Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Shreya Chaudhry

2026-05-08T16:59:42Z

ShannonAguayo: started page

{{Short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=May 2025}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=May 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shreya Chaudhry
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|11|6}}
| birth_place = Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| occupation = Actress, Model
| years_active = 2017–present
| known_for = ''Bandish Bandits''
| education = Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics
}}

'''Shreya Chaudhry''' (born 6 November 1994) is an Indian actress. She portrayed Tamanna Sharma in the Amazon Prime Video musical drama series ''[[Bandish Bandits]]'' (2020–2024).

==Early life and education==
Shreya Chaudhry was born in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, and raised in Mumbai, Maharashtra. She studied at Jankidevi Public School and earned a degree in Mass Communication from Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics, Mumbai.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==Career==

===Acting debut ===
She made her film debut in ''Dear Maya'' (2017), where she played the role of Ira.<ref name="imdb">{{cite web |title=Shreya Chaudhary - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9007978/ |website=IMDb}}</ref>

Her breakout role came with the Amazon Prime Video series ''Bandish Bandits'' (2020), where she played Tamanna Sharma, a pop star navigating her identity through classical and modern music. She returned for the second season, which premiered in December 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bandish Bandits actor Shreya Chaudhary: It changed my life |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/bandish-bandits-actor-shreya-chaudhary-changed-my-life-2644403-2024-12-03 |website=India Today|date=3 December 2024 }}</ref>

In addition to ''Bandish Bandits'', she starred in the short film ''The Other Way'' (2018) and appeared as Zara in the film ''The Mehta Boys'' (2024).<ref name="imdb" />

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Dear Maya]]'' || Ira ||
|
|-
| 2018 || [[The Other Way (film)|''The Other Way'']] || Rewa || Short film
|
|-
| 2025 || ''[[The Mehta Boys]]'' || Zara ||
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Notes!! Ref.
|-
| 2020–2024 || ''[[Bandish Bandits]]'' || Tamanna Sharma
| ||
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Work !! Result !! Ref.
|-
| 2023 || [[Filmfare OTT Awards]] || Best Actress in a Drama Series || rowspan="2" | ''[[Bandish Bandits]]''|| {{Nom}} || <ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for the Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full list out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-62712.html |website=Filmfare |date=26 November 2023 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Digital Awards]] || Best Actress in a Leading Role (Female) – Web Series || {{Won}} || <ref>{{cite web |title=Shreya Chaudhry Wins Best Actress for Bandish Bandits Season 2 at IIFA Digital Awards 2025 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shreya-chaudhry-wins-best-actress-for-bandish-bandits-season-2-at-iifa-digital-awards-2025-says-recognition-will-get-her-more-good-work-13870004.html |website=Firstpost |date=9 March 2025}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|9007978}}

[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]

1986–87 Ranji Trophy

2026-05-01T11:27:24Z

ShannonAguayo: creating new entry

{{Use British English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1986-87 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 288px
| fromdate =
| todate =
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners get.
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = League and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| count = 2
| participants = 27
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Carlton Saldanha]] (Karnataka) (782)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1986/87 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1986-87/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Sunil Lahore]] (Madhya Pradesh) (32)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1986/87 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1986-87/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1985–86
| previous_tournament = 1985–86 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1987–88
| next_tournament = 1987–88 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1986–87 Ranji Trophy''' was the 53rd season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. Hyderabad won their second title defeating Delhi on first innings lead.

==Highlights==
* [[Carlton Saldanha]], who was the top scorer of the season, scored 89, 77, 70, 74, 84, 70 and 142 in his first seven innings.

==Group stage==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}

===North Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| 5 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''75''' || 2.491
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 5 || 1 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''73''' || 2.016
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| 5 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''65''' || 1.619
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 5 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''42''' || 0.601
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Services cricket team|Services]]
| 5 || 1 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''39''' || 0.648
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| 5 || 0 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''33''' || 0.379
|}

===Central Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''54''' || 1.239
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''44''' || 1.359
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''43''' || 0.859
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''35''' || 0.923
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| 4 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''31''' || 0.775
|}

===West Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''62''' || 1.669
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''44''' || 0.903
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''41''' || 1.002
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''40''' || 0.881
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''36''' || 0.789
|}
{{col-2}}

===South Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| 5 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || '''75''' || 1.458
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 5 || 1 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''61''' || 1.229
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| 5 || 1 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''59''' || 0.948
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| 5 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || '''56''' || 1.012
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| 5 || 0 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''48''' || 0.966
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| 5 || 0 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''37''' || 0.552
|}

===East Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''69''' || 1.729
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''50''' || 1.939
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''45''' || 1.039
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''41''' || 1.298
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| 4 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''17''' || 0.258
|}
{{col-end}}

== Knockout stage ==
{{Round16

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 100px

|31 Jan 1987 — Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''614/7d & 17/2'''|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]|465
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|1 Feb 1987 — Patna|'''[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]'''|'''422 & 90/1'''|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]|210 & 394/7d

|22 Feb 1987 — Calcutta|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|464/9|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] '''(Q)'''|545/7d
|14 Feb 1987 — Bangalore|'''[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]'''|'''465 & 166/6'''|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]|404
|14 Feb 1987 — Hyderabad|'''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''|'''605/7d & 224/6d'''|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]|314 & 129/2
|14 Feb 1987 — Faridabad|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]|234|'''[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]'''|'''360 & 283/4'''

|07 Mar 1987 — Delhi|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''711/3d & 247/1'''|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]|440
|07 Mar 1987 — Secunderabad|'''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''|'''783/8d'''|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]|468 & 87/0

|21 Mar 1987 — Delhi|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]|433|'''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''|'''457 & 480/7'''

|skipmatch01=no|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=yes|skipmatch05=yes|skipmatch06=yes|skipmatch07=yes|skipmatch08=no
|RD1 = Pre-Quarter-finals|RD2 = Quarter-finals|RD3 = Semi-finals|RD4 = Finals
|3rdplace=no}}

'''(Q)''' - Advanced to next round on better Quotient.

===Final===
{{Test match
| date = 21–26 March 1987
| team2 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] (H)
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score-team1-inns1 = '''457 (138 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Abdul Azeem]] 114, [[Arshad Ayub]] 174
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mohinder Amarnath]] 3/48
| score-team2-inns1 = '''433 (128 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Bhaskar Pillai]] 160*
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Rajesh Yadav (cricketer)|Rajesh Yadav]] 5/114
| score-team1-inns2 = '''480/7 (138.5 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Vijay Mohanraj]] 211*
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Jaspal Singh (cricketer)|Jaspal Singh]] 4/132
| result = Hyderabad won on first innings lead
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[N. N. Patwardhan]], [[Joydeb Roy]]
| motm =
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1986-87/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/DELHI_HYD_RJI-FINAL_21-26MAR1987.html Scorecard]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and decided to bat
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1986-87/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/DELHI_HYD_RJI-FINAL_21-26MAR1987.html Espncricinfo]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1986-87 Ranji Trophy}}
[[Category:1986 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1987 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1986–87]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

The Hindu

2026-04-29T07:38:20Z

ShannonAguayo: rework details additionally

{{short description|English-language daily newspaper in India}}
{{About|the English newspaper|the Tamil newspaper|The Hindu Tamil{{!}}''The Hindu Tamil''|other uses|The Hindu (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{primary sources|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = The Hindu
| logo = [[File:The Hindu wordmark with illustrations.svg|frameless|250px|class=skin-invert]]
| image = [[File:NewsPaperTheHindu.png|225px]]
| caption = Front page of ''The Hindu'' for 16 March 2005
| type = Daily newspaper
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| owners = {{ubl|[[The Hindu Group]]|Kasturi and Sons Limited}}, Kasturi family
| founder = [[G. Subramania Iyer]] [[Nyapathi Subba Rao Pantulu]] [[M. Veeraraghavachariar]]
| publisher = [[Nirmala Lakshman]]
| editor = Suresh Nambath<ref name="Editorial transition"/>
| founded = {{start date and age|1878|09|20|df=yes}}
| political_position = {{hlist|[[Centre-left]]|[[Secularism|Secular]]|[[Social liberalism|Social liberal]]}}
| language = {{nowrap|English|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]}}
| headquarters = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| publishing_country = India
| circulation = 1,400,000 daily<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2025-01-07 |title=The Hindu: Usage, Reader Demographics, and Key Statistics in 2025 |url=https://brandhexa.com/the-hindu-usage-reader-demographics-and-key-statistics/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| circulation_date = August 2025
| ISSN = 0971-751X
| oclc = 13119119
| website = {{URL|http://www.thehindu.com|thehindu.com}}
| price = {{bulleted list|{{INRConvert|12}} {{small|(weekdays)}}|{{INRConvert|15}} {{small|(weekends)}}}}
}}

'''''The Hindu''''' is an Indian English-language [[daily newspaper]] owned by [[The Hindu Group]], headquartered in [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu. It was founded as a weekly publication in 1878 by the [[Triplicane Six]], becoming a daily in 1889.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/aboutus/ |title=About Us |work=The Hindu |access-date=15 May 2018 |archive-date=12 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512193855/http://www.thehindu.com/aboutus/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is one of the Indian [[Newspaper of record|newspapers of record.]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkhHC6AgRrgC&q=%22newspaper+of+record%22+%22the+hindu%22+-thehindu.com&pg=PA163 |title=The Political Economy of Hunger: Volume 1: Entitlement and Well-being |last1=Drèze |first1=Jean |last2=Sen |first2=Amartya |date=21 February 1991 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=9780191544460 |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629113303/https://books.google.com/books?id=BkhHC6AgRrgC&q=%22newspaper+of+record%22+%22the+hindu%22+-thehindu.com&pg=PA163 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chennai | title=The Hindu }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSW8fg7zr8gC&q=%22newspaper+of+record%22+%22the+hindu%22&pg=PA185 |title=The Sun Never Sets: South Asian Migrants in an Age of U.S. Power |last1=Bald |first1=Vivek |last2=Chatterji |first2=Miabi |last3=Reddy |first3=Sujani |last4=Vimalassery |first4=Manu |date=22 July 2013 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0814786437 |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629113303/https://books.google.com/books?id=OSW8fg7zr8gC&q=%22newspaper+of+record%22+%22the+hindu%22&pg=PA185 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|March 2018}}, ''The Hindu'' is published from 21 locations across 11 [[States and union territories of India|states of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Expanding footprint |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 February 2018 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/expanding-footprint/article22872967.ece |access-date=23 March 2018 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714013525/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/expanding-footprint/article22872967.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

''The Hindu'' has been a family-owned newspaper since 1905, when it was purchased by [[S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar]] from the original founders. It is now jointly owned by Iyengar's descendants (locally referred to as "The Hindu Family"), who serve as the directors of the holding company.

Except for a period of around two years, when [[Siddharth Varadarajan|S. Varadarajan]] held editorship of the newspaper, senior editorial positions of the paper have always been held by members of the original Iyengar family or by those appointed by them under their direction.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Konikkara |first1=Aathira |last2=Nileena |first2=M. S. |title=Paper Priests: The battle for the soul of The Hindu |newspaper=The Caravan |date=30 November 2021 |quote=The Hindu was wholly the possession of the Kasturi family by this time. After Kasturi Ranga Iyengar's death in 1923, the editorship was passed on to family members.... In mid 2011, Varadarajan became the first person from outside the family to hold the role in the newspaper's history... Besides being chairperson, Parthasarathy is also the director of editorial strategy for The Hindu. |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/media/the-hindu-soul-modi-malini-ram-hindutva-rss-left |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194113/https://caravanmagazine.in/media/the-hindu-soul-modi-malini-ram-hindutva-rss-left |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
=== Early years ===
''The Hindu'' was founded in [[Madras]] on 20 September 1878 as a weekly newspaper, by what was known then as the '''Triplicane Six''', which consisted of four law students and two teachers: T.T. Rangacharya, P. V. Rangacharya, D. Kesava Rao Pantulu and [[N. Subba Rao Pantulu]], led by [[G. Subramania Iyer]] (a schoolteacher from [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore district]]) and M. Veeraraghavacharyar (a [[lecturer]] at [[Pachaiyappa's College]]).<ref>{{cite news |first1=M.S. |last1=Ramnath |first2=Mitu |last2=Jayshankar |title=The Hindu board room becomes a battlefield |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/boardroom/the-hindu-board-room-becomes-battlefield/12462/0 |newspaper=Forbes India |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=4 March 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622154613/http://www.forbesindia.com/article/boardroom/the-hindu-board-room-becomes-battlefield/12462/0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Kasturi Ranga Iyengar ===
The partnership between Veeraraghavachariar and Subramania Iyer was dissolved in October 1898. Iyer quit the paper, leaving Veeraraghavachariar as sole owner; he appointed [[C. Karunakara Menon]] as editor. However, ''The Hindu''{{'}}s adventurousness began to decline in the 1900s and so did its circulation, which was down to 800 copies when the sole proprietor decided to sell out. The purchaser was ''The Hindu''{{'}}s Legal Adviser from 1895, [[S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl2020/stories/20031010005512800.htm |title=Navigation News - Frontline |access-date=18 May 2013 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502014026/http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl2020/stories/20031010005512800.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Management==
Over the course of its history, the family of Kasturi Ranga Iyengar has usually run ''The Hindu'' through the presence of members in editorial and business operations, as well as on the Board. It was headed by G. Kasturi from 1965 to 1991, N. Ravi from 1991 to 2003, and by his brother, N. Ram, from 27 June 2003 to 18 January 2011.<ref name="Outlook 2010" />

As of 2010, there were 12 directors in the board of Kasturi & Sons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/battleforcontrolbreaksoutinthehinduverydividedfamily/595373/0 |title=Battle for control breaks out in The Hindu very divided family |author=Archna Shukla |date=25 March 2010 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=25 March 2010 |archive-date=30 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330073159/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/battleforcontrolbreaksoutinthehinduverydividedfamily/595373/0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Later developments ===
In 1987–88, ''The Hindu'''s coverage of the [[Bofors arms deal scandal]], a series of document-backed exclusives, set the terms of the national political discourse on this subject.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://centennial.journalism.columbia.edu/1989-scandal-in-india/index.html |title=1989: Scandal in India |website=centennial.journalism.columbia.edu |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=22 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122192815/http://centennial.journalism.columbia.edu/1989-scandal-in-india/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Bofors scandal broke in April 1987 with [[Sveriges Radio|Swedish Radio]] alleging that bribes had been paid to top Indian political leaders, officials and [[Indian Army]] officers in return for the Swedish arms manufacturing company winning a hefty contract with the Government of India for the purchase of 155 mm howitzers. During a six-month period, the newspaper published scores of copies of original papers that documented the secret payments, amounting to $50 million, into Swiss bank accounts, the agreements behind the payments, communications relating to the payments and the crisis response, and other material. The investigation was led by a part-time correspondent of ''The Hindu'', [[Chitra Subramaniam]], reporting from [[Geneva]], and was supported by Ram in Chennai. The scandal was a major embarrassment to the party in power at the centre, the [[Indian National Congress]], and its leader [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]]. The paper's editorial accused the Prime Minister of being party to massive fraud and cover-up.<ref name="DevelopPaperNewReader">{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/th125/stories/2003091300830500.htm |title=Developing a paper for a new reader |work=The Hindu |date=13 September 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041124154440/http://www.hinduonnet.com/th125/stories/2003091300830500.htm |archive-date=24 November 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1991, Deputy Editor N. Ravi, Ram's younger brother, replaced G. Kasturi as editor. Nirmala Lakshman, Kasturi Srinivasan's granddaughter and the first woman in the company to hold an editorial or managerial role, became Joint Editor of ''The Hindu'' and her sister, [[Malini Parthasarathy]], Executive Editor.<ref name="Outlook 2010">{{Cite news |title=The Hindu: Very Divided Family |work=Outlook (blog) |date=25 March 2010 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/blog/story/ithe-hindui-very-divided-family/2225 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507130224/https://www.outlookindia.com/blog/story/ithe-hindui-very-divided-family/2225 |archive-date=7 May 2016}}</ref>

In 2003, the [[Jayalalithaa]] government of the state of Tamil Nadu, of which Chennai is the capital, filed cases against ''The Hindu'' for breach of privilege of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|state legislative body]]. The move was perceived as a government's assault on [[freedom of the press]], and the paper garnered support from the journalistic community.<ref>{{cite web |author=Onkar Singh |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/08hindu.htm |title=Journalists protest TN assembly's arrest of scribes |date=8 November 2003 |access-date=14 March 2006 |archive-date=23 November 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123222246/http://inhome.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/08hindu.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Joint managing director N. Murali said in July 2003, "It is true that our readers have been complaining that some of our reports are partial and lack objectivity. But it also depends on reader beliefs." N. Ram was appointed on 27 June 2003 as its [[editor-in-chief]] with a mandate to "improve the structures and other mechanisms to uphold and strengthen quality and objectivity in news reports and opinion pieces", authorised to "restructure the editorial framework and functions in line with the competitive environment".<ref>{{cite web |date=11 November 2005 |title=The job of a reporter is to write news, not to comment |url=http://www.prdomain.com/feature/feature_details.asp?id=119&area=J&typ=A |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060317091805/http://www.prdomain.com/feature/feature_details.asp?id=119&area=J&typ=A |archive-date=17 March 2006 |access-date=20 April 2006}} An interview with N. Ram, editor-in-chief of ''The Hindu''</ref> On 3 and 23 September 2003, the reader's letters column carried responses from readers saying the editorial was biased.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 September 2003 |title=Biased editorial |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/09/03/stories/2003090302701002.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041104060404/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/09/03/stories/2003090302701002.htm |archive-date=4 November 2004 |department=Opinion – Letters to the Editor}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 September 2003 |title=Biased |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/09/23/stories/2003092300861002.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310174944/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/09/23/stories/2003092300861002.htm |archive-date=10 March 2007 |department=Opinion – Letters to the Editor}}</ref> An editorial in August 2003 observed that the newspaper was affected by the "[[editorialising]] as news [[Journalism|reporting]]" virus, and expressed a determination to buck the trend, restore the professionally sound lines of demarcation, and strengthen [[Objectivity (journalism)|objectivity]] and [[factuality]] in its coverage.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 August 2003 |title=The Hindu |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/08/27/stories/2003082700621000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310174913/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/08/27/stories/2003082700621000.htm |archive-date=10 March 2007 |department=Opinion – Editorials}}</ref>

In 2010, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' reported a dispute within the publisher of ''The Hindu'' regarding the retirement age of the person working as the editor-in-chief, a post which was then being served by N. Ram. Following this report, Ram decided to sue ''The Indian Express'' for defamation, a charge which the ''Indian Express'' denied. [[N. Ravi]] and Parthasarathy voiced concern about Ram's decision, saying that doing so goes against ''The Hindu'''s values and that journalists should not fear "scrutiny", respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |author2=Shuchi Bansal |author1=Vidhya Sivaramakrishnan |date=2010-03-25 |title=Ram to initiate legal action against Express for story on internal tussle |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/JLCZIVNqLgskfDNFDGB4LI/Ram-to-initiate-legal-action-against-Express-for-story-on-in.html |work=Mint |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123054754/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/JLCZIVNqLgskfDNFDGB4LI/Ram-to-initiate-legal-action-against-Express-for-story-on-in.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During subsequent events, Malini Parthasarathy tweeted that "issues relating to management of newspaper have come to the surface, including editorial direction" in her response to a question. Later, she called N. Ram and other ''The Hindu'' employees "[[Stalinism|Stalinists]]", alleging that they were trying to oust her from the newspaper.<ref name="Independent" /><ref name="Outlook 2010" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-03-25 |title=Battle for control breaks out in The Hindu very divided family |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/battle-for-control-breaks-out-in-the-hindu-very-divided-family/ |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2011, during the resignation of [[N. Ram]], the newspaper became the subject of a succession battle between the members of the Kasturi family. Ram had appointed [[Siddharth Varadarajan]] as his successor as the editor-in-chief of the newspaper who justified the appointment on the ostensible basis of separation of ownership and management, which was opposed by [[N. Ravi]] as it deviated from the publication's tradition of family members retaining editorial control over it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-22 |title=Succession battle for The Hindu turns ugly |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/succession-battle-for-the-hindu-turns-ugly/story-GUUNCN95Sffn0YlDiMv1PM.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008085933/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/succession-battle-for-the-hindu-turns-ugly/story-GUUNCN95Sffn0YlDiMv1PM.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Varadarajan was subsequently accused by dissident family members of being [[Left-wing politics|left]] leaning and the matter of Varadarajan's appointment was brought in front of the board of directors of the parent company, Kasturi & Sons. During the dispute, [[Narasimhan Murali]] alleged that [[N. Ram]] ran ''The Hindu'' "like a [[banana republic]], with [[cronyism]] and vested interests ruling the roost". In the end, the board voted 6–6 over a review of the appointment, the tie was broken by a deciding vote from Ram in his capacity as chairman of the company and in favor of his decision.<ref name="Independent">{{Cite web |author=Andrew Buncombe |title=The family feud which is gripping India's media: Editor of 'The Hindu' newspaper resigns |work=The Independent |date=7 November 2013 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/press/family-feud-which-gripping-india-s-media-editor-hindu-newspaper-resigns-8925384.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/press/family-feud-which-gripping-india-s-media-editor-hindu-newspaper-resigns-8925384.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |id={{ProQuest|1448886974}}}}</ref>

On 2 April 2013 ''The Hindu'' started "The Hindu in School" with S. Shivakumar as editor. A new edition for young readers, it is distributed through schools as part of ''The Hindu'''s "Newspaper in Education" programme. It covers the day's important news developments, features, sports, and regional news.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-hindu-goes-to-school/article3269801.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |first=Liffy |last=Thomas |title=''The Hindu'' goes to school |date=2 April 2012 |access-date=16 September 2013 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023064115/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-hindu-goes-to-school/article3269801.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> On 16 September 2013, The Hindu Group launched its [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] edition with K. Ashokan as editor.<ref name="livemint.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/dLro0NLJ7ujfKJbTswsGgL/The-Hindu-to-launch-Tamil-newspaper-on-16-September.html |title='The Hindu' to launch Tamil newspaper on 16 September |author=S. Bridget Leena |work=Livemint |date=4 September 2013 |access-date=2 October 2013 |archive-date=10 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010033348/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/dLro0NLJ7ujfKJbTswsGgL/The-Hindu-to-launch-Tamil-newspaper-on-16-September.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 21 October 2013, changes were made in Editorial as well as business of ''The Hindu''.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

For the first time since its founding in 1878, ''The Hindu'' did not publish a print edition in the Chennai market on 2 December, as workers could not reach the press building due to the [[2015 South Indian floods]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Chennai floods: The Hindu not published for first time since 1878 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34981328 |work=BBC News |date=2 December 2015 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106214809/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34981328 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Notable editors ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}
Editor's include:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimhan |first=T E |title=Mukund Padmanabhan appointed as new editor of The Hindu |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/mukund-padmanabhan-appointed-as-new-editor-of-the-hindu-116032300682_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309173006/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/mukund-padmanabhan-appointed-as-new-editor-of-the-hindu-116032300682_1.html |archive-date=9 March 2021 |access-date=2025-12-07 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:The Hindu front.jpg|thumb|A close-up view of the entrance to Kasturi Buildings, the head office of ''The Hindu'']]

*[[M. Veeraraghavachariar]] (1878–1904)
*[[S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar]] (1904–1923)
*[[K. Srinivasan]] (1923–1959)
*[[G. Narasimhan]] (1959–1977)
*[[N. Ram]] (1977–2011)
*[[K. Balaji (publisher)|K. Balaji]] (2011–2012)

*[[G. Subramania Iyer]] (1878–1898)
*[[C. Karunakara Menon]] (1898–1905)
*[[S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar]] (1905–1923)
*[[S. Rangaswami Iyengar]] (1923–1926)
*[[A. Rangaswami Iyengar]] (1928–1934)
*[[S. Parthasarathy]] (1959–1965)
*[[G. Kasturi]] (1965–1991)
*[[N. Ravi]] (1991–2003)
*[[N. Ram]] (2003–2011)
*[[Siddharth Varadarajan]] (2011–2013)<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2011 |title=Siddharth Varadarajan appointed Hindu editor |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Chennai/Siddharth-Varadarajan-appointed-Hindu-editor/Article1-723450.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919085611/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Chennai/Siddharth-Varadarajan-appointed-Hindu-editor/Article1-723450.aspx |archive-date=September 19, 2013 |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Vidhi |date=2013-10-21 |title=Siddharth Varadarajan quits The Hindu; family rift resurfaces |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/7Igh9ncxU6SfsvAg9sukZL/Siddharth-Varadarajan-resigns-from-The-Hindu.html |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409012051/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/7Igh9ncxU6SfsvAg9sukZL/Siddharth-Varadarajan-resigns-from-The-Hindu.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[N. Ravi]] (2013–2015)<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/changes-at-the-helm-editorial-and-business/article5257829.ece?homepage=true |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=Changes at the Helm: Editorial and Business |date=21 October 2013 |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225122227/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/changes-at-the-helm-editorial-and-business/article5257829.ece?homepage=true |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Malini Parthasarathy]] (2015–2016)<ref name="ReferenceC" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/change-at-the-helm-at-the-hindu/article6805809.ece |title=Malini Parthasarathy is the Editor of The Hindu |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 January 2015 |access-date=3 March 2015 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108095005/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/change-at-the-helm-at-the-hindu/article6805809.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Mukund Padmanabhan (2016–2019)<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/mukund-padmanabhan-is-editor-of-the-hindu-raghavan-srinivasan-becomes-business-line-editor/article8390017.ece?homepage=true |title=Mukund Padmanabhan is Editor of The Hindu; Raghavan Srinivasan becomes Business Line Editor |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 March 2016 |access-date=23 March 2016 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225122230/https://www.thehindu.com/news/mukund-padmanabhan-is-editor-of-the-hindu-raghavan-srinivasan-becomes-business-line-editor/article8390017.ece?homepage=true |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimhan |first=T E |title=Mukund Padmanabhan appointed as new editor of The Hindu |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/mukund-padmanabhan-appointed-as-new-editor-of-the-hindu-116032300682_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309173006/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/mukund-padmanabhan-appointed-as-new-editor-of-the-hindu-116032300682_1.html |archive-date=9 March 2021 |access-date=2025-12-07 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Suresh Nambath (2019–)<ref name="Editorial transition">{{cite news |title=Editorial transition |newspaper=The Hindu |date=March 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/editorial-transition/article26401002.ece |access-date=1 March 2019 |archive-date=16 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116054135/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/editorial-transition/article26401002.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Online presence==
''The Hindu,'' the first newspaper in India to have a website, launched its website at thehindu.com in 1995.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-its-20-year-the-hindu-website-wins-major-award/article6937451.ece |title=In its 20th year, The Hindu website wins major award |date=26 February 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=8 May 2019 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809053659/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-its-20-year-the-hindu-website-wins-major-award/article6937451.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 15 August 2009, the 130-year-old newspaper launched the beta version of its redesigned website at beta.thehindu.com. This was the first redesign of its website since its launch. On 24 June 2010 the beta version of the website went live.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/23/stories/2010062362190100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626110341/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/23/stories/2010062362190100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 June 2010 |title=Our new website goes fully live on 29 June |date=23 June 2010 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

On 15 August 2022, for the first time in its 144-year-old history, ''The Hindu'' started publishing Hindi-translated editorials on its website.<ref>{{Cite web |last=प्रितम |first=अनमोल |title=144 सालों में पहली बार हिंदी में हाथ आजमा रहा है 'द हिंदू' |url=https://hindi.newslaundry.com/2022/08/18/the-hindu-news-paper-editorial-in-hindi |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=Newslaundry |date=18 August 2022 |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818142048/https://hindi.newslaundry.com/2022/08/18/the-hindu-news-paper-editorial-in-hindi |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Criticism and scandals==

On 5 January 2016, ''The Hindu'' reported the story on the ''[[Sengol]]'' (a sceptre from the nation’s [[Indian independence movement|independence]] in 1947), was just fiction based on manufactured lies,<ref>{{cite web | title=1947 'sengol' story just fiction based on manufactured lies: N. Ram | date=31 May 2023 | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/1947-sengol-story-just-fiction-based-on-manufactured-lies-n-ram/article66915936.ece }}</ref> leading to the ''Sengol'' controversy. Malini Parthasarathy engaged in discussion with [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] ideologue S. Gurumurthy regarding ''The Hindu'' and its [[fact-checking]] of the ''[[Sengol]]'' controversy. The newspaper had contradicted the Union government's claim that the ''Sengol'' was presented to then-Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] by [[Lord Mountbatten]], the last [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]]. Gurumurthy contested the findings of the fact-checking article,<ref name="Actual reason of Resignation">{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/malini-parthasarathy-resigns-from-the-hindu-group-publishing-cites-narrowed-scope-for-editorial-views |title=Malini Parthasarathy Resigns from the Hindu Group Publishing, Cites 'Narrowed Scope' for Editorial Views |access-date=28 July 2023 |archive-date=28 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728113947/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/malini-parthasarathy-resigns-from-the-hindu-group-publishing-cites-narrowed-scope-for-editorial-views |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/malini-parthasarathy-resigns-hindu-s-board-178095 |title=Malini Parthasarathy resigns from the Hindu's board |date=5 June 2023 |access-date=5 June 2023 |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605200249/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/malini-parthasarathy-resigns-hindu-s-board-178095 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Malini continued as a Director of Kasturi & Sons Ltd.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/resignation-of-editor-interim-arrangements-in-place/article8069501.ece?homepage=true |title=Resignation of Editor & interim arrangements in place |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 January 2016 |access-date=5 January 2016 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629113257/https://www.thehindu.com/news/Resignation-of-Editor-amp-interim-arrangements-in-place/article13988442.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2020, she became the chairperson of the Group. On 5 June 2023, she stepped down upon completing her non-extendable three-year term as chairperson, and Nirmala Lakshman was unanimously appointed as chairperson.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-05 |title=Nirmala Lakshman appointed Chairperson of The Hindu Group Publishing Private Limited |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nirmala-lakshman-appointed-chairperson-of-the-hindu-group-publishing-private-limited/article66934453.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605194743/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nirmala-lakshman-appointed-chairperson-of-the-hindu-group-publishing-private-limited/article66934453.ece |archive-date=5 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="auto1" />

On 25 January 2012, Mr. [[K. C. Palanisamy |K.C. Palaniswamy]], a former [[AIADMK]] Member of Parliament registered a complaint against [[N. Ram]], the owner of The Hindu and 8 other directors of KSL(Kasturi and Sons Ltd)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/n-ram-denies-charge-of-landgrabbing/story-yiAzlXRzZLleq6dgh1MssL.html|title=N Ram denies charge of landgrabbing|date=26 January 2012|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>, the parent company of The Hindu with the Chennai police, accusing them of a 400-acre land grab scam, worth nearly {{INR}}3 billion.<ref>{{cite news |title=ரூ.300 கோடி மதிப்பு 400 ஏக்கர் நிலம் இந்து ராம், ரமேஷ் அபகரிக்க முயற்சி |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=652 |newspaper=[[Dinakaran]] |date=26 January 2012 |archive-date=13 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813115307/http://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=652 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ram filed and received an anticipatory bail in the case.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-ADMK leader files FIR over TN land grab |url=http://dailypioneer.com/nation/98005-ex-admk-leader-files-fir-over-tn-land-grab.html |newspaper=[[The Pioneer (newspaper) |The Pioneer]] |date=29 September 2012 |archive-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102153905/http://dailypioneer.com/nation/98005-ex-admk-leader-files-fir-over-tn-land-grab.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=நில ஆவணப் பறிப்பு வழக்கு... இந்து ராம், ரமேஷ் ரங்கராஜன் கோர்ட்டில் சரண் |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2012/12/25/tamilnadu-hindu-ram-ramesh-rangarajan-surrender-166841.html |work=[[Oneindia.in]] |date=25 December 2012 |archive-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101001014/http://tamil.oneindia.in/news/2012/12/25/tamilnadu-hindu-ram-ramesh-rangarajan-surrender-166841.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Editorial policy and reputation==
{{update|section|date=April 2021}}
[[File:The Hindu Chennai.jpg|thumb|Headquarters of ''The Hindu'' in [[Anna Salai]], [[Chennai]]]]
Its editorial stances have earned it the nickname, the "[[Maha Vishnu]] of Mount Road".<ref>{{cite web |title=Vizhippunarvu - Kuthusigurusami - Kuruvikarambaivelu - Periyar - Kudiarasu |url=http://keetru.com/vizhippunarvu/oct08/kuthusigurusami.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023114/http://keetru.com/vizhippunarvu/oct08/kuthusigurusami.php |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> "From the new address, 100 Mount Road, which was to remain ''The Hindu''<nowiki>'s</nowiki> home till 1939, there issued a [[quarto]]-size paper with a front-page full of advertisements—a practice that came to an end only in 1958 when it followed the lead of its idol, the pre-[[Roy Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet|Thomson]] ''[[The Times|Times]]'' [<nowiki/>[[London]]]—and three back pages also at the service of the advertiser. In between, there were more views than news."<ref name="WillingToStrike">{{cite web |author=S. Muthiah |date=13 September 2003 |title=Willing to strike and not reluctant to wound |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003091300770200.htm&date=2003/09/13/&prd=th125& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050929154239/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003091300770200.htm&date=2003%2F09%2F13%2F&prd=th125& |archive-date=29 September 2005 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

In 1965, ''[[The Times]]'' listed ''The Hindu'' as one of the world's ten best newspapers. Discussing each of its choices in separate articles, ''The Times'' wrote: "''The Hindu'' takes the general seriousness to lengths of severity... published in Madras, it is the only newspaper which in spite of being published only in a provincial capital is regularly and attentively read in [[Delhi]]. It is read not only as a distant and authoritative voice on national affairs but as an expression of the most liberal—and least provincial—southern attitudes... Its Delhi Bureau gives it outstanding political and economic dispatches and it carries regular and frequent reports from all state capitals, so giving more news from states, other than its own, than most newspapers in India...However, most news is from the southern states. It might fairly be described as a southern newspaper. ''The Hindu'' can claim to be the most respected paper in India."<ref name="DevelopPaperNewReader" /><ref>{{cite news |work=The Times |date=3 March 1965 |title=Newspapers of the World: VI - The Hindu |page=11 |issue=56260}}</ref>

In 1968, the [[American Newspaper Publishers Association]] awarded ''The Hindu'' its World Press Achievement Award.<ref name="DevelopPaperNewReader" />{{Primary source inline|date=December 2022}}

A 2014 article in the ''[[Indian Journal of Pharmacology]]'' praised ''The Hindu'''s ongoing journalism and critique of [[clinical trials in India]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Y. K. |last1=Gupta |last2=Kumar |first2=B. Dinesh |title=Clinical trials and evolving regulatory science in India |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |date=2014 |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=575–578 |doi=10.4103/0253-7613.144887 |pmid=25538325 |pmc=4264069 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Journalism}}

*[[Business Line|''The Hindu Business Line'']]
*[[Frontline (magazine)|''Frontline'' magazine]]
*[[List of newspapers in India]]
*[[List of newspapers in India by readership]]
*[[The Hindu Literary Prize|''The Hindu'' Literary Prize]]
*[[Lit for Life]]
*[[Sportstar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Merrill |first1=John C. |first2=Harold A. |last2=Fisher |title=The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers |year=1980 |pages=162–169}}
* {{cite web |author=T. S. Subramanian |title=The Hindu at 125 |work=The Hindu |date=10 October 2003 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20031010005512800.htm&date=fl2020%2F&prd=fline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430123920/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20031010005512800.htm&date=fl2020%2F&prd=fline |archive-date=30 April 2011 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |author=N. Ram |title=Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow |work=The Hindu |date=13 September 2003 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003091300500100.htm&date=2003/09/13/&prd=th125& |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219213310/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003091300500100.htm&date=2003%2F09%2F13%2F&prd=th125& |archive-date=19 February 2007 |url-status=dead}}
* Looking Back: The history of ''The Hindu'' as told by historian S. Muthiah.
** {{cite web |title=Willing to strike and not reluctant to wound |work=The Hindu |date=13 September 2003 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003091300770200.htm&date=2003/09/13/&prd=th125& |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050929154239/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003091300770200.htm&date=2003%2F09%2F13%2F&prd=th125& |archive-date=29 September 2005 |url-status=dead}}
** {{cite web |title=Making news the family business |work=The Hindu |date=13 September 2003 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003091300800200.htm&date=2003/09/13/&prd=th125& |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310193335/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003091300800200.htm&date=2003%2F09%2F13%2F&prd=th125& |archive-date=10 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}
** {{cite web |title=A clarion call against the Raj |work=The Hindu |date=13 September 2003 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003091300810200.htm&date=2003/09/13/&prd=th125& |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112002540/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003091300810200.htm&date=2003%2F09%2F13%2F&prd=th125& |archive-date=12 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}
** {{cite web |title=Treading softly – but modernizing apace |work=The Hindu |date=13 September 2003 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003091300820400.htm&date=2003/09/13/&prd=th125& |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015064319/http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003091300820400.htm&date=2003%2F09%2F13%2F&prd=th125& |archive-date=15 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}
** {{cite web |title=Developing a paper for a new reader |work=The Hindu |date=13 September 2003 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003091300830500.htm&date=2003/09/13/&prd=th125& |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310193354/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003091300830500.htm&date=2003%2F09%2F13%2F&prd=th125& |archive-date=10 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |author=N. Murali |title=Core values and high quality standards |work=The Hindu |date=13 September 2003 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003091301020800.htm&date=2003/09/13/&prd=th125& |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127134111/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003091301020800.htm&date=2003%2F09%2F13%2F&prd=th125& |archive-date=27 November 2007 |url-status=dead}}

==External links==
{{commons category|The Hindu|''The Hindu''}}
* {{official website}}


{{KasturiSons}}
{{Newspapers in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindu, The}}
[[Category:1878 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Asian news websites]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Chennai]]
[[Category:National newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Chennai]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1878]]
[[Category:The Hindu Group|Hindu]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Patna]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Vijayawada]]

Sanivarasanthe Assembly constituency

2026-04-26T15:31:01Z

ShannonAguayo: started new entry

{{Short description|Defunct constituency of the Mysore Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sanivarasanthe
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| state = [[Mysore State]] ''([[Coorg State]] till 31 October 1956)''
| electorate =
| established = 1951
| abolished = 1957
| reservation = None
}}
'''Sanivarasanthe Assembly constituency''' was a constituency of the [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]] (part of [[Coorg Legislative Assembly]] till 31 October 1956). The lone election to this constituency was conducted in [[1952 Coorg State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] to the legislature of the [[Coorg State|Coorg State (Kodagu)]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Q5q4MedrFIC |title=India Votes |year=1968 |page=355}}</ref> The constituency included [[Sanivarasanthe]]. This seat was included to [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]] in 1956 during the [[States Reorganisation Act|reorganisation of the Indian States]] based along linguistic lines, the state of [[Coorg State|Coorg (Kodagu)]] was merged with [[Mysore State]].<ref>{{cite news |date=1 October 2005 |title=SRC submits report |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301045415/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |archive-date=1 March 2006 |access-date=9 October 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Seat Number
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Coorg Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name="CoorgECI1951"></ref>
|align="center"|1
|[[P. K. Chennayya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|align="center"|2
|[[Kuttur Mallappa]]
|-
|colspan=5 align=center|1957 onwards: ''Seat does not exist. See [[Madikeri Assembly constituency|Madikeri]]''
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===1952===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1952 Coorg Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanivarasanthe<ref name="CoorgECI1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4106-coorg-1951/ | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Coorg (Kodagu) | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=2020-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022013656/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_COORG.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[P. K. Chennayya]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4321
|percentage = 43.73
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kuttur Mallappa]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4202
|percentage = 42.53
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = B. Chikka
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 707
|percentage = 7.16
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = G. K. Venkataramaiah
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 650
|percentage = 6.58
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9880
|percentage = 63.1
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coords|12.726547|75.889377|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Coorg]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kodagu district]]

Pranay Kumar Verma

2026-04-26T11:32:24Z

ShannonAguayo: Created a biography

{{short description|Indian diplomat and former High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Pranay Verma in 2024 (PID-0008527) (cropped^2).jpg
| caption = Pranay in 2024
| office = [[Ambassador of India]] to [[Belgium]] and the [[European Union]]
| term_start = 10 April 2026
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Saurabh Kumar (ambassador)|Saurabh Kumar]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[List of high commissioners of India to Bangladesh|High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh]]
| term_start1 = 22 October 2022
| term_end1 = 09 April 2026
| predecessor1 = [[Vikram Doraiswami]]
| successor1 = [[Dinesh Trivedi]]
| office2 = [[Ambassador of India]] to [[Vietnam]]
| term_start2 = 25 July 2019
| term_end2 = 29 July 2022
| predecessor2 = [[Parvathaneni Harish]]
| successor2 = Sandeep Arya
| occupation = [[Indian Foreign Service]]
| children =
| party =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| spouse =
| sibling =
| website =
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
}}
'''Pranay Kumar Verma''' is the [[Ambassador of India]] to [[Belgium]] and the [[European Union]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2022 |title=Pranay Verma, new Indian High Commissioner arrived Dhaka |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/english/online/national/2022/09/22/39616 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=www.kalerkantho.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-29 |title=IFS officer Pranay Kumar Verma appointed Indian envoy to Bangladesh |url=https://theprint.in/world/ifs-officer-pranay-kumar-verma-appointed-indian-envoy-to-bangladesh/1060390/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> He is the former [[List of high commissioners of India to Bangladesh|High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh]] and Ambassador of India to [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-29 |title=Shri Pranay Kumar Verma appointed as new Indian High Commissioner to Dhaka |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/shri-pranay-kumar-verma-appointed-new-indian-high-commissioner-dhaka-467478 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Verma did his bachelor's degree in Mechanical engineering.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pranay Kumar Verma appointed next Indian envoy to Bangladesh |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/pranay-kumar-verma-appointed-next-indian-envoy-to-bangladesh-1659088975 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> He briefly worked at [[Tata Steel]].<ref name=":0" /> He did his master's degree at the [[Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey]] in Chinese language.<ref name=":0" />

==Diplomatic Career==
Verma joined the Indian Foreign Service in 1994.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-29 |title=IFS officer Pranay Verma appointed India's new ambassador to Bangladesh |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/pranay-verma-appointed-indias-new-envoy-to-bangladesh/1060461/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 25 July 2019, Verma was appointed the Ambassador of India to Vietnam.<ref name=":0" /> He was the previous Director General (DG) of the East Asia Division at the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pranay Kumar Verma appointed new Indian High Commissioner to Bangladesh |url=https://sarkaripariksha.com/current-affairs/pranay-kumar-verma-appointed-new-indian-high-commissioner-to-bangladesh/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> In April 2026, he appointed as [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|Ambassador of India]] to [[European Union]], [[Belgium]] and [[Luxembourg]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Financial Express {{!}} First Financial Daily of Bangladesh |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/world/asia/pranay-verma-appointed-as-next-indian-ambassador-to-belgium-eu |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

===High Commissioner to Bangladesh===
Verma was appointed High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh on 29 July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-12 |title=Pranay Verma next Indian High Commissioner to Dhaka, reports say |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/diplomacy/news/pranay-verma-next-indian-high-commissioner-dhaka-reports-say-3068641 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He replaced [[Vikram Doraiswami]].<ref name=":1" /> He presented his credentials to President [[Mohammad Abdul Hamid]] on 28 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Indian High Commissioner Pranay Verma presents credentials to President Hamid |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/27mxkontty |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=New Indian High Commissioner Pranay Verma presents credentials to President Hamid |language=en}}</ref>

During his tenure, the [[July Uprising]] occurred in Bangladesh, resulting in the overthrow of the government of [[Sheikh Hasina]]. Subsequently, under the interim advisory of [[Muhammad Yunus]], India-Bangladesh relations experienced some strain. Following the [[2026 Bangladeshi general election]], when [[Tarique Rahman]] assumed office as [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]], efforts were undertaken by Verma, his team, and delegations from India, including [[S. Jaishankar]] and [[Vikram Misri]], to restore and strengthen bilateral relations with Bangladesh at a pragmatic and constructive level.<ref>{{cite web |title=Visit to Dhaka of the External Affairs Minister |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/40561/Visit_to_Dhaka_of_the_External_Affairs_Minister |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=30 December 2025 |access-date=27 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Khaleda Zia's funeral: Jaishankar meets Tarique Rahman in Dhaka, hands over PM Modi's condolence letter |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/khaleda-zias-funeral-jaishankar-meets-tarique-rahman-in-dhaka-hands-over-pm-modis-condolence-letter/article70456346.ece |publisher=The Hindu |date=31 December 2025 |access-date=27 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh envoy calls for amicable resolution of sensitive issues between New Delhi, Dhaka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bangladesh-envoy-calls-for-amicable-resolution-of-sensitive-issues-between-new-delhi-dhaka/article70791028.ece |publisher=The Hindu |date=26 March 2026 |access-date=27 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Is the ice finally breaking in Bangladesh‑India relations? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2026/03/is-the-ice-finally-breaking-in-bangladesh-india-relations/ |publisher=The Diplomat |date=March 2026 |access-date=27 March 2026}}</ref>

===Ambassador of India to the Kingdom of Belgium and the European Union===
On April 10, 2026, Verma has been appointed as the next Ambassador of India to the [[Kingdom of Belgium]] and the [[European Union]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Pranay Verma appointed as the next Ambassador of India to the Kingdom of Belgium and the European Union |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/41035/Shri+Pranay+Verma+appointed+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+the+Kingdom+of+Belgium+and+the+European+Union |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=10 April 2026 |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref>.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Vietnam]]
[[Category:Middlebury College alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Namthang–Rateypani Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:31:41Z

ShannonAguayo: new a post initial version!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| constituency_no = 13
| name = Namthang-Rateypani
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Sanjit Kharel]]
|party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Sikkim]]
| district = [[Namchi district|Namchi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]]
| established = 2008
| electors = 15,451<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/VoterTurnout/Voters%20Turnout%20Vidhan%20Sabha%20Elections%20Sikkim%202019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219115258/https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/VoterTurnout/Voters%20Turnout%20Vidhan%20Sabha%20Elections%20Sikkim%202019.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2024 |title=Vidhan Sabha Elections Sikkim 2019 - Voters Turnout Statistical Data|website=ceosikkim.nic.in |publisher= CEO of Sikkim |access-date= 1 January 2021}}</ref> {{update after|2024|05}}
| reservation = None
}}
'''Namthang-Rateypani Assembly constituency''' is one of the 32 assembly constituencies of [[Sikkim]] a north east state of [[India]]. Namthang-Rateypani is part of [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/sikkim/assembly-constituencies/namthang-rateypani.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Namthang-Rateypani Assembly constituency]</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/sikkim/assembly-constituencies/namthang-rateypani.html Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm |title=Assembly constituencies Revenue Blocks |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416060808/http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm |archive-date=16 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=2 | Tilu Gurung || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]] ||rowspan=2 |[[Sanjit Kharel]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Namthang–Rateypani}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanjit Kharel]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=8,949 |percentage=63.46% |change={{increase}}9.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Suman Pradhan|party=Sikkim Democratic Front|votes=3,344|percentage=23.71%|change={{decrease}}19.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Hari Chandra Chettri|party=Citizen Action Party – Sikkim|votes=1,300|percentage=9.22%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Janak Kumar Gurung|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=344|percentage=2.44%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=164|percentage=1.16%|change={{increase}}0.47}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,605 |percentage=39.75% |change= {{increase}}29.54 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=14,101|percentage=85.69%|change={{increase}}2.99}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,455 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |swing= {{increase}}9.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Namthang–Rateypani<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=Sikkim Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners|url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106160313/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanjit Kharel]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=6,848 |percentage=53.59% |change={{increase}}10.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birjan Tamang |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,543 |percentage=43.38% |change={{decrease}}10.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sancha Man Chettri |party=Indian National Congress |votes=128 |percentage=1.00% |change={{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=89 |percentage=0.70% |change={{decrease}}0.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Ram Sharma |party=Sikkim Republican Party |votes=83 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,305 |percentage=10.21% |change= {{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,779 |percentage=82.71% |change= {{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,451 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Namthang–Rateypani}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tilu Gurung |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,947 |percentage=53.84% |change={{decrease}}11.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Singh Tamang |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=4,792 |percentage=43.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=109 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dik Maya Basnet |party=Indian National Congress |votes=107 |percentage=0.97% |change={{decrease}}29.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yasodha Barakoti |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=91 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,155 |percentage=10.46% |change= {{decrease}}24.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,046 |percentage=83.53% |change= {{increase}}0.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,224 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}11.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Namthang–Rateypani<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404202702/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2014|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tilu Gurung |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,988 |percentage=65.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suk Bahadur Tamang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,777 |percentage=30.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arun Kumar Gurung |party=Sikkim Gorkha Party |votes=132 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Uprety |party=Independent politician |votes=101 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abir Singh Subba |party=Independent politician |votes=60 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjukta Rai |party=Sikkim Jan-Ekta Party |votes=48 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,211 |percentage=35.26% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,106 |percentage=82.70% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,011 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Namthang]]
* [[Namchi district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|27.165|88.477|display=title}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Namchi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Tarun Kanyamarala

2026-04-18T18:16:45Z

ShannonAguayo: started new page

{{Short description|Irish chess player (born 2004)}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]] (until 2017) [[Ireland]] (since 2017)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2004|10|17}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| title = [[International Master]] (2022)
| peakrating = 2410 (September 2022)
|FideID = 45004714
}}

'''Tarun Kanyamarala''' is an Irish [[chess]] player.

==Chess career==
In October 2019, he won the Limerick Open with an undefeated score of 5.5/6, having finished a half-point ahead of the runners-up Gabriel Voiteanu and Henry Li.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Tarun-Kanyamarala-wins-Limerick-Open-2019|title=Tarun Kanyamarala wins Limerick Open 2019|date=November 3, 2019|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

In January 2020, he defeated grandmaster [[Georg Meier (chess player)|Georg Meier]] (who was rated 300 points higher) at the Dublin Gonzaga Masters. This was his first victory against a grandmaster.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Ireland-s-first-WIM-Trisha-Kanyamarala|title=Ireland's first WIM - Trisha Kanyamarala|first=Sagar|last=Shah|date=March 2, 2020}}</ref>

In March 2022, he became Ireland’s youngest International Master at the age of 17 years and 5 months, beating [[Brian Kelly (chess player)|Brian Kelly]]'s record from 1998.<ref name="times"/>

In July 2022, he won the [[Irish Chess Championship]] (the same year his sister won the Irish Women's Championship) and later played for the country in the [[44th Chess Olympiad]].<ref name="times">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/indian-origin-siblings-look-to-shine-for-ireland-at-chess-olympiad/articleshow/92860094.cms|title=Indian origin siblings look to shine for Ireland at Chess Olympiad|date=July 13, 2022}}</ref>

In June 2023, he started a chess technology company called Ireland Chess Technology Limited in Portlaoise along with his sister.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.laoistoday.ie/2023/06/29/two-laois-students-have-co-founded-a-chess-technology-company-based-in-portlaoise/|title=Two Laois students have co-founded a chess technology company based in Portlaoise|date=June 29, 2023|first=Mark|last=Comerford}}</ref>

==Personal life==
His younger sister is [[Trisha Kanyamarala]], who won the British Women's Chess Championship in 2024.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{FIDE|45004714}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanyamarala, Tarun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Chess International Masters]]
[[Category:Irish chess players]]
[[Category:Chess Olympiad competitors]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Ireland]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]
[[Category:Irish people of Telugu descent]]

Jabalpur Cantonment Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:40:12Z

ShannonAguayo: New Some Stub More To Come - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jabalpur Cantonment
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 99
| map_image = 99-Jabalpur Cantonment.svg
| mla = [[Ashok Rohani]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Ishwardas Rohani]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jabalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jabalpur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
}}

'''Jabalpur Cantonment Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 constituencies in the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] a central state of [[India]]. [[Jabalpur Cantonment]] is also part of [[Jabalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="election2017">{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Jabalpur Cantonment Assembly Constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/bailhongal.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= 14 October 2017 }}</ref><ref name="election2008">{{cite news |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |publisher=Election commission of India |access-date= 16 July 2018 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3730-madhya-pradesh-1967/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Manmohan Das
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3731-madhya-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3732-madhya-pradesh-1977/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Dinesh Chand Mishra
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name=election1980>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3733-madhya-pradesh-1980/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3734-madhya-pradesh-1985/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Chandra Mohan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name=election1990>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3735-madhya-pradesh-1990/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name="election1993">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3736-madhya-pradesh-1993/ |accessdate=22 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" |[[Ishwardas Rohani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3737-madhya-pradesh-1998/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3738-madhya-pradesh-2003/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008" />
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan=3 | [[Ashok Rohani]]
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="election2023"/>
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jabalpur Cantonment<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ashok Rohani]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:76966}}
|percentage = 59.6
|change = {{increase}}2.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Abhishek Chintu Chouksey
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:46921}}
|percentage = 36.34
|change = {{increase}}0.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Er.Rajesh Kumar Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:1640}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change = {{decrease}}1.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1329}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change = {{decrease}}0.75
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:30045}}
|percentage = 23.26
|change = {{increase}}2.23
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:129127}}
|percentage = 69.19
|change = {{increase}}1.93
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jabalpur Cantonment<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ashok Rohani]]
|votes = {{formatnum:71898}}
|percentage = 56.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Alok Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:45313}}
|percentage = 35.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3392}}
|percentage = 2.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2256}}
|percentage = 1.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26585}}
|percentage = 21.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:126452}}
|percentage = 67.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Jabalpur Cantonment]]
* [[Jabalpur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{coord|23.140|79.948|display=title}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Jabalpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Burtola Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:33Z

ShannonAguayo: Adding a article - done

{{Short description|Former constituency of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Burtola
| type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]]
| constituency_no = 158
| established = 1951
| electors =
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2011
}}

'''Burtola Assembly constituency''' was a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], Burtola Assembly constituency ceases to exist from 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 |access-date=2010-11-15 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

It was part of [[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 2010-11-15 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"ìÍĦĤĠčw
|-
! Election Year!!Constituency!!Name of M.L.A.!!Party affiliation
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]||Burtola||Nirmal Chandra Dey||Independent<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. 176 |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||Burtola North||Sudhir Chandra Roy Choudhury||[[Praja Socialist Party]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 129|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||Burtola South||Amarendra Nath Basu||Independent<ref name="vidhansabha1957"/>
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||Burtola South||Amarendra Nath Basu ||[[Communist Party of India]]<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 127|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||||Nikhil Das||[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 146|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1969||||Nikhil Das||Revolutionary Socialist Party<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 146|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 2 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1971||||[[Ajit Kumar Panja]]||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 144|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1972||||Ajit Kumar Panja||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 144|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1977||||Nikhil Das||Revolutionary Socialist Party<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1982||||Ajit Kumar Panja||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1987||||[[Sadhan Pande]]y||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1991||||Sadhan Pandey||Indian National Congress <ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1996||||Sadhan Pandey||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]||||Sadhan Pandey||[[All India Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||||Sadhan Pandey||All India Trinamool Congress<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|}

==Results==

===1977-2006===
Sadhan Pande representing [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] won the 158 Burtolla assembly seat defeating Kalyan Mukherjee of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] in [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]] and 2001.<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> Earlier, Sadhan Pande, representing [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] defeated Parimal Routh of RSP in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> and 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991/> and Sunil Sengupta of RSP in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1952/> [[Ajit Kumar Panja]] of Congress defeated Nikhil Das of RSP in 1982.<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> Nikhil Das of RSP defeated Ajit Kumar Panja of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp158.htm |title =158 - Burtola Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977| publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 15 November 2010}}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Ajit Kumar Panja won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> and 1971<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> defeating Lakshmi Kanta Roy of CPI(M) in both years. Nikhil Das of RSP won in 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> defeating Ajit Kumar Panja of Congress and in 1967<ref name=vidhansabha1967/> defeating S.C.R. Chaudhuri of Congress. Amarendra Nath Basu of CPI won the Burtolla South in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> defeating Suhrid Rudra of Congress. In [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]],<ref name=vidhansabha1957/> Burtolla had two seats. Sudhir Chandra Ray Chaudhuri of [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] won the Burtola North seat defeating Aparesh Bhattacharya of Congress. Amarendra Nath Basu Independent won the Burtola South seat defeating Suhrid Rudra of Congress. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India’s first election]] Nirmal Chandra De of Congress won the Burtola seat defeating Sudhir Roy Chuoudhury of [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|KMPP]] by 492 votes, Nilamber Chatterjee of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc (Marxists)]] and others.<ref name=vidhansabha1952/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata constituencies}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{coords|22.593|88.371|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Kolkata district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]

Jñāna

2026-04-13T14:35:47Z

ShannonAguayo: New The Post V1 - done

{{italic title}}
{{short description|"Knowledge" in Indian philosophy and religion}}

In [[Indian philosophy]] and [[Indian religions|religions]], '''''{{IAST|Jñāna}}''''' ({{langx|sa|ज्ञानम्|}}, {{IPA|sa|ˈdʑɲaːnɐ|}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/gyan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708015215/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/gyan |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 8, 2012 |title=Gyan – definition of ''gyan'' in English |website=[[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]] |access-date=2016-08-23}}</ref>{{efn|{{IAST|Jñāna}} is also often transliterated into English as ''jnana'', ''jnan'', ''gyana'', ''gyan'', or ''gyaan''.}} is "knowledge".

The idea of ''jñāna'' centers on a cognitive event which is recognized when experienced. It is knowledge inseparable from the total experience of reality, especially the total or divine reality ([[Brahman]]).<ref name="brittanica on gyana">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/jnana |title=jnana (Indian religion) |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |access-date=2012-05-15 }}</ref> There are also some categorised terms like physical ''Jñāna,'' spiritual ''Jñāna'' and ultimate ''Jñāna'' of Self-Realisation.<ref name="Rishabhchand19592">{{cite book |author=Rishabhchand |url=https://motherandsriaurobindo.in/chapterise.php?zbk=disciples/rishabhchand/books/the-integral-yoga-of-sri-aurobindo/knowledge-the-light-that-fulfils-3 |title=The Integral Yoga of Sri Aurobindo |publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram Press |year=1959 |edition=2nd |location=Pondicherry |page=375}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Jñāna'' means "[[knowledge]]" in [[Sanskrit]]. The root ज्ञा- ''[[:wikt:ज्ञान|jñā-]]'' is cognate to Slavic [[:wikt:znati|znati]], English ''[[:wikt:know|know]]'', Greek [[:wikt:γιγνώσκω|γνώ-]] (as in γνῶσις ''[[gnosis]]''), and Lithuanian [[:wikt:žinoti|žinoti]]. अज्ञान ''ajñāna'' "ignorance" is antonym for this word.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Apte |first=Vaman Shivram |title=The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary |publisher=Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |year=1965 |isbn=81-208-0567-4 |pages=457}}</ref>

==In Hinduism==
{{Hindu philosophy}}

=== Nyaya ===
In [[Nyaya]], ''jñāna'' is a mental event, better translated as cognition rather than knowledge. ''Jñāna'' can be true or false. ''Jñāna'' is not belief, but lead to the formation of belief. All true cognitions reflect their object. However, true cognitions do not always arise from a source of knowledge. True cognitions can also arise accidentally. A key tenet of Nyaya epistemology is that all true cognitions reflect their object. A true cognition does not necessarily have to arise from a valid source of knowledge (pramana); it can also occur accidentally.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=Stephen H. |title=Epistemology in classical India: the knowledge sources of the Nyāya school |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-89554-5 |location=New York |pages=5}}</ref>

===Vedanta===
In [[Vedanta]], Jnana refers to "salvific knowledge", or knowledge that leads to liberation (''[[moksha]]''). The Upanishads, which form the concluding part of the Vedas, are regarded as the repository of this spiritual knowledge, and are thus referred to as the ''jnanakanda''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The early Upaniṣads: annotated text and translation |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-512435-4 |editor-last=Olivelle |editor-first=Patrick |series=South Asia research |location=New York Oxford |pages=10}}</ref> This concept is encapsulated in the Mahāvākya (great saying) as[[Mahāvākyas#Prajñānam Brahma|Prajñānam Brahma]] (प्रज्ञानं ब्रह्म), one of the [[Mahāvākyas]], roughly means "Insight is Brahman" or "Brahman is Insight".{{sfn|Sahu|2004|p=41}}

===Yoga===
[[Jnana yoga|Jñāna yoga]] (ज्ञानयोग, lit. Yoga of Knowledge) is one of the three main paths (मार्ग, ''[[Sadhana|margas]]''), which are supposed to lead towards ''[[moksha]]'' (मोक्ष) or liberation from material existence. The other two main paths are [[Karma yoga]] (the path of action) and [[Bhakti Yoga|Bhakti yoga]](the path of devotion). The fourth path, [[Rāja yoga]] (राजयोग, classical yoga) which integrates several yogic practices, is also said to lead to the ''moksha''.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=Hinduism - Bhagavadgita, Dharma, Karma |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism/The-Bhagavadgita#ref59831 |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> These paths are traditionally understood by different temperaments or personality types: Jnan yoga for the philosophically inclined, Bhakti yoga for the emotionally inclined, and Karma yoga for actively inclined.<ref name="Yogamag">{{cite web |title=Not Watertight |url=http://yogamag.net/archives/2010s/2017/1707/1707wter.html |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=Yogamag}}</ref><ref name="Dharmapedia">{{cite web |date=17 July 2019 |title=Three Yogas |url=https://en.dharmapedia.net/w/index.php?title=Three_Yogas&oldid=33283 |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=Dharmapedia Wiki}}</ref>

==In Buddhism==
{{Buddhism}}
In [[Tibetan Buddhism]], ''[[jñāna]]'' (Tibetan: ''ye shes'') refers to pure awareness that is free of conceptual encumbrances, and is contrasted with ''[[vijnana|vijñāna]]'', which is a moment of 'divided knowing'. Entrance to, and progression through the ten stages of ''jñāna'' (Bodhisattva ''bhūmi''s), will lead one to complete [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]] (bodhi) and [[nirvana]].<ref>Gampopa's "Jewel Ornament of Liberation", especially the ten bhūmis, where the absorption state or non-dual state, which characterizes all ten bhūmis, in this well-respected traditional text, is equated to the state of ''jñāna''</ref>

In [[Theravāda]] Buddhism there are various [[Vipassanā-ñāṇa|''vipassana''-''ñānas'']] or "insight knowledges" on the path of insight into the true nature of reality.<ref name="ReferenceA">The Progress of Insight: (Visuddhiñāna-katha), by the Venerable Mahasi Sayadaw, translated from the Pali with Notes by Nyanaponika Thera (1994; 33pp./99KB)</ref> As a person meditates these ''ñānas'' or "knowledges" will be experienced in order. The experience of each may be brief or may last for years and the subjective intensity of each is variable. Each ''ñāna'' could also be considered a ''[[jhāna]]'' although many are not stable and the mind has no way to remain embedded in the experience. Experiencing all the ''ñānas'' will lead to the first of the [[four stages of enlightenment]], then the cycle will start over at a subtler level.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

== In Jainism ==
{{Main|Jain epistemology}}
According to the Jain texts like [[Tattvārthsūtra]] ([[śloka]] 1.9) and [[Sarvārthasiddhi]], knowledge is of five kinds:<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details|title=Reality_JMT|last=Jain|first=S.A.|year=1992|publisher=Jwalamalini Trustp=16}}</ref>
# ''Mati Jñāna'' (Sensory Knowledge)
# ''Śruta Jñāna'' (Scriptural Knowledge)
# ''Avadhi Jñāna'' (Clairvoyance)
# ''Manaḥ prayāya Jñāna'' (Telepathy)
# ''[[Kevala jnana|Kevalā Jñāna]]'' (Omniscience)

== In Sikhism ==
The word gyan (which comes from the Sanskrit jñāna) means spiritual wisdom or true understanding. Sikh teachings explains that this kind of wisdom must come before meditation or deep contemplation. Without first gaining gyan, a person cannot truly practice dhian (focused meditation). The Guru Granth Sahib makes this point clear by stating that those who have not internalized the Guru's message lack both spiritual wisdom and the ability to contemplate, and at the end cannot truly love the Divine within.<ref name="Gurbani">{{cite web |date=11 October 2012 |title=There can be no Dhian without Giyan |url=https://www.gurbani.org/gurblog/there-can-be-no-dhiaan-without-giaan/ |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=Reflections On Gurbani}}</ref>Learned people are often referred to as "Giani". It is mentioned throughout the [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref name="LearnPunjabi">{{cite web |title=GIĀNĪ |url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/GIANI.html |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=LearnPunjabi.org |publisher=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism}}</ref>

The Guru Granth Sahib describes a ''brahm giāni'' is one who has attained the highest spiritual knowledge as someone whose mind and lips are always focused on the true one, who sees only the divine everywhere. Such a person lives in the world but remains untouched by it, like a lotus flower that grows in water but stays dry on its surface.<ref name="SikhEncyclopediaBrahmgiani">{{cite web |title=BRAHMGIANI |url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/brahmgiani/ |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=The Sikh Encyclopedia |publisher=Punjabi University}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Advaita Vedanta]]
* [[gnosis]], a similar term in Western philosophy
* [[mysticism]]
* [[noesis (disambiguation)]], a similar term in Western philosophy & psychology
* [[nondualism]]
* [[vidya (philosophy)]]
* [[qualia]], a partly-related term in Western philosophy{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* Anna Dallapiccola, ''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend'' ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}})
* {{Citation | last =Loy | first =David | year =1997 | title =Nonduality. A Study in Comparative Philosophy | publisher =Humanity Books | ref=none}}
* {{Citation | last =Sahu | first =Bhagirathi | year =2004 | title =The New Educational Philosophy | publisher =Sarup & Sons}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/jnana/index.html Jnana definition and other relevant text]
* [http://www.jiva.org/what-is-jnana/ What Is Jnana?] (Jiva Institute)

{{Philosophy topics}}
{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Knowledge]]
[[Category:Spiritual faculties]]
[[Category:Concepts in epistemology]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Yoga concepts]]
[[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]

Nadia Raj

2026-04-11T14:09:05Z

ShannonAguayo: cleaned up formatting to improve readability and improved wording

{{Short description|Bengali dynasty of Zamindars}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Royal house|
|coat of arms =
|image_size =
|caption =
|country = *[[Company rule in India]]
*[[British Raj|British India]]
| region = [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[West Bengal]], India
|titles = {{plainlist|
* [[Raja]]
* [[Rai (Indian)|Rai-Raiyan]]
* [[Raja Bahadur]]}}
|founder = [[Raja]] Bhabananda Majumdar<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharaja Krishnachandra Roy|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/37544927/Raja-Krishnachandra|publisher=Scribd}}</ref>
|current head =
| dissolution = {{start date and age|1950|01|26|df=yes}}
|founding year = {{start date and age|1606|||df=yes}}
|final_ruler = [[Raja]] Ksitish Chandra Roy
}}

'''Nadia Raj''' was a dynasty of [[Zamindar]]s and the rulers of territories that are now part of the [[Nadia district]] region of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFsvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA181|title=Unforgetting Chaitanya: Vaishnavism and Cultures of Devotion in Colonial Bengal|author=Varuni Bhatia|date=9 August 2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=9 August 2017|page=181|isbn=978-0-19-068625-3 }}</ref> Their seat was at the city of [[Krishnanagar, Nadia]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C&pg=PA16|page=16|author=P. J. Marshall| year=1987 |publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=9780521253307 |access-date=2 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA327|author1=Kunal Chakrabarti|author2=Shubhra Chakrabarti| date=22 August 2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press|access-date=22 August 2013|page=327| isbn=9780810880245 }}</ref> The estate of Nadia Raj was estimated to cover an area of {{convert|8161|sqkm}}.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams: Kali and Uma in the Devotional Poetry of Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2PrChFaXgf0C&pg=PA20|author=Rachel Fell McDermott| date=28 June 2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=28 June 2001|page=20| isbn=978-0-19-803071-3 }}</ref>

The rulers of Nadia Raj established many [[Sanskrit]] schools in Nadia, since they were the patron of Sanskrit literature and music. They were also patrons of Sanskrit culture in Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uz-HDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|title=Orientalism, Empire, and National Culture: India, 1770-1880|author=M. Dodson|date=15 February 2007 |publisher=Springer|access-date=15 February 2007|page=49|isbn=9780230288706 }}</ref>

==History==
The '''Nadia Raj family''' claims descent from [[Bhatta Narayana]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Time, History and the Religious Imaginary in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWysAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA182|author=Anne Murphy| date=12 March 2012 |publisher=Routledge|access-date=12 March 2012|page=182| isbn=9781136707292 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Did you know Nadia's original capital was Matiyari?|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/did-you-know-nadia-s-original-capital-was-matiyari|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> who was a [[Kanyakubja Brahmin]] of the ''Sandilya'' Gotra. He was summoned from Kanyakubja ([[Kannauj]]) by Raja [[Adi Sura|Adisura]] of Bengal, for the conduct of ceremonies of purification.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Raja Kshitish Chandra Roy.jpg|thumb|200px|Raja Kshitish Chandra Roy of Nadia Raj]]
As per their traditional accounts, the Nadia Raj family is one of the oldest Hindu families in Bengal, spanning more than 35 generations from the founder. Since the establishment of [[British rule]] in [[Bengal]] each of the [[Raja]]s of Nadia were created a [[Maharaja]] [[Rao Bahadur|Bahadur]] in succession.<ref>{{cite book
| last1 = Chowdhury
| first1 = S. R. Kumar
| last2 = P. K.
| first2 = Singh
| last3 = Ismail
| first3 = M. Ali
| title = Blood Dynasties: Zemindaris of Bengal - A Chronicle of Bengal's Ruling families
| format = Paperback
| year = 2012
| publisher = Dictus: Politics and Democracy series.
| isbn = 9783847385080
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=212VMQEACAAJ&q=Blood+Dynasties:+Zemindaris+of+Bengal+-+A+Chronicle+of+Bengal%E2%80%99s+Ruling+families
|access-date=17 March 2014
}}</ref>
According to "Kshitishvamsavalicharitam" written by Dewan of Nadia Raj Kartikeya Chandra Roy, Rajas of Nadia were "Shakta" by faith.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-aw3hRAX_DgC |title=The Historical Review|page=27|date=2001 |publisher=Indian Institute of Oriental Studies and Research|language=en}}</ref>

==List of rulers==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sl. No.
!Name of the king
!Reign
!Reign (year)
|-
|1
|Bhavananda Majumdar
|1606–1628
|22
|-
|2
|Gopal Roy
|1628–1632
|4
|-
|3
|Raghav Roy
|1632–1683
|51
|-
|4
|Rudra Roy
|1683–1694
|11
|-
|5
|Ramakrishna Roy
|1694
|1
|-
|6
|Ramjivan Roy
|1694–1715
|21
|-
|7
|Raghuram Roy
|1715–1728
|13
|-
|8
|[[Krishnachandra Roy]]
|1728–1782
|54
|-
|9
|Shivachandra Roy
|1782–1788
|6
|-
|10
|Ishwarchandra Roy
|1788–1802
|14
|-
|11
|Girijachandra Roy
|1802–1842
|40
|-
|12
|Srishchandra Roy
|1842–1856
|14
|-
|13
|Satishchandra Roy
|1856–1870
|14
|Anamika Banerjee
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Samuel |title=From Praśasti to Political Culture: The Nadia Raj and Malla Dynasty in Seventeenth-Century Bengal |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |date=2014 |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=397–418 |doi=10.1017/S002191181300243X |jstor=43553294 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43553294 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}

{{Bengal Nobility}}
{{Nobility of the Raj}}

{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Hindu families]]
[[Category:Bengali families]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian noble families]]

Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956

2026-03-23T06:30:26Z

ShannonAguayo: small changes

{{Short description|Indian federal legislation}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956
| long_title = An Act to amend and codify certain parts of the law relating to minority and guardianship among Hindus.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1649/1/195632.pdf Act No.32 of 1956]
| territorial_extent = whole of India
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_enacted = 25 August 1956
| date_assented =
| date_commenced = 25 August 1956
| amended_by = Pondicherry (Extension of Laws) Act, 1968
| related_legislation = Guardians and Wards Act, 1890
| summary = Act related to the guardianship of Hindus, as per Hindu Code Bills.
| status = In Force
}}

The '''Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956''' was enacted as part of the [[Hindu Code Bills]]. Three other important acts were also passed during this time: the [[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]], the [[Hindu Succession Act, 1956]], and the [[Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956]]. All of these acts were introduced under the leadership of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and were intended to modernize the prevailing Hindu legal tradition. The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956 was intended to supplement, rather than replace the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890. This act specifically defines guardianship relationships between adults and minors, as well as between individuals of all ages and their respective property.

==Introduction==

This act is one of the four [[Hindu code bills|Hindu Code Bills]] codified by the Nehru Administration in 1956. The other three Acts include the [[Hindu Succession Act]], [[Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act]], and the [[Hindu Marriage Act]]. The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act delineates the policies regarding minors according to Indian [[Hindu personal law]].

==Important definitions==

* A minor is a person under the age of 18
* A guardian is the caretaker of a minor, his or her property, or both. Categories of guardians include: a natural guardian; a guardian chosen by the mother or father; a guardian appointed by the court; and a person who qualifies as a guardian according to the [[Court of Wards (India)|Court of Wards]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://nrcw.nic.in/shared/sublinkimages/61.htm |title=Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act |access-date=8 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410031428/http://nrcw.nic.in/shared/sublinkimages/61.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009 }}</ref>

This Act was intended to be an addendum to the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890, not its replacement.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

===Overriding quality===

Any former law that is inconsistent with this law is declared legally void. This law supersedes all other relevant laws.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

==Application==

This Act applies to all Hindus, meaning those who belong to the Hindu religion or any of its various forms, such as [[Lingayats|Lingayat]], [[Virashaiva|Virashiva]], and those who follow [[Brahmo]], [[Prarthana Samaj|Prarthana]] or [[Arya Samaj]]. It also applies to those who practice Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism. Finally, those who are not Muslim, Christian, Parsi or Jewish are governed by this Act unless they can prove that prior to its passage, they were not governed by [[Hindu law]].<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

Both legitimate and illegitimate minors who have at least one parent meeting the stipulations outlined above fall under the jurisdiction of this Act.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

==Natural guardians==

The father is the primary guardian for a legitimate boy and unmarried girl and their property, while the mother is the secondary guardian. However, the mother is the ordinarily guardian for all children under the age of five. For illegitimate children, the mother is the primary guardian, while the father is the secondary guardian. A married minor girl's husband becomes her guardian. For an adoptive son, the adoptive father is the primary guardian, then the adoptive mother.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

Each of these, if they chose, may appoint guardians of their child's person or property.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

Should a parent cease being a Hindu or become a renouncer, hermit, or ascetic, that parent will lose his or her guardian rights.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

===Abilities of natural guardians===

Natural guardians can take actions that will benefit and protect the minor and his or her property. However, the guardian cannot sign a personal covenant for the minor. The guardian cannot sell, mortgage or give away any part of the minor's immovable property, lease this property for more than five years, or lease the property for more than one year after the child becomes eighteen.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

==Minors and property==

A child cannot act as a guardian of property of minors.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

For a minor who possesses an undivided interest in joint family property that is already controlled by an adult in that family, a guardian shall not be appointed to manage that undivided interest.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

===Welfare of minor===
The welfare of the minor will be the primary consideration in the appointment of a guardian.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

===Lacunae===
Feminist scholars have critiqued the law, arguing that it upholds the rights of fathers rather than mothers as the natural guardians of a child.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bajpai |first1=Asha |title=Custody and Guardianship of Children in India |journal=Family Law Quarterly |date=2005 |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=441–457 |jstor=25740499 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25740499 |access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref> They argued that it is based on the concept of heterosexual families and ignores diverse family forms.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dube |first1=Leela |title=Seed and earth: The symbolism of biological reproduction and sexual relations of production in anthropological explorations In Gender:Intersecting Fields |date=2001 |publisher=Sage }}</ref> The courts later deduce the principle of the best interests of a minor. Several studies show that single mothers, over the years, have approached the courts and compelled them to acknowledge the rights of mothers to be recognized as a sole guardian of a child.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nigam |first1=Shalu |title=Guardianship Law in India: Examining the Principle of 'Best Interests' of Minors and the Rights of Single Mothers as Sole Guardians |journal=Indian Journal of Gender Studies |date=2024 |volume=31 |issue=3 |page=308-327 |doi=10.1177/09715215241262137 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/09715215241262137 |access-date=29 November 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

http://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/women_studies/gender_studies/07._women_and_law/18._womens_right_to_guardianship_and_custody/et/8052_et_et_18.pdf

{{Hindu Code bills}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindu Minority And Guardianship Act}}
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1956]]
[[Category:Indian family law]]
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[[Category:Nehru administration]]

Sanju Samson

2026-03-22T17:26:05Z

ShannonAguayo:

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Sanju Samson
| image = Sanju Samson in PMO New Delhi.jpg
| caption = Sanju in 2024
| fullname = Sanju Viswanath Samson
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|11|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Pulluvila]], Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| nickname= Chettan|

| height = 1.70 m<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mpl.live/blog/indian-t20-fantasy-premier-league/sanju-samson/|title=Sanju Samson - India's next big thing?|work=Mobile Premier League|access-date= 6 September 2021|date= 6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909045737/https://www.mpl.live/blog/indian-t20-fantasy-premier-league/sanju-samson/|archive-date=9 September 2021}}</ref>
| batting = Right-handed
| role = [[Wicket-keeper-batter]]
| international = true
|internationalspan = 2015–present
| country = India
| odidebutdate = 23 July
| odidebutyear = 2021
| odidebutagainst = Sri Lanka
| odicap = 241
| lastodidate = 21 December
| lastodiyear = 2023
| lastodiagainst = South Africa
| odishirt = 9

| T20Idebutagainst = Zimbabwe
| T20Idebutdate = 19 July
| T20Idebutyear = 2015
| T20Icap = 55
| lastT20Iagainst = New Zealand
| lastT20Idate = 8 March
| lastT20Iyear = 2026
| T20Ishirt = 9

| club1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2011–present}}
| club2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| year2 = 2012
| club3 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| year3 = 2013–2015, 2018–2025
| club4 = [[Delhi Daredevils]]
| year4 = 2016–2017
| club5 = Kochi Blue Tigers
| year5 = 2025–present
| club6 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| year6 = 2026–present
| columns = 5
| column1 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches1 = 16
| runs1 = 510
| bat avg1 = 56.66
| 100s/50s1 = 1/3
| top score1 = 108
| catches/stumpings1 = 9/2
| column2 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches2 = 61
| runs2 = 1,399
| bat avg2 = 28.55
| 100s/50s2 = 3/6
| top score2 = 111
| catches/stumpings2 = 40/7
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 66
| runs3 = 3,888
| bat avg3 = 39.27
| 100s/50s3 = 11/17
| top score3 = 211
| catches/stumpings3 = 94/7
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 130
| runs4 = 3,599
| bat avg4 = 34.27
| 100s/50s4 = 4/19
| top score4 = 212[[not out|*]]
| catches/stumpings4 = 127/15
| hidedeliveries = true
| medaltemplates= 
{{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's T20 World Cup|ICC T20 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2024 ICC World Twenty20|2024 West Indies & USA]]|}}
{{Medal|W|[[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026 India & Sri Lanka]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ACC Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2025 Asia Cup|2025 UAE]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Under-19 Men's Asia Cup|ACC U19 Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2012 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup|2012 Malaysia]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2013–14 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup|2013–14 UAE]]}}
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/sanju-samson-425943 ESPNCricinfo
| date = 1 March
| year = 2026
}}

'''Sanju Viswanath Samson ''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Sanju Samson.wav|ˌ|s|ʌ|n|dʒ|u|_|s|æ|m|s|ən}}; born 11 November 1994) is an Indian cricketer who plays for the [[India national cricket team]] in the [[One Day International|ODI]] and [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] formats. As a [[Men's T20 World Cup|T20 World Cup]] winner in [[2024 Men's T20 World Cup|2024]] and [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup|2026]], including a Player of the Tournament performance in 2026, he stands among the most impactful players of his generation. He plays for [[Chennai Super Kings]] in the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] and for the [[Kerala cricket team]] domestically.

Samson started his cricketing career in [[Delhi]] and later moved to [[Kerala]]. After making an impact in junior cricket, he made his first-class debut for Kerala in 2011. He was the vice-captain of the [[India national under-19 cricket team|Indian U19 team]] for the [[2014 Under-19 Cricket World Cup|2014 U19 Cricket World Cup]]. He made his Premier League debut in 2013 for Rajasthan Royals and won the [[List of Indian Premier League awards#Emerging Player of the Year|Emerging Player of the Year]]. He scored an unbeaten 212 in the [[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy]], the sixth time an Indian scored a double-century in [[List A cricket]], which is also the second-fastest double-century in the format. Sanju scored his maiden ODI century in the 3rd ODI in the three-match series against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] on 21 December 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/sa-vs-ind-sanju-samson-first-odi-hundred-paarl-9078173|title=South Africa vs India: When the door was closing on him, Sanju Samson kicks it open with maiden ODI ton in series decider|work=Indian Express|date=21 December 2023 |access-date=21 December 2023|archive-date=21 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221191738/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/sa-vs-ind-sanju-samson-first-odi-hundred-paarl-9078173/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/128894/samson-century-lifts-india-to-296|title=Samson century lifts India to 296|work=Cric Buzz|access-date=21 December 2023|archive-date=21 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221191732/https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/128894/samson-century-lifts-india-to-296|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Samson was born on 11 November 1994<ref name="bd2">{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-from-virat-kohli-to-david-miller-cricketers-wish-sanju-samson-happy-birthday-2855884|title=From Virat Kohli to David Miller, cricketers wish Sanju Samson happy birthday|work=DNA India|access-date=11 November 2020|date=11 November 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111110049/https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-from-virat-kohli-to-david-miller-cricketers-wish-sanju-samson-happy-birthday-2855884|url-status=live}}</ref> into a [[Malayali]] family<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2014/may/17/krlcc-awards-announced-613807.html|title=KRLCC Awards Announced|work=New Indian Express|access-date=15 September 2021|date=17 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211090944/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2014/may/17/KRLCC-Awards-Announced-613807.html|archive-date=11 December 2019}}</ref> in [[Pulluvila]], a coastal village near [[Vizhinjam]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] district of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Cricinfo">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/425943.html|title=Sanju Samson – ESPNcricinfo Profile|date=3 November 2011|work=ESPNcricinfo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909052208/https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/sanju-samson-425943|archive-date=9 September 2021|first=Amol|last=Karhadkar}}</ref> His father, '''Samson Viswanath,''' was formerly a [[Constable|police constable]] at [[Delhi Police]] and a retired football player who has represented [[Delhi football team|Delhi]] in [[Santosh Trophy]] and his mother, Ligy Viswanath is a housewife.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-07 |title=Like father, like Sanju Samson |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/like-father-like-samson/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/sanju-viswanathan-samson-india-vs-england-odi-coastal-village-celebrates-203006-2014-08-06|title=How Kerala boy Sanju Samson made it to Team India|work=[[India Today]]|author=J Binduraj|access-date=6 August 2014|date=6 August 2014|archive-date=13 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113074123/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/sanju-viswanathan-samson-india-vs-england-odi-coastal-village-celebrates-203006-2014-08-06|url-status=live}}</ref> His elder brother Saly Samson has represented [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] in junior cricket<ref name="SanjuESPN">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sanju-samson-grabs-his-biggest-chance-to-shine-633829|work=ESPNcricinfo|title=Sanju Samson grabs his biggest chance to shine|access-date=25 April 2021|first=Amol|last=Karhadkar|date=3 May 2013|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128124320/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sanju-samson-grabs-his-biggest-chance-to-shine-633829|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/182/182684/182684.html|work=CricketArchive|title=Saly Samson|access-date=8 May 2021|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508065834/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/182/182684/182684.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and currently works in the AG's office.<ref name="TIMESOFINDIA">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/when-delhis-politics-defeated-sanju-samson/articleshow/82199481.cms|title=When Delhi's politics defeated Sanju Samson|access-date=8 May 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 May 2021|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505185056/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/when-delhis-politics-defeated-sanju-samson/articleshow/82199481.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Samson spent his early childhood in the Police residential colony in [[North Delhi]] neighbourhood of [[Kingsway Camp|GTB Nagar]] and studied at Rosary Senior Secondary School,
Delhi.<ref name="TIMESOFINDIA"/> He was trained under coach Yashpal at the academy in DL [[D.A.V. College Managing Committee|DAV]] Model School, [[North West Delhi|Shalimar Bagh]].<ref name="IE">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ipl-2018-indian-premier-league-sanju-samson-rajasthan-royals-nitish-rana-kolkata-knight-riders-5143213/|work=Indian Express|title=Sons Sanju Samson and Nitish Rana rivals in Indian Premier League, their fathers old friends|first=Nihal|last=Koshie|date=19 April 2018|access-date=26 April 2021|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426125451/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ipl-2018-indian-premier-league-sanju-samson-rajasthan-royals-nitish-rana-kolkata-knight-riders-5143213/|url-status=live}}</ref> When he didn't make it into the [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] U13 team for [[Dhruv Pandove]] Trophy, his father took voluntary retirement from the Delhi police force; a year after he retired from football and moved to Kerala, where Samson and his brother continued their cricketing careers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/2006-when-sanju-samson-was-not-good-enough-to-make-delhi-u-13-team/story-eWHparC4k6Eif8oawWL1VL.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|title=2006: When Sanju Samson was not good enough to make Delhi U-13|access-date=8 May 2021|date=7 August 2014|first=Khurram|last=Habib|place=[[New Delhi]]|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508153846/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/2006-when-sanju-samson-was-not-good-enough-to-make-delhi-u-13-team/story-eWHparC4k6Eif8oawWL1VL.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="espn">{{cite web|url=https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/862383/the-tale-of-samson|work=[[The Cricket Monthly]]|title=The tale of Samson|first1=Karthik|last1=Krishnaswamy|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 April 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201200/https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/862383/the-tale-of-samson|url-status=live}}</ref> In Kerala, he attended Masters Cricket Club in Thiruvananthapuram<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/best-cricket-academies-in-kerala|title=Six best cricket academies in Kerala|date=21 July 2020|access-date=23 September 2021|work=Red Bull|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319161005/https://www.redbull.com/in-en/best-cricket-academies-in-kerala|url-status=live}}</ref> before changing academies to train under [[Biju George]] on [[Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram|Medical College Ground]], Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2020/jul/31/sanju-samson-will-definitely-perform-in-ipl-have-never-seen-him-more-focused-coach-biju-george-2177282.html|work=[[New Indian Express]]|title=Sanju Samson will definitely perform in IPL. Have never seen him more focused – Coach Biju George|access-date=25 April 2021|date=31 July 2020|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428120903/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2020/jul/31/sanju-samson-will-definitely-perform-in-ipl-have-never-seen-him-more-focused-coach-biju-george-2177282.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Samson graduated high school from [[St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Thiruvananthapuram|St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School]], Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="mathrubhumi">{{cite web|last=Jayaprasad|first=R|title=സഞ്ജുവിന്റെ മനസ്സിൽ ലോകകപ്പ് സ്വപ്നമില്ലാത്തതിന്റെ കാരണം |trans-title=Here is the reason why Sanju Samson doesn't have a world cup dream|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/sports/features/sanjusamson-keralacricket-malayalam-news-1.1254396|access-date=16 April 2021|date=4 August 2016|language=ml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424012100/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/sports/features/sanjusamson-keralacricket-malayalam-news-1.1254396|archive-date=24 April 2021}}</ref> He pursued a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] degree in English literature<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/cricket-sports/from-college-couples-to-life-partners-a-look-at-the-love-story-of-sanju-samson-and-charulatha-ramesh-ayh-qlqp3m|work=Asianet News|title=From college couples to life partners: A look at the love story of Sanju Samson and Charulatha Ramesh|date=22 December 2020|access-date=28 October 2021|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028060523/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/amp/gallery/cricket-sports/from-college-couples-to-life-partners-a-look-at-the-love-story-of-sanju-samson-and-charulatha-ramesh-ayh-qlqp3m|url-status=live}}</ref> from [[Mar Ivanios College]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/cricketer-sanju-samson-likes-to-reflect-on-his-life-and-career-at-a-quiet-corner-at-his-alma-mater-mar-ivanios/article24933873.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Sanju Samson likes to reflect on his life and career at a quiet corner at his alma mater has Ivanios|access-date=25 April 2021|first=Harikumar|last=J. S.|place=Thiruvananthapuram|date=12 September 2018|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829102510/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/cricketer-sanju-samson-likes-to-reflect-on-his-life-and-career-at-a-quiet-corner-at-his-alma-mater-mar-ivanios/article24933873.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IPS">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/beyond-boundaries/article5614392.ece|title=Beyond boundaries|first=Nita|last=Sathyendran|date=24 January 2014|access-date=3 November 2021|work=The Hindu|archive-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103075847/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/beyond-boundaries/article5614392.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Youth and domestic career ==
=== Youth career ===
Samson was a member of the U-13 cricket team of [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] in 2007.<ref name="indiatoday"/> In the KSCA Inter-State under-13 tournament, he captained Kerala and bagged the player of the tournament award scoring 973 runs, including four centuries in five matches at an average of 108.11.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/8/KSCA_Inter-State_Under-13_Tournament_2007-08/Batting_by_Average.html|title=KSCA Inter-State Under-13 Tournament 2007/08|work=CricketArchive|access-date=15 February 2022|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215161126/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/8/KSCA_Inter-State_Under-13_Tournament_2007-08/Batting_by_Average.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As a member of Kerala U-16 team for the 2008–09 Vijay Merchant Trophy, he scored a double century off 138 balls against [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/Sanju-Viswanadh-timing-a-dream-run/article60343766.ece/|work=The Hindu|title=Sanju Viswanadh timing a dream run|date=8 August 2014|access-date=3 March 2021|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531211324/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/sanju-viswanadh-timing-a-dream-run/article6295177.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref> and finished the tournament as the second-highest run-scorer with 498 runs including two centuries and two fifties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/11/Vijay_Merchant_Trophy_2008-09/Batting_by_Average.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Vijay Merchant Trophy 2008/09 (Ordered by Average) |work=CricketArchive |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001225307/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/11/Vijay_Merchant_Trophy_2008-09/Batting_by_Average.html |archive-date=1 October 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="the Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/sanju-vishwanath-on-a-roll/article945356.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Sanju Vishwanath on a roll | date=11 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214075236/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Sanju-Vishwanath-on-a-roll/article15588844.ece|archive-date=14 December 2021}}</ref> He was also the captain of Kerala in U-16 and U-19 levels.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/ten-facts-about-sanju-samson-12589.html/page/5|work=India TV News|title=Know the 10 facts about Sanju Samson you might not know|date=4 December 2014|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=16 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216034551/https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/ten-facts-about-sanju-samson-12589.html/page/5|url-status=live}}</ref>

His performance in the 2010-11 [[Cooch Behar Trophy]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/13/Cooch_Behar_Trophy_2010-11/Batting_by_Average.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Cooch Behar Trophy 2010/11 (Ordered by Average) |work=CricketArchive |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004140410/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/13/Cooch_Behar_Trophy_2010-11/Batting_by_Average.html |archive-date=4 October 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> earned him a spot in the [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19 team]] that played the [[ACC Under-19 Cup|2012 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup]] held in [[Malaysia]] in June 2012.<ref name="Cricinfo"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/567245.html|title=Sandipan Das, Sanju Samson in India U-19 Asia Cup squad|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 November 2013|archive-date=19 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119202648/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/567245.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His dismal show in the tournament meant that he failed to get selected to India's squad for the [[2012 Under-19 Cricket World Cup]] that followed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/under-19-world-cup-2012-prashant-chopra-in-india-u-19-world-cup-squad-570921|title=Prashant Chopra in India U-19 World Cup squad|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211015/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/under-19-world-cup-2012-prashant-chopra-in-india-u-19-world-cup-squad-570921|url-status=live}}</ref> He was named vice-captain of India U-19 team for the 2013 Top End Under-19 Series in Australia in June 2013.<ref name="U19TS">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/642365.html|title=Zol to captain India U-19s in Australia tri-series|work=ESPN Crincinfo|date=15 June 2013|access-date=17 June 2013|archive-date=19 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619002232/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/642365.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored two half-centuries in India U-19's Youth Test series against Sri Lanka held from July to August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=8255;type=series|title=Records / India Under-19s in Sri Lanka Youth Test Series, 2013 / Most runs|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=11 February 2022|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211072537/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=8255;type=series|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2013 ACC Under 19 Asia cup in UAE, he scored a century in the final against Pakistan, helping India retain the cup.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8616/report/690617/india-under-19s-vs-pakistan-under-19s-final-asian-cricket-council-under-19s-asia-cup-2013-14|title=Zol, Samson help India claim Asia Cup|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=2019-11-06|archive-date=6 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106061640/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8616/report/690617/india-under-19s-vs-pakistan-under-19s-final-asian-cricket-council-under-19s-asia-cup-2013-14|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also India's vice-captain in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/179128|date=10 January 2014|title=Zol, Samson star in Asia Cup victory|work=International cricket council|access-date=29 June 2021|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629161316/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/179128|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2014, [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] appointed Sanju as vice-captain of team India for the [[2014 Under-19 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/atit-sheth-back-in-india-squad-for-u-19-world-cup-709601|title=Atit Sheth back in India squad for U-19 world cup|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=13 January 2014|access-date=21 May 2021|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521041038/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/atit-sheth-back-in-india-squad-for-u-19-world-cup-709601|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the top run-scorer for India in the tournament<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=8909;team=1854;type=tournament|title=Records / ICC Under-19 Worldcup, 2013/14 – India Under-19s (Young Cricketers) / Most Runs|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 May 2021|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521041427/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=8909;team=1854;type=tournament|url-status=live}}</ref> with a highest score of 85 runs from 45 balls against [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8368/scorecard/700377/india-under-19s-vs-papua-new-guinea-under-19s-23rd-match-group-a-icc-under-19-world-cup-2013-14|title=3rd Match, Group A, ICC Under-19 World Cup at Sharjah, Feb 19, 2014|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=19 February 2014|access-date=5 November 2019|archive-date=5 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105170124/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8368/scorecard/700377/india-under-19s-vs-papua-new-guinea-under-19s-23rd-match-group-a-icc-under-19-world-cup-2013-14|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Early domestic career ===
A double-century in the 2008-09 Vijay Merchant Trophy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/sanju-samson-is-no-ordinary-batsman-says-tinu-yohannan-168452|title=Sanju Samson is no ordinary batsman, says Tinu Yohannan|work=Cricket Country|date=8 August 2014|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=16 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216042104/https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/sanju-samson-is-no-ordinary-batsman-says-tinu-yohannan-168452|url-status=live}}</ref> paved way to the Kerala squad for the [[2009–10 Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/c/content/squad/429173.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|title=Ranji Trophy Plate League 2009/10 {{!}} Kerala Squad|access-date=8 May 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509062019/https://www.espncricinfo.com/c/content/squad/429173.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Then aged 14, he was the youngest Kerala cricketer to be selected to play in [[Ranji Trophy]].<ref name="CP">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2009/oct/11/enter-keralas-cricket-prodigy-91706.html|title=Enter Kerala's cricket prodigy|date=11 October 2009|work=New Indian Express|access-date=8 August 2021|archive-date=8 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808105039/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2009/oct/11/enter-keralas-cricket-prodigy-91706.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was named in the Kerala squad for the [[2009–10 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/squad/425998.html|title=2009-10 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy {{!}} Kerala Squad (announced on 21 September 2009)|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109024640/https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/squad/425998.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his [[First class cricket|first-class]] debut for the team in the [[2011–12 Ranji Trophy]] on 3 November 2011 against [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-plate-league-2011-12-522927/vidarbha-vs-kerala-group-a-522990/full-scorecard|title=Group A, Nagpur, Nov 3–6 2011, Ranji Trophy Plate League|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 May 2021|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502091204/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-plate-league-2011-12-522927/vidarbha-vs-kerala-group-a-522990/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Twenty20]] debut on 16 October 2011 against [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] in the [[2011–12 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|work=espncricinfo|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2011-12-526256/hyderabad-india-vs-kerala-south-zone-526261/full-scorecard|title=2011–12 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy {{!}} Hyderabad vs Kerala {{!}} Full scorecard|access-date=6 January 2021|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107091032/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2011-12-526256/hyderabad-india-vs-kerala-south-zone-526261/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> He was named in the Kerala squad for playing the [[2011-12 Vijay Hazare Trophy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/vijay-hazare-trophy-2011/content/squad/554153.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|title=2011-12 Vijay Hazare Trophy, Kerala squad|access-date=8 May 2021|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508065211/https://www.espncricinfo.com/vijay-hazare-trophy-2011/content/squad/554153.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and made his [[List-A cricket|List-A]] debut on 23 February 2012 against [[Andhra Pradesh cricket team|Andhra Pradesh]] in the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2011-12-526258/andhra-vs-kerala-south-zone-526339/full-scorecard|work=espncricinfo|title=Southzone, Kerala vs Andhra Pradesh- Vijay Hazare Trophy 2011-12 Full scorecard|access-date=23 February 2012|archive-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128175452/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2011-12-526258/andhra-vs-kerala-south-zone-526339/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref>

He scored moderately in the [[2012–13 Vijay Hazare Trophy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=7546;team=1912;type=tournament|title=Records / Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2012/13 – Kerala / Batting and bowling averages|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 February 2022|archive-date=2 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202172943/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=7546;team=1912;type=tournament|url-status=live}}</ref> in which Kerala featured in the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/dominant-delhi-kerala-make-last-four-622849|title=Dominant Delhi, Kerala make last four|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 February 2022|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203042945/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/dominant-delhi-kerala-make-last-four-622849|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored his maiden first-class century against [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keralas-sanju-v-samson-scored-his-maiden-first-class-century-in-the-ranji-trophy-match-against-himachal-pradesh-at-amtar-on-friday/articleshow/17063280.cms|title=Kerala's Sanju V Samson scored his maiden first-class century|work=The Times of India|date=2 November 2012|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=16 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216055138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keralas-sanju-v-samson-scored-his-maiden-first-class-century-in-the-ranji-trophy-match-against-himachal-pradesh-at-amtar-on-friday/articleshow/17063280.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> in the [[2012-13 Ranji Trophy]], as he scored 127 runs off 207 balls.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2012-13-574010/himachal-pradesh-vs-kerala-group-c-574030/full-scorecard|title=Group C, Nadaun, Nov 2–5 2012, Ranji Trophy|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 February 2012|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515072748/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2012-13-574010/himachal-pradesh-vs-kerala-group-c-574030/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> He was Kerala's highest run-getter in [[2013-14 Ranji Trophy]] season scoring 530 runs at an average of 58.88.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2013-14/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=8307;team=1912;type=tournament|title=Ranji Trophy, 2013/14 – Kerala / Records / Batting and bowling averages|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 May 2021|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521042706/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2013-14/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=8307;team=1912;type=tournament|url-status=live}}</ref> In his first match of the 2013–14 season against [[Assam cricket team|Assam]] he scored a career-best 211 to bring up his first double century in Ranji Trophy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2013-14/content/story/683671.html|title=Double centuries for Zol, Samson|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=29 October 2013|access-date=9 November 2013|archive-date=1 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101114250/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2013-14/content/story/683671.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the second match against [[Andhra Pradesh cricket team|Andhra Pradesh]] he scored 115 from 281 balls in the 1st innings followed by 51[[not-out|*]] in the second innings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2013-14/content/story/686545.html|title=Samson century props up Kerala|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=8 November 2021|access-date=9 November 2013|archive-date=8 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108143822/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2013-14/content/story/686545.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2013-14/content/story/687327.html|title=Hardeep, Beigh lead J&K to opening win|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=10 November 2021|access-date=10 November 2013|archive-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110124215/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2013-14/content/story/687327.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was named in [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]'s squad to play in the [[2013–14 Deodhar Trophy]] in March 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/deodhar-trophy-2013-14-649121/south-zone-squad-726509/series-squads|title=South Zone Squad|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 May 2022|archive-date=8 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508170204/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/deodhar-trophy-2013-14-649121/south-zone-squad-726509/series-squads|url-status=live}}</ref> On the [[Australia A Team Quadrangular Series in 2014]], he finished as India A's highest run-scorer with 244 runs from seven innings, with an average of 81.33.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/766817.html|title='Learnt how to bat in middle order' – Samson|first1=Gaurav|last1=Kalra|first2=Kanishkaa|last2=Balachandran|date=4 August 2014|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 August 2014|archive-date=6 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806165948/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/766817.html?|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored his second first-class double century in the [[2014-15 Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2014-15-775441/kerala-vs-services-group-c-775831/live-cricket-score|work=ESPNcricinfo|title=Group C, Kannur, Jan 29 – Feb 1 2015, Ranji Trophy|access-date=20 May 2021|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520062529/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2014-15-775441/kerala-vs-services-group-c-775831/live-cricket-score|url-status=live}}</ref> He was named in [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]'s squad to play in the [[2014–15 Deodhar Trophy]] in November 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/deodhar-trophy-2014-15-775449/south-zone-squad-802261/series-squads|title=South Zone Squad|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=11 February 2022|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211074549/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/deodhar-trophy-2014-15-775449/south-zone-squad-802261/series-squads|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Inconsistent seasons ===
Samson was appointed as the captain of [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] for the [[2015–16 Ranji Trophy]] season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/ranji-trophy-2015-16-sanju-samsons-litmus-test-as-kerala-captain-333536|title=Ranji Trophy 2015–16: Sanju Samson's litmus Test as Kerala captain|date=28 September 2015|work=Cricket Country|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=19 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119070502/https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/ranji-trophy-2015-16-sanju-samsons-litmus-test-as-kerala-captain-333536|url-status=live}}</ref> Then aged 20,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/squad/922761.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|title=Kerala squad for 2015/16 Ranji Trophy|access-date=6 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122117/https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/squad/922761.html|url-status=live}}</ref> he is the youngest Kerala player to captain the state in [[Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/sanju-samson/ampdefault|title=Sanju Samson|work=The Times of India|access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref> He began the season with a ton<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/ranji-trophy-sachin-baby-sanju-samson-hit-tons-as-kerala-take-big-lead/articleshow/49207628.cms|title=Ranji Trophy: Sachin Baby, Sanju Samson hit tons as Kerala take big lead|date=3 October 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223091656/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/ranji-trophy-sachin-baby-sanju-samson-hit-tons-as-kerala-take-big-lead/articleshow/49207628.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2015-16-901105/jammu-kashmir-vs-kerala-group-c-901709/full-scorecard|work=ESPNcricinfo|title=Group C, Ranji Trophy 2015/16 at Srinagar on 1 October 2015|access-date=1 October 2015|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131055520/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2015-16-901105/jammu-kashmir-vs-kerala-group-c-901709/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> but failed to convert it into a successful season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2015-16/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=10281;team=1912;type=tournament|title=Ranji Trophy, 2015/16 – Kerala / Records / Most Runs|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085126/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2015-16/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=10281;team=1912;type=tournament|url-status=live}}</ref>

He started the [[2016-17 Ranji Trophy|next]] Ranji season scoring a 154 against [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref name="jk">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2016-17/content/story/1060644.html |title=Samson 129* steers Kerala out of trouble |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=6 October 2016 |access-date=6 October 2016 |archive-date=7 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007063543/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2016-17/content/story/1060644.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2016-17-1053433/kerala-vs-jammu-kashmir-group-c-1053477/full-scorecard|title=Group C, Ranji Trophy 2016/17 at Kalyani on 6 October 2016|date=6 October 2016|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628104940/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2016-17-1053433/kerala-vs-jammu-kashmir-group-c-1053477/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> but again failed to impress the rest of the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/as-sanju-samson-grows-so-will-kerala-cricket-the-changing-fortunes-that-a-changed-approach-dav-whatmore-brought-4235945.html/amp|title=Sanju Samson's rise from the rut is also the story of Kerala cricket finding its feet, finally|work=First Post|date=December 2017|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085126/https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/as-sanju-samson-grows-so-will-kerala-cricket-the-changing-fortunes-that-a-changed-approach-dav-whatmore-brought-4235945.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2016-17/engine/records/batting/highest_career_batting_average.html?id=11519;team=1912;type=tournament|title=Ranji Trophy, 2016/17 – Kerala / Records / Highest Averages|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085136/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2016-17/engine/records/batting/highest_career_batting_average.html?id=11519;team=1912;type=tournament|url-status=live}}</ref> He was issued a show-cause notice by [[Kerala Cricket Association]] for alleged acts of indiscipline during a match in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-kerala-cricket-association-issues-sanju-samson-show-cause-notice-1069983|title=KCA issues show-cause notice to Samson|first=Arun|last=Venugopal|date=1 December 2016|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085126/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-kerala-cricket-association-issues-sanju-samson-show-cause-notice-1069983|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Return to form ===
Samson was the leading run-scorer for Kerala in the [[2017–18 Ranji Trophy]], with 627 runs from seven matches.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12014;team=1912;type=tournament |title=Ranji Trophy, 2017/18: Kerala batting and bowling averages |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404203233/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12014;team=1912;type=tournament |url-status=live }}</ref> In a must-win match against [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]], he scored a 68 in the first innings and smashed a 180 ball 175 in the second innings, helping his team claim a 309 runs victory and quarter-final berth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/99378/ranji-trophy-2017-18-top-performances-cricket-rajneesh-gurbani-mayank-agarwal-vinay-kumar-sanju-samson-cricbuzzcom|title=Ranji Trophy 2017–18: Top Performances|first=Akash|last=Sarkar|date=4 January 2018|work=Cricbuzz|access-date=17 February 2022|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217044445/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/99378/ranji-trophy-2017-18-top-performances-cricket-rajneesh-gurbani-mayank-agarwal-vinay-kumar-sanju-samson-cricbuzzcom|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com.au/cricket/series/8050/game/1118676/kerala-vs-saurashtra-group-b-ranji-trophy-2017-18|title=Group B, Ranji Trophy at Thiruvananthapuram, Nov 17–20 2017|work=ESPN|access-date=17 February 2022|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217044450/https://www.espn.com.au/cricket/series/8050/game/1118676/kerala-vs-saurashtra-group-b-ranji-trophy-2017-18|url-status=live}}</ref> Kerala went on to play its first quarter-final in Ranji Trophy history in the season with Samson being one of their top performers.<ref name="five">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21596813/kerala-play-their-first-ranji-knockout-vidarbha |title=Kerala to play their first Ranji knockout against Vidarbha |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=28 November 2017 |access-date=28 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201134305/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21596813/kerala-play-their-first-ranji-knockout-vidarbha |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/cricket/2017/11/21/ranji-trophy-kerala-whatmore-sanju-samson-jalaj-saxena-sijomon-kc-akshay.html|work=On Manorama|title=Kerala reaping the fruits of aggressive cricket|author=Paul Abraham K|date=21 November 2021|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127110938/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/cricket/2017/11/21/ranji-trophy-kerala-whatmore-sanju-samson-jalaj-saxena-sijomon-kc-akshay.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2017, he was appointed as the captain of the [[Board President's XI (India)|Board President's XI]], replacing an injured [[Naman Ojha]] for a two-day tour match against Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/sri-lanka-in-india/sanju-samson-to-lead-board-presidents-xi-against-sri-lanka/articleshow/61582404.cms|title=Sanju Samson to lead Board President's XI against Sri Lanka|work=The Times of India|date=9 November 2017|access-date=17 February 2022|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217051701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/sri-lanka-in-india/sanju-samson-to-lead-board-presidents-xi-against-sri-lanka/articleshow/61582404.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored a century against the visiting team ending the match in a draw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralacricketassociation.com/sanju-samson-board-presidents-xi-draw-with-sri-lanka|title=Sanju Samson hundred leads Board President's XI draw with Sri Lanka|work=Kerala Cricket Association|access-date=5 November 2019|archive-date=5 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105155433/http://www.keralacricketassociation.com/sanju-samson-board-presidents-xi-draw-with-sri-lanka|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2018, he was one of eight players that were fined by the [[Kerala Cricket Association]], after showing dissent against Kerala's captain, [[Sachin Baby]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24533211/sanju-samson-13-players-sanctioned-kerala |title=Sanju Samson among 13 players sanctioned by Kerala |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 August 2018 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120050528/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24533211/sanju-samson-13-players-sanctioned-kerala |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2019, he scored 91 runs off 48 balls in the fifth unofficial List-A match between India A and [[South Africa A cricket team|South Africa A team]] and was awarded the man-of-the-match award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/india-a-vs-south-africa-a-5th-unofficial-odi-sanju-samsons-91-leads-india-a-to-204-4-888568|title=India A Vs South Africa A 5th unofficial ODI: Sanju Samson's 91 leads India A to 204–4|work=cricketcountry|date=6 September 2019 |access-date=6 September 2019|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207234544/https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/india-a-vs-south-africa-a-5th-unofficial-odi-sanju-samsons-91-leads-india-a-to-204-4-888568|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19458/report/1197424/india-a-vs-south-africa-a-5th-unofficial-odi-sa-a-tour-of-india-2019|title=Sanju Samson, Shardul Thakur sparkle as India A wrap up series 4–1|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=6 September 2019|access-date=19 September 2019|archive-date=16 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916075758/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19458/report/1197424/india-a-vs-south-africa-a-5th-unofficial-odi-sa-a-tour-of-india-2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2019, during the [[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] match between [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] and [[Goa cricket team|Goa]], Sanju doubled his maiden List-A century.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/sanju-samson-smashes-record-breaking-double-hundred-against-goa-2343089.html |title=Sanju Samson Smashes Record-breaking Double Hundred Against Goa |work=Network18 Media and Investments Ltd |access-date=12 October 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022014648/https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/sanju-samson-smashes-record-breaking-double-hundred-against-goa-2343089.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="KerVsGoa1">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2019-20-1196774/goa-vs-kerala-elite-group-a-1200750/match-report|title=Sanju Samson makes Vijay Hazare Trophy history with unbeaten 212|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 October 2019|date=12 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116161727/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2019-20-1196774/goa-vs-kerala-elite-group-a-1200750/match-report|archive-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> It was the second-fastest double hundred<ref name="KerVsGoa2">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/sanju-samson-hits-double-century-in-vijay-hazare-trophy/articleshow/71553872.cms|title=Sanju Samson hits 212*, highest List-A score in Indian domestic cricket|access-date=12 October 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 October 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116162021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/sanju-samson-hits-double-century-in-vijay-hazare-trophy/articleshow/71553872.cms|archive-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> and the fastest by an Indian in the format.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/sanju-samson-breaks-shikhar-dhawan-s-record-hits-fastest-double-hundred-by-an-indian-in-list-a-cricket-in-vijay-hazare-trophy/story-nHZB05KbSrObuK2JII1H1K.html |title=Sanju Samson smashes fastest double hundred by an Indian in 50-overs cricket in Vijay Hazare Trophy match |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 October 2019 |access-date=12 October 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012101313/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/sanju-samson-breaks-shikhar-dhawan-s-record-hits-fastest-double-hundred-by-an-indian-in-list-a-cricket-in-vijay-hazare-trophy/story-nHZB05KbSrObuK2JII1H1K.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also the highest total made by a wicket-keeper in a List-A match with an unbeaten 212 runs from 129 balls.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/sanju-samson-vijay-hazare-trophy-maiden-double-hundred-1608611-2019-10-12 |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy: Sanju Samson sets international record with maiden double hundred |work=India Today |date=12 October 2019 |access-date=12 October 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012114708/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/sanju-samson-vijay-hazare-trophy-maiden-double-hundred-1608611-2019-10-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> His partnership of 338 runs with Kerala skipper [[Sachin Baby]] in the match is the highest in List-A cricket for Indian cricket and the third highest in the format.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283615.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|title=Records / List A Matches / Partnership Records / Highest Partnerships by Wicket|access-date=11 March 2021|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728022753/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283615.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The impact made from this innings went on to earn him a national call-up after four years, as he was selected to play the [[Bangladesh]] series that followed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/110495/sanju-samson-shivam-dube-picked-for-bangladesh-t20is-virat-kohli-rested-india-vs-bangladesh |title=Samson, Dube picked for Bangladesh T20Is; Kohli rested |work=Cricbuzz |date=24 October 2019 |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024143316/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/110495/sanju-samson-shivam-dube-picked-for-bangladesh-t20is-virat-kohli-rested-india-vs-bangladesh |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-vs-bangladesh-sanju-samson-hints-at-possible-return-in-playing-xi-with-cryptic-tweet/story-YomYgFZolj3lA1fqpu1uBO.html|title=India vs Bangladesh: Sanju Samson hints at possible return in playing XI with cryptic Tweet|work=Hindustan Times|date=7 November 2019|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=6 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106062847/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-vs-bangladesh-sanju-samson-hints-at-possible-return-in-playing-xi-with-cryptic-tweet/story-YomYgFZolj3lA1fqpu1uBO.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

He was named the captain of [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] ahead of the [[2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/sanju-named-kerala-skipper-sreesanth-returns/articleshow/80029637.cms|work=timesofindia|title=Sanju Samson named Kerala skipper, Sreesanth returns|date=30 December 2020|access-date=30 December 2020|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223091656/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/sanju-named-kerala-skipper-sreesanth-returns/articleshow/80029637.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Kerala played the quarter-finals of the [[2021-22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insidesport.in/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-azharuddeen-samson-half-centuries-led-kerala-to-quarterfinals-as-they-beat-himachal-pradesh-in-pre-quarters/ |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy: Azharuddeen, Samson half centuries led Kerala to quarterfinals as they beat Himachal Pradesh in pre-quarters |work=Inside Sport |date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116130918/https://www.insidesport.in/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-azharuddeen-samson-half-centuries-led-kerala-to-quarterfinals-as-they-beat-himachal-pradesh-in-pre-quarters/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[2021-22 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] under his leadership.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/cricket/2021/12/14/vijay-hazare-trophy-sachin-baby-on-song-as-kerala-enter-quarterfinals.html|title=Hazare Trophy: Sachin Baby on song as Kerala enter quarterfinals|date=14 December 2021|access-date=6 January 2022|work=On Manorama|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107035324/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/cricket/2021/12/14/vijay-hazare-trophy-sachin-baby-on-song-as-kerala-enter-quarterfinals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2022, he was named captain of the [[India A cricket team|India A]] squad playing a 3 ODI-series against [[New Zealand A cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-a-squad-for-new-zealand-a-series-sanju-samson-named-captain-u19-world-cup-star-raj-bawa-included-8155208/|title=India A squad for New Zealand A series: Sanju Samson named captain, U19 World Cup star Raj Bawa included|work=Indian Express|date=16 September 2022|access-date=21 September 2022|archive-date=21 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921015143/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-a-squad-for-new-zealand-a-series-sanju-samson-named-captain-u19-world-cup-star-raj-bawa-included-8155208/|url-status=live}}</ref> India [[Whitewash (sport)|whitewashed]] New Zealand, with Samson being the highest run-getter of the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/cricket/2022/09/27/sanju-samson-ends-up-as-highest-run-getter-as-india-a-sweep-series.html|title=Sanju Samson ends up as highest run-getter, India A sweep series|work=On Manorama|date=27 September 2022|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927180352/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/cricket/2022/09/27/sanju-samson-ends-up-as-highest-run-getter-as-india-a-sweep-series.amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== International career ==
=== Maiden call-up and debut ===
In August 2014, Sanju was selected to India's 17-man squad to play in 5 ODIs and a Twenty20 against [[England cricket team|England]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-india-2014/content/story/767007.html|title=Sanju Samson, Karn Sharma get India call-up|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 August 2014|archive-date=6 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806061417/http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-india-2014/content/story/767007.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, he did not make it to the final eleven in any of the matches and remained a backup keeper to [[MS Dhoni]].<ref name="Zimbabwe">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150715/sports-cricket/article/will-sanju-samson-get-play-zimbabwe|work=Deccan Chronicles|title=Will Sanju Samson get to play Zimbabwe?|date=15 July 2015|access-date=25 April 2021|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112436/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150715/sports-cricket/article/will-sanju-samson-get-play-zimbabwe|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2014, he was called to the Twenty20 team to play a [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2014–15|solitary T20 against West Indies]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Akshar Patel included for remaining WI ODIs |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-west-indies-2014-15/content/story/789149.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo (ESPN Sports Media) |date=14 October 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014 |archive-date=14 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014123334/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-west-indies-2014-15/content/story/789149.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which later got cancelled.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/west-indies-tour-of-india-called-off-199831|work=Cricket Country|title=West Indies tour of India called off|date=17 October 2014|access-date=11 November 2021|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111065039/https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/west-indies-tour-of-india-called-off-199831|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2014, he was named in India's 30-member probables list for the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]] but did not make to the final squad.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/new-zealand-in-india-2016/top-stories/seniors-left-out-in-probables-list-for-2015-world-cup/articleshow/45372608.cms|title=Seniors left out in probables list for 2015 World Cup|work=The Times of India|date=4 December 2014|access-date=11 February 2022|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211074949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/new-zealand-in-india-2016/top-stories/seniors-left-out-in-probables-list-for-2015-world-cup/articleshow/45372608.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2015, he was drafted into the Indian squad against [[Zimbabwe cricket team|Zimbabwe]] for an ODI and two T20I matches as an injury replacement for [[Ambati Rayudu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe-v-india-2015/content/story/898091.html |title=Rayudu out of Zimbabwe series; Samson called in |access-date=7 November 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825160211/http://www.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe-v-india-2015/content/story/898091.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He made his T20I debut against Zimbabwe at [[Harare]] on 19 July 2015.<ref name="T20I">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-zimbabwe-2015-885951/zimbabwe-vs-india-2nd-t20i-885971/full-scorecard|title=2nd T20I, Harare, Jul 19 2015, India tour of Zimbabwe|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=19 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116161011/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-zimbabwe-2015-885951/zimbabwe-vs-india-2nd-t20i-885971/full-scorecard|archive-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> After a top-order collapse, Samson added 36 runs in the sixth wicket, along with [[Stuart Binny]] in a low-score chase. India eventually lost the match to Zimbabwe by 10 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-zimbabwe-2015-885951/zimbabwe-vs-india-2nd-t20i-885971/match-report|title=Chibhabha, Cremer set up maiden T20 win over India|first=Arun|last=Venugopal|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=19 July 2015|access-date=10 July 2022|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710091131/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-zimbabwe-2015-885951/zimbabwe-vs-india-2nd-t20i-885971/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Comeback and a stop-start career (2019–21) ===
In October 2019, he was recalled to the Indian team after four years as a part of India's [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) squad for their [[Bangladeshi cricket team in India in 2019–20|series against Bangladesh]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27917393/virat-kohli-rested,-shivam-dube-gets-maiden-india-call-bangladesh-t20is |title=Virat Kohli rested, Shivam Dube gets maiden India call-up for Bangladesh T20Is |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024115817/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27917393/virat-kohli-rested,-shivam-dube-gets-maiden-india-call-bangladesh-t20is |url-status=live }}</ref> but was benched in the whole series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-vs-west-indies-team-selection-bhuvneshwar-kumar-kuldeep-yadav-return-for-t20is-deepak-chahar-included-for-odis/story-zlUA3N9wQTX56EoRykcRQO.html|title=India vs West Indies team selection: Bhuvneshwar, Shami return as India fall back on tried and tested for West Indies series|work=Hindustan Times|date=21 November 2019|access-date=21 November 2019|archive-date=27 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127091601/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-vs-west-indies-team-selection-bhuvneshwar-kumar-kuldeep-yadav-return-for-t20is-deepak-chahar-included-for-odis/story-zlUA3N9wQTX56EoRykcRQO.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, he was added to the Indian team for T20I series against West Indies after an injury to [[Shikhar Dhawan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1208233.html|title=Samson replaces injured Dhawan for West Indies T20Is|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 November 2019|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223091659/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/samson-replaces-injured-dhawan-for-west-indies-t20is-1208233|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, he was named in the Twenty 20 squad to play against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28358758/bumrah,-dhawan-return-home-series-sri-lanka-australia |title=Jasprit Bumrah, Shikhar Dhawan return for home series against Sri Lanka and Australia |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=23 December 2019 |access-date=23 December 2019 |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223154333/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28358758/bumrah,-dhawan-return-home-series-sri-lanka-australia |url-status=live }}</ref> He featured in the third T20I and was dismissed in the second ball, after hitting the first for a sixer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/india-vs-sri-lanka-3rd-t20i-sanju-samson-makes-india-comeback-135544.html|work=My Khel|title=India Vs Sri Lanka 3rd T20I: Sanju Samson makes India comeback after waiting for 1637 days, fails to impress|first=Avinash|last=Sharma|date=10 January 2020|access-date=14 March 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422100944/https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/india-vs-sri-lanka-3rd-t20i-sanju-samson-makes-india-comeback-135544.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was selected for the T20I series of the [[India national cricket team|India]] tour of [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] replacing an injured [[Shikhar Dhawan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28530612/dhawan-replaced-shaw-samson-new-zealand-tour|title=Dhawan replaced by Shaw and Samson for New Zealand tour|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 January 2020|archive-date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121200823/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28530612/dhawan-replaced-shaw-samson-new-zealand-tour|url-status=live}}</ref> but failed to create an impact with the bat with a string of low scores.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket-india-vs-new-zealand-5th-t20i-sanju-samson-s-flop-show-continues-in-mount-maunganui-585255|title=India vs New Zealand 5th T20I: Sanju Samson's flop show continues in Mount Maunganui|work=India TV News|date=2 February 2020|access-date=2 February 2020|archive-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203145833/https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket-india-vs-new-zealand-5th-t20i-sanju-samson-s-flop-show-continues-in-mount-maunganui-585255|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2020-sanju-samsons-challenge-is-to-stay-consistent/articleshow/78280587.cms|title=Sanju Samson's challenge is to stay consistent|work=The Times of India|date=23 September 2020|access-date=23 June 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112154730/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2020-sanju-samsons-challenge-is-to-stay-consistent/articleshow/78280587.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Quote box
| width = 35%
| align = right
| quoted = 1
| quote = "Sanju was fearless at the top of the order. He tried to take the momentum away, he should back himself".
| salign = left
| source = Virat Kohli on Samson's batting on Team India. —<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2020/jan/31/virat-kohli-thought-of-sending-fearless-sanju-samson-for-super-over-but-kl-rahul-opposed-2097194.html|title=Virat Kohli thought of sending fearless Sanju Samson for superover|work=The New Indian Express|date=31 January 2020 |access-date=6 March 2021|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429142453/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2020/jan/31/virat-kohli-thought-of-sending-fearless-sanju-samson-for-super-over-but-kl-rahul-opposed-2097194.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

In October 2020, he was named in India's [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) squad for their [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2020–21|series against Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30196657/rishabh-pant-omitted-india-white-ball-squads,-varun-chakravarthy-t20i-squad |title=Rishabh Pant omitted from India's white-ball squads, Varun Chakravarthy in T20I squad |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=26 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029201412/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30196657/rishabh-pant-omitted-india-white-ball-squads,-varun-chakravarthy-t20i-squad |url-status=live }}</ref> On 9 November 2020, he was added to India's [[One Day International]] (ODI) squad, also for their series against Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30284064/virat-kohli-play-only-one-test-australia,-rohit-sharma-added-squad |title=Virat Kohli to return after first Test in Australia, Rohit Sharma added to squad |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 November 2020 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109113002/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30284064/virat-kohli-play-only-one-test-australia,-rohit-sharma-added-squad |url-status=live }}</ref> He played all the three Twenty20s but flattered to deceive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketaddictor.com/cricket-news/i-showed-the-selflessness-sanju-samson-satisfied-despite-low-scores-in-australia/|title=Sanju Samson on low scores in Australia|work=Cricket Addictor|date=25 December 2020|access-date=30 December 2020|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418153036/https://cricketaddictor.com/cricket-news/i-showed-the-selflessness-sanju-samson-satisfied-despite-low-scores-in-australia/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="News18">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/india-vs-australia-2020-brilliance-talent-cant-be-a-cover-for-sanju-samsons-inconsistency-3161369.html|work=News 18|title=India vs Australia 2020: Talent can't be a cover for Sanju Samson's inconsistency|date=9 December 2020 |access-date=30 December 2020|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422100943/https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/amp/news/india-vs-australia-2020-brilliance-talent-cant-be-a-cover-for-sanju-samsons-inconsistency-3161369.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was dropped from India's [[Twenty20 International]] squad for their next series [[English cricket team in India in 2020–21|against England]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2021/feb/21/sanju-samson-droppedsuryakumar-yadav-rahul-tewatia-picked-for-england-t20-series-check-indias-f-2266772.html|title=Sanju Samson dropped; Suryakumar Yadav, Rahul Tewatia picked for England T20 series, check India's full squad here|work=New Indian Express|date=21 February 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202738/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2021/feb/21/sanju-samson-droppedsuryakumar-yadav-rahul-tewatia-picked-for-england-t20-series-check-indias-f-2266772.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2021, he was named in India's [[One Day International]] (ODI) and [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) squads for their series [[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2021|against Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sri-lanka-vs-india-2021-shikhar-dhawan-to-captain-india-on-limited-overs-tour-of-sri-lanka-1265911 |title=Shikhar Dhawan to captain India on limited-overs tour of Sri Lanka |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=10 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610171551/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sri-lanka-vs-india-2021-shikhar-dhawan-to-captain-india-on-limited-overs-tour-of-sri-lanka-1265911 |url-status=live }}</ref> He made his ODI debut on 23 July 2021 in the dead rubber third ODI playing run-a-ball innings of 46 and ended on the losing team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1262757.html |title=3rd ODI (D/N), Colombo (RPS), Jul 23 2021, India tour of Sri Lanka |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116162516/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-sri-lanka-2021-1262739/sri-lanka-vs-india-3rd-odi-1262757/full-scorecard|archive-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> He disappointed with the bat in the T20 series in which a depleted Team India lost to Sri Lanka 2–1 with Samson scoring only 34 runs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-tour-of-sri-lanka-sanju-samson-flatters-to-deceive-t20-world-cup-chances-7429331/|title=India tour of Sri Lanka: Sanju Samson flatters to deceive, T20 World Cup chances hang by a thread|date=30 July 2021|access-date=30 July 2021|first=Rahul|last=Sadhu|work=Indian Express|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730023039/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-tour-of-sri-lanka-sanju-samson-flatters-to-deceive-t20-world-cup-chances-7429331/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.co/india-vs-sri-lanka-3rd-t20-ruturaj-gaikwad-devdutt-padikkal-sanju-samson-fail-again-as-indian-middle-order-collapse/|title=India vs Sri Lanka, 3rd T20: Ruturaj Gaikwad, Devdutt Padikkal, Sanju Samson fail again as Indian middle-order collapse|first=Akash|last=Kharade|date=29 July 2021|access-date=30 July 2021|work=Inside Sport|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730102246/https://www.insidesport.co/india-vs-sri-lanka-3rd-t20-ruturaj-gaikwad-devdutt-padikkal-sanju-samson-fail-again-as-indian-middle-order-collapse/|url-status=live}}</ref> He missed out from the Indian squad for the [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]], held in October 2021, because of his poor form in T20s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketaddictor.com/cricket-news/it-was-very-disappointing-to-not-be-selected-sanju-samson-on-missing-out-on-indias-t20-world-cup-squad/|title=It Was Very Disappointing To Not Be Selected: Sanju Samson On Missing Out On India's T20 World Cup Squad|first=Sonanchal|last=Gautam|date=20 September 2021|access-date=9 November 2021|work=Cricket Addictor|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109170555/https://cricketaddictor.com/cricket-news/it-was-very-disappointing-to-not-be-selected-sanju-samson-on-missing-out-on-indias-t20-world-cup-squad/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Among the runs (2022–onwards) ===
In February 2022, he was named in India's T20 squad for their [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2021–22|series against Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ravindra-jadeja-sanju-samson-back-in-india-squad-for-sri-lanka-t20is-1301954 |title=Ravindra Jadeja, Sanju Samson back in India squad for Sri Lanka T20Is |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 February 2022 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219110540/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ravindra-jadeja-sanju-samson-back-in-india-squad-for-sri-lanka-t20is-1301954 |url-status=live }}</ref> He didn't bat in the first match but scored 39 and 18 in the next two matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketaddictor.com/cricket-news/sanju-samson-should-have-played-more-matches-for-india-says-shoaib-akhtar/|work=Cricket Addictor|title=Sanju Samson should have played more matches for India: Shoaib Akhtar|date=5 April 2022|access-date=10 May 2022|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710141941/https://cricketaddictor.com/cricket-news/sanju-samson-should-have-played-more-matches-for-india-says-shoaib-akhtar/|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2022, he was named in India's squad for their T20I series [[Indian cricket team in Ireland in 2022|against Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ire-vs-india-hardik-pandya-to-captain-india-in-ireland-t20is-rahul-tripathi-gets-maiden-call-up-1320109 |title=Hardik Pandya to captain India in Ireland T20Is; Rahul Tripathi gets maiden call-up |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=15 June 2022 |access-date=15 June 2022 |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615151756/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ire-vs-india-hardik-pandya-to-captain-india-in-ireland-t20is-rahul-tripathi-gets-maiden-call-up-1320109 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the second match of the series, he scored his maiden half century in T20I, making 77 runs off 42 balls.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-ireland-sanju-samson-hits-maiden-t20i-fifty-in-comeback-match-in-dublin-1967852-2022-06-28|title=India vs Ireland: Sanju Samson hits maiden T20I fifty in comeback match in Dublin|work=India Today|date=28 June 2022|access-date=28 June 2022|language=en|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628163321/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-ireland-sanju-samson-hits-maiden-t20i-fifty-in-comeback-match-in-dublin-1967852-2022-06-28|url-status=live}}</ref> His partnership with [[Deepak Hooda]]<ref>"[https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/deepak-hooda-497121 Deepak Hooda Profile - Cricket Player India | Stats, Records, Video]"</ref> of 176 runs was the [[List of Twenty20 International records#Highest partnerships (by wicket)|highest partnership for the second wicket]] in men's T20I and the [[List of India Twenty20 International cricket records#Highest partnerships by wicket|highest partnership for any wicket for India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/deepak-hooda-sanju-samson-register-highest-t20i-partnership-for-india-7997088/|title=Deepak Hooda, Sanju Samson register highest T20I partnership for India|work=Indian Express|date=28 June 2022|access-date=28 June 2022|language=en|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181650/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/deepak-hooda-sanju-samson-register-highest-t20i-partnership-for-india-7997088/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2022, he was named in India's squad for the first T20I of their [[Indian cricket team in England in 2022|series against England]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-eng-2022-rohit-returns-as-captain-for-t20is-and-odis-against-england-1322566|title=Rohit to return as captain for limited-overs series against England|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 June 2022|archive-date=5 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905153225/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-tour-of-england-2022-rohit-returns-to-lead-white-ball-squads-for-england-series-hardik-pandya-back-for-odis-1322566|url-status=live}}</ref> but didn't feature in the starting eleven.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ind-vs-eng-1st-t20i-fans-unhappy-after-sanju-samson-ignored-for-series-opener-against-england-5512165.html|title=IND vs ENG 1st T20I: Fans Unhappy After Sanju Samson Ignored For Series Opener Against England|work=News18|access-date=7 August 2022|archive-date=7 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807080737/https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ind-vs-eng-1st-t20i-fans-unhappy-after-sanju-samson-ignored-for-series-opener-against-england-5512165.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2022, he was named in India's ODI squad for their away series [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies and the United States in 2022|against the West Indies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wi-vs-ind-odi-series-2022-shikhar-dhawan-to-lead-india-in-west-indies-odis-ravindra-jadeja-named-vice-captain-1323376|title=Shikhar Dhawan to lead India in West Indies ODIs|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 July 2022|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706103137/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wi-vs-ind-odi-series-2022-shikhar-dhawan-to-lead-india-in-west-indies-odis-ravindra-jadeja-named-vice-captain-1323376|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored his maiden ODI half-century in the second match of the series. His 99-run partnership with [[Shreyas Iyer]] in the fourth wicket set the foundation for India's victory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Axar Patel leaves jaws on the floor as India win cliffhanger |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-west-indies-2022-1317885/west-indies-vs-india-2nd-odi-1317901/match-report |access-date=25 July 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724231908/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-west-indies-2022-1317885/west-indies-vs-india-2nd-odi-1317901/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref> On 29 July 2022, he was added to India's [[Twenty 20 International]] (T20I) squad, also for their series against West Indies, after [[KL Rahul]] tested positive for [[COVID-19]] and scored 30* and 15 in the last two matches respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/123265/sanju-samson-replaces-kl-rahul-for-west-indies-t20is|title=Sanju Samson replaces KL Rahul for West Indies T20Is|work=Cricbuzz|date=29 July 2022|access-date=29 July 2022|archive-date=29 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729115151/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/123265/sanju-samson-replaces-kl-rahul-for-west-indies-t20is|url-status=live}}</ref> The same month, he was named in India's [[One Day International]] (ODI) squad for their series [[Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2022|against Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/zim-vs-ind-2022-deepak-chahar-returns-after-injury-layoff-for-india-s-odi-series-in-zimbabwe-1326910|title=Deepak Chahar returns after long injury layoff for ODI series in Zimbabwe|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=30 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730161045/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/zim-vs-ind-2022-deepak-chahar-returns-after-injury-layoff-for-india-s-odi-series-in-zimbabwe-1326910|url-status=live}}</ref> In the second ODI against Zimbabwe, he scored an unbeaten 43 and took three catches and was declared the man of the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/1030942/watch-zimbabwe-vs-india-sanju-samsons-unbeaten-43-secures-odi-series-win-for-india|title=Watch, Zimbabwe vs India: Sanju Samson's unbeaten 43 secures ODI series win for India|work=Scroll.in|date=21 August 2022|access-date=25 August 2022|language=en|archive-date=25 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825173736/https://scroll.in/field/1030942/watch-zimbabwe-vs-india-sanju-samsons-unbeaten-43-secures-odi-series-win-for-india|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2022, he was named in India's squad [[South African cricket team in India in 2022–23|against South Africa]] for three ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=3 October 2022|title=India's squad for ODI series against SA announced|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555935/india-s-squad-for-odi-series-against-sa-announced|website=Board of Control for Cricket in India|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002174110/https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555935/india-s-squad-for-odi-series-against-sa-announced|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored an unbeaten 86 runs off 63 balls in the first ODI, but ended up in the losing team. But India managed to turn things around in next two ODIs with Samson unbeaten on 30 and 2 respectively.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=14 October 2022|title=Miller, Klaasen, seamers help South Africa earn crucial World Cup Super League points|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-in-india-2022-23-1327499/india-vs-south-africa-1st-odi-1327509/match-report|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=6 October 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014102156/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-in-india-2022-23-1327499/india-vs-south-africa-1st-odi-1327509/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref> He was not selected for [[2022 T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/sports/in-place-of-who-former-chief-selector-backs-indias-decision-to-snub-sanju-samson-from-t20-wc-squad-516233/amp|date=14 September 2022|title='In place of who?': Former chief selector backs India's decision to snub Sanju Samson from T20 WC squad}}</ref> In December 2022, he was selected for T20I series [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2022–23|against Sri Lanka]] but scored only 5 runs in first match and got ruled out for remaining two matches due to an injury in his left knee while attempting to field a ball near the boundary ropes during the 1st T20I.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanju Samson ruled out of the remainder of T20I series |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55555970/sanju-samson-ruled-out-of-the-remainder-of-t20i-series?type=Latest |access-date=4 January 2023 |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |language=en}}</ref> In June 2023, he was named in ODI and T20I series for [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies and the United States in 2023|West Indies tour]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556009/india-s-squads-for-west-indies-tests-and-odi-series-announced?type=Latest |title=India's squads for West Indies Tests and ODI series announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date= 23 June 2023}}</ref> He scored 51 off 41 balls in third ODI but had a rough T20I series where he scored 12,7 and 13 respectively and did not get to bat in third and fourth matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556014/india-s-squad-for-t20i-series-against-west-indies-announced?type=Latest |title=India's squad for T20I series against West Indies announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date= 5 July 2023}}</ref> He was also selected for next T20I away series [[Indian cricket team in Ireland in 2023|against Ireland]] and scored 40 off 26 balls in second T20I.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556024/india-s-squad-for-t20i-series-against-ireland-announced |title=India's squad for T20I series against Ireland announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>

On 30 November 2023, he was selected in India's squad for the 3 match ODI series against South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Big guns return as India name squads for South Africa tour |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3801682#:~:text=India's%20squad%20for%20ODIs:%20Ruturaj,,%20Arshdeep%20Singh,%20Deepak%20Chahar. |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222091950/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3801682#:~:text=India's%20squad%20for%20ODIs:%20Ruturaj,,%20Arshdeep%20Singh,%20Deepak%20Chahar. |url-status=live }}</ref> He scored his maiden hundred in the third ODI of the series scoring 108 off 114 balls which proved to be match winning as India won the series decider by 78 runs. He was adjudged with man of the match award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SA vs IND, India in South Africa 2023/24, 3rd ODI at Paarl, December 21, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-south-africa-2023-24-1387592/south-africa-vs-india-3rd-odi-1387602/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222092205/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-south-africa-2023-24-1387592/south-africa-vs-india-3rd-odi-1387602/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 30 April 2024, he was selected in India's 15 member Squad for the [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shafiq |first1=Saman |title=India announces 15-member squad for 2024 T20 World Cup led by Rohit Sharma: See the list |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/india-announces-15-member-squad-132848923.html |access-date=1 March 2026 |work=Yahoo Sports |date=30 April 2024}}</ref> to be held in [[United States|USA]] and [[West Indies]] which they won.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 March 2026 |title=Ravindra Jadeja announces T20I retirement after T20 World Cup victory |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/ravindra-jadeja-announces-t20i-retirement-after-t20-world-cup-victory |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |date=30 June 2024 |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630125322/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/ravindra-jadeja-announces-t20i-retirement-after-t20-world-cup-victory |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2024, he was named in India's squad for the three-match T20I series against Bangladesh. In the third match of the series, he scored his maiden T20I century, registering 111 runs off 47 balls and contributing to India's victory.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 2024 |title=Sanju Samson Creates History as First Indian Wicketkeeper to Score T20I Century |url=https://www.probatsman.com/cricket-news/sanju-samson-creates-history-as-first-indian-wicketkeeper-to-score-t20i-century |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120075433/https://www.probatsman.com/cricket-news/sanju-samson-creates-history-as-first-indian-wicketkeeper-to-score-t20i-century |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=12 October 2024 |work=ProBatsman}}</ref> During the innings, he set multiple records, including the second-fastest century by an Indian batter in T20Is, the fastest fifty by an Indian wicketkeeper-batter against Bangladesh, and the highest individual score by an Indian batter against Bangladesh in T20Is.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

He was also selected for the 4 match T20I series in South Africa tour. He scored 107 runs out of 50 balls, including 7 fours and 10 sixes in the 1st match, being the first Indian batter to score centuries in consecutive matches.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2024 |title=Sanju Samson Becomes First Indian to Hit Back-to-Back T20I Centuries |url=https://www.probatsman.com/cricket-news/ind-vs-sa-sanju-samson-becomes-first-indian-to-hit-back-to-back-t20i-centuries-destroys-south-africa-bowling |access-date=8 November 2024 |work=ProBatsman}}</ref> He has also become the first Indian wicket-keeper batter to score a century in T20I in South Africa soil. He also scored another century in the 4th T20I, scoring unbeaten 109 of 56 balls with 6 fours and 9 sixes to his name making his century tally to 3 in T20 internationals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 November 2024 |title=Sanju Samson becomes first cricketer to score three T20I centuries in a calendar year |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/sanju-samson-becomes-first-cricketer-to-score-three-t20i-centuries-in-a-calendar-year/article68875001.ece |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Along with Tilak Varma who scored another century he put up a record unbeaten 210 run 2nd wicket partnership to guide India to mammoth total of 283 in the 4th T20.

By scoring his 3rd T20 century against South Africa on 15 November 2024, Sanju became the batsman with most centuries in a calendar year in T20 Internationals, which is 3.

On 1 March 2026 against the [[West Indies cricket team| West Indies]] in a deciding Super 8 match during the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup| 2026 T20 World Cup]], Samson hit his first 50+ score in the competition, hitting an unbeaten 97 off 50 balls and hitting 12 fours and 4 sixes as India scored 199/5 in 19.2 overs, successfully chasing down the target of 196 set by the West Indies, which was the highest target successfully chased by India in [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup|T20 World Cups]]. He won the Player of the Match award for his match-winning knock.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/india-vs-west-indies-52nd-match-super-eights-group-1-1512770/match-report |title=Super 8, West Indies vs India (N) at Kolkata, 01 Mar 2026 |work=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate= 19 March 2026 }}</ref>

In the semi-final of the ICC Men's T20 World Cup held on 5 March 2026, Sanju Samson scored a rapid 89 runs off 42 balls against [[England national cricket team|England]], helping India post a massive total of 253 in the knockout stage. His innings played a key role in setting up a challenging target for England. Samson was adjudged the Player of the Match, marking his second consecutive award following his performance against the West Indies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/india-vs-england-2nd-semi-final-1512772/match-report |title= 2nd Semi-Final (N) at Wankhede, 05 March 2026
|work=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate= 19 March 2026}}</ref>

In the finals of T20 World Cup 2026, played in [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Ahmedabad]], Sanju Samson scored 89 of 46 balls against [[New Zealand national cricket team |New Zealand]]. With that he became the 3rd highest run scoring batsman in the tournament, with a total of 321 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-08 |title=India vs New Zealand T20 World Cup Final LIVE Score: NZ stun IND with Samson, Kishan wickets; chances of 280 fade |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-vs-new-zealand-live-cricket-score-ind-vs-nz-final-icc-mens-t20-world-cup-2026-march-8-today-latest-scorecard-101772962540231.html |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, Samson was named as the Player of the tournament, despite only featuring in 5 games.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 March 2026 |title=Sanju Samson adjudged T20 World Cup Player of the Tournament |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/mens-t20-world-cup-2026/news/sanju-samson-adjudged-t20-world-cup-player-of-the-tournament |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

== Indian Premier League ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; float:right; clear:right; text-align:center; margin-right:15px"
!Season
!Team
!Matches
!Runs
|-
|| [[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Rajasthan Royals]]|| 11 || 206
|-
|| [[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]] || 13 || 339
|-
|| [[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]] || rowspan="3" | 14 || 204
|-
|| [[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Delhi Capitals|Delhi Daredevils]]|| 291
|-
|| [[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]] || 386
|-
|| [[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Rajasthan Royals]]|| 15 || 441
|-
|| [[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]] || 12 || 342
|-
|| [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]] || rowspan="2" | 14 || 375
|-
|| [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]] || 484
|-
|| [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]] || 17 || 458
|-
|| [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]] || 14 || 362
|-
|| [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]]|| 16 || 531
|-
|| [[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]]|| 9 || 285
|-
!Total|| || 177 || 4704
|-
| colspan="4"; | {{updated|1 January 2026}} – Source: IPL T20<ref name="IPLT20">{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/teams/rajasthan-royals/squad-details/258/2022/8|work=IPL T20|title=Rajasthan Royals squad - Sanju Samson|access-date=15 February 2022|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215060930/https://www.iplt20.com/teams/rajasthan-royals/squad-details/258/2022/8|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

Samson was named by [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in its player pool ahead of [[2009 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cricketnext.in.com/news/kkr-sign-four-domestic-players-for-ipl5/64198-13.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304052611/http://cricketnext.in.com/news/kkr-sign-four-domestic-players-for-ipl5/64198-13.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2012 |title=KKR sign four domestic players for IPL-5 : Cricketnext |publisher=Cricketnext.in.com |date=1 March 2012 |access-date=26 May 2012}}</ref> He was signed by Kolkata Knight Riders ahead of [[2012 Indian Premier League]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2012-kolkata-knight-riders-sign-four-new-players-555912|work=ESPNcricinfo|title=Kolkata Knight Riders sign four new players|date=1 March 2012|access-date=22 April 2021|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119005419/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2012-kolkata-knight-riders-sign-four-new-players-555912|url-status=live}}</ref> but did not get to play and was released ahead of the [[2013 Indian Premier League|2013 season]].<ref name="11Jan2014">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/talent-and-temperament-aplenty-in-teenaged-samson-708857|work=ESPNcricinfo|title=Talent and temperament a plenty in teenaged Samson|first=Nagraj|last=Gollapudi|access-date=11 January 2014|date=11 January 2014|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319161043/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/talent-and-temperament-aplenty-in-teenaged-samson-708857|url-status=live}}</ref> He was signed to play for [[Rajasthan Royals]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/sanju-v-samson-signs-for-rajasthan-royals/articleshow/18356431.cms|title=Sanju V Samson signs for Rajasthan Royals|work=[[Times of India]]|first=Vijesh|last=MV|date=5 February 2013|access-date=22 April 2021|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223091657/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/sanju-v-samson-signs-for-rajasthan-royals/articleshow/18356431.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his IPL debut for Rajasthan against [[Kings XI Punjab]] on 14 April 2013 after the regular wicket-keeper [[Dishant Yagnik]] failed to recover from an injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2013-586733/rajasthan-royals-vs-kings-xi-punjab-18th-match-598014/full-scorecard|work=ESPNcricinfo|title=18th match (N), Jaipur, Apr 14 2013, Indian Premier League|date=14 April 2013|access-date=8 May 2021|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508060804/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2013-586733/rajasthan-royals-vs-kings-xi-punjab-18th-match-598014/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> In his second match, he scored 63 runs from 41 balls, becoming the then youngest player in IPL to score a half-century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/indian-premier-league-2013/ipl-stats-sanju-samson-youngest-player-to-score-an-ipl-fifty-1537389|title=IPL Stats: Sanju Samson youngest player to score an IPL fifty|work=NDTV Sports|date=29 April 2013|access-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618002530/https://sports.ndtv.com/indian-premier-league-2013/ipl-stats-sanju-samson-youngest-player-to-score-an-ipl-fifty-1537389|archive-date=18 June 2018|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|[[Riyan Parag]] later broke this record during [[2019 Indian Premier League|2019 IPL]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/dcvsrr-riyan-parag-youngest-ipl-50-1517088-2019-05-04|title=IPL 2019, DC vs RR: Riyan Parag youngest to hit an IPL fifty|work=India Today|date=4 May 2019|access-date=28 May 2021|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319161000/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/dcvsrr-riyan-parag-youngest-ipl-50-1517088-2019-05-04|url-status=live}}</ref>|group=Note}} He won the Emerging Player award of 2013 season with 206 runs and six stumpings from 10 innings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/indian-premier-league-2013/ipl-2013-sanju-samson-saves-kerala-pride-as-sreesanth-stays-behind-bars-1536035|title=IPL 2013: Sanju Samson saves Kerala pride as Sreesanth stays behind bars|work=NDTV Sports|date=27 May 2013|access-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208061810/https://sports.ndtv.com/indian-premier-league-2013/ipl-2013-sanju-samson-saves-kerala-pride-as-sreesanth-stays-behind-bars-1536035 |archive-date=8 February 2022|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>

Samson made his [[Champions League Twenty20]] debut for [[Rajasthan Royals]] against the [[Mumbai Indians]] on 21 September 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/champions-league-twenty20-2013-14-629521/rajasthan-royals-vs-mumbai-indians-1st-match-group-a-654341/full-scorecard|work=ESPNcricinfo|title=1st Match, Group A (N), Jaipur, Sep 21 2013, Champions League Twenty20|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613155037/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/champions-league-twenty20-2013-14-629521/rajasthan-royals-vs-mumbai-indians-1st-match-group-a-654341/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> and scored 54 off 47 balls, becoming the youngest player to score a half-century in CLT20.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/champions-league-twenty20-2013-14-629521/rajasthan-royals-vs-mumbai-indians-1st-match-group-a-654341/match-report|work=ESPNcricinfo|title=Royals keep home streak going with comfortable win|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513022741/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/champions-league-twenty20-2013-14-629521/rajasthan-royals-vs-mumbai-indians-1st-match-group-a-654341/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref> He was retained by Rajasthan ahead of the 2014 season.<ref name=rr>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/content/story/708569.html |title=Royals retain Samson, Binny, Rahane, Watson, Faulkner |first=Nagraj |last=Gollapudi |date=10 January 2014 |publisher=ESPN |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 January 2014 |archive-date=10 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110114705/http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/content/story/708569.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, [[Delhi Capitals]] signed Samson<ref>{{cite news|title=List of players sold and unsold at IPL auction 2016|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2016/content/story/969473.html|access-date=19 April 2016|work=ESPNcricinfo|archive-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419104405/http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2016/content/story/969473.html|url-status=live}}</ref> after Rajasthan was banned from the competition for two years after being found guilty in illegal betting and match-fixing probe.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-33517583|publisher=[[BBC News]]|title=IPL scandal: Chennai Super Kings and Rajasthan Royals suspended|date=14 May 2015|access-date=18 July 2015|archive-date=17 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717033057/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-33517583?|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored his maiden T20 century against [[Rising Pune Supergiants]] during the [[2017 Indian Premier League]].<ref name="Samson100">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/content/story/1091719.html |title=Samson's maiden ton razes Rising Pune |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=11 April 2017 |access-date=12 April 2017 |archive-date=12 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412072753/http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/content/story/1091719.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

He returned to Rajasthan in the [[List of 2018 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2018 IPL auction]]<ref name="IPL2018">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22218394/ipl-2018-player-auction-list-sold-unsold-players |title=List of sold and unsold players |access-date=27 January 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711200636/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2018-player-auction-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1134446 |url-status=live }}</ref> He scored his second IPL century in the [[2019 Indian Premier League|next season]], hitting an unbeaten 102* against [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1175363/sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-rajasthan-royals-8th-match-indian-premier-league-2019|title=Samson ton in vain after Warner-Bairstow fireworks|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=29 March 2019 |access-date=6 November 2019|archive-date=6 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106044618/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1175363/sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-rajasthan-royals-8th-match-indian-premier-league-2019|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 2020 season, Sanju scored a 32-ball 74 against [[Chennai Super Kings]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanju Samson, Steven Smith, Jofra Archer help Rajasthan Royals win battle of sixes|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216496/rajasthan-royals-vs-chennai-super-kings-4th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-12-04|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=22 September 2020 |language=en|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203212024/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216496/rajasthan-royals-vs-chennai-super-kings-4th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|url-status=live}}</ref> He led Rajasthan to the highest successful run chase in IPL history with 85 runs from 42 balls against [[Kings XI Punjab]] in the next match.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rahul Tewatia and Sanju Samson pull off a record chase in stunning Rajasthan Royals win|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216527/rajasthan-royals-vs-kings-xi-punjab-9th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-12-04|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=27 September 2020 |language=en|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203212613/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216527/rajasthan-royals-vs-kings-xi-punjab-9th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|url-status=live}}</ref> He played his 100th IPL match, later in the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/cricket/ipl-2020-sanju-samson-becomes-secondyoungest-player-after-virat-kohli-to-achieve-this-feat-in-ipl-10018045|title=IPL2020- Sanju Samson becomes second-youngest player after Virat Kohli to achieve this feat in IPL|work=jagran|date=11 October 2020|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031023041/https://english.jagran.com/cricket/ipl-2020-sanju-samson-becomes-secondyoungest-player-after-virat-kohli-to-achieve-this-feat-in-ipl-10018045|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Quote box
| width = 33%
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| quote = "You're a captain when you're fielding, not when you're batting".
| salign = right
| source = — Sanju Samson on an interview with [[ESPNcricinfo]] before [[2021 Indian Premier League|IPL 2021]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-sanju-samson-you-re-a-captain-when-you-re-fielding-not-when-you-re-batting-1258096|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|title=IPL 2021: Sanju Samson "You're a captain when you're fielding, not when you're batting"|date=10 April 2021 |access-date=22 May 2021|archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522094803/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-sanju-samson-you-re-a-captain-when-you-re-fielding-not-when-you-re-batting-1258096|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

In January 2021, Samson was named the captain of [[Rajasthan Royals]] ahead of the [[2021 Indian Premier League]].<ref name="Captain">{{Cite web|title=Sanju Samson named Rajasthan Royals captain for IPL 2021|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sanju-samson-named-rajasthan-royals-captain-for-ipl-2021-1248625|access-date=2021-01-20|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120172519/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sanju-samson-named-rajasthan-royals-captain-for-ipl-2021-1248625|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored a century in his first match as captain, becoming the first IPL captain to achieve the feat.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Punjab Kings snatch thrilling victory as KL Rahul 91 trumps Sanju Samson 119|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/rajasthan-royals-vs-punjab-kings-4th-match-1254061/match-report|access-date=12 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=12 April 2021 |language=en|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412133908/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/rajasthan-royals-vs-punjab-kings-4th-match-1254061/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref> He completed 3000 runs in IPL later in the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2021/story/sanju-samson-completes-3000-ipl-runs-and-takes-orange-cap-from-shikhar-dhawan-srh-vs-rr-match-40-1857944-2021-09-27|title=SRH vs RR: Sanju Samson 19th batsman to complete 3000 IPL runs, tops list of highest scorers in 2021 season|first=Rohan|last=Sen|date=27 September 2021|access-date=27 September 2021|work=India Today|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927170259/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/sports/ipl-2021/story/sanju-samson-completes-3000-ipl-runs-and-takes-orange-cap-from-shikhar-dhawan-srh-vs-rr-match-40-1857944-2021-09-27|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2021, he was retained by Rajasthan Royals ahead of the [[2022 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhoni, Kohli, Rohit, Bumrah, Russell retained; Rahul, Rashid opt to go into auction pool|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-ms-dhoni-virat-kohli-rohit-sharma-jasprit-bumrah-andre-russell-retained-kl-rahul-rashid-khan-leave-1291747|access-date=30 November 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=30 November 2021 |archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130174504/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-ms-dhoni-virat-kohli-rohit-sharma-jasprit-bumrah-andre-russell-retained-kl-rahul-rashid-khan-leave-1291747|url-status=live}}</ref> Samson surpassed [[Ajinkya Rahane]] to become the all-time leading run-scorer for Rajasthan during the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/sport/ipl-2022-sanju-samson-now-highest-run-scorer-for-rajasthan-royals/970739/|title=IPL 2022: Sanju Samson now highest run-scorer for Rajasthan Royals|work=The Print|date=25 May 2022|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=30 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530103707/https://theprint.in/sport/ipl-2022-sanju-samson-now-highest-run-scorer-for-rajasthan-royals/970739/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rajasthan went on to play the finals and finished as the runners-up under his leadership.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-final-2022-gt-vs-rr-rajasthan-royals-captain-sanju-samson-proud-of-his-team-despite-losing-title-to-gujarat-titans/articleshow/91884353.cms|title=IPL Final 2022, GT vs RR: Rajasthan Royals captain Sanju Samson 'proud' of his team despite losing title to Gujarat Titans|work=The Times of India|date=30 May 2022|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=30 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530063208/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-final-2022-gt-vs-rr-rajasthan-royals-captain-sanju-samson-proud-of-his-team-despite-losing-title-to-gujarat-titans/articleshow/91884353.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]], he played as a captain of [[Rajasthan Royals]] and scored 362 runs with 3 half centuries in season and finished 5th on points table.

In [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]], [[Rajasthan Royals]] won 8 matches out of their first 9 matches under his leadership. He individually scored 531 runs out of 16 matches with 5 half centuries, which is considered the best season for him. In this season, Rajasthan Royals ended up the league stage at 3rd on points table, and went on to Qualifier 2 but defeated by [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] by 36 runs.

Sanju Samson was officially traded to the [[Chennai Super Kings|Chennai Super Kings (CSK)]] by [[Rajasthan Royals|Rajasthan Royals (RR)]] on November 15, 2025, ahead of the IPL 2026 season. In this high-profile trade, CSK traded away [[Ravindra Jadeja]] and [[Sam Curran]] to RR to acquire Samson.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karhadkar |first1=Amol |title=IPL 2026: Royals, Super Kings complete Samson-Jadeja trade |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/indian-premier-league-2026-transfers-player-retention-chennai-super-kings-rajasthan-royals/article70283102.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 November 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Playing style ==
Sanju is a naturally aggressive and elegant batsman<ref name="InExpress">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sanju-samson-rajasthan-royals-vs-punjab-kings-ipl-2021-7271532/|work=Indian Express|title=Explained: What makes Sanju Samson a dangerous T20 batsman?|date=15 April 2021|first=Vishal|last=Menon|access-date=28 May 2021|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515162642/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sanju-samson-rajasthan-royals-vs-punjab-kings-ipl-2021-7271532/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-rcb-vs-rr-the-thing-that-makes-sanju-samson-special-1316814|title=The thing that makes Sanju Samson special|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=26 May 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=29 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529215215/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-rcb-vs-rr-the-thing-that-makes-sanju-samson-special-1316814|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/gorgeous-batsman-and-a-gritty-calm-leader-dreamy-ipl-season-accelerates-evolution-of-sanju-samson-7943283/|title=Gorgeous batsman and a gritty calm leader: Dreamy IPL season accelerates evolution of Sanju Samson|work=Indian Express|date=30 May 2022|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=30 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530053723/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/gorgeous-batsman-and-a-gritty-calm-leader-dreamy-ipl-season-accelerates-evolution-of-sanju-samson-7943283/|url-status=live}}</ref> who is hailed as a natural talent with quality batting techniques and wicket-keeping skills.<ref name="Cricbuzz">{{cite web|url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/profiles/8271/sanju-samson|work=Cricbuzz|title=Sanju Samson|access-date=6 May 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506095858/https://m.cricbuzz.com/profiles/8271/sanju-samson|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/who-after-ms-dhoni-kl-rahul-first-choice-wicketkeeper-ishan-kishan-sanju-samson-give-tough-competition-to-rishabh-pant-3074381.html|work=News18|title=Who After MS Dhoni? KL Rahul First-Choice WicketKeeper, Ishan Kishan, Sanju Samson Give Tough Competition to Rishabh Pant|date=13 November 2020|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125183137/https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/who-after-ms-dhoni-kl-rahul-first-choice-wicketkeeper-ishan-kishan-sanju-samson-give-tough-competition-to-rishabh-pant-3074381.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He holds the bat high on the handle and keeps a loose shoulder,<ref name="INdExpress">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-miss-a-trick-sanju-samson-was-the-best-no-5-option-for-t20-world-cup-8196851/|work=Indian Express|title=India miss a trick, Sanju Samson was the best No.5 option for T20 World Cup|date=8 October 2022|access-date=9 October 2022|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009175404/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-miss-a-trick-sanju-samson-was-the-best-no-5-option-for-t20-world-cup-8196851/|url-status=live}}</ref> and is equipped with fast hands, powerful forearms and excellent hand-eye coordination.<ref name="InExpress"/><ref name="espn"/> He is considered an excellent timer of the ball<ref name="SIFY">{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/sports/samson-gets-ahead-in-rivalry-with-pant-but-bias-accusations-are-exaggerated---news-cricket-ujys68hfiijhi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924234344/https://www.sify.com/sports/samson-gets-ahead-in-rivalry-with-pant-but-bias-accusations-are-exaggerated---news-cricket-ujys68hfiijhi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2020|title=Samson gets ahead in rivalry with Pant but bias accusations are exaggerated|work=Sify|access-date=27 June 2021|date=25 September 2020|first=Prateek|last=Srivastava}}</ref> who mostly sticks to his range between [[Fielding (cricket)#Fielding position names and locations|cover]] and [[Fielding (cricket)#Fielding position names and locations|fine-leg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/ipl/express-ipl/2021/apr/14/sanjus-big-bang-theory-2289795.html|title=Sanju Samson's big bang theory|author=Venkata Krishna B|work=Express News Service|date=14 April 2021|access-date=29 June 2021|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629160825/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/ipl/express-ipl/2021/apr/14/sanjus-big-bang-theory-2289795.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He prefers to stay still at the crease and rarely moves down the track to play shots.<ref name="InExpress"/> He has the ability to play straight and prefers to hit straight over the bowler's head.<ref name="InExpress"/> He can play aerial shots without moving his head.<ref name="SIFY"/>

{{Quote box
| width = 33%
| align = right
| quoted = 1
| quote = "There’s not much feet movement – only when he has to step out. Otherwise, he stays still, maintains balance and that’s why he manages to transfer his weight well and get his timing right.”
| salign = right
| source = — [[Akash Chopra]] analysing Samson's batting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketaddictor.com/south-africa-tour-of-india-2022/ind-vs-sa-sanju-samson-has-fans-everywhere-makes-batting-look-so-easy-aakash-chopra/|publisher=Cricket Addictor|title=IND vs SA: "Sanju Samson Has Fans Everywhere, Makes Batting Look So Easy"- Aakash Chopra|date=7 October 2022|access-date=9 October 2022|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009180443/https://cricketaddictor.com/south-africa-tour-of-india-2022/ind-vs-sa-sanju-samson-has-fans-everywhere-makes-batting-look-so-easy-aakash-chopra/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

His power has been compared to powerful stroke-makers such as [[Rohit Sharma]] and [[AB de Villiers]] who can middle the ball to play shots with seemingly minimal effort.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/973823/ipl-2020-time-for-sanju-samson-to-convert-his-spark-into-a-season-of-brilliance|work=scroll.in|title=Time for Sanju Samson to convert his spark into a season of brilliance|access-date=23 September 2020|first=Aditya|last=Chaturvedi|date=23 September 2020|archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924041258/https://scroll.in/field/973823/ipl-2020-time-for-sanju-samson-to-convert-his-spark-into-a-season-of-brilliance|url-status=live}}</ref> His batting style has been described as "fearless" in Twenty20 cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/cricket/2020/01/31/new-zealand-india-t20i-sanju-samson-virat-kohli.html|work=onmanorama|title=Sanju was fearless, should back himself: Kohli|access-date=31 January 2020|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319160954/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/cricket/2020/01/31/new-zealand-india-t20i-sanju-samson-virat-kohli.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/sanju-samson-reckless-or-selfless/|title=Sanju Samson- reckless or selfless|work=Crictracker|date=7 December 2020|access-date=6 January 2021|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207072636/https://www.crictracker.com/sanju-samson-reckless-or-selfless/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=21 February 2021 |title=Sanju Samson's omission from the T20I team is a step backwards |url=https://www.wisden.com/cricket-news/sanju-samsons-omission-from-the-t20i-side-is-a-step-backwards |access-date=9 April 2025 |work=Wisden}}</ref> However, he has a weakness in rotating strike.<ref name="INdExpress" />

He is also an athletic fielder<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/buzz-sanju-samson-fielding-ind-vs-aus-3rd-t20i-fans-cant-get-enough-of-sanju-samsons-sensational-fielding-effort-3157094.html|work=news18|title=Fans can't get enough of Sanju Samson's sensational fielding effort|date=8 December 2020|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=8 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208115517/https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/buzz-sanju-samson-fielding-ind-vs-aus-3rd-t20i-fans-cant-get-enough-of-sanju-samsons-sensational-fielding-effort-3157094.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-vs-new-zealand-sanju-samson-saves-certain-six-with-spectacular-fielding-effort-watch/story-xIRiBtsAwidsf2SykCukQM.html|title=India vs New Zealand: Sanju Samson saves certain six with spectacular fielding effort – WATCH|work=Hindustan Times|date=2 February 2020|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202202706/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-vs-new-zealand-sanju-samson-saves-certain-six-with-spectacular-fielding-effort-watch/story-xIRiBtsAwidsf2SykCukQM.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/sports/india-vs-australia-3rd-t20i-superman-sanju-samson-wows-fans-with-flying-effort-4252364/|title=3rd T20: Superman Sanju Samson wows fans with flying effort again|work=India.com|date=8 December 2020|access-date=30 December 2020|archive-date=8 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208101248/https://www.india.com/sports/india-vs-australia-3rd-t20i-superman-sanju-samson-wows-fans-with-flying-effort-4252364/|url-status=live}}</ref> who is flexible to field in any position.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/india-australia-superman-sanju-saves-a-six/20201208.htm|title=Superman Sanju saves a six|first=Harish|last=Kotian|date=8 December 2020|access-date=18 February 2022|work=Rediff.com|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215071633/https://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/india-australia-superman-sanju-saves-a-six/20201208.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Outside cricket ==
Samson worked as a manager of [[Bharat Petroleum]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in 2016.<ref name="mathrubhumi"/> In 2018, he started a sports academy, namely "Six Guns Sports Academy", devoted to cricket and football training for young players in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketaddictor.com/cricket/sanju-samson-sports-academy/|work=Cricket Addictor|title=Sanju Samson opens new sports academy in Thiruvananthapuram|author=Tahir Ibn Manzoor|date=2 March 2018|access-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627203632/https://cricketaddictor.com/cricket/sanju-samson-sports-academy/|archive-date=27 June 2021}}</ref> He was appointed as the State election icon of Kerala, ahead of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=505601&u|work=Kerala Kaumudi|title=EC asks to remove E Sreedharan's photo from posters, Sanju Samson will replace him|access-date=8 March 2021|date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117034714/https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news-amp.php?id=505601&u= |archive-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> In February 2023, [[Indian Super League]] club [[Kerala Blasters FC]] announced the appointment of Samson as its brand ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanju Samson becomes Kerala Blasters' brand ambassador, remembers father's connection with football |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/football/sanju-samson-becomes-kerala-blasters-brand-ambassador-remembers-father-s-connection-with-football-1.8286419 |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |date=6 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208041157/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/football/sanju-samson-becomes-kerala-blasters-brand-ambassador-remembers-father-s-connection-with-football-1.8286419 |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2025, Samson was named India brand ambassador of the [[English Premier League]] .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/sanju-samson-named-epls-brand-ambassador-in-india/20251006.htm|work=Reddif News|title= Sanju Samson named EPL's brand ambassador in India|access-date=8 October 2025|date=6 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008153746/https://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/sanju-samson-named-epls-brand-ambassador-in-india/20251006.htm |archive-date=8 October 2025}}</ref>

=== Personal life ===
Sanju married his long-time girlfriend Charulatha Remesh, a [[Hindus|Hindu]] and a native of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], in 2018.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/sanju-samson-marriage-charu-college-classmate-1335873-2018-09-09|title=Sanju Samson announce marriage with classmate Charulatha|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=9 September 2018|date=9 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923040121/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/sanju-samson-marriage-charu-college-classmate-1335873-2018-09-09|archive-date=23 September 2021}}</ref> The couple met at [[Mar Ivanios College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/sanju-is-all-set-to-open-marital-innings-with-charu/articleshow/65755055.cms|work=[[Times of India]]|title=Sanju is all set to open martial innings with Charu|last=U.R|first=Arya|date=11 September 2018|access-date=6 May 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117035121/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/sanju-is-all-set-to-open-marital-innings-with-charu/articleshow/65755055.cms|archive-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> The wedding took place in a private ceremony at [[Kovalam]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sanju Samson and Charulatha's breathtaking Kovalam wedding: See photos|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/sanju-samson-wedding-pics-marriage-photos-charulatha-1415228-2018-12-22|date=22 December 2018|access-date=11 February 2022|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211182543/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/sanju-samson-wedding-pics-marriage-photos-charulatha-1415228-2018-12-22|url-status=live}}</ref> Their marriage was registered under the [[Special Marriage Act, 1954|Special Marriage Act]].<ref name=":0" />

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links |Sanju Samson |display=Sanju Samson|wikt=no |v=no |voy=no |n=no |b=no |s=no |author=no |d=Q7418593}}

* [https://www.bcci.tv/international/men/players/sanju-samson/190 Sanju Samson] at [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
* {{Cricinfo|id=425943}}
* [https://wisden.com/players/sanju-samson Sanju Samson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906075615/https://wisden.com/players/sanju-samson |date=6 September 2021 }} at [https://www.wisden.com/players/sanju-samson-61837 Wisden India]
* {{Cricketarchive}}

{{Portal|Cricket|India}}
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}}
{{Chennai Super Kings squad}}
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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samson, Sanju}}

[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Delhi Capitals cricketers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kerala cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
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[[Category:Wicket-keepers]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholics]]
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[[Category:Cricketers from Delhi]]
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[[Category:Bharat Petroleum]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Thiruvananthapuram]]

Kadhikan

2026-03-19T06:00:13Z

ShannonAguayo: New New Details Needs Work

{{Short description|2023 Indian Malayalam drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kadhikan
| image =
| director = [[Jayaraj]]
| producer = Jayaraj Manoj Govindan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]
*[[Ketaki Narayan]]
*Gopu Krishna
}}
| cinematography = [[Shaji Kumar]]
| editing = Vipin Vishwakarma
| music = [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
| studio = Wide Screen Media Production
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|12|08}}
| runtime = 92 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Kadhikan''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam movie|Malayalam]] [[drama film]] directed by filmmaker [[Jayaraj]]. The film stars [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] in the lead role, with [[Ketaki Narayan]] and Gopu Krishna in supporting roles. [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]] composed the music for the film, which won the [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Mention]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=കഥാപ്രസംഗമാണു കഥ; കാഥികൻ വരുന്നു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/12/03/unni-mukundan-and-jayaraj-join-hands-for-kadhikan-movie.html |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=കഥാപ്രസംഗമാണു കഥ; കാഥികൻ വരുന്നു |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/70th-national-film-awards-ponniyin-selvan-kantara-kgf-chapter-1-thiruchitrambalam-aatam-win-big-from-south-2583236-2024-08-16|title=70th National Film Awards: Ponniyin Selvan and Kantara win big from South|date=16 August 2024|website=India Today}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A renowned story teller during the 1980s currently earning a living at the sawmill, hiding the performer in him due to his dire circumstances. A 17-year-old boy living in a juvenile home wishes to learn story telling from him with the support of the superintendent. His desire to learn the art form reignites the story teller's faith in the same. Over a short span of time, the relation ship between the Kadhikan and the young boy becomes a bond unlike any other, unfolding new dimensions in both their lives.<ref>{{Cite web | date=2023-12-07 |title=Trailer of Mukesh, Unni Mukundan starrer Kadhikan is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Dec/07/trailer-of-mukesh-unni-mukundan-starrer-kadhikan-is-here-50207.html |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-08 |title=Unni Mukundan unveils the first look poster of Jayaraj's 'Kadhikan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundan-unveils-the-first-look-poster-of-jayarajs-kadhikan/articleshow/100066980.cms |access-date=2024-09-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Chandrasenan / Kadhikan
* [[Unni Mukundan]] as the superintendent of the juvenile home (Cameo appearance)
* [[Ketaki Narayan]]
* Krishnanand
* Gopu Krishna
* [[Sabitha Jayaraj]]
* Manoj Govindan

== Production ==
In September 2022, [[Unni Mukundan]] reported that he was working on this film alongside two other unreleased [[Jayaraj]] films: ''Pramadhavanam'' and ''Mehfil''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundan-has-three-jayaraj-films/articleshow/94395243.cms|title=Unni Mukundan has three Jayaraj films!|newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundan-to-team-up-with-jayaraj-for-kadhikan/articleshow/91900288.cms|title=Unni Mukundan to team up with Jayaraj for 'Kadhikan'|newspaper=The Times of India |date=31 May 2022}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-08 |title='Kadhikan' trailer: Art takes centre stage in Jayaraj's film starring Mukesh, Unni Mukundan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kadhikan-trailer-art-takes-centre-stage-in-jayarajs-film-starring-mukesh-unni-mukundan/article67617744.ece |access-date=2024-09-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Song
!Singer
!Lyrics !! Notes
|-
|"Jeevathahu"
|[[Antara Chowdhury|Anthara Salil Chowdhury]]
|Tharun Kumar Sinha (Malayalam)
| Contains Bengali lyrics<ref name="H"/>
|-
|"Aadhyanuraagam Nee"
|[[Vijay Yesudas]]
|[[Vayalar Sarath Chandra Varma|Vayalar Sarathchandra Varma]]
|
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Despite noble intentions to shed light on a dying art form, the Jayaraj film misses the mark when it comes to having an intriguing plot".<ref name="H">{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2023-12-08 |title='Kadhikan' movie review: Jayaraj's film on Kathaprasangam is a good effort that falters in certain parts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kadhikan-movie-review-jayarajs-film-on-kathaprasangam-is-a-good-effort-that-falters-in-certain-parts/article67617896.ece |access-date=2024-09-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209021834/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kadhikan-movie-review-jayarajs-film-on-kathaprasangam-is-a-good-effort-that-falters-in-certain-parts/article67617896.ece|archive-date=9 December 2023}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|15576596}}
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

Sandra Babu

2026-03-15T04:15:25Z

ShannonAguayo: started a details

{{Short description|Indian actress}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Indian name|Sandra|Babu}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sandra Babu
| image =
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date = 4 January 2000
| birth_place = [[Kasargod]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actress
| education =
| known for =
| height =
| years active = 2018–present
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| parents =
| relatives =
}}

'''Sandra Babu''' is an Indian television actress who primarily works in [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] television serials.

==Television==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Channel
! Language
! Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Makkal (TV series)|Makkal]]''
| Devika
| [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
| [[Malayalam]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/shyamili-has-helped-other-women-also-to-be-proud-of-who-they-are-sandra-babu/articleshow/73586735.cms|title=Shyamili has helped other women also to be proud of who they are : Sandra Babu - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2019{{endash}}2020
| ''[[Tamil Selvi]]''
| Tamil Selvi
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=23 January 2020|title=Actress Chaithra Sakkari replaces Sandra Babu in Tamil Selvi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-chaithra-sakkari-replaces-sandra-babu-in-tamil-selvi/articleshow/73561177.cms|access-date=4 April 2024|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chocolate (Malayalam TV series)|Chocolate]]''
| Shyamili
| [[Surya TV]]
| [[Malayalam]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/malayalam-tv-show-chocolate-completes-200-episodes-actress-sandra-babu-thanks-viewers-for-the-support/articleshow/74494646.cms|title=Malayalam TV show ‘Chocolate’ completes 200 episodes; actress Sandra Babu thanks viewers for the support - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2023
| ''[[Thoovalsparsham (TV series)|Thoovalsparsham]]''
| Malavika Nandini / Thumbi
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| [[Malayalam]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/thoovalsparshams-sandra-i-know-it-was-bit-risky-to-wait-for-an-entire-year-without-taking-up-a-project-but-it-was-worth-it/photostory/88668588.cms|title=Thoovalsparsham's Sandra: I know it was bit risky to wait for an entire year without taking up a project, but it was worth it|date=3 January 2022|access-date=14 January 2022|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Mounaragam (Malayalam TV series)|Mounaragam]]''
| Thumbi
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| [[Malayalam]]
| Cameo Appearance
| <ref name= guests>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/malayalam-serial-mounaragam-kiran-and-kalyani-wedding-latest-episode-ran9cx|title=Mounaragam : വന്‍ താരനിരയോടെ കിരണ്‍ കല്ല്യാണി വിവാഹം : കയ്യടിച്ച് ആരാധകരും|website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2022{{endash}}2024
| ''[[Priyamaana Thozhi (TV series)|Priyamaana Thozhi]]''
| Pavithra
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-tv-show-priyamana-thozhi-completes-300-episodes-deets-inside/articleshow/100374253.cms|title=Popular TV show 'Priyamana Thozhi' completes 300 episodes|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=20 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''Ninnishtam Ennishtam''
| Anjali
|[[Surya TV]]
|[[Malayalam]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sandra-on-her-new-show-ninnishtam-ennishtam-just-like-anjali-ive-often-questioned-why-is-it-different-rules-for-men-and-women/articleshow/102472360.cms|title=Sandra on her new show 'Ninnishtam Ennishtam': Just like Anjali, I've often questioned, 'Why is it different rules for men and women?'}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Kanalpoovu]]''
| Janani
|[[Surya TV]]
| [[Malayalam]]
|
|
|-
|2025–present
| ''Durga''
|Durga
|[[Zee Keralam]]
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Durga Zee Keralam Serial Actors and Characters , Jagaddhatri Remade in Malayalam|work=News18 |url=https://www.keralatv.in/zee-keralam-serial-durga-actors-and-characters/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:1998 births]]

Jyoti Amge

2026-03-10T05:04:00Z

ShannonAguayo: Content updated and refined

{{short description|Smallest living woman (born 1993)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox youtuber
| name = Jyoti Amge
| image = Jyoti amge (2).jpg
| caption = Amge at age 18, in 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|12|16}}<ref name="guiness-dob">{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2011/12/new-world%E2%80%99s-smallest-woman-ten-things-you-need-to-know-about-jyoti-amge/ |title=New world's smallest woman: Ten things you need to know about Jyoti Amge |work=Guinness World Records |access-date=16 December 2015 |date=14 December 2011 |quote=Born on 16 December 1993 (28), in Jaipur Jyoti measures 54 cm (2 ft) tall}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = [[Model (person)|Model]], [[actress]]
| known_for = World's shortest living woman Second shortest woman
| height = {{convert|62.8|cm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |title=World's shortest woman Jyoti Amge's house burgled in Nagpur, cash and jewellery stolen |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/worlds-shortest-woman-jyoti-amges-house-burgled-in-nagpur-cash-and-jewellery-stolen/articleshow/72136332.cms |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=20 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
| imagesize =
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| youtube_handle = @jyotiamgeofficialguinnessworld
| youtube_display_name = Jyoti Amge Official Guinness World Record Holder

| youtube_years_active = 2020–present
| youtube_genre =
| youtube_subscribers = 1.3 million
| youtube_views = 707 million
| stats_update = 9 March 2026{{nu|date=October 2025}}
}}
'''Jyoti Kishanji Amge''' (born 16 December 1993)<ref name="guiness-dob"/> is an Indian actress notable for being the world's shortest living woman according to the ''[[Guinness World Records]]''.<ref>{{cite news | title=Tiny Teenager Stands Tall Despite Her Height of 23 Inches | url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/tiny-teenager-stands-tall-despite-her-height-of-23-inches | work=[[Fox News]] | publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] | date=9 April 2008 | access-date=20 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=World's shortest woman appeals to Indians to observe coronavirus lockdown - Jyoti Amge, 26, who is 62.8 cm tall, took to the streets of Nagpur to urge compliance |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/13/worlds-shortest-woman-appeals-to-indians-to-observe-coronavirus-lockdown |work=The Guardian |date=13 April 2020 |ref=Amge has a form of dwarfism called achondroplasia and is the world’s shortest woman, according to the Guinness World Records.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Guinness World Records recognises Edward Niño Hernández as the world's shortest man |url=https://www.gulftoday.ae/lifestyle/2020/05/12/guinness-world-records-recognises-edward-nino-hernandez-as-the-worlds-shortest-man |publisher=Gulf Today}}</ref>

Following Amge's 18th birthday on 16 December 2011, she was officially declared the world's shortest living woman by [[Guinness World Records]] with a height of {{convert|62.8|cm|ftin|frac=8}}.<ref name="covid 19">{{cite news |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Swati |title=Stay home, bond with family, urges Jyoti Amge, world's shortest woman |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/stay-home-bond-with-family-urges-jyoti-amge-world-s-shortest-woman/story-6TbFIHFygtms9hMI7ugt7L.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Prajakta Mali enjoys a fangirl moment with World's shortest woman Jyoti Amge; read post - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/prajakta-mali-enjoys-a-fangirl-moment-with-worlds-shortest-woman-jyoti-amge-read-post/articleshow/74514272.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Her restricted height is due to a genetic disorder called [[primordial dwarfism]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the World's Shortest Woman: 26-Year-Old Actress Jyoti Amage|url=https://people.com/tv/worlds-shortest-woman-actress-jyoti-amage/|access-date=10 February 2021|website=PEOPLE.com|language=EN}}</ref><ref name="guiness-dob"/>

In 2012, she met the world's shortest man, [[Chandra Bahadur Dangi]] of [[Nepal]]. The pair posed together for the 57th edition of the ''[[Guinness World Records]]''.<ref>{{cite news | title=World's shortest man, woman meet for first time | url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/worlds-shortest-man-woman-meet-for-first-time | access-date=13 March 2013 | work=foxnews.colom | date=29 August 2012}}</ref>

On 21 November 2024, she met [[Rumeysa Gelgi]], the tallest living woman in the world, for the first time, at the [[Savoy Hotel]] in [[London]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Lynn Rusk|url=https://www.shropshirestar.com/uk-news/2024/11/21/worlds-tallest-and-shortest-women-meet-for-afternoon-tea-in-london/|title=World's tallest and shortest women meet for afternoon tea in London|date=20 November 2024|access-date=21 November 2024|language=en-UK}}</ref>

==Media appearances==
Amge, together with [[Teo Mammucari]], co-hosted ''Lo show dei record'' in 2012 on the Italian channel [[Canale 5]].

Amge was featured in the 2009 documentary titled ''[[Body Shock]]: Two Foot Tall Teen''.<ref name="covid 19" /> She was also a guest participant on ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 6)|Bigg Boss 6]]''.

On 13 August 2014, Amge was cast in the fourth season of ''[[American Horror Story: Freak Show]]'' where she appeared as Ma Petite<ref>{{cite web | url=http://uk.eonline.com/news/569143/meet-american-horror-story-freak-show-s-newest-addition-jyoti-amge-the-world-s-smallest-woman | title=Meet American Horror Story: Freak Show's Newest Addition: Jyoti Amge, the World's Smallest Woman! | publisher=[[E!]] | date=13 August 2014 | access-date=14 August 2014 | author=Bucksbaum, Sydney}}</ref><ref name="covid 19" /> which premiered 8 October 2014.

Her wax statue is at the Celebrity Wax Museum, [[Lonavala]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Heads turn as world's smallest woman Jyoti Amge arrives to vote in Nagpur|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/heads-turn-as-worlds-smallest-woman-jyoti-amge-arrives-to-vote-in-nagpur-756808|access-date=16 March 2021|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of films and television appearances
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Body Shock]]'' || Herself || Episode: "Two Foot Tall Teen"
|-
| 2012–2013 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 6)|Bigg Boss 6]]'' || Herself || Guest appearance
|-
| 2014–2015 || ''[[American Horror Story: Freak Show]]'' || Ma Petite || 12 episodes
|-
| 2018 || ''Maatharam''
| {{n/a}}
| Short film
|-
| 2020 || ''World's Smallest Woman: Meet Jyoti'' || Herself || [[TLC (TV network)|TLC network]], aired in July 2020
|}

==Social service==
Amge participated with the [[Nagpur Police]] to urge Indian citizens to stay at home during the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Gandhigiri to corona helmet: Cops get creative to keep people indoors |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gandhigiri-to-corona-helmet-cops-get-creative-to-keep-people-indoors/jyoti-amge-with-nagpur-police/slideshow/75153197.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=15 April 2020 |ref=The world's shortest woman, Jyoti Amge, is putting her celebrity status to good use by urging people to stay indoors along with Nagpur police during the ongoing lockdown and help stem the spread of the coronavirus infection.}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Jyoti amge (1).jpg|Amge being measured by Guinness World Records
File:Wax statues of world's smallest living woman.png|Statue of Jyoti Amge at the [[Wax museum]] in Lonavala
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{portal| India }}
* [[Dwarfism]]
* [[List of the verified shortest people]]
* [[List of people with dwarfism]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jyoti Amge}}
* {{IMDb name|5956253}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140107053829/http://www.demotix.com/news/2471670/largest-book-world-record-set-munishri-tarunsagarjis-jaipur-cit World's Smallest Woman, Jyoti Amge, releases the World's Biggest Book in Jaipur City]
*[http://news.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/jun/22/slide-show-1-indias-shortest-teenager.htm Rediff Slide Show]

{{S-start}}
{{s-ach|rec}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Madge Bester]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[List of shortest people|Shortest Recognized Woman]]|years= 2011–present}}
{{s-inc|current}}
{{S-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amge, Jyoti}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian people with disabilities]]
[[Category:Actors with dwarfism]]
[[Category:Actresses from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:World record holders]]

Vaazha Vaitha Deivam

2026-03-05T17:45:05Z

ShannonAguayo:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vaazha Vaitha Deivam
| image = Vaazha Vaitha Deivam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. A. Thirumugam]]
| producer = [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]
| writer = [[Aaroor Dass]]
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[B. Saroja Devi]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = C. V. Moorthy
| editing = M. A. Thirumugam M. G. Balu Rao M. A. Mariyappan
| studio = [[Thevar Films]]
| released = {{film date|1959|8|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vaazha Vaitha Deivam''''' ({{translation|The god who gave life}}) is 1959 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama]] film, directed by [[M. A. Thirumugam]], produced by [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]] and written by [[Aaroor Dass]] with music by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. It stars [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]], with [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], S. V. Subbaiah, [[P. Kannamba]] and [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] in supporting roles.<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=11 March 2013 |title=Vaazhavaitha Deivam (1959) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/vaazhavaitha-deivam-1959/article4706180.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309193137/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/vaazhavaitha-deivam-1959/article4706180.ece |archive-date=9 March 2021}}</ref> The film was released on 28 August 1959 and emerged as a box office success.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=March 2021}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Gemini Ganesan]]
* [[B. Saroja Devi]]
* [[T. S. Balaiah]]
* [[P. Kannamba]]
* [[S. V. Subbaiah]]
* [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]]
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]
* K. Malathi
* [[Kuladeivam Rajagopal]]
* [[G. Sakunthala]]
* T. S. Muthaiah
* [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]
* Master Murali
}}

== Production ==
''Vaazha Vaitha Deivam'' was the first film for [[Aaroor Dass]] as a "full fledged story and dialogue writer". At his suggestion, [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]] were cast as the lead pair.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=23 February 2012 |title='Star' Wordsmith |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/star-wordsmith/article2923705.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330065238/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/star-wordsmith/article2923705.ece |archive-date=30 March 2021}}</ref> According to [[T. S. Balaiah]]'s son [[Junior Balaiah]], when the producer [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar|Thevar]] named this film, he had Balaiah in mind.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=29 August 2019 |title=Balaiah, the all-rounder of Tamil cinema |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/balaiah-tamil-silver-screens-jaunty-juggler/article29288768.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829114253/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/balaiah-tamil-silver-screens-jaunty-juggler/article29288768.ece |archive-date=29 August 2019}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was by [[K. V. Mahadevan]] and lyrics were written by [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]], [[A. Maruthakasi]], [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]], A. S. Narayanan and Kovai Kumaradevan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaazha Vaitha Deivam |url=https://gaana.com/album/vaazha-vaitha-deivam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907182910/https://gaana.com/album/vaazha-vaitha-deivam |archive-date=7 September 2018 |access-date=30 March 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Songs !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Kaaveri Thaan Singari" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[P. Susheela]] || 03:16
|-
| "Engi Malai Uchiyile" || T. M. Soundararajan || 04:22
|-
| "Kolli Malai Saaralile" || S. C. Krishnan & [[L. R. Eswari]] || 02:51
|-
| "Chinnaala Patti" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:28
|-
| "Vennilave Kaadhal Kadhai" || P. Susheela || 04:09
|-
| "Anna Nadaikkaari" || T. M. Soundararajan || 02:57
|-
| "Vaazha Vaitha Deivam" || T. M. Soundararajan & L. R. Eswari || 03:13
|}

== Release ==
''Vaazha Vaitha Deivam'' was released on 28 August 1959,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaazha Vaitha Deivam (1959) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/vaazha-vaitha-deivam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116050039/https://screen4screen.com/movies/vaazha-vaitha-deivam |archive-date=16 January 2024 |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> and emerged a box office success. It was dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Karmika Vijayam'', which did not meet with the same success.<ref name="thehindu" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar}}
{{M. A. Thirumugam}}
[[Category:1959 Indian films]]
[[Category:1959 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1959 films]]
[[Category:1959 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. A. Thirumugam]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Kuppathu Raja (1979 film)

2026-03-04T04:46:28Z

ShannonAguayo: New Basic Details Basic Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kuppathu Raja 1979 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. R. Ramanna]]
| screenplay = A. L. Narayanan
| producer = S. Aarumugalakshmi T. R. Nalini
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] [[Manjula Vijayakumar]] [[Padmapriya]]
| cinematography = J. G. Vijayam V. Suresh
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Surya Lakshmi Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1979|01|12}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kuppathu Raja''''' ({{Translation|King of the slums}}) is a 1979 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by [[T. R. Ramanna]]. The film stars [[Rajinikanth]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Manjula Vijayakumar]] and [[Padmapriya]]. It is a remake of the 1972 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Do Yaar]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |pages=90 |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |orig-date=2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=K. Naresh |date=12 May 2020 |title=Rajini's Pongal releases are mostly remakes |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kollywood/rajinis-pongal-releases-are-mostly-remakes-622136 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826070316/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kollywood/rajinis-pongal-releases-are-mostly-remakes-622136 |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=26 August 2021 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref>

''Kuppathu Raja'' was released in theatres on 12 January 1979, [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] day along with [[Kamal Haasan]]'s ''[[Neeya?]]''. Although it was appreciated for Rajinikanth's style and acting, the film became a commercial failure during its release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=7 April 2019 |title=ரஜினியின் 'குப்பத்து ராஜா' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/160812-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119170829/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/160812-.html |archive-date=19 January 2022 |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=August 2021}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Rajinikanth]] as Jakku / Jayakumar
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Selvam
*[[Manjula Vijayakumar]] as Mynaa
*[[Padmapriya]] as Kasthuri
*[[S. A. Ashokan]] as Govind
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Nallakannu
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Pavunu
*[[C. I. D. Sakunthala]] as Dancer
*[[Loose Mohan]] as Druncard
*[[Typist Gopu]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
All songs were written by [[Kannadasan]] and composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuppathu Raja ( Super 7 33 RPM ) |url=https://avdigital.in/products/kuppathu-raja-super-7-33-rpm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625102106/https://avdigital.in/products/kuppathu-raja-super-7-33-rpm |archive-date=25 June 2022 |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=AVDigital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuppathu Raja |url=https://www.saregama.com/album/kuppathu-raja_14393 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826070441/https://www.saregama.com/album/kuppathu-raja_14393 |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=26 August 2021 |website=[[Saregama]]}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
! Song title!! Singers(s)!!Length
|-
| "Thinthom Thinthom"|| rowspan=2|[[Vani Jairam]] || 5:15
|-
| "Ammamma Aasai" || 4:21
|-
| "Kodikatti Parakkudada" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[L. R. Eswari]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] || 4:22
|-
| "Puli Varudhu"|| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]] || 4:20
|}

== Critical reception ==
P. S. M. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said the film could be watched for Rajinikanth's performance.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பி. எஸ். எம். |date=4 February 1979 |title=குப்பத்து ராஜா |url=https://ibb.co/4jGDwcN |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414115251/https://ibb.co/4jGDwcN |archive-date=14 April 2023 |access-date=14 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=61 |language=ta}}</ref> Naagai Dharuman of ''Anna'' praised the acting, humour, dialogues, music, cinematography and direction.<ref>{{Cite news |last=தருமன் |first=நாகை |date=28 January 1979 |title=குப்பத்து ராஜா |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_101/4.jp2/full/1000,1370/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524114638/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_101/4.jp2/full/1000,1370/0/default.jpg |archive-date=24 May 2025 |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{T. R. Ramanna}}

[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:1979 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. R. Ramanna]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Azaad Desh Ke Gulam

2026-03-03T23:27:10Z

ShannonAguayo: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Azaad Desh Ke Gulam
| image = Azaad Desh Ke Gulam.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
| producer = Suresh Bhagat
| writer = [[Shoba Chandrasekhar]] Anwar Khan
| based_on = ''[[Sudhanthira Naattin Adimaigal]]'' by S. A. Chandrasekhar
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rishi Kapoor]]|[[Rekha]]|[[Jackie Shroff]]|[[Prem Chopra]]|[[Pran (actor)|Pran]]}}
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography =
| editing = Shyam Mukherjee
| studio = Crystal Films
| distributor = NH Studioz
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1990|04|06}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Azaad Desh Ke Gulam''''' ({{translation|Slaves of a free nation}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language film released on 6 April, starring [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Rekha]], and [[Jackie Shroff]] in lead roles. The film was a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Sudhanthira Naattin Adimaigal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Azaad Desh Ke Gulam |url=http://myswar.co/album/azad-desh-ke-ghulam-1990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603080214/http://myswar.co/album/azad-desh-ke-ghulam-1990 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=MySwar}}</ref> The film was a hit.

== Plot ==
Bharti Bhandari lives a wealthy lifestyle with her mom, Sharda, and dad, Ashok. She studies in law college, where she is in love with fellow-collegian Vijay Srivastav. Another colleague, Vicky, who is also smitten with Bharti, tells her that Ashok has made millions not by a legitimate business but by smuggling, kidnapping, and selling children and young women. Bharti is shocked; she confronts her father, but he denies everything. Satisfied that her dad would not lie to her, she goes for a trip to Goa along with Vijay, and that's where she actually sees her dad, who is supposed to be in London, U.K., smuggling some children abroad on a yacht. Bharti and Vijay find out that Ashok has vital documents that will lead to India being taken over by a foreign power, and they decide to put a stop to this. Before they could do anything, Vijay was killed. When Bharti confronts her parents, it results in arguments, which escalate to a physical struggle, leading to the death of Sharda, and subsequently Bharti shoots Ashok to death. Bharti takes the documents and runs away to distant Ooty in a bid to escape the murder charge and bring the documents to the appropriate authorities. But Ashok's associates find out, and she becomes their target; she hires a bodyguard named Jamliya, who proves to be unreliable. Bharti will now find that her worst nightmare comes true when a couple claiming to be her mom and dad surface out of nowhere, backed up by none other than her very own paternal uncle, Kishore Bhandari. The motive was to prove her insane. But the question remains: what will Kishore and her new parents gain by proving her insanity, or is this nothing but her mind playing tricks on her? Later, after Bharti confesses her crime of killing her father, Jamliya turns out to be the inspector who was behind Bharti. Now that Bharti was in jail, the inspector (Jamliya) asked for the papers. She refuses and asks the inspector to treat that minister without his uniform. Bharti was kidnapped by the minister. Later, Vijay saves Bharti, and later they fight a case against the minister. The minister was sentenced, but while leaving the court, his men attacked them. In that fight, Vijay throws a rope at the minister to stop him, which leads him to be hanged to death.

== Cast ==
* [[Rishi Kapoor]] as Vijay Shrivastav / Chanakya
* [[Rekha]] as Bharati Bhandari
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Inspector Jai Kishan / Jamliya
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Minister Narayan Das
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Ashok Bhandari
* [[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]] as Sharda Bhandari
* [[Ramesh Deo]] as Kishore Bhandari
*[[Rakesh Bedi]] as Constable Kaushik Kulkarni / Daulatram
* [[Mangal Dhillon]] as Mangal
* [[Mahavir Shah]] as Vicky
* [[Tiku Talsania]] as MLA Nagendra Rao
* [[Sudhir Dalvi]] as Father Francis
* [[Vikas Anand]] as Jailor Mohan Kapoor
*[[Rajan Haksar]] as Police Inspector Tiwari

==Songs==
All lyrics are written by [[Sameer Anjaan]]. Soundtrack available on [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = O Dafli Dam Dam Bole
| extra1 = [[Nitin Mukesh]]
| length1 =

| title2 = Saare Shikwe Gile Bhoolake Kaho
| note2 = Sad
| extra2 = [[Mohammed Aziz]]
| length2 =

| title3 = Saare Shikwe Gile Bhoolake Kaho"
| extra3 = Mohammed Aziz, [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| length3 =

| title4 = Roko Zulmon Ki Aandhi Ko
| extra4 = Mohammed Aziz, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length4 =

| title5 = Kukkad Kukkad Ku, Main Aur Tu
| extra5 = [[Shabbir Kumar]], [[Anupama Deshpande]]
| length5 =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0330019|Azaad Desh Ke Gulam}}

{{S. A. Chandrasekhar}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. A. Chandrasekhar]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Manthrikacheppu

2026-03-03T21:25:58Z

ShannonAguayo: new a data w/ refs!

{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manthrikacheppu
| image =
| caption =
| director =[[Anil Babu]]
| producer = M. Thulasidharan
| writer = [[Kaloor Dennis]]
| screenplay =
| story = [[Kaloor Dennis]]
| starring =[[Jagadish]] [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] [[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]] [[Zainuddin (actor)|Zainuddin]]
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| cinematography = [[Ravi K. Chandran]]
| editing = P. C. Mohanan
| studio = Madhav Movies
| distributor = Jubilant Films
| released = {{Film date|1992}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Manthrikacheppu''}}
'''''Manthrikacheppu'''''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2579 | title=Manthrikacheppu(1992)- MalayalaChalachitram | access-date=2023-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://m3db.com/film/manthrikacheppu | title=Manthrikacheppu(1992)-M3DB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/manthrikacheppu/cast/2000340443/ | title=Manthrikacheppu(1992)- tvguide}}</ref> is a 1992 comedy thriller [[Malayalam]] film directed by [[Anil Babu]]. The film was produced by M. Thulasidharan under the banner of Madhav Movies. It stars [[Jagadish]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Zainuddin (actor)|Kalabhavan Zainuddin]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] in the lead roles.

==Plot==
Raju (Jagadeesh) comes to the city to stay with his uncle.He is seeking a job
He meets up with Williams( Siddique) who is a videographer and becomes william's assistant
Some hilarious events follows. While recording a political event they inadvertently capture the assassination of the chief minister. The video taken by them becomes crucial evidence in the case . Rest of the films revolves around how they evade the villains so as to submit this crucial evidence to the police.

The plot element seems to be inspired by Rajiv Gandhi Assassination which happened in 1991.

== Cast ==
*[[Jagadish]] as Raju
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Williams
*[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] as Sabu Cherian
*[[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]] as Shyama
*[[Suchitra Murali|Suchitra]] as Mercy
*[[Zainuddin (actor)|Zainuddin]] as Usthad Seythali
*[[Rizabawa]] as Jackson
*Krishnankutty Nair as V. K. Nair
*[[Mala Aravindan]] as Balagopalan Nait
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as John Samuel
*Thodupuzha Vasanthi as Padmavati

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0353684}}

[[Category:1992 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Hindu deities

2026-03-03T21:00:54Z

ShannonAguayo: cleanup

{{Short description|Gods and goddesses in Hinduism}}
{{About|deities in Hinduism|Hindu views on God|God in Hinduism|the Hindu concept of God|Ishvara|and|Bhagavan}}
{{Redirect|Hindu pantheon|the book|The Hindu Pantheon}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}

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| footer = Examples of Hindu deities (from top): [[Ganesha]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Indra]], [[Krishna]], [[Durga]], [[Parvati]], [[Lakshmi]] and [[Saraswati]].
| image8 = Raja Ravi Varma, Goddess Lakshmi, 1896.jpg
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}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Hindu deities''' are the gods and goddesses in [[Hinduism]]. Deities in Hinduism are as diverse as its traditions, and a Hindu can choose to be [[polytheistic]], [[pantheistic]], [[monotheistic]], [[monistic]], even [[agnostic]], [[atheistic]], or [[humanist]].<ref name="juliuslipnerhindu82">[[Julius J. Lipner]] (2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd edition, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-45677-7}}, p. 8; Quote: "(...) one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be polytheistic or monotheistic, monistic or pantheistic, even an agnostic, humanist or atheist, and still be considered a Hindu."</ref><ref>Lester Kurtz (ed.), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict, {{ISBN|978-0123695031}}, Academic Press, 2008</ref><ref>M. K. Gandhi, [http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/essence_of_hinduism.pdf The Essence of Hindu, Editor: V. B. Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see p. 3; According to Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu."]</ref> The terms and epithets for deities within the diverse traditions of Hinduism vary, and include [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]], [[Devi]], [[Ishvara]], [[Ishvari]], [[Bhagavan|Bhagavān]] and [[Bhagavathi|Bhagavati]].<ref>Radhakrishnan and Moore (1967, Reprinted 1989), A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691019581}}, pp. 37-39, 401-403, 498-503</ref><ref name="mirceaelaide73" />{{refn|group=note|For translation of ''deva'' in singular noun form as "a deity, god", and in plural form as "the gods" or "the heavenly or shining ones", see: {{Harvnb|Monier-Williams|2001|p=492}} and {{Harvnb|Renou|1964|p=55}}}}

The deities of Hinduism have evolved from the [[Vedic era]] (2nd millennium BCE) through the medieval era (1st millennium CE), regionally within [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]] and in [[Southeast Asia]], and across Hinduism's diverse traditions.<ref name=nickgier>Nicholas Gier (2000), Spiritual Titanism: Indian, Chinese, and Western Perspectives, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791445280}}, pp. 59-76</ref><ref name=fowlergita>Jeaneane D. Fowler (2012), The Bhagavad Gita, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1845193461}}, pp. 253-262</ref> The Hindu deity concept varies from a personal god as in [[Yoga]] school of [[Hindu philosophy]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Renou|1964|p=55}}</ref><ref>'''Mike Burley''' (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga - An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415648875}}, pp. 39-41; '''Lloyd Pflueger''', Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120832329}}, pp. 38-39; [[Kovoor T. Behanan]] (2002), Yoga: Its Scientific Basis, Dover, {{ISBN|978-0486417929}}, pp. 56-58</ref> to thirty-three major deities in the [[Vedas]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scarborough |first=Jack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9LSgA5wRv0C&dq=thirty-three+major+gods+vedas&pg=PA131 |title=The Origins of Cultural Differences and Their Impact on Management |date=2000 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-56720-439-1 |pages=131 |language=en}}</ref> to hundreds of deities mentioned in the [[Puranas]] of Hinduism.<ref>Sanjukta Gupta (2013), Lakṣmī Tantra: A Pāñcarātra Text, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120817357}}, p. 166</ref> Examples of contemporary major deities include [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]] and [[Mahadevi|Devi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-03 |title=Hinduism - Deities, Beliefs, Rituals {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism/Deities |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> These deities have distinct and complex personalities, yet are often viewed as aspects of the same Ultimate Reality called [[Brahman]].<ref name=":2">[[:no:Knut A. Jacobsen|Knut Jacobsen]] (2008), Theory and Practice of Yoga : 'Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120832329}}, pp. 77-78</ref>{{refn| group=note| name=avatars |[a] {{cite book|title=Achieving Cultural Competency|first1=Lisa|last1=Hark|first2=Horace|last2=DeLisser|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|quote=Three gods, Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, and other deities are considered manifestations of and are worshipped as incarnations of Brahman.}}
 [b] {{harvnb|Toropov|Buckles|2011}}: The members of various Hindu sects worship a dizzying number of specific deities and follow innumerable rites in honor of specific gods. Because this is Hinduism, however, its practitioners see the profusion of forms and practices as expressions of the same unchanging reality. The panoply of deities are understood by believers as symbols for a single transcendent reality.
 [d] {{cite book|year=2007|title=An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies|author=Orlando O. Espín, James B. Nickoloff|publisher=Liturgical Press|quote=While Hindus believe in many devas, many are monotheistic to the extent that they will recognise only one Supreme Being, a God or Goddess who is the source and ruler of the devas.}}}} From ancient times, the idea of equivalence has been cherished for all Hindus, in its texts and in early 1st-millennium sculpture with concepts such as [[Harihara]] (Half Vishnu, Half Shiva)<ref>David Leeming (2001), ''A Dictionary of Asian Mythology'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195120530}}, p. 67</ref> and [[Ardhanarishvara|Ardhanārīshvara]] (half Shiva, half Parvati),<ref>Ellen Goldberg (2002), ''The Lord who is half woman: Ardhanārīśvara in Indian and feminist perspective'', State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|0-791453251}}, pp. 1–4</ref> with myths and temples that feature them together, declaring they are the same.<ref>TA Gopinatha Rao (1993), ''Elements of Hindu Iconography'', Vol. 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120808775}}, pp. 334-335</ref><ref>Fred Kleiner (2012), Gardner's Art through the Ages: A Global History, Cengage, {{ISBN|978-0495915423}}, pp. 443-444</ref><ref>Cynthia Packert Atherton (1997), The Sculpture of Early Medieval Rajasthan, Brill, {{ISBN|978-9004107892}}, pp. 42-46</ref> Major deities have inspired their own Hindu traditions, such as [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shaivism]] and [[Shaktism]], but with shared [[mythology]], ritual grammar, theosophy, [[axiology]] and polycentrism.<ref>Lance Nelson (2007), ''An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies'' (Editors: Orlando O. Espín, James B. Nickoloff), Liturgical Press, {{ISBN|978-0814658567}}, pp. 562-563</ref><ref name=juliuslipner371>Julius J. Lipner (2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-45677-7}}, pp. 371-375</ref><ref name=frazierintrop2>{{cite book|last1=Frazier|first1=Jessica|title=The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies |url=https://archive.org/details/continuumcompani00fraz|url-access=limited| date=2011|publisher=Continuum|location=London|isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/continuumcompani00fraz/page/n15 1]–15}}</ref> Some Hindu traditions, such as [[Smartism]] from the mid 1st millennium CE, have included multiple major deities as [[Henotheism|henotheistic]] manifestations of [[Saguna brahman|Saguna]] Brahman, and as a means to realizing [[Nirguna]] Brahman.<ref name=fxclooney/><ref name=mmyers>Michael Myers (2000), Brahman: A Comparative Theology, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700712571}}, pp. 124-127</ref><ref name="tompad"/> In [[Samkhya]] philosophy, [[Devata]] or ''deities'' are considered as "natural sources of energy" who have [[Sattva]] as the dominant [[Guṇa|Guna]].{{sfn|Sharma|1990|p=17}}

Hindu deities are represented with various icons and anicons in sculptures and paintings, called [[Murti]]s and ''Pratimas''.<ref name="klausklost264">[[Klaus Klostermaier]] (2010), ''A Survey of Hinduism'', State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791470824}}, pp. 264-267</ref><ref name="Pratima Hinduism">{{cite encyclopedia|title=pratima (Hinduism)|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/398379/pratima |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref><ref name=pkacharya>PK Acharya, [https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft#page/526/mode/2up An Encyclopedia of Hindu Architecture], Oxford University Press, p. 426</ref> Some Hindu traditions, such as ancient [[Charvaka]]s, rejected all deities and concept of god or goddess,<ref>V. V. Raman (2012), Hinduism and Science: Some Reflections, Zygon - Journal of Religion and Science, 47(3): 549–574, Quote (p. 557): "Aside from nontheistic schools like the Samkhya, there have also been explicitly atheistic schools in the Hindu tradition. One virulently anti-supernatural system is/was the so-called Charvaka school."</ref><ref name="John Clayton 2010 page 150">John Clayton (2010), Religions, Reasons and Gods: Essays in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Religion, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521126274}}, p. 150</ref><ref name=":1">A Goel (1984), Indian philosophy: Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika and modern science, Sterling, {{ISBN|978-0865902787}}, pages 149-151; R. Collins (2000), ''The Sociology of Philosophies'', Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0674001879}}, p. 836</ref> while 19th-century British colonial era movements such as the [[Arya Samaj]] and [[Brahmo Samaj]] rejected deities and adopted monotheistic concepts similar to [[Abrahamic religions]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Naidoo|first=Thillayvel|title=The Arya Samaj Movement in South Africa|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|page=158|year=1982|isbn=81-208-0769-3}}</ref><ref>Glyn Richards (1990), ''The World's Religions: The Religions of Asia'' (Editor: Friedhelm Hardy), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415058155}}, pp. 173-176</ref> Hindu deities have been adopted in other religions such as [[Jainism]],<ref>John E. Cort (1998), Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791437865}}, pp. 218-220</ref> and in regions outside India, such as predominantly Buddhist [[Thailand]] and [[Japan]], where they continue to be revered in regional temples or arts.<ref name=hajime26/><ref>Ellen London (2008), ''Thailand Condensed: 2,000 Years of History & Culture'', Marshall Cavendish, {{ISBN|978-9812615206}}, p. 74</ref><ref>Trudy Ring et al. (1996), ''International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1884964046}}, p. 692</ref>

In ancient and medieval era texts of Hinduism, the human body is described as a temple,<ref name=holmbowker76>Jean Holm and John Bowker (1998), Sacred Place, Bloomsbury Academic, {{ISBN|978-0826453037}}, pp. 76-78</ref><ref>Michael Coogan (2003), ''The Illustrated Guide to World Religions'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195219975}}, p. 149</ref> and deities are described to be parts residing within it,<ref>[[Alain Daniélou]] (2001), ''The Hindu Temple: Deification of Eroticism'', {{ISBN|978-0892818549}}, pp. 82-83</ref><ref>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (1992), ''The Samnyasa Upanisads'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195070453}}, pp. 147-148 with footnotes 2 and 5</ref> while the [[Brahman]] (Absolute Reality, God)<ref name=fxclooney>For dualism school of Hinduism, see: Francis X. Clooney (2010), Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries between Religions, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199738724}}, pp. 51-58, 111-115; For monist school of Hinduism, see: B. Martinez-Bedard (2006), Types of Causes in Aristotle and Sankara, Thesis - Department of Religious Studies (Advisors: Kathryn McClymond and Sandra Dwyer), Georgia State University, pp. 18-35</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Brodd | first = Jeffrey | title = World Religions | publisher = Saint Mary's Press | year = 2003 | location = Winona, MN | isbn = 978-0-88489-725-5 }}</ref> is described to be the same, or of similar nature, as the [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Self), which Hindus believe is eternal and within every living being.<ref name="monierwilliams2037">{{Harvnb|Monier-Williams|1974|pp=20–37}}</ref><ref name="jkoller"/><ref name="R Prasad 2009 pages 345-347">R Prasad (2009), A Historical-developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals, Concept Publishing, {{ISBN|978-8180695957}}, pp. 345-347</ref>

==Devas and devis==
{{main|Deva (Hinduism)|Devi}}
[[File:জি. ডি. ব্লক সল্টলেক দুর্গা পুজো ২০১৮.jpg|left|thumb|Goddess [[Durga]] and a pantheon of other gods and goddesses being worshipped during [[Durga Puja]] Festival in Kolkata.]]
Deities in Hinduism are referred to as [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]] (masculine) and [[Devi]] (feminine).<ref name="monierdevi">Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary" Etymologically and Philologically Arranged to cognate Indo-European Languages, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 496</ref><ref>John Stratton Hawley and Donna Marie Wulff (1998), Devi: Goddesses of India, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814912}}, p. 2</ref><ref>William K Mahony (1997), The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791435809}}, p. 18</ref> The root of these terms means "heavenly, divine, anything of excellence".<ref name="monier">Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary" Etymologically and Philologically Arranged to cognate Indo-European Languages, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 492</ref>

In the earliest Vedic literature, all [[supernatural being]]s are called [[Asura (Hinduism)|Asura]]s.<ref>Wash Edward Hale (1999), Ásura in Early Vedic Religion, Motilal Barnarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120800618}}, pp. 5-11, 22, 99-102</ref><ref>Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary" Etymologically and Philologically Arranged to cognate Indo-European Languages, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 121</ref> By the late Vedic period (c. 500 BCE), benevolent supernatural beings are referred to as ''Deva-Asuras''. In post-Vedic texts, such as the [[Puranas]] and the [[Itihasas]] of Hinduism, the Devas represent the good, and the Asuras the bad.<ref name=nickgier/><ref name=fowlergita/> In some medieval Indian literature, ''Devas'' are also referred to as Suras and contrasted with their equally powerful, but malevolent counterparts referred to as the Asuras.<ref name=ang>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40167/asura/40167rellinks/Related-Links Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref>

Hindu deities are part of [[Hindu mythology]], both Devas and Devis feature in one of many cosmological theories in Hinduism.<ref>Don Handelman (2013), One God, Two Goddesses, Three Studies of South Indian Cosmology, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004256156}}, pp. 23-29</ref><ref>Wendy Doniger (1988), Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, Manchester University Press, {{ISBN|978-0719018664}}, p. 67</ref>

===Characteristics of Vedic-era deities===
In Vedic literature, Devas and Devis represent the forces of nature and some represent moral values (such as the [[Ādityas|Aditya]]s, [[Varuna]], and [[Mitra (Hindu god)|Mitra]]), each symbolizing the epitome of specialized knowledge, creative energy, exalted and magical powers (''[[Siddhi]]s'').<ref>George Williams (2008), A Handbook of Hindu Mythology, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195332612}}, pp. 24-33</ref><ref name=binagupta>Bina Gupta (2011), An Introduction to Indian Philosophy, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415800037}}, pp. 21-25</ref>

{{multiple image
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| footer = Vedic era deities evolved. Rudra (left) is represented in Vedic literature, is shown as Shiva-Rudra 2nd-century sculpture (middle), and as Shiva (meaning kind) in 13th-century artwork (right). The iconography evolved, retaining some symbolic elements such as trident, axe, or antelope.<ref>Stella Kramrisch (1994), The Presence of Siva, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691019307}}, pp. 338-339</ref><ref>M Chakravarti (1995), The concept of Rudraa-Śiva through the ages, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120800533}}, pp. 59-65</ref>
| image1 = Rudra.gif
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}}

The most referred to Devas in the [[Rigveda]] are [[Indra]], [[Agni]] (fire) and [[Soma (deity)|Soma]], with "fire deity" called the friend of all humanity. Indra and Soma are two celebrated in a [[yajna]] fire ritual that marks major Hindu ceremonies. [[Savitr]], [[Vishnu]], [[Rudra]] (later given the exclusive epithet of [[Shiva]]), and [[Prajapati]] (later [[Brahma]]) are gods and hence Devas.<ref name=hajime26>Hajime Nakamura (1998), A Comparative History of Ideas, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120810044}}, pp. 26-33</ref>

The [[Vedas]] describes a number of significant Devis such as [[Ushas]] (dawn), [[Prithvi]] (earth), [[Aditi]] (cosmic moral order), [[Saraswati]] (river, knowledge), [[Vāc]] (sound), [[Nirṛti (goddess)|Nirṛti]] (destruction), [[Ratri]] (night), [[Aranyani]] (forest), and bounty goddesses such as Dinsana, Raka, Puramdhi, Parendi, Bharati, Mahi, among others, mentioned in the ''[[Rigveda]]''.<ref name=kinsley717>David Kinsley (2005), Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-8120803947}}, pp. 6-17, 55-64</ref> Sri, also called Lakshmi, appears in late Vedic texts dated to be pre-Buddhist, but verses dedicated to her do not suggest that her characteristics were fully developed in the Vedic era.<ref name=kinsley18>David Kinsley (2005), Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-8120803947}}, pp. 18, 19</ref> All gods and goddesses are distinguished in the Vedic times, but in the post-Vedic texts (c. 500 BCE to 200 CE), and particularly in the early medieval era literature, they are ultimately seen as aspects or manifestations of one [[Brahman]], the Supreme power.<ref name=kinsley18/><ref>Christopher John Fuller (2004), The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691120485}}, p. 41</ref>

Ananda Coomaraswamy states that Devas and Asuras in the Vedic lore are similar to [[Twelve Olympians|Angels-Theoi-Gods]] and [[Titan (mythology)|Titans]] of Greek mythology, both are powerful but have different orientations and inclinations, the Devas representing the powers of Light and the Asuras representing the powers of Darkness in Hindu mythology.<ref>Wash Edward Hale (1999), Ásura in Early Vedic Religion, Motilal Barnarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120800618}}, p. 20</ref><ref name=":0"/> According to Coomaraswamy's interpretation of Devas and Asuras, both these natures exist in each human being, the tyrant and the angel is within each being, the best and the worst within each person struggles before choices and one's nature, and the Hindu formulation of Devas and Asuras is an eternal dance between these within each person.<ref>Ananda Coomaraswamy (1935), "Angel and Titan: An Essay in Vedic Ontology", ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', volume 55, pp. 373–418</ref><ref name=Gier>Nicholas Gier (1995), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399510 Hindu Titanism], Philosophy East and West, Volume 45, Number 1, p. 76, see also 73-96</ref>

{{Blockquote|
The Devas and Asuras, Angels and Titans, powers of Light and powers of Darkness in Rigveda, although distinct and opposite in operation, are in essence consubstantial, their distinction being a matter not of essence but of orientation, revolution, or transformation. In this case, the Titan is potentially an Angel, the Angel still by nature a Titan; the Darkness in ''actu'' is Light, the Light in ''potentia'' Darkness; whence the designations Asura and Deva may be applied to one and the same Person according to the mode of operation, as in Rigveda 1.163.3, "Trita art thou (Agni) by interior operation".
|Ananda Coomaraswamy|'' Journal of the American Oriental Society''<ref name=":0">Ananda Coomaraswamy (1935), "Angel and Titan: An Essay in Vedic Ontology", ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', volume 55, pp. 373–374, {{JSTOR|594758}}.</ref>}}

===Characteristics of medieval-era deities===
In the [[Puranas]] and the [[Itihasas]] with the embedded Bhagavad Gita, the Devas represent the good, and the Asuras the bad.<ref name="nickgier"/><ref name=fowlergita/> According to the [[Bhagavad Gita]] (16.6–16.7), all beings in the universe have both the divine qualities (''daivi sampad'') and the demonic qualities (''asuri sampad'') within them.<ref name=fowlergita/><ref name=chrischapple/> The sixteenth chapter of the Bhagavad Gita states that pure god-like saints are rare, as are pure demon-like evil individuals among human beings. Instead, the majority of humanity is multi-charactered with a few or many faults.<ref name=fowlergita/> According to Jeaneane Fowler, the Gita states that desires, aversions, greed, needs, emotions in various forms "are facets of ordinary lives". It is only when they turn to lust, hate, cravings, arrogance, conceit, anger, harshness, hypocrisy, violence, cruelty and such negativity- and destruction-inclined tendencies that natural human inclinations metamorphose into something demonic (Asura).<ref name="fowlergita"/><ref name=chrischapple>Christopher K Chapple (2010), The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-1438428420}}, pp. 610-629</ref>

[[File:Seal Surin.png|thumb|[[Indra]] is a Vedic era deity, found in south and southeast Asia. Above Indra is part of the seal of a [[Thailand]] state.]]
The Epics and medieval era texts, particularly the [[Puranas]], developed extensive and richly varying mythologies associated with Hindu deities, including their [[Genealogies of Genesis|genealogies.]]<ref name=ludorocher/><ref name=oliverleaman437>Greg Bailey (2001), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy (Editor: Oliver Leaman), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415172813}}, pp. 437-439</ref><ref name=gregorybailey>Gregory Bailey (2003), The Study of Hinduism (Editor: Arvind Sharma), The University of South Carolina Press, {{ISBN|978-1570034497}}, p. 139</ref> Several of the Purana texts are named after major Hindu deities such as Vishnu, Shiva and Devi.<ref name=ludorocher>Ludo Rocher (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3447025225}}, pp. 1-5, 12-21</ref> Other texts and commentators such as [[Adi Shankara]] explain that Hindu deities live or rule over the cosmic body as well as in the temple of the human body.<ref name=holmbowker76/><ref name=danielou57/> They remark that the Sun deity is the eyes, the [[Vayu|Vāyu]] the nose, the [[Prajapati]] the sexual organs, the [[Lokapala]]s the ears, [[Chandra]] the mind, Mitra the inward breath, [[Varuna]] the outward breath, [[Indra]] the arms, Bṛhaspati the speech, Vishnu, whose stride is great, is the feet, and Māyā is the smile.<ref name=danielou57>[[Alain Daniélou]] (1991), The Myths and Gods of India, Princeton/Bollingen Paperbacks, {{ISBN|978-0892813544}}, pp. 57-60</ref>

===Symbolism===
Edelmann states that gods and anti-gods of Hinduism are symbolism for spiritual concepts. For example, god Indra (a Deva) and the antigod Virocana (an Asura) question a sage for insights into the knowledge of the self.<ref name=edelmann14/> Virocana leaves with the first given answer, believing now he can use the knowledge as a weapon. In contrast, Indra keeps pressing the sage, churning the ideas, and learning about means to inner happiness and power. Edelmann suggests that the Deva-Asura dichotomies in Hindu mythology may be seen as "narrative depictions of tendencies within our selves".<ref name=edelmann14>Jonathan Edelmann (2013), Hindu Theology as Churning the Latent, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Volume 81, Issue 2, pp. 439-441</ref> Hindu deities in Vedic era, states Mahoney, are those artists with "powerfully inward transformative, effective and creative mental powers".<ref>William K Mahony (1997), The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791435809}}, pp. 17, 27, 32</ref>

In Hindu mythology, everyone starts as an Asura, born of the same father. "Asuras who remain Asura" share the character of powerful beings craving for more power, more wealth, ego, anger, unprincipled nature, force and violence.<ref name=gierasurach/><ref name=stellaray/> The "Asuras who become Devas" in contrast are driven by an inner voice, seek understanding and meaning, prefer moderation, principled behavior, aligned with ''[[Ṛta]]'' and ''[[Dharma]]'', knowledge and harmony.<ref name=gierasurach>Nicholas Gier (1995), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399510 Hindu Titanism], Philosophy East and West, Volume 45, Number 1, pp. 76-80</ref><ref name=stellaray>Stella Kramrisch and Raymond Burnier (1986), The Hindu Temple, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120802230}}, pp. 75-78</ref><ref>William K Mahony (1997), The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791435809}}, pp. 50, 72-73</ref>

The god (Deva) and antigod (Asura), states Edelmann, are also symbolically the contradictory forces that motivate each individual and people, and thus Deva-Asura dichotomy is a spiritual concept rather than mere genealogical category or species of being.<ref name=edelmann13/> In the Bhāgavata Purana, saints and gods are born in families of Asuras, such as [[Mahabali]] and [[Prahlada]], conveying the symbolism that motivations, beliefs and actions rather than one's birth and family circumstances define whether one is Deva-like or Asura-like.<ref name=edelmann13>Jonathan Edelmann (2013), Hindu Theology as Churning the Latent, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Volume 81, Issue 2, pp. 440-442</ref>

==Ishvara==
{{main|Ishvara}}
[[File:Surya Majapahit Diagram.svg|thumb|Ishvara is, along with Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma, one of the 17 deities commonly found in Indonesian [[Surya Majapahit]] Hindu arts and records. However, Ishvara represents different concepts in various Hindu philosophies.]]
Another Hindu term that is sometimes translated as the deity is [[Ishvara]], or various deities are described, state Sorajjakool et al., as "the personifications of various aspects of the same Ishvara".<ref>Siroj Sorajjakool, Mark Carr and Julius Nam (2009), World Religions, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0789038135}}, p. 38</ref> The term ''Ishvara'' has a wide range of meanings that depend on the era and the school of Hinduism.<ref name=mmwizvara>Monier Williams, Sanskrit-English dictionary, [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/mwquery/ Izvara], Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, University of Cologne, Germany</ref><ref>James Lochtefeld, "Ishvara", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, p. 306</ref><ref name=riepe>Dale Riepe (1961, Reprinted 1996), Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120812932}}, pp. 177-184, 208-215</ref> In ancient texts of Indian philosophy, ''Ishvara'' means supreme Self, [[Brahman]] (Highest Reality), ruler, king or husband depending on the context.<ref name=mmwizvara/> In medieval era texts, ''Ishvara'' means God, Supreme Being, personal god, or special Self depending on the school of Hinduism.<ref name=mirceaelaide73>Mircea Eliade (2009), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691142036}}, pp. 73-76</ref><ref name=riepe/><ref name=ianw>Ian Whicher, The Integrity of the Yoga Darsana, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791438152}}, pp. 82-86</ref>

Among the six systems of [[Hindu philosophy]], [[Samkhya]] and [[Mimamsa]] do not consider the concept of ''Ishvara'', i.e., a supreme being, relevant. [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]], [[Vaisheshika]], [[Vedanta]], and [[Nyaya]] schools of Hinduism discuss Ishvara but assign different meanings.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Early Nyaya school scholars considered the hypothesis of a deity as a creator God with the power to grant blessings, boons, and fruits; but these early Nyaya scholars then rejected this hypothesis, and were non-theistic or atheists.<ref name="John Clayton 2010 page 150"/><ref>G Oberhammer (1965), Zum problem des Gottesbeweises in der indischen Philosophie, Numen, 12: 1-34</ref> Later scholars of Nyaya school reconsidered this question and offered counter arguments for what is Ishvara and various arguments to prove the existence of an omniscient, omnipresent, omnipotent deity (God).<ref name=fxc>Francis X. Clooney (2010), Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199738724}}, pp. 18-19, 35-39</ref>

Vaisheshika school of Hinduism, as founded by Kanada in the 1st millennium BCE, neither required nor relied on a creator deity.<ref name=klausk>Klaus Klostermaier (2007), A Survey of Hinduism, Third Edition, State University of New York, {{ISBN|978-0791470824}}, p. 337</ref><ref name=":1" /> Later Vaisheshika school adopted the concept of ''Ishvara'', states [[Klaus Klostermaier]], but as an eternal God who co-exists in the universe with eternal substances and atoms, but He "winds up the clock, and lets it run its course".<ref name=klausk/>

Ancient Mimamsa scholars of Hinduism questioned what is ''Ishvara'' (deity, God)?<ref name=fxc3>FX Clooney (1997), What's a god? The quest for the right understanding of devatā in Brāhmaṅical ritual theory (Mīmāṃsā), International Journal of Hindu Studies, August 1997, Volume 1, Issue 2, pp. 337-385</ref> They considered a deity concept unnecessary for a consistent philosophy and [[moksha]] (soteriology).<ref name=fxc3/><ref name=bilimoria>P. Bilimoria (2001), Hindu doubts about God: Towards Mimamsa Deconstruction, in Philosophy of Religion: Indian Philosophy (Editor: Roy Perrett), Volume 4, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-8153-3611-2}}, pp. 87-106</ref>

In the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy, ''Isvara'' is neither a creator-God nor a savior-God.<ref>A Malinar (2014), Current Approaches: Articles on Key Themes, in The Bloomsbury Companion to Hindu Studies (Editor: Jessica Frazier), Bloomsbury Academic, {{ISBN|978-1472511515}}, p. 79</ref> This is called one of the several major atheistic schools of Hinduism by some scholars.<ref name=lpfl/><ref>Mike Burley (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga - An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415648875}}, p. 39</ref><ref>Richard Garbe (2013), Die Samkhya-Philosophie, Indische Philosophie Volume 11, {{ISBN|978-1484030615}}, pp. 25-27 (in German)</ref> Others, such as [[:no: Knut A. Jacobsen|Jacobsen]], state that Samkhya is more accurately described as non-theistic.<ref>Knut Jacobsen (2008), Theory and Practice of Yoga: 'Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120832329}}, pp. 15-16</ref> Deity is considered an irrelevant concept, neither defined nor denied, in Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy.<ref name=":2" />

In the Yoga school of Hinduism, it is any "personal deity" (Ishta Deva or Ishta Devata)<ref>Orlando Espín and James Nickoloff (2007), An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and [[Religious studies|Religious Studies]], Liturgical Press, {{ISBN|978-0814658567}}, p. 651</ref> or "spiritual inspiration", but not a creator God.<ref name=ianw/><ref name=lpfl>Lloyd Pflueger, Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory, and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120832329}}, pp. 38-39</ref> Whicher explains that while Patanjali's terse verses in the Yogasutras can be interpreted both as theistic or non-theistic, Patanjali's concept of ''Isvara'' in Yoga philosophy functions as a "transformative catalyst or guide for aiding the yogin on the path to spiritual emancipation".<ref>Ian Whicher (1999), The Integrity of the Yoga Darsana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791438152}}, p. 86</ref>

The [[Advaita Vedanta]] school of Hinduism asserted that there is no [[dualism (Indian philosophy)|dualistic]] existence of a deity (or deities).<ref name=":2" /><ref>JN Mohanty (2001), Explorations in Philosophy, Vol 1 (Editor: Bina Gupta), Oxford University Press, pp. 107-108</ref> There is no otherness nor distinction between ''Jiva'' and ''Ishvara''.<ref>Paul Hacker (1978), Eigentumlichkeiten dr Lehre und Terminologie Sankara: Avidya, Namarupa, Maya, Isvara, in Kleine Schriften (Editor: L. Schmithausen), Franz Steiner Verlag, Weisbaden, pp. 101-109 (in German), also pp. 69-99</ref><ref name="William Indich 2000 page 5">William Indich (2000), Consciousness in Advaita Vedanta, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120812512}}, p. 5</ref> God (Ishvara, Brahman) is identical with the Atman (Self) within each human being in Advaita Vedanta school,<ref>William James (1985), The Varieties of Religious Experience, Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0674932258}}, p. 404 with footnote 28</ref> and there is a [[monism|monistic]] Universal Absolute Oneness that connects everyone and everything.<ref name=jkoller>John Koller (2012), Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion (Editors: Chad Meister, Paul Copan), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415782944}}, pp. 99-107</ref><ref name="William Indich 2000 page 5"/><ref name=lance>Lance Nelson (1996), Living liberation in Shankara and classical Advaita, in Living Liberation in Hindu Thought (Editors: Andrew O. Fort, Patricia Y. Mumme), State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791427064}}, pp. 38-39, 59 (footnote 105)</ref>

In [[Dvaita]] sub-school of Vedanta Hinduism, ''Ishvara'' is defined as a creator God that is distinct from ''Jiva'' (individual Selfs in living beings).<ref name="R Prasad 2009 pages 345-347"/> In this school, God creates individual Self (Atman), but the individual Self never was and never will become one with God; the best it can do is to experience bliss by getting infinitely close to God.<ref name=tompad>Thomas Padiyath (2014), The Metaphysics of Becoming, De Gruyter, {{ISBN|978-3110342550}}, pp. 155-157</ref>

==Number of deities==
{{Infobox
| title = Yantra as aniconic deities
| below = [[Yantra]]s or ''mandalas'' (shown) are 3-D images.<ref>Alain Daniélou (1991), The Myths and Gods of India, Princeton/Bollingen Paperbacks, {{ISBN|978-0892813544}}, pp. 350-354</ref> In Tantra, a minority tradition in Hinduism,<ref>Serenity Young (2001), Hinduism, Marshall Cavendish, {{ISBN|978-0761421160}}, p. 73</ref> they are considered identical with deity.<ref>David R Kinsley (1995), Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahāvidyās, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120800533}}, pp. 136-140, 122-128</ref> Similar tantric yantras are found in [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]] as well.<ref>RT Vyas and Umakant Shah, Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects, Abhinav, {{ISBN|978-8170173168}}, pp. 23-26</ref>
| image = [[File:Sriyantra.svg|200px]]
| caption = [[Sri Yantra]] symbolizing the goddess [[Tripura Sundari]]
}}
[[Yāska]], the earliest known language scholar of India (c. 500 BCE), mentions that there are three deities (''Devas'') according to the Vedas, "''Agni'' (fire), whose place is on the earth; ''Vayu'' (wind), whose place is the air; and ''Surya'' (sun), whose place is in the sky".<ref>WJ Wilkins (2003), Hindu Gods and Goddesses, Dover, {{ISBN|978-0486431567}}, pp. 9-10</ref> This principle of three worlds (or zones), and its multiples is found thereafter in many ancient texts. The [[Samhita]]s, which are the oldest layer of text in [[Vedas]] enumerate 33 devas,{{refn|group=note|The list of Vedic Devas somewhat varies across the manuscripts found in different parts of South Asia, particularly in terms of guides (Aswins) and personified Devas. One list based on Book 2 of Aitereya Brahmana is:<ref>Hermann Oldenberg (1988), The Religion of the Veda, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803923}}, pp. 23-50</ref><ref>AA MacDonell, {{Google books|KCQ_AQAAMAAJ|Vedic mythology|page=PA19}}, Oxford University Press, pp. 19-21</ref> 
* Devas personified: [[Indra]] ({{IAST|Śakra}}), [[Varuna|{{IAST|Varuṇa}}]], [[Mitra (Vedic)|Mitra]], [[Aryaman]], [[Bhaga]], [[Ansa (Hinduism)|{{IAST|Aṃśa}}]], Vidhatr ('''Brahma'''),<ref>Francis X Clooney (2010), Divine Mother, Blessed Mother, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199738731}}, p. 242</ref> [[Tvashtri|{{IAST|Tvāṣṭṛ}}]], [[Pushan|{{IAST|Pūṣan}}]], [[Vivasvan|Vivasvat]], [[Savitr|{{IAST|Savitṛ}}]] (Dhatr), '''Vishnu'''.
* Devas as abstractions or inner principles: Ānanda (bliss, inner contentment), Vijñāna (knowledge), Manas (mind, thought), Prāṇa (life-force), Vāc (speech), [[Atman (Hinduism)|Ātmā]] (Self within each person), and five manifestations of '''Rudra/Shiva''' – [[Ishana|Īśāna]], Tatpuruṣa, Aghora, Vāmadeva, Sadyojāta
* Devas as forces or principles of nature – [[Prithvi|{{IAST|Pṛthivī}}]] (earth), [[Agni]] (fire), Antarikṣa (atmosphere, space), Jal (water), [[Vayu|Vāyu]] (wind), [[Dyaus Pita|{{IAST|Dyauṣ}}]] (sky), [[Surya|Sūrya]] (sun), {{IAST|Nakṣatra}} (stars), Soma (moon)
* Devas as guide or creative energy – Vasatkara, [[Prajapati|Prajāpati]]}} either 11 each for the three worlds, or as 12 [[Adityas]], 11 [[Rudras]], 8 [[Vasu]]s and 2 [[Ashvins]] in the [[Brahmanas]] layer of Vedic texts.<ref name="George Williams 2008 pages 90, 112">George Williams (2008), A Handbook of Hindu Mythology, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195332612}}, pp. 90, 112</ref><ref name=monier/>

The Rigveda states in hymn 1.139.11,

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
ये '''देवा'''सो दिव्येकादश स्थ पृथिव्यामध्येकादश स्थ <nowiki>।
अप्सुक्षितो महिनैकादश स्थ ते देवासो यज्ञमिमं जुषध्वम् ॥११॥</nowiki><ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१.१३९ ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं १.१३९] Sanskrit, Wikisource</ref>

O ye eleven gods whose home is heaven, O ye eleven who make earth your dwelling,
Ye who with might, eleven, live in waters, accept this sacrifice, O gods, with pleasure.
– Translated by [[Ralph T. H. Griffith]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/rigvedasanhitc02wils#page/62/mode/2up The Rig Veda/Mandala 1/Hymn 139] Verse 11, Ralph T. H. Griffith, Wikisource</ref>

Gods who are eleven in heaven; who are eleven on earth;
and who are eleven dwelling with glory in mid-air; may ye be pleased with this our sacrifice.
– Translated by HH Wilson<ref>[[Wikisource:The Rig Veda/Mandala 1/Hymn 139|The Rig Veda Samhita]] Verse 11, HH Wilson (Translator), Royal Asiatic Society, WH Allen & Co, London</ref>
</poem>
|[[Rigveda]] 1.139.11|}}

===One or one-ness===
Thirty-three ''koti'' (33 supreme) divinities are mentioned in other ancient texts, such as the [[Yajurveda]]. Most, by far, are goddesses, state Foulston and Abbott, suggesting "how important and popular goddesses are" in Hindu culture.<ref name="lynnfoulston">{{cite book|last=Lynn Foulston, Stuart Abbott|title=Hindu goddesses: beliefs and practices|pages=1–3, 40–41| publisher=Sussex Academic Press| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XbCAQAACAAJ| isbn=9781902210438|year=2009}}</ref> Scholars state all deities are typically viewed in Hinduism as "emanations or manifestation of genderless principle called [[Brahman]], representing the many facets of Ultimate Reality".<ref name="lynnfoulston" /><ref name="lawrence78" /><ref name="brodd43" /> In Hinduism, the concept is that "God, the universe, human beings and all else is essentially one thing" and there is a connected oneness where the same God resides within every human being as [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]], the eternal Self.<ref name="brodd43">Jeffrey Brodd (2003), World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery, Saint Mary's Press, {{ISBN|978-0884897255}}, p. 43</ref><ref>Christopher John Fuller (2004), The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691120485}}, pp. 30-31, '''Quote:''' "Crucial in Hindu polytheism is the relationship between the deities and humanity. Unlike Jewish, Christian and Islamic monotheism, predicated on the otherness of God and either his total separation from man and his singular incarnation, Hinduism postulates no absolute distinction between deities and human beings. The idea that all deities are truly one is, moreover, easily extended to proclaim that all human beings are in reality also forms of one supreme deity - Brahman, the Absolute of philosophical Hinduism. In practice, this abstract monist doctrine rarely belongs to an ordinary Hindu's statements, but examples of permeability between the divine and human can be easily found in popular Hinduism in many unremarkable contexts".</ref>

==Iconography and practices==
{{main|Murti}}
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| width1 = 125
| width2 = 110
| width3 = 132
| footer = Proper ''Murti'' design is described in ancient and medieval Indian texts ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]). They describe proportions, posture, and expressions among other details, often referencing nature.<ref>Abanindranth Tagore, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924020549725#page/n7/mode/2up Some notes on Indian Artistic Anatomy], pp. 1-21</ref><ref>Stella Kramrisch (1958), Traditions of the Indian Craftsman, The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 71, No. 281, pp. 224-230</ref><ref>John Cort (2011), Jains in the World, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199796649}}, pp. 20-21, 56-58</ref>
| image1 = Indian murti (statue) proportions posture shape design 05.jpg
| image2 = Indian murti (statue) proportions posture shape design 06.jpg
| image3 = Indian murti (statue) proportions posture shape design 10.jpg

}}
{{Quote box
| width = 27em
| align = right
| title = A Hindu prayer before cutting a tree for a ''Murti''
| quote = <poem>
Oh, Tree! you have been selected for the worship of a deity,
Salutations to you!
I worship you per rules, kindly accept it.
May all who live in this tree, find residence elsewhere,
May they forgive us now, we bow to them.
</poem>
| source = ''Brihat Samhita'' 59.10 - 59.11<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/Brihatsamhita/brihatsamhita#page/n537/mode/2up Brihat Samhita of Varaha Mihira], PVS Sastri and VMR Bhat (Translators), Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass ({{ISBN|978-8120810600}}), p. 520</ref><ref>Sanskrit: ([http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_z_misc_sociology_astrology/varbrhs.pdf Source]), pp. 142-143 (note that the verse number in this version is 58.10-11)</ref>
}}
Hinduism has an ancient and extensive iconography tradition, particularly in the form of ''Murti'' ([[Sanskrit]]: मूर्ति, IAST: Mūrti), or ''Vigraha'' or ''Pratima''.<ref name="Pratima Hinduism"/> A ''Murti'' is itself not the god in Hinduism, but it is an image of god and represents emotional and religious value.<ref name=fowler41>Jeaneane D Fowler (1996), Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1898723608}}, pp. 41-45</ref> A literal translation of ''Murti'' as an idol is incorrect, states Jeaneane Fowler when the idol is understood as superstitious end in itself.<ref name=fowler41/> Just like the photograph of a person is not the real person, a ''Murti'' is an image in Hinduism but not the real thing, but in both cases, the image reminds of something of emotional and real value to the viewer.<ref name=fowler41/> When a person worships a ''Murti'', it is assumed to be a manifestation of the essence or spirit of the deity, the worshipper's spiritual ideas and needs are meditated through it, yet the idea of ultimate reality or [[Brahman]] is not confined in it.<ref name=fowler41/>

A Murti of a Hindu deity is typically made by carving stone, woodworking, metal casting, or through pottery. Medieval era texts describing their proper proportions, positions and gestures include the [[Puranas]], [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agamas]] and [[Samhita]]s particularly the [[Shilpa Shastras]].<ref name="klausklost264"/> The expressions in a ''Murti'' vary in diverse Hindu traditions, ranging from ''Ugra'' symbolism to express destruction, fear and violence ([[Durga]], [[Parvati]], [[Kali]]), as well as ''Saumya'' symbolism to express joy, knowledge, and harmony (Parvati, Saraswati, Lakshmi). Saumya images are most common in [[Hindu temple]]s.<ref name=grao17>Gopinath Rao, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924071128825#page/n61/mode/2up Elements of Hindu Iconography] Madras, Cornell University Archives, pp. 17-39</ref> Other Murti forms found in Hinduism include the [[Linga]].<ref name=stella179>Stella Kramrisch (1994), The Presence of Siva, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691019307}}, pp. 179-187</ref>

A ''Murti'' is an embodiment of the divine, the Ultimate Reality or [[Brahman]] to some Hindus.<ref name= klausklost264/> In the religious context, they are found in Hindu temples or homes, where they may be treated as a beloved guest and serve as a participant of [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] rituals in Hinduism.<ref name=willis96>Michael Willis (2009), The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521518741}}, pp. 96-112, 123-143, 168-172</ref> A murti is installed by priests, in Hindu temples, through the [[Prana Pratishtha]] ceremony,<ref>Heather Elgood (2000), Hinduism and the Religious Arts, Bloomsbury Academic, {{ISBN|978-0304707393}}, pp. 14-15, 32-36</ref> whereby state Harold Coward and David Goa, the "divine vital energy of the cosmos is infused into the sculpture" and then the divine is welcomed as one would welcome a friend.<ref>Harold Coward and David Goa (2008), Mantra: 'Hearing the Divine In India and America, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120832619}}, pp. 25-30</ref> In other occasions, it serves as the center of attention in annual festive processions and these are called ''Utsava Murti''.<ref name=james726>James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, The Rosen Publishing Group, {{ISBN|978-0-8239-3180-4}}, p. 726</ref>

===Temple and worship===
{{main|Hindu temple|Puja (Hinduism)}}
{{multiple image
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| footer = Along with ''murtis'', Hindus use nature and aniconic symbols for deities. The lingam (left) symbolizes Shiva and Parvati,<ref>Stella Kramrisch (1994), The Presence of Siva, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691019307}}, pp. 243-249</ref> the ''Tulasi'' plant in a square base (center) is symbolism for Vishnu,<ref>Scott Littleton (2005), Gods, Goddesses, And Mythology, Volume 11, Marshall Cavendish, {{ISBN|978-0761475590}}, p. 1125</ref> and sunrise (or rivers) are revered as aspects of the spiritual everywhere.<ref>Mukul Goel (2008), Devotional Hinduism: Creating Impressions for God, iUniverse, {{ISBN|978-0595505241}}, p. 77</ref>
| image1 = Jatalinga sur cuve à ablution (musée Guimet) (5153565239).jpg
| image2 = തുളസി-തറ.JPG
| image3 = Namaste to the rising sun, Hindu culture religion rites rituals sights.jpg
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In Hinduism, deities and their icons may be hosted in a Hindu temple, within a home, or as an amulet. The worship performed by Hindus is known by several regional names, such as ''Puja''.<ref name=lochtefeldpuja/> This practice in front of a [[murti]] may be elaborate in large temples, or be a simple song or mantra muttered in home, or offering made to sunrise or river or symbolic an icon of a deity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flood|first=Gavin D.|title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2002|isbn=978-0-631-21535-6|pages=6–7}}</ref><ref>Paul Courtright (1985), in ''Gods of Flesh/Gods of Stone'' (Joanne Punzo Waghorne, Norman Cutler, and Vasudha Narayanan, eds), {{ISBN|978-0231107778}}, Columbia University Press, see Chapter 2</ref><ref name="Galepuja">{{cite book|title=Gale Encyclopedia of Religion|pages=7493–7495|editor=Lindsay Jones|publisher=Thomson Gale|year=2005|volume=11|isbn=0-02-865980-5}}</ref> Archaeological evidence of deity worship in Hindu temples trace ''Puja'' rituals to [[Gupta Empire]] era (c. 4th century CE).<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael D. |last=Willis |title=The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year= 2009 |chapter= 2: 6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Michael D. |last=Willis |title=The Formation of Temple Ritual in the Gupta Period: pūjā and pañcamahāyajña |journal=Prajñādhara: Gouriswar Bhattacharya Felicitation Volume, Edited by Gerd Mevissen | publisher= Gerd Mevissen |year=2008 |url= https://www.academia.edu/2069840}}</ref> In Hindu temples, various pujas may be performed daily at various times of the day; in other temples, it may be occasional.<ref name=ebp>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/483030/puja Puja], Encyclopædia Britannica (2011)</ref><ref name=hgb>Hiro G. Badlani (2008), ''Hinduism: A path of ancient wisdom'', {{ISBN|978-0595436361}}, pp. 315-318</ref>

The ''Puja'' practice is structured as an act of welcoming, hosting, and honoring the deity of one's choice as one's honored guest,<ref>Paul Thieme (1984), "Indische Wörter und Sitten", in ''Kleine Schriften'', Vol. 2, pp. 343–370</ref> and remembering the spiritual and emotional significance the deity represents to the devotee.<ref name=fowler41/><ref name=lochtefeldpuja>James Lochtefeld (2002), ''Puja'' in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-823922871}}, pp. 529–530</ref> [[Jan Gonda]], as well as [[Diana L. Eck]], states that a typical ''Puja'' involves one or more of 16 steps (''Shodasha Upachara'') traceable to ancient times: the deity is invited as a guest, the devotee hosts and takes care of the deity as an honored guest, praise (hymns) with [[Dhupa]] or [[Aarti]] along with food ([[Naivedhya]]) is offered to the deity, after an expression of love and respect the host takes leave, and with affection expresses goodbye to the deity.<ref>{{Citation|last=Fuller|first=C. J.|year=2004|title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India|place=Princeton, NJ|publisher= Princeton University Press|isbn=978-069112048-5|pages=66–73, 308}}</ref><ref name=dleck>[[Diana L. Eck]] (2008), ''Darśan: Seeing the Divine Image in India'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120832664}}, pp. 47-49</ref> The worship practice may also involve reflecting on spiritual questions, with image serving as support for such meditation.<ref>[[Diana L. Eck]] (2008), ''Darśan: Seeing the Divine Image in India'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120832664}}, pp. 45-46</ref>

Deity worship (''[[Bhakti]]''), visiting temples, and ''Puja'' rites are not mandatory and are optional in Hinduism; it is the choice of a Hindu, it may be a routine daily affair for some Hindus, periodic ritual or infrequent for some.<ref>Jonathan Lee and Kathleen Nadeau (2010), Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife, Volume 1, ABC, {{ISBN|978-0313350665}}, pp. 480-481</ref><ref>Jean Holm and John Bowker (1998), Worship, Bloomsbury Academic, {{ISBN|978-1855671119}}, p. 83, '''Quote:''' "Temples are the permanent residence of a deity and daily worship is performed by the priest, but the majority of Hindus visit temples only on special occasions. Worship in temples is wholly optional for them".</ref> Worship practices in Hinduism are as diverse as its traditions, and a Hindu can choose to be polytheistic, pantheistic, monotheistic, monistic, agnostic, atheistic, or humanist.<ref name="juliuslipnerhindu82"/>

Devotees engage with deities in more personalized relationships. [[Ramanuja]] differentiates between three types of devotees: power-seekers, liberation-seekers, and those seeking love and communion with the deity. While all three are considered dharmic, they are not equally significant in terms of liberation. Power-seekers pursue goals for overall benefit, while liberation-seekers seek unity with the divine. The highest form of devotion is characterized by selfless love for the divine.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lipner |first=Julius |title=Hindu images and their worship with special reference to Vaisnavism: a philosophical-theological inquiry |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-138-29113-3 |series=Routledge Hindu studies series |location=London; New York |pages=152–153}}</ref>

==Examples==
{{main|List of Hindu deities|Rigvedic deities}}
[[File:Six Hinduism deities. Surya, Parvati, Hanuman, Lakshmi, Vishnu, and Indra. All of them came from India, except Vishnu (from the Thai-Cambodian border). Various eras. National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|Six Hinduism deities. Surya, Parvati, Hanuman, Lakshmi, Vishnu, and Indra. All of these statues came from India, except Vishnu (from the Thai-Cambodian border). Various eras. National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh]]
Major deities have inspired a vast genre of literature such as the [[Puranas]] and [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agama]] texts as well their own Hindu traditions, but with shared [[mythology]], ritual grammar, [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|theosophy]], [[axiology]] and polycentrism.<ref name=juliuslipner371/><ref name=frazierintrop2/> Vishnu and his avatars are at the foundation of [[Vaishnavism]], Shiva for [[Shaivism]], Devi for [[Shaktism]], and some Hindu traditions such as Smarta traditions who revere multiple major deities (five) as henotheistic manifestations of [[Brahman]] (absolute metaphysical Reality).<ref name=lawrence78>David Lawrence (2012), The Routledge Companion to Theism (Editors: Charles Taliaferro, Victoria S. Harrison and Stewart Goetz), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415881647}}, pp. 78-79</ref><ref>Guy Beck (2005), Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity, SUNY Press, {{ISBN|978-0791464151}}, pp. 1-2</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XC9bwMMPcwC&pg=PA27 |title=What is Hinduism? |publisher=Himalayan Academy |year=2007 |isbn=9781934145272 |access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref>

While there are diverse deities in Hinduism, states Lawrence, "Exclusivism – which maintains that only one's own deity is real" is rare in Hinduism.<ref name=lawrence78/> [[Julius J. Lipner|Julius Lipner]], and other scholars, state that pluralism and "polycentrism" – where other deities are recognized and revered by members of different "denominations", has been the Hindu ethos and way of life.<ref name=juliuslipner371/><ref>Andrew J Nicholson (2013), Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231149877}}, pp. 167-168</ref>

===Trimurti and Tridevi===
{{main|Trimurti|Tridevi}}

The concept of Triad (or ''Trimurti'', ''Trinity'') makes a relatively late appearance in Hindu literature, or in the second half of 1st millennium BCE.<ref name=jangondatrim>Jan Gonda (1969), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40457085 The Hindu Trinity], Anthropos, 63/64, 1/2, pp. 212-226</ref> The idea of triad, playing three roles in the cosmic affairs, is typically associated with Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva (also called ''Mahesh''); however, this is not the only triad in Hindu literature.<ref name=baileytrim>GM Bailey (1979), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3269716 Trifunctional Elements in the Mythology of the Hindu Trimūrti], Numen, Vol. 26, Fasc. 2, pp. 152-163</ref> Other triads include ''Tridevi'', of three goddesses – Lakshmi, Saraswati and Parvati in the text [[Devi Mahatmya]], in the Shakta tradition, which further assert that Devi is the [[Brahman]] (Ultimate Reality) and it is her energy that empowers Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva.<ref name=jangondatrim/> The other triads, formulated as deities in ancient Indian literature, include Sun (creator), Air (sustainer) and Fire (destroyer); Prana (creator), Food (sustainer) and Time (destroyer).<ref name=jangondatrim/> These triads, states [[Jan Gonda]], are in some mythologies grouped together without forming a Trinity, and in other times represented as equal, a unity and manifestations of one Brahman.<ref name=jangondatrim/> In the Puranas, for example, this idea of threefold "hypostatization" is expressed as follows,

{{Blockquote|
They [Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva] exist through each other, and uphold each other; they are parts of one another; they subsist through one another; they are not for a moment separated; they never abandon one another.
|[[Vayu Purana]]|5.17, Translated by Jan Gonda<ref name=jangondatrim/>}}

The triad appears in [[Maitrayaniya Upanishad]], for the first time in recognized roles known ever since, where they are deployed to present the concept of three [[Guṇa]] – the innate nature, tendencies and inner forces found within every being and everything, whose balance transform and keeps changing the individual and the world.<ref name=baileytrim/><ref>James G. Lochtefeld, Guna, in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Vol. 1, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|9780823931798}}, p. 265</ref> It is in the medieval Puranic texts, ''Trimurti'' concepts appears in various context, from rituals to spiritual concepts.<ref name=jangondatrim/> The Bhagavad Gita, in verses 9.18, 10.21-23 and 11.15, asserts that the triad or trinity is manifestation of one Brahman, which Krishna affirms himself to be.<ref>Rudolf V D'Souza (1996), The Bhagavadgītā and St. John of the Cross, Gregorian University, {{ISBN|978-8876526992}}, pp. 340-342</ref> However, suggests Bailey, the mythology of triad is "not the influence nor the most important one" in Hindu traditions, rather the ideologies and spiritual concepts develop on their own foundations.<ref name=baileytrim/> The triad, with Brahma creating, Vishnu preserving and Shiva destroying, balances the functioning of the whole universe.

===Avatars of Hindu deities===
[[File:Avatars.jpg|thumb|260px|The ten avatars of [[Vishnu]], (Clockwise, from top left) Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Vamana, Krishna, Kalki, Buddha, Parshurama, Rama and Narasimha, (in centre) Radha and Krishna. Painting currently in [[Victoria and Albert Museum]].]]
{{main|Avatar|Dashavatara}}
Hindu mythology has nurtured the concept of the avatar (''avatāra''), which represents the descent of a deity on earth.<ref name=jameslochtefeld72>James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, The Rosen Publishing Group, {{ISBN|978-0-8239-3180-4}}, pp. 72-73</ref><ref name="Sheth98">{{cite journal|doi=10.1353/pew.2002.0005|last=Sheth|first=Noel|date=Jan 2002|title=Hindu Avatāra and Christian Incarnation: A Comparison| journal=Philosophy East and West|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |volume=52|issue=1 (Jan. 2002)|pages=98–125|jstor=1400135|s2cid=170278631}}</ref> This concept is commonly translated as "[[incarnation]]",<ref name=jameslochtefeld72/> and is an "appearance" or "manifestation".<ref name="Matchett">{{cite book|last=Matchett|first=Freda|title=Krishna, Lord or Avatara?: the relationship between Krishna and Vishnu|publisher=9780700712816|year=2001|page=4 | isbn=978-0-7007-1281-6}}</ref><ref>[[Christopher Hugh Partridge]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=7lEFyGiP5r8C&pg=PA148 Introduction to World Religions], pg. 148</ref>

The concept of the avatar is most developed in [[Vaishnavism]] tradition, and associated with [[Vishnu]], particularly with [[Rama]] and [[Krishna]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kinsley|first=David|title=Gale's Encyclopedia of Religion|editor=Lindsay Jones|publisher=Thomson Gale|year=2005|edition=Second|volume=2|pages=707–708|isbn=0-02-865735-7}}</ref><ref name="Bryant18">{{cite book| last=Bryant| first=Edwin Francis|title=Krishna: A Sourcebook| publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2007| page=18 | isbn=978-0-19-514891-6| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&pg=PT32}}</ref> Vishnu takes numerous avatars in Hindu mythology. He becomes female, during the [[Samudra manthan|Samudra Manthana]], in the form of [[Mohini]], to resolve a conflict between the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] and the [[Asura (Hinduism)|asura]]s. His male avatars include [[Matsya]], [[Kurma]], [[Varaha]], [[Narasimha]], [[Vamana]], [[Parashurama]], [[Rama]], [[Krishna]], [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]], and [[Kalki]].<ref name="Bryant18"/> In some lists, [[Balarama]] replaces the Buddha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Laser |first=Tammy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZX9hDwAAQBAJ&dq=Balarama+Dashavatara&pg=PA18 |title=Gods & Goddesses of Ancient India |date=2014-07-15 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-1-62275-390-1 |pages=18 |language=en}}</ref> Various texts, particularly the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', discuss the idea of an avatar of Vishnu appearing to restore the cosmic balance whenever the power of evil becomes excessive and causes persistent oppression in the world.<ref name="Sheth98"/>

In [[Shaktism]] traditions, the concept appears in its legends as the various manifestations of [[Devi]], the divine-mother principle in Hinduism.<ref name="Hawley">{{cite book|last=Hawley|first=John Stratton|author2=Vasudha Narayanan|title=The life of Hinduism|publisher=University of California Press|year=2006|page=174|isbn=978-0-520-24914-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DLj1tYmoTQC&pg=PA174}}</ref> The avatars of Devi or Parvati include [[Durga]] and [[Kali]], who are particularly revered in the eastern states of [[India]], as well as Tantra traditions.<ref>David Kinsley (1988), Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions, University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520063392}}, pp. 45-48, 96-97</ref><ref>Sally Kempton (2013), Awakening Shakti: The Transformative Power of the Goddesses of Yoga, {{ISBN|978-1604078916}}, pp. 165-167</ref><ref name=jansen134>Eva Rudy Jansen, The Book of Hindu Imagery: Gods, Manifestations and Their Meaning, Holland: Binkey Kok, {{ISBN|978-9074597074}}, pp. 133-134, 41</ref> Twenty-one avatars of Shiva are also described in [[Shaivism]] texts, but unlike Vaishnava traditions, Shaiva traditions focus directly on Shiva rather than the avatar concept.<ref name=jameslochtefeld72/>

===Major regional and pan-Indian Hindu deities===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Other Names
!''Avatārs'' or Associated Deities
! Geography
! class="unsortable"| Image
! class="unsortable"| Early illustrative art
|-
| [[Vishnu]]
| [[Narayana|Nārāyana]], [[Venkateswara|Venkateshwara]], [[Jagannath]]a, [[Dattatreya]], [[Hari]], Other names of [[Rama]] and [[Krishna]]
|[[Matsya]], [[Kurma]], [[Varaha]], [[Narasimha]], [[Vamana]], [[Parashurama]], [[Rama]], [[Krishna]], [[Kalki]], [[Vithoba]], [[Perumal (deity)|Perumal]], [[Balarama]], [[Mohini]], [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]], [[Hayagriva]]
| India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Indonesia
| | [[File:Vishnu_from_Gita_Govinda.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:KINGS of BAKTRIA. Agathokles. Circa 185-170 BC. AR Drachm (3.22 gm, 12h). Bilingual series. BASILEWS AGAQOKLEOUS with Indian god Balarama-Samkarshana.jpg|100px]] 2nd century BCE
|-
| [[Shiva]]
| Mahādeva, [[Pashupati]], [[Tripurantaka]], Vishvanatha, [[Dakshinamurthy|Dakshinamurti]], Nilakantha, [[Kalantaka|Kālāntaka]], [[Rudra]], [[Nataraja]], [[Sadashiva]], [[Dattatreya]]
|[[Bhairava]], [[Veerabhadra]], [[Batara Guru]] (Indonesia)<ref>Hariani Santiko (1997),
[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178725 The Goddess Durgā in the East-Javanese Period], Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 209-226</ref><ref name=ghose15>R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 15-17</ref> [[Acalanatha|Achalanatha]] (Japan)<ref>Jiro Takei and Marc P Keane (2001), SAKUTEIKI, Tuttle, {{ISBN|978-0804832946}}, p. 101</ref><ref>Miyeko Murase (1975), Japanese Art: Selections from the Mary and Jackson Burke Collection, The Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), {{ISBN|978-0870991363}}, p. 31</ref>
| India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, China
| [[File:Shiva Kanachur MP.JPG|100px]]
| [[File:Shiva temple with trident standard Audumbara State Punjab 1st century BCE.jpg|100px]] 1st century BCE<ref>M Chakravarti (1995), The concept of Rudra-Śiva through the ages, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120800533}}, pp. 148-149</ref>
|-
| [[Brahma|Brahmā]]
| Adi Prajāpati, Virinci, Vaidyanatha, Vacpati, Varishtadeva, Kamalaja, Srashta, Karta, Dhata
|[[Bonten]] (Japan),<ref>Robert Paine and Alexander Soper (1992), The Art and Architecture of Japan, Yale University Press, {{ISBN|978-0300053333}}, p. 60</ref> [[Phra Phrom]] (Thailand)
| India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia
| [[File:Thai - Seated Brahma - Walters 542555.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Shiva Linga Delhi National Museum 01-13.jpg|70px]] 6th century CE
|-
| [[Indra]]
| Devendra, Sakra, Mahendra, Amarendra, Sahasraksha, Sachipathi, Devaraja, Narendra, Rajendra, Purandhar, Parjanya, Surendra, Vendhan
|
| India, Nepal, Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia, Southeast Asia
|[[File:Indra, Chief of the Gods LACMA M.69.13.4 (1 of 5).jpg|100px]]
|
|-
| [[Ganesha]]
| Ganapati, [[Ashtavinayaka|Vināyaka]], Lambodara, Gajānana
|[[Kangiten]] (Japan)
| India, Nepal, Sri Lanka
| [[File:Balinese Hindu Puja Offerings, Ubud Bali Indonesia 2010.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Ganesha, Lord of Obstacles LACMA M.84.67.jpg|80px]] 7th century CE
|-
| [[Kartikeya|Kārtikeya]]
| Skanda, Murugan, Mangala, Kumara, Subrahmanya, Shanmukha
|
| India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Nepal
| [[File:Balaskandha.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Skanda, from Kannuaj.jpg|100px]] 2nd century BCE
|-
| [[Parvati|Pārvati]]
| Uma, [[Devi]], Gauri, [[Durga]], [[Kali|Kāli]], [[Annapurna Devi Mata|Annapurna]]
|Umahi (烏摩妃, Japan)<ref>Joe Cribb (1999), Magic Coins of Java, Bali and the Malay Peninsula, British Museum Press, {{ISBN|978-0714108810}}, p. 77</ref>
| India, Nepal, Sri Lanka
| [[File:Lalita statue.jpg|80px]]
| [[File:Calcutta ei05-72.jpg|100px]] 5th century CE
|-
| [[Lakshmi]]
| Sridevi, Bhargavi, Kamalāsanā, Padmavati, Chanchala
|[[Sita]], [[Radha]], [[Rukmini]], [[Kisshōten]] (Japan) [[Dewi Sri]] (Indonesia) [[Nang Kwak]] (Thailand)<ref>Jonathan Lee, Fumitaka Matsuoka et al. (2015), Asian American Religious Cultures, ABC, {{ISBN|978-1598843309}}, p. 892</ref>
| India, Nepal, Sri Lanka
| [[File:Gajalakshmi.jpeg|100px]]
| [[File:Coin of Azilises showing Gaja Lakshmi standing on a lotus 1st century BCE.jpg|100px]] 1st century BCE
|-
| [[Saraswati]]
| Vāgishvari, Vīnāpāni, Sharada
|[[Benzaiten]] (Japan), Biàncáitiān (China), Thurathadi ([[Myanmar]]), Suratsawadi (Thailand)<ref name="dk95">Kinsley, David (1988), Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions, University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-06339-2}}, pp. 94-97</ref>
| India, Nepal, Java, Bali, Sri Lanka
| [[File:A Saraswati Statue in park.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Indian - Sarasvati - Walters 2550.jpg|100px]] 10th century CE
|-
| [[Durga|Durgā]]
| [[Parvati|Pārvati]], [[Kali|Kāli]], [[Mahishasuramardini|Mahishāsuramardini]] 
|Betari Durga ([[Indonesia]])<ref>Francine Brinkgreve (1997), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178726 Offerings to Durga and Pretiwi in Bali], Asian Folklore Studies Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 227-251</ref>
| India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh
| [[File:Durga at Rewalsar Lake. 2010.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Aihole si05-1471.jpg|100px]] 8th century CE
|-
| [[Kali|Kāli]]
| [[Durga]], [[Parvati]]
|
| India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh
| [[File:Kaliposter1940s.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Goddess Kali.jpg|70px]] 12th century CE
|-
| [[Mariamman]]
| [[Durga]], [[Parvati]]
|
| India (mostly in South India), Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka
| [[File:Mariamman.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Tamil nadu, epoca cola, tridente con mariyammai, dea del vaiolo, x sec..JPG|70px]] 10th century CE
|-
| [[Harihara]] (Half Vishnu - Half Shiva)
| Shankaranarayana
|
| India, Sri Lanka, Nepal
| [[File:Indian god-sivakesava.JPG|80px]]
| [[File:Harihara. Cave3Badami.jpg|100px]] 6th century CE
|-
| [[Ardhanarishvara|Ardhanārīshvara]] (Half Shiva - Half Parvati)
|
|
| India, Nepal, Sri Lanka
| [[File:God marriage AS.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Kushana Ardhanareswar.jpg|80px]] 1st century CE
|-
| [[Hanuman]]
| Ramdhooth, Anjaneya, Maruti, Bajarangabali, Sankatamochana, Pavanasuta
|
| India, Nepal, Sri Lanka
| [[File:Ravivarmapress.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg|80px]] 11th century CE
|}

==See also==
* [[Hindu denominations]]
* [[Hindu iconography]]
* [[Hindu mythology]]
* [[Puranas]]
* [[List of Hindu deities]]
* [[Rigvedic deities]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* [[Alain Daniélou|Daniélou, Alain]] (1991) [1964]. ''[https://archive.org/details/mythsgodsofindia00dani The Myths and Gods of India]''. Inner Traditions, Vermont, US. {{ISBN|0-89281-354-7}}.
* Fuller, C. J. (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India]''. Princeton University Press, New Jersey. {{ISBN|0-691-12048-X}}.
* Harman, William, "Hindu Devotion". In: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice]'', Robin Rinehard, ed. (2004) {{ISBN|1-57607-905-8}}.
* Kashyap, R. L. ''Essentials of Krishna and Shukla Yajurveda''; SAKSI, Bangalore, Karnataka {{ISBN|81-7994-032-2}}.
* [[Devdutt Pattanaik|Pattanaik, Devdutt]] (2009). ''7 Secrets from Hindu Calendar Art''. Westland, India. {{ISBN|978-81-89975-67-8}}.
* {{Citation |last= Monier-Williams |first=Monier |author-link=Monier Monier-Williams |year=1974 |title=Brahmanism and Hinduism: Or, Religious Thought and Life in India, as Based on the Veda and Other Sacred Books of the Hindus |publisher= Adamant Media Corporation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U5IBXA4UpT0C |access-date=8 July 2007 |series=Elibron Classics |isbn=1-4212-6531-1 }}
* {{Citation| last =Monier-Williams|first=Monier|author-link=Monier Monier-Williams|year=2001|orig-year=first published 1872 |title= English Sanskrit dictionary |place=Delhi|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|url = http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/index.html|access-date= 24 July 2007|isbn=81-206-1509-3 }}
* {{Citation |last= Renou |first=Louis |author-link= Louis Renou |year=1964 |title=The Nature of Hinduism |publisher= Walker }}
* {{Citation | last1 = Toropov | first1 =Brandon | last2 =Buckles | first2 =Luke | year =2011 | title=Guide to World Religions|publisher=Penguin }}
* {{cite journal|title= Varna and Jati in Indian Traditional Perspective|first=K.N.|last=Sharma|date=1 March 1990|doi=10.1177/0038022919900102|jstor=23634524|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/23634524|journal=Sociological Bulletin|volume=39|issue=1–2|pages=15–31 |publisher=Sage Publication, Inc.|s2cid=151534129 |url-access=subscription}}
* Swami Bhaskarananda, (1994). ''Essentials of Hinduism.'' (Viveka Press) {{ISBN|1-884852-02-5}}.
* Vastu-Silpa Kosha, ''Encyclopedia of Hindu Temple architecture and Vastu''. S. K. Ramachandara Rao, Delhi, Devine Books, (Lala Murari Lal Chharia Oriental series) {{ISBN|978-93-81218-51-8}} (Set)
* Werner, Karel. ''A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism''. Curzon Press, 1994. {{ISBN|0-7007-0279-2}}.

==Further reading==
* Chandra, Suresh (1998). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mfTE6kpz6XEC Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses]''. Sarup & Sons, New Delhi, India. {{ISBN|81-7625-039-2}}.
* [[Devdutt Pattanaik|Pattanaik, Devdutt]] (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zdkswFlJtjQC Indian mythology: tales, symbols, and rituals from the heart of the Subcontinent]''. Inner Traditions / Bear & Company. {{ISBN|0-89281-870-0}}.
* Kinsley, David. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hgTOZEyrVtIC Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions]''. Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi, India. {{ISBN|81-208-0379-5}}.

==External links==
{{commons category|Hindu deities}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203215148/http://www.usefulcharts.com/religion/main-hindu-gods-chart.html A chart of the main Hindu deities] (with pictures)
*[https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23738 Collection: "Hindu Gods and Goddesses"] from the [[University of Michigan Museum of Art]]
*[https://www.sfomuseum.org/exhibitions/deities-stone-hindu-sculpture-collections-asian-art-museum "Deities in Stone: Hindu Sculpture from the Collections of the Asian Art Museum" exhibition] at the [[San Francisco International Airport|SFO Museum]]
*[https://maa.missouri.edu/exhibit/hinduart "Seeing the Divine in Hindu Art" exhibition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206141804/https://maa.missouri.edu/exhibit/hinduart |date=6 December 2019 }} at the [[Museum of Art and Archaeology|Museum of Art and Archaeology at the University of Missouri]]

{{HinduMythology}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindu Deities}}
[[Category:Hindu deities| ]]

The Storyteller (2022 film)

2026-03-02T01:39:12Z

ShannonAguayo: started info

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Storyteller
| image = The Storyteller (2025 film).jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[Ananth Mahadevan]]
| writer = [[Kireet Khurana]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Golpo Boliye Tarini Khuro''|[[Satyajit Ray]]}}
| producer = {{ubl|[[Jyoti Deshpande]]|Suchhanda Chatterjee|Salil Chaturvedi|Shubha Shetty}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Paresh Rawal]]
* [[Adil Hussain]]
}}
| cinematography = Alphonse Roy
| editing = Gourav Gopal Jha
| music = Hriju Roy
| studio = [[Jio Studios]] Purpose Entertainment Quest Films
| distributor = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|10||[[27th Busan International Film Festival|Busan]]|2025|1|28}}
| runtime = 116 Minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''The Storyteller''''' is a 2022 Indian Hindi-language [[drama]] film directed by [[Ananth Mahadevan]] and written by filmmaker [[Kireet Khurana]]. Produced under [[Jio Studios]] A Purpose Entertainment, and Quest Films. It is based on [[Satyajit Ray]]'s short story "Golpo Boliye Tarini Khuro"<ref>{{cite web|title=The Storyteller Trailer: Paresh Rawal, Revathi and Adil Hussain Starrer The Storyteller Official Trailer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/hindi/the-storyteller-trailer-paresh-rawal-revathi-and-adil-hussain-starrer-the-storyteller-official-trailer/videoshow/117610299.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=11 February 2025|archive-date=3 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203173406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/hindi/the-storyteller-trailer-paresh-rawal-revathi-and-adil-hussain-starrer-the-storyteller-official-trailer/videoshow/117610299.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> the film stars [[Paresh Rawal]] and [[Adil Hussain]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Storyteller: Release date, plot, cast, and more about Paresh Rawal's film based on Satyajit Ray's classic short story|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-storyteller-release-date-plot-cast-and-more-about-paresh-rawals-film-based-on-satyajit-rays-classic-short-story/e4f1be201f625|website=OTT Play|access-date=11 February 2025|archive-date=26 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126125459/https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-storyteller-release-date-plot-cast-and-more-about-paresh-rawals-film-based-on-satyajit-rays-classic-short-story/e4f1be201f625|url-status=live}}</ref> The film premiered at the [[27th Busan International Film Festival]] in October 2022 and was released on 28 January 2025 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/the-storyteller-satyajit-ray-busan-1235392363/|title=Busan Competition Title 'The Storyteller' Celebrates Satyajit Ray|first=Naman|last=Ramachandran|date=8 October 2022|access-date=12 February 2025|archive-date=18 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018161651/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/the-storyteller-satyajit-ray-busan-1235392363/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Storyteller OTT Release Date: When & Where To Watch Paresh Rawal's Film Online|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/the-storyteller-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-paresh-rawals-film-online |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Disney+ Hotstar to stream Paresh Rawal-starrer 'The Storyteller' from January 282|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/disney-hotstar-to-stream-paresh-rawal-starrer-the-storyteller-from-january-28-3358172 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Tarini Bandyopadhyay, a 60-something Bengali man who loves fish and dislikes capitalism, has held 73 jobs and is passionate about storytelling. He accepts a job in Ahmedabad as a personal storyteller for Ratan Garodia, a wealthy Gujarati businessman suffering from insomnia.

Ratan, who claims he hasn't slept in three decades, hopes that comforting bedtime tales will cure his insomnia. Garodia wants unique stories to help him sleep and offers Tarini a substantial amount for his unpublished works. Tarini moves to Ahmedabad to become Ratan's storyteller. Each night, Tarini crafts spontaneous, amusing stories to lull Ratan to sleep. During the day, Tarini explores fish markets and libraries, where he meets Suzie Fibert, a spirited librarian with whom he bonds over their shared love for books.

Ratan, realizing Tarini isn't interested in publishing, publishes Tarini's stories under the pen name Gorkhe, gaining recognition within intellectual circles and rekindling a past romance with a widow who values literary talent. Tarini discovers the theft when he sees a magazine with his stories published under the name Gorkhe but continues to work for Garodia. During a story release event, authorities from the Rabindranath Tagore Foundation reveal that Garodia has been copying Tagore's work, leading to a lawsuit and a fine of Rs. 10 lakh. Tarini reveals he tricked Garodia by narrating Tagore's stories, which Garodia mistook for Tarini's original work due to his lack of knowledge of literature.

The film concludes with Tarini writing his own story about meeting Garodia, using the pen gifted to him by his late wife, while Garodia also starts writing about Tarini, both discovering their true selves.

== Cast ==
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as [[Tarini Khuro|Tarini Bandyopadhyay]]
* [[Adil Hussain]] as Ratan Garodia
* [[Revathi]] as Saraswati
* [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] as Suzie Fibert
* [[Anindita Bose]]
* Jayesh More as Manik
* Rohit Mukherjee
* Pratik Dutta

== Reception ==
[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated 3/5 stars and said that "Rawal and Hussain bring great solidity to the table, and not that there is nothing else in The Storyteller to pique our interest. There is plenty."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Saibal |last=Chatterjee |title=The Storyteller Review: Unflashy, Witty Tribute To Satyajit Ray|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-storyteller-review-unflashy-but-witty-tribute-to-satyajit-ray-3-stars-7575962|date=28 January 2025|website=NDTV}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>
[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and said that "Even though the casting of the Gujju-in-real-life Paresh Rawal as the intellectual Bengali, and Adil Hussain as the sheep-counting-to-no-avail businessman, feels counter-intuitive, the actors are consummate enough to carry it off."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shubhra |last=Gupta |title=The Storyteller movie review: Paresh Rawal, Adil Hussain film rewards you for your patience|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-storyteller-review-unflashy-but-witty-tribute-to-satyajit-ray-3-stars-7575962|date=28 January 2025|website=The Indian Express}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>
Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' also gave it 3 stars out of 5 and said, "The film brims with wit, the charming yet somnolent vibes of Kolkata and Ahmedabad, and strong performances. While its leisurely pace and some story elements may not fully engage all viewers, the film's unexpected twist and strong character portrayals make it a worthwhile watch, ensuring that the tale resonates long after the credits roll."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Dhaval|last=Roy|title=The Storyteller Review : Paresh Rawal shines in this witty tale of art versus ambition|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/the-storyteller/ottmoviereview/117627714.cms|date=28 January 2025|website=The Times of India|access-date=11 February 2025|archive-date=10 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210160227/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/the-storyteller/ottmoviereview/117627714.cms|url-status=live}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>
Vineeta Kumar of ''[[India Today]]'' rated 3.5/5 stars and said, "The Storyteller is what quality storytelling looks like, in the glory of its quaintness and innocence. You feel rich and fulfilled by the end of it"<ref>{{Cite web|first=Dhaval|last=Roy|title=The Storyteller review: Satyajit Ray's vintage storytelling at its most beautiful|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/the-storyteller-satyajit-ray-vintage-storytelling-at-its-most-beautiful-in-paresh-rawal-adil-hussain-film-2671785-2025-01-29|date=28 January 2025|website=India Today|access-date=11 February 2025|archive-date=6 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206174159/https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/the-storyteller-satyajit-ray-vintage-storytelling-at-its-most-beautiful-in-paresh-rawal-adil-hussain-film-2671785-2025-01-29|url-status=live}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>
Arpita Sarkar of ''[[OTTplay]]'' observed that Paresh Rawal and Adil Hussain excel in the film based on Satyajit Ray's classic short story, Golpo Boliye Tarini Khuro."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Arpita |last=Sarkar |title=The Storyteller Review: Paresh Rawal and Adil Hussain's film is a must-watch captivating ode to Satyajit Ray's timeless tale|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/the-storyteller-review-paresh-rawal-and-adil-hussains-film-is-a-must-watch-captivating-ode-to-satyajit-rays-timeless-tale/8adf581cb3571|date=28 January 2025|website=OTTplay}}</ref>
Udita Jhunjhunwala of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' observed that "The relaxed narrative pace is a blip in an otherwise satisfying retelling of a classic fable that is equally about outwitting another and surmounting self-imposed impediments."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Udita|last=Jhunjhunwala|title='The Storyteller' review: A question of authorship|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/the-storyteller-film-ananth-narayan-mahadevan-satyajit-ray-paresh-rawal-adil-hussain-11738497631164.html|date=28 January 2025|website=Mint|access-date=11 February 2025|archive-date=3 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203103756/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/the-storyteller-film-ananth-narayan-mahadevan-satyajit-ray-paresh-rawal-adil-hussain-11738497631164.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Troy Ribeiro of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' said that "The film is an earnest, well-intentioned homage to Ray, storytelling, and the art of listening. Like Tarini's tales, it meanders, digresses, and occasionally dazzles."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Troy|last=Rieiro |title=The Storyteller Review: Paresh Rawal And Adil Hussain's Film Is A Meandering Yarn With Moments Of Magic|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/the-storyteller-review-paresh-rawal-and-adil-hussains-film-is-a-meandering-yarn-with-moments-of-magic|date=28 January 2025|website=Free Press Journal}}</ref>
Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' observed that "The Storyteller is a must watch- it's a pause in time, a departure from the mundane, pacy lives we lead. Something as simple as a man who loves to tell stories- and what happens to his stories- becomes a story in itself."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Rishabh|last=Suri|title=The Storyteller review: Paresh Rawal, Adil Hussain's class act make it a must-watch|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/the-storyteller-review-paresh-rawal-adil-hussains-class-act-make-it-a-mustwatch-101738069013873.html|date=28 January 2025|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=11 February 2025|archive-date=29 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129034119/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/the-storyteller-review-paresh-rawal-adil-hussains-class-act-make-it-a-mustwatch-101738069013873.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt7782402}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/the-storyteller/1971314297 ''The Storyteller''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Portal bar|Film|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Storyteller, The (2022 film)}}
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2022 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Jio Studios films]]
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original films]]
[[Category:Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:Films set in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films about writers]]

Kamala Nehru

2026-02-13T03:16:23Z

ShannonAguayo: quick update

{{short description|Indian independence activist and wife of Jawaharlal Nehru (1899-1936)}}
{{Cleanup|reason=requires correct style and needs referencing|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kamala Nehru
| image = Kamala Nehru 4cr.jpg
| caption = Undated photograph
| alt = Kamala Kaul Nehru
| predecessor =
| birth_name = Kamala Kaul
| birth_date = {{birth date|1899|08|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1936|02|28|1899|08|01|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Lausanne]], Switzerland
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]|1916}}
| children = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| occupation = [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence activist]]
| parents =
| family = [[Nehru–Gandhi family]]
}}

'''Kamala Nehru''' ({{IPA|hi|kəmlɑː ˈneːɦɾuː|pron}}; {{née|'''Kaul'''}}; 1 August 1899 – 28 February 1936) was an [[List of Indian independence activists|Indian independence activist]] and the wife of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first [[prime minister of India]]. Their daughter [[Indira Gandhi]] would go on to become the first and the only woman Prime Minister of India.

== Early life and marriage ==
[[File:Kamala and Jawaharlal Nehru 1916.jpg|thumb|Jawaharlal and Kamala Nehru on their wedding day, 8 February 1916]]
Kamala Kaul was born to a middle-class [[Kashmiri Pandit]] family on 1 August 1899 in [[Delhi]].{{sfn|Gopal|1976|p=31}} She was the eldest child of Jawahrmul and Rajpati Kaul; her siblings were Chand Bahadur Kaul, [[Kailas Nath Kaul]] and Swaroop Kathju. Her family observed the [[purdah]] practice among non-Kashmiri Pandits.{{sfn|Kalhan|1973|p=3}}

At the age of 16, Kaul had an [[arranged marriage]] to Jawaharlal Nehru, who was ten years her senior, on 8 February 1916. {{sfn|Jayakar|1995|pp=9–10}} Her husband went to a trip in the [[Himalayas]] shortly after their marriage.<ref name=windsor/> In his autobiography, Jawaharlal Nehru, referring to his wife, stated, "I almost overlooked her."<ref name=windsor>{{cite news|title=From years 1916 to 1964...The man and the times|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tzA_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=81AMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4355,5162968&dq=kamala+nehru&hl=en|access-date=19 January 2013|newspaper=The Windsor Star|date=27 May 1964}}</ref> Nehru gave birth to a girl in November 1917, [[Indira Gandhi|Indira Priyadarshini]], who later succeeded her father as prime minister and head of the Congress party.<ref name=windsor/>

==Contribution to the Indian Independence Movement==
Kamala was so involved with the Nehru's in the national movement that she emerged into the forefront. In the Non-Cooperation movement of 1921, she organized groups of women in [[Allahabad]] and picketed shops selling foreign [[cloth]] and [[liquor]]. When her husband was arrested to prevent him from delivering a "[[seditious]]" [[public speech]], she decided to go in his place and read it out to a large crowd of onlookers (filled with her supporters). The colonial authorities soon realized the threat that Kamala Nehru posed to them and how popular she had become with women's groups all over India. She was arrested on two additional occasions for her involvement in Independence struggle activities, along with [[Sarojini Naidu]], Kamala Nehru's mother, and many other women of the Indian independence struggle.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nehru|first1=Jawaharlal|title=An Autobiography|date=26 January 1936|publisher=Bodley Head|location=London}}</ref><ref name="iloveindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/kamala-nehru.html|title=Kamala Nehru Biography|publisher=Iloveindia|access-date=15 September 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> During this period she started a dispensary in her house [[Swaraj Bhavan]], converting few rooms into a Congress Dispensary to treat wounded activists, their families, and other residents of Allahabad(now Prayagraj). After her death, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] with the help of other prominent leaders converted this dispensary into a proper hospital known as [[Kamla Nehru Memorial Hospital]] in her memory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.knmhospital.org/legacy.aspx|title=KNMH : The Legacy|website=www.knmhospital.org}}</ref>

Kamala Nehru spent some time at Gandhi's ashram with [[Kasturba Gandhi]] where she built a close friendship with [[Prabhavati Devi]] – the wife of independence activist [[Jayaprakash Narayan]].{{sfn|Jayakar|1995|pp=90-92}}

==Death==
Kamala Nehru died from [[tuberculosis]] in [[Lausanne]], Switzerland, on 28 February 1936, with her daughter and [[mother-in-law]] by her side. During her last few years, Kamala Nehru was frequently ill and taken to a [[sanatorium]] in Switzerland for treatment, though she returned to India as she got well. In early 1935, as Kamala Nehru's health again deteriorated, she was taken to [[Badenweiler]] in Germany by [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhash Chandra Bose]] and admitted to a sanatorium for treatment. Her husband [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] was in prison in India at that time. As her health worsened, Jawaharlal Nehru was released from prison and rushed to [[Germany]] in October 1935. While Nehru's health improved initially, it started to deteriorate again in 1936, and she died on 28 February. In the prologue to his autobiography, in a chapter added after Kamala's death, Jawaharlal Nehru recounts that he was devastated and remained in mourning for months.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nehru|first1=Jawaharlal|title=An Autobiography|date= 1940|publisher=Bodell Head|location=London|edition=2nd}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Kamala Nehru 1974 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Nehru on a 1974 stamp of India]]
A number of institutions in India, and a road in [[Pakistan]], have been named in Kamala Nehru's honor, including:

===India===
*Kamla Nehru Park in [[Mumbai]]
*Kamala Nehru health and wellness center in [[Dindigul]]
*Kamla Nehru Balika High School in [[Patna]]
*[[Kamala Nehru College]] at [[Delhi University]]
*[[Kamla Nehru College, Korba|Kamala Nehru College]] in [[Korba, Chhattisgarh|Korba]]
*[[Kamla Nehru College for Women, Jodhpur]] in [[Jodhpur]]
*Kamala Nehru Degree Evening College in [[Bangalore]]
*[https://knipss.ac.in/ Kamla Nehru Institute of Physical and Social Science Sultanpur] in [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]]
*[[Kamla Nehru Memorial Hospital]] in [[Allahabad]]
*Kamala Nehru Polytechnic in [[Hyderabad]]
*Kamala Nehru Park in [[Pune]]
*[[Kamla Nehru Prani Sangrahalay]] in [[Indore]]
*Kamala Nehru Memorial Vocational Higher Secondary School Vatanappally in [[Kerala]]
*Kamala Nehru Women's College in [[Bhubaneswar]]
*Shaskiya Kamla Nehru Girls Higher Secondary School in [[Bhopal]]
*Kamal Nehru Government Girl's High School in [[Yanam]] ([[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]])
*Kamala Nehru Park in Raigarh, [[Chhattisgarh]]
*Kamala Nehru Nagar in [[Ghaziabad]]
*Kamla Nehru Group of Institutions, [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh]]

===Pakistan===
In [[Karachi]], there is a road named after her, near the [[Mazar-e-Quaid|Mazar-e-Quaid-e-Azam]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/blog/finding-kamala-nehru-in-pakistan-jinnah-in-guntur-764557|title=Blog: Finding Kamala Nehru in Pakistan, Jinnah in Guntur|work=NDTV.com|date=20 May 2015}}</ref><ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kamla+Nehru+Rd,+Jamshed+Quarters+Amil+Colony,+Karachi,+Karachi+City,+Sindh,+Pakistan/@24.8771712,67.0378085,18.72z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x3eb33e5c142de69f:0x354419fea65f959c!8m2!3d24.8780402!4d67.0393858!16s%2Fg%2F12hlkhwrg?entry=ttu Kamala Nehru Rd, Karachi]</ref>

=== In popular culture ===
''Kamala Nehru'' is a 1986 Indian [[documentary film]] directed by Ashish Mukherjee. Produced by the [[Government of India]]'s [[Films Division of India|Films Division]], it provides an overview of her life and contributions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KAMALA NEHRU {{!}} Films Division|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/kamala-nehru|access-date=2021-06-12|website=filmsdivision.org|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612093105/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/kamala-nehru|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |title=Indira Gandhi, A Biography|year=1995 |last=Jayakar |first=Pupul |author-link=Pupul Jayakar|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]}}
* {{Cite book |title=Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, Volume 1: 1889-1947|year=1976 |last=Gopal |first=Sarvepalli |author-link=Sarvepalli Gopal|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kamala Nehru: An Intimate Biography|year=1973 |last=Kalhan|first=Promila |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=9780706902655}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Kamala Nehru}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nehru, Kamala}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:Spouses of prime ministers of India]]
[[Category:20th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Kashmiri women]]
[[Category:Kashmiri independence activists]]
[[Category:People from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Nehru–Gandhi family]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Activists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]

National Technical Research Organisation

2026-02-11T19:14:55Z

ShannonAguayo:

{{Short description|Technical intelligence agency of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = National Technical Research Organisation
| motto = [[IAST]]: āno bhadra krtavo yantu vishwatah (Let noble thoughts come to me from all directions)
| seal = National Technical Research Organisation.svg
| seal_size = 150px
| seal_caption = Logo of the NTRO
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2004||}}
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| employees = Classified
| budget = ''Classified''
| chief1_name = Rajesh Arya, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| chief1_position = Chairman
| parent_department = [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] (PMO)
| website = {{url|ntro.gov.in}}
| child1_agency = [[National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre]] (NCIIPC)
| child2_agency = [[National Institute of Cryptology Research and Development]] (NICRD)
| logo =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| minister1_name = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Prime Minister of India]]
| native_name_r =
| type = [[Intelligence agency]]
| agency_type = [[Technical intelligence]]
}}

The '''National Technical Research Organisation''' ('''NTRO''') is a [[Technical intelligence|technical]] [[intelligence agency]] of India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/ntro-indias-technical-intelligence-agency |title=NTRO: India's Technical Intelligence Agency |date=23 April 2015 |access-date=14 July 2018 |publisher=Indian Defence Review |author=RS Bedi VrC}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/06/stories/2007050609000400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508182210/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/06/stories/2007050609000400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 May 2007 |title=Technical research agency planned in State |date= 6 May 2007 |access-date=26 December 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |author=Special Correspondent}}</ref> It was set up in 2004.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/content_mail.php?option=com_content&name=print&id=1067 |title=Spy versus spy |author=Sandeep Unnithan |publisher=India Today |date= 7 September 2007 |access-date=26 December 2008}}</ref> The agency reports to the [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] and to the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]].<ref name="TH">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ntro-now-under-intelligence-act/article18476787.ece |title=NTRO now under Intelligence Act |date=18 May 2017 |access-date=14 July 2018 |work=The Hindu |author=Vijaita Singh}}</ref> NTRO also comprises the [[National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre]] and the [[National Institute of Cryptology Research and Development]].

NTRO has the same "norms of conduct" as the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) and the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW).<ref name="TH"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/national-technical-research-organisation-to-have-same-powers-as-ib-raw-4661388/ |title=National Technical Research Organisation to have same powers as IB, R&AW |date=18 May 2017 |access-date=14 July 2018 |publisher=The IndianExpress |author=Rahul Tripathy}}</ref>

==History==
The National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO), originally known as the National Technical Facilities Organisation (NTFO), is a highly specialised technical intelligence gathering agency. While the agency does not affect the working of technical wings of various intelligence agencies, including those of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], it acts as a super-feeder agency for providing technical intelligence to other agencies on internal and external security. The Group of Ministers (GOM) headed by then [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]] [[L. K. Advani]] had recommended the constitution of the [[National Technical Facilities Organisation|NTFO]] as a state-of-the-art technical wing of intelligence gathering. Due to security concerns, the recommendation along with such other matters were not made public when the GOM report was published. The organisation does hi-tech surveillance jobs, including satellite monitoring, terrestrial monitoring, [[Internet surveillance|internet monitoring]], considered vital for the national security apparatus. The NTRO would require over {{INRConvert|700|c}} to procure different hi-tech equipment from specialised agencies around the globe to become fully functional. The officials have identified countries from where such gadgets could be procured but refused to reveal them due to 'security and other implications'. The Government had been working in this direction after the [[Kargil war]] in 1999 when the Subrahmanyam committee report pointed out weaknesses in intelligence gathering in the national security set up.<ref name="flip">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080731/jsp/frontpage/story_9625918.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203140412/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080731/jsp/frontpage/story_9625918.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |title=Dad's army versus terror Flop tag on tech trackers |author=BHAVNA VIJ-AURORA |date=31 July 2008 |publisher=The Telegraph |access-date=26 December 2008}}</ref> Sources said the road-map for constitution of the [[National Technical Facilities Organisation]] was prepared by [[Abdul Kalam|Dr A P J Abdul Kalam]] in October 2001 when he was the Principal Scientific Adviser. It was subsequently mentioned in the Group of Ministers report on internal security.

In October 2004, the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS) approved setting up of NTRO, a spy organisation for technical intelligence, modelled on the [[National Security Agency]] (NSA) of the United States, which would be the repository of the country's technical intelligence (TECHINT) assets—spy satellites, UAVs and spy planes.<ref name="IndiaToday"/>

==Organisation==
The agency specialises in multiple disciplines, which include remote sensing, [[Signals intelligence|SIGINT]], data gathering and processing, cyber security, [[Geographic data and information|geospatial information gathering]], cryptology, strategic hardware and software development and strategic monitoring.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/05/08/stories/2007050802822100.htm |title=National tech research body to be housed in Hyderabad |publisher=The Hindu Business Line|date=8 May 2007 |access-date=26 December 2008}}</ref>

The [[National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre]], an agency under the control of National Technical Research Organisation, has been created to monitor, intercept and assess threats to crucial infrastructure and other vital installations from intelligence gathered using sensors and platforms which include satellites, underwater buoys, drones, VSAT-terminal locators and fiber-optic cable nodal tap points.{{fact|date=June 2022}}

It also includes [[National Institute of Cryptology Research and Development]] (NICRD), which is first of its kind in [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://im.rediff.com/news/2007/may/05tech.htm |title=Top tech body to come up in Hyderabad |author=Syed Amin |work=Rediff.com |date= 5 May 2007 |access-date=26 December 2008}}</ref>

NTRO operates the [[Technology Experiment Satellite]] (TES), [[Cartosat-2A]], [[EMISAT]] and [[Cartosat-2B]] besides two [[RISAT|Radar Imaging Satellites]] namely [[RISAT-1]] & [[RISAT-2]].<ref name="ndtv">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/isro-successfully-launches-spy-satellite-risat-1-202464?pfrom=home-otherstorieso|title='ISRO successfully launches 'spy satellite' RISAT-1'|date=26 April 2012|publisher=ndtv}}</ref> RISAT-2 was acquired from Israel at a cost $110 million and placed into orbit using a PSLV launcher in 2009.{{fact|date=June 2022}}

NTRO, along with the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) operates a number of Very Long Range Tracking Radar (VLRTR) arrays. VLRTR are used for missile monitoring and early detection of threats in aid of ballistic missile defence. These VLRTR sites are located at [[Udaipur]], [[Bhopal]] and [[Balasore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/4YearsOfNDA/Comprehensive-Materials/defence.pdf|title=MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS OF MINISTRY OF DEFENCE FROM MAY 2014 TO PRESENT}}</ref>

==Activities==
NTRO has been one of the most proactive members of the United States' [[National Security Agency|NSA]]-led 10-member counter-terrorism platform called SIGINT Seniors Pacific (SSPAC) for the last 10 years, a recent tranche of classified documents recently released by whistleblower [[Edward Snowden]] to a website suggests.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/100318/india-joined-us-led-top-secret-alliance-in-2008.html |title=India joined US-led top secret alliance in 2008 |date=10 March 2018 |access-date=14 July 2018 |publisher=The Asian Age |author=Sanjib Kr Baruah}}</ref>

In September 2013, the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh government]] allotted 180 [[hectares]] of land to set up the NTRO at Borda village near Bhopal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/state-govt-allots-land-for-ntro-in-borda-village/424811-3-236.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930120857/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/state-govt-allots-land-for-ntro-in-borda-village/424811-3-236.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2013|title=State govt allots land for NTRO in Borda village|date=26 September 2013|work=in.com|access-date=26 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/madhya-pradesh-allots-hectares-of-land-to-set-up-ntro-28441.html|title=Madhya Pradesh allots 180 hectares of land to set up NTRO|work=indiatvnews.com|date=27 September 2013|access-date=26 July 2016}}</ref>

In December 2014, based on [[Signals intelligence#Communications intelligence|COMINT]] provided by NTRO, the [[Indian Coast Guard]] intercepted a Pakistani fishing boat in the [[Arabian Sea]] near the Indo-Pakistan maritime boundary, approximately 365 km from [[Porbander]]. After few hours of chase and standoff, coast guard fired at the boat thus killing all the 4 occupants. The Coast Guard officials stated that the occupants were terrorists and were on their way to undertake a [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11]]-type attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/how-ntro-coast-guard-stopped-explosive-laden-pak-ship/20150102.htm|title=How NTRO, Coast Guard stopped explosive-laden Pak ship|work=rediff.com|access-date=26 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/terror-boat-live-people-on-pakistani-vessel-were-suspected-terrorists-says-rajnath-2027425.html/amp|title=Terror' boat Live: People on Pakistani vessel were suspected terrorists, says Rajnath|date=15 January 2015|publisher=First Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/4-feared-killed-as-explosivesladen-pakistan-vessel-sinks-off-gujarat/article6748732.ece/|title=4 feared killed as explosives-laden Pakistan vessel sinks off Gujarat|date=6 January 2015|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

During the [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|2016 Line of Control strike]], NTRO played an important role by providing [[Geospatial intelligence|satellite intelligence]] to operational advisors and planners. [[Cartosat-2C]], [[Cartosat-1]], [[Resourcesat-2]] satellites operated by NTRO, were used to provide the imagery of terrorist training camps in [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistan-administered Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebetterindia.com/70372/cartosat-3-defence-surveillance-isro-surgical-strike/|title=How This Satellite Created by ISRO Helped Indian Soldiers during the Surgical Strike|date=23 June 2016|publisher=The Better India}}</ref>

During the [[2019 Balakot airstrike]], NTRO also played an important role. NTRO [[Signals intelligence|surveillance]] confirmed 300 targets via active mobile connections in Markaz Syed Ahmad Shaheed training camp, just few days before IAF airstrike.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/days-before-iaf-balakot-strike-ntro-confirmed-around-300-active-targets-in-jaish-terror-camp-1470222-2019-03-04|title=Days before IAF bombed Jaish camp in Balakot, NTRO confirmed around 300 active targets in facility|date=4 March 2019|publisher=India Today}}</ref>

It also operates India's [[spy ship|ocean surveillance]] ship named [[INS Dhruv]], jointly with the [[Indian Navy]].<ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |title=India's ocean surveillance ship starts harbour trials |first=Rahul |last=Bedi |date=27 July 2018 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/82048/india-s-ocean-surveillance-ship-starts-harbour-trials?from_rss=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-to-get-own-nuclear-missile-tracking-ship-in-december/articleshow/65047417.cms |title=India to get own nuclear missile tracking ship in December |date=19 July 2018 |access-date=15 September 2018 |newspaper=The EconomicTimes |location=India |author=Manu Pubby}}</ref>

In 2025, the NTRO provided critical technical intelligence—including satellite imagery and electronic surveillance—to identify, track, and verify the precise locations of terrorist hideouts targeted during [[Operation Sindoor]].<ref name="Firstpost_Operation_Sindoor">{{cite web |title=Operation Sindoor: How India tracked terrorist hideouts in Pakistan, PoK |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/operation-sindoor-india-tracked-terrorist-hideouts-pakistan-pok-nsa-ajit-doval-13886629.html |website=Firstpost |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>

==Relationship with other agencies==
In 2007, it was reported that key cabinet approvals by the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS), even after three years, had not been implemented. This delay was attributed to an alleged "turf war" between NTRO and the Aviation Research Centre (ARC)—the technical and airborne division of the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW). NTRO was meant to utilise spy satellites, [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s (UAVs), and [[surveillance aircraft]]. However, NTRO possessed only satellites, while ARC had aircraft. Consequently, the government received airborne intelligence from R&AW and satellite imagery from NTRO, undermining the purpose of having a single agency for technical intelligence. Efforts to procure aircraft with advanced technology compared to ARC's capabilities was stalled by the government, allegedly due to R&AW's interference. Furthermore, NTRO lacked sanction for computer hacking and monitoring, and it could collect data but lacked authorisation to analyse it. NTRO as a technical intelligence repository also failed as both the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) and R&AW refused to share their data, as per media reports at that time.<ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/20070827-spy-versus-spy-733922-2007-09-07|title=Spy vs Spy |publisher=India Today |date=1 September 2010 |access-date=26 April 2010}}</ref>

In February 2010, the NTRO became the first Indian intelligence agency to be audited by the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] (CAG), which audited their purchases and expenditure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/in-a-first-for-an-intelligence-agency-cag-a/584232/ |title=CAG to audit NTRO |publisher=Indian Express |date=11 February 2010 |access-date=26 April 2010}}</ref> In April 2013, the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Department of Electronics and Information Technology]] (DeitY) accused NTRO of hacking into their [[National Informatics Center]] (NIC) network. DeitY cited a report prepared by its operations division, the [[Indian Computer Emergency Response Team]] (ICERT), listing all instances when NTRO reportedly hacked into NIC infrastructure and extracted data connected to various ministries. However, the NTRO denied the allegation. Earlier, NTRO had asked NIC to give access to their logs for [[penetration testing]], which NIC refused.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Ajmer|date=22 April 2013|title=NTRO hacking email IDs of officials, says govt's IT dept|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ntro-hacking-email-ids-of-officials-says-govts-it-dept/1105875/|access-date=2021-03-13|website=Indian Express}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[NATGRID]]
*[[DRDO NETRA|NETRA]]
*[[Mass surveillance in India]]
*[[Central Monitoring System]]
*[[Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring]]
*[[Multi Agency Centre (India)]]
*[[List of Indian intelligence agencies]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Telecom/Govt_to_DoT_Ensure_strict_verification_for_SIMs/articleshow/3888115.cms Govt to DoT: Ensure strict verification for SIMs]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070508182210/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/06/stories/2007050609000400.htm Technical research agency planned in State]
* [https://ntro.gov.in/ National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO) - Official website]

{{Indian intelligence agencies}}
{{National intelligence agencies}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:2004 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2004]]
[[Category:Indian intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Computer security in India]]

Sandhya Koushika

2026-02-11T07:00:50Z

ShannonAguayo: started a article

{{short description|Indian neuroscientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sandhya Koushika
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| fields = [[Neuroscience]]
| workplaces = [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai]]
| alma_mater = [[Maharaja Sayajirao University]], [[Brandeis University]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| awards = HHMI International Early Career Fellowship (2012 - Present)
}}
'''Sandhya Koushika''' is an Indian neuroscientist, currently working at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], Mumbai. Her main area of interest is regulation of [[axonal transport]] within nerve cells. She is a recipient of the International Early Career Award<ref>{{Cite web|title = World-Class Scientists Chosen for HHMI's First International Early Career Award|url = http://www.hhmi.org/news/world-class-scientists-chosen-hhmi-s-first-international-early-career-award|publisher=HHMI|access-date = 12 April 2016}}</ref> by the [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]] (USA).

==Education and career==
Koushika earned her B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from [[Maharaja Sayajirao University]] and received her Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from [[Brandeis University]]. Her postdoctoral training was at [[Washington University in St. Louis]]. Prior to her current appointment at TIFR, Mumbai, she was a faculty at the [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]], Bangalore.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

==Research==
Koushika studies traffic within nerve cells, called [[axonal transport]]. Though not always the case for traffic on the streets, within neurons, this process is tightly coordinated. The "vehicles" that carry out this transport are called molecular motors. It is their purview as to what cargo should be carried, what the start and end points of the journey would be - depending on when and where they are needed.

Studying this process is challenging, partly because anesthetising model organism also suspends axonal transport. So, watching it unfold is not easy. Her group, in collaboration, set up a microfluidic approach to study transport in roundworms. Through this approach, live worm is immobilised in a chip and axonal transport studied.<ref name=":0" /> Following this approach, her group is starting to uncover regulation of each of the various steps of axonal transport, such as fate of the motor protein that carries the cargo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Jitendra|last2=Choudhary|first2=Bikash C.|last3=Metpally|first3=Raghu|last4=Zheng|first4=Qun|last5=Nonet|first5=Michael L.|last6=Ramanathan|first6=Sowdhamini|last7=Klopfenstein|first7=Dieter R.|last8=Koushika|first8=Sandhya P.|date=2010-11-04|title=The Caenorhabditis elegans Kinesin-3 Motor UNC-104/KIF1A Is Degraded upon Loss of Specific Binding to Cargo|journal=PLOS Genet|volume=6|issue=11|article-number=e1001200|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1001200|issn=1553-7404|pmc=2973836|pmid=21079789 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Loss of control in this process is seen in neurodegenerative diseases, [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis]] (ALS) and [[Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease|Charcot–Marie–Tooth2A]], an inherited condition that retards the transmission of nerve impulses in the feet and legs.

==Early life==
Reading the biography of Marie Curie had a tremendous impact on her. Koushika recalls being interested in research from early on. Her parents supported her interest, which was also widely known in their circle of family friends, who would send her articles from Scientific American.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|doi=10.1083/jcb.2011pi |pmid=23547027 |pmc=3613696 |title=Sandhya Koushika: Building new models and communities |journal=The Journal of Cell Biology |volume=201 |issue=1 |pages=4–5 |year=2013 |last1=Sedwick |first1=Caitlin }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koushika, Sandhya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Indian women biologists]]
[[Category:Indian women neuroscientists]]
[[Category:Indian neuroscientists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:Brandeis University alumni]]
[[Category:Washington University in St. Louis fellows]]

Kavitrayam

2026-02-06T04:11:19Z

ShannonAguayo: improved lead after review and added references per standard format

{{Short description|Trio of Telugu poets}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
'''Kavitrayam''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: కవిత్రయం) is a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] expression for trinity of poets. Kavitrayam popularly refers to the poets who translated the great epic [[Mahabharata]] into Telugu. The kavitrayam comprises [[Nannayya]], [[Tikkana]] and [[Yerrapragada]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6QpAQAAIAAJ|title= Encyclopaedia of South Indian Literature|publisher= Anmol Publications|year=2009|language=English|last1=Sinhā |first1= Madhubālā}}</ref>
[[File:Nannaya Telugu Poet (Stamp of India - 2017 - Colnect 741696 - Adikavi Nannaya Telugu Poet (cropped).jpeg|thumb|ఆదికవి నన్నయ-AdiKavi Nannaya]]

[[File:Thikkana somayaji.jpg|thumb|తిక్కన సోమయాజి-Thikkana somayaji]]

[[File:Errapragada painting .jpg|thumb|ఎర్రన - Erranna]]

==Nannayya==
{{Main|Nannayya}}
Nannayya was popularly hailed as the ''Adi Kavi'' or the first poet, and he belonged to [[Rajamahendravaram]], an ancient city in [[East Godavari]] District of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was said to have lived during the years 1000 - 1100. Nannayya initiated the gigantic task of translation of the great epic Mahabharata into the Telugu language. But before he could translate everything, he had to revise Telugu by building new grammar rules and increase its vocabulary. Nannayya used many of the [[Sanskrit]] words directly in Telugu too. Thus Nannayya made Telugu more Sanskrit related. Thus a lot of Nannayya's years were gone in the process of building a scaffold for the great task to translate the Mahabharata. However, he was still able to translate the first 2½ ''parva''s (chapters) into Telugu.

==Thikkana==
{{Main|Tikkana}}
Thikkana belonged to Paturu, or Kovur taluk of present day [[Nellore district]], a territory in 13th century's [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] kingdom. Thikkana took over the task from Nannayya. He translated from the 4th to 18th chapters of the Mahabharata, almost completing the last. He could start the task of translation right from day one, because Telugu was considerably an improved language by the time. However, he never attempted the 3rd chapter due to his life span, thus still leaving the task incomplete.

==Yerrapragada==
{{Main|Yerrana}}
Errana was a great Telugu poet in the court of Prolaya Vemareddy (1325–1353), the founder of Reddy dynasty (1325–1424) of Kondaveedu, who ruled Guntur, Prakasam, Nellore, and Kurnool districts with capital of [[Addanki]]. Errana was also known as Yellapregada or Errapregada. He was honored with the title Prabandha Parameswara (the supreme lord of Prabandha) and Sambudasudu. One of his greatest accomplishments were that he complete the full translation of the third chapter ending the task of getting the Mahabharatam to Telugu.

==See also==
* [[Mahabharata]]
* [[Pothana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Telugu-language literature]]

List of lieutenant governors of the North-Western Provinces and chief commissioners of Oudh

2026-01-29T08:58:31Z

ShannonAguayo:

{{short description|None}}

{{no footnotes|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
This is a list of '''lieutenant-governors of the [[North-Western Provinces]] and chief commissioners of [[Oudh]]'''. The provisional establishment of the joint title of ''Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces and Chief Commissioner of Oudh'' happened in 1877 when title of [[List of Chief Commissioners of Oudh|Chief Commissioner of Oudh]] were merged until it was renamed as [[List of Lieutenant-Governors of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Lieutenant-Governor of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] in 1902.

==Lieutenant-governors of the North-Western Provinces and Chief Commissioners of Oudh (1877–1902) ==
In 1877 the office of lieutenant governor was combined with that of Chief Commissioner of Oudh, which had existed since 1857, in the same person.

* Sir [[Sir George Couper, 2nd Baronet|George Ebenezer Wilson Couper]], 15 February 1877 – 17 April 1882, ''continued''
* Sir [[Alfred Comyn Lyall]], 17 April 1882 – 21 November 1887
* Sir [[Auckland Colvin]], 21 November 1887 – 28 November 1892
* Sir [[Charles Haukes Todd Crosthwaite]], 28 November 1892 – 9 January 1895
* ''[[Alan Cadell]], 9 January 1895 – 6 November 1895, acting''
* Sir [[Anthony Patrick MacDonnell]], 6 November 1895 – 14 November 1901
* Sir [[James John Digges La Touche]], 14 November 1901 – 22 March 1902

== See also ==
* (1732–1857) – [[List of Nawabs of Awadh|Nawabs of Awadh]]
* (1834–1836) – [[List of Governors of Agra|Governors of Agra]]
* (1836–1877) – [[List of Lieutenant Governors of the North-Western Provinces|Lieutenant Governors of the North-Western Provinces]]
* (1856–1877) – [[List of Chief Commissioners of Oudh|Chief Commissioners of Oudh]]
* (1902–1921) – [[List of Lieutenant Governors of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Lieutenant Governors of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]
* (1921–1937) – [[List of Governors of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Governors of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]
* (1937–1950) – [[List of Governors of the United Provinces|Governors of the United Provinces]]
* (1950 – cont.) – [[List of Governors of Uttar Pradesh|Governors of Uttar Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm Provinces of British India]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22T.+C.+Robertson%22+The+India+List+and+India+Office+List+By+India+Office,+Great+Britain&pg=RA1-PA130 The India list and India Office list for 1905 By Great Britain, India Office]

{{Administrators of provinces in British India}}

[[Category:Administrators in British India|*]]
[[Category:British administration in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh politics-related lists|Lieutenant Governors]]

Bhuvaneshvari

2026-01-28T10:49:01Z

ShannonAguayo: enhanced content per standard format and improved wording

{{Short description|Hindu goddess}}
{{redirect|Bhuvaneswari|the Indian actress|Bhuvaneswari (actress)}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Devi Bhuvaneswari at Parashakthi Temple.jpg
| caption = An idol of Bhuvaneswari at Parashakthi Temple
| name = Bhuvaneshvari
| Devanagari = भुवनेश्वरी
| Sanskrit_transliteration = ''Bhuvaneśvarī''
| affiliation = {{bulleted list|[[Brahman]]|[[Shakti]]|[[Mahadevi]]|[[Parvati]]|[[Bhavani]]|[[Durga]]}}
| god_of = One of the Highest Forms of [[Mahadevi]] and [[Creator deity|Para Brahman]] in [[Shaktism]]
| abode = [[Manidvipa]]
| consort = [[Shiva]] as Bhuvneshwarā
| weapon = [[Noose]], [[goad]]
| member_of = The Ten [[Mahavidyas]]
| texts = [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]
| mount = [[Lion]]
| festivals = [[Navaratri]],
Bhuvaneshwari Jayanti, Adi-Puram
}}
'''Bhuvaneshvari''' ([[Sanskrit]]: भुवनेश्वरी, [[IAST]]: ''Bhuvaneśvarī'') is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] goddess. She is the fourth amongst the ten [[Mahavidya]] goddesses in [[Shaktism]], and one of the highest aspects of [[Mahadevi]]. She is identified as form of Adi Parashakti in the ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]''.

==Etymology==
The word Bhuvaneshvari is a [[sanskrit compounds|compound]] of the words ''Bhuvana Ishwari'', meaning "Goddess of the world" or "Queen of the universe", where the worlds are the ''tri-bhuvana'' or three regions of ''bhooḥ'' ([[Earth]]), ''bhoovaḥ'' ([[atmosphere]]) and ''svaḥ'' (Heavens).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=760 | title=MW Cologne Scan }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U6KSEAAAQBAJ&dq=goddess+bhuvaneshwari&pg=PT37 | title=The Sacred Sounds of Sri Vidya: The Secret to Manifesting Abundance | isbn=9798887498652 | last1=Rashinkar | first1=Vinita | date=6 October 2022 | publisher=Notion Press }}</ref>

==Legends==
According to David Kinsley, there is an origin myth from a contemporary Hindi-language source that states that [[Surya]] created the [[Trailokya|three worlds]] after being offered [[Soma (drink)|Soma]] by Rishis and being empowered by [[Tripura Sundari]], the main Shakti of that time. After having empowered Surya to create the worlds, the goddess "assumed an appropriate form and pervaded and directed the triple world". This form of her became known as Bhuvaneshwari, meaning goddess of the world". This myth emphasises that Bhuvaneshwari is a form of Tripura Sundari.<ref name="Kinsley1997">{{cite book |last=Kinsley |first=David |date=18 August 1997 |title=Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahavidyas |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Tantric_Visions_of_the_Divine_Feminine/B68wDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |pages=129-131 |isbn=978-0-520-20499-7 |access-date=26 March 2025}}</ref>

==Temples==
There are several temples dedicated to Bhuvaneshvari.

Bhuvaneshwari is revered as the state goddess of [[Karnataka]]. This temple is a historical place and known as Bhuvaneshwari temple. It is in Bhuvanagiri, Siddapur taluka, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka.

* Bhuvaneshwari is revered as the state goddess of [[Karnataka]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}} Bhuvaneshwari temple is in [[Virupaksha Temple]] complex where [[Aluru Venkata Rao]] went [[Hampi]] and performed pooja. A statue of the goddess is under construction in the capital [[Bengaluru]].
* A powerful shrine of Goddess Bhuvaneshwari established by Sri Sri [[Santhananda]] Swamiji is located at Pudukkottai, TamilNadu (https://www.sribhuvaneshwari.org/)
* A dedicated temple of Bhuvaneshvari Devi known as Anchumana Devi Temple [https://www.google.com/maps/dir//Anchumana+Temple+Rd,+Padivattom,+Edappally,+Ernakulam,+Kerala+682024,+India/@10.0131607,76.2274528,12z/data=!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x3b080d069a54b5a1:0x936bd3c4cde77b03!2m2!1d76.3098752!2d10.0131743?entry=ttu] is located at [[Anchumana, India|Ernakulam]] in [[kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anchumana Devi Temple|url=https://anchumanadevitemple.com/|access-date=2024-05-15|archive-date=2025-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209105724/https://anchumanadevitemple.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* A dedicated temple of Bhuvaneshvari Devi is located at [[Gondal, India|Gondal]] in [[Gujarat]] which was established in 1946.<ref>[http://www.mygondal.com/city_info/bhuvaneshwari_mandir.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427105916/http://www.mygondal.com/city_info/bhuvaneshwari_mandir.html|date=2016-04-27}} [[Images of Bhuvaneshwari temple of Gondal]]</ref>
* In North America, Bhuvaneshvari is worshipped at [[Parashakthi Temple]] in Pontiac, Michigan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parashakthitemple.org/bhuvanehswari.aspx |title=Welcome to Parashakthi (Eternal Mother) Amman Temple, Pontiac, Michigan, USA |publisher=Parashakthitemple.org |access-date=2012-03-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326075342/http://www.parashakthitemple.org/bhuvanehswari.aspx |archive-date=2012-03-26 }}</ref>
* In Sydney, Australia, Bhuvaneshvari is worshipped at Shri Shiva Mandir in Minto, NSW.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri Shiva Temple|url=http://shrishivamandir.com.au/|access-date=2020-06-14|website=shrishivamandir.com.au}}</ref>
* There is nearly 800 to 1000 year old Bhuvaneshwari.temple located on banks of River Krishna opposite side of [[Shreekshetra Audumbar]] at Bhuwaneshwar Wadi at Village [[Bhilawadi]], [[Palus, Maharashtra|Taluka-Palus]], [[Sangli district|District-Sangli]], State-Maharashtra, Pincode-416303<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhuvaneshwari Temple |url=https://in.worldorgs.com/catalog/bhilawadi/golf-course/bhuvaneshwari-temple}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhuvaneshwari Bhilwadi |url=https://bhuvneshwaribhilwadi.blogspot.com/2010/09/bhuvaneshwari-devi.html}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Devi]]
* [[Lingaraja Temple]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions |isbn=81-208-0379-5 |first=David |last=Kinsley|date=1987 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass }}

{{Mahavidya}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Forms of Parvati]]
[[Category:Forms of Lakshmi]]
[[Category:Creator goddesses]]
[[Category:Mahavidyas]]

{{Hindu-deity-stub}}

Sandese Aate Hai

2026-01-26T17:11:31Z

ShannonAguayo:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Sandese Aate Hai
| cover =
| alt =
| caption =
| lyricist = [[Javed Akhtar]]
| composer = [[Anu Malik]]
| artist = [[Sonu Nigam]] and [[Roop Kumar Rathod]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| English_title = Messages come
| released =
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 10:19
| label =
| producer =
| misc = {{External music video|type=song|{{YouTube|BQBidc3eHPY|"Sandese Aate Hai" (Border)}}}}
}}
'''Sandese Aate Hai''' ({{translation|Messages have arrived}}) is a patriotic song from the 1997 film ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'',<ref name=sah>{{cite web|last=Seta|first=Keyur|title=Sonu's Tuneful Journey|url=http://www.planetradiocity.com/musicreporter/slideshow-gallery/Sonus-Tuneful-Journey/330/2|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616102044/http://www.planetradiocity.com/musicreporter/slideshow-gallery/Sonus-Tuneful-Journey/330/2|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 June 2013|publisher=Planetradiocity.com|accessdate=23 April 2013}}</ref> directed by [[J. P. Dutta]]. The song was penned by [[Javed Akhtar]]. The music was composed by [[Anu Malik]] and sung by [[Sonu Nigam]] and [[Roop Kumar Rathod]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-16 |title=Anu Malik reveals Javed Akhtar asked for his autograph after he composed Border's Sandese Aate Hai song |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anu-malik-reveals-javed-akhtar-asked-for-his-autograph-after-he-composed-borders-sandese-aate-hai-song-12748012.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> The song describes the pain of Indian soldiers and was one of the reasons for the success of the film.<ref name=sah/>

For a "heart-touching" song which "became the nation's anthem",<ref name=sah/><ref name=malik/> Akhtar won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Filmfare Award]] and the [[Screen Award for Best Lyricist|Screen Award]] in 1997 and 1998 respectively.<ref name=filmfare>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?artid=33781002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518160558/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?artid=33781002|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2011|title=Best Lyricist (Popular)|accessdate=22 April 2013|publisher=Filmfare Awards}}</ref><ref name=screen>{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/star-screen-awards-1998-125.html|title=Star Screen Awards 1998|accessdate=22 April 2013|publisher=Awards and Shows}}</ref> He also won the [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|National Film Award]] for the film.<ref>{{cite web|title=45th National Film Festival 1998|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|accessdate=22 April 2013}}</ref> Nigam won the [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Male|Zee Cine Award]] for the song along with the ''Aashirwad Award'' and ''Sansui Viewers' Choice Award''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sonu Nigam|url=http://www.radio90fm.com/sonu-nigam|publisher=radio90fm.com|accessdate=20 May 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130616101914/http://www.radio90fm.com/sonu-nigam|archivedate=16 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Nigam was however disappointed with the fact that Rathod was not nominated for the awards,<ref name=sah/> saying that Rathod also played an equal part in the song's success.<ref name=sah/> Talking about the song's popularity, Nigam said,"I knew the song was popular, but I had no idea how big it was, and how big it was going to be in a few months."<ref>{{cite web|title='I have been cutting down the number of songs'|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/23sonu.htm|publisher=Rediff|accessdate=25 April 2013|author=Arthur J Pais|date=23 August 2006}}</ref> In an interview, Malik said that the song "rocked the world", and felt that he deserved the National Award for it.<ref name=malik>{{cite web|title=The Rediff Interview/Anu Malik|url=http://www.rediff.co.in/movies/2003/dec/23anu.htm|publisher=[[Rediff]]|accessdate=22 April 2013|author=A. Ganesh Nadar|date=23 December 2003}}</ref> He said that he made the song for the soldiers "to sing in their bunkers",<ref name=malik/> and it took seven and a half minutes for him to compose the song.<ref name=malik/>

During the screening of ''[[LOC Kargil]]'', Dutta told Malik that an Indian soldier joined the [[Indian Army|army]] after hearing the song, and died in the war.<ref name=malik/> The soldier's mother said to Dutta that she does not know whether she should love him or hate him, but thanked him for making ''LOC Kargil'', adding that he made his son "live again".<ref name=malik/>

This song has been recreated as "Ghar Kab Aaoge" in Border film's sequel – ''[[Border 2]]''.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2026|title=Whistles, cheers and kids on tiptoes: Inside BSF Jawans' love for Sunny Deol at Border 2's "Ghar Kab Aaoge" song launch. Sunny Deol's emotional connection with BSF jawans took centre stage, blending nostalgia and pride.|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/whistles-cheers-and-kids-on-tiptoes-inside-bsf-jawans-love-for-sunny-deol-at-border-2s-ghar-kab-aaoge-song-launch-101767509777303.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1997 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian patriotic songs]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Javed Akhtar]]
[[Category:Sonu Nigam songs]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Anu Malik]]

{{1990s-pop-song-stub}}

Kishtwaris

2026-01-26T15:08:21Z

ShannonAguayo: New A Pg Needs Work - done

{{Short description|Ethnolinguistic group}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Kishtwari people
| image =
| native_name = Kishtwari
| population = 230,696<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kishtwar District Population, Jammu & Kashmir, List of Tehsils in Kishtwar |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/kishtwar-population.html |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Censusindia2011.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
| regions = {{Flag|India}} ([[Kishtwar]], [[Chenab Valley]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]])
| languages = [[Kishtwari]] [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]]
| related_groups = Kashmiri people, Chenabi people
}}

'''Kishtwaris''' are an ethnolinguistic group related to [[Kashmiri people]] inhabiting the [[Kishtwar district]] of the [[Chenab Valley]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.

== Language ==
The Kishtwari is their primary language.It is classified as a dialect of Kashmiri,Kishtwari shares similarities with Kashmiri due to a common origin.<ref>{{Cite journal| last1 = Sheikh| first1 = Aejaz Mohammed| last2 = Kuchey| first2 = Sameer Ahmad| date = 2014| title =Kishtwari | journal = Indian Linguistics| volume = 75| issue = 3–4| pages = 55–66| issn = 0378-0759}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahapatra |first=B. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC&dq=dialects+of+kashmiri+language&pg=PA269 |title=Constitutional languages |date=1989 |publisher=Presses Université Laval |isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1 |page=270 |language=en}}</ref>

== Religion ==
The Kishtwaris are a religiously diverse community. According to the 2011 census, Islam is the dominant religion, followed by Hinduism. Smaller populations adhere to Sikhism, Christianity, and Buddhism.<ref name="census2011-C01">{{cite report |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community – Jammu & Kashmir |url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW01C-01%20MDDS.XLS |publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref>

== History ==
The Kishtwar region has a rich history of cultural exchange. Traditionally, the area was primarily inhabited by ancestors of the Kashmiris.<ref>{{cite web | title=District Census 2011 Handbook of Kishtwar | url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s317d63b1625c816c22647a73e1482372b/uploads/2016/09/2018033088.pdf | access-date=2024-04-04}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kishtwar district]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]

Upendra Bhanja

2026-01-24T12:50:41Z

ShannonAguayo: fix

{{Short description|Odia poet}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}{{Infobox writer 
| name = Upendra Bhanja
| honorific_prefix = Kabi Samrāṭa
| honorific_suffix = Bīrabara
| native_name = '''ଉପେନ୍ଦ୍ର ଭଞ୍ଜ'''
| native_name_lang = or
| image = Odissi musician poet Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja.jpg
| caption =
| occupation = King & Poet
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| period = ''Riti juga'' or ''Bhanja juga''
| notableworks = ''Baidehisha Bilasa''
| imagesize = 250px
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = Kulagarh (present-day [[Kulada, Ganjam]], Odisha, India)
| death_date = 1740 (Not Confirmed)
| genre = [[Odissi music]]
}}
''Kabi Samrata'' '''Upendra Bhanja''', {{IPA|or|upend̪ɾɔ bʰɔɲd͡ʒɔ|lang|LL-Q33810 (ori)-Sangram Keshari Senapati (Ssgapu22)-ଉପେନ୍ଦ୍ର ଭଞ୍ଜ.wav}}) was a 17th-century [[Odia language|Odia]] poet and a composer of classical [[Odissi music]].<ref name="mansingha">Mansingha, Mayadhar: ''History of Oriya Literature'': Publisher, Sahitya Akademi, Delhi</ref> He is most known for his Odissi songs and kabyas written in the Odia language, primarily ''Baidehisa Bilasa, Labanyabati'' & ''Koti Brahmanda Sundari''.

He was born during 1670 (opinions differ between 1670 and 1688) in ''Kulagarh'', [[Bhanja dynasty#Ghumusar branch|Ghumusar Zamindari]], present day [[Kulada, Ganjam|Kulada]] near [[Bhanjanagar]], 80 kms from the Silk City [[Brahmapur, Odisha]] and died during 1740 (again opinions vary).

His first wife was the sister of the king of [[Nayagarh]] and the daughter of the king of [[Banapur]] was his second wife, who was an erudite princess and gave Upendra Bhanja poetical inspiration in an abundant measure. His grandfather King Dhananjaya Bhanja was a great poet and wrote ''Raghunatha Bilasa'' (The Ramayana), Ratna Manjari (a poetical romance) etc., which provided models to the prince for writing. But unlike his grandfather, he preferred his entire life to poetry rather than to ruling over a kingdom. He had a thorough training in Sanskrit classical literature and mastered Sanskrit dictionaries such as [[Amarakosha|Amara Kosha]], [[Trikanda Kosha]] and [[Medini Kosha]]. He even wrote a dictionary ''Geetabhidhana'' in Odia for helping poets. The town of [[Bhanjanagar]] is named after him. The music of Upendra Bhanja is central to [[Odissi music]], the traditional classical music of the state of [[Odisha]] and Bhanja is widely respected as one of the greatest Odissi composers of all time.

==Kabyas==
Upendra Bhanja wrote some 52 books of which only 22 are available now. Due to the absence of a printing press, a number of the hand-copied books have been lost. Some of his eminent kabyas are Baidehisha Bilasa (with "Ba" initial for each line), Rasalila, Brajaleela, Subhadra Parinaya(with "Sa" initial for every line), Labanyabati, Premasudhanidhi, Rasika Harabali, Subhadra Parinaya and Chitrakabya Bandodhya, Labanyabati, Koti Brahmanda Sundari, Kala Koutuka (with "Ka" initial for every line), Satisha Bilasa" (with initial 'Sa' initial every line), "Damayanti Bilasa" (with 'Da' initial each line) and "Padmabati Parinaya" (starts with 'Pa') etc.<ref name="mansingha" />

The first published work of Upendra Bhanja is "Rasapanchaka". The first dictionary "Gita Abidhan" was written by Upendra Bhanja in [[Odia literature]]. 'Kabi Samrata' was not the first title of Upendra Bhanja. He was rather entitled as "Birabara" as written by Bhanja himself in his kabyas. {{Verse translation|{{lang|or|ବୀରବର ପଦ ଉପଇନ୍ଦ୍ର ମୋର ନାମ ।
ବାରେ ବାରେ ସେବାରେ ମନାଇଁ ସୀତାରାମ ।}}|''Birabara'' is the epithet, my name is Upendra
By serving Sita and Rama have I received their grace.|attr1=Chhanda 52, ''Baidehisha Bilasa''|attr2=|italicsoff=yes}}
The epithet ''Kabi Samrata'' is found only in the early part of 19th century in a book written by Mahendra Patnaik. Upendra Bhanja contributed 32,300 words to [[Odia language]] and literature.The obscurity of this incomparable poet of [[Odia literature]], may be attributed to the lack of proper research. Plot and character in Bhanja literature plays negligible role but imaginary ornamental expression by way of literary techniques of the classical Indian literature dominates with magnetic, lovable, intellectual manner.

So, study of Upendra Bhanja requires high academic pursuits as well as sensible appreciation of art and literary value of the reader along with wide study range in the field of classical Indian literature and appreciable order of morality and spiritual thought.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} So for Upendra Bhanja, plot and character are not important but momentous feeling influences the character as well as the plot in the structural poetic forms and techniques with explosive reason and emotion in a way of synthetic, stylistic approach in almost all aspects of his expression through [[Odia language]], literature, culture, socio-cultural behaviour, with high moral order and thoughts of superior human being.

On the other hand, his writings are being popularised by the commoners because of sensible, emotional touch with sympathetic unusual feelings of the human kind in the context of aesthetic sense and sensibility along with love and lovability of the mankind as experienced through the ages of time together.Strangely, without any deep appreciation of human value and literary appreciation with standard principles of study literature as prescribed in the research methodology and literary criticism with reference to classical Indian poetics, the poet Upendra Bhanja is being misunderstood by some pseudo critics/scholars and writers{{Who|date=September 2010}} with biased opinions and unscrupulous baseless manners.

The first Ph.D thesis on Bhanja was submitted by Dr. Satyanarayan Acharya, the First Researcher on Upendra Bhanja, in the year 1978 under UGC sponsorship. Consequently, in the year 1988 Dr. Abhimanyu Baral submitted the thesis "Odia reetikabya paramparare Baidehisha Bilasa" to [[Utkal University]], [[Bhubaneswar]].

==Music==
{{Odissi Classical Music sidebar}}

The works of Upendra Bhanja are based on [[Odissi music|Odissi classical music]]. He uses ragas and talas unique to the Odissi tradition and has thereby enriched the repertoire. His compositions are well-known across the state of Odisha and are frequently employed in [[Odissi|Odissi dance]] as well as [[Gotipua]], Sakhi Nata, [[Prahallada Nataka]], Radha Prema Lila and other allied artforms. Some of the ragas frequently used by Bhanja are : ''Bangalasri, Baradi, Basanta, Basanta Baradi, Bibhasa Gujjari, Chinta Bhairaba, Ghantaraba, Kalahansa Kedara, Kali, Kamodi, Khanda Kamodi, Kousika, Kumbha Kamodi, Malaba, Mangala Baradi, Mangala Gujjari, Natanarayana, Nalinigouda, Pahadia Kedara, Panchama Baradi, Pattaha Manjari (Pattamanjari), Rajabije (Ranabije), Ramakeri, Sankarabharana, Soka Kamodi'' among others.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Parhi |first=Dr. Kirtan Narayan |title=The Classicality of Orissi Music |publisher=Maxcurious Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=2017 |isbn=9788193215128 |location=India |pages=383}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Panda |first=Pt. Gopal Chandra |title=Odisi Raga Darpana |date=December 2011 |location=Bhubaneswar |language=or |author-link=Gopal Chandra Panda}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Ramhari |title=Odissi Sangeetara Parampara O Prayoga |publisher=Kaishikee Prakashani |year=2004 |location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha |language=or |script-title=or:ଓଡ଼ିଶୀ ସଙ୍ଗୀତର ପରମ୍ପରା ଓ ପ୍ରୟୋଗ |trans-title=The tradition and method of Odissi music |author-link=Ramhari Das}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Panda |first=Pt. Gopal Chandra |title=Odisi Raga Ratnabali |year=2004 |location=Bhubaneswar |language=hi |script-title=hi:ओडिसी राग रत्नावली |oclc=225908458 |author-link=Gopal Chandra Panda}}</ref> Bhanja belonged to a family that was rooted in literature and music of the times, and his grandfather Dhananjaya Bhanja was an eminent composer of Odissi songs and the writer of a Ramayana ''kabya''.

==Style==
Upendra Bhanja wrote in the last decade of seventeenth and the early decades of eighteenth century and championed a style of poetry called 'Reeti' and 'Deena' in Sanskrit poetics. Though a number of poets in the seventeenth and eighteenth centaurs write in reeti style, Upendra Bhanja is decided by the greatest of them all. Whether it is shringara, viraha, bhakti or karuna rasa, Upendra Bhanja is the poet of unsurpassed rhetorical excellence. We may venture to say that, apart from Sanskrit, no other language has a poet to compare with him. Upendra Bhanja had practiced his great poetic talents in using "upama","alankara", "rasas"in all his kabyas.

The greatness of Upendra Bhanja was in his "Alankara" use such as: Anuprasa, Jamak, etc. The style of presenting facts with comparable factors (upama) is distinguishable in his

“Baidehisha Bilasa” is the pioneer work of Upendra Bhanja as declared by the poet."Rasika Harabali" was written on the basis of his own experience at the early part of his young life.His contemporary poet of Bhakta Kabi, Dina Krushna Das as described in his work “Kala Koutuka”. The socio-cultural way of contemporary Odias are vividly described in his literature .Upendra Bhanja is not only eminent poet of [[Odisha]] but also his writings will be explained through all classical contemporary music systems of [[India]]

==See also==
{{Wikisourcelang|or|ବୈଦେହୀଶ ବିଳାସ}}
* [[Odia language]]
* [[List of Odia writers]]
* [[List of Indian poets]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://orissadiary.com/personality/poet/UPENDRA_BHANJA%20.asp orissadiary.com: Upendra Bhanja] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717045343/http://orissadiary.com/personality/poet/UPENDRA_BHANJA%20.asp |date=17 July 2012 }}

{{Odissi music}}
{{Odia literature}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhanja, Upendra}}
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:1740 deaths]]
[[Category:Odia people]]
[[Category:People from Ganjam district]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odia-language poets]]
[[Category:Odissi music composers]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian male writers]]

Uroob

2026-01-20T14:33:59Z

ShannonAguayo: added structure additionally and updated info

{{short description|Indian writer (1915–1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = P. C. Kuttikrishnan
| image = Uroob.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| birth_name = Parutholli Chalappurathu Kuttikrishna Menon
| pseudonym = ''Uroob''
| occupation = [[Novelist]], [[short story writer]], [[journalist]]
| subject = Social aspects
| movement = [[Realism (arts)|Realism]]
| spouse = Devaki Amma
| relatives = Parutholli Chalappurathu Karunakara Menon (father) Parukutty Amma(Parvathy)(mother)
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1915|6|8}}
| birth_place = [[Ponnani]], [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1979|7|10|1915|6|8}}
| death_place = [[Medical college]], [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| awards = {{ublist|[[Sahitya Akademi Award]]|[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]]}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| notableworks = ''[[Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum]]'', ''[[Ummachu]]''
}}
'''Parutholli Chalappurathu Kuttikrishnan Karunakara Menon''', popularly known by his [[pen name]] '''Uroob''' (1915 – 1979) was an Indian writer of [[Malayalam literature]]. Along with [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer|Basheer]], [[Thakazhi]], [[Kesavadev]], and [[S. K. Pottekkatt|Pottekkatt]], Uroob was counted among the progressive writers in Malayalam during the twentieth century. He was known for his novels such as [[Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum]] and [[Ummachu]], short stories like ''Rachiyamma'' and the screenplays of a number of Malayalam films including ''[[Neelakuyil]]'', the first Malayalam feature film to receive the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|National Film Award]]. He was a recipient of several honours including [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Kendra Sahithya Academy Award]] and the inaugural [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]].

== Biography ==
Parutholli Chalappurathu Kuttikrishnan Karunakara Menon was born on June 8, 1915, to Parutholli Chalappurathu Karunakara Menon and Parukutty Amma(Parvathy) at Pallapram, a small village near [[Ponnani]], in [[Malappuram district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/PCKuttikrishnan/Html/PCKugraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-02-01 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref> His early education was at A. V. High School, Ponnani and after [[matriculation]], he travelled for six years, working at various places in India.<ref name="Mahacharithamala">{{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-ISBDdetail.pl?biblionumber=22376 |title=Mahacharithamala |publisher=DC Books |year=2005 |isbn=8126410663 |editor-last=Rajasekharan |editor-first=P. K. |volume=3 |pages=56–57 |archive-date=2 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202154020/http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-ISBDdetail.pl?biblionumber=22376 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During this period, he worked at a tea estate in the [[Nilgiri hills]], a textile factory and K. R. Brothers Printers in [[Kozhikode]], ''Mangalodhayam'' monthly, and joined the Kozhikode station of the [[All India Radio]] (AIR) in 1954.<ref name="Profile of Malayalam Story Writer Uroob">{{Cite web |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/displayProfile.php?category=story&artist=Uroob |title=Profile of Malayalam Story Writer Uroob |date=2019-02-02 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |access-date=2019-02-02 |archive-date=2 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202153850/https://malayalasangeetham.info/displayProfile.php?category=story&artist=Uroob |url-status=dead }}</ref> After retiring from service as a producer of AIR in 1975, he served as the editor of Kunkumam weekly for a while before joining [[Malayala Manorama]] in 1976 where he worked as the chief editor of ''Malayala Manorama weekly'' and [[Bhashaposhini]]. He also served as the president of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]].<ref name="Mahacharithamala" />

Kuttikrishnan married Devaki Amma, the sister-in-law of [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]], in 1948.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> He died on July 10, 1979, at the age of 64, while he was being treated at the [[Government Medical College, Kottayam]].<ref name="Mahacharithamala" />

== Literary and film career ==
Kuttikrishnan joined a literary group in Ponnani in the 1930s which had [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]], [[Kuttikrishna Marar]], [[Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri|Akkitham]], [[Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan]], and Moothedath Narayanan Vaidyar as its members and it was during this time he wrote his first short story, ''Velakkariyude Checkkan''.<ref name="Uroob, the Immortal">{{Cite web |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/literature/literature-articles/uroob/2017/jul/12/290576 |title=Uroob, the Immortal |date=July 12, 2017 |website=Madhyamam |access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> He assumed the pen name, ''Uroob'' which means ''eternal youth'' in [[Persian language]] and ''dusk'' in [[Arabic language|Arabic]],<ref name="Profile on Veethi">{{Cite web |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/uroob-profile-2241-25.htm |title=Profile on Veethi |date=2019-02-02 |website=Veethi |access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> for an article he wrote on K. Raghavan, a noted music director of [[Malayalam cinema]], to conceal his identity as the music director was his colleague at AIR and he continued with the pseudonym thereafter.<ref name="A timely tribute to Uroob">{{Cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/art-and-culture/a-timely-tribute-to-uroob-malayalam-literature.html |title=A timely tribute to Uroob |date=June 8, 2015 |website=OnManorama |access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> His first short story anthology, ''Neerchalukal'' was published in 1945 and three years later, ''Amina'', his first novel was published. His body of work included 8 novels, 27 short story anthologies, three plays, 3 poetry anthologies and three essay compilations.<ref name="List of works">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/PCKuttikrishnan/Html/PCKuttikrishnanBooks.htm |title=List of Works |date=2019-02-01 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref> ''[[Ummachu]]'' published in 1954, ''Mindappennu'', published in 1956 and ''[[Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum]]'' (''The Beautiful and the Handsome'') published in 1958 among novels and ''Gopalan Nayarude Thadi'', ''Rachiyamma'' and ''Thurannitta Jalakam'' among short stories are some of his most notable works. [[M. Krishnan Nair (author)|M. Krishnan Nair]], a known Malayalam literary critic, counted ''Rachiyamma'' among the best stories of world literature.<ref name="Uroob who Viewed Woman as an Enigma">{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/2017/10/26/uroobinte-sthreekal.html |title=Uroob who Viewed Woman as an Enigma |date=October 26, 2017 |website=ManoramaOnline |access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> ''[[Ummachu]]'' has been translated into English under the title, ''The Beloved''.<ref name="Beloved by Oroob Uroob - AbeBooks">{{Cite web |url=https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/title/beloved/author/oroob-uroob/ |title=Beloved by Oroob Uroob - AbeBooks |date=2019-02-02 |website=www.abebooks.com |language=en |access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> Several of his works have strong female characters and he was known to be an advocate of gender equality.<ref name="Uroob who Viewed Woman as an Enigma" /> Three of his anthologies, ''Ankaveeran'', ''Mallanum Maranavum'' and ''Appuvinte Lokam'' are children's literature and he is considered by many as one of the greats of that genre in Malayalam literature.<ref name="Uroob, the Immortal" />

In 1954, When [[Ramu Kariat]] decided to make a feature film based on Uroob's story, [[Neelakuyil]], under the same name, he co-wrote the screenplay with [[P. Bhaskaran]]. The film went on become a landmark in Malayalam cinema and was the first feature film to receive national recognition by winning the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]].<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/neelakuyil-1954/article1427604.ece|title=Neelakuyil 1954|author=B. Vijayakumar|work=The Hindu|date=25 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016055336/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/neelakuyil-1954/article1427604.ece|archive-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> His association with P. Bhaskaran continued to yield four more films, [[Rarichan Enna Pauran]] (1956),<ref name="Rarichan Enna Pauran">{{Cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0156009/ |title=Rarichan Enna Pauran |date=2019-02-02 |website=IMDb |access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> [[Nairu Pidicha Pulivalu]] (1958),<ref name="Nair Pidicha Pulival">{{Cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0155899/ |title=Nair Pidicha Pulival |date=2019-02-02 |website=IMDb |access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> [[Kurukshethram (1970 film)|Kurukshetram]] (1970)<ref name="Kurukshethram [1970]">{{Cite web |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4862 |title=Kurukshethram [1970] |date=2019-02-02 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> and [[Ummachu (film)|Ummachu]] (1971).<ref name="Ummaachu [1971] ">{{Cite web |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4362 |title=Ummaachu [1971] |date=2019-02-02 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> In between, he wrote the screenplay for [[Mindapennu]], a film by [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] in 1970.<ref name="Mindaapennu [1970]">{{Cite web |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3976 |title=Mindaapennu [1970] |website=malayalasangeetham.info |access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> He wrote the screenplays for two more films, [[Thrisandhya]] in 1972<ref name="Thrisandhya [1972]">{{Cite web |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4572 |title=Thrisandhya [1972] |date=2019-02-02 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> and [[Aniyara]] in 1978, the latter a film by [[Bharathan]].<ref name="Aniyara [1978]">{{Cite web |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4989 |title=Aniyara [1978] |date=2019-02-02 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
Uroob received three awards from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] (then Government of Madras), for ''Kathir Katta'' in 1948, ''Thurannitta Jalakam'' in 1949 and ''Kumbedukkunna Mannu'' in 1951.<ref name="Profile on Veethi" /> [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] instituted [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel|an annual award]] for Novel in 1958, ''[[Ummachu]]'' was selected for inaugural award.<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/novel.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel |date=2019-02-01 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref> He received [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Malayalam|Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1960 for his work, ''[[Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum]]'', in 1960,<ref name="Awards & Fellowships-Akademi Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10311.htm |title=Awards & Fellowships-Akademi Awards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828042835/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10311.htm#malayalam |archive-date=2009-08-28 |url-status=dead |access-date=2009-10-17}}</ref> the same year as he received the M. P. Paul Award for ''Gopalan Nayarude Thady''.<ref name="Profile on Veethi" /> In 1971, he received the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story]] for the [[Ummachu (film)|film adaptation of Ummachu]].<ref name="State Film Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-03-03 |title=State Film Awards |date=2019-02-02 |website=Dept. of Information & Public Relations, Government of Kerala |access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> Two years later, ''[[Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum]]'' won him another honour, the Ashan Centenary Award.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> The Government of Kerala set up a museum, ''Uroob Memorial Literary Museum'', in his honour at the premises of Kiliyanad School in [[Kozhikode]].<ref name="Writers visit Uroob museum">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/07/stories/2008060751230300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610115447/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/07/stories/2008060751230300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-06-10 |title=Writers visit Uroob museum |date=2008-06-07 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2008-11-15}}</ref><ref name="Facelift likely for Uroob museum">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/13/stories/2008061354950300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624134818/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/13/stories/2008061354950300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-06-24 |title=Facelift likely for Uroob museum |date=2008-06-13 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2008-11-15}}</ref>

==Major works==
=== Novels ===
{{Div col|colwidth=50em}}
* {{Cite book |title=Aamina |last=Uroob |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham |year=1948 |isbn=978-8130016979}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kunjammayum Koottukarum |last=Uroob |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham |year=1952 |isbn=978-8130001579}}
* {{cite book|author=Uroob|title=[[Ummachu]]|year=1954|publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham|isbn=978-81-7130-230-7}}
* {{Cite book |title=Mindappennu |last=Uroob |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham |year=1956 |isbn=978-8171800865}}
* {{cite book|author=Uroob|title=[[Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum]]|year=1958|publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham|isbn=978-81-264-0727-9}}
* {{Cite book |title=Chuzhiku Pimbe Chuzhi |last=Uroob |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |year=1967 |asin=B007E4VI7E}}
* {{cite book|author=Uroob|title=Aniyara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_W5GwAACAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-8130008646}}
* {{cite book|author=Uroob|title=Ammini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KrcOAAAAMAAJ|year=1972|publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-8171804672}}
{{div col end}}

=== Short stories ===
{{Div col|colwidth=50em}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=227451&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Neerchalukal |last=Uroob |date=1945 |publisher=Poorna |location=Kozhikode |access-date=2 February 2019 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423100108/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=227451&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=76454&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Navonmesham |last=Uroob |publisher=Poorna |year=1946 |location=Kozhikode}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=85895&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Thurannitta Jalakam |last=Uroob |date=1949 |publisher=Poorna |isbn=9798171805722 |edition=2nd. |location=Calicut |access-date=2 February 2019 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423141240/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=85895&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=84722&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Neelamala |last=Uroob |date=1950 |publisher=Poorna Publications |isbn=9788171806355 |location=Kozhikode |access-date=2 February 2019 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423161113/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=84722&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=74938&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Koompedukkunna Mannu |last=Uroob |publisher=S.P.C.S |year=1951 |location=Kottayam |access-date=2 February 2019 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423100101/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=74938&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=71297&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Ullavarum%2520Illathavarum |title=Ullavarum Illathavarum |last=Uroob |publisher=Current Books |year=1952 |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=77226&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Neelavelicham |last=Uroob |date=1952 |publisher=Poorna |location=Calicut |access-date=2 February 2019 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423161119/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=77226&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |title=Moulaviyum Changathimarum |last=Uroob |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham |year=1954 |isbn=978-8171809264}}
* {{Cite book |title=Thamarathoppi |last=Uroob |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham |year=1955 |isbn=978-8130001555}}
* {{Cite book |title=Velutta Kutti |last=Uroob |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham |year=1958 |isbn=978-8171806300}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=214842&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Thenmullukal |last=Uroob |date=1962 |publisher=Mangalodayam |location=Mangalodayam}}
* {{Cite book |title=Gopalan Nayarude Thadi |last=Uroob |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham |year=1963 |isbn=978-8171806270}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=85879&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Mukhammoodikal |last=Uroob |date=1966 |publisher=Poorna |isbn=9788171801169 |edition= 2nd |location=Kozhikode}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=73148&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=3334nte charithram |last=Uroob |date=1968 |publisher=Poorna Publications}}
* {{Cite book |title=Rachiyamma |last=Uroob |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham |year=1969 |isbn=978-8171804610}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=202786&query_desc=kw%2Cwrdl%3A%20uroob |title=Vasanthayude Amma |last=Uroob |publisher=Amina Book Stall |year=1972 |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://kslc.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=10015&query_desc= |title=Nilavinte Rahasyam |last=Uroob |year=1974 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=217261&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Manjin Marayile Sooryan |last=Uroob |date=1976 |publisher=National Book Stall |location=National Book Stall, Kottayam |access-date=2 February 2019 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423141122/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=217261&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |title=Reserve Cheyyatha Berth |last=Uroob |publisher=Poorna Publications |year=1980 |isbn=978-8130001548}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.amazon.in/Neelakkuyil-Uroob/dp/B007E4WJGI/ref=sr_1_22?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1549096838&sr=1-22&refinements=p_27%3AUroob |title=Neelakkuyil |last=Uroob |publisher=Current Books |year=2004 |asin=B007E4WJGI}}
* {{cite book|author=Uroob|title=Uroobinte Krithikal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4hZPgAACAAJ|date=2006|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-1210-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Uroob|title=Uroobinte Kuttikkathakal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eU-jYe8eg60C|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-0131-4|edition=4th}}
* {{Cite book |title=Malayalathinte Suvarnakathakal |last=Uroob |publisher=Green Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-8184232158}}
* {{Cite book |title=Uroobinte Theranjedutha Kathakal |last=Uroob |publisher=Poorna Publications |year=2011 |isbn=978-8130009100 |volume=1}}
* {{Cite book |title=Uroobinte Theranjedutha Kathakal |last=Uroob |publisher=Poorna Publications |year=2011 |isbn=978-8130009100 |volume=2}}
* {{Cite book |title=Uroob Sthreekathakal |last=Uroob |publisher=H and C Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-9382776307}}
* {{Cite book |title=Aval |last=Uroob |publisher=H and C Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-9382776314}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=234022&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Navarasakadhakal |last=Uroob |date=2013 |publisher=Kairali Books |isbn=9789381649824 |location=Kannur}}
*''Kathir-Katta''
*''Lathiyum Pookalum''
{{div col end}}

=== Plays (theatre) ===
* {{Cite book |title=Mannum Pennum |last=Uroob |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham |year=1954 |isbn=978-8171800407}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=205659&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Miss Chinnuvum Lady Januvum |last=Uroob |date=1961 |publisher=Current Books |location=Current Books}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=212963&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Theekondu Kalikkaruthu |last=Uroob |date=1970 |publisher=N.B.S |location=Kottayam |access-date=2 February 2019 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423212937/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=212963&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |url-status=dead }}

=== Essay compilations ===
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=65176&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Kavi Sammelanam |last=Uroob |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |year=1969}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=207821&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Uroobinde Shaniyazhchakal |last=Uroob |date=1980 |publisher=D.C. Books, Kottayam |location=D.C. Books, Kottayam}}
*''Uroobinde Lekhanangal''

=== Children's stories ===
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=306338&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Appuvinte Lokam |last=Uroob |date=1979 |publisher=National Book Stall |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/mallanum-maranavum-/9653/ |title=Mallanum Maranavum |last=Uroob |publisher=Poorna Publications |year=1966 |isbn=9788171805181}}
* {{Cite book |title=Ankaveeran |last=Uroob |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1967 |isbn=978-8171809325}}

=== Translations in other languages ===
* "One Death turned back", translated form the Malayalam by Narayana Menon, publ. in ''The Illustrated Weekly of India'', Bombay, September 29, 1963, pp. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.101059/page/n47/mode/2up 44]-46
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/title/beloved/author/oroob-uroob/ |title=The Beloved |last=Uroob |publisher=Hind Pocket Books |year=1974 |isbn=9780882536965 |translator-last=Raghava R. Menon |quote=(English translation of Ummachu)}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=41902&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=The Beautiful and the Handsome |last=Uroob |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Academy |year=1982 |location=Thrissur |translator-last=Susheela Mishra |asin=B0006EEXJO}}

=== Poems ===
* {{Cite book |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=18584&query_desc=au%253A%2522Uroob(%2520P.%2520C.%2520Kuttikrishnan)%2522 |title=Pirannal |last=Uroob |date=1947 |edition= 0 |language=ml}}
* ''Nizhalattam''
* ''Maamoolinte Mattoli''

=== Screenplays ===
{{Div col|colwidth=50em}}
*''[[Neelakuyil]]''
*''[[Rarichan Enna Pouran]]''
*''[[Nairu Pidicha Pulivalu]]''
*''[[Kurukshetram (1977 film)|Kurukshetram]]''
*''[[Ummachu (film)|Ummachu]]''
*''Thrisandhya''
*''[[Aniyara]]''
{{div col end}}

=== Short film ===
*''Rachiyamma''

== Works on Uroob ==
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=94541&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Al Urooba li shir al muhajir |last=Abdul Rahim Mahmood Zalat |date=1972 |publisher=Darul Fikkrul Arabi |location=Cairo |language=ar}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=226199&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Uroobinte Novelukal |last=Sivaraman |first=Koomulli |date=1975}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=65005&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Uroob: Vyakthiyum Saahithyakaaranum (Uroob: The Man and the Writer) |last=George Irumpayam |date=1983 |publisher=DC books |location=Kottayam |access-date=2 February 2019 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423141328/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=65005&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=221307&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Anaswaranaya Uroob |last=Tharakan |first=K. M. |date=1986 |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co.op. Society Ltd., Kottayam |location=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co.op. Society Ltd., Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=110742&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Uroobinte lokam: Sthree vaada sameepanam (The World of Uroob) |last=Padmini |first=P. |date=2003 |publisher=University of Calicut}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=110743&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Tamil poetics: Theory and its application- A study based on the major works of Uroob and M T Vasudevan Nair |last=Sreedharan |first=P. M. |date=2005 |publisher=University of Calicut}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=117437&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Uroobinte sthreethwa darsanam |last=Jyothilakshmi |first=P. S. |date=2008 |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |isbn=9788176901574 |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=233987&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Uroob padanangal |date=2014 |publisher=Current Books |isbn=9788124019863 |editor-last=[[Panmana Ramachandran Nair]] |editor-first= |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=115669&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Uroobinte Chiri |last=Nithya P Viswam |date=2016 |publisher=Vallathol vidyapeedam |isbn=9789383570577 |series=Vallathol vidyapeedam Prabandhaavali |location=Edappal}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=77619&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Mahacharithamala 20: O.Chanthu Menon, C.V Raman Pillai, Uroob |last=Thomas |first=M. V. |date=1981 |publisher=Kairali Childrens Book Trust |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=110731&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Sthreesattha purusharajanakalil Uroob, M .T., Vasudevan Nair, M. Mukundan and O.V. Vijayan evarude rajanakale munnirthi oru paddanam |last=Jissa Jose |date=2000 |publisher=University of Calicut}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=117455&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520uroob |title=Naveena sahitya padanangal: KT Muhammed, Uroob, T Pathmanabhan and Sughathakumari |last=Unithiri |first=N. V. P. |date=2012 |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |isbn=9788176902366 |location=Thrissur}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/PCKuttikrishnan/Html/PCKuttikrishnanpage.htm |title=Portrait on Kerala Sahitya Aademi portal |date=2019-02-01 |website=Kerala Sahitya Aademi |access-date=2019-02-01}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?idx=kw&q=uroob |title=Uroob - listing in Calicut University Libraries catalog |date=2019-02-02 |publisher=Calicut University Libraries catalog |language=en |access-date=2019-02-02}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Malayalam}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Malayalam]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Kerala]]

Atluri Sriman Narayana

2026-01-14T05:01:59Z

ShannonAguayo: added info

{{Short description|Indian dental surgeon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = A.S. Narayana
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Andhra Pradesh, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Dental surgeon
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[B. C. Roy Award]] Visishta Puraskara Dr. Paidi Lakshmaiah Puraskar TANA Excellency Award FAMDENT Lifetime Achievement Award
}}
'''A.S. Narayana''' is an Indian dental surgeon,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Amarnath K. |date=2002-03-04 |title=Hyderabad-based dentist makes it his duty to save the teeth of rural schoolchildren |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/20020304-hyderabad-based-dentist-makes-it-his-duty-to-save-the-teeth-of-rural-schoolchildren-796550-2002-03-03 |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> a former Professor of Dental Surgery in Government Dental College, Hyderabad and a former State Coordinator of the ''Andhra Pradesh School Health Services''<ref name="My Doc Advisor">{{cite web|url=http://www.mydocadvisor.com/DoctorDetail.aspx?Id=846&HospitalId=844&CId=254 |title=My Doc Advisor |publisher=My Doc Advisor |date=2014 |access-date=12 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112201655/http://www.mydocadvisor.com/DoctorDetail.aspx?Id=846&HospitalId=844&CId=254 |archive-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> known for the free dental camps he has conducted across the villages in Andhra Pradesh since 1974.<ref name="Devnet">{{cite web | url=http://devnetjobs.tripod.com/hellolife/molar.html | title=Devnet | publisher=Devnet | date=2014 | access-date=12 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="India Today">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/20020304-hyderabad-based-dentist-makes-it-his-duty-to-save-the-teeth-of-rural-schoolchildren-796550-2002-03-03 | title=India Today | publisher=India Today | date=4 March 2002 | access-date=12 January 2015}}</ref> He founded the Sai Oral Health Foundation,<ref name="SOHF">{{cite web|url=http://www.saioralhealthfoundation.com/saioralhealth/Home.html |title=SOHF |publisher=SOHF |date=2014 |access-date=12 January 2015 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> under the aegis of which he makes weekly trips to the rural areas of the state, conducts medical camps and delivers lectures at schools educating the rural masses about oral hygiene.<ref name=":0" /> His efforts are reported to have reached 1.5 million children in 20,000 schools.<ref name="Devnet" /><ref name="India Today" />

Narayana received the [[B. C. Roy Award]], the highest medical award of the Government of India in 1989.<ref name="Awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.saioralhealthfoundation.com/saioralhealth/awards.html |title=Awards |publisher=SOHF |date=2014 |access-date=12 January 2015 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He is also a recipient of the ''Visishta Puraskara'' from the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] (1999), Dr. Paidi Lakshmaiah Puraskar from Dr. Paidi Laxmaiah Trust, TANA Excellency Award (2009) and the FAMDENT Lifetime Achievement Award (2010).<ref name="My Doc Advisor" /><ref name="Awards" /> He was honored again by the [[Government of India]], in 2002, with the fourth highest [[Indian honours system|Indian civilian award]] of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Padma Awards |date=2014 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Shri Award Winners 2025 {{!}} List of Padma Shree Award Recipients Name, Year & Field - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/padma-shri-award-winners-list/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Narayana is married to Srirama Lakshmi in Hyderabad, India. His oldest son, Sairam Atluri, is the CEO of Stemcures, and is a pain physician practicing in Cincinnati, OH. His younger son, Mohan Atluri, is a maxillofacial surgeon practicing in Hyderabad. He has three grandchildren, Trisha Atluri, Teja Atluri, and Neel Sai Atluri.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayana, Atluri Sriman}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Indian dentists]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:Social workers from Andhra Pradesh]]

Fatehpur Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-20T22:43:55Z

ShannonAguayo: Adding new article - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{distinguish|Fatehpur Sikri Lok Sabha constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Fatehpur {{Small|UP-71}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Fatehpur.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Fatehpur Lok Sabha constituency
| state =[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| established =1957
| assembly_cons = [[Jahanabad, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Jahanabad]] [[Bindki Assembly constituency|Bindki]] [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Fatehpur]] [[Ayah Shah Assembly constituency|Ayah Shah]] [[Husainganj Assembly constituency|Husainganj]] [[Khaga Assembly constituency|Khaga]]
| latest_election_year =[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation =None
| mp = [[Naresh Uttam Patel]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
}}
'''[[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]]''' Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]]. This constituency covers the entire [[Fatehpur district]].<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=483, 503}}</ref>

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
* Most Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh have five assembly segments under them, but Fatehpur Lok Sabha seat comprises six Vidhan Sabha segments.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|238
|[[Jahanabad, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Jahanabad]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
|[[Rajendra Singh Patel]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|239
|[[Bindki Assembly constituency|Bindki]]
|[[Jai Kumar Singh Jaiki]]
|{{party name with color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}
|-
|240
|[[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Fatehpur]]
|[[Chandra Prakash Lodhi]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|241
|[[Ayah Shah Assembly constituency|Ayah Shah]]
|[[Vikas Gupta (politician)|Vikas Gupta]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|242
|[[Husainganj Assembly constituency|Husainganj]]
|[[Usha Maurya]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|243
|[[Khaga Assembly constituency|Khaga]] (SC)
|[[Krishna Paswan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Ansar Harvani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Gauri Shankar
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sant Bux Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Bashir Ahmed (Member of Parliament)|Bashir Ahmad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1978^
|[[Liaquat Husain]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Hari Krishna Shastri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Vishambhar Prasad Nishad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ashok Kumar Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Mahendra Prasad Nishad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Rakesh Sachan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Niranjan Jyoti]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Naresh Uttam Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}

==Election results==

=== General election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]]<ref name="Fatehpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Fatehpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/fatehpur |access-date=31 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531164815/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/fatehpur |archive-date=31 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Fatehpur">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Fatehpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2449.htm |access-date=31 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531164929/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2449.htm |archive-date=31 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Naresh Uttam Patel]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes= 5,00,328|percentage=45.20|change={{increase}}45.20}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Niranjan Jyoti]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=4,67,129|percentage=42.20|change={{decrease}}12.04}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Manish Sachan|votes=90,970 |percentage=8.22|change={{decrease}}27.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=8,120 |percentage=0.73|change={{decrease}}0.68}}
{{Election box majority||votes=33,199|percentage=3.00|change={{decrease}}16.0}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,06,944|percentage=57.10|change={{up}}0.31}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Niranjan Jyoti]]|votes=5,66,040|percentage=54.24|change=+8.27}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sukhdev Prasad Verma|votes=3,67,835|percentage=35.24|change=+6.98}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Rakesh Sachan]]|votes=66,077|percentage=6.33|change=+1.92}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=14,692|percentage=1.41|change=+0.31}}{{Election box majority|votes=1,98,205|percentage=19.00|change=+1.29}}{{Election box turnout||votes=10,44,489|percentage=56.79|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|swing=+8.27}}{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Niranjan Jyoti]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/fatehpur-lok-sabha|title = Fatehpur Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency}}</ref>
|votes = 4,85,994
|percentage = 45.97
|change = +29.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Afzal Siddiqui
|votes = 2,98,788
|percentage = 28.26
|change = +4.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Rakesh Sachan]]
|votes = 1,79,724
|percentage = 17.00
|change = −14.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Usha Maurya
|votes = 46,588
|percentage = 4.41
|change = −10.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Ramkrishna Tripathi
|votes = 7,578
|percentage = 0.72
|change = +0.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 11,607
|percentage = 1.10
|change = +1.10
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,87,206
|percentage = 17.71
|change = +10.19
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10.57.192
|percentage = 58.58
|change = +13.39
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing = +14.44
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rakesh Sachan]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=218,953|percentage=31.53|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mahendra Prasad Nishad]]|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=166,725|percentage=24.01|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Radhey Shyam Gupta]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=115,712|percentage=16.66|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vibhakar Shastri|party=Indian National Congress|votes=101,853|percentage=14.67|change=}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Narsingh Patel
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 23,488
|percentage = 3.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jageshwar Pal|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=10,693|percentage=1.54|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=52,228|percentage=7.52|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=694,383|percentage=45.19|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1967 Lok Sabha elections===
* S.B. Singh (INC) : 101,649 votes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1967-election-results.html|title = 1967 India General (4th Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>
* Brij Lal Verma (IND) : 76,092

==See also==
* [[Fatehpur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/fatehpur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Fatehpur lok sabha constituency election 2019 result]
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Constituency represented by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]]|years=1989-1990}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency|Ballia]]}}
{{end}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Allahabad division topics}}
{{Coord|25.92|80.81|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fatehpur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fatehpur district]]

Chatroo

2025-12-03T07:19:51Z

ShannonAguayo: Adding a data - done

{{short description|Village and subdivision in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chatroo
| native_name = چھاترون
| native_name_lang = ur
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village and Subdivision
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.334024|N|75.716435|E|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = Union Territory
| subdivision_name1 = Jammu and Kashmir
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = Jammu
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chenab Valley]]
| subdivision_type4 = District
| subdivision_name4 = [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| population_total = 44,087
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
}}

'''Chatroo''' ({{langx|ur|چھاترون}}) is a small village and an administrative subdivision located in the [[Kishtwar district]] of the Indian [[Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

== Geography ==
Chatroo is situated in a mountainous region of the [[Kishtwar district]], surrounded by dense forests, rivers, and valleys. Its geographic location places it in a remote area, with challenging terrain that affects accessibility, particularly during the winter months when heavy snowfall can cut off-road connections.<ref name="d088">{{cite news | title=Kishtwar: Land of Saffron, Sapphire, and Shrines | website=[[Daily Excelsior]] | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/kishtwar-land-of-saffron-sapphire-and-shrines/ | access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref>

== Administration ==
Chatroo serves as a subdivision within the Kishtwar district, meaning it has its own local administrative offices responsible for governance and service delivery. As part of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir]], it is under the jurisdiction of the Kishtwar district administration.<ref name="y646">{{cite web | title=Subdivision & Blocks | website=District Kishtwar, Government of Jammu & Kashmir | date=20 October 2018 | url=https://kishtwar.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ | access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The population of Chatroo primarily consists of ethnic groups native to Jammu and Kashmir, including mostly [[Gujjars]] and [[Bakarwals]], who are known for their semi-nomadic, pastoral lifestyles. Local languages include [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], and [[Kishtwari]].<ref name="j252">{{cite web | title=Kishtwari Language and Dialects | website=mykishtwar.com | date=9 May 2012 | url=https://mykishtwar.com/kishtwari-language-dialects/ | access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
Chatroo has recently gained attention as an offbeat tourist destination, attracting nature lovers, trekkers, and adventure enthusiasts with its untouched landscapes. Some nearby points of interest include:<ref name="h084">{{cite web | title=Directorate of Tourism Jammu, J&K | website=Directorate of Tourism Jammu, J&K | url=https://jammutourism.gov.in/exploreJammu-Kishtwar.html | access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref>
* '''[[Kishtwar National Park]]''', home to wildlife species such as the [[snow leopard]], [[ibex]], and [[Himalayan brown bear]].
* Local shrines and temples, offering insights into the cultural and religious practices of the region.

== See also ==
* [[Kishtwar district]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]
* [[Kishtwar National Park]]
* [[Gujjars]]
* [[Bakarwal]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://kishtwar.nic.in/ Kishtwar district website]

[[Category:Kishtwar district]]
[[Category:Villages in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

Ashok Kumar Pandey

2025-12-02T19:26:32Z

ShannonAguayo: creating new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Ashok Kumar Pandey''' is an Indian politician, and a member of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD) party. He is a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://biharvidhanparishad.gov.in//D.S.26.08.2022.pdf |title=Bihar Legislative Council - Party list |date=2022-08-26 |author= |access-date= 13 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/rohtas-ashok-pandey-became-rjd-chr39-s-mlc-candidate-after-three-decades-of-loyalty-22762141.html|title=तीन दशक की निष्ठा का मिला फल, अशोक पांडेय बने राजद के एमएलसी प्रत्याशी|trans-title=Ashok Pandey has been elected as RJD's MLC candidate|language=Hindi|date=31 May 2022|work=Jagran}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[List of members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Ashok Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}

Munshi Balaram Das

2025-11-16T17:17:35Z

ShannonAguayo:

{{Short description|First zamindar of Kadirpara}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| pre-nominals = ''First [[Babu (title)|Babu]] [[zamindar]] of [[Kadirpara Union|Kadirpara]]'' ''[[Munshi]]''
| name = Balaram Das
| native_name = মুন্সি বলরাম দাস
| post-nominals =
| image = File:Munshi Balaram Das.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Portrait attributed to Munshi Balaram Das
| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 17th century
| birth_place = [[Khulna Division|Jahanabad]], [[Bengal Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] (now [[Khulna]], [[Bangladesh]])
| baptised =
| disappeared_date = 
| disappeared_place =
| disappeared_status =
| death_date =
| death_place = ''[[Kadirpara Estate]]'', [[Bengal]] (now [[Magura District]], [[Bangladesh]])
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| burial_place =
| monuments =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| era =
| employer =
| agent =
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| notable_works =
| style =
| height = 
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor = Babu Radhakrishna Munshi
| party =
| movement =
| opponents =
| boards =
| criminal_charge = 
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children = Childless
| mother =
| father = [[Majumdar Rajiv Lochan Das]]
| relatives =
| family =
| callsign =
| awards =
| website = 
| module =
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}}
'''[[Munshi]] Balaram Das''' ({{langx|bn|মুন্সি বলরাম দাস}}, c. 17th century) was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[aristocrat]] and [[zamindar]] who founded the [[Kadirpara Estate]]. He served as the [[Munshi]] of [[Raja Sitaram Ray]], the 17th century independent [[Hindu]] zamindar who revolted against [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|title=Jashor Khulnar Itihash|last=Satish Chandra Mitra|date=2001 |publisher=Dey's Publishing|isbn=81-7612-766-3|page=637}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite book|title=Raja Sitaram Ray|last=Jadunath Bhattacharya|date=1910 |publisher=Nagendranath Seal|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.317009/page/n83/mode/2up|page=69}}</ref>
{{History of Bengal}}
{{Zamindars of Bengal}}
==Background==
Satish Chandra Mitra, in his book ''History of Jessore-Khulna'' (Bengali: ''Jashor Khulnar Itihash''), has mentioned that Munshi Balaram Das belonged to the 17th century aristocratic Das family, which settled in [[Shailkupa Upazila|Shailkupa]], along with [[Nandy (surname)|Nandy]] and Chaki families, upon a conflict of Tilak Karkat and Jatadhar Nag with [[Ballal Sena]] of [[Sena Dynasty]], establishing their own state.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|title=Jashor Khulnar Itihash|last=Satish Chandra Mitra|date=2001 |publisher=Dey's Publishing|isbn=81-7612-766-3|page=637}}</ref> Some accounts also mentioned that Munshi Balaram himself established the Shailkupa state.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jashor Jelar Itihash|date=1989 |publisher=National Institute of Local Government (Bangladesh)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lQsAAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE+%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8|page=203}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Jhinaidaher Itihash|date=1991 |publisher=Jela Prakashak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UegbAAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE+%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8|page=52}}</ref> The Dases belonged to [[Bengali Kayastha|Barendra Kayastha]] clan. Several accounts stated [[Mahatma]] Narasimha Das, a contemporary [[Nobility|noble man]] during [[Ballal Sena]]'s reign, to be the progenitor of the Dases, who belonged to the [[Bengali Kayastha|Barendra Kayastha]] clan. After ceaseless wars, his descendants finally settled at Shailkupa, having a fortune to devote themselves in the service of Shri Shri Ram Gopal (deities once served by an ascetic) building a [[shrine]] dedicated to them.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|title=Jashor Khulnar Itihash|last=Satish Chandra Mitra|date=2001 |publisher=Dey's Publishing|isbn=81-7612-766-3|page=637}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite book|title=Raja Sitaram Ray|last=Jadunath Bhattacharya|date=1910 |publisher=Nagendranath Seal|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.317009/page/n83/mode/2up|page=69}}</ref>

==Family==
The first individual from Das family to settle in Kadirpara was Majumdar Rajivlochan Das, who used to carry the hereditary [[Majumdar]] title conferred to the Dases by the Nawab administration. Rajivlochan had three sons named Hariram, [[Ramram Das|Ramram]] and Balaram, respectively. All the three siblings used to possess high intellect and mighty personality, which grabbed attention of [[Raja Sitaram Ray]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|title=Jashor Khulnar Itihash|last=Satish Chandra Mitra|date=2001 |publisher=Dey's Publishing|isbn=81-7612-766-3|page=637}}</ref> The ancestors of Balaram were conferred with the titles like [[Rai (title)|Rai]], [[Rai (title)|Rai-Raiyan]], and [[Sarkar (surname)|Sarkar]] apart from [[Majumdar]] for their roles in society.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book|title=Raja Sitaram Ray|last=Jadunath Bhattacharya|date=1910 |publisher=Nagendranath Seal|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.317009/page/n83/mode/2up|page=69}}</ref> The Dases, upon ceaseless joint attacks by [[Arakanese people|Arakanese]] and [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] [[pirates]], moved from Shailkupa to [[Dariapur Union, Sreepur|Dariapur]], followed by [[Kadirpara Union|Kadirpara]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|title=Jashor Khulnar Itihash|last=Satish Chandra Mitra|date=2001 |publisher=Dey's Publishing|isbn=81-7612-766-3|page=637}}</ref>

==Rise to power==
According to Satish Chandra Mitra, Balaram along with his sibling Ramram once fought off fearsome robbers with immense courage. [[Raja Sitaram Ray]], impressed with their courage, granted the siblings a whole village called ''Bilpakuria'' in exchange of no tax.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite book|title=Jashor Khulnar Itihash|last=Satish Chandra Mitra|date=2001 |publisher=Dey's Publishing|isbn=81-7612-766-3|page=638}}</ref> The Raja appointed Balaram as [[Munshi]] in his court, and since then his descendants carry the hereditary title across generations.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jashor Khulnar Itihash|last=Satish Chandra Mitra|date=2001 |publisher=Dey's Publishing|isbn=81-7612-766-3|page=639}}</ref> As a result of his rise to power, Munshi Balaram accumulated vast wealth in Kadirpara, which ultimately led to the establishment of the Kadirpara Estate.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite book|title=Jashor Khulnar Itihash|last=Satish Chandra Mitra|date=2001 |publisher=Dey's Publishing|isbn=81-7612-766-3|page=638}}</ref>

==Kadirpara Estate==
{{Main|Kadirpara Estate}}
[[Kadirpara Estate]] was founded by Munshi Balaram at [[Kadirpara Union|Kadirpara]] during 17th century. Balaram Das, being childless, was succeeded by his sibling Ramram's son Radhakrishna.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite book|title=Jashor Khulnar Itihash|last=Satish Chandra Mitra|date=2001 |publisher=Dey's Publishing|isbn=81-7612-766-3|page=638}}</ref> The remains of the zamindari palace, commonly referred to as Kadirpara Babu Zamindar Bari, still stand today. It is a notable site of interest in the [[Magura District]] of present-day [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kadirpara Babu Zamindar Bari (in Bengali)|publisher=বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় তথ্য বাতায়ন|url=https://kadirparaup.magura.gov.bd/bn/site/tourist_spot/tckH-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF}}</ref>
[[File:Kadirpara Babu Zamindar Bari.jpg|thumb|An old photograph of Kadirpara Babu Zamindar Bari]]

==Family tree==
{{Tree list}}
*Majumdar Rajivlochan Das
**Hariram Das
***Premnarayan Munshi
****Krishnakanta Munshi
*****Sambhunath Munshi
******Harinath Munshi
**[[Ramram Das]]
***Radhakrishna Munshi
****Raghunath Munshi
*****Gabindanath Munshi
******Gatinath Munshi
*******Tejendra Munshi
*******Hemendra Munshi
******Chandranath Munshi
*******Jatindranath Munshi
*******Gopendranath Munshi
*****Krishnanath Munshi
******Dwarakanath Munshi
*******Trailakyanath Munshi
******Jadunath Munshi
**Munshi Balaram Das (childless, succeeded by Ramram's son Radhakrishna)<ref name="auto3">{{Cite book|title=Jashor Khulnar Itihash|last=Satish Chandra Mitra|date=2001 |publisher=Dey's Publishing|isbn=81-7612-766-3|page=638}}</ref>
{{Tree list/end}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Salim, Ghulam Husain (1898). ''Riad al-Salatin''. Translated by Salam, Abdus. Bibliotbeca Indica. p. 264.
* Stewart, Charles (1813). ''History of Bengal from the First Mohammedan Invasion until the Virtual Conquest of Bengal by the English in 1734''. London.
* Westland, J. (1874). ''A Report on the district of Jessore, its antiquities, its history, its commerce (2nd ed.)''. Bengal Secretariat Press. pp. 25–38.
* {{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Dinesh Chandra|title=Brihatbanga|isbn=81-7079-186-3|year=1999|publisher=Dey's Publishing}}

[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:17th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Lulu Mall, Kozhikode

2025-10-27T05:04:50Z

ShannonAguayo: new some pg more to come!

{{Short description|Shopping mall in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = LuLu Mall Kozhikode
| image =
| caption =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| location =
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| coordinates =
| address =
| opening_date = 08 September 2024
| developer =
| owner = [[LuLu Group International]]
| architect =
| number_of_stores =
| number_of_anchors =
| floor_area =
| floors =
| parking =
| publictransit =
| website =
}}
'''Lulu Mall, Kozhikode''' is a shopping mall located in [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=prajeesh.ram |title=ഓഫറുകളുടെ പെരുമഴ, 3.5 ലക്ഷം ച.അടി, 800 കോടി ചെലവ്; കോഴിക്കോട് ലുലുമാൾ ഇന്ന് പൊതുജനങ്ങൾക്കായി തുറക്കുന്നു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/kozhikode-lulu-mall-open-today-for-public-sjiil9 |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref> It is the fourth Lulu mall in the state of Kerala spanning at 3.5 lakh sq.ft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കോഴിക്കോട് ലുലുമാൾ സെപ്റ്റംബറിൽ തുറക്കും; മലബാറുകാർക്ക് ലുലുവിന്റെ ഓണ സമ്മാനം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/sampadyam/business-news/2024/08/08/lulu-open-kozhikode-september-lulumall.html |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Manorama |language=ml}}</ref>

The mall was inaugurated in September 2024 and houses shops for both domestic and international brands as well as a multi-cuisine food court among other amenities. The property is owned and managed by Abu Dhabi-based [[LuLu Group International]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hindu |first=The |date=2024-09-08 |title=LuLu Mall opened in Kozhikode |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/lulu-mall-opened-in-kozhikode/article68618829.ece |access-date=2024-09-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.lulugroupinternational.com/ LuLu Group]

{{Shopping malls in Kerala |state=expanded}}
{{Shopping malls in India}}

[[Category:2024 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2024]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Lulu Malls]]
[[Category:LuLu Group]]

Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)

2025-10-04T01:52:13Z

ShannonAguayo: Adding stub - done

{{Short description|King of Kannauj from 1114 to 1155}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Govindachandra
| title = Ashva-pati Nara-pati Gaja-pati Rajatrayadhipati Shrimad-Govindachandra
| succession = King of Kannauj
| reign = c. 1114–1155 CE
| predecessor = [[Madanapala (Gahadavala dynasty)|Madanapala]]
| successor = [[Vijayachandra]]
| spouse = Nayanakeli-devi, Gosalla-devi, Kumara-devi, and Vasanta-devi
| issue = Asphotachandra, Rajyapala and [[Vijayachandra]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| house = [[Gahadavala]]
| father = Madanapala
| mother = Ralhadevi
| image = Govindchandra.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = A [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]]-style 'seated goddess' coin of Govindachandra (r. c. 1114–1155 CE). 4{{fraction|1|2}} masha, gold. Obv: Four-armed Tathagat Buddha seated cross-legged on lotus on obverse side holding a lotus in the upper two hands.
Rev: Inscription in Nagari script :'Shrimad-Govindachandra'.
}}

'''Govindachandra''' ([[IAST]]: Govindacandra, {{reign}} {{circa}} 1114–1155 CE) was the King of [[Kannauj]] from 1114 to 1155 and was a member of the [[Gahadavala dynasty]].

Govindachandra was the most powerful ruler of his dynasty. As a prince, he achieved military successes against the [[Ghaznavid]]s and the [[Pala Empire|Palas]]. As a sovereign, he defeated the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]], and annexed some of their territories.

The "[[Vishnu-Hari inscription]]" recording the construction of a temple during Govindachandra's reign was found among the [[demolition of Babri mosque|Babri mosque debris]]. The authenticity of this inscription is controversial. According to some historians, it proves that Govindachandra's subordinate Anayachandra constructed a temple at the site believed to be [[Rama]]'s birthplace; this temple was later destroyed and replaced with the [[Babri mosque]] by Muslim conquerors. Other historians allege that the Hindu activists planted the so-called Vishnu-Hari inscription at the Babri mosque site, and that the Govindachandra mentioned in it is a different person.

== Early life ==

Govindachandra was born to the Gahadavala monarch [[Madanapala (Gahadavala dynasty)|Madanapala]]. The last extant inscription from Madanapala's reign is dated 1109 CE, and the first inscription from Govindachandra's reign is dated 1114 CE. Thus, Govindachandra must have ascended the throne sometime during 1109–1114 CE.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=65}}

His mother was probably Ralhadevi, who seems to have died sometime before 1141 CE. An 1141 CE grant of Govindachandra mentions that it was made on the occasion of the "day of the great queen Ralhadevi".{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=87}}

== As a prince ==

=== Repulsion of Ghaznavid invasion ===
[[File:Inscription of Kumaradevi the Queen of Gahadawala king Govindachandra, which refers the construction of Dharmachkra-Jin-Vihara at Sarnath, 12th century CE.jpg|thumb|Inscription of Kumaradevi, the Queen of Gahadawala king Govindachandra who belonged to the [[Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya]],<ref name=Balogh2021 /> which refers the construction of [[:Commons:Category:Dharmachakra-Jina-Vihara|Dharmachakra-Jina-Vihara]] at [[Sarnath]], and the invasions of the "wicked" [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]]s. 12th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Konow |first1=Sten |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol. 9 |date=1907 |pages=319–330 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794/page/n431/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ASI notice |url=https://www.asisarnathcircle.org/dharmchakra.php |website=www.asisarnathcircle.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Asher |first1=Frederick M. |title=Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began |date=11 February 2020 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-1-60606-638-6 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecbPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |language=en}}</ref>]]
[[File:India, Day 15 (3516337730).jpg|thumb|Remains of decorated pillars in the [[:Commons:Category:Dharmachakra-Jina-Vihara|Dharmachakra-Jina-Vihara]] established by Queen Kumaradevi.]]
''Diwan-i-Salman'', a chronicle by the contemporary Muslim historian Salman, states that the Muslim [[Ghaznavid]] ruler [[Mas'ud III of Ghazni|Mas'ud III]] invaded India. According to Salman, the Ghaznavid forces captured Malhi, the ruler of Kanauj ([[Kanyakubja]]). "Malhi" is generally identified with Govindachandra's father [[Madanapala (Gahadavala dynasty)|Madanapala]]. It appears that the Gahadavalas lost Kanyakubja somewhere between 1104 CE and 1105 CE, and Govindachandra led a war to recover it.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=57}}

The inscriptions issued by Govindachandra as a prince (''Maharajaputra'') indicate that he managed to restore the Gahadavala power in Kanyakubja and its surrounding area by 1109 CE. A peace treaty was probably concluded between the two parties, as indicated by the 1109 CE Rahin (or Rahan) inscription. According to this epigraph, prince Govindachandra fought repeatedly against "Hammira", and made him lay aside his enmity. Hammira is the [[Sanskrit]] form of the Arabic title "[[Emir|Amir]]", which was used by the Ghaznavids.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=57}} According to Salman, the Ghaznavids released Malhi only after the payment of a [[ransom]].{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=57}}

Subsequently, a Ghaznavid general appears to have launched an unsuccessful attack on the Gahadavala kingdom. ''Kṛtya-Kalpataru'', written by Govindachandra's courtier Lakshmidhara, states that Govindachandra killed the Hammira.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=60}} This incident may have happened during the reign of Madanapala, or early during the reign of Govindachandra.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=61}} The undated [[Sarnath]] inscription of Govindachandra's queen Kumaradevi praises him for protecting [[Varanasi]] from the "wicked" [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]]s (Turkic people, that is, the Ghaznavids).{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|pp=61–62}}

=== Conflict with Ramapala ===

Sometime before 1109 CE, the [[Pala Empire|Palas]] of eastern India invaded the Gahadavala kingdom, probably as a retaliation for [[Chandradeva]]'s earlier invasion of their kingdom. The 1109 CE Rahin inscription boasts that even as a prince, Govindachandra subdued the elephants of [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]] (the Pala kingdom). The ''Kṛtya-Kalpataru'' declares that the mere sport of Govindachandra threatened the elephants of Gauda.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=63}}

This war appears to have ended with a peace treaty concluded through a matrimonial alliance.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=63}} Govindachandra married Kumaradevi, the daughter of a Devaraksita of the [[Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya]].<ref name=Balogh2021>{{cite book |last1=Balogh |first1=Daniel |title=Pithipati Puzzles: Custodians of the Diamond Throne |date=2021 |publisher=British Museum Research Publications |pages=40–58 |isbn=9780861592289 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lk0NzgEACAAJ}}</ref>{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=87}}

== As a sovereign ==

Govindachandra was the most powerful king of his family. The Gahadavalas became the most prominent power of northern India as a result of his military conquests and diplomatic relations.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=65}}

The 1114 CE Pali inscription, which is the earliest extant inscription from Govindachandra's reign, states that he captured the "elephants of nine kingdoms" (''nava-rajya-gaja''). According to one theory, this term is a conventional literary device to announce the king's claim of being a leading monarch. Another interpretation is that it refers to Govindachandra's conquest of [[Kanyakubja]] from another ruler called Gadhipuradhipati Gopala.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=65}}

=== Successes against the Kalachuris ===

Govindachandra seems to have captured some territories from the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuris]], who were his southern neighbours. The Kalachuri king defeated by Govindachandra was probably [[Yashahkarna]] or his successor [[Gayakarna]].{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=75}}

The Kalachuri king Yashahkarna had granted the Karanda and Karandatalla villages to his royal perceptor (''rajguru'') Rudra-Shiva. An 1120 CE inscription of Govindachandra records the grant of these villages to [[Thakur (Indian title)|Thakkura]] Vashishtha. In this inscription, Govindachandra assumed the traditional Kalachuri titles ''Ashva-pati Nara-pati Gaja-pati Rajatrayadhipati''{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=74}} (literally, "leader of three forces: the [[cavalry]], the [[infantry]] and the [[war elephant|elephant corps]]").{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1966|p=35}} This imitation was presumably a way of celebrating his victory over the Kalachuris.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=74}} His descendants inherited these titles.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=102}}

Govindachandra's coins also corroborate the theory that he defeated the Kalachuris. These coins featured a seated goddess: this design had originally been introduced by the Kalachuri king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]]. Govindachandra must have adapted this style after his victory over the Kalachuris.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=75}}

The identity of the Karanda and Karandatalla villages is not certain, so it is difficult to determine which part of the Kalachuri kingdom was annexed by Govindachandra.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=75}} A 1237 CE inscription from the reign of a Gahadavala prince named Adakkamalla was found in the [[Nagod State]] (present-day [[Satna district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]). Adakkamalla ruled the area even after the end of the imperial Gahadavala branch; Govindachandra might have appointed his ancestor as a governor of the newly conquered Kalachuri territory.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=67}} If this assumption is true, the territory annexed by Govindachandra must have been located in the region between the [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]] and the [[Son River|Sone]] rivers.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=75}}

=== Conflict with Madanapala ===
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Govindachandra's marriage to the [[Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya|Pithipati]] princess Kumaradevi<ref name=Balogh2021 /> had secured the eastern frontier of the Gahadavala kingdom. However, there seems to have been some kind of conflict between the two kingdoms during the 1140s. The 1124 CE Maner inscription of Govindachandra was found in the present-day [[Patna district]]. However, the Pala king [[Madanapala (Pala dynasty)|Madanapala]] (not to be confused with Govindachandra's father) is known to have gained control of this area sometime during 1145–1147 CE. The 1146 Lar inscription of Govindachandra records the grants of villages located in present-day [[Gorakhpur district]]. However, it was issued at Mudgagiri (modern [[Munger]]), which is located to the east of Patna and Gorakhpur. Inscriptional evidence proves that Munger later came under the control of Madanapala.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|pp=72–73}}

This evidence cannot be interpreted with certainty, but it is possible that Govindachandra invaded the Pala kingdom sometime around 1146 CE, and advanced up to Munger, where he issued the 1146 CE inscription. Madanapala repulsed this invasion and chased the Gahadavala army up to Patna before returning to his own kingdom. Another possibility is that Madanapala invaded the Gahadavala kingdom and advanced up to Patna. Govindachandra repulsed this invasion, and advanced up to Munger in the enemy's pursuit, before turning back.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=73}}

An inscription of Madanapala's war-and-peace minister Bhimadeva was discovered at Rajghat in [[Varanasi]]. Based on this, [[D. C. Sircar]] theorized that the Palas may have occupied Varanasi (which was the seat of the Gahadavala power) at one time.{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1985|p=59}}

=== Other possible conflicts ===

==== Claim of Dasharna conquest ====

''Rambha-Manjari-Nataka'', a play by the 15th century writer Nayachandra, states that Jayachandra was born on the day his father Govindachandra conquered [[Dasharna]]. This territory was a part of the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] kingdom of [[Malwa]]. The contemporary Paramara kings [[Naravarman]] and [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]] were weak rulers, and the Gahadavalas may have taken advantage of this opportunity. The [[Chandela]]s, whose territory was located between the Gahadavala and Paramara kingdoms, were friendly with Govindachandra, and may have allowed him to pass through their kingdom.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|pp=75–76}}

However, Nayachandra's claim is not supported by any other literary or epigraphic evidence.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=68}} Therefore, the historical accuracy of this claim is doubtful.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=76}}

==== Second battle against the Ghaznavids ====

An inscription of Govindachandra's queen Kumaradevi states that he had been sent by Hara ([[Shiva]]) to protect the holy city of [[Varanasi]] from the [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]] (Turkic people, that is, the [[Ghaznavid]]s). This has led to speculation that Govindachandra fought against the Ghaznavids as a sovereign as well. However, there is no record of any Ghaznavid army advancing up to Varanasi. It is possible that [[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna|Bahram Shah]] or his son Khusrau Shah may have fought with a feudatory of Govindachandra at the kingdom's north-western border. The praise bestowed upon Govindachandra for protecting Varanasi may be a reference to his general vigilance against the potential Ghaznavid attacks.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|pp=77–79}}

== Diplomatic relations ==

Govindachandra's marriage to the [[Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya|Pithipati]] princess Kumaradevi had led to peaceful relations between the two kingdoms for several years.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=79}}

Govindachandra's relations with the [[Chandela]] king [[Madanavarman]] also appear to have been friendly. The [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] inscription from Madanavarman's reign states that the king of Kashi ([[Varanasi]]) remained friendly to him. This king of Kashi can be identified with Govindachandra.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=132–133}} Although the Gahadavala records do not mention any friendship between the two kings, it is quite plausible, given that the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]] were their common enemies.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=81}}

Jajjaladeva, a ruler of the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Tummana Kalachuri]] branch, also maintained friendly relations with Govindachandra. His 1114 CE [[Ratanpur]] inscription states that he had been honoured by the king of Kanyakubja.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|pp=79–80}}

An inscription detailing the Gahadavala genealogy from Yashovigraha to [[Chandradeva]] has been found at [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]] in the [[Chola]] territory. It ends abruptly, so the name of its issuer is not certain, but it appears to have been issued during the reign of either Madanavarman or Govindachandra.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=81}} Historian H. C. Ray speculated that the Gahadavalas and the Cholas may have developed friendly relations, because they both shared the Kalachuris as a common enemy. As a result, a Gahadavala prince may have visited Gangaikonda Cholapuram and issued the inscription. The 1119 CE Set-Mahet inscription states that Govindachandra made some grants at the request of a monk from the Chola kingdom. This further corroborates the theory of friendly relations between the two kingdoms.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=82}}

According to ''[[Rajatarangini]]'', the contemporary [[Kashmir]]i king Jayasimha made the rulers of Kanyakubja and other kingdoms "proud of his friendship". ''Shrikantha-Charita'' by Jayasimha's courtier Mankha states that Govindachandra sent one Suhala to attend an assembly of scholars held by the Kashmiri minister Alamkara. These evidences point to friendly diplomatic relations between the Gahadavalas and the rulers of Kashmir.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=84}}

== Extent of the kingdom ==


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A number of inscriptions from Govindachandra's reign are available. The [[find spot]]s of these inscriptions and the locations mentioned in them provide an idea of the territorial extent of his kingdom.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=66}}

In the north-east, his kingdom was probably bounded by the [[Burhi Gandak River]].{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=66}} The northern boundary of his kingdom is debatable. His grandfather [[Chandradeva]] ruled a place called Indrasthaniyaka; some scholars identify it as the modern [[Delhi]]. Based on this identification, historian Roma Niyogi theorizes that [[Tomara dynasty|Tomaras]] of Delhi may have served as Govindachandra's feudatories in the north-west.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=68}} However, P. C. Roy is critical of this theory, as no historical records establish the Gahadavala presence in Delhi. He points out that Rahin (or Rahan) village in [[Etawah district]] is the furthest point in the north-west where a Gahadavala inscription has been discovered. Therefore, he believes that Indrasthaniyaka is not same as Delhi.{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|p=99}}

The [[Rashtrakutas of Kannauj]] were Govindachandra's feudatories.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=85}} The [[Yamuna River]] probably formed the southern boundary of his father's kingdom, and Govindachandra appears to have annexed some [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] territories to the south of Yamuna.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=67}}

In the east, Govindachandra controlled a part of the present-day [[Bihar]]. His easternmost inscription has been found at Maner in [[Patna district]]. His 1146 CE Lar inscription mentions that it was issued from Mudgagiri (modern [[Munger]]), which is located further east. However, the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] inscriptions in this area indicate that he lost this territory by the end of his reign.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=66}} Nayachandra's play ''Rambha-Manjari-Nataka'' claims that he conquered [[Dasharna]] ([[Malwa]]) in the west, but this claim is not supported by any other evidence.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=68}}

== Family ==

Four queens of Govindachandra are known: Nayanakeli-devi, Gosalla-devi, Kumara-devi, and Vasanta-devi. The first two bore the title of the chief queen (''patta-mahadevi''), probably one after another. The 1119 Kamauli grant of Govindachandra records a gift by the chief queen Nayanakeli. The later 1151 CE [[Bangarmau]] grant records a gift by the chief queen Gosalla-devi.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=88}}

An undated [[Sarnath]] inscription of Kumaradevi indicates that she was a [[Buddhist]].{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=88}} Her father Devarakshita, a member of the Chikkora dynasty of [[Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya|Pithi]], was a [[Pala Empire|Pala]] vassal. Her mother Shankaradevi was a daughter of the [[Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] Mathana-deva of [[Anga]], who was also a Pala feudatory & the maternal uncle of the Pala ruler [[Ramapala]], according to the [[Ramacharitam]].{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=87}} Vasantadevi was also a [[Mahayana Buddhism|Mahayana Buddhist]], as attested by a text called ''Ashta-Sahasrika-Prajna-Paramita''.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=88}}

Three sons of Govindachandra are known: Asphota-chandra, Rajya-pala and Vijaya-chandra. Asphotachandra bore the title ''Yuvaraja'' ([[heir apparent]]), as attested by 1134 CE inscription. Rajyapala bore the title ''Maharajaputra'' (prince), as attested by the 1143 CE Gagaha inscription and the 1146 CE Varanasi inscription. But the actual successor of Govindachandra was Vijayachandra, whose first inscription is dated 1168 CE. It is not known why Vijayachandra ascended the throne when Asphotachandra was the ''yuvaraja''. It is possible that the other two princes died during Govindachandra's lifetime, or that Vijayachandra defeated them in a war of succession, but there is no concrete evidence for either of these hypotheses.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|pp=88–89}}

The last extant inscription of Govindachandra is dated 1154 CE, and the earliest available inscription of his successor [[Vijayachandra]] is dated 1168 CE. Such a long gap is unusual for the dynasty, and may indicate troubled times arising out of an external invasion or a war of succession after Govindachandra's death.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=91}}

== Cultural activities ==

According to the Gahadavala inscriptions, Govindachandra appreciated and patronized different branches of learning (as indicated by his title ''Vividha-vidya-vichara-vachaspati'').{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=87}} Govindachandra's courtier Lakshmidhara composed ''Kṛtya-Kalpataru'' at the king's request. Lakshmidhara was a scholar, a warrior and a diplomat.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=84}}

== Coinage ==
[[File:Govindchandra.jpg|thumb|right|A coin of Govindachandra]]
Nearly 1,000 gold coins of Govindachandra have been discovered, besides some silver and copper coins.{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|pp=75–76}} A [[hoard]] of 800 of his gold coins was discovered near [[Nanpara]] in 1887, during railway construction work.{{sfn|V. A. Smith|1906|p=257}}{{sfn|Rama Shankar Tripathi|1964|p=314}}{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|p=75}} The coins are made of impure gold, and contain a large mixture of silver.{{sfn|V. A. Smith|1888|pp=220–221}} Most of the other coins have been discovered at various parts of present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]].{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|pp=75–76}}

Govindachandra's coins feature a seated goddess. Originally used by the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]], this style was probably adapted by Govindachandra to celebrate his victory over the Kalachuris. One side of the coins features the king's name ("Shrimad-Govindachandra-deva") in three lines, usually followed by a [[trishula]]. The other side features a four-armed seated goddess, identified with [[Lakshmi]].{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=86}}

After defeating Govindachandra's grandson [[Jayachandra]], [[Muhammad of Ghor]] also adapted this style, and issued coins featuring the seated goddess.{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|p=76}}

== Inscriptions ==

The following inscriptions issued by Govindachandra, or issued by others during his reign, have been discovered:{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|pp=247–260}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! data-sort-type="date" | Date of issue (CE)
! Find spot
! Issued at
! Issued by
! Purpose
|-
| 25 December 1104
| [[Etawah district]]: Bashai (Basahi)
| Asatika on [[Yamuna]]
| Govindachandra (as a prince)
| Village grant
|-
| 24 October 1105
| [[Varanasi district]]: Kamauli
| Vishnupura on [[Ganga]]
| Govindachandra (as a prince)
| Village grant
|-
| 1114
| [[Gorakhpur district]]: Pali
| [[Varanasi]]
| Govindachandra
| Land grant
|-
| 15 October 1114
| [[Varanasi district]]: Kamauli
| [[Varanasi]]
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 11 January 1115
| [[Varanasi district]]: [[Varanasi]] (Near Bhadaini temple)
| [[Varanasi]]
| Govindachandra
| House grant
|-
| 3 March 1116
| [[Etawah district]]: Bashai (or Basahi)
| Unknown
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 7 April 1116
| [[Varanasi district]]: Kamauli
| [[Varanasi]]
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 29 August 1117
| [[Varanasi district]]: Kamauli
| [[Varanasi]]
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 28 January 1119
| [[Varanasi district]]: Kamauli
| [[Varanasi]]
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 11 May 1119
| [[Varanasi district]]: Kamauli
| [[Varanasi]]
| Queen Nayanakelidevi
| Village grant
|-
| October 1118 – 1119
| [[Varanasi district]]: Kamauli
| [[Varanasi]]
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 1119–1120
| [[Shravasti district]]: Set-Mahet
| Unknown
| Vidyadhara, a subject of Govindachandra's feudatory Madana
| Establishment of a Buddhist sangha
|-
| 1119–1120
| [[Siwan district]]: Don Buzurg
| Mamdalia on [[Ganga]]
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 1120
| Unknown
| Unknown
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 1120
| [[Kanpur Nagar district]]: Chhatarpur
| [[Varanasi]]
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 21 July 1122
| [[Varanasi district]]: Kamauli
| [[Varanasi]]: Kapala-Mochana [[Ghats in Varanasi|Ghatta]]
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 9 September 1124
| Unknown
| Unknown
| Ralhana-Devi
| Village grant
|-
| 1124
| [[Patna district]]: Maner
| Kanyakubja
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 1126
| [[Varanasi district]]: Kamauli
| Unknown place on [[Ganga]]
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 1127
| Unknown
| Ishapratishthana on [[Ganga]]
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 1127
| [[Varanasi district]]: Kamauli
| [[Varanasi]]
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 1127
| [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]]: Tala
| [[Prayaga]]
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 1128
| [[Varanasi district]]: [[Varanasi]]
| [[Varanasi]]
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 1128–29
| [[Shravasti district]]: Set-Mahet
| [[Varanasi]]
| Govindachandra
| Village grants to Buddhist monks
|-
| 1129
| Unknown (from Raja of [[Itaunja]])
| [[Varanasi]]
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 16 November 1130
| [[Varanasi district]]: [[Varanasi]] (Near Bhadaini temple)
| [[Varanasi]]
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 21 November 1130
| [[Sitapur district]]: Raiwan
| [[Varanasi]] (Adikeshava [[Ghats in Varanasi|Ghatta]])
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 6 November 1131
| [[Fatehpur district]]: Ren
| [[Varanasi]] (Adikeshava [[Ghats in Varanasi|Ghatta]])
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 29 April 1132
| [[Gorakhpur district]]: Pali
| [[Varanasi]] (Svapnashvara [[Ghats in Varanasi|Ghatta]])
| Ralhana-Devi
| Land grant
|-
| 5 August 1133
| [[Varanasi district]]: Kamauli
| Govindavatika
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 30 March 1134
| [[Varanasi district]]: [[Varanasi]]
| [[Varanasi]]
| Asphotachandra (prince)
| Village grant
|-
| 28 August 1134
| [[Varanasi district]]: Kamauli
| [[Varanasi]] (Avimukta-Kshetra [[Ghats in Varanasi|Ghatta]])
| Vatsaraja of Shingara family (feudatory)
| Village grant
|-
| 1139
| [[Varanasi district]]: Kamauli
| [[Varanasi]]
| Govindachandra
| Village grant during [[lunar eclipse]]
|-
| 1140
| [[Varanasi district]]: [[Varanasi]] (Rajghat)
| [[Varanasi]] (Adikeshava [[Ghats in Varanasi|Ghatta]])
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 23 February 1141
| [[Varanasi district]]: Kamauli
| [[Varanasi]] (Vedeshvara [[Ghats in Varanasi|Ghatta]])
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 23 February 1141
| [[Varanasi district]]: Kamauli
| [[Varanasi]] (Avimukta-Kshetra [[Ghats in Varanasi|Ghatta]])
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 27 February 1141
| [[Gorakhpur district]]: Gagaha
| Gumjhada-grama on Triveni river
| Rajyapala-deva (prince)
| Estate grant
|-
| 16 July 1144
| [[Varanasi district]]: Kamauli
| [[Varanasi]]
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 19 April 1143
| [[Jaunpur district]]: [[Machhali Shahar]]
| [[Varanasi]]
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 14 April 1146
| [[Deoria district]]: [[Lar, Uttar Pradesh|Lar]]
| [[Munger|Mudgagiri]]
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 25 December 1146
| [[Varanasi district]]: [[Varanasi]] (Near Bhadaini temple)
| Rajyapalapura on [[Ganga]]
| Rajyapala-deva (prince)
| Village grant
|-
| 25 December 1150
| [[Varanasi district]]: [[Varanasi]] (Near Bhadaini temple)
| [[Varanasi]]: Koti-tirtha
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| 6 November 1150
| [[Unnao district]]: [[Bangarmau]]
| [[Varanasi]]: Lolarka temple
| Gosaladevi (queen)
| Village grant
|-
| 1151
| [[Azamgarh district]]: Hathia-Dah (near Deogaon)
| Unknown
| Bellana [[Thakur (title)|Thakura]] (officer of Queen Gosaladevi)
| Excavation of a tank
|-
| 10 August 1154
| [[Varanasi district]]: Kamauli
| [[Varanasi]]
| Govindachandra
| Village grant
|-
| Undated
| [[Varanasi district]]: [[Sarnath]]
| Unknown
| Kumaradevi (queen)
| Restoration of a Buddhist shrine [[File:Inscription of Kumaradevi the Queen of Gahadawala king Govindachandra, which refers the construction of Dharmachkra-Jin-Vihara at Sarnath, 12th century CE.jpg|70px]]
|}

The [[Hari-Vishnu inscription]], said to have been found at the [[Babri mosque]] during its [[demolition of Babri Masjid|demolition]] in 1992, also mentions one Govindachandra. It records the construction of a temple by Govindachandra's subordinate Anayachandra.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=300}} Its date portion is missing, and its authenticity has been a matter of controversy.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|pp=312-313}} Those who believe that a temple existed at Babri mosque site consider the inscription as an evidence of their claim. Others have claimed that the inscription was brought to Ayodhya from the [[State Museum Lucknow|Lucknown State Museum]], and planted at Ayodhya by Hindu activists. According to this theory, the "Govindachandra" mentioned in the inscription was not the Gahadavala monarch, but a subordinate noble.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|pp=313-315}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|author=Romila Thapar|author-link=Romila Thapar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Y02AiEu1kcC|title=A History of India|date=1990-06-28|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-0-14-194976-5|language=en}}
* {{cite book |author=D. C. Sircar |author-link=Dineschandra Sircar |title=Indian Epigraphical Glossary |url=https://archive.org/details/indianepigraphic00sircuoft |page=[https://archive.org/details/indianepigraphic00sircuoft/page/35 35] |year=1966 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-0562-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=D. C. Sircar |author-link=Dineshchandra Sircar |title=The Kānyakubja-Gauḍa Struggle |publisher=Asiatic Society |year=1985 |isbn=9788192061580 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mdQAQAAMAAJ |oclc=915112370 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kishore Kunal |title=Ayodhya Revisited |chapter=A tale of two edicts (Tretā Ka Ṭhākura and Vishṇu-hari inscriptions) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKKaDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA312 |isbn=978-81-8430-357-5 |year=2016 }}
* {{cite book |author=P. C. Roy |title=The Coinage of Northern India |publisher=Abhinav |year=1980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA75 |isbn=9788170171225 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. K. Dikshit |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |author=Rama Shankar Tripathi |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8GPENMw_psC&pg=PA314 |year=1964 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0478-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Roma Niyogi |title=The History of the Gāhaḍavāla Dynasty |publisher=Oriental |year=1959 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJQBAAAAMAAJ |oclc=5386449 }}
* {{cite journal |author=V. A. Smith |author-link=Vincent Arthur Smith |title=Large Find of Coins of Govinda Chandra Deva of Kanauj |journal=Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |year=1888 |publisher=Asiatic Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TFgyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA221 }}
* {{cite book |author=V. A. Smith |author-link=Vincent Arthur Smith |title=Catalogue of the coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta |volume=1, Part III |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |year=1906 |url=https://archive.org/stream/pt3catalogueofco01indiuoft#page/257/mode/1up/search/Nanpara |oclc=12108601 }}
{{refend}}

{{Gahadavala dynasty}}
{{Wikiquote}}

[[Category:Gahadavala kings]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]

Rajaji Hall

2025-08-17T12:11:48Z

ShannonAguayo:

{{Short description|Building in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
[[File:The Banqueting Hall, Government House.jpg|thumb|The Banqueting Hall, c. 1905]]
'''Rajaji Hall''', previously known as the '''Banqueting Hall, Madras''', is a [[public hall]] in the city of [[Chennai]], [[India]] used for social functions. The hall was built by [[John Goldingham]] to commemorate the British victory over [[Tipu Sultan]] in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]].<ref name="tercentenary" />

== History ==
The Banqueting Hall was constructed between 1800 and 1802<ref name="groseclosep34">{{cite book|title=British sculpture and the Company Raj: church monuments and public statuary in Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay to 1858|first=Barbara S.|last=Groseclose|page=34|publisher=[[University of Delaware Press]]|year=1995|id={{ISBN|0874134064}}, {{ISBN|978-0-87413-406-3}}}}</ref> by [[John Goldingham]], an astronomer and engineer with the [[British East India Company]].<ref name="tercentenary">{{cite book|title=The Madras Tercentenary commemoration volume|chapter=Government Houses in Madras|first=A. D.|last=Crombie|pages=13–20|year=1939}}</ref><ref name="srinivasacharip202">[[#Srinivasachari|Srinivasachari]], p 202</ref> The building was commissioned by [[Edward Clive, 1st Earl of Powis|Edward Clive]], the then [[Governor of Madras]], who envisaged the hall to be an extension of the Government House which was being renovated that year.<ref name="tercentenary" /><ref name="srinivasacharip203">[[#Srinivasachari|Srinivasachari]], p 203</ref> The hall was built to commemorate the company's victory over [[Tipu Sultan]] in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]]<ref name="tercentenary" /> and designed to be a venue for social functions.<ref name="groseclosep34" /> The construction of the hall cost about two and a half lakh rupees.<ref name="tercentenary" /> The building was opened with a grand ball on 7 October 1802.<ref name="chopra">{{cite book|title=Monuments of the Raj: British buildings in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Srilanka and Myanmar|pages=7–8|first=Prabha|last=Chopra|publisher=Aryan Books International|year=1999|id={{ISBN|8173050945}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7305-094-7}}}}</ref>

From 1875 onwards, the hall was extensively renovated and expanded.<ref name="madrasmusingsv19i23">{{cite journal|title=Once a Council Hall|first=Savitha|last=Gautam|work=Madras Musings|volume=19|issue=23|date=16–31 October 2010|url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%2023/otherstories.html#story1}}</ref> In 1895, a colonnaded terrace was constructed and a [[verandah]] was built around it.<ref name="tercentenary" /><ref name="madrasmusingsv19i23" /> The convocations of the [[University of Madras]] were held in the Banqueting Hall from 1857 till 1879 when the [[Senate House (University of Madras)|Senate House]] was constructed.<ref name="srinivasacharip327">[[#Srinivasachari|Srinivasachari]], p 327</ref> During 27 January 1938 – 26 October 1939, the [[Madras Legislative Council|legislature]] of the [[Madras Presidency]] met here.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T|title=Another milestone in Tamil Nadu's legislative history|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article243990.ece|access-date=29 November 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 March 2010}}</ref> The hall was renamed as "Rajaji Hall" after [[India's independence]] (in honour of [[C. Rajagopalachari]]).<ref name="chopra" /> The mortal remains of important political leaders lay in state in Rajaji Hall before their funeral. At present, it houses the offices of the Tamil Nadu State Raffle.<ref name="chopra" /> The dead bodies of former chief ministers of Tamil Nadu, [[C. N. Annadurai]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]] , [[J. Jayalalithaa]] and [[M. Karunanidhi]] were kept here for public view.

The Government House and [[Gandhi Illam]] were demolished during the construction of a new [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly-secretariat complex]] between 2008 and 2010,<ref name="madrasmusingsv18i15">{{cite journal|title=Threat to Rajaji Hall from new Assembly?|work=Madras Musings|volume=18|issue=15|date=16–30 November 2008|url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2015/index.html}}</ref> apparently causing irreparable damage to the hall's foundations.<ref name="madrasmusingsv18i15" />

== Structure ==

Rajaji Hall was built in the form of a [[Greek temple]] and is believed to have been modelled after the [[Parthenon]] in [[Athens]].<ref name="srinivasacharip202" /> It is built on a basement of arched cellars and store rooms<ref name="srinivasacharip202" /> and is surrounded by a colonnaded terrace.<ref name="srinivasacharip202" /> The exterior of the hall is constructed in the 16th-century Italian [[Mannerism|Manneristic]] style.<ref name="groseclosep34" /> The building is 120 feet long, 65 feet wide and 40 feet high and is enclosed by a gallery which had portraits of popular [[Anglo-Indian]] leaders<ref name="srinivasacharip202" /> and administrators including Edward Clive, [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Richard Wellesley]], [[Sir Eyre Coote]],<ref name="srinivasachariintro">[[#Srinivasachari|Srinivasachari]], Introduction, pp xxxvii-xxxviii</ref> [[Sir Thomas Munro]], [[Robert Hobart, 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire|Lord Hobart]] and [[George Harris, 3rd Baron Harris|Lord Harris]] and British monarchs [[George III]] and [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Queen Charlotte]].<ref name="railwayguidep20">{{cite book|title=Illustrated guide to the South Indian Railway (Incorporated in England): including the Tanjore District Board, Pondicherry, Peralam-Karaikkal, Travancore State, Cochin State, Coimbatore District Board, Tinnevelly-Tiruchendur, and the Nilgiri Railways|publisher=South Indian Railway Co. Ltd.|year=1926|page=20}}</ref> The southern end is connected to the Government House by an array of steps.<ref name="srinivasacharip202" /> Sten Nilsson describes the hall as resembling "a ''Heroum'', a neo-classical temple for hero worship".<ref name="groseclosep34" />

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

== References ==

* {{cite book | title=History of the city of Madras written for the Tercentenary Celebration Committee| first=C. S.|last=Srinivasachari|year=1939| publisher=P. Varadachary & Co.|place=Madras|ref=Srinivasachari}}

{{coord|13.069378|80.274916|display=title}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chennai]]
[[Category:City and town halls in India]]
[[Category:Memorials to C. Rajagopalachari]]

T. V. Venkatachala Sastry

2025-07-17T11:41:00Z

ShannonAguayo: started new info

{{Short description|Indian Kannada-language writer, grammarian (born 1933)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| image = T. V. Venkatachala Sastry.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = T. V. Venkatachala Sastry
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1933|08|26}}
| birth_place = [[Kanakapura]], [[Bangalore]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = [[Kannada]] literature, Kannada grammar, criticism, editing
| workplaces = [[Osmania University]] –[[Hyderabad]], [[University of Mysore]], B. M. Sri Pratisthana, [[Mulukanadu]] Mahasangha
| alma_mater = [[Maharaja's College, Mysore]]
| known_for = see [[#Literary contributions]]
| awards = see [[#Recognition]]
| spouse = Venkatalakshmi
| signature = T. V. Venkatachala Sastry's Signature.svg
| signature_alt = T. V. Venkatachala Sastry's Signature
| website = {{URL|https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/tvvenkatachalasastry}}
}}

'''Togere Venkatasubbasastry Venkatachala Sastry''', commonly known as '''T. V. Venkatachala Shastry''', is a [[Kannada]]-language writer, grammarian, [[Literary criticism|critic]], [[Literary editor|editor]] and [[lexicographer]]. He has authored in excess of 100 books, translations and has edited collections of essays, biographical sketches and felicitation volumes. Recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Kannada Sahitya Akademi Award]] (honorary), Sastry is an authority on Kannada language grammar and its various facets ranging from the metre scale ({{langx|kn| ಛoದಸ್ಸು}}) on which he has written extensively to the history of Kannada literature spanning two millennia.

His book ''Mulukanadu Brahmanaru'' is a sociological study of the [[Mulukanadu]] community since the early 17th century, outlining their origin, migration and embrace of western education. It records in detail their history with over 50 family trees and assumes importance in the field of caste studies. Sastry was a Kannada professor at the [[University of Mysore]] and additionally held the post of director at "Kuvempu Kannada Adhyayana Samsthe" before retiring in 1994.

==Early life==

===Origins===
[[File:Birthplace of T. V. Venkatachala Sastry.jpg|thumb|260px|right|T. V. Venkatachala Sastry's birthplace (Harohalli Village, Kanakapura, Bangalore)]]

T. V. Venkatachala Sastry was born on 26 August 1933 at [[Harohalli|Harohalli village]] in [[Kanakapura|Kanakapura taluk]] of [[Bangalore]] district to [[Brahmin]] parents Venkatasubba Sastry and Subbamma. The family belonged to the [[Smarta tradition|Smartha]] ([[Advaita]]) sect who are followers of [[Adi Shankaracharya]] and of the [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]]. They belong to the Vaidiki [[Mulukanadu]] caste of [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking Brahmins settled in the [[Kannada]]-speaking [[Mysore State|Mysore kingdom]]. Sastry's father had received a traditional education in the religious texts and puranas. He had been impressed with the practical work of the [[Ramakrishna Math]] in serving the common people.<ref name="bio">{{cite web|title=T. V. Venkatachala Sastry – Biography|url=http://www.itihasa.in/t-v-venkatachala-sastry/4582054004|publisher=Dr S. Srikanta Sastri Pratisthana|access-date=2014-01-25|archive-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202165744/http://www.itihasa.in/t-v-venkatachala-sastry/4582054004|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sastry's mother was a home-maker and a deeply conservative lady.

===Education===
[[File:T. V. Venkatachala Sastry during his student years (Also seen - S. Srikanta Sastri).jpg|thumb|260px|T. V. Venkatachala Sastry during his student years (Also seen, S.Srikanta Sastri, 5th from left, bottom row)]]

Sastry had his primary schooling at [[Kanakapura]] near [[Bangalore]]. He finished his Intermediate course in 1947–48 and from 1948 until 1954, he pursued undergraduate and post-graduate degrees at University of Mysore, where he enrolled initially in Yuvaraja College and came under the influence of Kannada professors N. Anantarangachar and U. K. Subbarayachar. In 1950, he joined the B. A. (Honours) course in Kannada at [[Maharaja College of Mysore|Maharaja College]].<ref name="classicalkannada">{{cite web|title=ClassicalKannada|url=http://www.classicalkannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20SCHOLARS%20HTML/VENKATACHALA%20SHASTRY%20T.V.%20HTML.htm|publisher=Government of India|access-date=2014-01-25|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204554/http://www.classicalkannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20SCHOLARS%20HTML/VENKATACHALA%20SHASTRY%20T.V.%20HTML.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Among his teaching faculty were renowned scholars like [[K. V. Puttappa]] ''(Kuvempu)'' who taught ''"[[Pampa Bharata]]"'' and ''"[[Literary Criticism]]"'', D. L. Narasimhachar ''([[History of Literature]])'', [[S. Srikanta Sastri]] ''(Cultural History of Karnataka)''(''see group photograph''), K. V. Raghavachar ''(Kannada classic – "Basavarajadevara Ragale")'', N. Anantarangachar ''(Kannada Grammar – "Shabdamanidarpana")'', T. S. Shamarao ''([[Vachanas]] of [[Basavanna]])'' and Parameshwar Bhatt ''(Bharatesha Vaibhava)''. He worked on Pampa, [[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]], [[Harihara]], [[Nemichandra]], [[Raghavanka]] and [[Kumaravyasa]] utilizing ancient texts both from [[Mysore University]] library and the [[Oriental Research Institute Mysore|Oriental Research Institute]], [[Mysore]]. He completed his [[Master of Arts]] (Kannada) degree from [[Maharaja College of Mysore|Maharaja College]], [[Mysore]] in 1953–54 under the guidance of [[D. L. Narasimhachar]].

[[File:T. V. Venkatachala Sastry at his graduation (1953-54).jpg|thumb|260px|right|T. V. Venkatachala Sastry at his graduation (1953–54)]]

==Career==

===Osmania University===
[[File:T. V. Venkatachala Sastry with G. S. Shivarudrappa.jpg|thumb|260px|Sastry (front row, 2nd from left) with G. S. Shivarudrappa while at Osmania University]]

Sastry began his career as a lecturer at [[Kanakapura]] rural college in 1955. He moved to St. Joseph's College, [[Bangalore]] in 1957 and continued as a lecturer there until 1959. Subsequently, he was appointed as lecturer at [[Osmania University]] in [[Hyderabad]], Andhra Pradesh in 1959 where he worked hard to lend shape to the nascent Kannada department.<ref>{{cite web|title=T. V. V. Sastry|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/116744/kannada-literature-huge-draw-many.html|work=Deccan Herald|date=29 November 2010 |access-date=2014-01-25}}</ref> In addition to his teaching duties at the university, he also taught at several Women's and Arts Colleges. He involved himself in the affairs of the "Telugu Sahitya Akademi" and during these years put together his ''"Mahakavyalakshana"''. He translated [[Sophocles]]' ''"Trakiya Pengal"'' during his tenure at [[Osmania University]]. Later he translated ''"Prometheus Bound"'' by [[Aeschylus]] into [[Kannada]]. His dictionary titled ''"Sreevatsa Nighantu"'' took form while at Osmania University. After being transferred from women's college to the university's Post Graduate department, T. V. Venkatachala Sastry involved himself teaching topics like ''"Kannada Chandassu"'', Kannada Grammar and ''"Suktisudarnava"''. It was during these years that he set out to do doctoral research and this brought him closer to his former teacher and mentor D. L. Narasimhachar. In fact, D. L. Narasimhachar suggested a doctoral work on ''"Kannada Neminathapurana Tulanathmaka"'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Dr. T.V. Venkatachala Shastry|url=http://www.culturalindia.org/data/tvvenkatachalashastri.asp|publisher=CulturalIndia.org|access-date=2014-01-27|archive-date=17 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117014901/http://www.culturalindia.org/data/tvvenkatachalashastri.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> which T. V. V. Sastry took up in earnest. In February 1968, [[University of Mysore]]'s "Kannada Adhyayana Samsthe" embarked on organising a symposium to celebrate eighth centennial of [[Basavanna]] and requested T. V. V. Sastry at [[Osmania University]] to pen a paper on ''"Vachana Sahitya"''. Sastry took up the project, returning a 60-page document that caught the attention of Kannada Adhyayana Samsthe director and his former teacher D. Javaregowda, who with [[H. M. Nayak]] persuaded him to relocate to University of Mysore in 1968 to occupy the post of lecturer.<ref name="bio"/>

===University of Mysore===
Under the guidance of his former teacher and mentor D. L. Narasimhachar and H. M. Nayak, Sastry pursued his doctoral work on ''A Comparative Study of Kannada Neminathapuranas'' and earned his PhD by 1972. Two years later, he was made a Reader in the Kannada department and remained there until 1984 when he was elevated to the post of Professor. He continued as Professor for the next decade until his retirement in 1994. For the last few years of his tenure, he was given additional responsibilities as Director of Institute of Kannada Studies (1991 - 1993) and as Dean of Arts (1992 - 1993). Post-retirement, Sastry was visiting Professor in 1997 at Kannada University, Hampi.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Institute of Kannada Studies|url=http://uni-mysore.ac.in/assets/Downloads-2012/February-2013/kannada-version.pdf|publisher=University of Mysore|access-date=2014-01-29}}</ref>

===Institute of Kannada Studies, Mysore===
[[File:Group Photograph showing T. V. Venkatachala Sastry with A. L. Basham (1956).jpg|thumb|260px|right|Mysore University group photo, 1956. T. V. Venkatachala Sastry with A. L. Basham]]

University of Mysore's Kannada Adhyayana Samsthe's prominent publications such as ''"Kannada Sahitya Charitre"'', ''"Kannada Chandassina Charithre"'', ''"Kannada Vishaya Viswakosha"'', and ''"[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]"'' owe a great deal to Sastry's erudition, perseverance and steadfast administrative acumen. His skills as an editor helped assemble and streamline many of these volumes in addition to several felicitation volumes for eminent personalities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Detailed History on Official University Website|url=http://www.uni-mysore.ac.in/assets/Downloads-2012/February-2013/English-Version.pdf|publisher=University of Mysore|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>

==Literary contribution==
[[File:T. V. Venkatachala Sastry with Indologist Sheldon Pollock.jpg|thumb|260px|Sastry with Indologist Sheldon Polloc]]

Sastry's writings span over four decades and number in excess of 100. They encompass topics such as the history of Kannada literature, [[Prosody (poetry)|prosody]], literary criticism, Kannada grammar, Kannada poetry, dictionary writing and editing, editing, and translations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Needed: Indian Institute of Humanities|date=29 November 2008 |url=http://mogadalai.wordpress.com/2008/11/29/needed-indian-institutes-of-the-humanities/|publisher=Sydney Pollack|access-date=2014-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sydney Pollack |title=The Cosmopolitan Vernacular|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|date=1 February 1998|volume=57|series=Cambridge Journals|issue=1|pages=6–37|doi=10.2307/2659022|jstor=2659022|s2cid=162941888 }}</ref>

He was the first to offer an elaborate discussion on Devachandra's ''Rajavalikathe'' and Kempunarayana's ''Mudra Manjusha'', and his PhD attracted considerable attention in literary circles. He has authored close to seven works on Grammar, six on Prosody, two on Aesthetics, six different dictionaries on various subjects, 24 studies on Literary Criticism and Research studies, eleven biographies, twenty two edited volumes and prose works, four translations and four bibliographies. In addition to these, he has penned four plays and four collections of essays. Various articles were collectively brought out in ten volumes under the title of ''Śāstrīya: Samputagalu 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6'' which was published in 1999. As an editor Sastry has led such projects as ''History of Kannada Literature'' (Mysore University), ''Revision and Reprint of Epigraphia Carnatica'', ''Kannada Dictionary Project of Kannada Sahitya Parishat'', ''Anthology of Ancient Literature'', ''Revision and Prose Translation of Kumaravyasa Bharata'' by Kannada Gamaka Parishat and publication of ''Complete Jaina Literature'' by Kannada University, Hampi. Significant among the scholars who came to him were Prof Laurie Honke (Finland), Prof Showman (Canada), Prof Karl Johanssen (U.S.A), Prof Sefan Anacker (Switzerland) and the [[Indologist]] Prof [[Sheldon Pollock]] (U.S.A).

===Research and literary criticism===
[[File:"Mulukanadu Brahmanaru" by T. V. Venkatachala Sastry.jpg|thumb|260px|right|"Mulukanadu Brahmanaru" by T. V. Venkatachala Sastry]]

*1972 - ''Sāhitya Manthana''<ref>{{cite web|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Sāhitya Manthana|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/73902647|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>
*1973 - ''Kannaḍa Nēminatha Purāṇagaḷa Taulanika Adhyayana''<ref>{{cite book|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Kannaḍa Nēminatha purāṇagaḷa taulanika adhyayana|publisher=Maisūru: Prasārāṅga, Maisūru Viśvavidyanilaya, 1973.|lccn=75905892}}</ref>
*1974 - ''Chamundaraya''
*1979 - ''Shabdarthavihara''<ref>{{cite web|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Śabdārtha vihāra|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/79906521|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>
*1980 - ''Jaina Bhagavatha Bharathagalu: Ondu Sameekshe''<ref>{{cite web|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Jaina Bhāgavata Bhāratagaḷu, ondu samīkṣe : Jenasēna Guṇabhadrara, ...|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/82903923|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>
*1981 - ''Prācīna Kannaḍa Sāhitya, Kelavu Nōṭagaḷu''<ref>{{cite web|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Prācīna Kannaḍa sāhitya, kelavu nōṭagaḷu|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/81905683|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>
*1981 - ''Muru Sameekshegalu''<ref>{{cite web|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Mūru samīkṣegaḷu|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/81905764 |publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>
*1982 - ''Hosagannada Sahitya: Kelavu Notagalu''
*1983 - ''Namma Karnataka''<ref>{{cite web|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Namma Karnāṭaka|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/83904554|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>
*1983 - ''Pampa''<ref>{{cite web|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Pampa|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/88904394|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>
*1991 - ''Haleya Honnu''<ref>{{cite web|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Haḷeya honnu|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/91909271|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>
*1999 - ''Śāstrīya: Samputagalu 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6''<ref>{{cite book|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Śāstrīya|publisher=Sapna Book House|lccn=99947274}}</ref>
*2000 - ''Mulakanāḍu Brāhmaṇaru: Samudāya, Saṃskrti''<ref>{{cite book|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Mulakanāḍu Brāhmaṇaru: Samudāya, Saṃskr̥ti|publisher=Beṅgaḷūru: Mulakanāḍu Mahāsaṅgha, 2000.|lccn=2001362224}}</ref>
*2007 - ''Kanakapura Emba Kānakāna Haḷḷiya Charitre''<ref>{{cite book|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Kanakapura emba Kānakāna Haḷḷiya caritre|publisher=Beṅgaḷūru : Pustakaśakti Prakāśana, 2007.|lccn=2008306529}}</ref>
*2009 - ''Kannaḍa abhijāta sāhitya : adhyayanada avakāśagaḷu, ahvānagaḷu''<ref>{{cite book|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Kannaḍa abhijāta sāhitya : adhyayanada avakāśagaḷu, ahvānagaḷu|publisher=Hampi : Prasārāṅga, Kannaḍa Viśvavidyālaya|lccn=2010345212}}</ref>

===Grammar===
*1990 - ''Hosagannadada Vyakarana''<ref>{{cite web|title=Ciillibrary|url=http://www.ciillibrary.org/Sites/nadd/1_10_07_to_31_10_07.htm|publisher=www.ciillibrary.org|access-date=2014-01-25}}</ref>
*1994 - ''Keshirajavirachita Shabdamanidarpanam''<ref name="classicalkannada"/>
*1997 - ''Keshirajavirachita Shabdamanidarpanam''
*2001 - ''Darpaṇavivaraṇ''a<ref>{{cite web|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Darpaṇavivaraṇa|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/2010329328|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>

===Poetry===
*1969 - ''Mahakavyalakshana''<ref>{{cite web|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Mahākāvya lakṣaṇa|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/71914251|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>
*1987 - ''Kannaḍa Citrakāvya: Svarūpa, Itihāsa, Vimarśe''<ref>{{cite web|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Kannaḍa citrakāvya : svarūpa, itihāsa, vimarśe|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/87904152|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>

===Plays===
*1966 - ''Baddha Prometheus (Greek Original – "[[Prometheus Bound]]" by [[Sophocles]])''
*1971 - ''[[Kamsa]]''
*1978 - ''Trakiya Pengal (Greek Original – "Trakiya Pengal" by [[Aeschylus]])''
*1981 - ''Hosagannada Mitravinda Govinda''<ref>{{cite book|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Hosagannaḍa Mitravindā Gōvinda|date=1981 |url=http://lccn.loc.gov/81905765|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>

===Prosody===
*1970 - ''Kannaḍa Chandassu''<ref>{{cite web|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Kannaḍa chandassu|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/75914252|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>
*1978 - ''Kannada Chandahswarupa''<ref>{{cite web|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Kannada chandaḥsvarūpa|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/79900237|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>
*1989 - ''Kannaḍa Chandōvihāra''<ref>{{cite book|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Kannaḍa chandōvihāra|publisher=Geetha Book House|lccn=89904725}}</ref>
*2003 - ''Kannada Chandomimamse''<ref>{{cite book|title=Kannada Chandomimamse|year=2003|publisher=D.V.K.Murthy|location=Mysore|url=http://www.bookadda.com/books/kannada-chandomimamse-t-v}}</ref>
*2007 - ''Chandombudhi''<ref>{{cite web|title=Chandombudhi|url=http://www.classicalkannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADAKNOWLEDGE%20BASES%20HTML/CHANDOMBUDHI%20HTML.htm|publisher=ClassicalKannada|access-date=2014-01-25}}</ref>
*2013 - ''Kannaḍa Chandaḥkōśa''<ref>{{cite web|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Kannaḍa Chandaḥkōśa|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/2013330194|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>

===Lexicography===
*1971 - ''Śrīvatsa nighaṇṭu''<ref>{{cite book|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Śrīvatsa nighaṇṭu|date=1971 |url=http://lccn.loc.gov/72906131|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>
*1977 - ''Kannada Ratnakosha''
*1994 - ''Gajashastrashabdakosha''
*2004 - ''Granthasampadhana Paribhashakosha''<ref>{{cite web|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Granthasampadana paribhasakosa|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/2004309910|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>

===Biographies===
*1980 - ''Mahamahopadhyaya [[Rudrapatnam Shamasastry|R. Shamasastry]]''
*1983 - ''Rao Bahadur M. Shama Rao''
*1985 - ''Sahitya Shilpigalu''<ref>{{cite book|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Sāhitya śilpigaḷu|date=1985 |url=http://lccn.loc.gov/87901269|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>
*1995 - ''[[A. R. Krishnashastry]]''
*2002 - ''Mārgadarśaka Mahanīyaru''<ref>{{cite book|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Mārgadarśaka mahanīyaru : nalavattāru mandi gaṇyavyaktigaḷa jīvana ...|publisher=Sapna Book House|lccn=2003313599}}</ref>
*2004 - ''Bhārataratna [[Visvesvaraya|Sir M. Viśvēśvarayyanavara]] Pūrvajaru''<ref>{{cite book|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Bhārataratna Sar Eṃ. Viśvēśvarayyanavara pūrvajaru|publisher=Beṅgaḷūru: Sundara Prakāśana, 2004.|lccn=2004310851}}</ref>
*2005 - ''Aaptaru Acharyaru''
*2005 - ''Sri Sahajanandabharathi Swamigalu''
*2007 - ''Dr A. Venkatasubbaiahanavaru''

===Editorship===
*1971 - ''Kavyasanchaya – Part 1'' (Co-edited with others)
*1973 - ''Srikanthika: Prof [[S. Srikanta Sastri]] Felicitation Volume''
*1974 - ''Kannada Adhyayana Samstheya Kannada Sahitya Charitre Samputa 1 – 5''
*1973–1993 - ''Epigraphia Carnatica''
*1975 - ''Samshodhana Lekhanagalu – [[S. Srikanta Sastri]]'' (Co-edited with others)
*1970–1975 - ''Prabhuddha Karnataka''
*1976–1995 - ''Kannada Sahitya Parishattina Kannada Nighantu''
*1978 - ''Kavyasanchaya – Part 2'' (Co-edited with others)
*1978–79 - ''Karnataka: Kannada Vishaya Viswakosha''
*1982–92 - ''Karnataka Lochana''
*1983 - ''Swasthi – T. S. Shamarayara Felicitation Volume''
*1986 - ''Prakthana – R. Narasimhacharyara Lekhanagalu, Bashanagalu''
*1986 - ''Prof D. L. Narasimhacharyara Rudranatakopanyasagalu''
*1986 - ''S. G. Narasimhacharyara Kavithegalu''
*1987 - ''Gamaka Manjusha''
*1987 - ''Chamarasa'' (Co-edited with others)
*1988 - ''Gadya Kusumanjali'' (Co-edited with others)
*1988 - ''Bahubhashika Nighantu Yojane'' – Asian Studies Association (Chennai)
*1990 - ''Kannada Kavigalu Kanda Gommateshwara''
*1991 - ''Anukarana Gita Lahari''
*1991 - ''Kannada Chennudi''<ref>{{cite book|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Kannaḍa cennuḍi : mūla tātparyasahita Kannaḍa subhāṣitagaḷa br̥hat ...|publisher=Beṅgaḷūru : Suvidyā Prakāśana, 1991.|lccn=92905694}}</ref>
*1991 - ''Kavyavahini: Dasara Kavisammelanada Kavanagalu''
*1992 - ''Kavyasriranga: Dasara Kavisammelanada Kavanagalu''
*1992 - ''Alauddin mathu Adbuthadeepa''
*1992 - ''Janapriya Prachinasahityamale''
*1993 - ''Prakrit Adhyayana Mathu Samshodhana Rashtriya Samsthe''
*1993 - ''Rashtriya Viswakosha Kendra – Bhubaneswar''
*1993 - ''Prachina Bharatiya Sahitya Sankalana Yojane''
*1995 - ''Abhijnana – Dr. K. Krishnamurthy Felicitation Volume''
*1995 - ''Pampakavi Virachitam Aadipuranam – S. G. Narasimhachar''
*1998 - ''Kannada Sahitya Parishathina Kannada–Kannada–English Nighantu (1)''
*1999 - ''Mudramanjusha''
*2000 - ''Mulukanadu Mahaniyara Granthamale''
*2001 - ''Mysore Mulukanadu Sabha (R) & Mulukanadu Charitable Trust''
*2001 - ''Dr A. Venkatasubbaiahanavara Samshodhana Lekhanagalu''
*2002 - ''Mulukanadu Siri''
*2003 - ''Kannada Kavyagala Alankaragalu – Kannada Sahitya Parishathu''
*2003 - ''[[Siribhoovalaya|Siribhuvalaya]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=VirtueScience – Siribhoovalaya|url=http://www.virtuescience.com/siribhoovalaya.html|publisher=VirtueScience.com|access-date=2014-01-25}}</ref>
*2005 - ''Kavyajinashtakagalu''
*2006 - ''Boppannapanditana Gommatajinendra Gunastavam''
*2007 - ''Pampasamputa''<ref>{{cite web|title=Pampa Samputa|url=https://sapnaonline.com/pampa-samputa-samagra-kannada-jaina-sahitya-samputa-1-306853|publisher=Sapna|access-date=2014-01-25}}</ref>
*2008 - ''Karyakarisamithi Sadasya – B. M. Sri Smaraka Pratishthana''

===Translations===
*1986 - ''Vedam Venkataraya Sastri''
*1987 - ''Harivamshapuranasaara''
*2002 - ''Karnaparyana Neminatha Purana Kathasaara''
*2002 - ''Ardhanemi Purana Kathasara, Vastu Vimarshe''

===Essays===
*1975 - ''Kavyachitragalu''
*1982 - ''Saddentembara Ganda''
*1990 - ''Melugāḷiya Mātugaḷu: Tombattu Cintanegaḷu''<ref>{{cite book|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Melugāḷiya mātugaḷu : tombattu cintanegaḷu|publisher=Beṅgaḷūru : Abhijñāna, 2002.|lccn=2002296875}}</ref>
*2002 - ''Udāracaritaru Udāttaprasaṅgagaḷu''<ref>{{cite book|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Udāracaritaru udāttaprasaṅgagaḷu|publisher=Beṅguḷūru : Vi. Si. Sampada, 2002.|lccn=2002294978}}</ref>

===Bibliographical work===
*1966 - ''A Descriptive Catalogue of Kannada Manuscripts in the [[Osmania University]] Library'' (Co-edited)
*1978 - ''A Bibliography of Karnataka Studies – Vol I''<ref>{{cite web|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=A bibliography of Karnataka studies|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/00411621|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>
*1997 - ''A Bibliography of [[Ramayana: The Epic|Kannada Ramayana]]''
*1998 - ''A Bibliography of Karnataka Studies - Vol II''<ref>{{cite web|last=T. V. Venkatachala Sastry|first=C. R. Leela Subramanyam|title=A bibliography of Karnataka studies|url=http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=OXVU1&docId=oxfaleph012538602|publisher=Prasārānga: University of Mysore|access-date=2014-01-29}}</ref>

==Recognition==
[[File:T. V. Venkatachala Sastry receiving the Maasti Award.jpg|thumb|right|Sastry receiving the Masti Award (2008)]]

Sastry's vast contribution to Kannada Literature has been acknowledged with several awards and accolades. He is also recipient of the "Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award" (Honorary) for 1997. He presided over the Dharmasthala Literary Festival in 2002. Some of the prominent awards are listed here.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sastri|first=S. Srikanta|title=Awards of T. V. Venkatachala Sastry|url=http://www.srikanta-sastri.org/t-v-venkatachala-sastry-4/4581822332|publisher=www.srikanta-sastri.org|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>

* "Kannada Chandassu" (Kannada Sahitya Akademi) (1970)
* "Kannada Chitrakavya" (Kannada Sahitya Akademi) (1987)
* "Kannada Chandovihara" (Kannada Sahitya Akademi) (1989)
* "Karnataka State Devaraja Bahadur Award" (1972)
* "Mysore Viswavidhyalaya Suvarnamahotsava Award" (1978)
* "Mysore Viswavidhyalaya T. N. Srikantaiah Smaraka Award" (1978)
* "Dharwad Vidhyavardhaka Sangha Award" (1978)
* "Karnataka State Devaraja Bahadur Award" (1978)
* "Mysore Viswavidhyalaya T. N. Srikantaiah Smaraka Award" (1986)
* Mysore 'Granthaloka' Newspaper "Writer of the year" Award (1987)
* "Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award" for best written work (1987)
* "I.B.H Sikhsana Trust, Mumbai Award" (1987)
* "University of Mysore Golden Jubilee Award" (1987)
* "Kannada Sahitya Parishathina Vajramahotsava Award" (1977)
* "Karnataka State Award" (1988)
* Felicitation from "S. B. Joshi Vicharavedike" (1994)
* Award for lifetime contribution from Shravanabelagola Vidyapeeta (1996)
* Honorary Award from "Karnataka Sahitya Akademi" (1997)
* "Sediyapu" Award, Udupi (1998)
* "Chidananda" Award, Bangalore (2001)<ref>{{cite web|last=Saundattimath|first=Sangamesh|title=Chidananda Award for Sangamesh Saundattimath|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/05/stories/2004050510230500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040627174805/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/05/stories/2004050510230500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-06-27|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-05-05|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>
* "Bhashasamman" Award from Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi (2002)
* "S. B. Joshi" Award, Karnataka Sangha, Shimoga (2003)
* "Chavundaraya" Award, Kannada Sahitya Parishath (2003)<ref>{{cite news|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Chavundaraya Award|url=http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/jainavoice/jainavoice19.htm|access-date=2014-01-27|newspaper=Jaina Voice|date=November 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905132001/http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/jainavoice/jainavoice19.htm|archive-date=5 September 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* "Alvas Nudisiri Award", Moodabidri (2005)<ref>{{cite news|title=Ten persons receive Alva's Nudisiri Award|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/24/stories/2005102400900200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217110010/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/24/stories/2005102400900200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2006|access-date=2014-01-27|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 October 2005}}</ref>
* "Sri Krishna" Award from Pejawar Mutt Swamiji (2006)
* "Aryabhatta" Award, Bangalore (2006)
* "Masti" Award, Bangalore (2008) (''pictured'')<ref>{{cite news|title=Masti Award presented|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/masti-award-presented/article1277913.ece|access-date=2014-01-27|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 June 2008}}</ref>
* "Pampa" Award for Lifetime Contribution (2008)<ref>{{cite web|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala Sastry|title=Pampa Award|url=http://storyofkannada.blogspot.in/2012/01/sahitya-academy-and-pampa-awardees.html#.UuZY8BC6bIU|publisher=Moda Sattva|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>
* Nadoja Award, Kannada University, Hampi (2022)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sastry |first=T. V. Venkatachala |date=7 April 2022 |title=Go. Ru. Channabasappa, Venkatachala Sastry, and Bhashyam Swamy to get Nadoja |pages=1 |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/go-ru-channabasappa-venkatachala-sastry-and-bhashyam-swamy-to-get-nadoja/article65299562.ece |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:T. V. Venkatachala Sastry in his study.jpg|thumb|Sastry in his personal library.]]

Sastry currently resides in Mysore, India with his wife Venkatalakshmi and devotes his time to writing, reviewing, editing and critiquing literary works. As part of his felicitation for lifetime contribution to Kannada language and literature, two festschrift volumes "Srimukha" & "Kannada Meru"<ref>{{cite web|last=Sastry|first=T. V. Venkatachala|title=Kannaḍamēru|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/2008419972|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref> were presented. Sanskrit scholar [[Sheldon Pollock]] called him "greatest living scholar in the field of old Kannada".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ganesh|first1=Deepa|title=Striking the golden mean|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/striking-the-golden-mean/article8365303.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=21 April 2017|date=17 March 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{commons category|T. V. Venkatachala Sastry}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sastry, T. V. Venkatachala}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Writers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]

Shri Jagannath Medical College and Hospital

2025-06-30T13:16:04Z

ShannonAguayo:

{{short description| 8th Medical College in Odisha located at Puri}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Shri Jagannath Medical College and Hospital
| other_name = SJMCH, Puri
| image =
| motto = ''dedicated to human service''
| type = [[Medical]] [[college]] and [[Hospital]]
| established = {{start date and age|2021}}
| principal = Dr. Sabita Mohapatra| address = Samangara, [[Puri]], [[Odisha]], [[India]] 752002
| city = Puri
| coordinates = {{coord|19.837|85.873|display=title,inline}}
| colors =
| affiliations = [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| website = {{url|http://sjmch.odisha.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Shri Jagannath Medical College and Hospital''' (SJMCH, Puri) is a Government medical college in [[Puri]], [[Odisha]], where students may earn the [[Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS) degree. Admission is based on merit using the [[National Eligibility and Entrance Test]]. Yearly undergraduate student intake is 100 with the first students arriving in 2021. SJMCH at Puri was built at a cost of around 300 [[crore]]s on an area of 33 acres, and became the eighth government medical college in the state.

The college is located at the Samangara area of Puri city, approximately 7 km from [[Jagannath Temple]], Puri and 28 km from [[Konark Sun Temple]]. It is recognised by the [[National Medical Commission]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/medical-college-in-puri-to-be-named-after-lord-jagannath-115072001193_1.html|title=Medical college in Puri to be named after Lord Jagannath|agency=Press Trust of India|date=July 20, 2015|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ommcomnews.com/odisha-news/odisha-proposed-medical-college-hospital-at-puri-by-2021|title=Odisha: Proposed Medical College & Hospital At Puri By 2021|date=October 30, 2019}}</ref>

==History==
The [[Government of Odisha]] approved the proposal for the establishment of a medical college at [[Puri]] and it was named as Sri Jagannath Medical College.<ref name="auto"/> Establishment of the medical college missed the 2019 deadline and the first classes began in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/puri-med-college-may-miss-2019-deadline/|title=Puri med college may miss 2019 deadline - OrissaPOST|date=December 12, 2017}}</ref>

==Courses offered==
The college offers the MBBS degree under [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]] with an annual intake of 100. It is recognised by the [[National Medical Commission]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2017]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Odisha]]

List of ministers of tribal welfare of Andhra Pradesh

2025-06-08T08:06:50Z

ShannonAguayo: Started Some Post First Draft

{{Short description|Head of the Ministry of Tribal Welfare of the Government of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Minister of Tribal Welfare
| body =
| native_name = {{transliteration|te|Girijana Saṅkṣēma Śākha Mantrī}}
| insignia =
| insigniasize = 200px
| insigniacaption =
| insigniaalt =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption = [[Emblem of Andhra Pradesh]]
| image = Smt. Gummadi Sandhya Rani.jpg
| imagesize = 150px
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = [[Gummadi Sandhya Rani]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 12 June 2024
| department = Department of Tribal Welfare
| style =
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation =
| member_of = [[Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers|Andha Pradesh Cabinet]]
| reports_to = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]] [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
| appointer_qualified = on the advice of the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|chief minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| inaugural = [[Ravela Kishore Babu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrababu Naidu allocates portfolios, has two deputy CMs|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/Chandrababu-Naidu-allocates-portfolios-has-two-deputy-CMs/article20796521.ece|date=11 June 2014|website=The Hindu Business Line|language=en}}</ref>
| formation = 8 June 2014
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{url|https://tsp.apcfss.in/FirstPage.do|Official website}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Minister of Tribal Welfare''', is the head of the Department of Tribal Welfare of the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].

The incumbent Minister of Tribal Welfare is [[Gummadi Sandhya Rani]] from the [[Telugu Desam Party]].

== List of ministers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! rowspan=2 |#
! rowspan=2 colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan=2 style="width:16em" | Minister {{small|(Lifespan) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan=2 style="width:5em" |Election {{small|(Term)}}
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Ministry
! rowspan=2 style="width:10em" |Chief Minister
!rowspan=2 |Ref.
|-
!Term start
!Term end
!Duration
|-
!1
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Ravela Kishore Babu]]''' {{small|(born 1959) MLA for [[Prathipadu, Guntur Assembly constituency|Prathipadu]]}}
|8 June 2014
|1 April 2017
| '''{{ayd|8 June 2014|1 April 2017}}'''
|rowspan=3 |[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] {{small|[[14th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(14th)]]}}
|rowspan=3|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| [[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu III]]
|rowspan=3 |[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-08 |title=19 ministers take oath along with Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/19-ministers-take-oath-along-with-chandrababu-naidu/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 2
|
|'''[[Nakka Ananda Babu]]''' {{small|(born 1966) MLA for [[Vemuru Assembly constituency|Vemuru]]}}
| 2 April 2017
| 10 November 2018
| '''{{ayd|2 April 2017|10 November 2018}}'''
|
|-
!3
|
| '''[[Kidari Sravan Kumar]]''' {{small|(born 1991) [[Provisional government|Provisional]]}}
| 11 November 2018
| 9 May 2019
| | '''{{ayd|11 November 2018|9 May 2019}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2019|title=Andhra tribal welfare minister Kidari Sravan resigns from post|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/andhra-tribal-welfare-minister-kidari-sravan-resigns-from-post-119050901267_1.html |website=Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!4
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Pamula Pushpa Sreevani.png|97x97px]]
| '''[[Pamula Pushpa Sreevani]]''' {{small|(born 1986) MLA for [[Kurupam Assembly constituency|Kurupam]]}}
|30 May 2019
|7 April 2022
| '''{{ayd|30 May 2019|7 April 2022}}'''
|rowspan=2 |[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] {{small|[[15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(15th)]]}}
| rowspan="2" |[[YSR Congress Party]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="#94A2F7"| [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Jagan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-30 |title=Jaganmohan Reddy sworn-in as Andhra Pradesh chief minister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jaganmohan-reddy-sworn-in-as-andhra-pradesh-chief-minister/articleshow/69574758.cms |access-date=2024-08-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!5
|
| '''[[Peedika Rajanna Dora]]''' {{small|(born 1965) MLA for [[Salur Assembly constituency|Salur]]}}
|11 April 2022
|11 June 2024
| '''{{ayd|11 April 2022|11 June 2024}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Indo-Asian News |date=2022-04-11 |title=25 members of Jagan Reddy's revamped Cabinet take oath |url=https://www.siasat.com/25-members-of-jagan-reddys-revamped-cabinet-take-oath-2306655/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!6
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[File: Smt. Gummadi Sandhya Rani.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[Gummadi Sandhya Rani]]''' {{small|(born 1973) MLA for [[Salur Assembly constituency|Salur]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
| '''{{ayd|12 June 2024|}}'''
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] {{small|[[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(16th)]]}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| [[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu IV]]
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-06-14 |title=Full list of Andhra Pradesh Cabinet Ministers with portfolios: Who gets what |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/andhra-pradesh-council-of-ministers-full-list/article68288989.ece |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lists of government ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]

Mannanur, Palakkad

2025-05-12T22:10:00Z

ShannonAguayo: new initial stub first draft!

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=February 2024}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mannanur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|44|57|N|76|19|25|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.2
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8000
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = KL-
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Ottapalam
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Previously Ottapalam. Now Palakkad
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mannanur''' is a village on the banks of [[Bharathappuzha]] river in [[Palakkad district]] of [[Kerala]] state in India.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 12, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Palakkad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Palakkad district]]

{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}

2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Plate Group

2025-03-13T19:33:36Z

ShannonAguayo: creating a bio

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Plate Group
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fromdate = 4
| todate = 22 November 2021
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[Twenty20 cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]]
| host =
| champions =
| count =
| runner up =
| participants = 8
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| website =
| previous_year = 2020–21
| previous_tournament = 2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy
| next_year =
| next_tournament =
}}
{{2021–22 Indian domestic cricket season}}
The '''2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy''' was the fourteenth season of the [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], a [[Twenty20 cricket]] tournament played in India. It was contested by 38 teams, divided into six groups, with eight teams in Plate Group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ranji-trophy-returns-after-gap-year-due-to-covid-19-as-bcci-announces-2021-22-domestic-calendar-1268528|title=Ranji Trophy returns as BCCI announces full 2021-22 domestic season|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcci-postpones-ranji-trophy-to-january-5-in-revised-domestic-calendar-1274144 |title=BCCI postpones Ranji Trophy start date to January 5 in revised domestic calendar |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref> The tournament was announced by BCCI on 3 July 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/154550/bcci-announces-india-s-domestic-season-for-2021-22|title=BCCI announces India’s domestic season for 2021-22|work=Board of Control for Cricket in India|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref>

On 8 November 2021, in the match between [[2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Plate Group#Round 4|Vidarbha and Manipur]], [[Akshay Karnewar]] of Vidarbha became the first bowler to bowl four overs in a Twenty20 cricket match without conceding a run.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/smat-2021-karnewar-first-player-in-t20-to-concede-zero-runs-after-bowling-full-quota-7613358/ |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali trophy: Akshay Karnewar first player in T20 to concede zero runs after bowling full quota |work=Indian Express |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> The following day, in Vidarbha's match against [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]], Karnewar took a [[hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/vidarbha-bowler-akshay-karnewar-scripts-historic-t20-world-record-bowls-4-maidens-in-4-overs-claims-hat-trick-next-day-101636444738459.html |title=Vidarbha bowler Akshay Karnewar scripts historic T20 world record, bowls 4 maidens in 4 overs; claims hat-trick next day |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] topped the group with five wins out of five to qualify for the [[2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy#Preliminary quarter-finals|preliminary quarter-finals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/119783/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2021-22-bengal-crush-karnataka-to-make-quarterfinal-entry |title=Bengal crush Karnataka to make quarterfinal entry |work=CricBuzz |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sma-trophy-2021-ruturaj-gaikwad-runs-deepak-hooda-form-akshay-karnewar-record-highlight-group-stage-1289503 |title=Gaikwad's runs, Hooda's form and Karnewar's record highlight SMA group stage |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>

==Points table==
{{2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Plate Group}}

==Fixtures==
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2021-22-1280192/match-schedule-fixtures |title=2021/22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Fixtures |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref>

===Round 1===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 November 2021
| team1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| team2 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| score1 = 163/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Apoorv Wankhade]] 39[[not out|*]] (28)
| wickets1 = [[Rajesh Bishnoi]] 3/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 69/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rajesh Bishnoi]] 19 (31)
| wickets2 = [[Darshan Nalkande]] 5/9 (4 overs)
| result = Vidarbha won by 94 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280213.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[ACA–KDCA Cricket Ground|Devineni Venkata Ramana Praneetha Ground]], [[Vijayawada]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri and GS Ananth Ramakrishnan
| motm =
| toss = Arunachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Vipin Dhaka]], [[Techi Sonam]], Abhinav Srivastava (Arunachal Pradesh) and [[Harsh Dubey]] (Vidarbha) all made their T20 debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 November 2021
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
| score1 = 146/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Bikramkumar Das]] 55 (52)
| wickets1 = [[Sumit Singh (cricketer)|Sumit Singh]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 102/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nilesh Lamichaney]] 22 (29)
| wickets2 = [[Amit Ali]] 4/14 (4 overs)
| result = Tripura won by 44 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280214.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[ACA–KDCA Cricket Ground|Devineni Venkata Ramana Praneetha Ground]], [[Vijayawada]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri and GS Ananth Ramakrishnan
| motm =
| toss = Sikkim won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Codanda Ajit Karthik, [[Liyan Khan]], Akash Luitel (Sikkim), [[Amit Ali]], [[Bikramkumar Das]], [[Samit Gohel]] and Saruk Hossain (Tripura) all made their T20 debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 November 2021
| team1 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| team2 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| score1 = 150/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Chetan Bist]] 66[[not out|*]] (48)
| wickets1 = [[Rex Rajkumar]] 3/19 (4 overs)
| score2 = 133/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nitesh Sedai]] 64 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Abu Nechim]] 2/19 (4 overs)
| result = Nagaland won by 17 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280215.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = VM Dhokre and Madanagopal Kuppuraj
| motm =
| toss = Nagaland won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Chabungam Ishworjit (Manipur) made his T20 debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 November 2021
| team1 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| team2 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| score1 = 102/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Uday Kaul]] 35 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Dippu Sangma]] 1/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 106/1 (14.1 overs)
| runs2 = Kishan Lyngdoh 52 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Bobby Zothansanga]] 1/16 (2 overs)
| result = Meghalaya won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280216.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = VM Dhokre and Madanagopal Kuppuraj
| motm =
| toss = Mizoram won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Riboklang Hynniewta, Kishan Lyngdoh (Meghalaya), [[Vikash Kumar]], Joseph Lalthankhuma and Remruatdika Ralte (Mizoram) all made their T20 debuts.
}}

===Round 2===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 November 2021
| team1 = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
| team2 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| score1 = 112 (20 overs)
| runs1 = Codanda Ajit Karthik 27 (23)
| wickets1 = [[Akash Choudhary]] 3/19 (4 overs)
| score2 = 116/4 (18.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]] 31[[not out|*]] (30)
| wickets2 = [[Kranthi Kumar (cricketer)|Kranthi Kumar]] 2/22 (4 overs)
| result = Meghalaya won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280232.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[ACA–KDCA Cricket Ground|Devineni Venkata Ramana Praneetha Ground]], [[Vijayawada]]
| umpires = VM Dhokre and Madanagopal Kuppuraj
| motm =
| toss = Meghalaya won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 November 2021
| team1 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| team2 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| score1 = 115/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Chetan Bist]] 44 (46)
| wickets1 = [[Yash Thakur]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 117/5 (17.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ganesh Satish]] 39 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Khrievitso Kense]] 2/27 (4 overs)
| result = Vidarbha won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280233.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[ACA–KDCA Cricket Ground|Devineni Venkata Ramana Praneetha Ground]], [[Vijayawada]]
| umpires = VM Dhokre and Madanagopal Kuppuraj
| motm =
| toss = Nagaland won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 November 2021
| team1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| score1 = 128 (19.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nazeeb Saiyed]] 32 (21)
| wickets1 = [[Bishworjit Konthoujam]] 4/23 (3.4 overs)
| score2 = 131/4 (18 overs)
| runs2 = [[Narisingh Yadav]] 50 (43)
| wickets2 = [[Myendung Singpho]] 3/36 (4 overs)
| result = Manipur won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280234.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = [[Puttarangaiah Jayapal]] and Kamlesh Sharma
| motm =
| toss = Arunachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 November 2021
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| score1 = 138/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rajat Dey]] 82[[not out|*]] (46)
| wickets1 = [[Lalhruai Ralte]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 109/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Iqbal Abdulla]] 46[[not out|*]] (39)
| wickets2 = [[Amit Ali]] 3/16 (4 overs)
| result = Tripura won by 29 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280235.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = [[Puttarangaiah Jayapal]] and Kamlesh Sharma
| motm =
| toss = Tripura won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Round 3===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 November 2021
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| score1 = 168/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[K. B. Pawan]] 65[[not out|*]] (43)
| wickets1 = [[Kishan Singha]] 1/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 113/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Johnson Singh]] 43[[not out|*]] (41)
| wickets2 = [[Amit Ali]] 3/20 (4 overs)
| result = Tripura won by 55 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280251.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[ACA–KDCA Cricket Ground|Devineni Venkata Ramana Praneetha Ground]], [[Vijayawada]]
| umpires = [[Puttarangaiah Jayapal]] and Kamlesh Sharma
| motm =
| toss = Tripura won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 November 2021
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| score1 = 96 (19.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Chirag Khurana]] 26 (20)
| wickets1 = [[Yash Thakur]] 3/12 (2.1 overs)
| score2 = 100/2 (11.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Atharva Taide]] 40[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets2 = [[Dippu Sangma]] 1/17 (2 overs)
| result = Vidarbha won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280252.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[ACA–KDCA Cricket Ground|Devineni Venkata Ramana Praneetha Ground]], [[Vijayawada]]
| umpires = [[Puttarangaiah Jayapal]] and Kamlesh Sharma
| motm =
| toss = Meghalaya won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 November 2021
| team1 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| team2 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| score1 = 156/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shrikant Mundhe]] 76 (64)
| wickets1 = [[Iqbal Abdulla]] 1/20 (4 overs)
| score2 = 117/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Khawlhring Lalremruata]] 44 (54)
| wickets2 = [[Nagaho Chishi]] 1/11 (2 overs)
| result = Nagaland won by 39 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280253.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri and GS Ananth Ramakrishnan
| motm =
| toss = Mizoram won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 November 2021
| team1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
| score1 = 90 (19.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Vipin Dhaka]] 21 (21)
| wickets1 = Akash Luitel 4/17 (4 overs)
| score2 = 91/1 (14.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ashish Thapa]] 38[[not out|*]] (33)
| wickets2 = [[Rajesh Bishnoi (cricketer, born 1990)|Rajesh Bishnoi]] 1/17 (4 overs)
| result = Sikkim won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280254.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri and GS Ananth Ramakrishnan
| motm =
| toss = Arunachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Round 4===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 November 2021
| team1 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| team2 = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
| score1 = 108/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Uday Kaul]] 69 (59)
| wickets1 = Codanda Ajit Karthik 2/14 (4 overs)
| score2 = 112/0 (17.4 overs)
| runs2 = Codanda Ajit Karthik 61[[not out|*]] (57)
| wickets2 =
| result = Sikkim won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280270.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[ACA–KDCA Cricket Ground|Devineni Venkata Ramana Praneetha Ground]], [[Vijayawada]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri and GS Ananth Ramakrishnan
| motm =
| toss = Mizoram won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Rinsangzela Hmamte (Mizoram) made his T20 debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 November 2021
| team1 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| team2 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| score1 = 165/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Joshua Ozukum]] 91 (54)
| wickets1 = [[Techi Doria]] 3/33 (3 overs)
| score2 = 86 (15 overs)
| runs2 = [[Song Tacho]] 26 (22)
| wickets2 = [[Imliwati Lemtur]] 4/20 (4 overs)
| result = Nagaland won by 79 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280271.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[ACA–KDCA Cricket Ground|Devineni Venkata Ramana Praneetha Ground]], [[Vijayawada]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri and GS Ananth Ramakrishnan
| motm =
| toss = Nagaland won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Nzanthung Mozhui]] (Nagaland), Tana Tatar and Vijay Rao (Arunachal Pradesh) all made their T20 debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 November 2021
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| score1 = 146 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[K. B. Pawan]] 33 (26)
| wickets1 = [[Chirag Khurana]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 147/0 (18 overs)
| runs2 = Kishan Lyngdoh 85[[not out|*]] (62)
| wickets2 =
| result = Meghalaya won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280272.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = VM Dhokre and Madanagopal Kuppuraj
| motm =
| toss = Tripura won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Hemant Phukan (Meghalaya) made his T20 debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 November 2021
| team1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| team2 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| score1 = 222/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jitesh Sharma]] 71[[not out|*]] (31)
| wickets1 = [[Kishan Singha]] 2/29 (4 overs)
| score2 = 55 (16.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Karnajit Yumnam]] 18 (12)
| wickets2 = [[Atharva Taide]] 2/0 (1 over)
| result = Vidarbha won by 167 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280273.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = VM Dhokre and Madanagopal Kuppuraj
| motm =
| toss = Vidarbha won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Chongtham Mehul]], Sanatombaroy Laiphangbam (Manipur), Shubham Dubey and [[Siddhesh Neral]] (Vidarbha) all made their T20 debuts.
}}

===Round 5===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 November 2021
| team1 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| team2 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| score1 = 63 (18.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Imliwati Lemtur]] 16 (17)
| wickets1 = [[Ajoy Sarkar]] 3/10 (3 overs)
| score2 = 67/1 (7.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Samrat Singha]] 31[[not out|*]] (25)
| wickets2 = [[Imliwati Lemtur]] 1/17 (2 overs)
| result = Tripura won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280289.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[ACA–KDCA Cricket Ground|Devineni Venkata Ramana Praneetha Ground]], [[Vijayawada]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri and GS Ananth Ramakrishnan
| motm =
| toss = Tripura won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 November 2021
| team1 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| team2 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| score1 = 100/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Langlonyamba Keishangbam]] 31 (33)
| wickets1 = [[Bobby Zothansanga]] 2/11 (4 overs)
| score2 = 105/2 (15 overs)
| runs2 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 38[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets2 = [[Homendro Kabrambam]] 1/11 (3 overs)
| result = Mizoram won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280290.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[ACA–KDCA Cricket Ground|Devineni Venkata Ramana Praneetha Ground]], [[Vijayawada]]
| umpires = VM Dhokre and Madanagopal Kuppuraj
| motm =
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = B Lalnunfela (Mizoram) and [[Sunil Salam]] (Manipur) both made their T20 debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 November 2021
| team1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| team2 = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
| score1 = 205/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jitesh Sharma]] 54[[not out|*]] (20)
| wickets1 = [[Palzor Tamang]] 2/32 (3 overs)
| score2 = 75/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Liyan Khan]] 30 (36)
| wickets2 = [[Akshay Karnewar]] 4/5 (4 overs)
| result = Vidarbha won by 130 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280291.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = [[Puttarangaiah Jayapal]] and Kamlesh Sharma
| motm =
| toss = Vidarbha won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Sanjay Raghunath]] and Sooraj Rai (Vidarbha) both made their T20 debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 November 2021
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| score1 = 194/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = Kishan Lyngdoh 82 (52)
| wickets1 = [[Akhilesh Sahani]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 102/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Techi Neri]] 26 (32)
| wickets2 = [[Chirag Khurana]] 2/12 (2 overs)
| result = Meghalaya won by 92 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280292.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = [[Puttarangaiah Jayapal]] and Kamlesh Sharma
| motm =
| toss = Arunachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Indiya Toku]] (Arunachal Pradesh) made his T20 debut.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy}}
[[Category:2021 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2021–22]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

National Highway 29 (India)

2025-03-04T22:07:37Z

ShannonAguayo: new some stub w/ refs!

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{For | the old National Highway 29|National Highway 24 (India)|National Highway 31 (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 29
| length_km = 338.5
| ahn = {{Jct|country=IND|AH|1}}{{Jct|country=IND|AH|2}}
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|type=line
| id=Q25351515| stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 29}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Map of the National Highway in red at Jessami
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_notes =
| direction_a = West
| terminus_a = [[Dabaka]]
| destinations =
| direction_b = East
| terminus_b = [[Jessami]]
| junction =
| states = [[Assam]], [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]]
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 28
| next_route = 30
}}

'''National Highway 29''' ('''NH 29''') is a primary [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]]. This highway was previously part of old national highways 36, 39 and 150. Due to rationalisation of national highway numbers of India by Gazette notification on 5 March 2010, it was renumbered as National Highway 29.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> NH-29 runs across the Indian states of [[Assam]], [[Nagaland]] and end at the border of [[Manipur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date= 28 September 2019}}</ref> This national highway is {{convert|338.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03.pdf|title=The List of National Highways in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=28 September 2019}}</ref>

== Route ==
NH29 connects [[Dabaka]] (Sutargaon), Manja in Assam to [[Dimapur]], [[Chümoukedima]], [[Kohima]], [[Chizami]] in Nagaland and terminates at [[Jessami]] in the State of Manipur.<ref name=":1" />

===Assam===
[[Dabaka]] - [[Dokmoka]] - [[Bakulia]] - [[Manja, India| Manja]] - [[Amlakhi]]

===Nagaland===
[[Dimapur]] - [[Chümoukedima]] - [[Kohima]] - [[Chizami]]

===Manipur===
[[Jessami]]

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
[[File:Renumbered National Highways map of India (Schematic).jpg|thumb|Schematic map of National Highways in India]]
; Assam
: {{jct|NH|27|country=IND}} Terminal near [[Dabaka]].<ref name=":0" />
: {{jct|NH|329|country=IND}} near [[Manja, India|Manja]]
; Nagaland
: {{jct|NH|129|country=IND}} near [[Dimapur]]
: {{jct|NH|129A|country=IND}} near Dimapur
: {{jct|NH|2|country=IND}} near [[Kohima]]
; Manipur
: {{jct|NH|202|country=IND}} Terminal near [[Jessami]].

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11663516 NH 29 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH29 sr}}

[[Category:AH1]]
[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Assam]]
[[Category:National highways in Nagaland]]
[[Category:National highways in Manipur]]

Adam Narsayya Narayan

2025-01-25T14:12:43Z

ShannonAguayo: creating info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Adam Narsayya Narayan
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City South]]
| term2 = 2004–2009
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency3 = [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City South]]
| term3 = 1995–1999
| constituency4 = [[Solapur City North Assembly constituency|Solapur City North]]
| term4 = 1978–1980
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
}}

'''Adam Narsayya Narayan''', popularly known as '''Adam Master''' is an Indian politician from the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and a leader of the [[Centre for Indian Trade Unions]] (CITU).<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/poverty/housing-cooperatives-are-building-a-workers-city#google_vignette|title=Housing cooperatives are building a workers’ city in Solapur|first=Subin Dennis/Tricontinental: Institute for Social|last=Research|date=26 August 2018|website=National Herald}}</ref> He has served as member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] between 2004–2009 and 1995–1999 elected from [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City South]], and between 1978 and 1980 elected from [[Solapur City North Assembly constituency|Solapur City North]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ADAM NARSAYYA NARAYAN (Communist Party of India (Marxist)(CPI(M):Constituency- SOLAPUR CITY SOUTH(Solapur) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/mah2004/candidate.php?candidate_id=216 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref name=":01">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/maharashtra-assembly-elections-adam-master-takes-on-ally-congress-last-election-9656775/|work= Indian Express|title=Maharashtra Elections, Adam Master takes on ally Congress}}</ref> Adam Master is known for leading a movement to ensure affordable housing through cooperatives and government funding, for impoverished workers living in slums in Solapur, under a CITU housing project and in association with the [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]] (DYFI). It led to the construction of 15,000 houses between 2001 and 2018, and the eventual release of funding for 30,000 more afterwards. Prior to joining politics, he was a teacher of Mathematics due to which he became popularly known as "Master".<ref name=":02"/>

Adam Narsayya had extended support to [[Praniti Shinde]] who contested and won from [[Solapur Lok Sabha constituency|Solapur]] in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]] and was promised support for his candidacy from [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central]] in the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|upcoming state election]] from the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pune.news/maharashtra/narsayya-adam-supports-praniti-shinde-uniting-political-factions-in-solapur-165191/#google_vignette|title=Narsayya Adam Supports Praniti Shinde: Uniting Political Factions in Solapur|first=Neha|last=Raj|date=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref name=":01"/> The party rescinded on its promise and has led to a contest between INC and him from the CPI(M) in Solapur City Central with him contesting his last election due to age.<ref name=":01"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2023/0618_pd/maha-memoirs-narasayya-adam Narsayya Adam]

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
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[[Category:Living people]]

Thiru Aadanoor Temple

2024-10-18T20:53:53Z

ShannonAguayo: started a location

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Thanjavur}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Thiru Aadanoor Temple
| image = Adhanoor (4).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|10|58|35|N|79|18|48|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| location = Aadanoor, [[Kumbakonam]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Andalakkum Aiyan Perumal ([[Vishnu]]) Ranganayaki ([[Lakshmi]])
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank = Surya
| tower = Pranava
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}The '''Thiru Aadanoor''' or the '''Andalakkum Aiyan Perumal Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Vishnu]] located in Aadanoor, [[Thanjavur district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Constructed in [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is counted as one among the 108 [[Divya Desams]] dedicated to Vishnu.<ref>{{cite news|title=An NGO does its bit for god - and humanity|url=|url-access=|publisher=Hindustan Times|location=New Delhi|date=29 April 2007}}</ref><ref>''Hindu Pilgrimage: A Journey Through the Holy Places of Hindus All Over India''. Sunita Pant Bansal.</ref> Vishnu is worshipped as Andalakkum Aiyan and his consort is worshipped as [[Ranganayaki]], a form of [[Lakshmi]].

The temple has a small shrine with [[Vimanam (tower)|Vimanam]] and 3-tier raja[[gopuram]]. The temple was built by [[Aditya I|Aditya Chola]]. The temple is located in [[Olaipadi]], a small village, 7 km away from [[Kumbakonam]] and 2 km from [[Swamimalai]]. The temple tank is located north of the temple. The deities are similar to the [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple (Srirangam)|Sri Ranganathaswamy temple of Srirangam]] with the chief deity [[Vishnu]] in a reclining, half-sleeping posture.

Andalakkum Aiyarn is believed to have appeared for an affluent devotee trying to save Rangantha. The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 7:30 a.m. to 8 p.m., and four yearly festivals on its calendar. The major festival of the temple, the [[Brahmotsavam]] is celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Vaikasi'' (May - June).

==Legend==
[[File:Adhanoor (7).jpg|250px|thumb|Gopuram of the temple|left]]
According to the temple's [[Sthala purana|regional legend]], there was an affluent devotee who also wished to partake in religious endeavour of serving [[Ranganatha]]. Some of those who worked under him exploited his [[bhakti]] to their advantage and swindled all his money, making him penniless. Pleased with his devotion, Vishnu appeared in his dream and promised to help him out of the situation. He instructed the devotee to bring along a [[Tamil units of measurement|marakkal]] and his workers, who cheated him, to the bank of the [[Kollidam]], where he promised to pay the workers their dues. The deity, in the guise of an old man, gave each of them a measure of sand from the bank of [[Kollidam]] according to the work done by them. Much to their surprise, it turned into precious stones for those who toiled and it stayed the same for those who shirked work. The workers who did not get anything were enraged and started chasing the old man. At this juncture, [[Vishnu|the deity]] appeared in his original form and made the workers realize their mistakes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/religion/article3686248.ece |title=In a state of neglect |publisher=The Hindu |date=2012-07-26 |access-date=2013-11-10}}</ref> It is also believed that the presiding deity appeared for [[Kamadhenu]], the holy cow and also for [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]], the saint poet of 8th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=533|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|isbn=9788120601512|location=New Delhi|year=1982|ref=Ayyar}}</ref>

As per another legend, the celestial deities [[Indra]] and [[Agni]] worshiped Vishnu at this place. Indra once insulted the sage [[Bhrigu]] when he placed the divine garland offered to him on his elephant [[Airavata]]. Bhrigu cursed him to lose all the powers. Indra did severe penance in the place to regain the powers. [[Agni]], the fire god, was affected with Brahmahatha Dosha, a curse inflicted on account of burning the head of [[Brahma]] handed over by [[Shiva]]. He was propitiated off his curse by offering worship at this temple.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.|pages=444–6}}</ref>

==Architecture==
Aadanoor temple is located in Adanoor located {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from [[Kumbakonam]] in [[Thanjavur district]] in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is located close to [[Swamimalai]]. The temple has a three-tiered raja[[gopuram]], the temple tower and all the shrines are enclosed by rectangular enclosure. The sanctum is located axial to the gopuram and is approached through sacrificial altar and temple mast. There are sculptures of [[Kamadhenu]], the divine cow and her daughter Nandini. The temple is believed to be similar to the [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple (Srirangam)|Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]] in all its form having seven enclosures, but were destroyed with time. The vimana, the shrine over the sanctum is called Pranava Vimana, where image of Vishnu is visible up to knee. As per the legend in Srirangam temple, it is believed that the world will get destroyed when the feet of the image emerges. [[Hanuman]], the [[vanara]] deity, is said to have visited the temple on his way to [[Lanka]]. [[Rama]] is believed to have visited the place hearing about Hanuman's visit and the foot marks are sculpted to indicate the legend. The image of Hanuman in the place is known as Virasudarshana Anjaneya.<ref name=R/>

==Festivals and religious practices==
[[File:Adhanoor (1).jpg|250px|thumb|The vimana of the temple]]
The temple follows Pancharatra Agama and the worship practices are carried out by hereditary priests. This temple is under full control of [[Ahobila mutt]] and follows the [[Vadakalai]] tradition. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] community, from the [[Brahmin]] class. The temple rituals are performed six times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 7 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 5:00 p.m., ''Irandamkalam'' at 6:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 7:30 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Andalakkum Aiyarn and Bhargavi Thayar. During the last step of worship, ''[[nagaswaram|nadasvaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. The major festival of the temple, the [[Brahmotsavam]] is celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Vaikasi'' (May - June). [[Vaikunta Ekadasi|Vaikuntha Ekadashi]] celebrated during the Tamil month of ''Margali'' (December–January) is the other major festival celebrated in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Andalakkum Aiyan temple|publisher=Dinamalar|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=345|access-date=2 November 2019}}</ref>

==Religious importance==

The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] canon, by [[Kulasekhara Alvar]] in one hymn. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book. [[Thirumangai Alvar]] has sung in praise of the deity in this temple with one pasuram, numbered at 3815. It is believed that once the temple was buried under earth. At the same time, a Kashmiri Princess was afflicted on account of a spell from a magician. Vishnu appeared in the dreams of the king and asked him to renovate the submerged temple. The king is believed to have followed the orders, resulting in the princess getting propitiated. The worship in the temple is thus believed to offer solace to people afflicted by witchcraft.<ref name=R/>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Adhanur temple}}

{{Hindu temples in Thanjavur District}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Thanjavur district]]

Panchet Hill

2024-08-24T02:04:19Z

ShannonAguayo: Created article...

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Panchet Hill
| photo = Panchet - Panchkot.jpg
| photo_caption = Panchakot or Panchet Hill
| elevation_m = 490
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m =
| location = [[Neturia (community development block)|Neturia]] CD Block, [[Purulia district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| map = India West Bengal
| range = [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23|37|N|86|47|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:mountain_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| topo =
| easiest_route =
}}

'''Panchet Hill''', referred to in Bengali as Panchakot Pahar, is located in [[Neturia (community development block)]] at the north-eastern end of [[Purulia district]], in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==The hill==
In 1911, H. Coupland had described the hill as follows: "Panchakot or Panchet (1,600 feet) is the most conspicuous object in the north-east of the district, some 35 miles north of Purulia. In shape it is a long crescent like ridge rising to its highest point at its eastern extremity: it is covered with small but dense jungle, with some fine clumps of mango and mahua scattered over the low foothills at its base. At the foot of the eastern face are the ruins of the old palace and fort of the Panchet Rajas, and above and also below them some ancient temples."<ref>{{Cite web| url = https://archive.org/stream/manbhum01coup/manbhum01coup_djvu.txt | title = Bengal District Gazetteers - Manbhum by H. Coupland, ICS |work= First Published 1911|publisher= University of California, San Diego |access-date = 27 September 2016}}</ref>

See also: [[Garh Panchkot]]

==Panchet Dam==
[[Panchet Dam]] has been constructed across the [[Damodar River|Damodar]] at the foot of the Panchet Hill.<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://easytouristguide.com/off-beat-tourist-places/panchet-ideal-weekend-destination-of-bengal.html | title = Panchet – ideal week end destination of Bengal |work= |publisher= Easy Tourist Guide |access-date = 27 September 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Garh Panchakot}}

{{Purulia topics}}

[[Category:Hills of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Purulia district]]

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2024-08-12T04:14:20Z

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