western Fleet (FOCWF) {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/rear-admiral-ajay-kochhar-assumes-command-western-fleet-focwf |website=indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref> He was in command of the [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]] till 27 December 2021. He handed over command to Rear Admiral [[Sameer Saxena (admiral)|Sameer Saxena]] and was appointed Project Director (Operations and Training) of the Advanced Technology Vessel Project (ATVP).<ref>{{cite web |title=CHANGE OF COMMAND OF WESTERN FLEET |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1785602 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref> For his command of the Western fleet, he was awarded the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] on 26 January 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=PRESS RELEASE - DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARDS TO INDIAN NAVY PERSONNEL ON REPUBLIC DAY |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1792586 |website=www.pib.gov.in |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref>

After a short stint at ATVP HQ, Kochhar was promoted to rank of Vice Admiral and appointed [[Commandant of the National Defence Academy]]. On 1 April 2022, he took over from [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] Sanjeev Kapoor.<ref>{{cite web |title=CHANGE AT THE HELM : VICE ADMIRAL AJAY KOCHHAR, AVSM, NM ASSUMES THE APPOINTMENT OF COMMANDANT NATIONAL DEFENCE ACDAEMY (sic) |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1812511 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=2 April 2022 |date=1 April 2022}}</ref> After a two-year stint, he assumed the charge as the Chief of Staff, [[Western Naval Command]] on 25 May 2024 succeeding Vice Admiral [[Sanjay Bhalla]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-28 |title=Vice Admiral Ajay Kochhar assumes charge as WNC's chief of staff |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vice-admiral-ajay-kochhar-assumes-charge-as-wncs-chief-of-staff/articleshow/110483653.cms |access-date=2025-10-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 1 October 2025, he took over as the [[Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command]] from [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Dinesh Singh Rana]] who moved as [[Commander-in-Chief, Strategic Forces Command]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://x.com/AN_Command/status/1973397745445773686|title= VAdm Ajay Kocchar Appoint as CinC Andaman and Nicobar Command |website=X(former Twitter)|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] on 26 January 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=77th REPUBLIC DAY PRESIDENT APPROVES DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AND GALLANTRY AWARDS TO INDIAN NAVY PERSONNEL |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2218584&reg=3&lang=1 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==
For his exemplary dedication, the flag officer has been awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2026, the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=PRESS RELEASE - DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARDS TO INDIAN NAVY PERSONNEL ON REPUBLIC DAY |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1792586 |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref> and the [[Nau Sena Medal|Nao Sena Medal]].

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ati_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Nao_Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Samanya_Seva_medal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Vijay_star.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Vijay medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|colspan=4|[[File:75yearmedal.svg|105x105px]] {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|colspan=4|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Nao Sena Medal]]
||[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Operation Vijay Star]]
|[[Operation Vijay Medal]]
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|colspan=2|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
|
|[[20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]]
* [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]]
* [[INS Vikramaditya]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before = [[Krishna Swaminathan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[INS Vikramaditya#Commanding officers|Commanding Officer INS Vikramaditya]]|years=2017 - 2018}}
{{s-aft|after=Puruvir Das}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet|Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]]|years=2021 - 2021}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sameer Saxena (admiral)|Sameer Saxena]]}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Sanjeev Kapoor (air marshal)|Sanjeev Kapoor]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commandant of the National Defence Academy|Commandant]] [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]]|years=2022 - 2024}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Gurcharan Singh (admiral)|Gurcharan Singh]]}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Sanjay Bhalla]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = Chief of Staff [[Western Naval Command]]|years=25 May 2024 - 30 September 2025}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rahul Vilas Gokhale]]}}
{{s-bef|before =[[Dinesh Singh Rana]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command|Commander-in-Chief Andaman and Nicobar Command]]|years=1 October 2025 - Present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kochhar, Ajay}}
[[Category:Indian Navy vice admirals]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Flag Officers Commanding Western Fleet]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Nau Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Naval War College, Goa alumni]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies]]
[[Category:Commandants of the National Defence Academy]]

Old Testament

2026-02-21T16:49:16Z

ShantaeBpy: small adjusted references per standard format

{{Short description|First division of the Christian Bible}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{about|a section of the Christian Bible|the related Jewish text|Hebrew Bible}}
{{redirect|The Old Testament|the 2006 Sunz of Man album|The Old Testament (album){{!}}''The Old Testament'' (album)|the 1962 film|The Old Testament (film){{!}}''The Old Testament'' (film)}}
{{Infobox religious text|religion=[[Christianity]]|name=Old Testament {{small|{{Small|Part of the [[Bible]]}}}}|language=Hebrew, Aramaic|books=46 (Catholic), up to 49 (Orthodox), 39 (Protestant).|footnotes=It overlaps with the [[Hebrew Bible]] and [[Septuagint]]}}
{{Bible-related |CB}}
{{Christianity|state=collapsed}}

The '''Old Testament''' ('''OT''') is the first division of the [[Biblical canon#Christian canons|Christian biblical canon]], which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the [[Hebrew Bible]], or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious [[Hebrew (language)|Hebrew]] and occasionally [[Aramaic]] writings by the [[Israelites]].{{Sfn | Jones | 2000 | p = 215}} The second division of Christian Bibles is the [[New Testament]], written in [[Koine Greek]].

The Old Testament consists of many distinct books [[Authorship of the Bible|by various authors]] produced over a period of centuries.<ref name="Lim 2005 41">{{cite book |title= The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Very Short Introduction|last= Lim|first= Timothy H.|year= 2005|publisher= Oxford University Press |location= Oxford|page= 41}}</ref> Christians traditionally divide the Old Testament into four sections:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bible 101: A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament |url=https://www.simplycatholic.com/bible-101-a-brief-introduction-to-the-old-testament/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Simply Catholic |date=13 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref> the first five books or Pentateuch (which corresponds to the Jewish [[Torah]]); the history books telling the history of the Israelites, from their [[conquest of Canaan]] to their [[Babylonian captivity|defeat and exile in Babylon]]; the poetic and [[Poetic Books|wisdom literature]], which explore themes of human experience, morality, and divine justice; and the books of the biblical prophets, warning of the consequences of turning away from God.

The Old Testament canon differs among Christian denominations. The [[Catholic Bible|Catholic canon]] contains 46, the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox]] Churches include up to 49 books, and the [[Protestant Bible]] typically has 39.{{Sfn | Barton | 2001 | p = 3}} Most of these books are shared across all Christian canons, corresponding to the 24 books of the [[Tanakh#Books of the Tanakh|Tanakh]] but with differences in order and text. Some books found in Christian Bibles, but not in the Hebrew canon, are called [[deuterocanonical books]], mostly originating from the [[Septuagint]], an ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible. [[Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] churches include these, while most [[Protestant]] Bibles exclude them, though some [[Anglican]] and [[Lutheran]] versions place them in a separate section called [[biblical apocrypha|Apocrypha]].

While early histories of [[History of ancient Israel and Judah|the ancient Israel and Judah]] were largely based on biblical accounts, their reliability has been increasingly questioned over time. Key debates have focused on the historicity of the [[Patriarchs (Bible)|Patriarchs]], the [[The Exodus|Exodus]], the Israelite conquest, and the [[United Monarchy]], with archaeological evidence often challenging these narratives. Mainstream scholarship has balanced skepticism with evidence, recognizing that some biblical traditions align with archaeological findings, particularly from the [[9th century BC]] onward.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Ancient Israelite World |last=Faust |first=Avraham |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-000-77324-8 |page=78-79 |editor-last=Keimer |editor-first=Kyle H. |chapter=Between the Biblical Story and History: Writing an Archaeological History of Ancient Israel |editor-last2=Pierce |editor-first2=George A. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4beREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA78}}</ref>

==Content==
{{Main|Biblical canon|Development of the Old Testament canon}}

The Old Testament contains 39 (Protestant), 46 (Catholic), or more (Orthodox and other) books, divided, very broadly, into the [[Torah|Pentateuch (Torah)]], the [[historical books]], the [[Poetic Books|"wisdom" books]] and the prophets.{{Sfn | Boadt | 1984 | pp = 11, 15–16}}

The table below uses the spellings and names present in modern editions of the Christian Bible, such as the Catholic [[New American Bible Revised Edition]] and the Protestant [[Revised Standard Version]] and [[English Standard Version]]. The spelling and names in both the 1609–10 Douay Old Testament (and in the 1582 [[Rheims New Testament]]) and the 1749 revision by [[Richard Challoner|Bishop Challoner]] (the edition currently in print used by many Catholics, and the source of traditional Catholic spellings in English) and in the Septuagint differ from those spellings and names used in modern editions which are derived from the Hebrew [[Masoretic Text]].{{Efn | Generally due to derivation from transliterations of names used in the Latin [[Vulgate]] in the case of Catholicism, and from transliterations of the Greek Septuagint in the case of the Orthodox (as opposed to the derivation of translations, instead of transliterations, of Hebrew titles) such [[Ecclesiasticus]] (DRC) instead of [[Sirach]] (LXX) or [[Ben Sira]] (Hebrew), [[Paralipomenon]] (Greek, meaning "things omitted") instead of [[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]], Sophonias instead of [[Zephaniah]], Noe instead of [[Noah]], Henoch instead of [[Enoch (ancestor of Noah)|Enoch]], [[Messias]] instead of [[Messiah]], Sion instead of [[Zion]], etc.}}

For the Orthodox canon, Septuagint titles are provided in parentheses when these differ from those editions. For the Catholic canon, the Douaic titles are provided in parentheses when these differ from those editions. Likewise, the [[King James Version]] references some of these books by the traditional spelling when referring to them in the New Testament, such as "Esaias" (for [[Isaiah]]).

In the spirit of [[ecumenism]], more recent [[Catholic Bible#Catholic English versions|Catholic translations]] (e.g. the [[New American Bible]], [[Jerusalem Bible]], and ecumenical translations used by Catholics, such as the [[Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition]]) use the same "standardized" (King James Version) spellings and names as [[Protestant Bible]]s (e.g. [[1 Chronicles]] as opposed to the [[Douay–Rheims Bible|Douaic]] 1 Paralipomenon, [[1–2 Samuel]] and [[1–2 Kings]] instead of 1–4 Kings) in those books which are universally considered canonical: the [[protocanonical]]s.

The [[Talmud]] (the Jewish commentary on the scriptures) in [[Bava Batra]] 14b gives a different order for the books in ''[[Nevi'im]]'' and ''[[Ketuvim]]''. This order is also cited in [[Mishneh Torah]] Hilchot [[Sefer (book)|Sefer]] Torah 7:15.{{Clarify|date=August 2023|reason=I don't understand what this is referring to; is this missing commas/additional info? Is 'Mishneh Torah Hilchot Sefer Torah' somehow one book and 7:15 a passage?}} The order of the books of the Torah is universal through all denominations of Judaism and Christianity.

The disputed books, included in most canons but not in others, are often called the [[Biblical apocrypha]], a term that is sometimes used specifically to describe the books in the Catholic and Orthodox canons that are absent from the Jewish Masoretic Text and most modern [[Protestant]] Bibles. Catholics, following the [[Canon of Trent]] (1546), describe these books as deuterocanonical, while [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] Christians, following the [[Synod of Jerusalem (1672)]], use the traditional name of {{transliteration|grc|[[anagignoskomena]]}}, meaning "that which is to be read." They are present in a few historic Protestant versions; the German [[Luther Bible]] included such books, as did the English 1611 King James Version.{{Efn | The foundational [[Thirty-Nine Articles]] of [[Anglicanism]], in [[:s: Thirty-Nine Articles|Article VI]], asserts these disputed books are not used "to establish any doctrine", but "read for example of life." Although the Biblical Apocrypha are still used in [[Christian liturgy#Anglican Communion|Anglican Liturgy]],<ref>{{Citation | publisher = Orthodox Anglican | quote = Two of the hymns used in the American Prayer Book office of Morning Prayer, the [[Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)|Benedictus es]] and [[Benedicite]], are taken from the Apocrypha. One of the offertory sentences in Holy Communion comes from an apocryphal book (Tob. 4: 8–9). Lessons from the Apocrypha are regularly appointed to be reason Sunday, Sunday, and the special services of Morning and Evening Prayer. There are altogether 111 such lessons in the latest revised American Prayer Book Lectionary [Books used are: II Esdras, Tobit, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, Three Holy Children, and I Maccabees.] | url = http://orthodoxanglican.net/downloads/apocrypha.pdf | title = The Apocrypha, Bridge of the Testaments | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090205074449/http://orthodoxanglican.net/downloads/apocrypha.pdf | archive-date = 2009-02-05 }}</ref> the modern trend is to not even print the Old Testament Apocrypha in editions of Anglican-used Bibles}}

Empty table cells indicate that a book is absent from that canon.

{{legend|#ccf|outline=#A2A9B1|Pentateuch, corresponding to the Hebrew [[Torah]]}}
{{legend|#fc9|outline=#A2A9B1|Historical books, most closely corresponding to the Hebrew [[Nevi'im]] (Prophets)}}
{{legend|#9f9|outline=#A2A9B1|Wisdom books, most closely corresponding to the Hebrew [[Ketuvim]] (Writings)}}
{{legend|#f9f|outline=#A2A9B1|Major Prophets}}
{{legend|#ffc|outline=#A2A9B1|Twelve Minor Prophets}}

{{sticky header}}{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header sort-under" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Christian order<ref group="lower-alpha">The numbering of books is for comparison with the Hebrew order of books. It does not directly represent the order of any specific canon as some books are moved and combined in specific Bibles, as notes detail.</ref>
! [[Protestantism|Protestant]] Old Testament (39 books)
! [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] Old Testament (46 books)
! [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] Old Testament (49 books)
! [[Hebrew Bible]] (Tanakh) (24 books)
! Hebrew order
! Original language
|-
| 1
| style="background:#ccf" | [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]]
| style="background:#ccf" | [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]]
| style="background:#ccf" | [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]]
| style="background:#ccf" | [[Book of Genesis|Bereshit]]
| 1
| Hebrew
|-
| 2
| style="background:#ccf" | [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]]
| style="background:#ccf" | [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]]
| style="background:#ccf" | [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]]
| style="background:#ccf" | [[Book of Exodus|Shemot]]
| 2
| Hebrew
|-
| 3
| style="background:#ccf" | [[Book of Leviticus|Leviticus]]
| style="background:#ccf" | [[Book of Leviticus|Leviticus]]
| style="background:#ccf" | [[Book of Leviticus|Leviticus]]
| style="background:#ccf" | [[Book of Leviticus|Vayikra]]
| 3
| Hebrew
|-
| 4
| style="background:#ccf" | [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]]
| style="background:#ccf" | [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]]
| style="background:#ccf" | [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]]
| style="background:#ccf" | [[Book of Numbers|Bamidbar]]
| 4
| Hebrew
|-
| 5
| style="background:#ccf" | [[Book of Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]]
| style="background:#ccf" | [[Book of Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]]
| style="background:#ccf" | [[Book of Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]]
| style="background:#ccf" | [[Book of Deuteronomy|Devarim]]
| 5
| Hebrew
|-
| 6
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Joshua|Joshua]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Joshua|Joshua (Josue)]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Joshua|Joshua (Iesous)]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Joshua|Yehoshua]]
| 6
| Hebrew
|-
| 7
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Judges|Judges]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Judges|Judges]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Judges|Judges]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Judges|Shoftim]]
| 7
| Hebrew
|-
| 8
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Ruth|Ruth]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Ruth|Ruth]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Ruth|Ruth]]
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Book of Ruth|Rut (Ruth)]]
| 18
| Hebrew
|-
| 9
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Books of Samuel|1 Samuel]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Books of Samuel|1 Samuel (1 Kings)]]<ref name="Kings" group="lower-alpha">The books of Samuel and Kings are often called First through Fourth Kings in the Catholic tradition, much like the Orthodox.</ref>
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Books of Samuel|1 Samuel (1 Kingdoms)]]<ref name="septuagint" group="lower-alpha">Names in parentheses are the Septuagint names and are often used by the Orthodox Christians.</ref>
| rowspan=2 style="background:#fc9" | [[Books of Samuel|Shmuel]]<ref group="lower-alpha">Samuel is considered one book in the Hebrew Bible.</ref>
| rowspan=2 | 8
| Hebrew
|-
| 10
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Books of Samuel|2 Samuel]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Books of Samuel|2 Samuel (2 Kings)]]<ref name="Kings" group="lower-alpha" />
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Books of Samuel|2 Samuel (2 Kingdoms)]]<ref name="septuagint" group="lower-alpha" />
| Hebrew
|-
| 11
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Books of Kings|1 Kings]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Books of Kings|1 Kings (3 Kings)]]<ref name="Kings" group="lower-alpha" />
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Books of Kings|1 Kings (3 Kingdoms)]]<ref name="septuagint" group="lower-alpha" />
| rowspan=2 style="background:#fc9" | [[Books of Kings|Melakhim]]<ref group="lower-alpha">Kings is considered one book in the Hebrew Bible.</ref>
| rowspan=2 | 9
| Hebrew
|-
| 12
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Books of Kings|2 Kings]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Books of Kings|2 Kings (4 Kings)]]<ref name="Kings" group="lower-alpha" />
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Books of Kings|2 Kings (4 Kingdoms)]]<ref name="septuagint" group="lower-alpha" />
| Hebrew
|-
| 13
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Books of Chronicles|1 Chronicles]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Books of Chronicles|1 Chronicles (1 Paralipomenon)]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Books of Chronicles|1 Chronicles (1 Paralipomenon)]]
| rowspan=2 style="background:#9f9" | [[Books of Chronicles|Divrei Hayamim (Chronicles)]]<ref group="lower-alpha">Chronicles is considered one book in the Hebrew Bible.</ref>
| rowspan=2 | 24
| Hebrew
|-
| 14
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Books of Chronicles|2 Chronicles]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Books of Chronicles|2 Chronicles (2 Paralipomenon)]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Books of Chronicles|2 Chronicles (2 Paralipomenon)]]
| Hebrew
|-
| 15
|
|
| style="background:#fc9" | [[1 Esdras]] (Ἔσδρας Aʹ)<ref name="1 Esdras" group="lower-alpha">In Slavic language Bibles ''Ἔσδρας Aʹ'' corresponds to ''1 Esdras''. In the Vulgate it is called ''3 Esdras''.</ref><ref name="russian synodal" group="lower-alpha">One of 11 deuterocanonical books in the [[Russian Synodal Bible]].</ref>
|
|
| Greek
|-
| 16
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Ezra]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Ezra]]<ref name="Vulgate 1" group="lower-alpha">In the Vulgate the Book of Ezra is called 1 Esdras.</ref>
| rowspan=2 style="background:#fc9" | [[Ezra–Nehemiah]] (Ἔσδρας Βʹ)<ref name="2 Esdras" group="lower-alpha">In Slavic language Bibles ''Ἔσδρας Bʹ'' corresponds to ''Ezra-Nehemiah'' and is called ''2 Esdras''. In the Vulgate ''Ezra'' is called ''1 Esdras'' and ''Nehemiah'' is called ''2 Esdras'' respectively.</ref><ref name="septuagint" group="lower-alpha" /><ref name="ezra" group="lower-alpha">Some Eastern Orthodox churches follow the [[Septuagint]] and Hebrew Bibles by considering the books of [[Ezra and Nehemiah]] as one book.</ref>
| rowspan=2 style="background:#9f9" | [[Ezra–Nehemiah]]<ref group="lower-alpha">Ezra–Nehemiah is considered one book in the Hebrew Bible.</ref>
| rowspan=2 | 23
| Hebrew and Aramaic
|-
| 17
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Nehemiah|Nehemiah]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Nehemiah]]<ref name="Vulgate 2" group="lower-alpha">In the [[Vulgate]] the Book of Nehemiah is called 2 Esdras.</ref>
| Hebrew
|-
| 18
| rowspan=2 |
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Tobit|Tobit (Tobias)]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Tobit|Tobit]]<ref name="russian synodal" group="lower-alpha" />
| rowspan=2 |
| rowspan=2 |
| Aramaic and Hebrew
|-
| 19
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Judith|Judith]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Judith|Judith]]<ref name="russian synodal" group="lower-alpha" />
| Hebrew
|-
| 20
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Esther|Esther]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Esther|Esther]]<ref name="esther" group="lower-alpha">The Catholic and Orthodox Book of Esther includes 103 verses not in the Protestant Book of Esther.</ref>
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Esther|Esther]]<ref name="esther" group="lower-alpha" />
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Book of Esther|Ester (Esther)]]
| 21
| Hebrew
|-
| 21
| rowspan=5 |
| style="background:#fc9" | [[1 Maccabees]] (1 Machabees)<ref name="maccabees" group="lower-alpha">The [[Latin Vulgate]], [[Douay–Rheims Bible|Douay–Rheims]], and [[Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition]] place First and Second Maccabees after Malachi; other Catholic translations place them after Esther.</ref>
| style="background:#fc9" | [[1 Maccabees]]<ref name="russian synodal" group="lower-alpha" />
| rowspan=5 |
| rowspan=5 |
| Hebrew and Greek{{Efn|1 Maccabees is hypothesized by most scholars to have been originally written in Hebrew; however, if it was, the original Hebrew has been lost. The surviving Septuagint version is in Greek.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goldstein |first=Jonathan A. |author-link=Jonathan A. Goldstein |date=1976 |title=I Maccabees |location=Garden City, NY |publisher=Doubleday |series=[[The Anchor Bible Series]] |isbn=0-385-08533-8 |page=14}}</ref>}}
|-
| 22
| style="background:#fc9" | [[2 Maccabees]] (2 Machabees)<ref name="maccabees" group="lower-alpha" />
| style="background:#fc9" | [[2 Maccabees]]<ref name="russian synodal" group="lower-alpha" />
| | Greek
|-
| 23
| rowspan=3 |
| style="background:#fc9" | [[3 Maccabees]]<ref name="russian synodal" group="lower-alpha" />
| Greek
|-
| 24
| [[2 Esdras]]<ref name="3 Esdras" group="lower-alpha">In Slavic language Bibles ''2 Esdras'' is called ''3 Esdras''. In the Vulgate it is called ''4 Esdras''.</ref><ref name="russian synodal" group="lower-alpha" />
| Greek
|-
| 25
| [[4 Maccabees]]{{Efn | In Greek Bibles, 4 Maccabees is found in the appendix.}}
| Greek
|-
| 26
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Book of Job|Job]]
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Book of Job|Job]]
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Book of Job|Job]]
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Book of Job|Iyov (Job)]]
| 16
| Hebrew
|-
| 27
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Psalms]]
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Psalms]]
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Psalms]]<ref name="psalms" group="lower-alpha">Eastern Orthodox churches include [[Psalm 151]] and the [[Prayer of Manasseh]], not present in all canons.</ref>
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Psalms|Tehillim (Psalms)]]
| 14
| Hebrew
|-
| 28
|
|
| [[Prayer of Manasseh]]<ref name="RSB manasseh" group="lower-alpha">Part of 2 Paralipomenon in the [[Russian Synodal Bible]].</ref>
|
|
| Greek
|-
| 29
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]]
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]]
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]]
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Book of Proverbs|Mishlei (Proverbs)]]
| 15
| Hebrew
|-
| 30
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Ecclesiastes]]
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Ecclesiastes]]
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Ecclesiastes]]
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Ecclesiastes|Qohelet (Ecclesiastes)]]
| 20
| Hebrew
|-
| 31
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Song of Solomon]]
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Song of Songs]] (Canticle of Canticles)
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Song of Songs]] (Aisma Aismaton)
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Song of Songs|Shir Hashirim (Song of Songs)]]
| 17
| Hebrew
|-
| 32
| rowspan=2 |
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Book of Wisdom|Wisdom]]
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Book of Wisdom|Wisdom]]<ref name="russian synodal" group="lower-alpha" />
| rowspan=2 |
| rowspan=2 |
| Greek
|-
|33
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Sirach]] (Ecclesiasticus)
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Sirach]]<ref name="russian synodal" group="lower-alpha" />
| Hebrew
|-
| 34
| style="background:#f9f" | [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]]
| style="background:#f9f" | [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah (Isaias)]]
| style="background:#f9f" | [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Isaiah|Yeshayahu]]
| 10
| Hebrew
|-
| 35
| style="background:#f9f" | [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]]
| style="background:#f9f" | [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah (Jeremias)]]
| style="background:#f9f" | [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Jeremiah|Yirmeyahu]]
| 11
| Hebrew
|-
| 36
| style="background:#f9f" | [[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]]
| style="background:#f9f" | [[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]]
| style="background:#f9f" | [[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]]
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Book of Lamentations|Eikhah (Lamentations)]]
| 19
| Hebrew
|-
| 37
| rowspan=2 |
| rowspan=2 style="background:#f9f" | [[Book of Baruch|Baruch]]<ref name="baruch" group="lower-alpha">In Catholic Bibles, Baruch includes a sixth chapter called the [[Letter of Jeremiah]]. Baruch is not in the Protestant Bible or the Tanakh.</ref>
| style="background:#f9f" | [[Book of Baruch|Baruch]]<ref name="baruch" group="lower-alpha" /><ref name="russian synodal" group="lower-alpha" />
| rowspan=2 |
| rowspan=2 |
| Hebrew<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bible |volume= 3 |last= Driver |first= Samuel Rolles |author-link= Samuel Rolles Driver | pages= 849–894; see page 853, third para |quote=Jeremiah.....were first written down in 604 B.C. by his friend and amanuensis Baruch, and the roll thus formed must have formed the nucleus of the present book. Some of the reports of Jeremiah's prophecies, and especially the biographical narratives, also probably have Baruch for their author. But the chronological disorder of the book, and other indications, show that Baruch could not have been the compiler of the book}}</ref>
|-
| 38
| style="background:#f9f" | [[Letter of Jeremiah]]{{Efn | Eastern Orthodox Bibles have the books of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah separate.}}<ref name="russian synodal" group="lower-alpha" />
| | Greek (majority view){{Efn | Hebrew (minority view); see [[Letter of Jeremiah]] for details.}}
|-
| 39
| style="background:#f9f" | [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]]
| style="background:#f9f" | [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel (Ezechiel)]]
| style="background:#f9f" | [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]]
| style="background:#fc9" | [[Book of Ezekiel|Yekhezqel]]
| 12
| Hebrew
|-
| 40
| style="background:#f9f" | [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]]
| style="background:#f9f" | [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]]<ref name="daniel" group="lower-alpha">In Catholic and Orthodox Bibles, Daniel includes three sections not included in Protestant Bibles. [[The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children]] are included between Daniel 3:23–24. [[Susanna (Book of Daniel)|Susanna]] is included as Daniel 13. [[Bel and the Dragon]] is included as Daniel 14. These are not in the Protestant Old Testament.</ref>
| style="background:#f9f" | [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]]<ref name="daniel" group="lower-alpha" />
| style="background:#9f9" | [[Book of Daniel|Daniyyel (Daniel)]]
| 22
| Aramaic and Hebrew
|-
| 41
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Hosea|Hosea]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Hosea|Hosea (Osee)]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Hosea|Hosea]]
| rowspan=12 style="background:#fc9" | [[Twelve Minor Prophets|The Twelve]]{{pb}}or{{pb}}{{transliteration|he|Trei Asar}}
| rowspan=12 | 13
| Hebrew
|-
| 42
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Joel|Joel]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Joel|Joel]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Joel|Joel]]
| Hebrew
|-
| 43
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Amos|Amos]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Amos|Amos]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Amos|Amos]]
| Hebrew
|-
| 44
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Obadiah|Obadiah]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Obadiah|Obadiah (Abdias)]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Obadiah|Obadiah]]
| Hebrew
|-
| 45
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Jonah|Jonah]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Jonah|Jonah (Jonas)]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Jonah|Jonah]]
| Hebrew
|-
| 46
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Micah|Micah]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Micah|Micah (Michaeas)]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Micah|Micah]]
| Hebrew
|-
| 47
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Nahum|Nahum]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Nahum|Nahum]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Nahum|Nahum]]
| Hebrew
|-
| 48
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Habakkuk|Habakkuk]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Habakkuk|Habakkuk (Habacuc)]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Habakkuk|Habakkuk]]
| Hebrew
|-
| 49
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Zephaniah|Zephaniah]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Zephaniah|Zephaniah (Sophonias)]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Zephaniah|Zephaniah]]
| Hebrew
|-
| 50
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Haggai|Haggai]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Haggai|Haggai (Aggaeus)]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Haggai|Haggai]]
| Hebrew
|-
| 51
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Zechariah|Zechariah]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Zechariah|Zechariah (Zacharias)]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Zechariah|Zechariah]]
| Hebrew
|-
| 52
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Malachi|Malachi]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Malachi|Malachi (Malachias)]]
| style="background:#ffc" | [[Book of Malachi|Malachi]]
| Hebrew
|}<references group=T />

Several of the books in the Eastern Orthodox canon are also found in the appendix to the [[Latin Vulgate]], formerly the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan=2 | ''Books in the appendix to the Vulgate Bible''
|-
! Name in Vulgate
! Name in Eastern Orthodox use
|- style="background:#ccf"
| [[1 Esdras|3 Esdras]]
| [[1 Esdras]]
|- style="background:#ccf"
| [[2 Esdras|4 Esdras]]
| [[2 Esdras]]
|- style="background:#ccf"
| [[Prayer of Manasseh]]
| [[Prayer of Manasseh]]
|- style="background:#ccf"
| [[Psalm 151|Psalm of David when he slew Goliath (Psalm 151)]]
| [[Psalm 151]]
|}<references group=T />

==Historicity==
{{Further|Historicity of the Bible#Hebrew Bible/Old Testament}}

=== Early scholarship ===
Some of the stories of the Pentateuch may derive from older sources. Scholars such as [[Andrew R. George]] point out the similarity between the [[Genesis flood narrative]] and the [[Gilgamesh flood myth]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=George |first=A. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21xxZ_gUy_wC&pg=PA70 |title=The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-927841-1 |page=70}}</ref>{{efn|The latter [[flood myth]] appears in a Babylonian copy dating to 700 BC,<ref>{{cite book |last=Cline |first=Eric H. |year=2007 |title=From Eden to Exile: Unraveling Mysteries of the Bible |publisher=National Geographic |isbn=978-1-4262-0084-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJW-zhffwk4C&pg=PA20|pages=20–27}}</ref> though many scholars believe that this was probably copied from the {{nowrap|{{langx|akk-Latn|[[Atra-Hasis]]}}}}, which dates to the 18th century BC.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tigay |first=Jeffrey H. |author-link= Jeffrey H. Tigay | title=The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic | publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers |year=2002 |orig-date=1982 |isbn=9780865165465 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cxjuHTH6I2sC |pages=23, 218, 224, 238}}</ref> George points out that the modern version of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' was compiled by [[Sîn-lēqi-unninni]], who lived sometime between 1300 and 1000 BC.<ref>{{cite book|translator=Andrew R. George|year=2003|orig-date=1999|title=The Epic of Gilgamesh|edition=reprinted|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=0-14-044919-1|pages=ii, xxiv–v}}</ref>}} Similarities between the origin story of [[Moses]] and that of [[Sargon of Akkad]] were noted by psychoanalyst [[Otto Rank]] in 1909<ref>{{cite book |title=The myth of the birth of the hero: a psychological interpretation of mythology |author-first1=Otto |author-last1=Rank |year=1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/mythofbirthofher1914rank |others=English translation by F. Robbins and Smith Ely Jelliffe |publisher=The Journal of nervous and mental disease publishing company |location=New York}}</ref> and popularized by 20th-century writers, such as [[H. G. Wells]] and [[Joseph Campbell]].<ref name="Wells">{{cite book |last=Wells |first=H. G. |title=The Outline of History: Volume 1 |year=1961 |orig-date=1937 |publisher=Doubleday |pages=206, 208, 210, 212}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Joseph |title=The Masks of God, Vol. 3: Occidental Mythology |year=1964 |page=127}}</ref> [[Jacob Bronowski]] writes that "the Bible is ... part folklore and part record. History is ... written by the victors, and the [[Israelites|Israelis]], when they burst through <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Jericho]] ({{Circa|1400 BC}})], became the carriers of history."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bronowski|first=Jacob|url=http://archive.org/details/ascentofman0000bron_y1z2|title=The Ascent of Man|publisher=BBC Books|year=1990|isbn=978-0-563-20900-3|location=London|pages=72–73, 77|orig-date=1973}}</ref>

=== Recent scholarship ===
In 2007, a historian of ancient Judaism [[Lester L. Grabbe]] explained that earlier biblical scholars such as [[Julius Wellhausen]] (1844–1918) could be described as 'maximalist', accepting biblical text unless it has been disproven. Continuing in this tradition, both "the 'substantial historicity' of the patriarchs" and "the unified conquest of the land" were widely accepted in the United States until about the 1970s. Contrarily, Grabbe says that those in his field now "are all minimalists{{snd}}at least, when it comes to the patriarchal period and the settlement. ... [V]ery few are willing to operate [as maximalists]."<ref name="GRABBE p.">{{cite book|last=Grabbe|first=Lester L.|title=Understanding the History of Ancient Israel|date=2007-10-25|publisher=British Academy|isbn=978-0-19-726401-0|pages=57–58|chapter=Some Recent Issues in the Study of the History of Israel|doi=10.5871/bacad/9780197264010.003.0005}}</ref>

In 2022, archaeologist [[Avraham Faust]] summarized recent scholarship arguing that while early histories of Israel were heavily based on biblical accounts, their reliability has been increasingly questioned over time. He continued that key debates have focused on the historicity of the [[Patriarchs]], the [[The Exodus|Exodus]], the Israelite conquest, and the [[United Monarchy]], with archaeological evidence often challenging these narratives. He concluded that while the minimalist school of the 1990s dismissed the Bible's historical value, mainstream scholarship has balanced skepticism with evidence, recognizing that some biblical traditions align with archaeological findings, particularly from the [[9th century BC]] onward.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Ancient Israelite World |last=Faust |first=Avraham |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-000-77324-8 |page=78-79 |editor-last=Keimer |editor-first=Kyle H. |chapter=Between the Biblical Story and History: Writing an Archaeological History of Ancient Israel |editor-last2=Pierce |editor-first2=George A. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4beREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA78}}</ref>

==Composition==
{{Further|Composition of the Torah|Dating the Bible|Documentary hypothesis}}
The first five books—[[Book of Genesis|Genesis]], [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]], [[Leviticus]], [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] and [[Deuteronomy]]—reached their present form in the [[Yehud Medinata|Persian period (538–332 BC)]], and their authors were the elite of exilic returnees who controlled the [[Second Temple|Temple]] at that time.{{Sfn | Blenkinsopp | 1998 | p = 184}} The books of [[book of Joshua|Joshua]], [[book of Judges|Judges]], [[book of Ruth|Ruth]], [[books of Samuel|Samuel]] and [[books of Kings|Kings]] follow, forming a history of Israel from the [[Conquest of Canaan]] to the [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|Siege of Jerusalem {{circa|587}} BC]]. There is a broad consensus among scholars that these originated as a single work (the so-called "[[Deuteronomistic History]]") during the [[Babylonian exile]] of the 6th century BC.{{Sfn | Rogerson | 2003 | pp = 153–54}}

The two [[Books of Chronicles]] cover much the same material as the Pentateuch and Deuteronomistic history and probably date from the 4th century BC.{{Sfn | Coggins | 2003 | p = 282}} Chronicles and [[Ezra–Nehemiah]] were probably finished during the 3rd century BC.{{Sfn | Grabbe | 2003 | pp = 213–14}} Catholic and Orthodox Old Testaments contain two (Catholic Old Testament) to four (Orthodox) [[Books of the Maccabees]], written in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC.

These history books make up around half the total content of the Old Testament. Of the remainder, the books of the various prophets—[[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]], [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]], [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]], and the twelve "[[minor prophets]]"—were written between the 8th and 6th centuries BC, with the exceptions of [[Book of Jonah|Jonah]] and [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]], which were written much later.{{Sfn | Miller | 1987 | pp = 10–11}} The "wisdom" books—[[Book of Job|Job]], [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]], [[Ecclesiastes]], [[Psalms]], [[Song of Songs]]—have various dates: Proverbs possibly was completed by the [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic time]] (332–198 BC), though containing much older material as well; Job was completed by the 6th century BC; Ecclesiastes by the 3rd century BC.{{Sfn | Crenshaw | 2010 | p = 5}}

==Themes==
Throughout the Old Testament, God is consistently depicted as the one who created the world. Although the God of the Old Testament is not consistently presented as [[monotheism|the only god who exists]], he is always depicted as [[Monolatry|the only God whom Israel is to worship]], or the one "true God", that only [[Yahweh]] (or {{Smallcaps|[[Tetragrammaton|YHWH]]}}) is Almighty.{{Sfn | Barton | 2001 | p = 9 |ps=: "4. Covenant and Redemption. It is a central point in many OT texts that the creator God YHWH is also in some sense Israel's special god, who at some point in history entered into a relationship with his people that had something of the nature of a contract. Classically this contract or covenant was entered into at Sinai, and Moses was its mediator."}}

The Old Testament stresses the special relationship between God and his [[chosen people]], Israel, but includes instructions for [[proselyte]]s as well. This relationship is expressed in the [[biblical covenant]] (contract){{Sfn | Coogan | 2008 | p = 106}}{{Sfn | Ferguson | 1996 | p = 2}}{{Sfn | Ska | 2009 | p = 213}}{{Sfn | Berman | 2006 | p = unpaginated |ps=: "At this juncture, however, God is entering into a "treaty" with the Israelites, and hence the formal need within the written contract for the grace of the sovereign to be documented.30 30. Mendenhall and Herion, "Covenant," p. 1183."}}{{Sfn | Levine | 2001 | p = 46}}{{Sfn | Hayes | 2006}} between the two, received by [[Moses]]. The law codes in books such as [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] and especially [[Deuteronomy]] are the terms of the contract: Israel swears faithfulness to God, and God swears to be Israel's special protector and supporter.{{Sfn | Barton | 2001 | p = 9 |ps=: "4. Covenant and Redemption. It is a central point in many OT texts that the creator God YHWH is also in some sense Israel's special god, who at some point in history entered into a relationship with his people that had something of the nature of a contract. Classically this contract or covenant was entered into at Sinai, and Moses was its mediator."}} However, ''The Jewish Study Bible'' denies that the word ''covenant'' ({{transliteration|he|brit}} in Hebrew) means "contract"; in the ancient Near East, a covenant would have been sworn before the gods, who would be its enforcers. As God is part of the agreement, and not merely witnessing it, ''The Jewish Study Bible'' instead interprets the term to refer to a pledge.{{Sfn | Berlin | Brettler | 2014 | p = PT194 |ps=: 6.17–22: Further introduction and a pledge. 18: This v. records the first mention of the covenant ("brit") in the Tanakh. In the ancient Near East, a covenant was an agreement that the parties swore before the gods, and expected the gods to enforce. In this case, God is Himself a party to the covenant, which is more like a pledge than an agreement or contract (this was sometimes the case in the ancient Near East as well). The covenant with Noah will receive longer treatment in 9.1–17.}}

Further themes in the Old Testament include [[salvation]], [[Redemption (theology)|redemption]], [[divine judgment]], obedience and disobedience, [[faith]] and faithfulness, among others. Throughout there is a strong emphasis on [[ethics]] and [[ritual purity]], both of which God demands, although some of the prophets and wisdom writers seem to question this, arguing that God demands [[social justice]] above purity, and perhaps does not even care about purity at all. The Old Testament's moral code enjoins fairness, intervention on behalf of the vulnerable, and the duty of those in power to administer justice righteously. It forbids murder, bribery and corruption, deceitful trading, and many [[porneia|sexual misdemeanours]]. All morality is traced back to God, who is the source of all goodness.{{Sfn | Barton | 2001 | p = 10}}

The [[problem of evil]] plays a large part in the Old Testament. The problem the Old Testament authors faced was that a good God must have had just reason for bringing disaster (meaning notably, but not only, the [[Babylonian exile]]) upon his people. The theme is played out, with many variations, in books as different as the histories of Kings and Chronicles, the prophets like [[Ezekiel]] and [[Jeremiah]], and in the wisdom books like Job and Ecclesiastes.{{Sfn | Barton | 2001 | p = 10}}

==Formation==
{{Main|Biblical canon}}
{{See also|Development of the Hebrew Bible canon|Development of the Old Testament canon|Septuagint|Books of the Vulgate}}
[[File:Texts of the OT.svg|thumb|upright=2.05|The interrelationship between various significant ancient manuscripts of the Old Testament, according to the ''[[Encyclopaedia Biblica]]'' (1903). Some manuscripts are identified by their [[Scribal abbreviation|siglum]]. LXX here denotes the original Septuagint.]]

The process by which scriptures became canons and Bibles was a long one, and its complexities account for the many different Old Testaments which exist today. Timothy H. Lim, a professor of Hebrew Bible and [[Second Temple Judaism]] at the [[University of Edinburgh]], identifies the Old Testament as "a collection of authoritative texts of apparently divine origin that went through a human process of writing and editing."<ref name="Lim 2005 41"/> He states that it is not a magical book, nor was it literally written by [[God in Judaism|God]] and passed to mankind. By about the 5th century BC, Jews saw the five books of the [[Torah]] (the Old Testament Pentateuch) as having authoritative status; by the 2nd century BC, the Prophets had a similar status, although without quite the same level of respect as the Torah.{{Sfn | Brettler | 2005 | p = 274}}

===Greek===
{{see also|Septuagint}}
Hebrew texts began to be translated into Greek in [[Alexandria]] in about 280 BC and continued until about 130 BC.{{Sfn | Gentry | 2008 | p = 302}} These early Greek translations {{ndash}} supposedly commissioned by [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]] {{ndash}} were called the {{langnf|la|[[Septuagint]]|Seventy|links=no}} from the supposed number of translators involved (hence its abbreviation "[[LXX]]"). This Septuagint remains the basis of the Old Testament in the [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox Church]].{{Sfn | Würthwein | 1995}}

It varies in many places from the Masoretic Text and includes numerous books no longer considered canonical in some traditions: [[1 Esdras]], [[Book of Judith|Judith]], [[Book of Tobit|Tobit]], the books of [[Books of the Maccabees|Maccabees]], the [[Book of Wisdom]], [[Sirach]], and [[Book of Baruch|Baruch]].{{Sfn | Jones | 2000 | p = 216}} Early modern [[biblical criticism]] typically explained these variations as intentional or ignorant corruptions by the Alexandrian scholars, but most recent scholarship holds it is simply based on early source texts differing from those later used by the [[Masoretes]] in their work.

The Septuagint was originally used by [[Hellenization|Hellenized]] Jews whose knowledge of [[Koine Greek|Greek]] was better than Hebrew. However, the texts came to be used predominantly by gentile converts to Christianity and by the early Church as its scripture, Greek being the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of the early Church. The three most acclaimed early interpreters were [[Aquila of Sinope]], [[Symmachus the Ebionite]], and [[Theodotion]]; in his [[Hexapla]], [[Origen]] placed his edition of the Hebrew text beside [[Secunda (Hexapla)|its transcription in Greek letters]] and four parallel translations: Aquila's, Symmachus's, the Septuagint's, and Theodotion's. The so-called "fifth" and "sixth editions" were two other Greek translations supposedly miraculously discovered by students outside the towns of [[Jericho]] and [[Nicopolis]]: these were added to Origen's Octapla.<ref>Cave, William. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-L5UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA406 A complete history of the lives, acts, and martyrdoms of the holy apostles, and the two evangelists, St. Mark and Luke]'', Vol. II. Wiatt (Philadelphia), 1810. Retrieved 2013-02-06.</ref>

In 331, [[Constantine the Great and Christianity|Constantine I]] commissioned [[Eusebius]] to deliver [[Fifty Bibles of Constantine|fifty Bibles]] for the [[Church of Constantinople]]. [[Athanasius]]<ref>''Apol. Const. 4''</ref> recorded [[Early centers of Christianity#Alexandria|Alexandrian]] scribes around 340 preparing Bibles for [[Constans]]. Little else is known, though there is plenty of speculation. For example, it is speculated{{by whom|date=February 2026}} that this may have provided motivation for canon lists and that [[Codex Vaticanus]] and [[Codex Sinaiticus]] are examples of these Bibles{{needcite|date=February 2026}}. Together with the [[Peshitta]] and [[Codex Alexandrinus]], these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles.<ref>'' The Canon Debate'', pp. 414–15, for the entire paragraph</ref> There is no evidence among the [[First Council of Nicaea#Promulgation of canon law|canons of the First Council of Nicaea]] of any determination on the canon. However, [[Jerome]] (347–420), in his ''Prologue to Judith'', claims that the [[Book of Judith]] was "found by the [[First Nicene Council|Nicene Council]] to have been counted among the number of the Sacred Scriptures".<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Book of Judith}} Canonicity: "..." the Synod of Nicaea is said to have accounted it as Sacred Scripture" (Praef. in Lib.). No such declaration indeed is to be found in the Canons of Nicaea, and it is uncertain whether St. Jerome is referring to the use made of the book in the discussions of the council, or whether he was misled by some spurious canons attributed to that council".</ref>

===Latin===
{{see also|Deuterocanonical books|Vulgate}}
In [[Western Christianity]] or Christianity in the [[Western Roman Empire|Western half of the Roman Empire]], Latin had displaced Greek as the common language of the early Christians, and in 382 AD [[Pope Damasus I]] commissioned [[Jerome]], the leading scholar of the day, to produce an updated Latin Bible to replace the [[Vetus Latina]], which was a Latin translation of the Septuagint. Jerome's work, called the [[Vulgate]], was a direct translation from Hebrew, since he argued for the superiority of [[Development of the Hebrew Bible canon|the Hebrew texts]] in correcting the Septuagint on both philological and theological grounds.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rebenich|first1= Stefan|title=Jerome|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|page= 58|ISBN=9781134638444}}</ref> His Vulgate Old Testament became the standard Bible used in the Western Church, specifically as the [[Sixto-Clementine Vulgate]], while the [[Eastern Christianity|Churches in the East]] continued, and continue, to use the Septuagint.{{Sfn | Würthwein | 1995 | pp = 91–99}}

Jerome, however, in the [[Vulgate#Prologues|Vulgate's prologues]], describes some portions of books in the Septuagint not found in the Hebrew Bible as being non-[[biblical canon|canonical]] (he called them ''[[biblical apocrypha|apocrypha]]'');<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/bible/prologi.shtml|title=The Bible|website=www.thelatinlibrary.com}}</ref> for [[Book of Baruch|Baruch]], he mentions by name in his ''Prologue to Jeremiah'' and notes that it is neither read nor held among the Hebrews, but does not explicitly call it apocryphal or "not in the canon".<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=233 |title=Jerome's Prologue to Jeremiah |author-first1=Kevin P. |author-last1=Edgecomb |date=14 August 2006 |access-date=2015-11-30 |archive-date=2013-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002043/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=233 }}</ref> The [[Synod of Hippo]] (in 393), followed by the [[Council of Carthage (397)]] and the [[Council of Carthage (419)]], may be the first council that explicitly accepted the first canon which includes the books that did not appear in the [[Hebrew Bible]];<ref>McDonald & Sanders, editors of ''The Canon Debate'', 2002, chapter 5: ''The Septuagint: The Bible of Hellenistic Judaism'' by Albert C. Sundberg Jr., page 72, Appendix D-2, note 19.</ref> the councils were under significant influence of [[Augustine of Hippo]], who regarded the canon as already closed.<ref>Everett Ferguson, "Factors leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon", in ''The Canon Debate''. eds. L. M. McDonald & J. A. Sanders (Hendrickson, 2002) p. 320; F. F. Bruce, ''The Canon of Scripture'' (Intervarsity Press, 1988) p. 230; cf. Augustine, ''De Civitate Dei'' 22.8</ref>

===Protestant canon===
In the 16th century, the Protestant reformers sided with Jerome; yet although most Protestant Bibles now have only those books that appear in the Hebrew Bible, the order is that of the Greek Bible.{{Sfn | Barton | 1997 | pp = 80–81}}

Rome then officially adopted a canon, the [[Canon of Trent]], which is seen as following Augustine's Carthaginian Councils<ref>{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/3_ch09.htm |title=History of the Christian Church |chapter=Chapter IX. Theological Controversies, and Development of the Ecumenical Orthodoxy |author=Philip Schaff |publisher=CCEL|author-link=Philip Schaff }}</ref> or the [[Council of Rome]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Lindberg |title=A Brief History of Christianity |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2006 |page=15}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |edition=2nd |editor-first1=F.L. |editor-last1=Cross|editor-first2= E.A. |editor-last2=Livingstone |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1983 |page=232}}</ref> and includes most, but not all, of the Septuagint ([[3 Ezra]] and 3 and 4 Maccabees are excluded);{{Sfn | Soggin | 1987 | p = 19}} the [[Anglican]]s after the [[English Civil War]] adopted a compromise position, restoring the [[39 Articles]] and keeping the extra books that were excluded by the [[Westminster Confession of Faith]], both for private study and for [[Christian liturgy#Anglican Communion|reading in churches]] but not for establishing any doctrine, while Lutherans kept them for private study, gathered in an appendix as [[biblical apocrypha]].{{Sfn | Barton | 1997 | pp = 80–81}}

===Other versions===
While the Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions of the Hebrew Bible are the best known Old Testaments, there were others. At much the same time as the Septuagint was being produced, translations were being made into Aramaic, the language of Jews living in Palestine and the Near East and likely the [[language of Jesus]]: these are called the Aramaic [[Targum]]s, from a word meaning "translation", and were used to help Jewish congregations understand their scriptures.{{Sfn | Würthwein | 1995 | pp = 79–90, 100–4}}

For Aramaic Christians, there was a [[Syriac language|Syriac]] translation of the Hebrew Bible called the [[Peshitta]], as well as versions in [[Coptic language|Coptic]] (the everyday language of Egypt in the first Christian centuries, descended from [[Ancient Egyptian language|ancient Egyptian]]), [[Geʽez|Ethiopic]] (for use in the [[Ethiopian church]], one of the oldest Christian churches), [[Armenian language|Armenian]] (Armenia was the first to adopt Christianity as its official religion), and [[Arabic]].{{Sfn | Würthwein | 1995 | pp = 79–90, 100–4}}

==Christian theology==
{{also|Christian views on the Old Covenant}}
Christian interpretation refers to the "Old Testament" as such only because there is a "New Testament" to which it relates. The name "Old Testament" reflects Christianity's understanding of itself as the [[Fulfillment theology|fulfillment]] of Jeremiah's prophecy of a [[New Covenant]] (which is similar to "testament" and often conflated) to replace the preceding [[Covenant (biblical)|covenant]] between God and Israel ([[Jeremiah 31:31]]).<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|31:31}}</ref>{{Sfn | Jones | 2000 | p = 215}} The emphasis, however, has shifted from Judaism's understanding of the covenant as a racially or tribally based pledge between God and the Jewish people, to one between God and any person of faith who is "in Christ".{{Sfn | Herion | 2000 | pp = 291–92}}

Relating the Old and New Testaments, the [[Second Vatican Council]] outlines a [[Catholic theology]] wherein "God, the inspirer and author of both Testaments, wisely arranged that the New Testament be hidden in the Old and the Old be made manifest in the New".<ref>[[Holy See]], [https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651118_dei-verbum_en.html Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation, ''Dei Verbum''], paragraph 16, published on 18 November 1965, accessed on 9 September 2025</ref> Dennis Hamm sees the Council's teaching as a counter to the "perennial temptation ... to dismiss the Old Testament as irrelevant for Christians".<ref>Hamm, Dennis SJ (2014), [http://www.creighton.edu/fileadmin/user/VaticanII/DEI_VERBUM_study_guide_Revised_08302014_01.pdf DEI VERBUM: Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation (Vatican II, 1965): An orientation and quick review by way of questions and answers], [[Creighton University]], page9, accessed on 9 October 2025</ref>

Christianity draws from its belief that the [[historical Jesus]] is also the [[Christ]], as in the [[Confession of Peter]]. This belief is in turn based on Jewish understandings of the meaning of the Hebrew term [[Messiah]], which, like the Greek "Christ", means "anointed". The Hebrew Scriptures describes a king anointed with oil on his accession to the throne: he becomes "The {{LORD}}'s anointed" or Yahweh's Anointed.

By the time of Jesus, some Jews expected that a flesh-and-blood descendant of [[David]] (the "[[Davidic line|Son of David]]") would come to establish a real Jewish kingdom in Jerusalem, instead of the [[Judaea (Roman province)|Roman province]] of Judaea.{{Sfn | Farmer | 1991 | pp = 570–71}} Others stressed the [[Son of Man]], a distinctly other-worldly figure who would appear as a [[Last Judgment|judge at the end of time]]. Some expounded a synthesised view of both positions, where a messianic kingdom of this world would last for a set period and be followed by the other-worldly age or [[World to Come]].

Some{{who|date=February 2022}} thought the Messiah was already present, but unrecognised due to Israel's sins; some{{who|date=February 2022}} thought that the Messiah would be announced by a forerunner, probably [[Elijah]] (as promised by the prophet [[Malachi]], whose book now ends the Old Testament and precedes [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]]'s account of [[John the Baptist]]). However, no view of the Messiah as based on the Old Testament predicted a Messiah who would suffer and die for the sins of all people.{{Sfn | Farmer | 1991 | pp = 570–71}} The story of Jesus' death, therefore, involved a profound shift in meaning from the Old Testament tradition.{{Sfn | Juel | 2000 | pp = 236–39}}

==See also==
* [[New Testament]]
* [[Biblical and Quranic narratives]]
* [[List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts]]
* [[Expounding of the Law]]
* [[Genealogies of Genesis]]
* [[Law and Gospel]]
* [[List of ancient legal codes]]
* [[Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible]]
* [[Quotations from the Hebrew Bible in the New Testament]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== General and cited references ==
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* {{Citation |last=Barton|first=John|title=How the Bible Came to Be|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1997|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UfU4_9M4N2YC&q=How+the+Bible+came+to+be+Barton |isbn= 978-0-664-25785-9}}
* {{Citation | last = Barton | first = John | author-mask = 3 | chapter = Introduction to the Old Testament | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&q=B.+Collecting+the+Hebrew+Scriptures&pg=PA6 | editor1-first = John | editor2-last = Barton | editor2-first = John | editor-last = Muddiman | title = Bible Commentary | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-19-875500-5 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordbiblecomme0000unse }}
* {{cite book|editor-first1=Adele|editor-last1=Berlin|editor-first2=Marc Zvi|editor-last2=Brettler|title=The Jewish Study Bible: Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT194|date=2014-10-17|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-939387-9|page=PT194}}
* {{cite journal | first=Joshua A. | last=Berman | title=God's Alliance with Man | journal=Azure: Ideas for the Jewish Nation | date=Summer 2006 | issue=25 | url=http://azure.org.il/include/print.php?id=131 | access-date=2019-10-31 | issn=0793-6664}}
* {{Citation |last=Blenkinsopp|first=Joseph|author-link=Joseph Blenkinsopp|chapter=The Pentateuch|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PSHCRgS_SAUC&q=The+Cambridge+companion+to+biblical+interpretation | editor-first = John | editor-last = Barton| title= The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn= 978-0-521-48593-7}}
* biblicc6. (2021, November 3). Shabbat Lectures on the Torah: SELF ESTEEM. ''Biblical Research Institute''. https://biblicalresearchinstitute.com/shabbat-lectures-on-the-torah-self-esteem/
* {{Citation |last=Boadt|first=Lawrence|author-link=Lawrence Boadt|title=Reading the Old Testament: an introduction|publisher=Paulist Press|year=1984|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LGQNT6G_do8C&q=Reading+the+Old+Testament:+an+introduction |isbn = 978-0-8091-2631-6}}
* {{Citation |last=Brettler|first=Marc Zvi|author-link=Marc Zvi Brettler|title=How to read the Bible|publisher=Jewish Publication Society|year=2005|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=39nQafdJ_ssC&q=Brettler+how+to+read+the+bible |isbn= 978-0-8276-1001-9}}
* {{Citation |last=Bultman|first=Christoph|chapter=Deuteronomy|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&q=Deuteronomy |editor1-first =John | editor1-last = Barton | editor2-first = John | editor2-last = Muddiman |title=Oxford Bible Commentary|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn= 978-0-19-875500-5}}
* {{Citation |last=Coggins|first=Richard J|author-link=Richard Coggins|chapter=1 and 2 Chronicles|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Deuteronomy+John+W+Rogerson&pg=PA153 | editor1-first = James DG | editor1-last = Dunn | editor2-first = John William | editor2-last = Rogerson|title= Commentary on the Bible|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2003|isbn= 978-0-8028-3711-0}}
* {{cite book|first=Michael David|last=Coogan|title=A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in Its Context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rxBAQAAIAAJ|date=2008-11-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533272-8|page=106}}.
* {{Citation |last=Crenshaw|first=James L|author-link=James L. Crenshaw|title=Old Testament wisdom: an introduction|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=2010|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tKpWNrkO8dEC&q=Old+Testament+wisdom:+an+introduction++By+James+L.+Crenshaw | isbn = 978-0-664-23459-1}}
* {{Citation|last=Davies|first=GI|chapter=Introduction to the Pentateuch|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&q=Oxford+Bible+Commentary+Introduction+to+the+Pentateuch&pg=PA12|editor-first=John|editor-last=Barton|title=Oxford Bible Commentary|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-19-875500-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordbiblecomme0000unse}}
* {{Citation |last=Dines|first=Jennifer M|title=The Septuagint|work=Continuum|year=2004|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Qv8Riv3QIbQC&q=Dines+Septuagint |isbn= 978-0-567-08464-4}}
* ''Early Judaism, part 1 (video)''. (n.d.). Khan Academy. Retrieved November 20, 2025, from https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/ancient-medieval/judaism/v/overview-of-early-judaism-part-1
* Emerton, J. A. (1984). [Review of ''Review of Reading the Old Testament: Method in Biblical Study'', by J. Barton]. ''Vetus Testamentum'', ''34''(3), 370–370. https://doi.org/10.2307/1518027
* {{Citation |last=Farmer|first= Ron|chapter= Messiah/Christ|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA570 | editor1-first = Watson E | editor1-last = Mills | editor2-first = Roger Aubrey | editor2-last = Bullard|title=Mercer dictionary of the Bible|publisher= Mercer University Press|year=1991|isbn= 978-0-86554-373-7}}
* {{cite book|first=Everett|last=Ferguson|title=The Church of Christ: A Biblical Ecclesiology for Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVqRaiPlx88C&pg=PA2|year=1996|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-4189-6|page=2}}
* {{Citation |last=Gentry|first=Peter R|chapter=Old Greek and Later Revisors|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NoCJKyxEujEC&q=Old+Greek+and+Later+Revisors:+Can+we+always+distinguish+them&pg=PA301 |editor1-first =Raija | editor1-last = Sollamo | editor2-first = Anssi | editor2-last = Voitila | editor3-first = Jutta | editor3-last = Jokiranta|title=Scripture in transition|publisher=Brill|year=2008|isbn= 978-90-04-16582-3}}
* {{Citation |last=Grabbe|first=Lester L|author-link=Lester L. Grabbe|chapter=Ezra|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Deuteronomy+John+W+Rogerson&pg=PA153 |editor1-first = James DG | editor1-last = Dunn | editor2-first = John William | editor2-last = Rogerson|title= Commentary on the Bible|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2003|isbn= 978-0-8028-3711-0}}
* {{Citation |last=Hasel|first=Gerhard F|author-link=Gerhard Hasel|title=Old Testament theology: basic issues in the current debate|publisher= Eerdmans|year=1991| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yJJ6bE0kt1YC&q=Old+Testament+theology |isbn= 978-0-8028-0537-9}}
* {{cite web | last=Hayes | first=Christine | title=Introduction to the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible): Lecture 6 Transcript | website=Open Yale Courses | url=http://openmedia.yale.edu/projects/iphone/departments/rlst/rlst145/transcript06.html | access-date=2019-10-31 | year=2006}}
* {{Citation |last=Herion|first= Gary A|chapter= Covenant|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&q=Old+Testament&pg=PP1 |editor-first =David Noel | editor-last = Freedman|title= Dictionary of the Bible|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2000|isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2}}
* Jeon, J., & Jonker, L. C. (Eds.). (2021). ''Chronicles and the Priestly Literature of the Hebrew Bible''. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110707014
* {{Citation |last1=Jobes|first1=Karen H|last2=Silva|first2=Moises|author-link2=Moisés Silva|title=Invitation to the Septuagint|publisher=Baker Academic|year= 2005}}
* {{Citation |last=Jones|first= Barry A|chapter= Canon of the Old Testament|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&q=Old+Testament&pg=PP1 |editor-first =David Noel | editor-last = Freedman|title= Dictionary of the Bible|publisher= William B Eerdmans | year = 2000|isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2}}
* {{Citation |last=Juel|first=Donald|author-link=Donald Juel|chapter=Christ|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&q=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible | editor-first =David Noel | editor-last = Freedman|title= Dictionary of the Bible | publisher = William B Eerdmans |year=2000|isbn= 978-90-5356-503-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Levine|first=Amy-Jill|title=The Old Testament. Course Guidebook|year=2001|publisher=The Great Courses|page=46|chapter-url=https://www.annapolis-presbyterian.com/library/public/documents/ministries/AdultEd/Old-Testament-Guidebook.pdf|chapter=Covenant and Law, Part I (Exodus 19–40, Leviticus, Deuteronomy). Lecture 10|archive-date=2 March 2021|access-date=31 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302072859/https://www.annapolis-presbyterian.com/library/public/documents/ministries/AdultEd/Old-Testament-Guidebook.pdf|url-status=dead}}
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* {{Citation |last=McLay|first=Tim|title=The use of the Septuagint in New Testament research|publisher=Eerdmans|year= 2003|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=41rx-TDIF9gC&q=The+Use+of+the+Septuagint+in+New+Testament+Research |isbn = 978-0-8028-6091-0}}
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* {{cite book|first=Jean Louis|last=Ska|title=The Exegesis of the Pentateuch: Exegetical Studies and Basic Questions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7g4yqsv0S0cC&pg=PA213|year=2009|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|isbn=978-3-16-149905-0|page=213}}
* {{Citation |last=Soggin|first=J. Alberto|author-link=Alberto Soggin|title=Introduction to the Old Testament|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1987|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mqSNsKXnHQgC&q=Soggin+Hebrew+bible&pg=PA40 |isbn= 978-0-664-22156-0}}
* {{Citation |last=Stuart|first=Douglas|title=Hosea-Jonah|publisher=Thomas Nelson|year= 1987|url = http://smile.amazon.com/Word-Biblical-Commentary-Vol-Hosea-Jonah/dp/0849902304/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1460638022&sr=1-2&keywords=hosea-jonah |isbn= 978-0-8499-0230-7}}
* {{Citation |last=Würthwein|first=Ernst|title=The text of the Old Testament: an introduction to the Biblia Hebraica|publisher= William B Eerdmans | year = 1995 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC&q=W%C3%BCrthwein+The+Text+of+the+Old+Testament | isbn = 978-0-8028-0788-5}}

==Further reading==
* [[Bernhard Anderson|Anderson, Bernhard]]. ''Understanding the Old Testament''. {{ISBN|0-13-948399-3}}
* [[Greg Bahnsen|Bahnsen, Greg]], et al., ''Five Views on Law and Gospel'' (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1993).
* {{Citation | last1 = Berkowitz | first1 = Ariel | last2 = Berkowitz | first2 = D'vorah | title = Torah Rediscovered | edition = 4th | publisher = Shoreshim | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-9752914-0-5}}.
* {{Citation | last = Dever | first = William G. | author-link = William G. Dever | title = Who Were the Early Israelites? | publisher = William B Eerdmans | place = Grand Rapids, Michigan | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-8028-0975-9}}.
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bible |volume= 3 |last= Driver |first= Samuel Rolles |author-link= Samuel Rolles Driver | pages = 849–894 }}
* {{Citation | last1 = Hill | first1 = Andrew | first2 = John | last2 = Walton | title = A Survey of the Old Testament | edition = 2nd | place = Grand Rapids | publisher = Zondervan | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-310-22903-2}}.
* {{Citation | last = Kuntz | first = John Kenneth | title = The People of Ancient Israel: an introduction to Old Testament Literature, History, and Thought | publisher = Harper & Row | year = 1974 | isbn = 978-0-06-043822-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/peopleofancienti0000kunt }}.
* {{Citation | last = Lancaster | first = D Thomas | title = Restoration: Returning the Torah of God to the Disciples of Jesus | place = Littleton \ |publisher=First Fruits of Zion | year = 2005}}.
* {{Citation | last = Papadaki-Oekland | first = Stella | title = Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts of the Book of Job | isbn = 978-2-503-53232-5| year = 2009 | publisher = Brepols }}.
* {{Citation | first = Gerhard | last = von Rad | author-link = Gerhard von Rad | title = Theologie des Alten Testaments | language = de |trans-title=Theology of the Old Testament | volume = Band 1–2 | place = Munich | publisher = Auflage | year = 1982–1984}}.
* {{Citation | last = Rouvière | first = Jean-Marc | title = Brèves méditations sur la Création du monde | language = fr |trans-title=Brief meditations on the creation of the World | publisher = L'Harmattan | place = Paris | year = 2006}}.
* {{Citation | last = Salibi | first = Kamal | author-link = Kamal Salibi | title = The Bible Came from Arabia | place = London | publisher = Jonathan Cape | year = 1985 | isbn = 978-0-224-02830-1}}.
* {{Citation | last = Schmid | first = Konrad | title = The Old Testament: A Literary History | publisher = Fortress | place = Minneapolis | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-8006-9775-4}}.
* {{Citation | last1 = Silberman | first1 = Neil A | author-link1 = Neil Asher Silberman | title = The Bible Unearthed | publisher = Simon & Schuster | place = New York | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-684-86912-4 | display-authors=etal}} (hardback), {{ISBN|0-684-86913-6}} (paperback).
* {{Citation | last = Sprinkle | first = Joseph 'Joe' M | title = Biblical Law and Its Relevance: A Christian Understanding and Ethical Application for Today of the Mosaic Regulations | place = Lanham, Maryland | publisher = University Press of America | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-7618-3371-0 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/biblicallawa_spri_2006_000_10111390 }} (clothbound) and {{ISBN|0-7618-3372-2}} (paperback).

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes}}
* {{Citation | url = http://www.biblegateway.com/ | title = Bible gateway}}. Full texts of the Old (and New) Testaments including the full Roman and Orthodox Catholic canons
* {{Citation | url = http://earlyjewishwritings.com/ | title = Early Jewish Writings | access-date = 2018-09-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180924063315/http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/ | archive-date = 2018-09-24 }} – Tanakh
* {{Citation | url = http://www.lafeuilledolivier.com/Ecritures/OT.htm | title = Écritures | contribution = Old Testament | publisher = La feuille d'Olivier | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101207051208/http://lafeuilledolivier.com/Ecritures/OT.htm | archive-date = 2010-12-07 }} Protestant Old Testament on a single page
* {{Citation | url = http://www.tyndale.ca/seminary/mtsmodular/reading-rooms/oldt | contribution = Old Testament | title = Reading Room | publisher = Tyndale Seminary | place = Canada}}. Extensive online Old Testament resources (including commentaries)
* {{Citation | url = https://oyc.yale.edu/NODE/241 | title = Introduction to the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible) | publisher = Yale University }}
* {{Cite web | title=Old Testament | publisher= The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | website=[[Encyclopedia.com]] | url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/bible/old-testament/old-testament }}
* {{Citation | url = http://www.bible.x10host.com/ | title = Bible | publisher = X10 host}}: Old Testament stories and commentary
* {{Citation | url = http://www.tanakhml.org/ | title = Tanakh ML | type = parallel Bible}} – [[Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]] and the [[King James Version]]

{{The Bible}}
{{Christianity footer}}
{{Latter Day Saint movement}}
{{Books of the Bible}}
{{Ancient Near East}}
{{Lutheran Divine Service}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Old Testament| ]]
[[Category:Christian terminology]]

Elmina R. Lucke

2026-02-21T02:44:55Z

ShantaeBpy: adding initial page w/ refs

{{Short description|American educator and social worker}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Elmina R. Lucke
| image = Elmina_Rose_Lucke.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Elmina Rose Lucke
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1889|12|06}}
| birth_place = [[Carleton, Michigan]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1987|10|31|1889|12|06}}
| death_place = [[Sarasota, Florida]]
| other_names =
| occupation = educator, Social worker
| years_active = 1912-1969
| known_for = establishing the first master's degree program for social work in Asia
| notable_works =
}}

'''Elmina Rose Lucke''' (December 6, 1889 – October 31, 1987) was an [[Americans|American]] educator, social worker and international relations expert. After graduating from [[Oberlin College]], she taught high school in Ohio and worked on social service projects before earning her doctorate in International Law and Relations from [[Columbia University]]. From 1927 to 1946, she taught at the Teachers College of Columbia making numerous trips abroad to study social work. In 1946, she moved to India to found the first master's degree program in Asia and second school of social work in the country, serving as its director for the next three years. Between 1950 and 1955, she served as a consultant to social work schools in Cairo, [[Egypt]] and [[Pakistan]]. From 1959 to 1965, she served as a delegate to the United Nations for various women's groups, presenting proposals on issues which impacted women. She was honored by the United Nations for her work in international relations in 1975 and was inducted into the [[Michigan Women's Hall of Fame]] in 1986.

==Early life==
Elmina Rose Lucke was born on December 6, 1889, in [[Carleton, Michigan]]{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|1988|p=49}} to Carrie (née Strait) and Jacob J. Lucke.{{sfn|U. S. Census|1910|p=8A}}{{sfn|Ohio Death Records|1941}} Both of Lucke's parents were [[Second-generation immigrants in the United States|second generation German immigrants]], whose families had been granted land bordering the [[Connecticut Western Reserve|Western Reserve]] in lower Michigan.{{sfn|Van Voris|1986|p=4}} Her father was a [[cattleman]] and livestock trader, while her mother raised Lucke and her younger brother, Ralph, encouraging them in their education.{{sfn|U. S. Census|1910|p=8A}}{{sfn|Van Voris|1986|p=5}} Elmina, named after a character in the book ''John Bull, Uncle Sam and Johnny Crapaud''{{sfn|Van Voris|1986|p=6}} began her education in a [[one-room school]]house before completing her high school education at Central High School in [[Toledo, Ohio]], in 1908.{{sfn|Van Voris|1986|pp=7-8}}{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|2004}} Lucke initially began her quest for a university degree at [[Smith College]], but after difficulties in the living and enrollment process, decided to attend [[Oberlin College]],{{sfn|Van Voris|1986|p=10}} from where she graduated [[Phi Beta Kappa]] in 1912.{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|1988|p=49}}

==Career==
Upon completion of her studies, Lucke returned to Carleton and helped found the first high school in the village, before enrolling in the [[University of Berlin]] to continue her education. Her graduate study award was eliminated because of the outbreak of [[World War I]] and Lucke returned to the states in 1914.{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|1988|p=49}} Between 1914 and 1917, she worked as a high school teacher at [[Scott High School (Ohio)|Scott High School]] in Toledo. Beginning in 1917, Lucke was employed in several governmental social service posts, working as a director of services for the [[United States Children's Bureau]] of [[Gary, Indiana]], and the [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] as a [[Survey (human research)|social research surveyor]] in Kansas and Oklahoma through 1919. Simultaneously, she attended courses at the [[University of Chicago]] in social work.{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|2004}}

Under the auspices of the [[YWCA USA|National Board]] of the [[YWCA]], Lucke founded the Detroit International Institute in 1919. The organization aimed to provide social services to the half-million recent immigrants in the [[Detroit metropolitan area]]. Lucke served as the director for the first five years of the Institute's history,{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|1988|p=49}}{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|2004}} hiring staff speaking the 27 different languages necessary to communicate with their clients.{{sfn|Kaplan|1986|p=4B}} She then returned to teaching high school in 1923. Based on her experience in international relations, she was accepted in 1926 to [[Columbia University]]'s graduate program in International Law and Relations, as one of the first two women to enter the specialty.{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|1988|p=49}}{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|2004}} Earning her [[Master of Arts]] in 1927, Lucke was hired to teach at the Lincoln School of [[Teachers College, Columbia University]],{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|1988|p=49}} which also allowed her to pursue the research which she needed to complete a PhD.{{sfn|Van Voris|1986|pp=23-24}} Between August 1930 and August 1931, Lucke traveled throughout Asia,{{sfn|Van Voris|1986|pp=24-25}} conducting research and teaching which was enabled through funding provided by the [[American Historical Association]].{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|2004}} She returned to Columbia and taught until 1946.{{sfn|Campbell|1949|p=5}}{{sfn|King|1949|p=24}} Simultaneously from 1937, she served on the national board of the American Council of Nationalities Service{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|1988|p=49}} and was affiliated as an education consultant and social welfare advisor to the [[United Nations]] from its founding in 1945.{{sfn|''The Bristol Daily Courier''|1959|p=9}}

In 1946, Lucke took a [[sabbatical]] from Columbia at the request of the YWCA to found a graduate program for social work in India.{{sfn|Campbell|1949|p=5}}{{sfn|King|1949|p=24}} At the time, there was one school of social work in India, located in [[Madras]] (now known as Chennai). The school's alumni, averaging about 40 graduates per year, were insufficient to provide sufficient service for the population and had to restrict their work to urban areas with high need. Lucke was hired as an advisor to develop a second school, which would also offer a master's program.{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|1988|p=49}}{{sfn|King|1949|p=24}} For the first year, the school operated from [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), visiting various regions to assess the needs throughout the country, speaking with those working in institutions, as well as conducting field work.{{sfn|''The Women's Press''|1949|p=1}} On the eve of the country's [[Partition of India|Independence from Britain]], the school, which had been intended to serve [[Burma]] (now Myanmar), [[Ceylon]] (now Sri Lanka) and India, found itself also serving [[Pakistan]] and dealing with rioting as they moved to the new facility in [[Delhi]].{{sfn|King|1949|p=24}}{{sfn|''The Women's Press''|1949|p=1}} Lucke remained in India until 1949, as director of the school which became affiliated with the [[University of Delhi]],{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|1988|p=49}} and the first school in Asia to grant master's degrees in social work.{{sfn|''The Age''|1964|p=16}}

In 1950, Lucke went to Cairo as a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Scholar]] to assist in developing social work schools. Simultaneously, she worked as a consultant to the [[Point Four Program]], launched by President [[Harry S. Truman|Truman]],{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|1988|p=49}}{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|2004}} which provided technical support to developing nations.{{sfn|Paterson|1972–1973|pp=119–120}} Between 1952 and 1954, she developed an educational curriculum for social work in Pakistan under the direction of the [[Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance|United Nations Technical Assistance Program]].{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|1988|p=49}} Returning to the United States in 1955, Lucke was appointed to the Lincoln School's Board of Trustees{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|2004}} and the following year was granted a [[Doctor of humane letters]] degree from Oberlin College.{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|1988|p=49}}

In 1959, the [[International Federation of University Women]] (IFUW) appointed Lucke as the organization's representative to the United Nations.{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|2004}} In 1964, she served as a delegate of the IFUW to the [[Pan-Pacific and Southeast Asia Women's Association]] (PPSEAWA) Tonga Conference, and attended seminars in Brisbane and Melbourne. The following year, she was appointed by PPSEAWA as its delegate to the United Nations, attending the U.N. Conference on Women in Teheran, where she presented a draft on issues facing women. In 1969, she resigned from the American Council of Nationalities Service and attempted to retire in Florida.{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|2004}}{{sfn|''The Age''|1964|p=16}} Lucke was honored by the United Nations in 1975, for her work{{sfn|Perry|1975|p=61}} which was "marked by a sensitivity to indigenous people and their culture and a deep understanding of social structures and issues".{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|1988|p=49}} She was inducted into the [[Michigan Women's Hall of Fame]] in 1986 for her roles in developing international relations and social work.{{sfn|Kaplan|1986|pp=1B, 4B}} That same year, ''Unforgettable Memories'', a book printed in India was published about her time in the country, as a diary of her experiences. Unsatisfied with the portrayal,{{sfn|Van Voris|1986|p=1}} her memoirs ''Remembering at eighty eight: Letters I should have written'' were published the following year.{{sfn|Van Voris|1986|p=38}}{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|1988|p=49}}

==Death and legacy==
Lucke died on October 31, 1987, in [[Sarasota, Florida]].{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|1988|p=49}}{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|2004}} Her papers were donated to the Sophia Smith Collection, Women's History Archive at [[Smith College]] in Northampton, Massachusetts.{{sfn|Sophia Smith Collection|2004}} [[Delhi School of Social Work]] has instituted an award in her memory which is awarded annually to the student who scores highest marks in Field Work practicum of Social Work curriculum at postgraduate level.

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite news|last1=Campbell|first1=Naomi|title=Milady Muncie|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17975713/campbell_naomi_milady_muncie_the/|access-date=4 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Star Press]]|date=July 18, 1949|location=Muncie, Indiana|page=5|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}
*{{cite news|last1=Kaplan|first1=Deborah|title=Out of the garden and into the action (pt 1)|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17975021/detroit_free_press/|access-date=4 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Detroit Free Press]]|date=October 23, 1986|location=Detroit, Michigan|pages=[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17975021/detroit_free_press/ 1B], [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17975046/detroit_free_press/ 4B]|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}
*{{cite news|last1=King|first1=Nancy|title=Amid Unrest, Rioting India Opens New School, Visitor Tells YW Here|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17975693/daily_press/|access-date=4 March 2018|newspaper=[[Daily Press (Virginia)|The Daily Press]]|date=November 20, 1949|location=Newport News, Virginia|page=24|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Paterson|first1=Thomas G.|title=Foreign Aid under Wraps: The Point Four Program|journal=[[The Wisconsin Magazine of History]]|date=Winter 1972–1973|volume=56|issue=2|pages=119–126|jstor=4634774|publisher=Wisconsin Historical Society|location=Madison, Wisconsin|issn=0043-6534}}
*{{cite news|last1=Perry|first1=Wanda|title=Nations' festival drew continuous large crowds|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17975563/tampa_bay_times/|access-date=4 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Tampa Bay Times]]|date=October 27, 1975|location=St. Petersburg, Florida|page=61|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}
*{{cite web|last1=Van Voris|first1=Jacqueline|title=Transcript of Interview with Elmina Lucke at her Home in Sarasota, Florida|url=https://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7cbibliographic_details%7c1462322|website=Women and Social Movements|publisher=Sophia Smith Collection: Women's History Archive|access-date=4 March 2018|location=Northampton, Massachusetts|date=1986|postscript=. Elmina Rose Lucke Papers, 1897-1987: Archival transcript.|url-access=subscription |via=[[Alexander Street Press]]}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|U. S. Census|1910}}|author=|title=1910 US Federal Census: Ash Township, Monroe County, Michigan|url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GRNB-SPW?i=14&cc=1727033|website=FamilySearch|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|access-date=4 March 2018|location=Washington, D. C.|page=8A|date=April 30, 1910|id=NARA series T624 roll 663, lines 42-45}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Bristol Daily Courier''|1959}}|author=|title=AAUW Stages Meeting|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17975583/aauw_stages_meeting_the_bristol_daily/|access-date=4 March 2018|newspaper=[[Bucks County Courier Times|The Bristol Daily Courier]]|date=October 26, 1959|location=Bristol, Pennsylvania|page=9|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|''The Women's Press''|1949}}|author=|title=A Second School of Social Work for Asia|url=https://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7cbibliographic_details%7c1462319|website=Women and Social Movements|publisher=Sophia Smith Collection: Women's History Archive|access-date=4 March 2018|location=Northampton, Massachusetts|pages=1–2|date=January 1949|postscript=. Elmina Rose Lucke Papers, 1897-1987: Archival clipping of an article from the ''Women's Press'' of New York City, New York.|url-access=subscription |via=[[Alexander Street Press]]}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Sophia Smith Collection|1988}}|author=|title=Elmina Rose Lucke, Social Worker|url=https://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7cbibliographic_details%7c1462323|website=Women and Social Movements|publisher=Sophia Smith Collection: Women's History Archive|access-date=4 March 2018|location=Northampton, Massachusetts|page=49|date=Winter 1988|postscript=. Elmina Rose Lucke Papers, 1897-1987: Archival clipping of a published obituary from an unidentified journal.|url-access=subscription |via=[[Alexander Street Press]]}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Sophia Smith Collection|2004}}|author=|title=Elmina Rose Lucke Papers Finding Aid|url=http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss41_bioghist.html|website=asteria.fivecolleges.edu|publisher=Sophia Smith Collection: [[Smith College]]|access-date=4 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622074358/http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss41_bioghist.html|archive-date=22 June 2010|location=Northampton, Massachusetts|date=2004}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Age''|1964}}|author=|title=Human Rights Are Advertised|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17975610/human_rights_are_advertised_the_age/|access-date=4 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Age]]|date=September 22, 1964|location=Melbourne, Victoria, Australia|page=16|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Ohio Death Records|1941}}|author=|title=Ohio Death Records 1908-1953: Carrie Lucke|url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9P2P-SMNF?i=883&cc=1307272|website=FamilySearch|publisher=Ohio Department of Health|access-date=4 March 2018|location=Columbus, Ohio|page=884|date=October 2, 1941|id=file #61890}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/808 Elmina Rose Lucke papers] at the [[Sophia Smith Collection]], Smith College Special Collections
{{Authority control}}
{{Michigan Women's Hall of Fame}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lucke, Elmina R.}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Monroe County, Michigan]]
[[Category:Oberlin College alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:American social workers]]
[[Category:Teachers College, Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Chicago people]]

Kalyanam Kamaneeyam (TV series)

2026-02-10T17:38:54Z

ShantaeBpy: done!

{{Short description|Indian Telugu language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kalyanam Kamaneeyam.webp
| genre = [[Drama]]
| based_on = ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
| writer = {{Plainlist|
'''Dialogues:'''
*Tirumala Raju
*Ravi Kiran
}}
| screenplay = Ravi Vadla
| story = Poluri Krishna
| director = Sai Venkat
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Meghana Lokesh]]
*Madhu Sudhan
*Haritha
}}
| theme_music_composer = Sunaadh Gowtham
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 477
| producer = K.V. Sriram
| cinematography = P. Rama Krishna
| company = South Indian Screens
| network = [[Zee Telugu]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2022|01|31}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2023|08|12}}
}}

'''''Kalyanam Kamaneeyam'''''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-29 |title=Cinema Level TV Serial Kalyanam Kamaneeyam on Zee Telugu |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tv/cinema-level-tv-serial-kalyanam-kamaneeyam-zee-telugu-150447 |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Sakshi Post |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303134423/https://english.sakshi.com/news/tv/cinema-level-tv-serial-kalyanam-kamaneeyam-zee-telugu-150447 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language television series airing on [[Zee Telugu]] from 31 January 2022. It stars Madhu Sudhan, [[Meghana Lokesh]] and Haritha in lead roles. Singer [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] debuted with this serial in a prominent role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-01 |title=Kalyanam Kamaneeyam : సింగర్ మనో.. సీరియల్ ఎంట్రీ.. |url=https://10tv.in/movies/singer-mano-serial-entry-with-kalyanam-kamaneeyam-serial-361905.html |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=10TV |language=te}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Chaitra and her sister Mahi set out in pursuit of reuniting with their estranged mother, Seetharatnam. Along this journey, they meet the rockstar Viraj before heading to Seetharatnam’s shelter home. Hamsa tries to snatch Amma Odi. At some point, Chaitra works at Viraj’s home as a physiotherapist. Anand Varma falls for Chaitra and helps her with her problems. Chaitra then helps Anand’s mother in uniting Smiley and Anand.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Meghana Lokesh]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-31 |title=Zee Telugu Unveils The Daily Musical Serial Kalyanam Kamaneeyam |url=https://www.koimoi.com/south-indian-cinema/zee-telugu-unveils-the-daily-musical-serial-kalyanam-kamaneeyam/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Koimoi}}</ref> as Chaitra and Alakananda alias nandu [dual role]; Chaitra as Viraj wife; Mahi's elder sister; Seetharatnam and Govardhan's daughter; Gomati daughter in law
* Madhu Sudhan as Viraj; Rock star; Chaitra Husband; Anand's younger brother; Gomathi's son
* Haritha as Seetharatnam; Chaitra and Mahi's mother; Govardhan's wife

=== Recurring ===
* [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] as Govardhan; Chaitra and Mahi's father; Seetharatnam's husband
* Amrutha as Mahalakshmi aka Mahi; Chaitra's younger sister; Seetharatnam and Govardhan's daughter; Prithvi wife; Nagavalli daughter in law
* Tulasi Yerra as Smiley; Anand wife; Viraj sister in law; Prithvi ex girlfriend
* Amar Sasanka as Prithvi; Mahalakshmi Husband; Nagavalli Son; Smiley ex boyfriend
* Ajay Satyanarayana as Anand; Smiley Husband; Gomati Elder son
* [[Ragini (Telugu actress)|Ragini]] as Sarojini
* Malakpet Sailaja as Anand and Viraj's grand mother
* Indira Anand as Chaitra and Mahi's grand mother
* Roja Bharathi as Hamsa; Anand and Viraj's Aunt
* Swarna as Gomathi; Anand and Viraj's mother
* Charishma Naidu as Pregnant lady
* Usha Rani as Sarojini's sister in law
* Shravan Kumar as Shravan; Chaitra's ex-fiancé

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:Pink; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:Pink; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:Pink; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:Pink; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:Pink; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:Pink; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]'' कुमकुम भाग्य
| 15 April 2014
| [[Zee TV]]
| Ongoing
| Original
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| ''Bhagyarekha'' ଭାଗେରେଖା
| 22 April 2024
| [[Zee Sarthak]]
| Ongoing
|Remake
|}

== Production ==
It is produced by television and film actor K.V. Sriram,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-29 |title=Kalyanam Kamaneeyam serial story: అసలైన పేగు బంధానికి నిలువెత్తు సాక్ష్యం జీ తెలుగు వారి 'కళ్యాణం కమనీయం' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/kalyanam-kamaneeyam-serial-story-kalyanam-kamaneeyam-serial-starting-on-zee-telugu-tv-channel-54394 |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref> under South Indian Screen production house.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/kalyanam-kamaneeyam/0-6-4z580397 ''Kalyanam Kamaneeyam''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title}}
[[Category:Zee Telugu original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television series based on Hindi-language television series]]

R. N. Shetty

2026-02-10T02:40:08Z

ShantaeBpy: Stub

{{short description|Indian businessman and philanthropist (1928–2020) }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R. N. Shetty
| image = R. N. Shetty.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Rama Nagappa Shetty
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|08|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Murudeshwar]], [[North Canara]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|12|17|1928|8|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| education =
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]]
| children = 7
| spouse = Sudha Shetty
| relations =
| website = https://rnshetty.com/
}}
'''Rama Nagappa Shetty''' (15 August 1928{{spnd}}17 December 2020) was an Indian entrepreneur and philanthropist.<ref name="R N Shetty Bio">{{cite news|last=Aiyappa|first=Manu|date=16 August 2010|title=Public Space Private Life Rama Nagappa Shetty|work=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Public-Space-Private-Life/articleshow/6316470.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019021317/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Public-Space-Private-Life/articleshow/6316470.cms|url-status=live|access-date=7 September 2010|archive-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> He was the owner of R N Shetty Group of companies, including RNS Infrastructure, RNS Maruti Suzuki (RNS Motors), Murudeshwar Ceramics, Naveen Hotels and Murudeshwar Power. He was the chairman of a chain of educational institutions under the R N Shetty Trust. He was a recipient of the Karnataka state government's [[Rajyotsava Award]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile of Rajyotsava Award Recipients(Year-Wise) |url=https://karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State+Awards/Rajyotsava+Awards/en |website=Karnataka.gov.in |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relation (Kannada and Culture Dept.) Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Karnataka |access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref>

==Early life==
Shetty was born on 15 August 1928, in the coastal town of [[Murdeshwar]], in the present-day [[Uttara Kannada]] district of Karnataka into a family of farmers.<ref name=":0" /> His father was the ''Muktesar'' (Hereditary Administrator) of the [[Murudeshwar]] Temple dedicated to the [[Hindu]] God [[Shiva]]. After completing high school education, Shetty started his career as a civil contractor in [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]].<ref name="R N Shetty Bio" /> Recounting his early days, Shetty is noted to have said that this choice was driven by the fact that back in those days there were no colleges in Sirsi for him to continue his studies.<ref name="R N Shetty Bio" />

==Career==
In 1961, Shetty formed the R N Shetty & Company, a civil engineering and construction company.<ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|title=RN Shetty death: Businessman, philanthropist RN Shetty dies in Bengaluru|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/businessman-philanthropist-rn-shetty-dies-in-bengaluru/articleshow/79773205.cms|date=17 December 2020|access-date=19 December 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The company took up public infrastructure buildings including bridges on the [[Honnavar]]–[[Bangalore]] road. In 1966, he shifted base from his native Uttara Kannada district to [[Hubli]], in the northern Karnataka.<ref name="R N Shetty Bio" />

In 1967, he formed Naveen Mechanised Construction Company with seven other civil contractors. The company bid for the construction of the Hidkal dam in [[Belgaum]] district. However, when the company experienced large financial losses, Shetty bought his partners' shares and took over the company. In the following eight years, the company executed infrastructure projects across hydropower, irrigation, and bridges, that improved the company's financial position.<ref name="R N Shetty Bio" /> Projects included the [[Raja Lakhamagouda dam|Hidkal dam]], [[Supa Dam|Supa reservoir]], and the [[Gerusoppa dam|Gerusoppa hydel power project]], all within the state of Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Philanthropist, builder R N Shetty dies at 92|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/dec/18/philanthropist-builderr-n-shetty-dies-at-92-2237756.html|access-date=19 December 2020|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He also built tunnels for the [[Konkan Railway]] project and [[canal]]s for the [[Upper Krishna Project]].<ref name="R N Shetty Bio" /> His company was{{when|date=December 2020}} awarded the Belgaum Bypass and Dharwad–Belgaum roadworks projects by [[National Highways Authority of India]] and roadworks at [[Maski]] in [[Raichur]] district by Karnataka State Highways Improvement Project.<ref name="R N Shetty Bio" />

In 1975, he entered the hospitality sector, through Naveen Hotels Limited. He built a five-star hotel in Bangalore that was leased out to [[Taj Group]] and branded as Taj MG Road Hotel in Bangalore. The group went on to build two additional hotels in Karnataka, Hotel Naveen in [[Hubli]] and the RNS Yatrinivas resort in Murudeshwar.<ref name="R N Shetty Bio" /> A five star hotel was later built in Bangalore and is leased to the Taj group and operated as Taj Yeshwantpur Hotel.<ref name=":3" />

He set up a manufacturing unit to manufacture [[Mangalore tiles]] in 1977. Murudeshwar Tiles went on to be one of the largest [[Mangalore Tiles|Mangalore-tile]] units in the state.<ref name="R N Shetty Bio" /> In 1981, he set up Naveen Structurals and Engineering focused on skilled fabrication for the construction industry.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=About Chairman Dr. Rama Nagappa Shetty {{!}} Ceramic & Vitrified Tiles India|url=https://www.naveentile.com/chairman/|access-date=18 December 2020|website=NaveenTile|language=en-US}}</ref> In 1987, he set up Murudeshwar Ceramics to manufacture glazed ceramic tiles with manufacturing facilities in Hubli and [[Karaikal]] in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref name="R N Shetty Bio" />

In 1993, Shetty entered the power sector, setting up Murudeshwar Power Corporation which built a mini [[hydel power]] project in 1999, with a commissioned capacity of 11.6 MW at [[Narayanpur, Assam|Narayanpur]] Left Bank Canal in [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]] district.<ref name="R N Shetty Bio" />

His company RNS Motors established automobile showrooms for [[Maruti Udyog]] in Hubli in 1995 and in Bangalore in 1998.<ref name=":2" />

==Philanthropy==
Shetty undertook [[Philanthropy|philanthropic]] activities through the R. N. Shetty Trust, including primary and high schools, an engineering college, a nursing school, and a rural polytechnic, across Murudeshwar and Bangalore.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=RNS Polytechnic|url=https://rnspolytechnic.in/About-Trust|access-date=19 December 2020|website=rnspolytechnic.in}}</ref> The trust also operated hospitals and undertook rural education programs in Karnataka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Philanthropist, builder R N Shetty dies at 92|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/dec/18/philanthropist-builderr-n-shetty-dies-at-92-2237756.html|access-date=18 December 2020|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=22 February 2005|title=100-bed hospital opened in Murudeshwar|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/22/stories/2005022203620300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050223191127/http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/22/stories/2005022203620300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 February 2005}}</ref>

Shetty was credited with the modernisation of the temple town of [[Murudeshwara]] and transforming it into a tourist attraction.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Murdeshwar]] [[Shiva]] temple and temple complex was renovated by funding from Shetty. The temple held religious significance for the deity, being believed to be one of the five parts of the ''[[Atmalinga]]'', which according to Hindu mythology, broke when the demon king [[Ravana]] tricked the elephant-god [[Ganesha]] into handing it over to him while performing his daily prayers, [[Sandhyavandanam]].<ref name=":1" /> The [[Gopuram|Raja Gopura]], with a height of {{convert|237.5|ft|m|0|abbr=}} is considered the tallest [[Gopuram]] in the world<ref name=":1" /> and the statue of [[Shiva]], at {{convert|123|ft|m|0}}, considered the largest in the world,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060919083208/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/23/stories/2006012304670300.htm Newly constructed Shiva's statue in Bijapur is next to Murudeshwar statue]</ref><ref>[http://www.chennaionline.com/hotelsandtours/PlacesofInterest/2004/02murudesh.asp World's tallest Siva idol] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615041416/http://www.chennaionline.com/hotelsandtours/PlacesofInterest/2004/02murudesh.asp|date=15 June 2008}}</ref> were built using funding from Shetty.<ref name="Gopuram">{{cite web|last=Sahil online|first=TOI|title=Murudeshwar Temple Now Tallest Gopuram in Asia|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=45696|publisher=Daijiworld Media}}</ref>

<gallery widths="155px" heights="200px">
Image:Murdeshwar temple gopuram.jpg|The [[Gopuram]] in [[Murudeshwara]]
Image:Shiva Statue Murdeshwara Temple.jpg|The [[Shiva]] statue in [[Murudeshwara]]
</gallery>

==Awards and recognition==
[[Bangalore University]] awarded an Honorary Doctorate to Shetty in 2009<ref>{{cite news|title=Honorary doctorates |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/30/stories/2009043060070400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504144807/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/30/stories/2009043060070400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 May 2009|work=[[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India|date=30 April 2009}}</ref> and in 2004 he received the [[Visvesvaraya]] Memorial Award from the Federation of Karnataka Chambers of Commerce and Industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=R.N. Shetty presented Visvesvaraya award |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=R.N. Shetty Photos |url=http://www.sahilonline.net/news.php?catID=coastalnews&nid=752}}</ref> He was a recipient of the [[Karnataka Government]]'s [[Karnataka Rajyotsava award|Rajyotsava award]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to RNS Infrastructure|url=http://www.rnsil.com/about-us.php|access-date=19 December 2020|website=www.rnsil.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Karnataka Rajyothsava Awards (1965 thru 2015)|url=http://siri.kannadasiri.in/downloads/Rajothsava_List.pdf|access-date=|website=Kannada Sri}}</ref>
[[File:RNS Institute of Technology 24.jpg|thumb|left|R. N. Shetty memorial at [[RNS Institute of Technology]], Bangalore]] {{clear}}

== Personal life ==
Shetty was married to Sudha Shetty and had three sons and four daughters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Smt. Sudha R Shetty Girls High School|url=https://moorusavirmath.org/sudha/history.html|access-date=19 December 2020|website=moorusavirmath.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 December 2020|title=Businessman, philanthropist RN Shetty dies in Bengaluru|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/business-news/businessman-philanthropist-rn-shetty-dies-in-bengaluru-928293.html|access-date=19 December 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref name="R N Shetty Bio" /> He died on 17 December 2020 in Bangalore of a cardiac arrest. He was aged 92.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Businessman And Philanthropist RN Shetty Dies Of Cardiac Arrest|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rn-shetty-businessman-and-philanthropist-dies-2339998|access-date=17 December 2020|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Rama}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Karnataka]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:People from Uttara Kannada]]

Chhatwan

2026-02-05T04:18:36Z

ShantaeBpy: refined layout per standard format and fixed typos for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement



| name = Chhatwan
| other_name =
| nickname =
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.2476696|85.9927068|display=title}}
| settlement_type = Village 
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Al-Hera Masjid
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = [[Bihar]]
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Zamiruddin Sardar
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.14
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 55
| population_total =
11,054<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/226965-chhatwan-bihar.html|title=Chhatwan Village Population - Keotiranway - Darbhanga, Bihar|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/View_data/Village_Profile.aspx |title=View data - Village profile |access-date=20 March 2017 |archive-date=8 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108114001/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/View_data/Village_Profile.aspx }}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 =
[[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| demographics1_title3 = Recognised Regional
| demographics1_info3 =
[[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code]]
| postal_code = 847337
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#BR—Bihar|BR]]-07
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| area_code = 06272
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darbhanga]], [[Madhubani, Bihar|Madhubani]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhubani]]
| leader_title = Students leader
| leader_name =
Rahul Gandhi
| leader_title1 = Mukhiya
| leader_name1 = Faiz Mohammad
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 =[[Keoti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Keoti]]
| blank6_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank6_info_sec1 = 926 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]

| blank7_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank7_info_sec1 = 55.77%
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chhatwan'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ourhero.in/villages/chhatwan-226965|title=Chhatwan, Keotiranway Village Polpulation and Location | Ourhero.In|website=ourhero.in|access-date=7 June 2019|archive-date=7 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607171248/https://ourhero.in/villages/chhatwan-226965}}</ref> is a village in Keotiranway Tehsil, [[Darbhanga District]], [[Bihar]], [[India]].

'''Chhatwan''' has its [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] which is registered as the name of [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]] Raj Chhatwan. Chhatwan Panchayat is divided into 14 wards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lgdirectory.gov.in/globalviewvillage.do |access-date=14 June 2019 |title=LGD - Local Government Directory, Government of India }}</ref>

==History==
Chhatwan was established during the time of [[Akbar]] by Zamiruddin Sardar, son of
Manour Ali ancient [[Zamindar]] of this village. The name of the village was inspired by the Alstonia scholars (Chhatwan) of the terrace. There was a garden of Alstonia scholaris tree, one of the Translators in Akabari Darbar. After the establishment of New [[Raj Darbhanga]], several expansions took place to develop the taxation system in the [[Mithila (region)]]. Raj Darbhanga had 4,495 villages in 18 circles in Bihar and Bengal and employed over 7,500 officers to manage the estate at that time.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

{{Confusing|talk=|date=March 2020}}

According to an article in the [[Dainik Jagran]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-11041373.html|title=पांच बार दरभंगा आए थे महात्मा गांधी|website=m.jagran.com}}</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi]] came after a gruesome crisis in 1934. He was accompanied by [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Jamnalal Bajaj]], [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad]], [[J. B. Kripalani]], etc. They were dismayed by the devastation caused by the [[earthquake]], however, the people of [[Mithilanchal]] refused to accept the relief given by the [[British government]] and the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. He{{Which|date=March 2020}} told the people that it is not a crime to seek help in times of calamity. The earthquake victims started the relay on their call. They went to the Chhatwan village in [[Keoti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Keoti]] Block to know the misery of earthquake victims. There was a meeting with the Chhatwan villager at [[Devi Lal]] Pokhar, which is today known as Gandhi Chowk Chhatwan.

==Geography==
Chhatwan<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-ticket-booking-agents-in-station-priority-educated-unemployed-18125558.html|title=स्टेशनों पर तैनात होंगे टिकट बु¨कग एजेंट, शिक्षित बेरोजगार युवाओं को प्राथमिकता|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref> is a large village located in Keotiranway, Darbhanga district, Bihar. Nearby towns and villages include Loam (3.2 km), Raiyam Factory (5 km), [[Muria, Bihar|Muria]] (5.4 km) and [[Keoti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Keoti]] (7.8 km), [[Darbhanga]] (16 km), [[Madhubani, Bihar|Madhubani]] (13 km) and [[Pandaul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandaul]] (9.8 km). The Madhubani Road crosses through the village, which is also near [[National Highway 27 (India)|National Highway 27]] (5.9 km), a main east–west corridor. The Nearest Railway Station is Tarsrai Station; 6.4 km away.{{original research inline|date=December 2017}}

==Demographics==
As of 2011, per the Population Census, Chhatwan was home to resident 2,339 families, with a total population of 11,054.

'''Sex Ratio'''

*Males = 51.92%
*Females = 48.08%

Chhatwan has its [[panchayat raj|Panchayat]]. Chhatwan village has a lower literacy rate compared to Bihar as a whole. In 2011, the [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of Chhatwan village was 55.77% compared to 61.80% for all Bihar. Male literacy in Chhatwan stands at 63.77%, while the female literacy rate was 47.05%.<ref name="auto2"/>

{{Historical populations
| title= Population growth<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/TVDirectory.aspx|title=WELCOME TO CENSUS OF INDIA: Census India Library|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref>
| 1951=
| 1961=
| 1971=
| 1981=
| 1991| 6889
| 2001|10005
| 2011|11054}}

==Economy==
[[Agriculture]] is the main industry of the village, though development has not been significant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brandbharat.com/english/bihar/districts/darbhanga/Darbhanga_KEOTI_Chhatwan_Chhatwan.html|title=Chhatwan Village Chhatwan Panchayat KEOTI Block, Darbhanga, Bihar India BrandBharat.com News समाचार|website=www.brandbharat.com}}</ref> The Jeewach river, flowing through the east of Chhatwan, provides a fertile flood plain that serves as the basis for growing local crops.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-restored-village-economy-on-track-15117245.html|title=पटरी पर नहीं लौटी गांव की अर्थव्यवस्था|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref> Mango fruits are grown in abundance, and [[sugarcane]] is produced before shipping to the Raiyam sugar factory for processing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/DM-hands-over-sick-sugar-mill-transfer-papers-to-private-party/articleshow/6128477.cms|title=DM hands over sick sugar mill transfer papers to private party | Patna News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=5 July 2010 }}</ref> It is also well known for its many markets as well as Chhatwan Bazaar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-8866925.html|title=एचएससीसी का शील्ड पर कब्जा|website=m.jagran.com}}</ref> and small businesses, which include cloth shops, jewelry, general stores, hardware stores, and bike showrooms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-the-agency-mp-inaugurated-14857689.html|title=सांसद ने किया एजेंसी का उदघाटन|website=m.jagran.com}}</ref> The main market of Chhatwan is the Gandhi Chowk, Azad Chowk, Chandni Chowk, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Chowk, Kunwar Chowk & Maulana Mazharul Haque Chowk<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-13218688.html|title=शराब के साथ गिरफतार|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/darbhanga/news/lack-of-millions-due-to-fire-in-many-homes-victims-demand-compensation-034053-3545533.html|title=कई घरों में आग लगने से लाखों का नुकसान, पीड़ित ने की मुआवजे की मांग|date=31 December 2018|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-zidangi-incomplete-without-computer-17010623.html|title=कंप्यूटर के बिना जिदंगी अधूरी|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-12789029.html|title=विकास व सुशासन की निकली हवा: विधायक|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref> on the Madhubani Road.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-12938490.html|title=शराब के साथ गिरफ्तार|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref>

==Culture==
Chhatwan is a multi-cultural society. Among the Muslim festivals celebrated are [[Eid al-Fitr]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-12616768.html |title=हर राह ईदगाह की ओर, रही मुबारक देने की होड़|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref> (Eid), [[Eid al-Adha]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-8455732.html|title=चलता रहा खुदा को खुश करने का दौर|website=m.jagran.com}}</ref> (Bakraeid) and [[Muharram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-11750268.html|title=गांवों में ताजिया मिलान संपन्न|website=m.jagran.com}}</ref> Hindu festivals celebrated include [[Chhath]], five days after [[Deepawali]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Durga Puja]], and [[Diwali]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-the-crowds-in-the-markets-chhatta-18631473.html|title=छठ को लेकर बाजारों में रही भीड़, व्रतियों ने किया खरना|website=m.jagran.com}}</ref>

==Education==
There are many resources of education in Chhatwan, Islamic as well as modern education. For modern education many governments and private schools are also there.

* Prathmik School Chhatwan Harijan
* Rajkiya Utkramit Uchcha School Chhatwan Basic
* Prathmik School Chhatwan Urdu
* Rajkiya Utkramit Madhya School Dhanushi
* Prathmik School Patharpatti
* Project Prathmik School Fakir Takiya Chhatwan
* Red Rose Public School Chhatwan

For Islamic education, there are two [[Madrasa|madrasas]], both of which are government-recognised.

* Madarsa Tul Banat Chhatwan
* Madarsa Noorul Islam Chhatwan<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://chhatwan.weebly.com/about.html|title=About|website=Heart of Chhatwan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://schools.org.in/bihar/darbhanga/keoti/ums-chatwan-(besic)|title=Schools in Ums Chatwan (besic) Cluster | List of Schools in Ums Chatwan (besic) Cluster, Darbhanga District (Bihar)|website=schools.org.in}}</ref>

==Hospital==
* Additional Primary Health Center Chhatwan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-15475626.html|title=एपीएचसी छतवन को खुद इलाज की दरकार|website=m.jagran.com}}</ref>
* Veterinary Hospital Chhatwan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://farmer.gov.in/vetcentres.aspx?scode=03 |title=Veterinary Centre |access-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319074658/http://farmer.gov.in/VetCentres.aspx?SCode=03 |archive-date=19 March 2015 }}</ref>

==Transportation==
===Roadways===
Chhatwan is well connected with another part of village and cities, Tarsarai - Raiyam Road via Chhatwan<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-relief-from-the-sun-kankanee-made-disaster-15383990.html|title=धूप से मिली राहत, कनकनी बनी आफत|website=m.jagran.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-problem-due-to-cold-17284009.html|title=ठंड व कोहरे के आगोश में जनजीवन|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref> passes through the village which is connected to [[National Highway 27 (India)|National Highway 27]] and Tarsarai Station North End, and the South end is connected to [[Madhubani District]], Chhatwan - Hajipur Road<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-8435191.html|title=और बिगड़ी जर्जर सड़कों की सूरत|website=m.jagran.com}}</ref> Connected to the [[National Highway 527B (India)|National Highway 527B]] West End and East End connected to Chhatwan - [[Pandaul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandaul]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-11727253.html|title=ग्रामीण कार्य विभाग लकवाग्रस्त: किशोर|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-11727253.html|title=ग्रामीण कार्य विभाग लकवाग्रस्त: किशोर|website=m.jagran.com}}</ref>
Chhatwan has auto-rickshaw services to nearby village and cities, and bus services<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-9187179.html|title=स्वास्थ्य मेला का आज उद्घाटन करेंगे मंत्री|website=m.jagran.com}}</ref> to [[Darbhanga]] - [[Madhubani, Bihar|Madhubani]], via Raiyam sugar factory,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-bus-parichalan-k-prastav-par-harsh-14130443.html|title=नई रूट पर बस परिचालन के प्रस्ताव पर हर्ष|website=m.jagran.com}}</ref> Chhatwan - [[Darbhanga]], via Khirma.<ref name="auto1"/>

===Railways===
The nearest railway station is Tarsrai Railway Station (TRS).<ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/darbhanga/67484|title=तारसराय स्टेशन पर रैक प्वाइंट चालू|website=Prabhat Khabar - Hindi News|date=30 November 2013 }}</ref> People who wish to visit Delhi can take a direct train from the Tarsarai railway station. Two express train stops Here :

* Sarayu Yamuna Express to [[Amritsar]]
* Shaheed Express to [[Amritsar]]

Many more passengers train stop here.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bihar/station-master-among-2-killed-after-falling-from-train-1816139|title=ट्रेन से गिरकर एक स्टेशन मास्टर सहित दो की मौत|website=NDTVIndia|access-date=3 June 2019|archive-date=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603113619/https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bihar/station-master-among-2-killed-after-falling-from-train-1816139}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

===Airways===
[[Darbhanga Airport]] is the nearest airport to Chhatwan which is at a distance of 17 km from there.

==Climate==

Chhatwan has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cwa'').<ref>{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IN/42391.TXT |server=ftp.atdd.noaa.gov |title=FTP link }}</ref>

{{Weather box|location = Chhatwan
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 30.4
|Feb record high C = 33.9
|Mar record high C = 39.9
|Apr record high C = 42.0
|May record high C = 41.9
|Jun record high C = 43.4
|Jul record high C = 39.1
|Aug record high C = 38.4
|Sep record high C = 39.6
|Oct record high C = 39.2
|Nov record high C = 33.9
|Dec record high C = 29.9
|Jan high C = 22.1
|Feb high C = 25.8
|Mar high C = 31.0
|Apr high C = 34.1
|May high C = 35.0
|Jun high C = 34.9
|Jul high C = 32.5
|Aug high C = 32.8
|Sep high C = 32.5
|Oct high C = 31.6
|Nov high C = 28.0
|Dec high C = 24.8
|year high C = 30.68
|Jan low C = 9.2
|Feb low C = 11.0
|Mar low C = 15.1
|Apr low C = 19.1
|May low C = 21.2
|Jun low C = 22.9
|Jul low C = 23.8
|Aug low C = 24.2
|Sep low C = 23.8
|Oct low C = 21.2
|Nov low C = 15.8
|Dec low C = 10.6
|year low C = 18.18
|Jan record low C = −0.2
|Feb record low C = −0.2
|Mar record low C = 3.9
|Apr record low C = 9.2
|May record low C = 10.4
|Jun record low C = 15.9
|Jul record low C = 18.7
|Aug record low C = 19.4
|Sep record low C = 18.9
|Oct record low C = 12.7
|Nov record low C = 7.2
|Dec record low C = 2.4
|Jan precipitation mm = 13.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 14.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 9.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 29.0
|May precipitation mm = 76.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 139.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 353.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 254.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 193.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 73.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 6.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 7.0
|Jan rain days = 1.6
|Feb rain days = 1.7
|Mar rain days = 1.6
|Apr rain days = 2.6
|May rain days = 4.6
|Jun rain days = 7.6
|Jul rain days = 16.4
|Aug rain days = 12.2
|Sep rain days = 10.5
|Oct rain days = 3.4
|Nov rain days = 0.5
|Dec rain days = 1.0
|Jan humidity= 68
|Feb humidity= 63
|Mar humidity= 49
|Apr humidity= 56
|May humidity= 60
|Jun humidity= 70
|Jul humidity= 78
|Aug humidity= 79
|Sep humidity= 79
|Oct humidity= 73
|Nov humidity= 66
|Dec humidity= 67
|date=March 2017}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/bihar/darbhanga/keotiranway/chhatwan.html Map of Chhatwan Village in Keotiranway Tehsil, Darbhanga, Bihar]
*[http://www.holidaytravelreports.com/Weather/Chhatwan.aspx Weather Chhatwan | Best Time to Visit Chhatwan | Chhatwan Climate Forecast Temperature Snowfall - Holiday Travel Reports]

[[Category:Villages in Darbhanga district]]

Seshachalam Hills

2026-01-28T08:36:14Z

ShantaeBpy: brief adjusted citations for accuracy and fixed typos

{{Short description|Part of the Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Seshachalam Hills''' are [[hill range|hilly ranges]] part of the [[Eastern Ghats]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] state, southeastern [[India]]. The Seshachalam hill ranges are predominantly present in [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]] and [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]] districts of the [[Rayalaseema|Rayalaseema region]] in Andhra Pradesh.

==Geology==
The ranges were formed during the [[Precambrian]] supereon (3.8 billion to 539 million years ago). Minerals contained in these hills include sandstone and shale interbedded with limestone. The ranges are bounded by the [[Rayalaseema]] uplands to the west and northwest, and the [[Nandyal]] Valley to the north.
[[File:Andhra Pradesh - Landscapes from Andhra Pradesh, views from Indias South Central Railway (83).JPG|thumb|750px|center|Seshachalam Hill Range – panoramic view, [[Talakona]].]]

==Religious significance==
[[Tirumala - Tirupati|Tirumala]], a major [[Hindu]] pilgrimage town near the city of Tirupati is located on the hills. The hills contain seven peaks namely, Anjanadri, Garudadri, Narayanadri, Neeladri, Seshadri, [[Venkata (hill)|Venkatadri]] and Vrishabhadri, the highest at about 1000 m (3,300 ft) above sea level. The seven peaks are said to represent the seven hoods of [[Shesha]], the king of the serpents in [[Hindu mythology]]. The [[Sri Venkateswara National Park]] is also located in these ranges. The famous [[Natural Arch, Tirumala Hills]] is also a part of Seshachalam Hills, which dates back to the period in between Middle and Upper [[Proterozoic Eon]].

The Seshachalam hill ranges run North West to South East, to a length about 80 km and width ranging from 32 to 40 km in the two Rayalaseema districts, Tirupati and Kadapa. These ranges have typical gorges and gaps due to faulting and stream erosion resulting in discontinuous ranges. The altitude of Seshachalam hill ranges varies from 168 to 1187 m above [[mean sea level|MSL]]. The highest hill summit is Tellaralla penta (1187 m) and most of the other hill peaks are above 900 m MSL.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292149291_DIVERSITY_AND_QUANTIFICATION_OF_TREES_IN_SESHACHALAM_HILL_RANGES_EASTERN_GHATS_INDIA#pf2 |last1=Babu |first1=M.V |date=2010 |pages=143–161 |title=DIVERSITY AND QUANTIFICATION OF TREES IN SESHACHALAM HILL RANGES, EASTERN GHATS, INDIA |volume=18 |journal=Indian Journal of Tropical Biodiversity |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref>

==Protected reserve forest==
In 2010, it was designated as a [[Biosphere reserves of India|Biosphere Reserve]]. It has large reserves of [[Pterocarpus santalinus|red sandalwood]] which is used in medicines, soaps, religious rituals, etc.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Malwadi Gundam waterfalls on Tirumala hills.jpg|Malwadi Gundam waterfalls on Tirumala hills
File:After heavy rain sky has been joined with cirrus and sun.......!.jpg|A scenic view of Seshachalam Hills
</gallery>

==In popular culture==
*''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'', a 2021 Indian film is about illegal logging in the Seshachalam Hills region

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://secure.britannica.com/eb/topic-536060/Seshachalam-Hills Encyclopædia Britannica]
* [http://www.hindubooks.org/temples/andhrapradesh/tirupati/page3.htm Temples and Legends of Andhra Pradesh]
* [http://www.seshachalambiospherereserve.in Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911201300/http://www.seshachalambiospherereserve.in/ |date=11 September 2019 }}

{{Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|state=delhi}}{{coord|14.33333|N|78.25|E|region:IN_type:mountain|display=title}}
{{Tirupati topics}}

[[Category:Hills of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Tirupati]]
[[Category:Eastern Ghats]]
[[Category:Geography of Tirupati district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

K S Rao Road

2026-01-03T10:51:37Z

ShantaeBpy: Updated entries and formatting

{{Short description|Road in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
[[File:City Center Premises Mangalore.jpg|thumb|380x380px|K S Rao Road near [[City Centre, Mangaluru|City Centre Mall]] decorated during [[Mangaluru Dasara]]]]

[[File:A view of KS Rao Road, Mangalore .jpg|thumb|A view of KS Rao Road, Mangaluru]]
'''Karnad Sadashiva Rao Road''', abbreviated as '''K S Rao Road''', is a popular arterial road in [[Mangaluru]], India. It runs from PVS Circle at one end to [[Hampankatta]] on the other where it joins Maidan Road near Mangaluru Central Railway Station. This road is named after the [[Indian freedom fighters|Indian freedom]] fighter [[Karnad Sadashiva Rao]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/a-road-is-all-that-remains-in-memory-of-karnad-sadashiva-rao/article7539123.ece|title=A road is all that remains in memory of Karnad Sadashiva Rao|last=Sastry|first=Anil Kumar|date=2015-08-14|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-13}}</ref>

Many commercial buildings and shopping malls are situated adjacent to this road.

== Notable buildings ==
* [[City Centre, Mangaluru|City Centre Mall]]

== See also ==
* [[Mahatma Gandhi Road (Mangaluru)]]
* [[Pilikula Nisargadhama]]
* [[Kadri Park]]
* [[Tagore Park]]
* [[St. Aloysius Chapel]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Roads in Mangalore]]

{{Mangalore-geo-stub}}

Gujarat State Information Commission

2025-12-11T09:26:59Z

ShantaeBpy: adding basic stub more to come

{{Short description|Statutory body in Gujarat, India}}

{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Gujarat State Information Commission
| native_name =
| established = 2 March 2006
| jurisdiction = [[Gujarat]]
| location = Karmayogi Bhavan, State Level Offices, Block No. 1, Second Floor, sector-10 A, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382010.<ref name="gic ref1">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Information Commission |url=https://gic.gujarat.gov.in/front-page/63/About-Us.aspx |website=Gujarat Information Commission |access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref>
| appealsto =
| terms = 3 years from the date of entering office or up to 65 years of [[Ageing|age]] (whichever is earlier)
| authority = [[Right to Information Act, 2005]]
| website = https://gic.gujarat.gov.in/front-page/eStatus.aspx
| motto = {{langx|sa|सूचना जनाधिकार:॥}} ''({{transliteration|sa|Soochna Janadhikaraha}}) {{translation}} Information is the right of the people.''
| chiefjudgetitle = State Chief Information Commissioner
| chiefjudgename = Dr Subhashchandra Soni
| chiefjudgetitle2 =
| chiefjudgename2 =
}}
'''Gujarat State Information Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[Statute|statutory]] body constituted by the state government of [[Gujarat]] through a notification in [[Government gazette|official Gazette]].

== History and objective ==

Gujarat State Information Commission has to be constituted as per The Right to Information Act, 2005 by the State Governments in India through a notification in official Gazette.<ref name="sic ref1">{{cite news |title=State Information Commission: Composition, Power and Functions |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/state-information-commission-1438319829-1 |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=jagranjosh.com |date=30 March 2019 |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116012207/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/state-information-commission-1438319829-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gujarat State Information Commission is formed to take up the following:<ref name="sic ref12">{{cite news |title=The decline of India's right to information regime, in four charts |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-decline-of-india-s-right-to-information-regime-in-four-charts-11604385637705.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=livemint |date=4 November 2020|archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116024430/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-decline-of-india-s-right-to-information-regime-in-four-charts-11604385637705.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

* Appeals on the information shared by various government entities under the Right to Information Act.<ref name="gic ref4">{{cite news |title=RTI appeal rejection: Model Gujarat's information commission "competes" with Centre amidst PMO indifference |url=https://www.counterview.net/2018/04/rti-appeal-rejection-model-gujarats.html |access-date=18 January 2022 |publisher=counterview.net |date=29 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="gic ref5">{{cite news |title=Supreme Court seeks Gujarat HC's response on Gujarat Information Commission plea |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/supreme-court-seeks-gujarat-hc-s-response-on-gujarat-information-commission-plea-115021601772_1.html |access-date=18 January 2022 |publisher=business-standard.com |date=16 February 2015}}</ref>
* Complaints on refusal to give information or in relation to inability to file Right to Information Act.
* Commission should get annual report from various departments working in the state about complaints received under Right to Information Act, 2005 and their responses on the same.

Gujarat Information Commission occasionally conducts awareness programmes on implementation of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 effectively by general public.

Amrutbhai Patel, IAS (Retd.) is the current Chief Information commissioner of Gujarat Information Commission.<ref name="gic ref2">{{cite news |last1=A Dabhi |first1=Parimal |title=Information panel prohibits 4 from filing pleas under RTI Act |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/information-panel-prohibits-4-from-filing-pleas-under-rti-act-7165935/ |access-date=18 January 2022 |publisher=indianexpress.com |date=29 January 2021}}</ref>

== Tenure and service ==

Any vacancy in the State Information Commission has to be filled within six months from the date of vacancy.<ref name="sic ref7">{{cite news |title=SC Asks States for Updates on Vacancies, Pendency in Information Commissions |url=https://thewire.in/government/sc-orders-state-to-file-status-reports-on-information-commissions |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=19 August 2021|archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116013903/https://thewire.in/government/sc-orders-state-to-file-status-reports-on-information-commissions |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gujarat Chief Information Commissioner (CIC), Information Commissioner (IC) and State Information Commissioner's salaries, allowances and other service terms and conditions are equivalent to a Judge of the Supreme Court.<ref name="sic ref10">{{cite news |title=RTI Bill 2019: Undermining autonomy of information commissions and transparency in governance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rti-bill-2019-undermining-autonomy-of-information-commissions-and-transparency-in-governance-1571439-2019-07-19 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=indiatoday.in |date=19 July 2019}}</ref>

== Powers and functions ==

The commission under powers granted to it can secure from the public authorities compliance of any of its decisions.

Commission is duty bound to receive and conduct enquiry into any complaint received from any person.

The commission has civil judicial authority for issuing summons requiring examination of any witnesses or related documents or any other prescribed matters relating to complaint.

Any provision under which summons were issued and as per which attendance is required of persons and requires them to give written or oral evidence under an oath and producing documents or other details relevant to it.

Provision requiring evidence on stamped [[affidavit]].

Powers relating to request from any court or office of any public record.

Commission under the powers can recommend steps which can be taken for confirming to the provisions of the act if any public authority fails to do so.

== Challenges ==

Gujarat State Information Commission are overburdened with backlog cases,<ref name="gic ref3">{{cite news |title=Gujarat Information Commission an overburdened body |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/gujarat-information-commission-an-overburdened-body/story-majpNCPK4gaVu9rsjfE13K.html |access-date=18 January 2022 |publisher=hindustantimes |date=13 October 2009}}</ref> similar to [[Central Vigilance Commission]].<ref name="sic ref8">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Soni |title=Central Information Commission headless for 5th time in 6 years |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/27/central-information-commission-headless-for-5th-time-in-6-years.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=the week |date=27 August 2020}}</ref> Due to shortage of available staff and vacancies not being filled, there is backlog of cases filed.<ref name="sic ref4">{{cite news |last1=sharma |first1=nidhi |title=Info commissions have a waiting time of over one year for an applicant seeking information under RTI Act: Report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/info-commissions-have-a-waiting-time-of-over-one-year-for-an-applicant-seeking-information-under-rti-act-report/articleshow/86946016.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=economictimes |date=11 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="sic ref5">{{cite news |title=Over 32,000 RTI appeals pending with Central Information Commission: Govt. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/over-32000-rti-appeals-pending-with-central-information-commission-govt/article37969462.ece |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=thehindu.com |date=16 December 2021}}</ref> The maximum number of appeals and complaints pending as per October 2014 records were in state of Uttar Pradesh. However, some states like Mizoram, Sikkim and Tripura didn't have pending complaints.<ref name="sic ref6">{{cite news |title=21 of 29 state information commissions did not hold any RTI hearings during lockdown |url=https://theprint.in/india/21-of-29-state-information-commissions-did-not-hold-any-rti-hearings-during-lockdown/426103/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Print |date=21 May 2020}}</ref> State Information Commission as per the provision has limited to provide information and cannot take any action.

In spite of above limitation, Gujarat State Information Commissions plays a crucial role in ensuring transparency in public life and supports in greater way in checking corruption, combating oppression, preventing nepotism and misuse of the public authority.

A survey conducted by [[Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative]], showed that most State Information Commission in India were inactive during Covid pandemic.<ref name="sic ref11">{{cite news |title=State information commissions inactive during COVID-19: Survey |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/state-information-commissions-inactive-during-covid-19-survey-70736 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=downtoearth |date=28 April 2020}}</ref>

==Banned people from filing RTI==

Gujarat State Information Commission banned 10 people from filing RTI queries, citing that these people were "harassing government officials" by filing multiple queries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat: 10 People Banned From Filing RTI Queries; One of Them Fined Rs 5,000, a First in History |url=https://thewire.in/rights/gujarat-10-people-banned-from-filing-rti-queries-one-of-them-fined-rs-5000-a-first-in-history |access-date=2022-08-29 |work=The Wire |date=2022-08-09}}</ref> There are no provisions under which Commissions can ban people from filing RTIs. That's why the ban was criticized as “wholly unconstitutional”.

== See also ==

[[Central Information Commission]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://gic.gujarat.gov.in/front-page/eStatus.aspx Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411205905/https://gic.gujarat.gov.in/front-page/eStatus.aspx |date=2021-04-11 }}
* [https://gswan.gujarat.gov.in/right-to-information.aspx RTI Link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118043313/https://gswan.gujarat.gov.in/right-to-information.aspx |date=2022-01-18 }}


[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption agencies]]

Culture of Mysore

2025-12-02T10:21:58Z

ShantaeBpy:

{{Short description|Cultural capital of Karnataka}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Mysorepalace.jpg|thumb|Mysore Palace]]
[[Mysore]] is a city in the state of [[Karnataka]], India. It is known as the '''cultural capital''' of Karnataka.<ref name="culcap">{{cite news |title=Goodbye to old traditions in 'cultural capital' |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar172006/state1751562006316.asp |work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=2006-03-17 |accessdate=2007-04-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205053547/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar172006/state1751562006316.asp |archivedate=5 February 2007 }}</ref> Mysore was the capital of the [[Wodeyar]] kings who ruled over the [[Mysore Kingdom]] for many centuries. Wodeyars were great patrons of art and music and have contributed significantly to make Mysore a cultural centre.<ref name="kingcul">Contribution of Wodeyar kings to the art and culture of Mysore city is discussed by {{cite news | author=Shankar Bennur | title=Dasara on canvas | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/Sep262006/spectrum1338232006925.asp | work=Deccan Herald|date= 2006-09-26 | accessdate=2007-04-04}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Mysore is well known for its palaces, museums and art galleries and the festivities that take place here during the period of [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]] attract a worldwide audience. Mysore has also lent its name to popular dishes like ''Mysore [[Masala Dosa]]'' and ''[[Mysore Pak]]''. Mysore is also the origin of the popular silk [[sari]] known as ''Mysore silk sari'' and has also given rise to a popular form of painting known as [[Mysore painting]].

==Festivals==
[[File:Chamundi-hills.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Chamundi Temple atop [[Chamundi Hill]] at Mysore]]


===Dasara===
Dasara is the ''Nadahabba'' (state-festival) of the state of Karnataka. It is also known as ''Navaratri'' (''Nava-ratri'' = nine-nights) and is a 10-day festival with the last day being [[Vijayadashami]], the most auspicious day of Dasara. Dasara usually falls in the month of September or October. According to a legend, [[Vijayadashami]] denotes the victory of truth over evil and was the day when the Hindu Goddess [[Durga|Chamundeshwari]] killed the demon [[Mahishasura]]. [[Mahishasura]] is the demon from whose name Mysore has been derived.

The Dasara festivities are attested at least since Wodeyar King, Raja Wodeyar I (1578–1617 CE) in 1610.<ref name="das">Detailed account of the Dasara festival celebrated at Mysore is provided by {{cite web |author=Ravi Sharma |url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2221/stories/20051021005611300.htm |title=Mysore Dasara: A historic festival |work=The Frontline |volume=22 |issue=21 |date=2005-10-08 |accessdate=2007-04-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716044238/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2221/stories/20051021005611300.htm |archivedate=16 July 2007}}</ref> The [[Mysore Palace]] is lit up on all the 10 days of Dasara. The festivities begin with the Wodeyar royal couple performing a special [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] to Goddess [[Durga|Chamundeshwari]] in the [[Durga|Chamundi]] Temple located on the top of [[Chamundi Hill]] at Mysore. This would be followed by a special ''durbar'' (royal assembly).Kings wore the traditional [[Mysore Peta]] as headgear during the Durbar (court of Indian or princely state's kings) time or in a ceremonial procession during the Dasara celebrations. It was during the reign of Krishnaraja Wodeyar III in 1805, when the king started the tradition of having a special ''durbar'' in the Mysore Palace during Dasara; which was attended by members of the royal family, special invitees, officials and the masses. The King and men attending King's court wore the conventional attire called the durbar dress which comprised a black long coat with white trousers and a compulsory [[Mysore Peta]]. This tradition has been continued even now with the current scion of the Wodeyar family, Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wodeyar holding a private ''durbar'' during Dasara. The ninth day of Dasara known as ''Mahanavami'' is also an auspicious day on which the royal sword is worshipped and is taken on a procession involving elephants, camels and horses.<ref name="esam">Detailed account of the Mysore Dasara festival is provided by {{cite web|author=Prabuddha Bharata |url=http://www.esamskriti.com/html/inside.asp?cat=441&subcat=440&cname=mysodasa |title=Mysore Dasara – A Living Tradition |publisher=eSamskriti.com |accessdate=2007-04-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307104723/http://www.esamskriti.com/html/inside.asp?cat=441&subcat=440&cname=mysodasa |archivedate=7 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On [[Vijayadashami]], the traditional Dasara procession (locally known as ''Jumboo Savari'') is held on the streets of Mysore city. The main attraction of this procession is the idol of the Goddess Chamundeshwari which is placed on a golden [[mantapa]] on the top of a decorated elephant. This idol is worshipped by the royal couple and other invitees before it is taken around in the procession. Colourful tableaux, dance groups, music bands, decorated elephants, horses and camels form a part of the procession which starts from the Mysore Palace and culminates at a place called ''Bannimantap'' where the ''banni'' tree (Prosopis spicigera) is worshipped. According to a legend of the [[Mahabharata]], ''banni'' tree was used by the [[Pandava]]s to hide their arms during their one-year period of ''Agnatavasa'' (living life incognito). Before undertaking any warfare, the kings traditionally worshipped this tree to help them emerge victorious in the war.<ref name="esam"/> The Dasara festivities would culminate on the night of [[Vijayadashami]] with an event held in the grounds at Bannimantap called as ''Panjina Kavayatthu'' (torch-light parade).

Another major attraction during Dasara is the Dasara exhibition which is held in the exhibition grounds opposite to the Mysore Palace. This exhibition starts during Dasara and goes on till December. Various stalls which sell items like clothes, plastic items, kitchenware, cosmetics and eatables are set up and they attract a significant number of people. A play area containing attractions like ferris-wheel is also present to provide entertainment to the people. Various Governmental agencies setup stalls to signify the achievements and projects that they have undertaken.

On all the 10 days of Dasara, various music and dance concerts are held in auditoriums around Mysore city. Musicians and dance groups from all over India are invited to perform on this occasion. Another attraction during Dasara is the ''Kusti Spardhe'' (wrestling-bout) which attracts wrestlers from all around India.<ref name="wrest">Details regarding Dasara Wrestling competition held in Mysore is provided by {{cite web | author=Shankar Bennur | title=Dasara wrestling to offer 'thunder' bouts | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/Sep302005/district1752292005929.asp | work=Deccan Herald|date=2005-09-30 | accessdate=2007-04-04}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Palaces==
Wodeyar kings of Mysore have built quite a few palaces in Mysore and this has earned the city the sobriquet of ''City of Palaces''. Following are the palaces present here:

===Ambavilas Palace===
[[File:Mysore Palace 2006.jpg|200px|right|thumb|The Ambavilas Palace or Mysore Palace]]
[[File:Jagan mohan palace2.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The Jaganmohana Palace in Mysore]]
[[File:JayalakshmiVilasMansion.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Jayalakshmi Vilas Mansion in Mysore]]
[[File:Palais-Mysore.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Lalitha Mahal in Mysore]]
[[File:Myspalbang.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The entrance gate of Mysore Palace]]
This is the main palace of Mysore and also termed as ''[[Mysore Palace]]''. This palace was built in 1912 at a cost of Rs. 4,150,000 in the [[Indo-Sarcenic]] style.<ref name="amba">{{cite news |author=Shankar Bennur |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr192005/spectrum1137332005417.asp |title=Of monumental value |work=Deccan Herald|date=2005-04-19 |accessdate=2007-04-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204111534/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr192005/spectrum1137332005417.asp |archivedate=4 February 2007 }}</ref> The earlier wooden palace that existed at this location got burnt in a fire during the wedding of Jayalakshammanni, the eldest daughter of Chamaraja Wodeyar, in February 1897.<ref name="palsama">Detailed description of the palaces in Mysore is provided by {{cite web | url=http://www.mysoresamachar.com/palacesinmysore.htm | title=Palaces of Mysore | publisher=MysoreSamachar.com | accessdate=2007-04-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510081741/http://www.mysoresamachar.com/palacesinmysore.htm | archive-date=10 May 2018 | url-status=usurped }}</ref> The architect of this palace was Mr. Henry Irwin and the consulting engineer was Mr E W Fritchley.<ref name="amba"/> The palace is a three storied structure with the tallest tower with a gilded dome rising to 145 feet above ground. In the first floor is the grand Durbar hall, where the kings used to hold their assembly. Some of the other important halls within the palace are Kalyana Mantap (the wedding hall), Gombe Thotti (hall of dolls) and Amba Vilasa (private hall). Lifelike paintings, murals, arms, trophies, stained glass windows and decorated domes enhance the architectural splendour of this palace.<ref name="palsama"/> This is the center of all festivities during the Dasara.

===Jaganmohan Palace===
[[Jaganmohan Palace]] was built in 1861 by Krishnaraja Wodeyar III in a predominantly Hindu style to serve as an alternate palace for the royal family. This palace housed the royal family when the older Mysore Palace was burnt down by a fire. The palace has three floors and has stained glass shutters and ventilators. It has housed the ''Sri Jayachamarajendra Art Gallery'' since the year 1915. The collections exhibited here include paintings from the famed [[Travancore]] ruler, [[Raja Ravi Varma]], the Russian painter [[Svetoslav Roerich]] and many paintings of the [[Mysore painting]] style.<ref name="jagan">A brief description about Jaganmohana Palace is provided by {{cite web | author=National Informatics Centre | url=http://www.mysore.nic.in/tourism_JaganmohanaPalace.htm | title=JaganMohana Palace | publisher=Mysore District | accessdate=2007-04-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913234845/http://mysore.nic.in/tourism_JaganmohanaPalace.htm | archive-date=13 September 2007 | url-status=dead}}</ref> The Durbar Hall here was the place where the early convocations of the [[Mysore University]] were held. The hall also serves as an auditorium for staging cultural programmes.<ref name="palsama"/>

===Jayalakshmi Vilas Mansion===
This palace was built in 1905 for Jayalakshmi Devi, eldest daughter of [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X|Chamaraja Wodeyar]]. This mansion has three wings and contains a series of twin [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] and [[Ionic order|Ionic]] columns, regal [[pediments]] and oval [[ventilators]]. The mansion was originally built with a cost of Rs. 700,000.<ref name="palsama"/> This mansion was acquired by the [[Mysore University]] to house its post-graduate campus. It was renovated in 2002 from funding provided by [[Infosys]] foundation.<ref name="gall">A description about Jayalakshmi Vilas Mansion is provided by {{cite news | author=R. Krishna Kumar | url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/24/stories/2006072405680400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001002549/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/24/stories/2006072405680400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 October 2007 | title=It is a real treasure trove | location=Chennai, India | date=24 July 2006 | work=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=2007-04-11}}</ref> The main hall in this mansion is the ''Kalyana Mantapa'' which has an eight-petal shaped dome with stained glass windows with a gold-plated ''Kalasha''(tower) at the top. A new gallery called as ''Writer's Gallery'' has been created in the ''Kalyana Mantapa'' hall that will exhibit personal items, photographs, awards and writings of renowned writers of [[Kannada]].<ref name="gall"/> A special illumination system has also been added to this heritage structure. This mansion is said to be the first university museum complex in the country.<ref name="gall"/>

===Lalitha Mahal===
The architect of this palace was Mr E W Fritchley. The palace was built by [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV]] in 1921 for the exclusive stay of the [[Viceroy of India]]. The palace is pure white in colour and is built in the style of Italian [[palazzo]] with twin Ionic columns and domes. It also has a sprawling terrace and landscaped gardens.<ref name="lali">Profile of the Lalitha Mahal is provided by {{cite web | url=http://www.lalithamahalpalace.com/prof.html | title=Lalitha Mahal Palace Hotel | accessdate=2007-04-11 | archive-date=3 April 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403112328/http://www.lalithamahalpalace.com/prof.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> This palace has now been converted into a five-star hotel belonging to the Ashok Group of Hotels. The interior of this palace contains [[wikt:venation|venation]] marble floors, rosewood furniture and a stately [[balustrade]] staircase. The central hall in the palace contains life size portraits of the royalty, [[lithographs]], [[Motif (visual arts)|motifs]], a [[Belgium|Belgian]] glass dome and carved wood shutters. An ancient elevator, still in working condition, is also present.

===Rajendra Vilas===
This is a palace atop the [[Chamundi Hill]]. This was conceived in the 1920s and completed in 1938–1939. This was built as a summer palace for the Wodeyar kings. This palace is currently owned by the current scion of the royal family, Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar. There are plans to convert this into a Heritage hotel.<ref name="raje">Restoration work at Rajendra Vilas Palace is discussed by {{cite news | author=R. Krishna Kumar | url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/18/stories/2005081802420200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313091447/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/18/stories/2005081802420200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 March 2007 | title=Looking beyond the heritage tag | location=Chennai, India | date=18 August 2005 | work=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=2007-04-11}}</ref>

===Cheluvamba Mansion===
This mansion was built by [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV]] for his third daughter, Cheluvajammanni. It now houses the [[CFTRI]] (Central Food and Technological Research Institute).

==Painting==

===Mysore painting===
[[File:Mysore painting.jpg|thumb|right|210px|Mysore Painting depicting [[Krishna]] with his eight principal wives.]]
The traditional form of painting called as [[Mysore painting]] is an offshoot of the [[Vijayanagara|Vijayanagar]] school of Painting. With the fall of the [[Vijayanagar empire]], the artists who were involved in the Vijayanagar Paintings were rendered jobless. The Wodeyar king, Raja Wodeyar (1578–1617 CE) rehabilitated these artists in [[Srirangapatna]] and under his patronage, a new form of painting called as Mysore painting evolved.<ref name="gesso">A detailed account of the traditional form of Mysore painting is provided in {{cite web|url=http://www.indianfolklore.org/pdf/visualart/Mysore.pdf|title=Mysore Painting |publisher=National Folklore Support Centre |accessdate=2007-04-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928025501/http://www.indianfolklore.org/pdf/visualart/Mysore.pdf |archivedate=28 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> These artists employed by the king made use of locally available materials to do the paintings. Squirrel hair was used as a brush by tying the hair with a silken thread and inserting them into the narrow end of a quill. A cloth spread over a wooden plank formed the painting board. Properly burnt tamarind sticks were used as a sketching charcoal. The main attraction of these paintings was the ''gesso'' work in which gold foils were pasted on appropriate regions on the painting. Gesso was used for depicting intricate designs of clothes, jewellery and architectural details.<ref name="gesso"/> Stories from the [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], [[Bhagavata]] Purana and Jain epics formed the basis of these paintings. Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar (Krishnaraja Wodeyar III) was instrumental in the growth of the Mysore painting form and is said to have commissioned more than 1000 portraits during his reign. Many of these paintings can still be seen on the walls of the Jaganmohan Palace at Mysore.<ref name="paint">A brief description the traditional Mysore Painting is provided by {{cite web | author=K. L. Kamat | url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/myspaint/intro.htm|title=Mysore Traditional Paintings – An Introduction | publisher=Kamat's Potpourri | accessdate=2007-04-05}}</ref>

===Ganjifa Art===
[[File:Ganjapa.jpg|thumb|Dashavatar Ganjapa]]
[[Ganjifa]] or ''Ganjeefa'' was a popular card game in ancient India. Played extensively in the [[Mughal era|Mughal]] period, Ganjifa is now known more for the art work on the cards than the game itself. Cards made for royalty were inlaid with precious stones and were also made of [[ivory]], [[mother-of-pearl]] and wafers of [[Lac (resin)|lac]]. In Mysore, this game was known as "Chadd" (''God's play'').<ref name="ganji">An account on Ganjifa is provided by {{cite web |url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/ganjifa1.htm |title=Patent for Ganjifa Playing Cards |publisher=Star of Mysore |accessdate=2007-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515205112/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/ganjifa1.htm |archivedate=15 May 2007}}</ref> One of the finest exponents of Ganjifa Art, Ganjifa Raghupathi Bhatta is a resident of Mysore and has set up an International Ganjifa Research Centre at Mysore. The cards are generally circular and sometimes rectangular in shape with lacquered backs with exquisite paintings on them.

==Carpentry==

===Rosewood Inlay work===
[[File:Wood inlay Mysore.jpg|250px|thumb|right|An elephant created using wood-inlay work.]]
British writers mention the existence of thousands of workers in Mysore involved in inlaying etched [[ivory]] motifs into [[rosewood]] to create intricate wood work. Even now an estimated 4000 people in Mysore are involved in rosewood inlay work though other media like plastic have replaced [[ivory]].<ref name="rose">An article on Rosewood inlay work is provided by {{cite news | author=Pushpa Chari | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/30/stories/2002053000390200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030701024312/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/30/stories/2002053000390200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 July 2003 | title=Intricate Patterns | location=Chennai, India | date=30 May 2002 | work=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=2007-04-05}}</ref> This intricate work involves many stages. The first step is to design and draw the images and patterns on the rosewood. Then the rosewood is cut into proper shape by [[carpentry]]. The [[Motif (visual arts)|motifs]] that have to be inlaid are then carefully handcut to shape. The areas where the motifs have to be inlaid on the rosewood, are carefully scooped out. Next the motifs are inlaid and fixed. The wood is then smoothened using [[sandpaper]] and polished to give a bright look.

==Fashion==

===Mysore silk saree===
[[File:Mysore Silk Saree.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Mysore silk saree with golden zari]]
Mysore is the home of the famous Indian feminine wear, the Mysore silk [[saree]]. Mysore Silk is a trademark for the silk sarees produced by KSIC (Karnataka Silk Industries Corporation).<ref name="trade">Trademark for Mysore Silk is obtained by KSIC reports {{cite web | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/12/17/stories/2005121702100200.htm | title=Mysore Silk gets geographical indication | work=The Hindu Business Line |date=2005-12-17 |accessdate=2007-04-09}}</ref> The distinguishing feature of this saree is the usage of pure silk and 100% pure gold [[zari]] (a golden coloured thread containing 65% of silver and 0.65% of gold).<ref name="silk">Details regarding Mysore silk is provided by {{cite web
|url=http://www.ksicsilk.com/mysorefactory.htm
|publisher=Karnataka Silk Industries Corporation
|title=Mysore – Silk weaving & Printing silk products
|accessdate=2007-04-09
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724074405/http://www.ksicsilk.com/mysorefactory.htm
|archivedate=24 July 2011
}}</ref> These sarees are manufactured in a silk factory located in Mysore city. This factory was started in 1912 by the [[Maharaja]] of Mysore by importing 32 looms from Switzerland. In 1980, this factory was transferred to KSIC and now has around 159 looms.<ref name="silk"/> Every saree produced here comes with an embroidered code number and a [[hologram]] to prevent misuse. Mysore silk sarees are also undergoing an innovating change with the use of [[kasuti]] embroidery, thickly woven ''pallu''s (the part of the saree worn over the shoulder), bandhini techniques and new colours like lilac, coffee-brown and elephant-grey.<ref name="innov">Innovation in Mysore silk saree is mentioned by {{cite web | author=Aruna Chandaraju | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/03/05/stories/2005030502400300.htm | title=Modern MYSURU | work=The Hindu | date=2005-03-05 | accessdate=2007-04-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050508214803/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/03/05/stories/2005030502400300.htm | archive-date=8 May 2005 | url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==Cuisine==
[[File:Dosa-chutney-sambhar.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Masala Dosa]] served with [[Sambar (dish)|sambar]] and [[chutney]], a common breakfast in Mysore]]
[[File:Indian filter coffee in Dabarah.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[Indian filter coffee]], the preferred beverage in the homes in Mysore]]
The cuisine of Mysore resembles to a large extent the [[Udupi cuisine]]. Rice is the staple food item used in cooking and various spices are also used. A breakfast mostly includes dishes made of rice of which [[idli]] and [[Dosa (food)|dosa]] are prevalent. [[Vada (food)|Vada]] is another popular breakfast item mostly prepared only in hotels. Other popular breakfast dishes include ''shavige bath'' (spicy dish made of [[vermicelli]]), ''[[rava idli]]'', ''oggarane avalakki'' (seasoned beaten rice), [[Pongal (dish)|Pongal]] and [[Poori]]. A lunch or dinner spread generally includes steamed rice, [[chutney]], [[Sambar (dish)|sambar]], [[pickling|pickle]], [[curry]], ''gojju'' (a sweet curry), [[Rasam (dish)|rasam]], [[papad]] and [[curds]]. Some of the rice based dishes that form a part of the lunch are ''[[Bisi bele bath]]'' (a spicy rice preparation with vegetables), ''vangi baath'' (rice mixed with [[brinjal]] curry), ''chitranna'' (rice mixed with seasoning, turmeric and lemon juice or raw mango scrapes) and [[Puliyogare]]. [[Chapati]] is another lunch item preferred nowadays. In formal occasions like marriage, the food is served on a [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]] leaf and would include additional items like sweets and [[Kosambari]] apart from the ones mentioned above. Some of the popular sweet dishes are ''rave unde'' (sweet balls made of [[semolina]] and [[coconut]] scrapes), [[ladoo]], [[payasam]], [[Mysore Pak]] and [[jalebi]]. It is customary to eat ''adike'' ([[arecanut]]) with [[betel]] leaf after the lunch/dinner. Coffee ([[Indian filter coffee]]) is the preferred beverage in homes. Some of the snacks that are prevalent here are [[murukku|chakkuli]], ''khara mandakki'' (spicy puffed rice), [[churmuri]] and ''kodubale'' (a [[doughnut]] shaped spicy snack made of fried [[semolina]]). In the last few years, [[chaat]], [[pizza]]s and items belonging to [[Indian Chinese cuisine]] have become popular mostly with the younger generation. Mysore has also lent its name to the sweet-dish [[Mysore Pak]] and the Mysore [[Masala Dosa]].

==Institutions==

===CAVA===
[[Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts]] (CAVA) is an arts academy located in Mysore and affiliated to the [[University of Mysore]]. It offers courses in drawing, painting, sculpture, graphics, applied arts, photography, photojournalism and art history. It awards the [[Bachelor of Fine Arts]] degree and also has a master's program leading into the [[Master of Fine Arts]]. It was started in 1906 as ''Chamarajendra Technical Institute'' by the then King of Mysore, [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV|Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar]]. [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] laid the foundation to this institute which was started in dedication to the king, [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X|Chamarajendra Wodeyar]]. ''Chamarajendra Technical Institute'' was renamed as CAVA in 1981 by the Government of Karnataka and on the suggestions of the renowned Russian painter, [[Svetoslav Roerich]], CAVA was modelled on the lines of the famous [[Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art|J.J. School of Arts in Mumbai]].

===Rangayana===
{{See also|Karnataka Kalamandira, Mysore}}
[[File:Kalamandira, Mysore.JPG|200px|thumb|right|[[Karnataka Kalamandira, Mysore|Kalamandira]], location of [[Rangayana]] theatre institute]]
[[Rangayana]] is a theatre institution located in the campus of Kalamandira auditorium in Mysore. It was started in 1989 as an autonomous cultural organisation by the [[Government of Karnataka]]. It has two divisions working under it, ''Bharatiya Ranga Shikshana Kendra'' which is a theatre training institute and ''Sriranga Ranga Mahiti and Samshodana Kendra'' which is a documentation and research centre. Having an ensemble of fifteen actors and actresses, Rangayana Repertory performs on week ends (Saturday & Sunday) at ''Bhoomigita Theater'' at Mysore. It also offers a 1-year diploma course for theatre enthusiasts.<ref name="ranga">A brief profile of Rangayana is presented by {{cite web | title=About Rangayana | url=http://www.rangayana.org/profile.htm | publisher=Rangayana | accessdate=2007-04-06 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011151255/http://www.rangayana.org/profile.htm | archivedate=11 October 2007}}</ref>

===Dhvanyaloka===
Dhvanyaloka is an institution dedicated to the advanced study and research in English literature. It was started in 1979 by Prof. C. D. Narasimhaiah (popularly known as CDN). This institution publishes a journal called as ''Literary Criterion'' which contains articles related to literature. Some of the other books published by this institution includes [[Kipling]]'s India, [[Bhakti]] in Indian literature, Indian poetics in application, Western writers on India, the Vitality of West Indian Writing, Glimpses of New Zealand Literature, [[T. S. Eliot]] and the Indian Literary Scene and Indian literature in English.

===Akashavani (All India Radio)===
Mysore hosts one of the oldest broadcasting stations of All India Radio. The term '''''Akashavani''''' was actually coined here by Prof. M. V. Gopalaswami in 1936.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Satya|first=Gouri|date=2010-09-16|title=Mysore Akashavani is now 75 years old|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mysore-akashavani-is-now-75-years-old-110091600070_1.html|access-date=2020-12-13}}</ref> It remains quite popular to this day and organizes various intellectual, educative and entertainment programs aiming to promote the local culture and traditions.

==Museums==
[[File:Rail museum mysore.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Rail Museum at Mysore]]
[[File:Willington Museum, Irwin Road, Mysore.jpg|thumb|Willington Museum, Suburban Bus Station area]]
The following museums exist in Mysore:
* [[Regional Museum of Natural History Mysore|Regional Museum of Natural History]]: This museum is located on the banks of the [[Karanji lake]] in Mysore and has exhibits related to biological diversity, ecology and geology of Southern India.<ref name="nathist">An overview of the [[Regional Museum of Natural History Mysore|Regional Museum of Natural History]] is provided by {{cite web | author=National Informatics Centre | url=http://nmnh.nic.in/mysore.htm | title=Regional Museum of Natural History, Mysore | publisher=National Museum of Natural History | accessdate=2007-04-10}}</ref>
* [[Folk Lore Museum Mysore|Folk Lore Museum]]: This museum is located in the [[University of Mysore]] campus and exhibits over 6500 folk art and crafts from all over the state of Karnataka.<ref name="folk">An overview of the [[Folk Lore Museum Mysore|Folk Lore Museum]] is provided by {{cite web
|url=http://www.karnatakatourism.org/sites/mysore.html
|title=Mysore
|publisher=Tourism Department, Government of Karnataka
|accessdate=2007-04-10
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228104913/http://www.karnatakatourism.org/sites/mysore.html
|archivedate=28 February 2007
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
* [[Railway Museum Mysore|Rail Museum]]: This museum is located near the Mysore Railway station and is the second one of its kind established in India after the one at [[Delhi]]. This museum exhibits ancient locomotives and carriages some of which are still in working condition. Photographs and books related to railway are also present.<ref name="rail">An overview of the [[Railway Museum Mysore|Rail Museum]] is provided by {{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/03/stories/2004060309430300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604182414/http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/03/stories/2004060309430300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 June 2004 | title=Mysore Rail Museum celebrates silver jubilee | location=Chennai, India | date=3 June 2004 | work=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=2007-04-10}}</ref>
* [[Oriental Research Institute Mysore|Oriental Research Institute]], formerly known as the Oriental Library, established in 1891 contains over 33000 palm leaf manuscripts

==Personalities==

===Drama===
* Hirannaiah: Mysore has given to the [[Kannada]] theatre world; one of its stalwarts in the form of Senior Hirannaiah, the father of the well known dramatist and comedian, Master Hirannaiah. Hirannaiah was born in Mysore in 1905. He has produced some of the famous Kannada dramas like ''Devadasi'', ''Sadaarame'' and ''Yechamma Nayaka''. His drama ''Sadaarame'' is said to have run at full house in the Town Hall at Mysore for a continuous 48 days. Also his drama ''Devadasi'' set a record run of being played for a continuous five months. He was also the founder member of the drama troupe called ''Mithra Mandali''. For his contribution to the field of drama, he received the title of ''Cultural Comedian'' from the Mysore king. He born on 21 March 1953. One of his famous quotes says, ''Drama is the best type of art and the worst type of profession''.<ref name="hira">{{cite web|author=Veena Bharathi |title=Blessed with the gift of the gab |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may82005/finearts8467200556.asp |work=Deccan Herald|date=2005-05-08 |accessdate=2007-04-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911174749/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may82005/finearts8467200556.asp |archivedate=11 September 2006 }}</ref>
* [[B. V. Karanth]]: B. V. Karanth is an alumnus of the [[National School of Drama]] who also later became its director. He has directed many [[Kannada]] plays and movies. His movie [[Chomana Dudi]] (Choma's drum) has won the National Award for the Best Film. His contribution has been recognised by the Government of India who awarded him the [[Padma Shri]] award. His association with Mysore was from the year 1989–1995 when he was the director of Rangayana, the famous theatre institution at Mysore.

===Literature===
[[File:Kuvempu House Mysuru.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[Kuvempu]]'s house in Mysore]]
[[File:Kukkarahally lake Mysore.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Mysore's [[Kukkarahally Lake]], source of inspiration for writers like [[Kuvempu]]]]
* [[Kuvempu]]: Kuvempu is a [[Kannada]] writer, poet of 20th century widely regarded as the greatest writer of Kannada language. He is one of the recipients of the [[Jnanpith]] award and has a long association with Mysore. He came to Mysore for his higher education and joined Maharaja College of Mysore where he graduated in 1929 majoring in Kannada. After his graduation, he continued as a lecturer of Kannada in Maharaja's college. After a brief stint in [[Bangalore]], he rejoined Maharaja's college as a Kannada professor in 1946 and later went on to become its principal in 1955. In 1956, he was elected as the [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Mysore University]] where he served till retirement in 1960. Kuvempu is the one who christened the [[Mysore University]] campus as ''Manasagangotri''. It is said that Kuvempu used to frequently walk on the periphery of the [[Kukkarahally Lake]] in Mysore; which was a source of inspiration for him.<ref name="kuk">[[Kukkarahally Lake]] was a source of inspiration for [[Kuvempu]] is mentioned by {{cite news | title=On how to boost Mysore's tourism | url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/30/stories/2007013014680300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001010614/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/30/stories/2007013014680300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 October 2007 | location=Chennai, India | date=30 January 2007 | work=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=2007-04-09}}</ref> Kuvempu died in Mysore in 1994.
* [[R.K. Narayan]]: R.K. Narayan is one of the best known English novelist from India. Most of his writings are based on a fictional Indian town called [[Malgudi]]. Narayan spent most of his life in Mysore where his father was the headmaster of Maharaja's High School. He has a Bachelor of Arts degree from [[University of Mysore]]. His first published novel was ''[[Swami and Friends]]''. Though Narayan faced hurdles while publishing this novel, he was able to succeed in publishing it with the help of [[Graham Greene]].<ref name="gree">A detailed article on R K Narayan has been written by {{cite web | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1811/18110040.htm | author=N Ram | title=Malgudi's Creator | work=The Frontline |volume=18 |issue=11 |date=26 May 2001 | accessdate=2007-04-09 | url-status=usurped | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319164445/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1811/18110040.htm | archivedate=19 March 2007}}</ref> Some of his other famous novels are [[The Guide]], [[The Man-Eater of Malgudi]], [[The English Teacher]] and [[The World of Nagaraj]]. [[The Guide]] was made into a very famous [[Hindi]] film and this also earned him the National Award from [[Sahitya Akademi]]. Most of his short stories related to [[Malgudi]] have been made a part of a tele serial called as [[Malgudi Days (TV series)|Malgudi Days]] which was directed by [[Shankar Nag]]. The Government of India has awarded him the [[Padma Vibhushan]] for his contribution to the English Literature. Some of the characters in his novels, like Raju (in [[The Guide]]), Sampath (in [[Mr. Sampath - The Printer of Malgudi]]) and Margayya (in [[The Financial Expert]]) are said to be real life Mysoreans.<ref name="close">That some of the characters in Narayan's novels were real life Mysoreans is mentioned by {{cite news | author=Special Correspondent | url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/12/stories/2006101215160300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217101240/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/12/stories/2006101215160300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 February 2007 | title=Narayan's Mysore connection | location=Chennai, India | date=12 October 2006 | work=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=2007-04-09}}</ref> Naryan's younger brother [[R. K. Laxman]] is a well known cartoonist.
* [[R. K. Laxman]]: R. K. Laxman is the younger brother of [[R. K. Narayan]] and is a well known [[cartoonist]]. He was born in Mysore in 1924. His most famous cartoon creation is that of ''[[The Common Man]]''. He graduated from the [[University of Mysore]]. He drew illustrations for his brother Narayan's stories in ''[[The Hindu]]''. Later, he joined ''[[The Times of India]]''; an association that continued for over fifty years. Laxman is best known for his daily one panel comic "pocket cartoon" series published daily in ''The Times of India'' called ''You Said It''; which features ''[[The Common Man]]''; and chronicles the state of Indian life. The Government of India has awarded him the [[Padma Vibhushan]] award.
*[[S. L. Bhyrappa]]: Being one of the most celebrated authors of India, S. L. Bhyrappa is known for his thought provoking novels that are widely discussed, debated in the literary circles. His writing on contemporary societal issues and challenges is unique in terms of its structure and characterization, making his novels influential and critically acclaimed. He has authored more than 25 novels spanning over 6 decades of writing, and many of them haven been successfully made into movies and television series, and have been translated into multiple languages. He has been honored with prestigious awards including [[Saraswati Samman|Saraswathi Samman]] and [[Padma Shri]].
* [[Gopalakrishna Adiga]]: Gopalakrishna Adiga was one of the fathers of Modern Kannada poetry. He is known as the pioneer of the Kannada [[Kannada poetry#Navya .28New.29|New style]] form of poetry<ref name="ga1">[[Gopalakrishna Adiga]] was a pioneer of the Navya style of Kannada poetry is mentioned by {{cite web | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/26/stories/2002092600660200.htm | title=Lyrical Land | work=The Hindu | date=2002-08-26 | author=K. Chandramouli | accessdate=2007-04-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228045107/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/26/stories/2002092600660200.htm | archive-date=28 February 2009 | url-status=usurped}}</ref> and was part of a trinity of great modern Kannada poets along with [[Kuvempu]] and [[Shivaram Karanth]].<ref name="ga2">Trinity of [[Gopalakrishna Adiga]], [[Kuvempu]] and [[Shivaram Karanth]] is mentioned by {{cite web | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2004/10/04/stories/2004100411610300.htm | title=Gopalakrishna Adiga remembered | work=The Hindu | date=2004-10-04 | accessdate=2007-04-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313181327/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2004/10/04/stories/2004100411610300.htm | archive-date=13 March 2007 | url-status=usurped }}</ref> He did his higher education in Mysore where he earned his master's degree in English literature from [[Mysore University]] and was also a recipient of the BMS Gold Medal for Poetry awarded by that University. In the 1950s and 1960s, Adiga was a teacher of English literature in Mysore.
* [[U R Ananthamurthy]]: Ananthamurthy is a leading contemporary writer, critic and philosopher in [[Kannada]] language. He is a recipient of the [[Jnanpith]] award. He has a [[Master of Arts]] degree from the [[Mysore University]] and he also started his career as a professor and instructor of English in this university. Ananthamurthy made Mysore his home for a number of years before moving to [[Bangalore]].
*[[Anasuya Shankar|Triveni]]: Anasuya Shankar, who was known by her pen name as Triveni was one of the most prominent women writers whose novels reflected the emotions of women in the contemporary era. She was awarded the Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award for her contribution to Kannada literature, which includes 20 novels and 3 short story collections. Her novels such as [[Sharapanjara]] were adapted into successful movies by Puttanna Kanagal.
*[[Vani (writer)|Vani]]: Triveni's cousin Vani was also a notable writer whose novels on social issues such as ''[[Shubhamangala]]'', ''[[Eradu Kanasu (novel)|Eradu Kanasu]]'' and ''[[Hosa Belaku|Hosabelaku]]'' were adapted into acclaimed movies.
Apart from the above-mentioned personalities, other eminent litterateurs who were educated and/or taught in Mysore (mostly at [[University of Mysore|Mysore University]]) at some point of their career include statesman, philosopher and former president of India Dr. [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], Sanskrit scholar [[M. Hiriyanna]], scholar and librarian [[R. Shamasastry]], historian [[S. Srikanta Sastri]], author [[B. M. Srikantaiah]], poet [[T. N. Srikantaiah]], author and professor [[M. V. Seetharamiah]], writer [[A. R. Krishnashastry]], author and educator [[TS Venkannaiah|T.S. Venkannaiah]], linguist and grammarian [[D. L. Narasimhachar]], music composer [[Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma]], lexicographer [[G. Venkatasubbiah]], poet [[G. P. Rajarathnam]], poet [[K. S. Narasimhaswamy]], playwright and poet [[P. T. Narasimhachar]], writer [[Venkataramiah Sitaramiah|V Sitaramiah]], literary critic [[C. D. Narasimhaiah]], author [[Aryamba Pattabhi]], writer [[G. S. Shivarudrappa]], author [[Poornachandra Tejaswi]], journalist [[P. Lankesh]], writer [[Chaduranga]], archaeologist [[Shikaripura Ranganatha Rao|S.R. Rao]], and so on. Thanks to Wodeyars and Diwans, Mysore in 19th and 20th century flourished as one of the main centers of learning and education in India. It still continues that legacy through its universities and research institutes. Many noted science writers such as Prof. G.T. Narayana Rao, Prof. J.R. Lakshmana Rao, etc. whose inspiring books and articles on astronomy, physics, chemistry and biographies of world renowned scientists also had successful career at the University of Mysore.

=== Journalism ===
Mysore is home to the only Sanskrit daily newspaper of India named [[Sudharma]]. It was established by the eminent Sanskrit scholar Kalale Nadadur Varadaraja Iyengar in 1970. The newspaper has received many accolades since then for their efforts to promote the ancient language. It is currently managed by Varadaraja Iyengar's son Sri K.V.Sampathkumar and his wife Smt. Jayalakshmi KS. The e-paper is also available on their website.

==Music==
[[Carnatic music]] flourished under the patronage of the Wodeyar dynasty for many centuries in Mysore. Great composers of the erstwhile era including [[Mysore Sadashiva Rao]], [[Mysore Vasudevachar]]ya, [[Muthiah Bhagavatar|Muthiah Bhagavathar]], etc. were court musicians during the era of [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV|Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV]] and Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar. Maharaja [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar|Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar]] was an excellent composer himself, and has contributed immensely to Carnatic music through his immortal compositions.

Mysore is renowned for its unique style of playing the [[Veena]], known as Mysore Bani. [[Veene Sheshanna]], an eminent Vainika and a disciple of Mysore Sadashiva Rao was also a court musician during the early 20th century. Other great Vainikas of his era include his student [[Veena Venkatagiriyappa]] and Veene Shamanna who enriched the instrumental music tradition in the Mysore kingdom.

The [[Mysore brothers]], [[Mysore Manjunath|Dr. Mysore Manjunath]] and Mysore Nagaraj, are world-renowned violin maestros from the city of Mysore; sons of veteran musician Sangita Vidya Nidhi Vidwan Mahadevappa, the brothers' outstanding musicianship and astounding virtuosity made them some of the best violin players in the contemporary music world. They represent the [[genre]] of Carnatic music and have collaborated with numerous world-class musicians in countless countries at major music festivals and conferences.

Mysore also boasts of one of the finest violin teachers of India H. K. Narasimhamurthy. He has trained a long line of students, who have gone onto make a mark in the world of Indian music. A highly regarded accompanist, H. K. N. Murthy has accompanied most of the leading Carnatic musicians in a career spanning more than 5 decades. His students, some of whom are acclaimed to be world class in India and the west, have gone on to play in Carnegie Hall, Lincoln Center, Sydney Opera house and Madras Music academy among other venues. Some of his leading disciples who are professional musicians include his son H. N. Bhaskar, Mysore Srikanth, Mysore Dayakar and H. M. Smitha.

Along with classical music, Mysore is also a center for learning of the light music genre, known as Sugama Sangeetha. Prominent singers of this genre include [[Mysore Ananthaswamy]] who brought many poems of great Kannada poets back to life and his son [[Raju Ananthaswamy]].

Mysore has to its credit many renowned musicians like [[Raghu Dixit]] and [[Vijay Prakash]] to name a few. Mysore even witnessed a musical fight against corruption in January 2012 when a song called "Alarm – wake up guys" was released. The music for the song was composed by a young Mysorean named Phalgunn Maharishi and Kannada lyrics were written by Suraj Shankar, who also hails from Mysore. They are the grandsons of a noted novelist from Mysore, Mrs. Mangala Satyan. Their hard work was appreciated by many people when the song was premiered by TV9 Karnataka and many newspapers wrote about the two cousins and their work on Alarm.

==See also==

{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180507091213/http://www.mysoretourism.org/ Official Mysore Tourism Web Site]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090405134456/http://www.mysoreelections.com/ Official Election Website of Mysore www.mysoreelections.com]
*[[:Category:Musicians from Mysore|Category:Musicians from Mysore]]
*[[Musicians of the Kingdom of Mysore]]
*[[List of Heritage Buildings in Mysore]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Topics_related_to_Culture_of_Mysore|left}}

[[Category:Culture of Mysore| ]]

Avirook Sen

2025-11-23T12:24:00Z

ShantaeBpy: new some pg initial version.

{{Short description|Indian writer and journalist (born 1968)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Avirook Sen
| image = Avirook Sen - Writer and Journalist.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| education =
| occupation = Writer, journalist
| organization =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| website =
}}

'''Avirook Sen''' is a writer and journalist from [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], India. His book ''Aarushi'' showcased the [[2008 Noida double murder case]].

==Biography==

Sen was born in Kolkata in a Bengali family. He completed his high school from [[La Martinière Calcutta|La Martiniere school]], pursued a bachelor's degree in [[English literature]] from [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]], Kolkata<ref>{{Cite web |title=Avirook Sen : Author Details |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/author-details/avirook-sen |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=HarperCollins India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-23 |title=Avirook Sen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/61770623.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2025-01-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>{{Independent source inline|date=January 2025}}

He started his career as a journalist in 1990, worked with [[ABP Group]], thereafter, worked with [[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]], the [[Hindustan Times]] and other newspapers, and wrote extensively on topics such as social, crime, terrorism, and sports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manthan |date=2015-11-07 |title=Presumed Guilty : the Aarushi Talwar story – Avirook Sen |url=https://www.manthanindia.com/presumed-guilty-the-aarushi-talwar-story-avirook-sen/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Manthan India |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Independent source inline|date=January 2025}}

Sen published his debut book, ''Looking for America'', with in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-05-16 |title=Book talk: Looking for America |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2010/Nov/01/book-talk-looking-for-america-199667.html |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-05-16 |title=Avirook's America |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2010/Nov/09/avirooks-america-201571.html |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> His sophomore book, ''Aarushi'', is a true crime book published in 2015 by Penguin India. The book showcases the [[2008 Noida double murder case]], and the insensitivity of the judiciary, claimed that Aarushi Talwar murder verdict was a miscarriage of justice.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Biswas |first=Soutik |date=2015-07-21 |title=Was Aarushi Talwar murder verdict a miscarriage of justice? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33546471 |access-date=2025-01-25 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Rohini |date=2016-04-17 |title='Trial by Error': Aarushi Talwar case is reconstructed in new 'Serial'-like podcast |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/trial-by-error-aarushi-talwar-case-is-reconstructed-in-new-serial-like-podcast-2732876.html |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Pratik |date=2015-08-12 |title=Aarushi Murder Case: Avirook Sen on how the Talwars were painted guilty |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/interview-aarushi-murder-case-avirook-sen-on-how-the-talwars-were-painted-guilty-2113420#google_vignette |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Saptarshi |date=2016-05-04 |title=Convictions should be based on fair procedure, not collective conscience: Aarushi Case Lawyer |url=https://www.thehinducentre.com/the-arena/current-issues/convictions-should-be-based-on-fair-procedure-not-collective-conscience-aarushi-case-lawyer/article64931514.ece |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=The Hindu Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-17 |title=The Injustice Of It All: An Interview With Avirook Sen About His Book 'Aarushi' |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/the-injustice-of-it-all-an-interview-with-avirook-sen-about-his_b_7808414 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Daftuar |first=Swati |date=2015-07-25 |title="I'm no sociologist" |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/literary-review/avirook-sen-on-his-new-book-on-the-aarushihemraaj-murder-case/article7460290.ece |access-date=2025-01-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As of August 24, 2025, ''Aarushi'' has sold upto 70,000 copies in India.<ref name="Indsales">{{Cite magazine|date=August 24, 2025|first=Sabah|last=Gurmat|title=Do Indian authors need to be social media influencers to sell books?|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/do-indian-authors-need-to-be-social-media-influencers-to-sell-books|access-date=September 3, 2025|magazine=[[Vogue India]]|archive-date=September 3, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250903170318/https://www.vogue.in/content/do-indian-authors-need-to-be-social-media-influencers-to-sell-books|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sen was invited to speak on various events.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Aarushi' author Avirook Sen addresses aspiring writers at Readomania |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/aarushi-author-avirook-sen-addresses-aspiring-writers-at-readomania-1160990.html |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Books==

* ''Looking for America'' (2012)
* ''Aarushi'' (2015)

== See also ==
* ''[[Trial By Error: The Aarushi Files]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPWQ0avc4nw Avirook Sen at Kolkata Literary Meet 2016]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AHyItHQKJBQ Looking For America' by Avirook Sen on NDTV News Channel]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNerg1XRTWU Hindu Lit for Life Organized by the Hindu Newspaper]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_gM0zrTdUg Avirook Sen Interviewed by NDTV]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BuzmkCxD-v0 Avirook Sen on ABP News]
* [https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/avirook-sen-s-aarushi-highlights-the-coldness-of-the-judiciary/story-wLTHac4Bg4bLzAi8ujng2L.html Book by Avirook Sen]
* [https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/10-reasons-why-i-believe-aarushis-parents-are-being-framed-779746 NDTV and Avirook Sen]
* [https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/aarushi-and-the-murder-of-justice-115071601435_1.html Aarushi and the murder of justice]
* [https://www.firstpost.com/living/interview-five-questions-that-remain-unanswered-in-avirook-sens-aarushi-2359184.html Questions remained unanswered]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Avirook}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Haryana]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:La Martiniere Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Vedanta University

2025-11-06T15:37:59Z

ShantaeBpy: brief expanded details for consistency and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Proposed Vedanta University Project
| image_name = VedantaUniversityOrissaLogo.jpg
| established =
| chancellor =
| type = Proposed [[Private university|Private]]
| city = [[Konark]]
| state = [[Odisha, India|Odisha]]
| country = India
| students = None
| administrative_staff = None
| campus = [[Rural areas|Rural]], 6,000 acres planned, not yet acquired
| coordinates = {{coord |19.859804|85.934835}}
| endowment = Unverified endowment numbers
| website = [http://www.vedanta.edu.in www.vedanta.edu.in]
}}

'''Vedanta''' is a proposed, private, multi-disciplinary, co-educational university to be started by [[Anil Agarwal (businessman)|Anil Agarwal]] of [[Vedanta Resources]] corporation near [[Puri]]-[[Konark]] highway, [[Orissa, India|Odisha, India]]. In July 2009, the government of [[Odisha]] passed a landmark bill to allow this massive university to be set up and function with autonomy.
<ref name="labill1">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Sandeep |date=30 July 2009 |title=Bill for Vedanta varsity gets legislative seal |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-30/bhubaneswar/28157657_1_anil-agarwal-foundation-vedanta-university-varsity-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105154337/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-30/bhubaneswar/28157657_1_anil-agarwal-foundation-vedanta-university-varsity-project |archive-date=5 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}
</ref>
<ref name="labill2">{{cite web |title=Orissa assembly passes Vedanta University Bill, 2009 |url=http://ptinews.com/news/204165_Orissa-assembly-passes-Vedanta-University-Bill--2009}}</ref> According to news reports and as of September 2010, there were no clear plans regarding the establishment of this proposed University.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/vedanta-university-a-closed-chapter/678836 | title=Vedanta University a closed chapter | newspaper=Indian Express | date=8 September 2010 | first=Debabrata | last=Mohanty | access-date=19 July 2018 }}</ref> However, in late April 2015 a revival of the project was initiated; The ex-Chief Secretary of Odisha, Mr. Bijay Patnaik, was hired as the President of the '''Vedanta University''' Project to revive this project.
<ref name=revival>
{{cite news
| date=1 May 2015
| title=Babu's Vedanta univ president post raises brows
| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Babus-Vedanta-univ-president-post-raises-brows/articleshow/47114751.cms
| newspaper=The Times of India
| first=Ashok | last=Pradhan
| access-date=19 July 2018 }}</ref>
<ref name=revival2>
{{cite web
| date=29 April 2015
| title=Former Odisha CS BK Patnaik joins Vedanta Group
| url=http://odishasuntimes.com/125296/former-odisha-cs-bk-patnaik-joins-vedanta-group/| archive-url=https://archive.today/20150501160652/http://odishasuntimes.com/125296/former-odisha-cs-bk-patnaik-joins-vedanta-group/| url-status=usurped| archive-date=1 May 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=revival3>
{{cite web
| date=30 April 2015
| title=Former CS Patnaik joins Vedanta Varsity Project
| url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/former-cs-patnaik-joins-vedanta-varsity-project.html}}</ref>

==The vision==
{{promotional|date=December 2017}}
[[Anil Agarwal (businessman)|Anil Agarwal]], an [[India]]n businessman, who heads the [[London]] based [[Vedanta Resources]] corporation and [[Naveen Patnaik]], the [[Chief Minister]] of [[Orissa, India|Odisha]] state in eastern India, had signed a [[memorandum]] of understanding to create a world class, multidisciplinary university, '''Vedanta University'''.<ref name=singh>{{cite web
| title=Anil Agarwal donates $1 billion to set up university
| url=http://ia.rediff.com/money/2006/feb/16ved.htm
}}</ref> The university, which would be entirely a [[Republic of India non-profit laws|not-for-profit venture]], was planned to be funded from Agarwal's personal funds.<ref name=singh/><ref name=contr>{{cite web
|title = Major Private Gifts to Higher Education Since 1967
|url = http://chronicle.com/stats/big_gifts.htm
|access-date = 24 November 2005
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051124183251/http://chronicle.com/stats/big_gifts.htm
|archive-date = 24 November 2005
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> [[Sam Pitroda]], the chairman of the Knowledge Commission was the choice of the first chancellor of Vedanta University. Recent reports also suggest that at least three [[Nobel laureates]] have been contracted to join the university.<ref name=nobel>{{cite news
| title=Pitroda likely to be first Chancellor of Vedanta varsity
| newspaper=Business Standard India
| date=17 October 2012
| url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/pitroda-likely-to-be-first-chancellorvedanta-varsity/69412/on
| agency=Press Trust of India
}}</ref>

==Academics and research==
[[File:VedantaUniversityOrissaLogo.jpg|thumb|200px|right]]

===Schools and colleges===
*[[Engineering]]
*[[Medicine]]
*[[Business]]
*[[Liberal Arts]]
*[[Sciences]]
*[[Law]]
*[[Performing Arts]]

===Centers of excellence===
*[[Health Sciences]]
*Manufacturing Sciences
*Agricultural Research
*[[Rural economics|Rural Economics]]
*Information & Communication Technology
*[[Pharmaceutical research|Pharmaceutical Research]]
*[[Urban Planning]]
*[[Nanotechnology]]
*[[Biotechnology]]

==Campus and township==
The foundation has identified {{convert|6000|acre|km2}} of land near the [[Puri]]-[[Konark]] marine drive between Nuanai and Balighai for the proposed Vedanta University. However the land acquisition for the university has hit a roadblock with the Supreme court ordering a status quo and hence the project has been stayed.
<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110129/jsp/orissa/story_13504711.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102082958/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110129/jsp/orissa/story_13504711.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=2 November 2012 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | first=Samanwaya | last=Rautray | title=Status quo on Vedanta land | date=29 January 2011}}</ref>

== Environmental violations ==
Several environmental violations were raised against the university resulting in multiple cases in the High court and the Supreme Court. In May 2010, [[Government of India]] asked the Anil Agarwal Foundation to stall the construction of the proposed Vedanta University at Puri to address issues related to environmental violations in the project.
<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/68978/centre-halts-vedanta-university.html Centre halts Vedanta university]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/jairam-says-no-to-vedanta-campus-in-orissa-24792 Jairam says no to Vedanta campus in Orissa | NDTV.com]</ref>

==Controversies==

An academic has questioned whether, given its location and size, Vedanta can achieve its aims of being a leading research university.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/29/stories/2007082955271300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113064913/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/29/stories/2007082955271300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 November 2007 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Vedanta University: a flawed pipe dream | date=29 August 2007}}</ref> A rejoinder on the matter was also published.<ref>[http://www.orissalinks.com/archives/576 Odisha HRD » Rejoinder to "Vedanta University: a flawed pipe dream"]</ref> Another criticism leveled at the Vedanta university by politicians, local academics, and the farmers currently occupying the proposed site relates to the relatively vast area of the proposed campus and its large student intake, although a few individual opinions differ.<ref>{{cite web
| title=Vedanta University in Orissa & the dismal state of higher education in country
| url=http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowOriyaColumn.asp?id=14012
| work=Orissa Diary
| date=21 Aug 2009
| access-date=21 August 2009
| archive-date=25 July 2011
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725020104/http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowOriyaColumn.asp?id=14012
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>

===Legal issues===

====High Court declares land acquisition for the university as illegal and void ====
On 16 November 2010, the Orissa High Court declared the land acquisition for the Rs 15,000-crore Vedanta University project in Puri town as illegal and void<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.achrweb.org/ihrrq/issue2/orissa.html |title=Asian Centre for Human Rights |access-date=17 June 2011 |archive-date=3 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603023624/http://www.achrweb.org///ihrrq/issue2/orissa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/land-acquisition-procedure-for-vedanta-unive/712043/ Land acquisition procedure for Vedanta University illegal: HC - Indian Express]</ref><ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/land-acquisition-procedure-for-vedanta-university-illegal-hc/712043/ Land acquisition procedure for Vedanta University illegal: HC]</ref>
<ref name="allvoices">{{Cite web |url=http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/7349104-another-set-back-to-vedanta |title=Another set back to Vedanta |access-date=17 June 2011 |archive-date=20 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920050353/http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/7349104-another-set-back-to-vedanta |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Supreme Court - status quo on all land acquisition for Vedanta ====
A couple of months later, the Supreme court of India based in New Delhi ordered a stay or status Quo on all acquisition proceedings.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-29/india/28357173_1_anil-agarwal-foundation-sc-orders-status-vedanta-university | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826003626/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-29/india/28357173_1_anil-agarwal-foundation-sc-orders-status-vedanta-university | url-status=dead | archive-date=26 August 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=SC orders status quo on Vedanta university land in Orissa | date=29 January 2011}}</ref>

=== Abandonnent of the project ===
It was claimed that when completed the world-class multi-disciplinary university over an area of 6,800 acres on Puri-Konark marine drive would be at par with [[Harvard University|Harvard]] and [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] universities. The university, when fully operational, was to have an intake of 100,000 students with cutting-edge research facilities in 95 different academic disciplines. But local opposition and the problems over land acquisition led to the company abandoning the project. according to their statements. 26 out of the 30 staff posted on site had been since posted to other locations and the project is still described as "as good as over" according to a Vedanta official.
<ref name="autogenerated1" />

==Revival attempt starting 30 April 2015 ==
A revival of the project is being tried with the hiring of the ex-Chief Secretary of Odisha, Mr. Bijay Patnaik, as the President of the Vedanta University Project. He joined this position on 30 April 2015.
<ref name="revival2"/>
<ref name="revival3"/>
He told TOI
<ref name="revival"/>
that his priority would be to expedite the decision in the supreme court case. Asked about potential conflict of interest, he said that such a question does not arise as the project he has joined has nothing to do with Vedanta as a company and he personally feels that the university is a desirable project that should take shape in the interest of Odisha. In an interview with Telegraph,
<ref name=revival10>
{{cite web
| date=23 May 2015
| title=Hot seat: Bijay Kumar Patnaik, IAS (retired), former chief secretary and current president of Vedanta University project
| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150523/jsp/odisha/story_21641.jsp#.VWD_JVnBy_S| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528111503/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150523/jsp/odisha/story_21641.jsp#.VWD_JVnBy_S| url-status=dead| archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> he discusses more details on his task in reviving Vedanta University. He also gave an interview
<ref name=revival11>
{{cite web
| date=14 May 2015
| title=Kholakatha 14 May 2015
| website=[[YouTube]]
| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPpX8imawZI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/PPpX8imawZI |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref> (in Odia) to OTV, a major cable channel in Odisha, where he addressed many questions that were raised by the media on this issue.

Some signs of a possible revival were earlier reported in September 2014
<ref name=revival5>
{{cite web
| date=26 September 2014
| title=Anil Agarwal to donate 75% of wealth for good of society
| url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/anil-agarwal-to-donate-75-of-wealth-for-good-of-society/article6449869.ece}}</ref>
and December 2014.
<ref name=revival4>
{{cite news
| date=6 December 2014
| title=Anil Agarwal: Charity on his mind Agarwal has pledged three-fourths of his wealth to philanthropy. Will he deliver?
| newspaper=Business Standard India
| url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/anil-agarwal-charity-on-his-mind-114120501329_1.html| last1=Satapathy
| first1=Bhupesh Bhandari Dillip
}}</ref>
However, prior to that, in the previous years (2012, 2013), Anil Agarwal in some of his interviews did talk about his continuing interest in establishing Vedanta University.
See for example:
<ref name=revival6>
{{cite news
| date=1 November 2012
| title= Vedanta Group hopeful of revival of varsity project
| newspaper= Business Standard India
| url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/vedanta-group-hopeful-of-revival-of-varsity-project-112110100557_1.html| agency= Press Trust of India
}}</ref>
<ref name=revival7>
{{cite web
| date=28 November 2012
| title=Anil Agarwal to take a non-executive post at Vedanta in 3-4yrs
| url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-anil-agarwal-to-take-a-non-executive-post-at-vedanta-in-3-4yrs-1770830}}</ref>
<ref name=revival8>
{{cite news
| date=19 February 2013
| title= Vedanta will double earnings to $12-13 bn in 2-3 years: Anil Agarwal: Interview with chairman, Vedanta
| newspaper= Business Standard India
| url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/vedanta-will-double-earnings-to-12-13-bn-in-2-3-years-anil-agarwal-113021800960_1.html| last1= Chatterjee
| first1= Dev
}}</ref>

The Supreme court of India on 28 November 2016 gave some positive indications that it may allow Vedanta University. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India and a member of the bench hearing this case, Justice T.S. Thakur, is quoted to have said "Why should anyone oppose setting up of a world class university which will give opportunity to over one lakh students? If somebody is making an investment of Rs 2,500 crore in education, why should somebody oppose it? Students will benefit. Public would benefit."
<ref name=revival9>
{{cite web
| date=29 November 2016
| title= SC hope for varsity plan by Vedanta
| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161129/jsp/frontpage/story_121901.jsp#.WErFHqIrJE4| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130154745/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161129/jsp/frontpage/story_121901.jsp#.WErFHqIrJE4| url-status=dead| archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref>
The Supreme Court bench seems to have suggested that the court may monitor the setting up of the university so as to make sure that the land is used for the
university and not for commercial purposes.
<ref name=revival1a>
{{cite web
| date=29 November 2016
| title= May monitor setting up of private university in Odisha: SC
| url=http://indianexpress.com/article/education/may-monitor-setting-up-of-private-university-in-odisha-sc/}}</ref>
Following that, the promoter, Mr. Anil Agarwal, said to OTV in Bhubaneswar: "We will definitely go ahead with the plan to set up the university".
<ref name=revival1b>
{{cite web
| date=1 December 2016
| title= Vedanta hopeful of Puri varsity
| url=http://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/vedanta-hopeful-of-puri-varsity-179504/}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Higher education in Orissa]]
* [[Nalanda University]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120826003626/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-29/india/28357173_1_anil-agarwal-foundation-sc-orders-status-vedanta-university SC Orders status quo on Vedanta University]
*[http://www.vedanta.edu.in Vedanta University Official Site]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070505053447/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100powergivers/article/0,28804,1616375_1615711_1615671,00.html Anil Agarwal]
*[http://daily.stanford.edu/article/2006/7/27/newIndianUniversityModeledAfterStanford New Indian university modeled after Stanford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829030953/http://daily.stanford.edu/article/2006/7/27/newIndianUniversityModeledAfterStanford |date=29 August 2006 }}
*[http://baltimore.bizjournals.com/baltimore/stories/2006/07/24/daily11.html Baltimore architects hired to design new Indian university]
*[http://chronicle.com/daily/2006/07/2006072006n.htm Indian Foundation Will Give $1-Billion to Create a Huge Research University]
*[http://diverseeducation.com/artman/publish/article_6146.shtml Billionaire Proposes New Research University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002043/http://diverseeducation.com/artman/publish/article_6146.shtml |date=27 September 2007 }}
*[http://www.businesswireindia.com/PressRelease.asp?b2mid=10309 The Anil Agarwal Foundation Announces a Memorandum of Understanding with the Government of Orissa to Establish Vedanta University]
*[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1767838.cms Vedanta, Orissa to sign MoU for mega varsity]
*[http://indiaenews.com/2006-07/15472-orissa-vedanta-university.htm Orissa to have world class Vedanta University]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
*[http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1042717 And a $3 billion hope for education]
*[http://www.financialexpress.com/fe_full_story.php?content_id=134616 Orissa’s $3 bn to Vedanta varsity]
*[https://www.usatoday.com/printedition/news/20060816/1a_opklamoneychartxx.art.htm Giving big: Largest gifts to colleges]
*[http://www.citybizlist.com/lstg/lstgDetail.aspx?id=8794 $1 billion investment inspired India's new Vedanta University]
*[https://vedantauniv.blogspot.com/ Vedanta University]
*[http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/16190/topnotch-univ-to-come-up-in-orissa.html Top-notch Univ to come up in Orissa] (CNN-IBN video)
*[http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.projectview&upload_id=1137 U.S. firm unveils masterplan for Indian university]
*[http://chronicle.com/weekly/v53/i45/45a02601.htm?=attw "In Rural India, an Ambitious Academic Vision"] Chronicle of Higher Education, 13 July 2007.
*[http://chronicle.com/weekly/v53/i45/45a02602.htm For Planners, the Opportunity of a Lifetime]
*[http://chronicle.com/temp/email2.php?id=KqgGHdJM5mszbhcnbTMKSrpYczpmmbSm In Rural India, an Ambitious Academic Vision] Chronicle of Higher Education, July, 2007.
*[http://daily.stanford.edu/article/2007/10/24/indianCollegeToBeModeledAfterStanford Indian college to be modeled after Stanford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026045020/http://daily.stanford.edu/article/2007/10/24/indianCollegeToBeModeledAfterStanford |date=26 October 2007 }}
*[https://www.forbes.com/global/2009/0316/044_campus_politics.html Campus Politics]
*[https://www.forbes.com/global/2009/0316/044_higher_education.html Higher and Bigger Education in Orissa]

{{Vedanta Resources}}
{{Universities in Orissa}}

[[Category:Universities in Odisha]]
[[Category:2006 in education]]
[[Category:Puri]]
[[Category:Vedanta Resources]]
[[Category:Proposed buildings and structures in India]]

Guntupalli, NTR district

2025-11-02T04:04:18Z

ShantaeBpy: adding first location with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Guntupalli
| native_name = 
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline = Guntupalli census town informatory sign in Telugu, photo taken from National Highway 9, August 2011.jpg
| image_caption = Guntupalli signboard on National Highway 5
| etymology =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|16.568|N|80.548|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coastal Andhra]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| established_title1 = Incorporated (town)
| established_date1 =
| founder =
| government_footnotes = 
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Mayor-council]]
| governing_body = Guntupalli [[Gram panchayat]]
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Krishna |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=18 January 2015|page=16–17,48|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_note = 
| area_total_km2 = 10.26
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=630448|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=18 October 2014}}</ref>
| population_total = 11187
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = 
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 521241
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plate|Vehicle registration]]
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India#Current codes|AP]]
| blank_name_sec1 = {{nowrap|Official language}}
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[City]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Ibrahimpatnam mandal, NTR district|Ibrahimpatnam]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Vijayawada]]
| subdivision_type6 = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]]
| subdivision_name6 = [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]]
}}

'''Guntupalli''' is located in western part of [[Vijayawada]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a [[Rural area]] falls under [[Ibrahimpatnam mandal, NTR district|Ibrahimpatnam mandal]] in [[Vijayawada revenue division]] of [[NTR district]]. Guntupalli Railway Wagon Workshop is located here. There is a proposal to merge this village into [[Vijayawada Municipal Corporation]] (VMC) to form a Greater Vijayawada Municipal Corporation.

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the town had a population of 11,187. The total population constitute, 5,573 males and 5,614 females —a sex ratio of 1007 females per 1000 males. 993 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 521 are boys and 472 are girls —a ratio of 906 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 85.18% with 8,683 literates, significantly higher than the state average of 67.41%.<ref name=population /><ref>{{cite web|title=Literacy of AP (Census 2011)|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf|publisher=Official Portal of Andhra Pradesh Government|access-date=18 October 2014|page=43|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213923/http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Jainism]] was once practiced and is supported by the Jain remnants at the site.{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=31}}<ref name="jain">{{cite news |last1=Varma |first1=P. Sujatha |title=Ancient Jain temple cries for attention |language=en |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/ancient-jain-temple-cries-for-attention/article7710156.ece |access-date=3 June 2017}}</ref>

== Transport ==

[[APSRTC]] operates city buses from [[Vijayawada]]. [[Rayanapadu railway station]] is the nearby railway station to the town.<ref name=railway>{{Cite web|title=Wagon Workshop, Guntupalli |publisher=South Central Railway |url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,516,656 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115185622/http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1%2C516%2C656 |archive-date=15 January 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The town is located 10 km to the west of [[Vijayawada]] on [[National Highway 65 (India)|NH 65]]. It has the wagon workshop of [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2006/11/30/guntupalli-wagon-workshop-gaining-prominence.html|title='Guntupalli Wagon Workshop gaining prominence'|date=30 November 2006|work=One India|access-date=14 May 2017}}</ref>

== Education ==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state. Several schools and colleges run by Private, Local government, state government and central government.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=7 November 2016 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |website=www.ap.gov.in |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |archive-date= 7 November 2016 }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of census towns in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}
{{NTR district}}
===Sources===
* {{citation |editor-last=Vyas |editor-first=Dr. R. T. |author-link=R.T. Vyas |url={{Google books|fETebHcHKogC|plainurl=yes}} |title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects |publisher=The Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of the Registrar, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara |year=1995 |isbn=81-7017-316-7 }}

[[Category:Census towns in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in NTR district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

2021–22 Rajasthan United FC season

2025-09-25T20:12:07Z

ShantaeBpy: new initial pg basic info.

{{Short description|8th season in existence of Kerala Blasters FC}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox football club season|club=Rajasthan United FC|
cup1=
|cup2 result=
|manager={{flagicon|ESP}} Francesc Bonet
|mgrtitle=Head Coach
|chairman=
|chrtitle=Chairman|stadium=
|league=[[2021–22 I-League|I-League]]
|league result=TBD
|cup1 result=
|nextseason=[[2022–23 Rajasthan United FC season|2022–23]]
|cup2=
|season=2021–22
|league topscorer=
|season topscorer=
|average attendance=
|highest attendance=
|lowest attendance=
|prevseason=}}

The '''2021–22 season''' is the fourth season in Rajasthan United FC's existence, and their 1st season in I-League.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=I-League: Rajasthan United FC to play with nine players vs Round Glass Punjab FC|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/i-league-rajasthan-united-fc-to-play-with-nine-members-vs-round-glass-punjab-fc/article38041004.ece|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Sportstar|date=26 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-11|title=All you need to know about new I-League entrant Rajasthan United FC|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-rajasthan-united-fc-all-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Khel Now|language=en-US}}</ref>

== First team squad ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;width:60%"
! style="background:#151B54; color:white; text-align:center;" |Squad no.
! style="background:#151B54; color:white; text-align:center;" |Name
! style="background:#151B54; color:white; text-align:center;" |Nationality
! style="background:#151B54; color:white; text-align:center;" |Position(s)
! style="background:#151B54; color:white; text-align:center;" |Age
! style="background:#151B54; color:white; text-align:center;" |Previous club
! style="background:#151B54; color:white; text-align:center;" |Since
! style="background:#151B54; color:white; text-align:center;" |Apps
! style="background:#151B54; color:white; text-align:center;" |Goals
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#151B54; color:white; text-align:center" |'''Goalkeepers'''
|-
|01
|Vishal Joon
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|28
|{{flagicon|India}} Friends United
|2021
|9
|0
|-
|22
|[[Bhaskar Roy]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|28
|{{Flagicon|IND}}[[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]]
|
|
|
|-
|25
|Yasheel Shah
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|26
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[PIFA Sports FC]]
|
|
|
|-
|32
|Dibyendu Sarkar
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|35
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#151B54; color:white; text-align:center" |'''Defenders'''
|-
!17
!Anil Chawan
!{{Flagicon|IND}}
![[Centre Back|CB]]
!22
!{{Flagicon|IND}} [[SC East Bengal]]
!
!
!
|-
!24
!Prashant Choudhary
!{{Flagicon|IND}}
![[Center back|CB]]
!27
!{{Flagicon|IND}}[[Sudeva Delhi FC]]
!
!
!
|-
!2
!Gurmukh Singh
!{{Flagicon|IND}}
![[Right back|RB]]
!23
!{{Flagicon|IND}}[[Garhwal FC]]
!
!
!
|-
!16
!Puneet Chadda
!{{Flagicon|IND}}
![[Leftback|LB]]
!27
!{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan Perfect FC]]
!
!
!
|-
!29
!Shreyansh Choudhary
!{{Flagicon|IND}}
![[Leftback|LB]]
!20
!{{Flagicon|IND}}[[Rajasthan Perfect FC]]
!
!
!
|-
!4
![[Tarif Akhand]]
!{{Flagicon|IND}}
![[Centerback|CB]]
!23
!{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Kenkre FC]]
!
!
!
|-
!27
![[Abhishek Ambekar]]
!{{Flagicon|IND}}
![[Leftback|LB]]
!30
!{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sudeva Delhi FC]]
!
!
!
|-
!13
![[Akashdeep Singh Kahlon]]
!{{Flagicon|IND}}
![[Rightback|RB]]
!28
!{{Flagicon|IND}} [[SC East Bengal]]
!
!
!
|-
!3
!Pawan Joshi
!{{Flagicon|IND}}
![[Right back|RB]]
!26
!{{Flagicon|IND}}[[Hindustan FC]]
!
!
!
|-
!93
!Hardik Bhatt
!{{Flagicon|IND}}
![[Rightback|RB]]
!24
!{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderya Sports FC]]
!
!
!
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#151B54; color:white; text-align:center" |'''MidFielders'''
|-
!8
![[Akeem Abioye]]
!{{Flagicon|NGR}}
![[Defensive Midfielder|DM]]
!23
!{{Flagicon|IND}} Rangers SC
!
!
!
|-
!39
!Varad Ayare
!{{Flagicon|IND}}
![[Central midfield|CM]]
!20
!{{Flagicon|IND}} Iron Born SC
!
!
!
|-
!21
!Alocious M
!{{Flagicon|IND}}
![[Central midfielder|CM]]
!23
!{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
!
!
!
|-
!28
!Harmanjot Singh
!{{Flagicon|IND}}
![[Central midfielder|CM]]
!25
!
!
!
!
|-
!77
!Gyamar Nikum
!{{Flagicon|IND}}
![[Attacking Midfielder|AM]]
!17
!Rajasthan United Academy
!
!
!
|-
!5
![[Fabiano Alves]]
!{{Flagicon|BRA}}
![[Defensive midfielder|DM]]
!27
!{{Flagicon|Slovakia}} [[FC Nitra]]
!
!
!
|-
!23
!Melroy Assisi
!{{Flagicon|IND}}
![[Central midfielder|CM]]
!23
!{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC]]
!
!
!
|-
!40
![[Ningthoujam Pritam Singh]]
!{{Flagicon|IND}}
![[Right midfielder|RM]]
!28
!{{Flagicon|IND}} [[RoundGlass Punjab FC]]
!
!
!
|-
!31
![[Shilton D'Silva]]
!{{Flagicon|IND}}
![[Attacking midfielder|AM]]
!29
!{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]
!
!
!
|-
!
![[Omar Ramos]]
!{{Flagicon|ESP}}
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#151B54; color:white; text-align:center" |Forwards
|-
!7
!Aman Thapa
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!33
!Sauma Das
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!21
!Alocious M
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!
!Dilliram Sanyasi
!{{Flagicon|IND}}
![[Right winger|RW]]
!26
![[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal II]]
!
!
!
|-
!91
![[Pedro Manzi]]
!{{Flagicon|ESP}}
![[Forward (association football)|CF]]
!33
![[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
!
!
!
|}

== Transfers and loans ==

===Loans out===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! style="background:#151B54; color:white;" |'''No'''
! style="background:#151B54; color:white;text-align:center;" |'''Position'''
! style="background:#151B54; color:white;" |'''Player'''
! style="background:#151B54; color:white;" |'''Loaned to'''
! style="background:#151B54; color:white;" |'''Fee'''
! style="background:#151B54; color:white;" |'''Date'''
! style="background:#151B54; color:white;" |'''On loan until'''
! style="background:#151B54; color:white;" |'''Source'''
|-
|align=center|10
|align=center|{{sort|3|FW}}
|{{sort|Marcelo|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelinho Leite Pereira|Marcelinho]]}}
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|None
|{{dts|6 January 2022}}
|End of Season
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.in/isl-2021-22-northeast-united-all-set-to-sign-isl-journeyman-marcelinho-on-loan/|title=NorthEast United all set to sign ISL journeyman Marcelinho on loan from Rajasthan United|access-date=6 January 2022|website=inside sport|date=17 January 2022}}</ref>
|}

== Current technical staff ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+Current technical staff ({{As of|2021|12|16|lc=y}})
!style="background:#151B54;" |'''Position'''
!style="background:#151B54;" |'''Name'''
|-
|CEO
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Dinesh Negi
|-
|Team manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Gabriel B Gomes
|-
|Technical director
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vikrant Sharma {{flagicon|IND}} [[Magan Singh Rajvi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CPr3cg7jz9k/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CPr3cg7jz9k |archive-date=2021-12-24 |url-access=limited|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Instagram|language=en|title=Rajasthan United FC on Instagram: "Advisor ✅ Mentor ✅ Legend ✅ We are happy to announce the appointment of Shri Magan Singh Rajvi as the Technical Advisor & Chief Mentor of the club. In an illustrious career, Shri Magan Singh Rajvi earned 33 caps for the national team, scoring 15 goals. He has captained the national team in 1973 and 1974. He played for Mohun Bagan AC, East Bengal FC, and Salgaocar FC in his club career." }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|Head coach
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Fransesc Bonet
|-
|Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Pushpender Kundu
|-
|-
|U-18 Coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Himanshu Bisht
|-
|Physio
|{{flagicon|IND}} Dr.Varun Khergamker
|-
|}

== Preseason ==

== Competition ==

=== I-League 2nd Division ===
{{Main|2021 I-League Qualifiers}}

{{:2021 I-League Qualifiers|showteam=RJU}}

=== I-League ===
{{Main|2021–22 I-League}}

==== League table ====
{{:2021–22 I-League|showteam=RAJ}}

== Squad statistics ==
{{Empty section|date=August 2022}}

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:2021-22 Rajasthan FC season}}
[[Category:2021–22 I-League by team]]
[[Category:Rajasthan United FC seasons]]

1999 India–Pakistan field hockey test series

2025-09-23T13:37:05Z

ShantaeBpy: new basic details w/ infobox.

{{refimprove|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox field hockey
|tournament = 1999 India-Pakistan field hockey test series
|dates = 3 February 1999 - 24 February 1999
|city = [[New Delhi]], [[Bhopal]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Chennai]] [[Lahore]], [[Karachi]], [[Peshawar]], [[Rawalpindi]]
|champions = {{fhicon|PAK}} Pakistan won the series 6-3
|top_scorer = {{fhicon|PAK}} [[Sohail Abbas]]
|top_scorer_goals = 10
|venues = 8 in 8 host cities
|next_year = 2004
|matches = 9
|next_tournament = 2004 India-Pakistan field hockey test series
|previous_year = 1998
|previous_tournament = 1998 India-Pakistan field hockey test series
}}
The '''1999 Indo-Pak series''' (known as the Pepsi hockey series for sponsorship reasons) was the 6th series of bilateral field hockey matches between [[India men's national field hockey team|India]] and [[Pakistan men's national field hockey team|Pakistan]].

The series consisted of nine matches with India hosting the first leg of four matches and Pakistan hosting the second leg of five matches from 3 February 1999 to 24 February 1999.

Pakistan won the series 6–3.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DAWN WIRE SERVICE : 20 February 1999 Issue : 05/08|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/20Feb99.html#over|access-date=2021-03-24|website=asianstudies.github.io}}</ref>

[[Sohail Abbas]], Pakistan's world renowned 'King of the drag flick',<ref name="SR">{{cite web |date=28 August 2009 |title=Profile of Sohail Abbas |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ab/sohail-abbas-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417093011/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ab/sohail-abbas-1.html |archive-date=17 April 2020 |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=SR/Olympic Sports website}}</ref><ref name="HH">{{Cite web |last=G |first=Eddie |date=24 September 2019 |title=Who is the drag flick king, Sohail Abbas? |url=https://hockeyhooked.com/who-is-the-drag-flick-king-sohail-abbas/ |access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref> was the top scorer on both sides, netting 10 goals, and scoring at least once in six of the nine matches.

== Background ==
India went into the series as [[Asian Games]] Champions having defeated South Korea in the final of the [[Field hockey at the 1998 Asian Games|1998 Asian Games]] in December the previous year. Pakistan had been runner-ups in the [[1998 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1998 Champions Trophy]] in [[Lahore]] a month before that.<ref>{{Cite web|title=February 1999 Bulletin|url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/1999/feb1999.html|access-date=2021-03-24|website=www.bharatiyahockey.org}}</ref>

== Venues ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Match
!Location
!Stadium Name
!Date
|-
|First
|[[New Delhi]]
|[[Dhyan Chand National Stadium]]
|3 February
|-
|Second
|[[Bhopal]]
|[[Aishbagh Stadium|Aish Bag Stadium]]
|5 February
|-
|Third
|[[Hyderabad]]
|[[Begumpeth Police Stadium|Begumpeth Hockey Stadium]]
|8 February
|-
|Fourth
|[[Chennai]]
|[[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium]]
|10 February
|-
|Fifth
|[[Lahore]]
|[[National Hockey Stadium, Lahore|National Hockey Stadium]]
|16 February
|-
|Sixth
|[[Karachi]]
|[[Hockey Club of Pakistan]]
|18 February
|-
|Seventh
|[[Peshawar]]
|[[Lala Ayub Stadium]]
|20 February
|-
|Eighth
|[[Rawalpindi]]
|[[Army Stadium, Peshawar|Army Stadium]]
|22 February
|-
|Ninth
|[[Lahore]]
|[[National Hockey Stadium, Lahore|National Hockey Stadium]]
|24 February
|}

== Squads ==
{| class="wikitable"
!{{Fhicon|India}} India
!{{Fhicon|Pakistan}} Pakistan
|-
|
* [[Anil Alexander Aldrin|Anil Aldrin (C)]]
* [[Jagdish Poonappa (GK)]]
* [[B. C. Poonacha (GK)]]
* [[P. U. Boppanna (GK)]]
* [[Dilip Tirkey]]
* [[Lazarus Barla]]
* [[Baljit Singh Saini]]
* [[Mohammed Riaz]]
* [[Ramandeep Singh (field hockey, born 1971)|Ramandeep Singh]]
* [[Thirumal Valavan]]
* [[Shanmugham Pandurangan]]
* [[L. Prabhakaran]]
* [[Sameer Dad]]
* [[Gagan Ajit Singh]]
* [[Daljit Singh Dhillon]]
* [[Rajesh Chauhan (field hockey)|Rajesh Chauhan]]
* [[Ravinder Singh (field hockey)|Ravinder Singh]]
* [[Gurusevak Singh]]
* [[Kamal Horo (field hockey)|Kamal Horo]]
* [[Surinder Singh (field hockey)|Surinder Singh]]
* [[Deepak Thakur]]
* [[Sarabjit Singh (field hockey)|Sarabjit Singh]]
* [[Baljit Singh Dhillon]]
|
* [[Atif Bashir (field hockey)|Atif Bashir (C)]]
* [[Muhammad Qasim (field hockey)|Muhammad Qasim (GK)]]
* [[Ahmed Alam|Ahmad Alam (GK)]]
* [[Sohail Abbas]]
* [[Aamir Saleem (field hockey)|Aamir Saleem]]
* [[Muhammad Danish Kaleem|Muhamad Danish Kaleem]]
* [[Irfan Yousaf]]
* [[Muhammad Saqlain]]
* [[Waseem Ahmed (field hockey)|Waseem Ahmed]]
* [[Asad Qureshi (field hockey)|Asad Qureshi]]
* [[Mubashir Mukhtar]]
* [[Muhammad Irfan (field hockey, born)|Muhammad Irfan]]
* [[Ejaz Rasool]]
* [[Muhammad Nadeem]]
* [[Anis Ahmed|Muhammad Anis Ahmed]]
* [[Muhammad Sarwar (field hockey)|Muhammad Sarwar]]
* [[Muhammad Khalid]]
* [[Naveed Asim]]
|-
|'''Coach''' {{Fhicon|India}} [[Vasudevan Baskaran|Vasudevan Bhaskaran]]
|'''Coach''' {{Fhicon|Pakistan}} [[Shahnaz Sheikh]]
|}

== Results ==

* ''Pakistan won the series 6-3''

{| class="wikitable"
|+First Leg
!Match
!Date
!Score
!Location
|-
|1
|3 February
|India 3-4 (AET) '''Pakistan'''
|[[New Delhi]]
|-
|2
|5 February
|India 1-4 '''Pakistan'''
|[[Bhopal]]
|-
|3
|8 February
|India 2-5 '''Pakistan'''
|[[Hyderabad]]
|-
|4
|10 February
|'''India''' 3-0 Pakistan
|[[Chennai]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Second Leg
!Match
!Date
!Score
!Location
|-
|1
|16 February
|'''Pakistan''' 4-2 India
|[[Lahore]]
|-
|2
|18 February
|'''Pakistan''' 4-2 India
|[[Karachi]]
|-
|3
|20 February
|Pakistan 1-2 '''India'''
|[[Peshawar]]
|-
|4
|22 February
|'''Pakista'''n 3-3 (11-10) India
|[[Rawalpindi]]
|-
|5
|24 February
|Pakistan 2-3 '''India'''
|[[Lahore]]
|}

== Matches ==

=== First leg ===
'''Match 1'''
{{Fieldhockeybox|date=3 February 1999|stadium=[[Dhyan Chand National Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]|team1={{fh|India}}|team2={{fh|Pakistan}}|score=3 - 4 (AET)|aet=Yes|attendance=15,000|umpires=Hamish Jamson (ENG)
David Gentles (AUS)|goals1=[[Gagan Ajit Singh|Gagan]] {{fhgoal|FG|25|FG|64}} [[Samir Dad|Dad]] {{fhgoal|FG|52}}|goals2=[[Sohail Abbas|Abbas]] {{fhgoal|PC|10|PC|33}} [[Muhammad Nadeem|Nadeem]] {{fhgoal|FG|40}} [[Atif Bashir (field hockey)|Bashir]] {{fhgoal|FG|85}}|report=[https://www.rediff.com/sports/1999/feb/03e.htm Report]}}
'''Match 2'''
{{Fieldhockeybox|date=5 February 1999|stadium=[[Aishbagh Stadium]], [[Bhopal]]|team1={{fh|India}}|team2={{fh|Pakistan}}|attendance=12,000|umpires=Hamish Jamson (ENG) David Gentles (AUS)|score=1 - 4|goals1=[[Gagan Ajit Singh|Gagan]] {{fhgoal|FG|2}}|goals2=[[Naveed Asim|Asim]] {{fhgoal|FG|7}} [[Muhammd Irfan (field hockey, born)|Irfan]] {{fhgoal|FG|42}} [[Sohail Abbas|Abbas]] {{fhgoal|PC|64|PC|65}}|report=[http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/indopak/1999/indopak99.html Report]}}
'''Match 3'''
{{Fieldhockeybox|date=8 February 1999|stadium=[[Begumpeth Hockey Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]|team1={{fh|India}}|team2={{fh|Pakistan}}|score=2 - 5|umpires=Hamish Jamson (ENG) David Gentles (AUS)|goals1=[[Baljit Singh Dhillon|Dhillon]] {{fhgoal|FG|19|PS|59}}|goals2=[[Muhammad Irfan (field hockey, born)|Irfan]] {{fhgoal|FG|4|PC|31}} [[Sohail Abbas|Abbas]] {{fhgoal|PC|10}} [[Atif Bashir (field hockey)|Bashir]] {{fhgoal|FG|44|FG|48}}|report=[http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/indopak/1999/indopak99.html Report]}}
'''Match 4'''
{{Fieldhockeybox|date=10 February 1999|stadium=[[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium]], [[Chennai]]|team1={{fh|India}}|team2={{fh|Pakistan}}|umpires=Hamish Jamson (ENG) David Gentles (AUS)|score=3 - 0|goals1=[[Rajesh Chauhan (field hockey)|Chuahan]] {{fhgoal|FG|3|PC|53}} [[Baljit Singh Dhillon|Dhillon]] {{fhgoal|FG|18}}|report=[http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/indopak/1999/indopak99.html Report]}}

=== Second leg ===
'''Match 1'''
{{Fieldhockeybox|date=16 February 1999|stadium=[[National Hockey Stadium, Lahore|National Hockey Stadium]], [[Lahore]]|attendance=12,000|team1={{fh|Pakistan}}|team2={{fh|India}}|score=4 - 2|umpires=Poudfoot Garth (RSA) Philip Schellekens (NED)|goals1=[[Atif Bashir (field hockey)|Bashir]] {{fhgoal|FG|20}} [[Sohail Abbas|Abbas]] {{fhgoal|PC|25|PC|69}} [[Muhammad Khalid|Khalid]] {{fhgoal|FG|39}}|goals2=[[Baljit Singh Saini|Saini]] {{fhgoal|PS|50}} [[Baljit Singh Dhillon|Dhillon]] {{fhgoal|PC|56}}|report=[http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/indopak/1999/indopak99.html Report]}}
'''Match 2'''
{{Fieldhockeybox|date=18 February 1999|stadium=[[Hockey Club of Pakistan]], [[Karachi]]|umpires=Poudfoot Garth (RSA) Philip Schellekens (NED)|team1={{fh|Pakistan}}|team2={{fh|India}}|score=4 - 2|goals1=[[Atif Bashir (field hockey)|Bashir]] {{fhgoal|FG|10}} [[Naveed Asim|Asim]] {{fhgoal|FG|17|FG|34}} [[Muhammad Sarwar (field hockey)|Sarwar]] {{fhgoal|FG|58}}|report=[https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/20Feb99.html#over Report]|goals2=[[Kamal Horo|Horo]] {{fhgoal|FG|62}} [[Baljit Singh Dhillon|Dhillon]] {{fhgoal|FG|64}}}}
'''Match 3'''
{{Fieldhockeybox|date=20 February 1999|stadium=[[Lala Ayub Stadium]], [[Peshawar]]|team1={{fh|Pakistan}}|team2={{fh|India}}|umpires=Poudfoot Garth (RSA) Philip Schellekens (NED)|score=1 - 2|goals1=[[Sohail Abbas|Abbas]] {{fhgoal|PC|38}}|goals2=[[Baljit Singh Dhillon|Dhillon]] {{fhgoal|FG|13}} [[Rajesh Chauhan (field hockey)|Chauhan]] {{fhgoal|FG|36}}|attendance=8,000|report=[http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/indopak/1999/indopak99.html Report]}}
'''Match 4'''
{{Fieldhockeybox|stadium=[[Army Stadium, Rawalpindi|Army Stadium]], [[Rawalpindi]]|team1={{fh|Pakistan}}|date=22 February 1999|team2={{fh|India}}|score=3 - 3|aet=Yes|penaltyscore=11-10|goals1=[[Atif Bashir (field hockey)|Bashir]] {{fhgoal|FG|49}} [[Sohail Abbas|Abbas]] {{fhgoal|PC|66}} [[Muhammad Khalid|Khalid]] {{fhgoal|FG|67}}|goals2=[[Baljit Singh Dhillon|Dhillon]] {{fhgoal|PC|25|FG|59}} [[Gagan Ajit Singh|Gagan]] {{fhgoal|PS|69}}|report=[http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/indopak/1999/indopak99.html Report]|umpires=Poudfoot Garth (RSA) Philip Schellekens (NED)|attendance=10,000}}
'''Match 5'''
{{Fieldhockeybox|date=24 February 1999|stadium=[[National Hockey Stadium, Lahore|National Hockey Stadium]], [[Lahore]]|attendance=15,000|team1={{fh|Pakistan}}|team2={{fh|India}}|score=2 - 3|umpires=Poudfoot Garth (RSA) Philip Schellekens (NED)|goals1=[[Sohail Abbas|Abbas]] {{fhgoal|PC|9}} [[Muhammad Khalid|Khalid]] {{fhgoal|FG|14}}|goals2=[[Dilip Tirkey|Tirkey]] {{fhgoal|PS|37}} [[Baljit Singh Saini|Saini]] {{fhgoal|PC|53}} [[Baljit Singh Dhillon|Dhillon]] {{fhgoal|PC|66}}|report=[http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/indopak/1999/indopak99.html Report]}}

== Statistics ==
'''Pakistan - Total goals scored 27'''

'''India - Total goals scored 21'''

=== Goalscorers ===
There were 48 goals scored in 9 matches for an average of 5.33 goals per match
{{Goalscorers|10 goals=*{{fhicon|PAK}} [[Sohail Abbas]]|9 goals=*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Baljit Singh Dhillon]]|6 goals=*{{fhicon|PAK}} [[Atif Bashir (field hockey)|Atif Bashir]]|4 goals=*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Gagan Ajit Singh]]|3 goals=*{{fhicon|PAK}} [[Naveed Asim]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Ramesh Chauhan (field hockey)|Ramesh Chauhan]]
*{{fhicon|PAK}} [[Muhammad Irfan (field hockey, born)|Muhammd Irfan]]
*{{fhicon|PAK}} [[Muhammad Khalid]]|2 goals=*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Baljit Singh Saini]]|1 goal=*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Sameer Dad]]
*{{fhicon|PAK}} [[Muhammad Nadeem]]
*{{fhicon|PAK}} [[Muhammad Sarwar (field hockey)|Muhammad Sarwar]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Kamal Horo]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Dilip Tirkey]]}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:India–Pakistan field hockey rivalry]]
[[Category:1999 in Pakistani sport]]
[[Category:1999 in Indian sport]]

2010 Commonwealth Games Village

2025-09-15T02:34:36Z

ShantaeBpy: new the place and citations.

{{Short description|Over and out}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{2010 Commonwealth Games}}

The '''2010 Commonwealth Games Village''' was the athletes' residence for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Delhi]], [[India]]. The village is spread over an area of {{convert|63.5|ha|acre|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Games Village {{!}} XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi |url=http://d2010.thecgf.com/games_village |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114003712/http://d2010.thecgf.com/games_village |archive-date=2011-11-14 |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=2010 Commonwealth Games}}</ref>

==Facilities==
=== Residential zone ===

The Village had 14 apartment blocks, 34 towers and 1,168 air-conditioned apartments built by the Indian arm of the [[Emaar]]. The village was divided into four zones:

* Warli (Red)
* Gond (Blue)
* Madhubani (Green)
* Sanjhi (Purple)

It also included the CGA office spaces, the Polyclinic and the Casual Dining Space.

After the games, Emaar had the rights to sell 66% of the luxury apartments, which will be sold for Rs 18–42 million each (U$387,000-U$903,000)<ref name="treehugger.com">{{cite news |author=Kimberley Mok |date=29 September 2008 |title="Exclusive Gated Community" to be Built Under Guise of Delhi's 2010 Commonwealth Games Village? |work=treehugger.com |url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/09/delhi-commonwealth-games-2010.php |url-status=live |accessdate=24 September 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031091629/http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/09/delhi-commonwealth-games-2010.php |archivedate=31 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=The Residential Zone {{!}} XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi |url=http://d2010.thecgf.com/residential_zone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114000702/http://d2010.thecgf.com/residential_zone |archive-date=2011-11-14 |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=2010 Commonwealth Games}}</ref>

=== International zone===
The International Zone included the common areas with the Guest Pass Centre, the VIP Waiting Area, the Chefs de Mission Meeting Hall, the Mayor's Office, and the Media Center.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=The International Zone {{!}} XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi |url=http://d2010.thecgf.com/international_zone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114003217/http://d2010.thecgf.com/international_zone |archive-date=2011-11-14 |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=2010 Commonwealth Games}}</ref>

=== Training area ===
Beside the common areas, had training areas for Athletics, Aquatics, Weightlifting/Para-sport Powerlifting and Wrestling. There is an eight-lane 400 m Synthetic athletics track and an [[Olympic-size swimming pool]]. It also has gymnasium and fitness centre, steam and sauna facilities, physiotherapy rooms.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=The Training Area {{!}} XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi |url=http://d2010.thecgf.com/training_area |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114000517/http://d2010.thecgf.com/training_area |archive-date=2011-11-14 |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=2010 Commonwealth Games}}</ref>

=== Dining ===

The Dining area has the capacity to accommodate 2,300 of the total residents. During the Games, the main dining service was opened 24 hours and provided free meal service.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Main Dining Hall {{!}} XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi |url=http://d2010.thecgf.com/main_dining_hall |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114003554/http://d2010.thecgf.com/main_dining_hall |archive-date=2011-11-14 |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=2010 Commonwealth Games}}</ref>

===Operational zone===
* Access Control Point
* Vehicles Check Point
* Village Operations Centre
* Security Command Centre
* Workforce Centre
* Waste Management Compound
* Transport Mall
* Village Arrivals and Departures Accreditation Centre (VADAC).

'''Operational Zone I''' was located adjacent to the Training Area, while '''Operational Zone II''' was adjacent to the Residential Zone.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Operational Zone {{!}} XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi |url=http://d2010.thecgf.com/operational_zone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114003449/http://d2010.thecgf.com/operational_zone |archive-date=2011-11-14 |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=2010 Commonwealth Games}}</ref>

===Transportation===
Two free transport systems in the Games Village were used – the Internal Village Shuttle and the Bus Service. Customised cart and golf carts was also be available for Internal movement.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Transport {{!}} XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi |url=http://d2010.thecgf.com/transport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114005825/http://d2010.thecgf.com/transport |archive-date=2011-11-14 |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=2010 Commonwealth Games}}</ref>

=== Security ===
* Perimeter security
* [[CCTV]] in basement and main entrance lobby for surveillance
* Video door phone at main door in every apartment.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Security {{!}} XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi |url=http://d2010.thecgf.com/security |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114004607/http://d2010.thecgf.com/security |archive-date=2011-11-14 |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=2010 Commonwealth Games}}</ref>

===Other features===
* Wi Fi service all around the Games village
* The Village is classified as a non-smoking zone.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Other Features {{!}} XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi |url=http://d2010.thecgf.com/other_features |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114003427/http://d2010.thecgf.com/other_features |archive-date=2011-11-14 |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=2010 Commonwealth Games}}</ref>

== Features ==
Since 2011, the Village is occupied by individual private home-owners. A {{convert|47.3|ha|acre|abbr=off}} picturesque site has been selected on the banks of river [[Yamuna]] for the purpose of construction of the games village. The project site was within the immediate vicinity of monuments and historical landmarks, combined with dense green natural covers on the sides.

=== Site and landscape ===
During the Games near 4000 bedrooms spread across 34 towers varying in heights (such as; 7 to 9 storeys high). The proposed apartment's blocks were arranged in site in a way so as to create visual links with heritage sites in the vicinity. The topsoil of the entire excavated site has been collected and stored separately and special measures have been taken for soil stabilisation, such as- stockpiling, mulching, and so on. Pervious paving has been provided extensively in the site. All the service lines and utility corridors on the site are well aggregated and ensure minimum disruption during future maintenance work.

=== Health and well-being ===
The sanitation/safety facilities for the construction workers are provided as per National Building Code 2005. These include provision of clean and hygienic accommodation, toilet facilities, purified drinking water, general store, a subsidised canteen, medical facilities, day care centre and onsite safety equipment, and so on. Significant measures have been taken to reduce air pollution during construction, such as – site roads are regularly sprayed with water; wheels of all vehicles are washed, and so on.

=== Water ===
Water efficient landscaping is being practised to minimise post construction water usage. This is being done by providing native species, efficient irrigation systems and by limiting lawn areas. The building water consumption also has been reduced by use of high efficiency low-flow fixtures. The construction water management on site is very efficient in terms of reuse of waste water and less utilisation of potable water in construction.

=== Building design and energy ===
The building design has also included the existing site features, such as, the visual linkages with historical monuments, solar geometry, and so on. Due to high density planning requirements, the design did not permit optimum orientation for all apartment blocks. As a result, the apartment blocks have equal exposure towards all cardinal directions. However, the critical facades are shaded and have high performance glazing to negate impact of direct incident radiation. The buildings are fully compliant with the Energy Conservation Building Code 2007. Several energy efficiency measures such as roof insulation, high performance glazing, energy efficient lighting and variable refrigerant volume (VRV) based air conditioning system have been provided to reduce the energy consumption of the apartments significantly.

=== Renewable energy ===
Solar photo voltaic system is proposed to meet the 10% of total energy requirements for internal lighting. 31% of outdoor lighting is provided through solar energy. Solar hot water systems are provided to meet part of water heating needs.

=== Other features ===
Waste water recycling and solid waste management for the entire campus were planned by the Delhi Jal Board at a macro level for the village as well as adjoining.

== Location ==
The games village is located near [[Akshardham (Delhi)|Akshardham Temple]] and [[Pandav Nagar]] in New Delhi on the banks of the [[River Yamuna]].

==Controversies ==
Weeks before the opening ceremony Sir Michael Fennell, President of the [[Commonwealth Games Federation]], wrote to the Indian cabinet secretary urging action in response to the village being "seriously compromised." He said that though team officials were impressed with the international zone and main dining area, they were "shocked" by the state of the accommodation. "The village is the cornerstone of any Games and the athletes deserve the best possible environment to prepare for their competition."

Four National Associations:New Zealand, Scotland, Canada and Northern Ireland demanded that their teams to stay hotels if their accommodation is not ready.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sanjoy Majumder |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11379020 |title=BBC News – Delhi Games village 'unfit for athletes' |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=21 September 2010 |accessdate=2010-10-14| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101021064444/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11379020| archivedate= 21 October 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> The England and Wales teams arrived to Delhi on 23 September 2010, following satisfactory progress of improvement works at the village. The Scotland Team arrived on 25 September 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9028263.stm |title=BBC Sport – Commonwealth Games 2010: England urge more Delhi work |publisher=BBC News |date=24 September 2010 |access-date=2010-10-14| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100930052049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9028263.stm| archive-date= 30 September 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2010 Commonwealth Games]]
* [[Concerns and controversies over the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111114003712/http://d2010.thecgf.com/games_village Official site]
{{2010 Commonwealth Games venues|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:2010 Commonwealth Games venues|Village]]
[[Category:Accommodations for sports competitions|2010 Commonwealth Games Village]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in New Delhi]]

Malla (tribe)

2025-09-03T10:37:06Z

ShantaeBpy: Refined content and updated sections

{{short description|Republican confederacy in ancient India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Malla Republic
| common_name = Malla
| status = Republic of the [[Vajjika League]]
| era = [[Iron Age]]
| government_type = [[Ganasangha|Aristocratic Republic]]
| legislature = [[Sabhā]]
| year_start = {{c.|7th century BCE}}
| year_end = {{c.|4th century BCE}}
| s1 = Magadha
| image_map = Gana_Sanghas_(c._500_BCE).jpg
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption = Malla among the [[Gaṇasaṅgha|{{Transliteration|sa|Gaṇasaṅgha}}]]s
| image_map2 = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
| image_map2_caption = Malla, Vajji (the dependencies of Licchavi within the Vajjika League), and other [[Mahajanapadas]] in the Post Vedic period
| leader1 =
| capital = [[Kushinagar|Kusinārā]] [[Pāvā]]
| common_languages = [[Prakrit]]
| religion = [[Historical Vedic religion]] [[Jainism]] [[Buddhism]]
| currency =
| title_leader = {{Transliteration|pi|Gaṇa Mukhya}}
| today = [[India]]
}}
{{History of Bihar}}

'''Malla''' ([[Prakrit]]: {{lang|pra|𑀫𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀈}} {{Transliteration|pra|Mallaī}}; {{langx|pi|Malla}}; {{langx|sa|मल्ल}} {{Transliteration|sa|Malla}}) was an ancient [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[tribe]] of north-eastern [[South Asia]] whose existence is attested during the [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]]. The population of Malla, the '''Mallakas''', were divided into two branches, each organised into a [[Gaṇasaṅgha|{{Transliteration|sa|gaṇasaṅgha}}]] (an [[aristocracy|aristocratic]] [[oligarchy|oligarchic]] [[republic]]), presently referred to as the '''Malla Republics''', which were part of the larger [[Vajjika League]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169-181}}

==Location==
The Mallakas lived in the region now covered by the [[Kushinagar district]] in [[India]], although their precise borders are yet to be determined. The Mallakas' neighbours to the east across the [[Gandaki River|Sadānirā]] river were the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavikas]], their neighbours to the west were the [[Shakya|Sakyas]], [[Koliya]]s, [[Moriya (tribe)|Moriya]]s, and [[Kosala|Kauśalya]]s, the southern neighbours of the Mallakas were the [[Kālāma]]s and the [[Ganges|Gaṅgā]] river, and the northern Mallaka borders were the [[Himalayas|Himālaya]] mountains. The territory of the Mallakas was a tract of land between the Vaidehas and the Kauśalyas.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169-181}}

The territories of the two Malla republics were divided by the river named {{Transliteration|pi|Hiraññavatī}} in [[Pali|Pāli]], and {{Transliteration|sa|Hiraṇyavatī}} in [[Sanskrit]], and the two Malla republics respectively had their capitals at [[Kusinārā]], identified with the modern village of Kāsiā in [[Kushinagar]], and at [[Pāvā]] (now known as [[Fazilnagar]]). Kusinārā was close to the Sakya capital of Kapilavatthu to its north-east, and Pāvā was close to the Licchavika capital of Vesālī.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169-181}}

==Name==
{{multiple image |align = right |image1 = Conjectural reconstruction of the main gate of Kusinagara circa 500 BCE adapted from a relief at Sanchi.jpg |width1 = 200 |caption1 = Conjectural reconstruction of the main gate of Kusinārā, capital of one of the Malla republics, circa 500 BCE adapted from a relief at Sanchi. |image2 = City of Kushinagar in the 5th century BCE according to a 1st century BCE frieze in Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern Gate.jpg|width2 = 210 |caption2 = City of Kusinārā in the 5th century BCE according to a 1st-century BCE frieze in Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern Gate. |direction=vertical}}
The Mallakas are called {{Transliteration|pi|Malla}} in [[Pali|Pāli]] texts, {{Transliteration|pra|Mallaī}} in [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Prakrit|Prākrit]] texts, and {{Transliteration|sa|Malla}} in [[Sanskrit]] texts.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169-181}}

==History==
===Statehood===
The Mallakas were an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] tribe in the eastern Gangetic plain in the [[Greater Magadha]] cultural region.<ref name="Levman">{{cite journal |last=Levman |first=Bryan G. |date=2014 |title=Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276914202 |journal=Buddhist Studies Review |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=145–180 |doi=10.1558/bsrv.v30i2.145 |access-date=4 June 2022|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416 |title=Bronkhorst, J. (2007). Greater Magadha, Studies in the culture of Early India, p. 6. Leiden, Boston, MA: Brill.|year=2007|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416|last1=Bronkhorst|first1=Johannes|isbn=9789047419655}}</ref> Similarly to the other populations of the [[Greater Magadha]] cultural area, Mallakas were initially not fully [[Brahmanism|Brahmanised]] despite being an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] people, but, like the Vaidehas, they later became Brahmanised and adopted the {{Transliteration|pi|Vāseṭṭha}} (in Pali) or {{Transliteration|sa|Vaśiṣṭha}} (in Sanskrit) [[gotra|{{Transliteration|sa|gotra}}]]. At some point in time, the Mallakas became divided into two separate republics with their respective capitals at Kusinārā and Pāvā, possibly due to internal trouble, and henceforth the relations between the two Mallaka republics remained uncordial. Both Mallaka republics nevertheless became members of the Licchavi-led [[Vajjika League]], within which, unlike the Vaidehas, they maintained their own sovereign rights because they had not been conquered by the Licchavikas, and the Mallakas held friendly relations with the Licchavikas, the Vaidehas, and the [[Nāya|Nāyika]]s who were the other members of this league.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169-181}}

However occasional tensions between the Mallakas and the Licchavikas did arise, such as in the case of the man named Bandhula, a Mallaka who, thanks to his education received in [[Taxila|Takṣaśilā]], had offered his services as a general to the Kauśalya king [[Pasenadi]] so as to maintain the good relations between the Mallakas and Kosala. Bandhula, along with his wife Mallikā, violated the {{Transliteration|pi|Abhiseka-Pokkharaṇī}} sacred tank of the Licchavikas, which resulted in armed hostilities between the Kauśalyas and the Licchavikas. Bandhula was later treacherously murdered along with his sons by [[Pasenadi]], and, in retaliation, some Mallakas helped Pasenadi's son [[Virudhaka|Viḍūḍabha]] usurp the throne of Kosala to avenge the death of Bandhula, after which Pasenadi fled from Kosala and died in front of the gates of the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Māgadhī]] capital of [[Rajgir|Rājagaha]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169-181}}

The Buddha arrived in Pāvā shortly after the Mallakas there had inaugurated their new [[santhāgāra]], which they had named Ubbhataka. From Pāvā, the Buddha and his followers went to Kusinārā, and on the way they crossed two rivers, the first one being named {{Transliteration|pi|Kakutthā}} in Pali and {{Transliteration|sa|Kukustā}} in Sanskrit, and the second one being the {{Transliteration|pi|Hiraññavatī}} which separated the two Mallaka republics. The Buddha spent his final days in the Malla republic of Kusinārā, and when he sent [[Ānanda]] to inform the Mallakas of Kusinārā of his impending death, Ānanda found the Mallaka Council holding a meeting about public affairs in their santhāgāra.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169-181}}
[[File:Mallas defending the city of Kusinagara.jpg|thumb|200px|The Mallas defending the city of Kusinārā. Reflective of the frieze at Stupa 1, Southern Gateway, [[Sanchi]], 1st century BCE to 1st century CE.]]
[[File:King of the Mallas under siege.jpg|thumb|200px|Leader of the Mallas of Kusinārā, under siege by the seven kings during the ''War of the Relics''. Reflective of the frieze at [[Sanchi]].]]
{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| direction =vertical
| total_width=250
| image1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = The eastern Gangetic plain before Ajatasattu's, Vidudabha's and Udayana's conquests.jpg
| caption2 = Map of the eastern Gangetic plain before Ajātasattu's conquests (Malla shown within the Vajjika League)
| image3 = The eastern Gangetic plain after Ajatasattu's, Vidudabha's and Udayana's conquests.jpg
| caption3 = Map of the eastern Gangetic plain after Ajātasattu's conquest of the Vajjika League and of Moriya
| footer=
}}

When Ānanda went again to the Mallakas of Kusinārā to inform them of the Buddha's passing, he found them this time holding a meeting to discuss the funeral ceremony of the Buddha in the santhāgāra. After the Buddha's cremation, his remains were honoured in the santhāgāra of Kusinārā for seven days, and it was in this santhāgāra that the Mallakas of Kusinārā received the envoys of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavi]], [[Shakya]], [[Buli (tribe)|Buli]], [[Koliya]], the Mallakas of Pāvā, and [[Moriya (tribe)|Moriya]], who all went to Kusinārā to claim their shares of the Buddha's relics. The Licchavikas, the Mallakas, and the [[Shakya|Sakyas]] were able to claim shares of the relics, but the other members of the Vajjika League, the Vaidehas and the [[Nāya|Nāyika]]s, were not among the states claiming a share because they were dependencies of the Licchavikas without their own sovereignty, and therefore could not put forth their own claim while Licchavi could. The Mallakas of Pāvā were the first ones to arrive with an army to Kusinārā, and they put forth their claim to the relics in rude and hostile terms. In the end, each Malla republic obtained a share of the Buddha's relics and built their own [[stupa|{{Transliteration|sa|stūpa}}]]s and gave their own feasts to commemorate this event.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169-181}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}

After the death of the 24th [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Tirthankara|{{Transliteration|sa|Tīrthaṅkara}}]], [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]], the Mallakas and the Licchavikas jointly instituted a festival of lights to commemorate his passing.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169-181}}

== Decline ==
{{See also|Magadha-Vajji war}}
The relations of the Licchavikas, who led the Vajjika League which the Mallakas were part of, with their southern neighbour, the kingdom of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], were initially good, and the wife of the Māgadhī king [[Bimbisara|Bimbisāra]] was the Vesālia princess Vāsavī, who was the daughter of the Licchavika {{Transliteration|sa|Nāyaka}} Sakala's son Siṃha. There were nevertheless occasional tensions between Licchavi and Magadha, such as the competition at the Mallaka capital of [[Kusinārā]] over acquiring the relics of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] after his death.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}

In another case, the Licchavikas once invaded Māgadhī territory from across the [[Ganges|Gaṅgā]], and at some point the relations between Magadha and Licchavi permanently deteriorated as result of a grave offence committed by the Licchavikas towards the Māgadhī king Bimbisāra.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}

The hostilities between Licchavi and Magadha continued under the rule of [[Ajatashatru|Ajātasattu]], who was Bimbisāra's son with another Licchavika princess, Vāsavī, after he had killed Bimbisāra and usurped the throne of Magadha. Eventually Licchavi supported a revolt against Ajātasattu by his younger step-brother and the governor of [[Anga|Aṅga]], Vehalla, who was the son of Bimbisāra by another Licchavika wife of his, Cellanā, a daughter of [[Chetaka|Ceḍaga]], who was the head of both the Licchavi republic and the Vajjika League; Bimbisāra had chosen Vehalla as his successor following Ajātasattu's falling out of his favour after the latter had been caught conspiring against him, and the Licchavikas had attempted to place Vehalla on the throne of Magadha after Ajātasattu's usurpation and had allowed Vehalla to use their capital Vesālī as base for his revolt. After the failure of this rebellion, Vehalla sought refuge at his grandfather's place in the Licchavika and Vajjika capital of Vesālī, following which Ajātasattu repeatedly attempted to negotiate with the Licchavikas-Vajjikas. After Ajātasattu's repeated negotiation attempts ended in failure, he declared war on the Vajjika League in 484 BCE.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}

Tensions between Licchavi and Magadha were exacerbated by the handling of the joint Māgadhī-Licchavika border post of Koṭigāma on the Gaṅgā by the Licchavika-led Vajjika League who would regularly collect all valuables from Koṭigāma and leave none to the Māgadhīs. Therefore Ajātasattu decided to destroy the Vajjika League in retaliation, but also because, as an ambitious empire-builder whose mother Vāsavī was Licchavika princess of Vaidehī descent, he was interested in the territory of the former Mahā-Videha kingdom which by then was part of the Vajjika League. Ajātasattu's hostility towards the Vajjika League was also the result of the differing forms of political organisation between Magadha and the Vajjika League, with the former being monarchical and the latter being republican, not unlike the opposition of the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] kingdom of [[Sparta]] to the democratic form of government in [[Classical Athens|Athens]], and the [[Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II|hostilities]] between the [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|ancient Macedonian]] king [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]] to the Athenian and [[Thebes, Greece|Theban]] republics.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}

As important members of the Vajjika League, the Malla republics were also threatened by Ajātasattu, and the Vajjika {{transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} [[Chetaka|Ceḍaga]] held war consultations with the {{Transliteration|pi|rājā}}s of the Licchavikas and Mallikas before the fight started. The Mallakas therefore fought on the side of the other confederate tribes of the league against Magadha. The military forces of the Vajjika League were initially too strong for Ajātasattu to be successful against them, and it required him having recourse to diplomacy and intrigues over the span of a decade to finally defeat the Vajjika League by 468 BCE and annex its territories, including Licchavi, Videha and Nāya, to the kingdom of Magadha. The Mallakas also became part of Ajātasattu's Māgadhī empire, although they were allowed a limited degree of autonomy in terms of their internal administration, and they stopped existing as a republican tribe when the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya dynasty]] ruled Magadha or shortly after.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169-181}}

[[File:War over the Buddha's Relics, South Gate, Stupa no. 1, Sanchi.jpg|thumb|800px|center|War over the Buddha's Relics held by the city of Kusinārā, South Gate, Stupa no.1, Sanchi.<ref>{{cite book|title=Asiatic Mythology |first=J. |last=Hackin |year=1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAZrFhvqnTkC&pg=PA83 |page=83ff|publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120609204 }}</ref>]]

==Social and political organisation==
===Republican institutions===
====The Assembly====
Just like a Vaidehas, Licchavikas, and Nāyikas, the Mallakas were a [[kshatriya|{{Transliteration|sa|kṣatriya}}]] tribe, and each of the republics of the Mallakas were organised into a [[Gaṇasaṅgha|{{Transliteration|sa|gaṇasaṅgha}}]] (an [[aristocracy|aristocratic]] [[oligarchy|oligarchic]] [[republic]]), which had a ruling Assembly consisting of the heads of the {{Transliteration|sa|kṣatriya}} clans belonging to the {{Transliteration|pi|Vāseṭṭha}}/{{Transliteration|sa|Vaśiṣṭha}} {{Transliteration|sa|gotra}}, and who were given the title of {{Transliteration|sa|rājā}}s. The position of {{Transliteration|sa|rājā}} was hereditary, and after the death of one of them, his eldest son would succeed him by being introduced to the Assembly following a ceremony held, for the Mallakas of Kusinārā, at the {{Transliteration|sa|Makuṭa-bandhana}}, which was a shrine holding an important political meaning for the republic (the Mallakas of Pāvā had a similar shrine of their own). Similarly to that of the Licchavikas, the Mallaka General Assembly had a large number of members, with the meetings being only rarely attended by all of them.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169-181}}

The Mallaka republics, like the other {{Transliteration|sa|gaṇasaṅgha}} of the Vajjika League, held their Assembly and [[#The Councils|Council]] meetings in their own [[santhāgāra]]s.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169-181}}

====The Councils====
Like the Licchavikas, the Mallakas' Assemblies met rarely while the Assemblies' inner councils, the Mallaka Councils, consisting of four members for the Mallakas of Kusinārā and of five members for the Mallakas of Pāvā, met more often and performed the public administration within each republic. These Councils were the sovereign bodies of the Mallaka republics.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169-181}}

===Customs===
The [[Manusmriti|{{Transliteration|sa|Manusmṛiti}}]] refers to the Mallakas as {{Transliteration|sa|Vrāṭyakṣatriya}}s, that is {{Transliteration|sa|kṣatriya}}s who had not been initiated, because they did not practice orthodox Vedic traditions.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169-181}}

==See also==
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
* [[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]
* [[Mallabhum]]

{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|last1=Sankrityayan|first1=Rahul|title="Buddhacharya"- Life and Teachings of the Buddha|year=2010|publisher=Gautam Book Centre|language=Hindi|isbn=9789380292175|url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/buddhacharya-life-and-teachings-of-buddha-NAI537/}}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=J. P. |date=1968 |title=Republics in Ancient India, C. 1500 B.C.-500 B.C. |location=Leiden, Netherlands |publisher=E. J. Brill |isbn=978-9-004-02015-3}}

==Further reading==
* ''Gorakhpur Janpad aur Uski Kshatriya Jatiyon Ka Itihaas'' By Dr. Rajbali Pandey, pp. 291–292
* ''Kshatriya Rajvansh'' by Dr. Raghunath Chand Kaushik
* ''Bhagwan Buddh ke Samkalin Anuyayi tatha Buddha Kendra'' By Tripatkacharya, Mahopadhyaya Bikshu Buddhamitra, pp. 274–283.

{{Mahajanapada}}

[[Category:Gaṇa saṅghas]]
[[Category:Mahajanapadas]]
[[Category:Former republics]]
[[Category:Vajjika League]]
[[Category:Ancient Indo-Aryan tribes]]

Uchchhakalpa dynasty

2025-09-02T06:21:17Z

ShantaeBpy: new - done

{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Uchchhakalpa
|common_name = Uchchhakalpa
|status = Vassal
|empire = [[Gupta Empire]]
|government_type = Monarchy
|year_start = c. 5th century CE
|year_end = c. 6th century CE
|capital = Uchchhakalpa (modern [[Unchehara]])
}}
<mapframe text="[[Find spot]]s of the Uchchhakalpa inscriptions (map of India)" width="300" height="300" zoom="7" longitude="80.7" latitude="24.3">
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Karitalai" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [80.7048084, 24.0451598] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Khoh" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [80.7158977, 24.3638350] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Sohawal" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [80.7630100, 24.5756679] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Unchehara" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [80.7793384, 24.3813013] }
}
]
}
</mapframe>
The '''Uchchhakalpa''' ([[IAST]]: Ucchakalpa) dynasty ruled parts of central India during 5th and 6th centuries. Their territory included north-eastern parts of present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Their capital was located at Uchchhakalpa, the present-day [[Unchehara]].

The Uchchhakalpas were neighbours of the [[Parivrajaka dynasty|Parivrajakas]], and appear to have been feudatories of the [[Gupta Empire]]. The dynasty is known from inscriptions issued by two of its kings: Jayanatha and Sharvanatha.

== History ==
Inscriptions of two Uchchhakalpa kings, dated in an unspecified [[calendar era]], are available: Jayanatha (Year 174–182) and Sarvanatha (Year 191–214). The era is now generally identified with the [[Gupta era]] (which begins in 318–319 CE), although some earlier scholars identified it as the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuri era]] (which begins in 248–249 CE). The Uchchhakalpa inscriptions are written in the central Indian variety of the [[Gupta script]]. Moreover, the [[Bhumara]] stone pillar inscription names the Uchchhakalpa ruler Sharvanatha and the [[Parivrajaka dynasty|Parivrajaka]] ruler Hastin as contemporaries. This suggests that both were vassals of the Guptas, and the calendar era mentioned in the Uchchhakalpa inscriptions is the Gupta era.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=261}}

According to these inscriptions, the earliest king of the dynasty was Oghadeva. He was succeeded by Kumaradeva, Jayasvamin, and Vyaghra. Jayanatha, the dynasty's earliest king attested by his own inscriptions, was a son of king Vyaghra and queen Ajjhitadevi. Jayanatha was succeeded by Sharvanatha, who was his son from queen Murundasvamini.{{sfn|Manabendu Banerjee|1989|p=242}} Nothing is known about the successors of Sharvanatha.{{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=8}}

== Genealogy ==
The following kings and queens of the dynasty are known ([[IAST]] names):{{sfn|Manabendu Banerjee|1989|p=242}}

* ''Mahārāja'' Ogha-deva and ''Mahādevi'' Kumarā-devī
* ''Mahārāja'' Kumarā-deva and ''Mahādevi'' Jaya-svāminī
* ''Mahārāja'' Jaya-svāmin and ''Mahādevi'' Ramā-devī
* ''Mahārāja'' Vyāghra and ''Mahādevi'' Ajjhita-devī
* ''Mahārāja'' Jaya-nātha and ''Mahādevi'' Murunda-svaminī, r. c. 493–507 CE
* ''Mahārāja'' Śarva-nātha (Sharvanatha), r. c. 508–533 CE

== Inscriptions ==
The following copper-plate inscriptions from the Uchchhakalpa reign have been discovered.

{| class="wikitable"
! [[Find spot]]
! Issued by
! Year ([[Common era|CE]] year, assuming Gupta era)
! Purpose
! Source
|-
| Karitalai
| Jayanatha
| 174 (493–494 CE)
| Land grant
| {{sfn|Madan Mohan Upadhyay|2005|p=27}}
|-
| Khoh
| Jayanatha
| 177 (496–497 CE)
| Grant of a village to Brahmins
| {{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=8}}
|-
| [[Unchehara]]
| Jayanatha
| 182 (501–502 CE)
| Village grant. See [[Katni copper-plate of Jayanātha]].
| {{sfn|Madan Mohan Upadhyay|2005|p=28}}
|-
| Sohawal
| Sharvanatha
| 191 (510–511 CE)
|
| {{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=261}}
|-
| Khoh
| Sharvanatha
| 193 (512–513 CE)
| Village grant
| {{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=8}}
|-
| Khoh
| Sharvanatha
| 197 (516–517 CE)
| One of the copper plates is missing, but it appears to be a village grant as it quotes a ''[[Mahabharata]]'' verse which states that it is the king's duty to protect the land granted by him or his ancestors.
| {{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=8}}
|-
| Navagrama
| Sharvanatha and [[Parivrajaka dynasty|Parivrajaka]] ruler Hastin
| 198 (517 CE)
| Grant of a village to the Brahmins of [[Parashara]] [[gotra]] and [[Madhyandina Shakha]]
| {{sfn|Moirangthem Pramod|2013|p=92}}
|-
| Khoh
| Sharvanatha
| 214 (533–534 CE)
| Grant of villages for the worship of the goddess Pishtapurika
| {{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=8}}
|-
| Khoh
| Sharvanatha
| Undated
| Grant of a village to Chhodugomika
| {{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=8}}
|}

<gallery mode="packed">
Katni copper-plate charter..jpg | [[Katni copper-plate of Jayanātha|Katni inscription]] of Jayanatha, Plate 1
Copper-plate charter of maharaja Jayanatha, the Uchchakalpa ruler dated circa 502.jpg | Katni inscription of Jayanatha, Plate 2
Katni copper-plate charter of Jayanātha, third plate..jpg | Katni inscription of Jayanatha, Plate 3
513 CE Khoh copper plate inscription, Vishnu Surya temple Hinduism, king Sarvanatha, Sanskrit.jpg | 512-513 Khoh inscription of Sharvanatha
517 CE Khoh copper plate inscription, Vishnu Lakshmi Hinduism, king Sarvanatha, Sanskrit.jpg | 517 Khoh inscription of Sharvanatha
534 CE Khoh copper plate inscription, Lakshmi temple Hinduism, king Sarvanatha, Sanskrit.jpg | 533-534 Khoh inscription of Sharvanatha
</gallery>

Inscriptions of a [[Vakataka]] feudatory named Vyaghra-deva have been found at [[Nachna Hindu temples|Nachna-Ganj]]. According to one theory, this ruler may be identical with the Vyaghra of Uchchhakalpa dynasty, but this identification is doubtful.{{sfn|Ajay Mitra Shastri|1997|p=179}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Ajay Mitra Shastri |author-link=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=Vākāṭakas: Sources and History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVlmAAAAMAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=Aryan Books International |isbn=978-81-7305-123-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA259 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Moirangthem Pramod |title=The Parivrajaka Maharaja |journal=Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research |volume=2 |issue=4 |year=2013 |issn=2278-4853 |url=http://www.tarj.in/images/download/ajmr/AJMR%20APRIL%202013%20COMPETE%20PDF/4.10,%20Dr.%20Moirangthem%20Pramod.pdf |access-date=21 December 2016 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130082215/https://www.tarj.in/images/download/ajmr/AJMR%20APRIL%202013%20COMPETE%20PDF/4.10,%20Dr.%20Moirangthem%20Pramod.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |author=Madan Mohan Upadhyay |title=Inscriptions of Mahakoshal: Resource for the History of Central India |publisher=B.R. |year=2005 |isbn=9788176464963 }}
* {{cite book |author=Manabendu Banerjee |title=Historical and social interpretations of the Gupta inscriptions |publisher=Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar |year=1989 |oclc=22347582 }}
* {{cite book |author=Om Prakash Misra |title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC&pg=PA8 |year=2003 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-874-7 }}
{{ref end}}

== External links ==
* [http://indepigr.narod.ru/latergupta/menulisting28.htm Uchchhakalpa inscriptions] by D.N Lielukhine, Oriental Institute
* Siddham – the South Asia Inscriptions Database: [http://damayata.com/search/result?keys=Jayanatha&f%5B0%5D=type:Inscription Jayanātha]{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} and [http://damayata.com/search/result?keys=Sarvanatha&f%5B0%5D=type:Inscription Śarvanātha]{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Vassals of the Gupta Empire]]

Vizag back-to-back HVDC converter station

2025-08-26T06:08:02Z

ShantaeBpy: done - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox power transmission line
| name = Vizag back-to-back HVDC converter station
| photo =
| caption =
| map =
| map_caption = Location of Vizag back-to-back HVDC converter station| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| province =
| coordinates = {{Coord|17|38|33|N|83|07|57|E|type:landmark|name=Vizag Back to Back HVDC Station – Vizag 1}} {{Coord|17|38|26|N|83|08|10|E|type:landmark|name= Vizag Back to Back HVDC Station – Vizag 2}}
| lat =
| long =
| direction =
| start = Eastern Region
| through =
| finish = Southern Region
| par =
| owner = [[Power Grid Corporation of India]]
| partners =
| operator =
| cable_manufacturer =
| cable_installer =
| cable_layer =
| substation_manufacturer=
| substation_installer= [[Alstom]] (Vizag 1), [[ABB]] (Vizag 2)
| contractors =
| construction =
| expected =
| est = 1999, 2005
| decom =
| type = Back to Back
| current_type = [[HVDC]]
| length_km = 0
| capacity = 2 x 500 MW
| AC_voltage =
| DC_voltage = 205 kV (Vizag 1); 176  kV (Vizag 2)
| poles_no = 2
| circuits_no =
}}
The '''Vizag back-to-back HVDC station''', or '''Visakhapatnam back-to-back HVDC station''', is a back-to-back [[HVDC]] connection between the eastern and southern regions in India, located close to the city of [[Visakhapatnam]], and owned by [[Power Grid Corporation of India]].

It consists of two independent poles, each with a nominal power transmission rating of 500 MW, referred to as Vizag 1 and Vizag 2.
Vizag 1 was built by [[Alstom]] between 1996 and 1999 and has nominal DC voltage and current ratings of 205 kV, 2475 A. Its design is very similar to that of the [[Chandrapur back-to-back HVDC converter station]].

Vizag 2 was built by [[ABB]] between 2002 and 2005 and has nominal DC voltage and current ratings of 176 kV, 2841 A.

Both Vizag 1 and Vizag 2 use air-insulated, water-cooled thyristor valves.

On 31 December 2013, the Northern, Eastern and Western grids were synchronised with the Southern regional grid, creating a single synchronous AC grid over the whole of India.<ref>[http://www.powergridindia.com/_layouts/PowerGrid/User/ContentPage.aspx?PId=78&LangID=English One Nation – One Grid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226175901/http://www.powergridindia.com/_layouts/PowerGrid/User/ContentPage.aspx?PId=78&LangID=English |date=26 February 2017 }}, Powergrid website (retrieved 18 November 2015).</ref> As a result, the converter station is no longer required for its original purpose of asynchronously linking the Eastern and Southern grids, although it can still be used as an embedded power flow device to help control power flow within the AC system. The stations could potentially be dismantled and moved to elsewhere to export/import power from other countries. Sometimes the excess power fed to the southern grid by this HVDC link is flowing back to Western region through the 765 KV AC lines between Southern grid and the Western grid which is not desired.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

== Sites ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Site || Coordinates
|-
| Vizag 1|| {{Coord|17|38|33|N|83|07|57|E|type:landmark|name= Vizag Back to Back HVDC Station – Vizag 1}}
|-
| Vizag 2 || {{Coord|17|38|26|N|83|08|10|E|type:landmark|name= Vizag Back to Back HVDC Station – Vizag 2}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Chandrapur back-to-back HVDC converter station]]
* [[HVDC Sileru–Barsoor]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{GeoGroupTemplate}}
* [http://www.powergridindia.com Power Grid Corporation of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008090106/http://www.powergridindia.com/ |date=8 October 2012 }}
* [http://www.alstom.com/grid Alstom Grid Website]
* [http://www.abb.com/industries/ap/db0003db004333/59bff8013f29b39bc1257749004e8e48.aspx ABB Group Website]

[[Category:Electric power transmission infrastructure in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Converter stations]]
[[Category:Energy in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{powerline-stub}}

Sultanpur Gram Panchayat

2025-08-04T16:11:24Z

ShantaeBpy: stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Sultanpur panchayat
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =Gram Panchayat
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|40|48.0|N|85|13|12.0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[vaishali district|vaishali]]
| subdivision_type3
=Assembly Constituency
| subdivision_name3
=[[Hajipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hajipur assembly constituency (AC.123)]]<ref>[http://ceobihar.nic.in/map/include/AC123.pdf The Chief Electoral Officer of Bihar official, Hajipur pdf ]</ref>
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sultanpur''' is a Gram panchayat in hajipur, [[vaishali district]], [[bihar]].

==Geography==
This panchayat is located at {{coord|25|40|48.0|N|85|13|12.0|E|type:panchayat}}

==Panchayat office==
Samudayik bhawan Mohabatpur <ref>[http://biharprd.bih.nic.in/Docs/GP_OFFICE/Vaishali.pdf Panchayati Raj Department, Government of Bihar ] page number 7</ref>

==Nearest City/Town==
[[Hajipur]] ('''Distance 4 km''')<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/(S(3ird4ricndfyzx45tkdber3h))/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/View_data/Village_Profile.aspx village profile census government official website ] State - Bihar, District- vaishali, Sub District - Hajipur</ref>

==Nearest major road highway or river==
NH 103 (National highway 103)
NH 19 (National highway 19 )
OTHER ROADWAY<ref>[http://vaishali.bih.nic.in/vaishali%20MAP.jpg Map - vaishali district official government website ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104113148/http://vaishali.bih.nic.in/vaishali%20MAP.jpg |date=4 November 2014 }} file type: image/jpeg, size:13.9 MB</ref>

==compass==
<ref>[http://ceobihar.nic.in/map/include/AC123.pdf The Chief Electoral Officer of Bihar official, Hajipur pdf ]</ref>
{{Geographic location
|Centre =sultanpur
|North =
|Northeast =hilalpur
|East =
|Southeast =
|South =
|Southwest =
|West =
|Northwest =vishunpur vasant
}}

==Villages in panchayat==
There are villages in this panchayat<ref>[http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=99328&rlbtype=V Reports of National Panchayat Directory Ministry of Panchayati Raj Government of India List of Census Villages mapped for SULTANPUR Gram Panchayat, HAJIPUR, VAISHALI, BIHAR ] Report printed on 26/09/2014 National Panchayat Portal, Panchayat Informatics Division</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!s.n
|
!villages
|-
| 1||||Sherpur
|-
| 2||||Imadpur Sultan
|-
| 3||||Mangurahi
|-
| 4||||Musapur Suboch
|-
| 5||||Mohabatpur
|-
| 6||||Jethui Nizamat
|-
| 7||||Jethui Nizamat
|-
| 8||||Ibrahimpur Bazid urfIbrahimpat
|-
| 9||||Sultanpur
|-
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{panchayat of Hajipur block}}
{{Tirhut Division}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Bihar]]
[[Category:Villages in Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Hajipur]]

B. H. Katarki

2025-07-16T22:33:15Z

ShantaeBpy: quick update

{{BLP sources|date=May 2009}}

'''Bhimareddy Hanumareddy Katarki''' (born 3 January 1924) is an Indian agricultural scientist specializing in [[cotton]]. During the 1970s, he was inspired by the success of [[Hybrid-4]], Cotton by [[Dr. C. T. Patel]], of [[Surat Research Station]]. Dr. Katarki also made a groundbreaking discovery of [[Varalaxmi]], and [[DCH-32]] Cotton varieties, at the Dharwad Agricultural University (Karnataka).

== Childhood and Education ==
Shri. Katarki completed B.Sc. (Agri.) 1945 [[Bombay]]); B.Sc. (Agri.) 1963 (IARI, [[New Delhi]]) and D.Sc. (Karnataka, Dharwad) 1975.

== Teacher and Researcher ==
Served in various capacities:
* Department of Agriculture, (1954–1965)
* University of Agricultural Sciences, at Bangalore, and Dharwad from, 1965–1983.
* Post graduate teacher and Zonal Coordinator of South Zone from 1980 to 1983.
* member of ISCI, and R & D Sub-Committees, at Bombay, from 1980 to 1982.

== Professional affiliations ==
* Fellow of the Indian Society of Genetic and Plant Breeding.
* Member of Indian Society of Cotton Improvement.(ISCI )
* Member of Scientific Panel for Plant Breeding ICAR, New Delhi from 1979 to 1983.
* Member of Governing Board of Karnataka State Seed Certification Agency from 1981 to 1983.
* Member of the Central State Farm Advisory Committee, in Karnataka, from 1979 to 1981
* Life member of Institute for Studies on Agriculture and Rural Development Dharwad, since 1982.

==Achievements ==
* Identified and released Extra long staple specific Tetra Ploid Cotton- Varalaxmi, in the year 1972.
* DCH-32 in the year 1981, for Commercial Production in Southern and Central Cotton Belts of India- Capable of Spinning up to 80s and 90s counts.
* DS-56 and DS-59 (in G. hirsutum L), DB-3-12 (G.herbacium L), in the year 1982 for rain- fed fields.

== Honours ==
* In 1965 and 1984, The Gold medal from the Government of Karnataka.
* In 1972, Citation from the UAS, Bangalore.
* In 1974, Honour from The Karnataka State Farmers' Forum.
* In 1976, ICAR Gold medal.
* In 1976, National tonnage club of farmers.
* In 1976, The Indian Merchant Chambers Award.
* In 1977 Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry.
* In 1981, [[Vasvik Industrial Research Award]] for outstanding achievements in the field of Agricultural Science and Technology.<ref name="Vasvik">{{cite web | url=http://www.vasvik.org/agricultural_sciences%20_%26_technology.html | title=Vasvik | publisher=Vasvik | date=2014 | accessdate=January 4, 2015 | archive-date=August 23, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823010251/http://www.vasvik.org/agricultural_sciences%20_%26_technology.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In 2007, ISCI, Mumbai's Hon. Fellowship Award, in appreciation of his valuable contribution towards improving the Production and Quality of Interspecific Hybrid cottons in India.
* EICA, UAS Alumni Association Bangalore, Andhra Pradesh State level Seed Growers, Merchants and Nurserymen Association.
* In 2004, Lifetime achievement Award by UAS Dharwad, Karnataka State.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Indian Society for Cotton Improvement Awards, June 16, 2007.
* Laxmivenkatesh, Holalkere Rangarao; ''[[:File:My Spin Lab-By Holalkere Rangarao Laxmivenkatesh.pdf|My Spin lab]]'', 2005.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Katarki, B. H.}}
[[Category:Textile scientists]]
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

2009 Asian Table Tennis Championships

2025-05-23T04:45:59Z

ShantaeBpy: new a article w/ infobox

{{onesource|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{TennisEventInfo|2009| Asian Table Tennis Championships|
|image =
|size =
|date = 16–22 November 2009
|edition = 19th
|level =
|prize_money =
|competitors =
|nations =
|other =
|location = [[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|venue = U.P. Badminton Academy
|champms = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ma Long]]
|champws = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ding Ning]]
|champmd = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ma Long]] / {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xu Xin (table tennis)|Xu Xin]]
|champwd = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ding Ning]] / {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Xiaoxia]]
|champxd = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ma Long]] / {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Xiaoxia]]
|champmt = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[China]]
|champwt = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[China]]
|website =
|before_year = 2007
|after_year= 2011
}}

The '''2009 [[Asian Table Tennis Championships]]''' were held in [[Lucknow]], [[India]], from 16 to 22 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asian Championships 2009 16th-22nd Lucknow, India |url=http://www.attu.org/en/news/129 |website=attu.org |accessdate=23 January 2020 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725081206/https://www.attu.org/en/news/129 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2009 Asian Championships Results |url=http://www.attu.org/en/events/asian_championships?year=2009&month=11&id=16 |website=attu.org |accessdate=23 January 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209194643/http://www.attu.org/en/events/asian_championships?year=2009&month=11&id=16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Medal summary==

===Medal table===
{{Medals table
| caption =
| host =
| flag_template = flagcountry
| event =
| team =
| gold_CHN = 7 | silver_CHN = 4 | bronze_CHN = 5
| gold_JPN = 0 | silver_JPN = 1 | bronze_JPN = 2
| gold_KOR = 0 | silver_KOR = 1 | bronze_KOR = 2
| gold_SGP = 0 | silver_SGP = 1 | bronze_SGP = 1
| gold_HKG = 0 | silver_HKG = 0 | bronze_HKG = 3
| gold_TPE = 0 | silver_TPE = 0 | bronze_TPE = 1
}}

===Events===
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Event|columns=1}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Men's singles {{DetailsLink|2009 Asian Table Tennis Championships – Men's singles}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ma Long]]
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Jike]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Liqin]]
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xu Xin (table tennis)|Xu Xin]]
|-
|rowspan=2|Women's singles {{DetailsLink|2009 Asian Table Tennis Championships – Women's singles}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ding Ning]]
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Xiaoxia]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Fan Ying]]
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Shiwen]]
|-
|rowspan=2|Men's doubles {{DetailsLink|2009 Asian Table Tennis Championships – Men's doubles}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ma Long]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xu Xin (table tennis)|Xu Xin]]
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Liqin]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Jike]]
|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Cheung Yuk]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Li Ching (table tennis)|Li Ching]]
|-
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kenta Matsudaira]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Koki Niwa]]
|-
|rowspan=2|Women's doubles {{DetailsLink|2009 Asian Table Tennis Championships – Women's doubles}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ding Ning]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Xiaoxia]]
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|KOR|1997}} [[Kim Kyung-ah]] {{flagicon|KOR|1997}} [[Park Mi-young]]
|{{flagicon|KOR|1997}} [[Dang Ye-seo]] {{flagicon|KOR|1997}} [[Park Young-sook]]
|-
|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Feng Tianwei]] {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Yu Mengyu]]
|-
|rowspan=2|Mixed doubles {{DetailsLink|2009 Asian Table Tennis Championships – Mixed doubles}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ma Long]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Xiaoxia]]
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Jike]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ding Ning]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xu Xin (table tennis)|Xu Xin]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Shiwen]]
|-
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Seiya Kishikawa]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Ai Fukuhara]]
|-
|rowspan=2|Men's team {{DetailsLink|2009 Asian Table Tennis Championships – Men's team}}
|rowspan=2|{{CHN}}
|rowspan=2|{{JPN}}
|{{TPE}}
|-
|{{HKG}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Women's team {{DetailsLink|2009 Asian Table Tennis Championships – Men's team}}
|rowspan=2|{{CHN}}
|rowspan=2|{{SIN}}
|{{HKG}}
|-
|{{flagicon|KOR|1997}} [[South Korea]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Asian Table Tennis Championships]]
[[Category:2012 in table tennis|Asian Table Tennis Championships]]
[[Category:2012 in Asian sport|Table Tennis Championships]]
[[Category:Table tennis in India]]
[[Category:Table tennis competitions in India]]
[[Category:September 2012 sports events in India|Asian Table Tennis Championships]]

Thalaiyuthu

2024-02-19T11:27:11Z

ShantaeBpy: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Sankarnagar]]

{{R from merge}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tirunelveli district]]