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Hingna Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T21:12:51Z

Shannan0997: Created some pg needs work.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hingna
| constituency_no = 50
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 50-Hingna.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency|Ramtek]]
| district = [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Sameer Meghe]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =450,439
}}

'''Hingna Assembly constituency''' is one of the twelve constituencies of the [[Maharashtra]] Vidhan Sabha located in the [[Nagpur district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It is a part of the [[Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency]] and comprises [[Hingna|Hingna Tahsil]] and parts of [[Nagpur Rural|Nagpur Tahsil]], including the towns of [[Wadi]], [[Davlameti]], Sonegaon, [[Multi-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpur|SEZ Mihan]] and Jamtha, all in [[Nagpur district]].

As of 2024, [[Sameer Meghe]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] represents the constituency.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hingna Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/hingna.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Vijaybabu Ghodmare
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Sameer Meghe]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hingna <ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Hingna">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Hingna |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1350.htm |accessdate=6 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206083818/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1350.htm |archivedate=6 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sameer Meghe|Sameer Dattatraya Meghe]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 160,206 |percentage = 59.41% |change = {{increase}}5.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rameshchandra Gopikisan Bang |party = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 81,275 |percentage = 30.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anirudhah Vitthal Shevale |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 8,164 |percentage = 3.03% |change = {{decrease}}3.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devabhau Alias Dr. Devendra Ramkrushna Kaikade |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,497 |percentage = 2.78% |change = {{decrease}}1.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Derkar Tushar Pradeep |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,361 |percentage = 1.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,876 |percentage = 0.70% |change = {{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 78,931 |percentage = 29.27% |change = {{increase}}8.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 271,517 |percentage = 60.28% |change = {{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 269,641}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 450,439 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.51 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}5.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hingna <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sameer Meghe|Sameer Dattatraya Meghe]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 121,305 |percentage = 54.01% |change = {{increase}}11.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghodmare Vijaybabu Pandurangji |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 75,138 |percentage = 33.45% |change = {{increase}}2.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nitesh Jivan Jangle |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 15,371 |percentage = 6.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rahul Dhanraj Sontakke |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 9,320 |percentage = 4.15% |change = {{decrease}}5.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,256 |percentage = 1.00% |change = {{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 46,167 |percentage = 20.55% |change = {{increase}}8.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 226,945 |percentage = 60.21% |change = {{decrease}}5.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 224,610}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 376,915 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}11.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hingna <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sameer Meghe|Sameer Dattatraya Meghe]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 84,139 |percentage = 42.14% |change = {{increase}}1.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bang Rameshchandra Gopikisan |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 60,981 |percentage = 30.54% |change = {{decrease}}9.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kunda Shyamdeo Raut |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,573 |percentage = 10.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhadant Mahapant |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 19,450 |percentage = 9.74% |change = {{increase}}4.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prakashbhau Jadhao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 6,997 |percentage = 3.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kale Shyam |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,711 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dinesh Tarachand Bansod |party = Republican Party of India Ektavadi |votes = 1,298 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 709 |percentage = 0.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,158 |percentage = 11.60% |change = {{increase}}11.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 200,567 |percentage = 66.18% |change = {{increase}}7.60 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 199,654}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 303,081 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hingna <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ghodmare Vijaybabu Pandurangji |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 65,039 |percentage = 40.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rameshchandra Gopikisan Bang |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 64,339 |percentage = 39.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajaram Gayaprasad Pande |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 9,262 |percentage = 5.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajesh Manoranjan Gautam |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,643 |percentage = 5.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dinesh Tarachand Bansod |party = Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 6,749 |percentage = 4.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Singh Udayabhan Laxman Singh |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,659 |percentage = 1.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dilip Mangal Madavi |party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 1,030 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 700 |percentage = 0.43% |change = {{decrease}}26.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 161,442 |percentage = 58.58% |change = {{increase}}2.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 161,428}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 275,584 |ref = |change = {{increase}}433.35 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hingna <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Abdulla Khan Pathan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,937 |percentage = 44.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajaram Lakshaman Mahale |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,022 |percentage = 17.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramsingh Madhosing Gour |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 4,731 |percentage = 16.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raghunath Bajirao Nimbalkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,655 |percentage = 15.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Murlidhar Laxmanrao Vaidya |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 600 |percentage = 2.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balkrishna Nagoji Vaidya |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 590 |percentage = 2.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kashirao Deoramji Kalnawat |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 573 |percentage = 1.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,915 |percentage = 27.19% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,108 |percentage = 56.33% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,108}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,670 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Hingna]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|21.07|78.96|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Pontifical Athenaeum Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram

2026-05-04T09:35:51Z

Shannan0997: Creating pg

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Short description|Pontifical University in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Pontifical Athenaeum Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram
| image = Pontifical Athenaeum Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram.png
| image_size =
| latin_name =
| native_name =
| motto = ईशभक्तिः परं ज्ञानम्
 ''Isha Bhakti Paramjnanam''
| mottoeng = "Devotion to Lord is Supreme Wisdom"
| established = 1833 at Mannanam ({{years ago|1833}} years ago); 1918 moved to Chethipuzha ({{years ago|1918}} years ago); 21 June 1957 relocated to Bangalore ({{years ago|1957|6|21}} years ago)
| closed =
| type = [[Pontifical university|Pontifical Athenaeum]]
| affiliation = [[Holy See]]
| endowment =
| chancellor = [[Major Archbishop]] [[Mar Raphel Thattil]]
| head_label = Pro-Chancellor
| head = [[Sebastian Adayanthrath|Mar Sebastian Adayanthrath]]
| vice_chancellor = Very Rev. Dr. Paul Achandy CMI
| rector = [[Saju Chackalackal|Rev. Dr. Saju Chackalackal CMI]]
| city = Bangalore, India
| coor = {{coord|12|56|10.8|N|77|36|10.5|E|region:IT-RM_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban
| free_label =
| free =
| sports =
| colors =
| other_name =
| mascot =
| athletics =
| affiliations =
| logo = DVK Logo.png
| logo_size = 250
| website = {{URL|http://dvk.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pontifical Athenaeum Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram''' also known as '''DVK''', is a [[Philosophy|philosophical]] and [[Theology|theological]] institution of higher learning established by the [[Syro-Malabar|Syro-Malabar Catholic]] congregation of the [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate]] (CMI) and is located in [[Bengaluru]], India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Website of CMI|url=http://cmi.in/index.php|accessdate=27 February 2014}}</ref> It is a [[Pontifical university|Pontifical Athenaeum]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xFRiHQAACAAJ Google Books website, ''Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram: Pontifical Athenaeum of Philosophy and Theology, Bangalore: Handbook 1990-1991'']</ref> with a [[University charter|charter]] from the [[Holy See|Vatican]],<ref>[https://www.cbtsdharmaram.in/ Centre for Biblical and Theological Studies website, ''Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram: Faculty of Theology'']</ref> authorised to grant degrees, including [[Licentiate (pontifical degree)|Licentiate]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy|Doctorate]] in philosophy and theology. It is the only [[Pontifical University|Pontifical Athenaeum]] in [[Asia]] and is renowned for its scholarship in philosophy and theology.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Apostolic Constitution Veritatis gaudium on Ecclesiastical Universities and Faculties (8 December 2017) Section VII Article 35. "In Ecclesiastical Universities or Faculties which are canonically erected or approved, the academic degrees are given by authority of the Holy See." |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_constitutions/documents/papa-francesco_costituzione-ap_20171208_veritatis-gaudium.html |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref>

== History ==
Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram,<ref>[https://www.dharmaram.in/institutions/dvk Dharmaram College website, ''DVK'']</ref> was established as a seminary in 1833 at Mannanam and later shifted to [[Chethipuzha]].<ref>[https://dvk.in/history DVL official website, ''History'']</ref> The institute at [[Chethipuzha]], Kerala was moved to [[Bangalore]] in 1957. On 8 December 1965, it became affiliated to the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] in [[Rome]].

In 1976, DVK was granted the [[University charter|charter]] to be recognised as a [[Pontifical University|Pontifical Athenaeum]] by the [[Congregatio de Institutione Catholica]] [[Rome]], through the decree ''Nobilissima Indiarum Gentes'', thereby authorising it to confer degrees in theology. Subsequently, in 1983, the decree ''Antiquissima Indorum Philosophica'' further enabled the institution to award degrees in philosophy, marking a significant advancement in its academic standing and contribution to higher education in theological and philosophical disciplines.<ref>[https://www.dvk.in/ DVK official website, retrieved 2024-03-05]</ref> The academic degrees are given by authority of the [[Holy See]].<ref name=":0" />

== Faculties, institutes, and centres ==
Pontifical Athenaeum Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram (DVK) hosts various specialist centres and institutes dedicated to theological, philosophical, and interdisciplinary studies. These centres facilitate research, academic collaboration, and specialised training, contributing to the institution’s mission of higher education and intellectual formation in philosophy, theology, and allied disciplines.

[[File:Dharmaram Chapel.jpg|thumb| Dharmaram Chapel]]

===Faculties and institutes===

* Faculty of Theology
* Faculty of Philosophy
* Institute of Oriental Canon Law
* Institute of Formative Spirituality and Counselling

===Constituent centres===

{{col div|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Dharmaram College]]
* Centre for Biblical and Theological Studies (CBTS)
* Centre for Dalit Solidarity (CDS)
* Centre for Environmental Studies (CES)
* Centre for Science and Religion
* Centre for the Study and Research on Kuriakose Elias Chavara (CSRKEC)
* Centre for the study of World Religions (CSWR)
* Centre for Women Studies (CWS)
* Dharmaram Academy of Distance Education (DADE)
* Dharmaram Institute of Languages (DIL)
* Placid Podipara Centre for Eastern and Indian Christian Studies (PPCEICS)
* Atmodaya: Centre for Psycho-Spiritual Development
* Jnanodaya
* Centre for Pastoral Leadership Studies
* Centre for the Study of Second Vatican Council
* Writing Centre
* Kuriakose Elias Chavara Study House (KECSH)
{{div col end}}

====Extension study centres====

* Chavara Institute of Indian and Inter-Religious Studies (CIIS), [[Rome]], Italy
* Chavara International Centre for Indian and Interreligious Studies (CICIIS), [[Sacramento]], California, US

===Affiliated institutes===

The following institutes are affiliated with Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram
{{col div|colwidth=25em}}
* Darsana Institute of Philosophy, Wardha
* Samanvaya Theology College, Bhopal
* Vidya Deep College, Bengaluru
* Carmelaram Theology College, Bengaluru
* De Paul Institute of Religion and Philosophy, Bengaluru
* Pushpaasharam Institute of Philosophy, Mysore
* MMI College of Theology, Chennai
* Kripalaya Institute of Philosophy and Religion, Mysore
* St Joseph's Institute of Philosophy, Mangalore
* Sacred Heart Philosophy College, Aluva
* Gyanadhara, Dominican Institute of Philosophy, Goa
* De Mazenod Institute of Philosophy, Thiruvallur
* Alpha Higher Institute of Religious Sciences, Thalassery
{{div col end}}

==Academic collaboration and partnerships==

[[File:DVK Central Library.jpg|thumb|DVK Central Library - Asia‘s largest theological library]]

===Christ University, India===
[[Christ University]] was established in the 1960s by the CMI fathers of Dharmaram College on the Dharmaram campus. It is regarded as a daughter institution of Dharmaram. The Rector of Dharmaram serves as the Chancellor of Christ University.

Students who complete a [[Bachelor of Theology]] (BTh) at Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram (DVK) have the option to obtain a [[Master of Arts]] (MA) in Theology from [[Christ University]] through academic incorporation. Similarly, students pursuing a [[Bachelor of Philosophy]] (BPh) or [[Master of Philosophy]] (MPh) at DVK can opt for corresponding degrees at [[Christ University]], allowing them to earn dual qualifications. This collaboration enhances academic flexibility, providing students with recognised degrees from both institutions.<ref>{{cite book |title=DVK Pontifical Athenaeum Handbook 2024–2025 |year=2024 |publisher=DVK Pontifical Athenaeum |pages=77, 177 |url=https://www.dvk.in/ |access-date=8 February 2025}}</ref>

=== KU Leuven, Belgium ===
A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has been signed between Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram (DVK), Bangalore, India, and the [[Katholieke Universiteit Leuven]] ([[KU Leuven]]), [[Belgium]], facilitating academic collaboration between the institutions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram and KU Leuven MoU |url=https://dvk.in/mou |website=Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram |access-date=6 February 2025}}</ref>

The first MoU was signed between the [[:nl:Hoger Instituut voor Wijsbegeerte|Hoger Instituut voor Wijsbegeerte (HIW)]], Faculty of Philosophy, [[KU Leuven]], and the Faculty of Philosophy, DVK, on 23 May 2007, and was subsequently renewed in 2011, enabling the exchange of faculty and students based on mutual recognition of degrees.

Similarly, in May 2019, an MoU was signed between the Faculty of Theology, [[KU Leuven]], and the Faculty of Theology, DVK, with the Rector and Dean of KU Leuven and the President and Dean of DVK as signatories. This agreement also allows for legitimate academic exchanges between the institutions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram and KU Leuven MoU |url=https://dvk.in/mou |website=Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram |access-date=6 February 2025}}</ref>

===Pontifical Oriental Institute, Italy===
The Institute of Oriental Canon Law (IOCL) is aggregated to the Faculty of Eastern Canon Law at the [[Pontifical Oriental Institute]] in Rome. IOCL offers three academic programmes: the Licentiate in Oriental Canon Law (LOCL), awarded by the Pontifical Oriental Institute, Rome; and the Diploma (DOCL) and Certificate (COCL) in Oriental Canon Law, issued by DVK. The LOCL degree qualifies graduates to pursue a doctorate, teach in major seminaries or faculties of theology, and hold ecclesiastical offices requiring expertise in Canon Law.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oriental Canon Law |url=https://dvk.in/departments/Oriental-Canon-Law |website=Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram |access-date=6 February 2025}}</ref>

===Tilburg University, Netherlands===
The DVK Faculty of Theology and the Tilburg School of Catholic Theology at [[Tilburg University]], [[Netherlands]], have entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to promote academic cooperation in the field of theology, with the aim of strengthening collaboration through faculty and student exchanges, joint research initiatives, academic events, and other scholarly activities of mutual interest, reflecting a shared commitment to advancing theological education and research within an international academic framework.

===University of Opole, Poland===
The Faculty of Theology at the [[University of Opole]], [[Poland]] signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram (DVK) Pontifical Athenaeum of Philosophy and Theology in Bangalore, India, on 27 January 2025, aimed at strengthening academic collaboration through joint scientific and educational research, exchange of academic staff and students, sharing of scientific information, literature, curricula and publications, and the organization of joint seminars, conferences, and guest lectures, formalizing and expanding long-standing informal cooperation between the two institutions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculty of Theology has signed cooperation agreement in India |url=https://uni.opole.pl/en/aktualnosci/faculty-of-theology-has-signed-cooperation-agreement-in-india/ |website=University of Opole |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>

== Dharmaram Publications ==
Dharmaram Publications publishes books dealing with theological, scriptural and philosophical topics in Christian as well as non-Christian traditions. Dharmaram regularly publishes many academic journals including,
* [[Journal of Dharma]]: Dharmaram Journal of Religions and Philosophies
* Asian Horizons: Dharmaram Journal of Theology
* Vinayasadhana: Dharmaram Journal of Psycho-Spiritual Formation
* Iustitia: Dharmaram Journal of Canon Law
* Herald of the East: Dharmaram Journal of Chavara Studies

==People==
===Notable faculty===
* [[Thomas Aykara]], Former Rector and Professor of Philosophy
* [[Roger Burggraeve]], Professor of Moral Theology
* [[Antony John Baptist]], Old Testament
* [[Saju Chackalackal]], Professor of Philosophy
* [[Mathew Chandrankunnel]], Professor of Philosophy of Science
* [[Kurian Kachapally]], Professor of Philosophy
* [[A. Mathias Mundadan]], Former Rector and Professor of Church History
* [[Jose Nandhikkara]], Professor of Philosophy
* [[Joseph Pathrapankal]], Professor of New Testament
* [[Mar Emmanuel Giles Pothanamuzhi]], [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Mananthavady|Bishop of Mananthavady]], former Rector and Professor of Philosophy
* [[Virginia Rajakumari]], New Testament
* [[William Sweet]], Philosophy
* [[Jonas Thaliath|Mar Jonas Thaliath]], [[Eparchy of Rajkot|Bishop of Rajkot]], Former Rector and Professor
*[[Thomas Tharayil (archbishop of Changanassery)|Mar Thomas Tharayil]], [[Archeparchy of Changanacherry|Metropolitan Archbishop of Changanacherry]], Formative Spirituality and Counselling

===Alumni===
* [[Baselios Cleemis|Cardinal Mor Baselios Cleemis]], The [[Major Archbishop]] of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]]
* [[Saju Chackalackal]], Philosopher
* [[Soosai Jesu|Susai Jesu]], The Metropolitan Archbishop of [[Archdiocese of Keewatin–Le Pas]] in [[Canada]]
* [[Kurian Kachappilly]], Philosopher
* [[Awgin Kuriakose|Mar Awgin Kuriakose]], The Metropolitan of the [[Chaldean Syrian Church]]
* [[Abraham V. M|Abraham V. M.]], former [[Vice-chancellor]] of [[Christ University]], [[Bangalore]]
* [[Rozario Menezes]], Bishop of [[Diocese of Lae]] in [[Papua New Guinea]]
* [[Jose Nandhikkara]], Philosopher
* [[Joseph Pastor Neelankavil|Mar Joseph Pastor Neelankavil]], Bishop of [[Eparchy of Sagar]]
* [[Joseph J. Palackal]], Liturgist and Indic musicologist
* [[Antony Prince Panengaden|Mar Antony Prince Panengaden]], The Metropolitan Archbishop of [[Archeparchy of Shamshabad]]
* [[Paul Poovathingal]], Carnatic artist and first [[vocology|vocologist]] in India
*[[Joshy George Pottackal]], Auxiliary bishop in [[Diocese of Mainz|Mainz]] in [[Germany]]; the first [[Bishops in the Catholic Church|Roman Catholic bishop]] in a German diocese who was not born in Europe
*[[Jose Pulickal|Mar Jose Pulickal]], Bishop of [[Eparchy of Kanjirappally]]
* [[Virginia Rajakumari]], Biblical scholar, Congregation of Sisters of St. Anne, Bangalore (SAB)

==See also==
[[Dharmaram College]], a major seminary of the [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate]] congregation in Bangalore.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.dvk.in/ Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram official website ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130506025147/http://www.dharmarampublications.com/ Dharmaram Publications website]

[[Category:Carmelite Order]]
[[Category:Colleges in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Christian seminaries and theological colleges in India]]
[[Category:Christian seminaries and theological colleges]]

North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone

2026-05-01T13:43:42Z

Shannan0997: put up new stub and citations...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Prose|date=December 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2020}}
}}
[[File:North Indian cyclone tracks 1970-2005.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Cumulative track map of all North Indian Ocean cyclones from 1970 to 2005]]
In the [[Indian Ocean]] north of the equator, [[tropical cyclone]]s can form throughout the year on either side of the [[Indian subcontinent]], although most frequently between April and June, and between October and December.

The North Indian Ocean is the least active official basin, contributing only seven percent of the world's tropical cyclones. However the basin has produced some of the deadliest cyclones in the world, since they strike over very densely populated areas.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 17, 2021|title=Cyclone Tauktae Strikes India|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/148325/cyclone-tauktae-strikes-india|access-date=June 5, 2021|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref>
The [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre]] (RSMC) is the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) and it is responsible to monitor the basin, issues warning and name the storms.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Activities of RSMC, New Delhi|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/activities-of-rsmc-new-delhi.php|access-date=June 5, 2021|website=www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in}}</ref>

== Sub-basins ==
[[File:Luban and Titli 2018-10-10 0745Z–0926Z.jpg|thumb|Very severe cyclonic storms [[Cyclone Luban|Luban]] (left) and [[Cyclone Titli|Titli]] (right) over the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal in October 2018]]

The basin is divided into two sub-basins{{Snd}}the [[Bay of Bengal]] and the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2021 North Indian Ocean Cyclone Season|url=https://disasterphilanthropy.org/disaster/2021-north-indian-ocean-cyclone-season/|access-date=June 5, 2021|website=disasterphilanthropy.org}}</ref>

The Bay of Bengal, located in the northeast of the Indian Ocean. The basin is abbreviated ''BOB'' by the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD).<ref name="acronym">{{Cite web|title=Acronyms|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/acronyms.php|access-date=June 5, 2021|website=www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in}}</ref> The United States's [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] unofficially designates as ''B'' to classify storms formed in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0221web.txt|title=TROPICAL CYCLONE 02B (TWO) WARNING NR 001|website=www.metoc.navy.mil|author= |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|location=Pearl Harbor, Hawaii|date=May 24, 2021|access-date=May 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524042107/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0221web.txt|archive-date=May 24, 2021}}</ref> The Bay of Bengal's coast is shared among India, [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]], [[Sri Lanka]] and western part of [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bay of Bengal {{!}} bay, Indian Ocean|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bay-of-Bengal|access-date=June 3, 2021|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> This sub-basin is the most active and produces some of the deadliest cyclones of all time.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 26, 2021|title=Why Bay of Bengal is hotbed of worst tropical cyclones? As Yaas hits Odisha, here's all you need to know|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/why-bay-of-bengal-is-hotbed-of-worst-tropical-cyclones-as-yaas-hits-odisha-heres-all-you-need-to-know/2259192/|access-date=June 5, 2021|website=The Financial Express}}</ref> The most intense cyclone in the bay was the [[1999 Odisha cyclone]].<ref name="faq">{{Cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions on Tropical Cyclones|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/faq.pdf|access-date=May 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921013728/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/faq.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2025|website=IMD}}</ref>

The Arabian Sea is a sea located in the northwest of the Indian Ocean. Tropical cyclones in the basin are abbreviated ''ARB'' by the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD).<ref name="acronym"/> The United States's [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] unofficially designates as ''A'' to classify storms formed in the Arabian Sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0121web.txt|title=TROPICAL CYCLONE 01A (ONE) WARNING NR 001|website=www.metoc.navy.mil|author= |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|location=Pearl Harbor, Hawaii|date=May 14, 2021|access-date=May 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514100035/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0121web.txt|archive-date=May 14, 2021}}</ref> The Arabian Sea's coast is shared among [[Pakistan]], India, [[Yemen]], [[Oman]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], [[Iran]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Maldives]] and [[Somalia]].<ref name="pak">{{Cite web|date=April 10, 2011|title=History of cyclones in the Arabian sea|url=https://pakistanweatherportal.com/2011/04/10/history-of-cyclones-in-the-arabian-sea/|access-date=May 30, 2021|website=Pakistan Weather Portal (PWP)}}</ref> [[Monsoons]] are characteristic of the Arabian Sea and responsible for the yearly cycling of its waters. In summer, strong winds blow from the southwest to the northeast, bringing rain to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Cyclones are less frequent in the Arabian Sea, but the basin can produce strong tropical cyclones.<ref name="pak"/> [[Cyclone Gonu]] was the strongest and the costliest recorded tropical cyclone in the basin.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 7, 2007|title=Tropical Cyclone Gonu|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/18446/tropical-cyclone-gonu|access-date=May 30, 2021|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref>

==History of the basin==
The systematic scientific studies of tropical systems in the [[Bay of Bengal]] and [[Arabian Sea]] was started during the 19th century by [[Henry Piddington]].<ref name="IMD BT Report">{{cite report|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/best-track/bestrack.pdf|title=Best track data of tropical cyclonic disturbances over the north Indian Ocean|date=July 14, 2009|publisher=India Meteorological Department|access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> Piddington utilised meteorological logs of vessels that navigated the seas and published a series of memoirs, in the ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'' between 1839 and 1858.<ref name="IMD BT Report"/> These memoirs gave accounts and tracks of individual storms in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.<ref name="IMD BT Report"/>

During the 2004 post monsoon season the IMD started to name tropical cyclones within the basin, with the first one named [[Cyclone Onil]] during September 2004.<ref name="IMD 2004">{{cite report|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/2004.pdf|date=January 2005|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104124/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/2004.pdf|title=Report on Cyclonic Disturbances over North Indian Ocean during 2014|author=RSMC — Tropical Cyclones New Delhi|archive-date=April 2, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> During 2015 a modification to the intensity scale took place, with the IMD and WMO calling a system with 3-minute maximum sustained wind speeds between {{convert|90|kn|km/h mph|round=5}} and {{convert|120|kn|km/h mph|round=5}} an extremely severe cyclonic storm.<ref>{{cite conference|page=10|url=https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/3JS_Reportdraft_FINAL.pdf|title=Third Joint Session of Panel on Tropical Cyclones & Typhoon Committee February 9–13, 2015|location=Bangkok, Thailand|url-status=live|archive-date=April 19, 2016|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419055649/https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/3JS_Reportdraft_FINAL.pdf}}</ref>

A study analysing the spring season of tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal found increases in both pre-monsoon precipitation and tropical cyclone intensity as a result of enhanced large-scale monsoon circulation after 1979. The deepened monsoon trough in the Bay of Bengal not only affects cyclone frequency and timing, but also acts to direct more cyclones towards [[Myanmar]]. Increased anthropogenic aerosols likely contributed to such a regional climate change.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Shih-Yu|last2=Buckley|first2=Brendan M.|last3=Yoon|first3=Jin-Ho|last4=Fosu|first4=Boniface|date=2013|title=Intensification of premonsoon tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal and its impacts on Myanmar|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|volume=118|issue=10|pages=4373–4384|doi=10.1002/jgrd.50396|bibcode=2013JGRD..118.4373W |issn=2169-8996|doi-access=free|url=https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8D50Z1H/download}}</ref>
{{Reflist|group=A}}

== Climatology ==
=== Formation and frequency ===
On average only five to six tropical cyclones form in the basin each year. Tropical cyclones form in the months of March to June and October to December, with peaks at May and November. Most of these storms form in the Bay of Bengal: either in the southeastern Bay of Bengal, in the [[Andaman Sea]], or as a remnant of a [[typhoon]] from the [[South China Sea]], and a few in the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name="faq"/> High sea surface temperatures and [[humidity]] makes the bays more favourable to tropical cyclone development.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Bay of Bengal is hotbed of world's worst tropical cyclones?|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/why-bay-of-bengal-is-hotbed-of-worlds-worst-tropical-cyclones|access-date=June 2, 2021|website=Get Bengal}}</ref> There are many tropical cyclones in the West Pacific; this may be another reason for increased{{clarify|date=August 2022}} tropical [[cyclogenesis]] in the Bay, as it shares a fair portion of the increased quota of [[Accumulated cyclone energy|ACE]]. Meanwhile, the storms in the Arabian Sea mostly form over south-eastern part of the Arabian Sea or a remnant of a tropical cyclone from the Bay of Bengal, however the frequency of cyclogenesis in the Arabian Sea is generally less, due to cooler [[sea surface temperature]] and high [[wind shear]].<ref name="faq"/> However a strong positive [[Indian Ocean Dipole]] may cause an increase of tropical cyclogenesis than usual{{clarify|date=August 2022}} which was seen in the [[2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2019 season]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is the Indian Ocean Dipole? Explain its connection with the Indian monsoons – Civilsdaily|date=31 October 2018 |url=https://www.civilsdaily.com/mains/what-is-the-indian-ocean-dipole-explain-its-connection-with-the-indian-monsoons/|access-date=June 2, 2021}}</ref> Very few tropical cyclones develop in the months of June to September ([[Monsoon]] months) because of high vertical wind shear. These storms form in the Bay of Bengal and peak as depressions or deep depressions before making landfall in [[Odisha]] or [[West Bengal]]. Another reason is the low life span in the sea{{clarify|date=August 2022}} which also avoids the intensification of these low-pressure systems.<ref name="faq"/>

=== Movement ===
Most of the storms move in a north-westerly direction and starts curving either towards southwest or northeast. There's a higher frequency of recurving towards northeast rather going southwest. In the Arabian Sea these storms mostly move in north-westerly direction targeting the [[Arabian Peninsula]], however in some case these storm moves north-eastwards after crossing the [[15th parallel north|15°N]] [[latitude]] and strikes the [[Gujarat]]i coast. In the Bay of Bengal, storms generally moves north-westwards until reaching the east coast and then moves north-eastwards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Movement|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/movement.php|access-date=May 30, 2021|website=www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Intensification ===
Intensification probability is maximum in the months of April, May and November in case of a [[Depression (meteorology)|depression]] becoming a [[Cyclonic storm (North Indian Ocean)|cyclonic storm]] and [[severe cyclonic storm]]. More than half of the depressions intensify into a storm and a quarter intensify into a cyclone in these months.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Intensification|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/intensification.php|access-date=May 30, 2021|website=www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Landfall ===
In the Arabian Sea, most storms dissipate offshore without making landfall, but a significant number of tropical cyclones also impact the west coast, particularly the states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]]. The remaining 11 percent makes landfall in either the [[Arabian Peninsula]], [[Horn of Africa]] or Pakistan.<ref name="landfall">{{Cite web|title=Landfall|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/landfall.php|access-date=May 30, 2021|website=www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in}}</ref> In rare cases, some storms make landfall in [[Iran]], like [[Cyclone Gonu]] did in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO EMRO {{!}} Experience of cyclone Gonu in the Islamic Republic of Iran: lessons learned {{!}} Volume 16, issue 12 {{!}} EMHJ volume 16, 2010|url=http://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-16-2010/volume-16-issue-12/article-15.html|access-date=June 7, 2021|website=www.emro.who.int}}</ref> Other than Gonu, two storms: [[Cyclone Yemyin]] and [[Cyclone Kyarr|Kyarr]] made some or major impact in Iran.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MODIS Web|url=https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/individual.php?db_date=2019-10-29|access-date=June 7, 2021|website=modis.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NASA - Hurricane Season 2007: Tropical Cyclone 3B|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2007/h2007_noname.html|access-date=June 7, 2021|website=www.nasa.gov|archive-date=July 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701183552/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2007/h2007_noname.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the Bay of Bengal, most of the storms strikes either the Indian states of [[Odisha]] or [[West Bengal]] and a significant number of storms hit the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. 30 percent of the cyclones strike the countries of [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Myanmar]] while the remaining 13 percent just dissipates off shore without making landfall.<ref name="landfall"/>

== Climate change ==
{{See also|Climate change}}
After a series of devastating cyclones in [[2018 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2018]], rising number of cyclones in the Arabian Sea in [[2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2019]] and a rising trend of [[rapid intensification]] in [[2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2020]] and [[2021 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2021]], many climatologists agree that [[climate change]] have caused these activities. On average, five cyclonic storms occur every year in the Arabian Sea. However, in 2019 eight cyclonic storms formed, becoming the record highest number of tropical cyclones in the sub-basin, which was tied with the 1902 season.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 6, 2020|title=Statement on Climate of India during 2019|url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/backend/assets/press_release_pdf/Statement_on_Climate_of_India_during_2019.pdf|access-date=June 5, 2021|website=IMD}}</ref><ref name="down to earth">{{Cite web|title=Cyclone Tauktae shows why north Indian Ocean is now whacky|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/cyclone-tauktae-shows-why-north-indian-ocean-is-now-whacky-77023|access-date=June 5, 2021|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|date=20 May 2021 }}</ref> Research has found that in recent decades the sea surface temperatures has risen up by {{convert|1.2|-|1.4|C-change|F-change|1}} in the Arabian Sea.<ref name="down to earth"/> During [[Cyclone Amphan]]’s rapid intensification, sea surface temperatures were as high as {{cvt|33|C}} in the Bay of Bengal, and parts of the Arabian Sea reached {{cvt|32|C}} before the formation of [[Cyclone Nisarga]].<ref name="climate change">{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Soumya|date=June 5, 2020|title=Cyclones rise as climate change heats up Indian Ocean|url=https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/2020/06/05/cyclones-rise-as-climate-change-heats-up-indian-ocean/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618203332/https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/2020/06/05/cyclones-rise-as-climate-change-heats-up-indian-ocean/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 18, 2020|access-date=June 5, 2021|website=India Climate Dialogue}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Union Ministry of Earth and Science]], the frequency of very severe cyclonic storms has risen up by one per decade in last two decades, despite the decrease of the overall tropical cyclone frequency in the same period.<ref name="down to earth"/> Higher temperatures caused the cyclones to become more powerful and lead to [[tropical cyclone formation]] faster. Rising sea level also caused higher [[storm surge]].<ref name="climate change"/> Researchers also predict that cyclones will be deadlier and stronger as the trend of warming sea surface temperatures continue. Rising sea levels also may cause severe flooding, strong storm surge and inundation of coastal towns.<ref name="climate change"/>

==Seasons==
{| style="float:center" class="wikitable"|
|+Historical storm formation by month between 1990 and 2020
|{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart
| height = 300
| width = 600
| stack = 1
| group 1 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 2 : 0 : 0
| group 2 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 4 : 5 : 1 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 7 : 5 : 2
| group 3 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 2 : 1 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 2 : 10 : 4
| group 4 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 5 : 4 : 0 : 0 : 3 : 2 : 5 : 5
| group 5 = 3 : 1 : 1 : 2 : 8 : 7 : 1 : 0 : 4 : 13 : 9 : 5
| group 6 = 1 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 7 : 12 : 11 : 9 : 5 : 16 : 11 : 9
| group 7 = 2 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 6 : 11 : 8 : 15 : 14 : 12 : 6 : 5
| group names = Super Cyclone : Extremely Severe : Very Severe : Severe : Cyclonic Storm : Deep Depression : Depression
| colors = #a188fc : #ff738a : #ffd98c : #c0ffc0 : #00faf4 : #6ec1ea : #1591de
| x legends = Jan : Feb : Mar : Apr : May : Jun : Jul : Aug : Sep : Oct : Nov : Dec
}}
|}

===Before 1890===
{{main|Pre-1890 North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons}}

===1890s===
{{main|1890s North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! {{abbr|D|Depressions}} !! {{abbr|CS|Cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|SCS|Severe cyclonic storms}} !! Notes
|-
| [[1890 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1890]] || 10 || 4 || 1 ||
|-
| [[1891 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1891]] || 13 || 4 || 3 || Total includes 1 Land Severe Cyclonic Storm
|-
| [[1892 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1892]] || 12 || 7 || 2 ||
|-
| [[1893 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1893]] || 12 || 10 || 4 ||
|-
| [[1894 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1894]] || 12 || 6 || 0 ||
|-
| [[1895 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1895]] || 11 || 5 || 4 ||
|-
| [[1896 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1896]] || 10 || 8 || 3 ||
|-
| [[1897 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1897]] || 12 || 6 || 8 ||
|-
| [[1898 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1898]] || 13 || 7 || 3 ||
|-
| [[1899 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1899]] || 7 || 3 || 0 ||
|-
!Total
!112
!60
!28
!
|- class="unsortable"
! colspan="5" |References<ref name="Climo">{{cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/ANNUAL_FREQ_CYCLONIC_DISTURBANCES.pdf|title=Annual frequency of cyclonic disturbances (Maximum sustained windspeeds of 17 knots or more), Cyclones (34 knots or more) and Severe Cyclones (48 knots or more) over the Bay of Bengal (BOB), Arabian Sea (AS) and land surface of India|publisher=India Meteorological Department|author=Unattributed|date=August 31, 2010|access-date=August 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805212718/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/ANNUAL_FREQ_CYCLONIC_DISTURBANCES.pdf|archive-date=August 5, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

===1900s===
{{main|1900s North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! {{abbr|D|Depressions}} !! {{abbr|CS|Cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|SCS|Severe cyclonic storms}} !! Strongest storm !! Deaths !! Damage (USD) !! Notes
|-
| [[1900 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1900]] ||10||3||1
|-
| [[1901 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1901]] ||6||3||2
|-
| [[1902 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1902]] ||13||7||5
|-
| [[1903 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1903]] ||14||8||2
|-
| [[1904 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1904]] ||9||4||0
|-
| [[1905 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1905]] ||10||6||0
|-
| [[1906 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1906]] ||11||7||1
|-
| [[1907 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1907]] ||15||8||4
|-
| [[1908 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1908]] ||9||6||1
|-
| [[1909 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1909]] ||8||8
||4
|-
!Total
!105
!60
!20
! colspan="4" |
|- class="unsortable"
! colspan="8" |References<ref name="Climo" />
|}

===1910s===
{{main|1910s North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! {{abbr|D|Depressions}} !! {{abbr|CS|Cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|SCS|Severe cyclonic storms}} !! Strongest storm !! Deaths !! Damage (USD) !! Notes
|-
| [[1910 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1910]] ||6||5||2
|-
| [[1911 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1911]] ||7||5||4
|-
| [[1912 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1912]] ||9||6||2
|-
| [[1913 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1913]] ||10||6||2
|-
| [[1914 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1914]] ||8||4||2
|-
| [[1915 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1915]] ||9||6||0
|-
| [[1916 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1916]] ||14||8||5
|-
| [[1917 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1917]] ||10||3||1
|-
| [[1918 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1918]] ||11||5||0
|-
| [[1919 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1919]] ||11||6||3
|-
!Total
!95
!54
!21
! colspan="4" |
|- class="unsortable"
! colspan="8" |References<ref name="Climo" />
|}

===1920s===
{{main|1920s North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! {{abbr|D|Depressions}} !! {{abbr|CS|Cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|SCS|Severe cyclonic storms}} !! Strongest storm !! Deaths !! Damage (USD) !! Notes
|-
| [[1920 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1920]] ||9||5||0
|-
| [[1921 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1921]] ||10||4||1
|-
| [[1922 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1922]] ||13||6||6
|-
| [[1923 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1923]] ||16||4||3
|-
| [[1924 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1924]] ||13||6||0
|-
| [[1925 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1925]] ||20||7||3
|-
| [[1926 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1926]] ||13||10||3
|-
| [[1927 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1927]] ||18||7||2
|-
| [[1928 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1928]] ||13||7||0
|-
| [[1929 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1929]] ||15||6||0
|-
!Total
!140
!62
!18
! colspan="4" |
|- class="unsortable"
! colspan="8" |References<ref name="Climo" />
|}

===1930s===
{{main|1930s North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! {{abbr|D|Depressions}} !! {{abbr|CS|Cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|SCS|Severe cyclonic storms}} !! Strongest storm !! Deaths !! Damage (USD) !! Notes
|-
| [[1930 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1930]] ||14||10||1
|-
| [[1931 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1931]] ||11||5||1
|-
| [[1931 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1932]] ||14||6||2
|-
| [[1933 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1933]] ||16||8||3
|-
| [[1934 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1934]] ||16||5||0
|-
| [[1935 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1935]] ||15||6||2
|-
| [[1936 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1936]] ||18||6||3||{{color box|{{storm color|VSCS}}|'''VSCS'''|border=silver}}Two||293||$75,000||
|-
| [[1937 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1937]] || 19 || 6 || 2
|-
| [[1938 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1938]] || 10 || 4 || 4
|-
| [[1939 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1939]] || 19 || 7 || 3
|-
!Total
!152
!63
!21
! colspan="4" |
|- class="unsortable"
! colspan="8" |References<ref name="Climo" /><ref>{{cite journal|journal=India Weather Review|author =India Meteorological Department|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=1936|access-date=September 2, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614094801/ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/cd019_pdf/00462956.pdf|archive-date=2019-06-14|url-status=dead|title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions|url=ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/cd019_pdf/00462956.pdf}}</ref>
|}

===1940s===
{{main|1940s North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! {{abbr|D|Depressions}} !! {{abbr|CS|Cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|SCS|Severe cyclonic storms}} !! Strongest storm !! Deaths !! Damage (USD) !! Notes
|-
| [[1940 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1940]] || 16 || 8 || 5
|-
| [[1941 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1941]] || 19 || 8 || 4
|-
| [[1942 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1942]] || 14 || 5 || 2
|-
| [[1943 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1943]] || 14 || 7 || 1
|-
| [[1944 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1944]] || 19 || 8 || 2
|-
| [[1945 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1945]] || 15 || 3 || 2
|-
| [[1946 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1946]] || 17 || 5 || 1
|-
| [[1947 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1947]] || 18 || 4 || 2
|-
| [[1948 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1948]] || 18 || 6 || 3
|-
| [[1949 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1949]] || 12 || 1 || 1
|-
!Total
!162
!55
!23
! colspan="4" |
|- class="unsortable"
! colspan="8" |References<ref name="Climo" />
|}

===1950s===
{{main|1950s North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! {{abbr|D|Depressions}} !! {{abbr|CS|Cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|SCS|Severe cyclonic storms}} !! Strongest storm !! Deaths !! Damage (USD) !! Notes
|-
| [[1950 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1950]] || 16 || 4 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|SCS}}|'''SCS'''|border=silver}} Sixteen || Unknown || Unknown ||
|-
| [[1951 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1951]] || 15 || 4 || 2 || {{color box|{{storm color|SCS}}|'''SCS'''|border=silver}} Fifteen || Unknown || Unknown ||
|-
| [[1952 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1952]] || 17 || 4 || 2
|-
| [[1953 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1953]] || 10 || 1 || 1
|-
| [[1954 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1954]] || 14 || 1 || 0
|-
| [[1955 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1955]] || 13 || 6 || 2
|-
| [[1956 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1956]] || 14 || 4 || 2
|-
| [[1957 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1957]] || 7 || 4 || 2
|-
| [[1958 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1958]] || 12 || 5 || 2
|-
| [[1959 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1959]] || 16 || 6 || 3
|-
!Total
!134
!39
!16
!
!Unknown
!Unknown
!
|-class="unsortable"
! colspan="8" |References<ref name="Climo"/>
|}

===1960s===
[[File:Nov319660819zESSA3MadrasCyclone.jpg|thumb|This ESSA 3 satellite image was taken on November 3, 1966, at 0819 UTC of a tropical cyclone striking Madras, India]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! {{abbr|D|Depressions}} !! {{abbr|CS|Cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|SCS|Severe cyclonic storms}} !! Strongest storm !! Deaths !! Damage (USD) !! Notes
|-
| [[1960 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1960]]|| 15 || 5 || 3 || {{color box|{{storm color|VSCS}}|'''VSCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclonic Storm Ten (1960)|Ten]] || {{nts|20299}} || >{{ntsp|9400000||$}} || Vast majority of the fatalities resulted from two cyclones striking East Pakistan three weeks apart
|-
| [[1961 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1961]] || 18 || 5 || 4 || {{color box|{{storm color|SCS}}|'''SCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclonic Storm Three (1961)|Winnie]] || {{nts|11525}} || {{Sort|0|Unknown}} || Three land depressions developed this season
|-
| [[1962 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1962]] || 13 || 5 || 3 || {{color box|{{storm color|VSCS}}|'''VSCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclonic Storm Twelve (1962)|Twelve]] || ≥{{nts|50769}} || {{ntsp|34500000||$}} || Deadliest storm, Harriet, crossed over from the Western Pacific
|-
| [[1963 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1963]] || 17 || 6 || 4 || {{color box|{{storm color|SUCS}}|'''SuCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclonic Storm Three (1963)|Three]] || {{nts|11735}} || {{Sort|0|Unknown}} ||
|-
| [[1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1964]] || 16 || 7 || 5 || {{nowrap|{{color box|{{storm color|SUCS}}|'''SuCS'''|border=silver}} [[1964 Rameswaram cyclone|"Rameswaram"]]}} || >{{nts|1827}} || >{{ntsp|150000000||$}} ||
|-
| [[1965 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1965]] || 14 || 6 || 4 || || || ||
|-
| [[1966 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1966]] || 18 || 8 || 6 || || || ||
|-
| [[1967 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1967]] || 15 || 6 || 4 || || || ||
|-
| [[1968 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1968]] || 13 || 7 || 4 || {{color box|{{storm color|SUCS}}|'''SuCS'''|border=silver}} [[1968 Burma cyclone|"Burma"]] || || ||
|-
| [[1969 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1969]] || 14 || 6 || 1 || {{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} Twelve || || ||
|-
!Total
!153
!61
!38
!Three
!>47,000
!>$193.9 million
!
|-class="unsortable"
! colspan="8" |References<ref name="Climo"/>
|}

===1970s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! {{abbr|D|Depressions}} !! {{abbr|CS|Cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|SCS|Severe cyclonic storms}} !! Strongest storm !! Deaths !! Damage (USD) !! Notes
|-
| [[1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1970]] || 15 || 7 || 3 || {{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} [[1970 Bhola cyclone|"Bhola"]] || 300,000-500,000 || 86.4 million || The [[1970 Bhola cyclone|Bhola cyclone]] is the deadliest tropical cyclone recorded worldwide
|-
| [[1971 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1971]] || 15 || 7 || 6 ||{{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} [[1971 Odisha cyclone|"Odisha"]] || || ||
|-
| [[1972 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1972]] || 18 || 7 || 6 ||{{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} 09B || || ||
|-
| [[1973 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1973]] || 16 || 6 || 3 ||{{color box|{{storm color|SCS}}|'''SCS'''|border=silver}} 14B || || ||
|-
| [[1974 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1974]] || 12 || 7 || 3 ||{{color box|{{storm color|VSCS}}|'''VSCS'''|border=silver}} 06B || || ||
|-
| [[1975 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1975]] || 20 || 7 || 4 ||{{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} 02A || || ||
|-
| [[1976 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1976]] || 14 || 10 || 7 ||{{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} 02A || || ||
|-
| [[1977 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1977]] || 18 || 5 || 5 ||{{color box|{{storm color|SUCS}}|'''SuCS'''|border=silver}} [[1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone|"Andhra Pradesh"]] ||up to 50,000 || $192 million || Devastated [[Krishna Delta]] area in [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[1978 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1978]] || 14 || 5 || 3 ||{{color box|{{storm color|SUCS}}|'''SuCS'''|border=silver}} [[1978 Sri Lanka cyclone|"Sri Lanka"]] || 1,000+ || ||
|-
| [[1979 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1979]] || 11 || 5 || 4 || {{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} 01B || || ||
|-
!Total
!153
!66
!44
!"Andhra Pradesh"
!>800,000
!>$278.4 million
!
|-class="unsortable"
! colspan="8" |References<ref name="Climo"/>
|}

===1980s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! {{abbr|D|Depressions}} !! {{abbr|DD|Deep depressions}} !! {{abbr|CS|Cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|SCS|Severe cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|VSCS|Very severe cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|ESCS|Extremely severe cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|SuCS|Super cyclonic storms}} !! Strongest storm !! Deaths !! Damages (USD) !! Notes
|-
| [[1980 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1980]] || 14 || 14 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|{{color box|{{storm color|CS}}|'''CS'''|border=silver}} BOB 02 || || ||
|-
| [[1981 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1981]] || 12 || 12 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0
|{{color box|{{storm color|VSCS}}|'''VSCS'''|border=silver}} BOB 03 || || ||
|-
| [[1982 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1982]] || 19 || 11 || 8 || 5 || 3 || 3 ||0
|{{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} BOB 01 || || ||
|-
| [[1983 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1983]] || 7 || 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 ||0
|{{color box|{{storm color|CS}}|'''CS'''|border=silver}} Herbert || || ||
|-
| [[1984 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1984]] || 7 || 7 || 4 ||3
|3
|2
|0
|{{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} [[1984 Sriharikota cyclone|"Sriharikota"]] || 430 || ||
|-
| [[1985 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1985]] || 15 || 15 || 6 ||1
|1
|0
|0
|{{color box|{{storm color|VSCS}}|'''VSCS'''|border=silver}} [[1985 Bangladesh cyclone|"Bangladesh"]] || 11,107 || ||
|-
| [[1986 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1986]] || 8 || 3 || 1 ||0
|0
|0
|0
|{{color box|{{storm color|CS}}|'''CS'''|border=silver}} 02B || 11 || ||
|-
| [[1987 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1987]] || 9 || 8 || 5 ||3
|1
|0
|0
| {{color box|{{storm color|VSCS}}|'''VSCS'''|border=silver}} 01B || || ||
|-
| [[1988 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1988]] || 9 || 5 || 5 ||3
|2
|2
|0
|{{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} [[1988 Bangladesh cyclone|"Bangladesh"]] || 6,740 || $13 million ||
|-
| [[1989 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1989]] || 10 || 5 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || {{color box|{{storm color|SUCS}}|'''SuCS'''|border=silver}} [[Typhoon Gay (1989)|Gay]] || 1,785 || $25.27 million || Typhoon Gay crossed over from the West Pacific Basin
|-
!Total
!110
!84
!44
!21
!15
!9
!1
!Gay / Kavali
!>20,073
!>$38.27 billion
!
|-class="unsortable"
!colspan=12|References<ref name="Climo"/>
|}

===1990s===
[[File:Cyclone 05B.jpg|thumb|The [[1999 Odisha cyclone|1999 Odisha Cyclone]] making landfall over Odisha in 1999.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! {{abbr|D|Depressions}} !! {{abbr|DD|Deep depressions}} !! {{abbr|CS|Cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|SCS|Severe cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|VSCS|Very severe cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|ESCS|Extremely severe cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|SuCS|Super cyclonic storms}} !! Strongest storm !! Deaths !! Damage (USD) !! Notes and References
|-
| [[1990 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1990]] || 11 || 6 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || {{color box|{{storm color|SUCS}}|'''SuCS'''|border=silver}} [[1990 Andhra Pradesh cyclone|"Andhra Pradesh"]] || {{nts|967}} || {{ntsp|600000000||$}} ||<ref name="1990 ATCR">{{cite report|title=Report on Cyclonic Disturbances (Depressions and Tropical Cyclones) over North Indian Ocean in 1990|publisher=India Meteorological Department|archive-date=January 15, 2015|author=Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre (RSMC) – Tropical Cyclones, New Delhi|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/1990.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=February 22, 2015|date=January 1992|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115051002/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/1990.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Bay History">{{cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/static/cyclone-history-bb.htm|title=Historical records of Severe Cyclones which formed in the Bay of Bengal and made landfall at the eastern coast of India during the period from 1970-1999|author=Unattributed|date=June 26, 2008|publisher=India Meteorological Department|access-date=August 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925101914/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/static/cyclone-history-bb.htm|archive-date=September 25, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[1991 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1991]] || 9 || 4 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || {{color box|{{storm color|SUCS}}|'''SuCS'''|border=silver}} [[1991 Bangladesh cyclone|"Bangladesh"]] || {{Sort|138000|>138,000}} || {{ntsp|1500000000||$}} || <ref name="Bay History"/>
|-
| [[1992 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1992]] || 13 || 11 || 7 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclone Forrest|Forrest]] || {{Sort|000189|189}} || {{ntsp|69000000||$}} || Forrest crossed over from the West Pacific Basin
|-
| [[1993 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1993]] || 5 || 4 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} BOB 02 || {{Sort|000714|714}} || {{ntsp|216000000||$}} ||
|-
| [[1994 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1994]] || 5 || 5 || 4 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} [[1994 Bangladesh cyclone|"Bangladesh"]] || {{Sort|000315|315}} || {{ntsp|12500000||$}} ||
|-
| [[1995 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1995]] || 8 || 6 || 3 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} BOB 07 || {{Sort|000554|554}} || {{ntsp|46300000||$}} ||
|-
| [[1996 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1996]] || 10 || 8 || 6 || 4 || 2 || 0 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|VSCS}}|'''VSCS'''|border=silver}} [[1996 Andhra Pradesh cyclone|"Andhra Pradesh"]] || {{Sort|002075|2,075}} || {{ntsp|1900000000||$}} ||
|-
| [[1997 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1997]] || 9 || 7 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} [[May 1997 Bangladesh cyclone|"Bangladesh"]] || {{Sort|000117|117}} || Unknown ||
|-
| [[1998 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1998]] || 12 || 10 || 6 || 5 || 3 || 1 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} [[1998 Gujarat cyclone|"Gujarat"]] || {{Sort|010212|>10,212}} || {{ntsp|3000000000||$}} ||
|-
| [[1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1999]] || 10 || 8 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 2 || 1 || {{color box|{{storm color|SUCS}}|'''SuCS'''|border=silver}} [[1999 Odisha cyclone|"Odisha"]] || {{Sort|15780|15,780}} || {{ntsp|5000000000||$}} || The [[1999 Odisha cyclone|Odisha cyclone]] is the strongest cyclone recorded in the Northern Indian Ocean.
|-
!Total
!93
!69
!41
!25
!18
!9
!3
!"Odisha"
!>168,923
!~$12.35 billion
!
|-class="unsortable"
!colspan=12|References<ref name="Climo"/>
|}

===2000s===
[[File:Gonu 2007-06-04 0900Z.jpg|thumb|[[Cyclone Gonu]] at its peak in 2007.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! {{abbr|D|Depressions}} !! {{abbr|DD|Deep depressions}} !! {{abbr|CS|Cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|SCS|Severe cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|VSCS|Very severe cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|ESCS|Extremely severe cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|SuCS|Super cyclonic storms}} !! Strongest storm !! Deaths !! Damage (USD) !! Notes
|-
| [[2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2000]] || 7 || 6 || 5 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} [[2000 South India cyclone|"South India"]] || {{sort|238|238}} || {{ntsp|185000000||$}} ||
|-
| [[2001 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2001]] || 6 || 5 || 4 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} [[2001 Gujarat cyclone|"Gujarat"]] || {{sort|108|108}} || {{ntsp|104000000||$}} ||
|-
| [[2002 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2002]] || 7 || 7 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|SCS}}|'''SCS'''|border=silver}} [[2002 West Bengal cyclone|"West Bengal"]] || {{sort|182|182}} || {{ntsp|25000000||$}} ||
|-
| [[2003 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2003]] || 7 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|VSCS}}|'''VSCS'''|border=silver}} [[2003 Sri Lanka cyclone|"Sri Lanka"]] || {{sort|358|358}} || {{ntsp|163000000||$}} ||
|-
| [[2004 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2004]] || 10 || 7 || 4 || 4 || 1 || 1 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} [[2004 Myanmar cyclone|"Myanmar"]] || {{sort|587|587}} || {{ntsp|129800000||$}} ||
|-
| [[2005 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2005]] || 12 || 7 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|CS}}|'''CS'''|border=silver}} Pyarr || {{sort|273|273}} || {{ntsp|21400000||$}} ||
|-
| [[2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2006]] || 12 || 6 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclone Mala|Mala]] || {{sort|623|623}} || {{ntsp|6700000||$}} ||
|-
| [[2007 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2007]] || 11 || 8 || 4 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 1 || {{color box|{{storm color|SUCS}}|'''SuCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclone Gonu|Gonu]] || {{Sort|16248|16,248}} || {{ntsp|6400000000||$}} ||
|-
| [[2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2008]] || 10 || 7 || 4 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclone Nargis|Nargis]] || {{sort|138,927|>138,927}} || {{ntsp|15400000000||$}} || The deadliest cyclone season since [[1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1970]] Third-costliest cyclone season on record
|-
| [[2009 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2009]] || 8 || 6 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|SCS}}|'''SCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclone Aila|Aila]] || {{sort|421|421}} || {{ntsp|618400000||$}} ||
|-
!Total
!90
!64
!38
!17
!9
!8
!1
!Gonu
!>157,965
!$16.65 billion
!
|-class="unsortable"
!colspan=12|References<ref name="Climo"/>
|}

===2010s===
[[File:Kyarr 2019-10-27 0858Z.jpg|thumb|[[Cyclone Kyarr]] was the first super cyclone since 2007.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! {{abbr|D|Depressions}} !! {{abbr|DD|Deep depressions}} !! {{abbr|CS|Cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|SCS|Severe cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|VSCS|Very severe cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|ESCS|Extremely severe cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|SuCS|Super cyclonic storms}} !! Strongest storm !! Deaths !! Damages (USD) !! Notes
|-
| [[2010 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2010]] || 8 || 6 || 5 || 4 || 2 || 1 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclone Giri|Giri]] || 402 || {{ntsp|2985000000||$}} || The most active season since [[1998 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1998]]
|-
| [[2011 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2011]] || 10 || 6 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|VSCS}}|'''VSCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclone Thane|Thane]] || 360 ||{{ntsp|277000000||$}} || The first cyclonic storm didn't develop until November 2nd.
|-
| [[2012 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2012]] || 5 || 5 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|CS}}|'''CS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclone Nilam|Nilam]]|| 128 || {{ntsp|56700000||$}} || The first depression of the year did not develop until October 10
|-
| [[2013 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2013]] || 10 || 6 || 5 || 4 || 3 || 1 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclone Phailin|Phailin]] || 323 || {{ntsp|1500000000||$}} || Featured [[Cyclone Phailin|Phailin]], the first Category 5-equivalent cyclone since [[Cyclone Sidr|Sidr]] in [[2007 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2007]]
|-
| [[2014 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2014]] || 8 || 5 || 3 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclone Nilofar|Nilofar]] || 183 || {{ntsp|3400000000||$}} ||
|-
| [[2015 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2015]] || 12 || 9 || 4 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclone Chapala|Chapala]] || 363 || {{ntsp|358000000||$}} || First season on record with two cyclones producing hurricane-force winds in Socotra
|-
| [[2016 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2016]] || 10 || 5 || 4 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|VSCS}}|'''VSCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclone Vardah|Vardah]] || 401 || {{ntsp|5400000000||$}} ||
|-
| [[2017 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2017]] || 10 || 6 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|VSCS}}|'''VSCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclone Ockhi|Ockhi]] || 834 ||{{ntsp|3650000000||$}} ||
|-
| [[2018 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2018]] || 14 || 9 || 7 || 5 || 3 || 1 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclone Mekunu|Mekunu]] || 343 || {{ntsp|4325000000||$}} || The most active season since [[1992 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1992]]
|-
| [[2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2019]] || 12 || 11 || 8 || 6 || 6 || 3 || 1 || {{color box|{{storm color|SUCS}}|'''SuCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclone Kyarr|Kyarr]] || 173 || {{ntsp|11500000000||$}} || Earliest cyclonic storm in the basin First Super Cyclonic Storm since [[2007 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2007]]

|-class="unsortable"
!'''Total'''
!'''{{#expr:8+10+5+10+8+12+10+10+14+12}}'''
!'''{{#expr:6+6+5+6+5+9+5+6+9+11}}'''
!'''{{#expr:5+2+2+5+3+4+4+3+7+8}}'''
!'''{{#expr:4+1+0+4+2+2+1+2+5+6}}'''
!'''{{#expr:2+1+0+3+2+2+1+1+3+6}}'''
!'''{{#expr:1+0+0+1+2+2+0+0+1+3}}'''
!'''{{#expr:0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+1}}'''
!'''[[Cyclone Kyarr|Kyarr]]'''
!'''{{#expr:402+360+128+323+183+363+401+834+343+173}}'''
!'''≥{{ntsp|33463700000||$}}'''
!
|-
! colspan="12" |References<ref name="Climo"/>
|-
|}

===2020s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! {{abbr|D|Depressions}} !! {{abbr|DD|Deep depressions}} !! {{abbr|CS|Cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|SCS|Severe cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|VSCS|Very severe cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|ESCS|Extremely severe cyclonic storms}} !! {{abbr|SuCS|Super cyclonic storms}} !! Strongest storm !! Deaths !! Damages (USD) !! Notes
|-
| [[2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2020]] || 9 || 6 || 5 || 4 || 3 || 1 || 1 || {{color box|{{storm color|SUCS}}|'''SuCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclone Amphan|Amphan]] || 280 || $18.1 billion  || First super cyclonic storm in the Bay of Bengal since [[1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1999]] Featured one of the costliest cyclones ever recorded in the basin, [[Cyclone Amphan|Amphan]] Second-costliest North Indian cyclone season on record
|-
| [[2021 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2021]] || 10 || 6 || 5 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclone Tauktae|Tauktae]] || 273 || $6.08 billion  ||
|-
| [[2022 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2022]] || 15 || 7 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|SCS}}|'''SCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclone Asani|Asani]] || 79 || $471.2 million  ||
First season on record to have two depressions forming in the month of March
|-
| [[2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2023]] || 10 || 8 || 7 || 5 || 4 || 3 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|ESCS}}|'''ESCS'''|border=silver}}[[Cyclone Mocha|Mocha]] || 514 || $4.07 billion  ||[[Cyclone Mocha|Mocha]] was one of the strongest cyclones ever formed in the basin's history.
|-
|[[2024 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2024]] || 12 || 7 || 4 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|SCS}}|'''SCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclone Remal|Remal]] || 590 || $2.35 billion  ||
|-
|[[2025 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2025]] || 14 || 6 || 4 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|SCS}}|'''SCS'''|border=silver}} [[Cyclone Shakhti|Shakhti]]|| 2,912 || $22.28 billion ||The first cyclonic storm didn't develop until October 3. Deadliest North Indian Ocean cyclone season since [[2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2008]] Featured [[Cyclone Senyar|Senyar]], one of only two tropical cyclones on record to exist in the [[Malacca Strait]], as well as the costliest cyclone in the basin on record. Costliest North Indian cyclone season on record
|-
|[[2026 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2026]] || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || {{color box|{{storm color|DD}}|'''DD'''|border=silver}} [[2026 North Indian Ocean cyclone season#Deep Depression BOB 01|BOB 01]]|| 0 || Unknown || The earliest depression since 2019
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total !! 63 !! 36 !! 24 !! 16 !! 9 !! 5 !! 1 !! Amphan !! 4,648 !! $53.38 billion !!
|}

== Records ==
*The most intense tropical cyclone of the basin was the [[1999 Odisha Cyclone]]. It was the strongest tropical cyclone to hit the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. The maximum recorded wind speed was {{cvt|260|km/h|round=5}} with minimum barometric pressure of {{cvt|912|mbar|inHg|sigfig=4|comma=off}}.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 12, 2019|title=Cyclone Fani: How 2019 was different from 1999 super cyclone|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/cyclone-fani-why-2019-was-not-1999-imd-odisha-coast-5723260/|access-date=June 3, 2021|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
*The costliest tropical cyclone in the Indian Ocean Basin was [[Cyclone Senyar]], which struck the [[Malay Peninsula]] and [[Sumatra]] on 27 November 2025. The recorded damage cost was {{US$}}19.8 billion beating the previous record of 2020's [[Cyclone Amphan]] which caused {{US$}}15.5 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=Asian bloc to handle Burma aid {{!}} The Star |website=[[Toronto Star]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331095752/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2008/05/19/asian_bloc_to_handle_burma_aid.html |access-date=2024-05-27 |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2008/05/19/asian_bloc_to_handle_burma_aid.html |archive-date=31 March 2022 }}</ref>
*The deadliest tropical cyclone was the [[1970 Bhola Cyclone]], which caused over 500,000 fatalities in the [[Ganges-Brahmaputra delta]] region alone. It made landfall in the [[Tazumuddin Upazila]] in [[East Pakistan]] (now known as [[Bangladesh]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty Years of the Cyclone That Triggered a Civil War and Created Bangladesh|url=https://thewire.in/history/cyclone-bhola-mujibur-rahman-bangladesh-liberation-yahya-khan-pakistan|access-date=June 3, 2021|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hurricanes: Science and Society: 1970- The Great Bhola Cyclone|url=http://www.hurricanescience.org/history/storms/1970s/greatbhola/|access-date=June 3, 2021|website=www.hurricanescience.org}}</ref>
*The smallest tropical cyclone was [[Cyclone Ogni]], which struck the [[Andhra Pradesh]] coast on October 30, 2006. The cyclone's diameter was only {{cvt|100|km}}.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 2007|title=REPORT ON CYCLONIC DISTURBANCES OVER NORTH INDIAN OCEAN DURING 2006|url=https://mausam.imd.gov.insection/nhac/dynamic/RSMC%20-2006.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412041004/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/RSMC%20-2006.pdf|archive-date=April 12, 2013|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=IMD}}</ref>
*The largest tropical cyclone was the [[1999 Odisha Cyclone]], which struck the coast of [[Odisha]].<ref name="faq"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anemometer Failed to Read Wind Speed of 1999 Cyclone|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/anemometer-failed-to-read-wind-speed-of-1999-cyclone/813197|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=www.outlookindia.com/}}</ref>
*The wettest tropical cyclone was [[2004 North Indian Ocean cyclone season#Severe Cyclonic Storm ARB 01|Severe Cyclonic Storm ARB 01 (2004)]]. One of the weather stations recorded {{cvt|184|cm}} between May 5{{Spaced en dash}}7, 2004.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=August 2009|title=Alarming Rise in the Number and Intensity of Extreme Point Rainfall Events over the Indian Region under Climate Change Scenario|url=https://www.tropmet.res.in/~lip/Publication/RR-pdf/RR-123.pdf|journal=[[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]]|pages=19}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Tropical cyclone]]
*[[Atlantic hurricane season]]
*[[Pacific hurricane season]]
*[[Pacific typhoon season]]
*[[South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone]]
*[[Australian region tropical cyclone]]
*[[South Pacific tropical cyclone]]
*[[South Atlantic tropical cyclone]]
*[[Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=A}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Natural disasters in India}}
{{Cyclones}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:North Indian Ocean Cyclone Seasons}}
[[Category:North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons| ]]

Andro Assembly constituency

2026-04-30T12:08:36Z

Shannan0997: New article

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

{{Mcn|date=April 2026}}{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Andro
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| mla = [[Thounaojam Shyamkumar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Imphal East district|Imphal East]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| established = 1974
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| electors = {{formatnum:35930}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 7
| map_image = File:Map of Andro AC.pdf
}}

'''Andro''' is one of the 60 constituencies of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]. It is one of the 32 constituencies forming the parliamentary constituency of [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]].

== Extent ==
Andro is the 7th of the 60 assembly constituencies of Manipur. It consists of 44 parts namely: 1 - Andro (A), 2 - Andro (B), 3 - Andro (C), 4 - Andro (D), 5 - Andro (E), 6 - Andro Ward No-7, 7 - Andro (G), 8 - Andro (H), 9 - Andro (I), 10 - Andro (J), 11 - Huikap (A), 12 - Huikap (A-1), 13 - Huikap (B), 14 - Angtha (A), 15 - Angtha (B), 16 - Angtha (B-1), 17 - Poirou Khongjil (A), 18 - Poirou Khongjil (B), 19 - Poirou Khongjil (C), 20 - Tulihal (A), 21 - Tulihal (B), 22 - Tulihal Awang Leikai, 23 - Tulihal (D), 24 - Top Chingtha (A), 25 - Top Chingtha (A-1), 26 - Top Chingtha (B), 27 - Top Chingtha (C), 28 - Top Chingtha (C-1), 29 - Yambem (A), 30 - Yambem (A-1), 31 - Yambem, 32 - Yambem (C), 33 - Yambem (D), 34 - Changamdabi (A), 35 - Changamdabi (B), 36 - Changamdabi (C), 37 - Changamdabi (C-1), 38 - Changamdabi (D), 39 - Nungbrang, 40 - Keithelmanbi, 41 - Moirangpurel(A), 42 - Tumukhong, 43 - Moirangpurel(B), and 44 - Itham.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chief Electoral |first=Officer Manipur |date=Jan 2023 |title=Electoral Roll SSR 2023 |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/eroll}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Ashraf Ali
|{{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="3" | Laitongbam Amujao
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}
|-
|[[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="3" | Salam Chandra Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|{{Full party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur}}
|-
|[[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Thounaojam Shyamkumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|50.08}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|63.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|67.93}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|74.73}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Federal Party of Manipur}}|25.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|30.10}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|39.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|38.89}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.66}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}|52.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|43.05}}
}}
=== 2022 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Andro<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thounaojam Shyamkumar Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,739 |percentage=50.08% |change=14.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lourembam Sanjoy Singh |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=15,282 |percentage=45.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asheibam Bele Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=894 |percentage=2.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Keisham Ningthemjao Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=388 |percentage=1.16% |change=-61.90% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,457 |percentage=4.36% |change=-22.80% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,423 |percentage=93.02% |change= 2.17% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,930 |change =8.63% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -12.97% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2017 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Andro<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thounaojam Shyamkumar Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,948 |percentage=63.06% |change=36.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Nimaichand Luwang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,787 |percentage=35.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Keisham Ningthemjao Singh |party=Manipur National Democratic Front |votes=162 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=152 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,161 |percentage=27.16% |change=-14.55% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,049 |percentage=90.85% |change= 2.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,075 |change =16.92% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Trinamool Congress |swing= -4.87% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2012 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Andro<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thounaojam Shyamkumar Singh]] |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=16,989 |percentage=67.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alhaj Md. Ahamed Ali |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,557 |percentage=26.22% |change=5.26% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumkhaibam Dr. Mani Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=903 |percentage=3.61% |change=2.57% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mongjam Jiten Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=327 |percentage=1.31% |change=0.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md Jalaluddin Shah |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=187 |percentage=0.75% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,432 |percentage=41.71% |change=-12.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,009 |percentage=88.39% |change= -2.31% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,289 |change =4.29% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Trinamool Congress |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -6.80% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2007 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Andro<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thounaojam Shyamkumar Singh]] |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=18,388 |percentage=74.73% |change=68.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salam Chandra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,157 |percentage=20.96% |change=-0.48% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Keisham Ningthemjao Singh |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=581 |percentage=2.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Chingakham Angou |party=Communist Party of India |votes=257 |percentage=1.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Syed Ahmed |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=162 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,231 |percentage=53.77% |change=52.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,607 |percentage=90.72% |change= -2.96% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,125 |change =18.29% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Federal Party of Manipur |swing= 49.06% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2002 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Andro<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Salam Chandra Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=5,402 |percentage=25.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sahid Ahamad |party=Samata Party |votes=5,188 |percentage=24.65% |change=14.54% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thounaojam Shyamkumar Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,513 |percentage=21.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Loitongbam Amujou Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=3,574 |percentage=16.98% |change=-0.42% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Chingakham Angou Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,347 |percentage=6.40% |change=-23.70% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phanjoubam Chandra Singh |party=Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party |votes=1,024 |percentage=4.87% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=214 |percentage=1.02% |change=-11.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,048 |percentage=93.68% |change= -0.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,931 |change =2.44% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Federal Party of Manipur |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -13.91% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2000 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Andro}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Chandra Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=6,239 |percentage=30.10% |change=-9.48% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Amujao Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=3,607 |percentage=17.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Sahid Ahemed |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=3,190 |percentage=15.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Ch. Angou Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,138 |percentage=15.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. N. Binoykumar Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=2,095 |percentage=10.11% |change=4.71% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Th. Shyamkumar Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,920 |percentage=9.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Ajiruddin |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=539 |percentage=2.60% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,632 |percentage=12.70% |change=0.83% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,728 |percentage=93.72% |change= -0.12% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,385 |change =6.31% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -9.48% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1995 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Andro}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Salam Chandra Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=7,678 |percentage=39.58% |change=5.95% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Angou Singh Chingakham |party=Independent politician |votes=5,376 |percentage=27.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Loitongbam Amujao Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,217 |percentage=26.89% |change=-12.00% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Naorem Binoykumar Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=1,047 |percentage=5.40% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,302 |percentage=11.87% |change=6.60% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,400 |percentage=93.84% |change= 0.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,056 |change =-2.46% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 0.69% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1990 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Andro}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Amujou |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,776 |percentage=38.89% |change=-1.78% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salam Chandra Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=6,724 |percentage=33.63% |change=7.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naoram Binoykumar Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=5,496 |percentage=27.49% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,052 |percentage=5.26% |change=-7.43% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,996 |percentage=93.39% |change= 0.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,586 |change =13.76% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.78% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1984 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Andro}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Loitongbam Amujou |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,005 |percentage=40.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asraf Ali |party=Janata Party |votes=4,818 |percentage=27.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salam Chandra Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,549 |percentage=26.41% |change=22.43% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Ajeruddin |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=674 |percentage=3.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Konthoujamtopishak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=181 |percentage=1.05% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,187 |percentage=12.70% |change=3.55% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,227 |percentage=92.89% |change= 9.74% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,975 |change =12.84% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (U) |swing= -11.92% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1980 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Andro}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Loitongbam Amujou |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=6,905 |percentage=52.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashraf Ali |party=Janata Party |votes=5,704 |percentage=43.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Samad |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=522 |percentage=3.98% |change=-39.08% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,201 |percentage=9.15% |change=-4.61% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,131 |percentage=83.15% |change= -6.66% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,816 |change =23.87% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (U) |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= 9.53% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Andro}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashraf Ali |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,085 |percentage=43.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshetrimayum Kirti Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,460 |percentage=29.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Leishungbam Cheiteinyo Singh |party=Socialist Labour Party (India) |votes=3,266 |percentage=27.65% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,625 |percentage=13.76% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,811 |percentage=89.80% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,575 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Imphal East district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.73|94.04|display=title}}

[[Category:Imphal East district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Manipur]]

2017 Kings XI Punjab season

2026-04-24T20:09:50Z

Shannan0997: New details!

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club =[[Kings XI Punjab]]
| season =2017
| coach = [[Virender Sehwag]]
| captain = [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|Glenn Maxwell]]
| ground = [[PCA Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| comp1 = [[2017 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = 5th
| prevseason = [[Kings XI Punjab in 2016|2016]]
| nextseason = [[Kings XI Punjab in 2018|2018]]
}}

[[Kings XI Punjab]], now known as Punjab Kings, are a franchise cricket team based in [[Mohali]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams which competed in the [[2017 Indian Premier League]]. The Kings XI Punjab drew an average home attendance of 20,001 in the 2017 IPL season.

==Season standings==
{{2017 Indian Premier League Points table|team=KXIP}}

=== Match summary ===
{{main|2017 Indian Premier League#Match summary}}

==Auction==
The player auction for the 2017 Indian Premier League was held on 20 February in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news|title=IPL 2017 auction to be held on February 20|url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/92023/ipl-2017-auction-to-be-held-on-february-20|work=Cricbuzz|access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>

==Squad==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Nationality
!Birth date
!Batting style
!Bowling style
!Year signed
!Salary<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iplt20.com/news/2016/announcements/7035/ipl-actual-salary-details-of-retained-players |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131151915/http://www.iplt20.com/news/2016/announcements/7035/ipl-actual-salary-details-of-retained-players |archive-date=2016-01-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
!Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
|1|| '''[[Hashim Amla]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1983|3|31|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-4}} || Overseas
|-
|8|| '''[[Murali Vijay]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1984|4|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|c|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-4}} ||
|-
|10|| '''[[David Miller (cricketer, born 1989)|David Miller]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1989|6|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 (since 2011) || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|5|c|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-4}} || Overseas
|-
|16|| '''[[Eoin Morgan]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1986|9|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2017 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-4}} || Overseas
|-
|22|| '''[[Gurkeerat Singh]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1990|6|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 (since 2012) || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.3|c|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-4}} || Occasional wicket-keeper
|-
|31|| '''[[Martin Guptill]]''' || {{cr|NZL}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1986|9|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2017 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-3}} || Overseas
|-
|36|| [[Manan Vohra]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1993|7|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 (since 2013) || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|35|l|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
|42|| '''[[Shaun Marsh]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1983|7|9|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 (since 2008) || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.2|c|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-4}} || Overseas
|-
||| [[Nikhil Naik]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1994|11|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-3}} || Occasional wicket-keeper
|-
||| [[Armaan Jaffer]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1998|10|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
||| [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1997|10|12|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2017 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|14|| [[Rahul Tewatia]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1993|5|20|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2017 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|25|l|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
|17|| '''[[Marcus Stoinis]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1988|9|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|55|l|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-3}} || Overseas
|-
|20|| '''[[Axar Patel]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1994|1|20|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|75|l|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
|32|| '''[[Glenn Maxwell]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1988|10|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6|c|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-4}} || Overseas, [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
|88|| '''[[Darren Sammy]]''' || {{cr|LCA}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1983|12|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2017 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-3}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|6|| '''[[Wriddhiman Saha]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1984|10|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.2|c|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-4}}|| [[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|Vice Captain]]
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
|4|| [[Anureet Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1988|3|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
|5|| [[Swapnil Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1991|1|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
|18|| '''[[Mohit Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1988|9|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6.5|c|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
|21|| '''[[Matt Henry (cricketer)|Matt Henry]]''' || {{cr|NZL}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1991|12|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2017 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-3}} || Overseas
|-
|26|| [[KC Cariappa (cricketer)|KC Cariappa]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1994|4|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|80|l|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-4}} ||
|-
|29|| '''[[Ishant Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1988|9|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2017 || style="text-align:right;"| Replacement signing ||
|-
|44|| [[T Natarajan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1991|5|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2017 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|c|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-4}} ||
|-
|66|| '''[[Sandeep Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1993|5|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 (since 2013) || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|85|l|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-4}} ||
|-
|77|| '''[[Varun Aaron]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1989|10|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2017 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.8|c|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-4}} ||
|-
||| [[Pardeep Sahu]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2017|04|05|1985|8|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] googly || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2017|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
|}

==Support staff changes==
* In December 2016, [[Sanjay Bangar]] stepped down as the team's head coach.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangar steps down as Kings XI coach|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/1073914.html|access-date=25 December 2016|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* In January 2017, [[Virender Sehwag]] was named head of cricket operations and strategy.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sehwag named head of Kings XI cricket operations|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/content/story/1079194.html|access-date=28 January 2017|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* In February 2017, [[J. Arunkumar]] was named batting coach.<ref>{{cite news|title=J Arunkumar joins Kings XI's coaching staff|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1082013.html|access-date=11 February 2017|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kings XI Punjab}}

[[Category:Punjab Kings seasons]]
[[Category:2017 Indian Premier League]]

Ripper Chandran

2026-04-22T01:53:26Z

Shannan0997: Creating details

{{Short description|Criminal from Kerala}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox serial killer
|name = Ripper Chandran
|image =
|caption =
|birth_name = Muthukutty Chandran
|alias = Ripper
|birth_date = 15 December 1950
|birth_place = Karinthala, [[Nileshwaram|Nileswaram]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = 6 July 1991 (aged 40)
| death_place = [[Kannur Central Jail]], Kerala, India
| death_cause = [[Capital punishment|Execution]] by [[hanging]]
|conviction = '''1987''' [[Murder]] [[Rape]] [[Theft]]
|sentence = [[Capital punishment in India|Death]]
|victims = 14
|beginyear = 1985
|endyear = 1986
|country = [[India]]
|states = [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]]
|weapons = [[Hammer]]
|apprehended = 26 February 1986
|imprisoned = [[Central Prison, Kannur|Kannur Central Jail]]
| criminal_status = Executed
}}
'''Muthukutty Chandran''', infamously known as '''Ripper Chandran''' (15 December 1950 – 6 July 1991) was an Indian serial killer from [[Kerala]], who was [[Hanging|hanged to death]] in 1991 for committing fourteen murders during robberies. He is currently the last person to be executed by hanging in Kerala. Chandran was also known as the Ripper because his style of killing resembled that of the unidentified killer, [[Jack the Ripper]] from [[London]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=സ്വന്തം |first=ലേഖകൻ |date=7 July 1991 |title=റിപ്പർ ചന്ദ്രനെ തൂക്കിക്കൊന്നു |work=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> Chandran chose to attack unsecured houses near highways and railway lines. His victims were killed by hammer blows to the head, after which Chandran robbed them. In some instances, after being assaulted, he also raped his female victims. Chandran committed fourteen murders from 1985 to 1986 and was captured by police on 26 February 1986 in [[Chikmagalur]], [[Karnataka]], afterwards being brought to Kerala. After his trial, a court [[Capital punishment in India|sentenced him to death]] by hanging in 1987.<ref name="Capture">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-18 |title=കോടതിവിധി നടപ്പാക്കാൻ പോകുകയാണെന്ന് ജയിൽ സൂപ്രണ്ട്; 'ഞാൻ തയ്യാറാണ് സാർ'- റിപ്പർ ചന്ദ്രൻ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/crime/specials/kannur-central-jail-former-superintendent-recalls-the-execution-of-ripper-chandran-1.8144401 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-06-20 |title=Manikandan Achari to play the notorious 'Ripper' Chandran |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manikandan-achari-to-play-the-notorious-ripper-chandran/articleshow/64668082.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Background==
Born on 15 December 1950 in Karinthalam, [[Nileshwaram|Nileswaram]], Chandran stopped his studies after the death of his father. Chandran left his native home at the age of 14 and lived in Karnataka by committing thefts. People in Karinthalam mistakenly believed that Chandran, who used to come home with a lot of money, had a business in Karnataka. In Karnataka, he met a man named Thimmmaya. He then assisted Chandran in robberies, later committing murders. It was on 10 September 1985 that Chandran switched from robberies and petty crimes to Ripper-style serial murders. Chandran's first victim was named Ramani, from Kasargod district, who lived near [[Chemnad]]. The next month, Chandran killed three members of a family in [[Manjeshwar|Manjeswaram]] by hitting them on the head with a pickaxe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=വടക്കന്‍ മലബാറിനെ വിറപ്പിച്ച സൈക്കോ കൊലപാതകി, റിപ്പര്‍ ചന്ദ്രന്‍... |url=https://www.malayalivartha.com/special/special/133368 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=www.malayalivartha.com}}</ref>

==Investigation and capture==
Chandran was identified by police after committing 13 murders in various places like Chitari, Kuddlu, Chamundikun, Havanchi and Hariyatukka in Karnataka. Houses without men, unsecured houses, houses near the [[National highways of India|National Highway]] and railway tracks were the locations chosen by Chandran to do robberies. While the investigation was ongoing, Chandran committed one more murder. On 11 February 1986, the attack at Parassinikadav in [[Kannur district]] was the last crime Chandran committed. A week later, on 26 February, Chandran was arrested by the police in [[Chikmagalur]], Karnataka.<ref name="Capture"/>

==Execution==
After his trial in 1987, a court sentenced Chandran to death. He was transferred to [[Central Prison, Kannur|Kannur Central Jail]] and placed in solitary confinement. Chandran's accomplice, Thimmayya was initially sentenced to death, but was later acquitted. While in prison, Chandran sent appeals to avoid the death penalty, but to no avail. Chandran's solitary confinement lasted four years until 1991. On 6 July 1991, Chandran was hanged to death in the early morning. The police buried Chandran in a public cemetery after his brother refused to receive his body for fear of public outrage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=21 people waiting for gallows in Kerala; procedures for death sentence |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1188977&u= |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>

==In popular culture ==
In the 2020 [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] [[Anjaam Pathiraa|Anjaam Pathira]], [[Indrans]] played the character ''Ripper Ravi'', which was loosely inspired from Ripper Chandran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘റിപ്പർ രവി’യെ കണ്ട് ഞെട്ടിയത് ഞാൻ: ഇന്ദ്രൻസ് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2020/01/23/indrans-about-anjaam-pathiraa-character-ripper-ravi.html |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ripper Jayanandan]]
* [[List of serial killers by country]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandran, Ripper}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian criminals]]
[[Category:Crime in Kerala]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by India]]
[[Category:People executed by India by hanging]]
[[Category:Indian serial killers]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Hammer assaults]]

Sisai Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:18:36Z

Shannan0997: new a stub more to come...

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sisai
| type = SLA
| reservation = ST
| constituency_no = 67
| state = Jharkhand
| district = [[Gumla district|Gumla]]
| established = 2000
| mla = [[Jiga Susaran Horo]]
| party = {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = Sisai constituency map.svg
}}
''' Sisai Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> It is a part of [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga Lok Sabha constituency]]. [[Jiga Susaran Horo]] of [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] is the incumbent MLA.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]] ||Baliya Bhagat || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] ||Kirpa Oraon
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] ||Sitaram Bhagat || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||S. Bhagat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||[[Lalit Oraon]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] ||Sukru Bhagat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||[[Lalit Oraon]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1980-85: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] ||Bandi Oraon || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] ||[[Lalit Oraon]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]] ||Bandi Oraon || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] ||[[Dinesh Oraon]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Sameer Oraon]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|Geeta Shree Oraon
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Dinesh Oraon]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|rowspan=2|[[Jiga Susaran Horo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Sisai<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jiga Susaran Horo]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=1,06,058 |percentage=55.09% |change={{decrease}}2.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arun Kumar Oraon |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=67,069 |percentage=34.84% |change={{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madua Kachhap |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,994 |percentage=2.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sujit Tete |party=Independent politician |votes=3,098 |percentage=1.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Barla |party=Independent politician |votes=1,659 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jenga Oraon |party=Independent politician |votes=1,553 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bande Kumar Tirkey |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,542 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,203 |percentage=1.66% |change={{decrease}}1.43 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=38,989 |percentage=20.25% |change= {{decrease}}3.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,92,521 |percentage=72.96% |change= {{increase}}4.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,63,873 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}2.76 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Sisai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jiga Susaran Horo]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=93,720 |percentage=57.85% |change={{increase}}28.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dinesh Oraon]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=55,302 |percentage=34.14% |change={{increase}}3.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lohor Main Oraon |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=2,154 |percentage=1.33% |change={{decrease}}7.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjeet Minj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,608 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunita Topno |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=1,048 |percentage=0.65% |change={{decrease}}5.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shashi Kant Bhagat |party=Independent politician |votes=970 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=5,013 |percentage=3.09% |change={{increase}}0.83 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=38,418 |percentage=23.72% |change= {{increase}}21.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,61,997 |percentage=68.87% |change= {{increase}}2.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,35,231 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}26.84 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Sisai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dinesh Oraon]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=44,472 |percentage=31.01% |change={{increase}}9.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jiga Susaran Horo]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=41,879 |percentage=29.21% |change={{increase}}13.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Geetashree Oraon |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,128 |percentage=18.22% |change={{decrease}}16.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ezra Bodra |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=12,152 |percentage=8.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kiran Bara |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=8,648 |percentage=6.03% |change={{decrease}}0.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shashi Kant Bhagat |party=Independent politician |votes=1,967 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Kumar Kujur |party=Independent politician |votes=1,634 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,247 |percentage=2.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,593 |percentage=1.81% |change= {{decrease}}11.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,43,396 |percentage=65.98% |change= {{increase}}3.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,17,337 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Sisai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Geeta Shree Oraon |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,260 |percentage=34.37% |change={{increase}}3.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sameer Oraon]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,319 |percentage=21.29% |change={{decrease}}9.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jiga Susaran Horo]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=17,427 |percentage=15.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sufal Oraon |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=7,789 |percentage=6.82% |change={{increase}}3.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deosharan Bhagat |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=7,208 |percentage=6.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baleshwar Oraon |party=Independent politician |votes=3,217 |percentage=2.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Isaac Ishwardatt Adetiya Minz |party=Independent politician |votes=2,320 |percentage=2.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,941 |percentage=13.08% |change= {{increase}}12.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,14,235 |percentage=62.41% |change= {{increase}}1.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,83,053 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.94 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Sisai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sameer Oraon]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=34,217 |percentage=31.04% |change={{decrease}}16.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shashi Kant Bhagat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,574 |percentage=30.46% |change={{decrease}}1.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surya Mohan Oraon |party=Independent politician |votes=6,056 |percentage=5.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bandi Oraon |party=Independent politician |votes=5,842 |percentage=5.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Johan Ekka |party=Independent politician |votes=5,686 |percentage=5.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sujet Tete |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=4,184 |percentage=3.80% |change={{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijendra Vikram Oraon |party=Independent politician |votes=3,549 |percentage=3.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=643 |percentage=0.58% |change= {{decrease}}14.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,10,221 |percentage=61.38% |change= {{increase}}30.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,79,564 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}16.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sisai<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dinesh Oraon]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,508 |percentage=47.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bandi Oraon |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,745 |percentage=32.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deo Sharan Bhagat |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=5,884 |percentage=11.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K.D. Jojo |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=2,001 |percentage=3.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Ohdar |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=1,318 |percentage=2.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parsoyus Dhirkey |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=716 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahesh Kumar Dhan |party=Jharkhand People's Party |votes=500 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,763 |percentage=15.02% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,672 |percentage=31.54% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,65,961 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|23.17|84.76|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Gumla district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Bhura Munja

2026-04-18T23:52:51Z

Shannan0997: New new stub!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhura Munja
| death_date = May 6, 2016, [[Gujarat]]
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]]
| image =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| caption =
| height =
| constituency = [[Kutiyana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kutiyana]]
| successor =
| party = Independent
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| other_party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| spouse = 2
| partner =
| children =
| relations = [[Santokben Jadeja]] (sister-in-law) [[Kandhal Jadeja]] (nephew)
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician Car dealer in UK (till 1995)
| term_start = 1995
| term_end = 1998
| predecessor = [[Santokben Jadeja]]
}}

'''Bhura Munja Jadeja''' was an Indian gangster turned politician from [[Gujarat]]. He was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] for the [[Kutiyana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranavav-Kutiyana]] constituency from 1995 to 1998.<ref name=timesofindia/> He was charged with numerous murder and attempt to murder cases and also faced five [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act]] (TADA) cases.<ref name=rediff>{{cite news |last1=Swaminathan |first1=R. |title=Porbander – Terror is ticket to success |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2002/dec/11spec2.htm |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |date=December 12, 2002}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
He was the younger brother of the late gangster Sarman Munja Jadeja and brother-in-law of late gangster turned politician [[Santokben Jadeja]]. He was in England until 1995, He used to ran a second-hand car business and a departmental store. Bhura came back from the United Kingdom, after the murder of his brother Sarman Munja Jadeja, who was a mill worker turned strongman in Porbandar, started exacting revenge.<ref name=rediff/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Aditya |title=Gangs of Porbandar: How Gujarat polls are the latest act in old mafia rivalries |url=https://www.catchnews.com/politics-news/gangs-of-porbandar-how-gujarat-polls-are-the-latest-act-in-old-mafia-rivalries-92047.html |publisher=Catch News |date=December 9, 2017}}</ref>

In an interview with ''[[Rediff.com]]'' in December 2002, Bhura said, "Yes, I killed all those who killed Sharman Munja. He was my brother, after all. What would you do if someone killed your brother? Wouldn't your blood boil?"<ref name=rediff/>

He contested the State Legislative Assembly election as an independent candidate from the Ranavav-Kutiyana constituency of [[Porbandar]], Gujarat, in 1995 against her sister-in-law [[Santokben Jadeja]] and won the election.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hiral |first1=Dave |title=After 20 yrs, Gandhis birthplace votes without fear of dons |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/after-20-yrs-gandhis-birthplace-votes-without-fear-of-dons/451576/ |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]] |date=April 27, 2009}}</ref> He served as an MLA from 1995 to 1998.

In 1998 Munja was seeking re-election to the state assembly and fielded his third wife from the neighboring Kutiyana Vidhan Sabha constituency, which he had represented last time.<ref name=agnihotri>{{cite book |author1=Ram Awatar Agnihotri |title=Twelfth Parliamentary (Lok Sabha) General Elections, 1998 – Page 280 |date=1999 |page=280}}</ref>

Bhura Munja and his elder brother Sarman Munja Jadeja have headed Porbandar's underworld for a long time and his family still has a stronghold in [[Porbandar]]. However, after his short term as an MLA, Bhura stayed away from politics.<ref name=timesofindia/>

In 2015 he was acquitted by a Special TADA court in [[Porbandar district]] in the 1993 arms haul case for lack of mandatory sanctions and evidence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Porbandar court acquits former MLA in 1993 TADA case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/porbandar-court-acquits-former-mla-in-1993-tada-case/article7057550.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=April 1, 2015}}</ref>

== Death ==
At the age of 62 Bhura Munja died on May 6, 2016, at Apollo hospital in [[Ahmedabad]], after a brief illness.<ref name=timesofindia>{{cite news |title=Kutiyana ex-MLA Bhura Munja dies after brief illness |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/kutiyana-ex-mla-bhura-munja-dies-after-brief-illness/articleshow/52159496.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=May 7, 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Munja, Bhura}}
[[Category:People from Porbandar]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1995–1998]]
[[Category:Indian politicians convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Crime in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian gangsters]]
[[Category:Indian crime bosses]]

Bhiwani Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T05:08:50Z

Shannan0997: New entry!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhiwani Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = Bhiwani Assembly constituency map.svg
|state = [[Haryana]]
|established = 1967
|abolished =
| electors = 2,36,980
|mla = [[Ghanshyam Saraf]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no = 57
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| district = [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhiwani–Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwani–Mahendragarh]]
| reservation = None
}}

'''Bhiwani Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] in [[Haryana]] state in northern [[India]].<ref name="ceo1">{{cite web|url=http://ceoharyana.nic.in/docs/pdf/Distt_wise_ACs.pdf|title=District Wise Assembly Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Haryana|access-date=7 November 2014|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905225734/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/docs/pdf/Distt_wise_ACs.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Overview==
Bhiwani (constituency number 57) is one of the 6 Assembly constituencies located in [[Bhiwani district]].<ref name="ceo1"/> This constituency covers the entire [[Bhiwani]] town and neighbouring villages.<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://ceoharyana.nic.in/?module=pages&pageid=75|title=All Assembly Constituencies|access-date=7 November 2014|archive-date=24 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024160419/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/?module=pages&pageid=75|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bhiwani is part of [[Bhiwani-Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani-Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency]] along with eight other Assembly segments, namely, [[Dadri (Haryana Assembly constituency)|Dadri]], [[Badhra Assembly constituency|Badhra]], [[Tosham Assembly constituency|Tosham]] and [[Loharu Assembly constituency|Loharu]] in this district and [[Ateli Assembly constituency|Ateli]], [[Mahendragarh Assembly constituency|Mahendragarh]], [[Narnaul Assembly constituency|Narnaul]] and [[Nangal Chaudhry Assembly constituency|Nangal Chaudhry]] in [[Mahendragarh district]].<ref name="eci1"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhiwani Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/bhiwani.html |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Bhagwan Dev
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Banarsi Das Gupta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Bir Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| [[Sagar Ram Gupta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| [[Banarsi Das Gupta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" | Ram Bhajan Agrawal
| {{Full party name with color|Haryana Vikas Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| [[Bansi Lal|Chaudhary Bansilal]]
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| Shiv Shankar Bhardwaj
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Ghanshyam Saraf]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhiwani<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bhiwani">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bhiwani |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0757.htm |access-date=4 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghanshyam Saraf]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=67,087 |percentage=46.19% |change={{decrease}}1.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=34,373 |percentage=23.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indu |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=17,573 |percentage=12.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhijeet Lal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=15,810 |percentage=10.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Priya Asija |party=Independent politician |votes=3,660 |percentage=2.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajeev |party=Independent politician |votes=1,825 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Fouji |party=Rashtriya Bhagidari Samaj Party |votes=1,339 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=464 |percentage=0.32% |change={{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,714 |percentage=22.52% |change= {{increase}}1.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,45,254 |percentage=61.41% |change= {{increase}}1.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,36,980 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhiwani<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghanshyam Saraf]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=61,704 |percentage=47.40% |change={{increase}}9.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Shiv Shanker Bhardwaj|party=Jannayak Janta Party|votes=33,820|percentage=25.98%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Amar Singh Haluwasia|party=Indian National Congress|votes=18,682|percentage=14.35%|change={{increase}}4.49}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Amit Balmiki|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=8,012|percentage=6.15%|change={{increase}}4.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Aman Tanwar Raghav|party=Loktanter Suraksha Party|votes=1,785|percentage=1.37%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anil Kathpalia|party=Indian National Lok Dal|votes=1,228|percentage=0.94%|change={{decrease}}15.48}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=777|percentage=0.60%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Raj Kumar Basia|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|votes=712|percentage=0.55%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rajender Singh Yadav|party=Swaraj India|votes=706|percentage=0.54%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dinesh Urf Lala Pahalwan|party=Independent politician|votes=671|percentage=0.52%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,884 |percentage=21.42% |change= {{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,30,190|percentage=60.00%|change={{decrease}}11.14}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,16,968 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}9.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhiwani<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghanshyam Saraf]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=50,020 |percentage=38.34% |change={{increase}}9.9 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmla Saraf |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=21,423 |percentage=16.42% |change={{decrease}}2.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Shiv Shankar Bhardwaj |party=Haryana Jan Chetna Party (V) |votes=17,018 |percentage=13.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Pratap Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,866 |percentage=9.86% |change={{decrease}}15.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maman Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=9,773 |percentage=7.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paramjeet Singh Maddu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,635 |percentage=2.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neelam Aggarwal |party=Smast Bhartiya Party |votes=2,150 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pradeep Kaushik |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,939 |percentage=1.49% |change={{decrease}}1.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Comrade Vinod Kumar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,696 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Verma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,361 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Ranvir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,318 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,597 |percentage=21.92% |change= {{increase}}19.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,30,477 |percentage=71.14% |change= {{increase}}5.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,83,396 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}9.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhiwani}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghanshyam Saraf]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,337 |percentage=28.43% |change={{increase}}0.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Shiv Shanker Bhardwaj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,692 |percentage=25.68% |change={{decrease}}27.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vasudev Sharma |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=18,217 |percentage=18.95% |change={{increase}}6.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paramjeet Singh Maddu |party=Independent politician |votes=5,731 |percentage=5.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishamber |party=Independent politician |votes=5,175 |percentage=5.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash Mann |party=Independent politician |votes=4,229 |percentage=4.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravi Shankar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,977 |percentage=3.10% |change={{increase}}1.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kusum Sharma |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=2,806 |percentage=2.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Verma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,478 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender Kumar Kirori |party=Independent politician |votes=896 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,645 |percentage=2.75% |change= {{decrease}}22.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=96,144 |percentage=65.87% |change= {{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,45,957 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}24.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhiwani<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Shiv Shanker Bhardwaj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=45,675 |percentage=52.93% |change={{increase}}17.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghanshyam Saraf]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,874 |percentage=27.67% |change={{increase}}21.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vasudev Sharma |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=10,713 |percentage=12.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Verma |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,702 |percentage=1.97% |change={{decrease}}4.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hans Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,107 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Hargian Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=832 |percentage=0.96% |change={{increase}}0.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=584 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=571 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,801 |percentage=25.26% |change= {{increase}}13.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,290 |percentage=66.21% |change= {{increase}}4.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,30,320 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.55 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{increase}}6.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhiwani}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bansi Lal]] |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=33,199 |percentage=46.39% |change={{decrease}}12.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vasudev Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,130 |percentage=35.11% |change={{increase}}8.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,844 |percentage=6.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rishi Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,335 |percentage=6.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kulbhushan Arya |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=788 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajjan Khangwal |party=Independent politician |votes=641 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chander |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=546 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kumar |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=373 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=369 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,069 |percentage=11.27% |change= {{decrease}}21.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,572 |percentage=61.94% |change= {{decrease}}1.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,15,785 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{decrease}}12.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhiwani}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Bhajan |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=44,584 |percentage=59.20% |change={{increase}}12.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Kumar S/O Kedar Nath |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,712 |percentage=26.17% |change={{increase}}13.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Shankar |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=6,488 |percentage=8.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh Verma |party=Samata Party |votes=1,028 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bala Ram |party=Janata Dal |votes=944 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hans Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=410 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,872 |percentage=33.03% |change= {{decrease}}0.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=75,310 |percentage=65.13% |change= {{increase}}6.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,18,078 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{increase}}12.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhiwani}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Bhajan |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=29,390 |percentage=47.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Kumar S/O Kadar Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=8,472 |percentage=13.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chander |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,910 |percentage=12.69% |change={{decrease}}10.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajit |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,458 |percentage=11.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sohan Lal |party=Janata Party |votes=4,404 |percentage=7.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Uashu Dev |party=Independent politician |votes=2,139 |percentage=3.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Partap Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=753 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,918 |percentage=33.56% |change= {{decrease}}17.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,330 |percentage=58.77% |change= {{decrease}}16.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,073 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}26.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhiwani}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Banarsi Das Gupta]] |party=Lokdal |votes=51,137 |percentage=73.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,946 |percentage=23.07% |change={{decrease}}25.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender Tanwar |party=Independent politician |votes=515 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh Verma |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=353 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dev Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=288 |percentage=0.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,191 |percentage=50.91% |change= {{increase}}39.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,129 |percentage=74.37% |change= {{increase}}8.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,335 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.77 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}25.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhiwani}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sagar Ram Gupta]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,697 |percentage=48.26% |change={{increase}}24.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chander |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,789 |percentage=36.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhale Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,684 |percentage=3.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Chander |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,593 |percentage=3.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narinder Kumar |party=Janata Party |votes=980 |percentage=1.91% |change={{decrease}}36.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shri Niwas Urf Ram Niwas |party=Independent politician |votes=886 |percentage=1.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shimbhu Dayal |party=Independent politician |votes=697 |percentage=1.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh Verma |party=Independent politician |votes=347 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shashi Bhushan |party=Independent politician |votes=329 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir |party=Independent politician |votes=316 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,908 |percentage=11.54% |change= {{increase}}5.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,176 |percentage=65.77% |change= {{increase}}0.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,766 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}9.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhiwani}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bir Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=17,923 |percentage=38.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sagar Ram Gupta]] |party=Independent politician |votes=15,092 |percentage=32.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Banarsi Das Gupta]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,116 |percentage=24.07% |change={{decrease}}12.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maman Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,084 |percentage=2.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganpat Ram |party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) |votes=589 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,831 |percentage=6.13% |change= {{increase}}0.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,188 |percentage=64.69% |change= {{decrease}}7.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,124 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhiwani}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Banarsi Das Gupta]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,144 |percentage=36.93% |change={{decrease}}9.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sagar Ram Gupta]] |party=Independent politician |votes=13,650 |percentage=31.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Dev |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=11,868 |percentage=27.15% |change={{decrease}}15.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satya Narain |party=Independent politician |votes=769 |percentage=1.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Mij Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=746 |percentage=1.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bajrang Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=322 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phitan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=219 |percentage=0.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,494 |percentage=5.70% |change= {{increase}}1.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,718 |percentage=73.29% |change= {{increase}}17.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,933 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.61 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhiwani}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Banarsi Das Gupta]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,572 |percentage=46.53% |change={{increase}}8.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Dev |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=12,384 |percentage=42.46% |change={{decrease}}7.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Makhan Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,837 |percentage=6.30% |change={{increase}}0.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brahm Datt |party=Independent politician |votes=734 |percentage=2.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahabir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=480 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radha Krishan |party=Independent politician |votes=161 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,188 |percentage=4.07% |change= {{decrease}}7.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,168 |percentage=55.61% |change= {{decrease}}15.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,634 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{decrease}}3.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhiwani}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Dev |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=17,591 |percentage=49.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sagar Ram Gupta]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,423 |percentage=37.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,147 |percentage=6.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Nand |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes=1,041 |percentage=2.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Singh |party=Republican Party of India |votes=476 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=324 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=280 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=47 |percentage=0.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. R. A. Goliwala |party=Independent politician |votes=35 |percentage=0.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,168 |percentage=11.79% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,364 |percentage=72.60% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,480 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bhiwani]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}
{{Bhiwani district topics}}
{{coord|28.80|76.14|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Bhiwani district]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai

2026-04-15T17:46:07Z

Shannan0997: new new info basic info

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai.jpeg
| caption =
| image_size = 250
| genre = {{unbulleted list|[[Drama]]|[[Romance (love)|Romance]]}}
| creator = Dilip Jha
| story = {{unbulleted list|Dilip Jha|Salil Sand}}
| screenplay = {{unbulleted list|Dilip Jha|Ghanshyam Bhatt|'''Dialogues'''|Mohinder Pratap Singh}}
| director = {{unbulleted list|Noel Smith}}
| creative_director = Uday Rakesh Berry
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = [[Rahul Jain]]
| open_theme = ''Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai''
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 120
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|SET India]]
| executive_producer = {{unbulleted list|Manoj Sharma}}
| producer = {{unbulleted list|Dilip Jha|Archita Jha|Nazim|Sahir Hamid}}
| location =
| cinematography = {{unbulleted list|Shanu Singh Rajput|Pappu Singh Rajput}}
| editor = Sameer Gandhi
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = {{unbulleted list|Bindu Productions|SJ Studios}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|03|19}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2018|08|31}} <ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/bepannaah-to-yeh-pyar-nahi-toh-kya-hai-5-shows-that-are-going-off-air-1314287-2018-08-14 Bepannaah to Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai: 5 shows that are going off air]</ref>
}}

'''''Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai''''' ({{Translation|''What Is This, If Not Love?''}}) is an Indian romantic drama television series. Produced by Bindu and SJ Studio Productions, it premiered on 19 March 2018 on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] and starred Palak Jain and [[Namit Khanna]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/palak-jain-i-share-a-good-chemistry-with-namit-khanna-1194396-2018-03-21|title=Palak Jain: I share a good chemistry with Namit Khanna|website=India Today|date=21 March 2018 |language=en|access-date=2 August 2019|archive-date=26 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726121734/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/palak-jain-i-share-a-good-chemistry-with-namit-khanna-1194396-2018-03-21|url-status=live}}</ref>

The show has been critically acclaimed for its crisp story line and ensemble cast's performance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/sony-tv-presents-new-age-love-story-yeh-pyaar-nahi/article_d32bbd86-22fb-11e8-acb2-17d25666d6eb.html |title=Sony TV Presents New-Age Love Story 'Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai' |access-date=12 April 2018 |archive-date=3 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903144159/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/sony-tv-presents-new-age-love-story-yeh-pyaar-nahi/article_d32bbd86-22fb-11e8-acb2-17d25666d6eb.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/sony-tv-presents-new-age-love-story-yeh-pyaar-nahi/article_d32bbd86-22fb-11e8-acb2-17d25666d6eb.html |title=Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai Review: Namit Khanna's screen presence and the dialogues will keep you hooked |access-date=12 April 2018 |archive-date=3 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903144159/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/sony-tv-presents-new-age-love-story-yeh-pyaar-nahi/article_d32bbd86-22fb-11e8-acb2-17d25666d6eb.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/bepannaah-to-yeh-pyar-nahi-toh-kya-hai-5-shows-that-are-going-off-air-1314287-2018-08-14 |title=Bepannaah to Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai: 5 shows that are going off air |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814150931/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/bepannaah-to-yeh-pyar-nahi-toh-kya-hai-5-shows-that-are-going-off-air-1314287-2018-08-14 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
The show is set in [[Delhi]], and revolves around Siddhant Sinha and Anushka Reddy.

Anushka Reddy, daughter of [[Telugu people|Telugu]] industrialist [[Krishna Kanth]] "KK" Reddy returns home after spending seven years in the US. Siddhant Sinha is a budding lawyer, belongs to middle-class [[Brahmin]] family from [[Bihar]], and is the son of lawyer Prabhakar Sinha who was KK's legal advisor, right-hand man, confidante, and best friend. Siddhant and Anushka are childhood friends, who broke up seven years earlier due to misunderstandings.

Siddhant’s father, Prabhakar, supports KK in both business and personal matters, partly out of gratitude for help he received from him 18 years earlier, as well as their long-standing friendship. Siddhant later joins his father at the Reddys’ company, where Anushka works as the head of Human Resources.

When an accident occurs at a rival company owned by Sumit Goyal, he accuses KK’s company of sabotage, alleging it was intended to recover a lost deal. Although the investigation clears KK’s firm of wrongdoing, Prabhakar remains suspicious that someone influential may have been involved. While attempting to uncover the truth behind the incident and the deal, Prabhakar dies; doctors attribute his death to sudden cardiac arrest caused by acid reflux.

===15 days later===
After Prabhakar's death, Siddhant starts to work full time for KK's son and Anushka's twin brother, Karthik and tries to mend his relationship with Anushka. As they get closer, Siddhant also starts investigating his father's death after finding a suspicious phone number from his father's mobile phone call history. The number leads him to Dinesh Swamy, Vice President of Goyal's aircraft company. He is shocked to discover that Swamy died exactly like Prabhakar shortly after Prabhakar's death. Meanwhile, Anushka's father is trying to convince her to marry.

KK brings Nupur Srivastava as a prospective bride for Karthik. During Karthik's wedding preparations, KK gets impressed by Nupur's politician cousin, Vedant. KK asks Anushka to accept, but since she loves Siddhant, she does not want to. Siddhant also loves Anushka, but during investigation he was shocked to know that his father was murdered by his best friend KK by poisoning him via ''25 years of KKR Corporation'' Book. So he decides it is best to keep Anushka out of the picture as he wants to take revenge to her father. Meanwhile, Karthik works closely with Purva, Siddhant's sister, in KK's company. Karthik starts to develop a physical attraction towards Purva but tries not to act upon it.

Siddhant wishes to ruin KK and his business, therefore, he creates major misunderstandings between KK's business partners often referred to as "SHARK" and creates rifts between KK's family. Meanwhile, KK is finally seen admitting his involvement in Prabhakar's death when he is by himself.

Misunderstandings increase between Siddhant and Anushka, therefore, she decides to agree to marry Vedant. Siddhant on the other hand finds out that Vedant is only marrying Anushka for money and power reasons for his career and does not love her.

Siddhant decides he wants both his love and revenge, so on Anushka's engagement day, he openly declares his love for Anushka. Although he is met with disapproval, KK says that his happiness lies in Anushka and lets them get engaged. After the ceremony, Siddhant tells KK about how he knows KK is the reason behind Prabhakar's death and that he will take revenge for that. Siddhant quits his job at Reddy Corporation and decides to go solo. He finds out that Reddy Corporation has been very sexist towards women and fires every woman who gets pregnant and asks for maternity leave. Siddhant finds over 300 cases such as this and decides to represent them all in court, pro bono

In order to prevent Siddhant and Anushka from marrying, KK threatens Gayatri, Siddhant's mother, to stop Siddhant from marrying Anushka. Despite his mother's reluctance and KK's planning, Siddhant and Anushka get married. As KK's initial plan fails, he decides to go to Plan B, by framing Siddhant with the murder of Hira Sanyal, H of SHARK. Siddhant and Anushka finally get married, but she learns about how Siddhant believes KK killed Prabhakar. Siddhant and Anushka decide to not move their relationship forward until Siddhant is able to prove KK guilty.

Meanwhile, Karthik and Purva start to talk more and get closer. One day, Nupur sees a suspicious message on Karthik's phone, from Purva and starts to suspect them. Karthik and Nupur have an argument, in which he declares his love for Purva, and KK hears this. Purva and Karthik talk and Purva finds out the truth behind Prabhakar's death. Purva also declares her feelings for Karthik. Karthik goes to declare his love for Purva to Sinha family. Siddhant beats Karthik and Gayatri slaps Purva. Finally, Anushka learns the truth about her father. Heartbroken, she goes to meet her father and tells him that she has realised the truth about him and asks him whether his love for her was also fake as his reputation. Feeling completely dejected KK confesses his mistakes in front of Anushka and tells her that everything could be a lie but his love for her as a father was never a lie then he hugs her for a last time and sends her away and later ends his life by drinking the same poison by which he poisoned Prabhakar. The series ends with a hug between a conflicted Siddhant and a heartbroken Anushka.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Palak Jain as Anushka Sinha (née Reddy)
* [[Namit Khanna]] as Siddhant Sinha

===Recurring===
* [[Manish Choudhary]] as Krishna Kanth "K.K." Reddy, Anushka's father
* Shahana Verma as Nita Reddy, Anushka's mother<ref name="indiawest">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/sony-tv-presents-new-age-love-story-yeh-pyaar-nahi/article_d32bbd86-22fb-11e8-acb2-17d25666d6eb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309083228/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/sony-tv-presents-new-age-love-story-yeh-pyaar-nahi/article_d32bbd86-22fb-11e8-acb2-17d25666d6eb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 March 2018|title=Sony TV Presents New-Age Love Story 'Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai'|website=indiawest.com|date=8 March 2018|publisher=R.M. VIJAYAKAR|access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[Vishal Malhotra]] as Shrikant "Anna" Reddy, Anushka's elder brother<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vishal-malhotra-cast-in-yeh-pyaar-nahi-/articleshow/63235173.cms|title=Vishal Malhotra cast in ''Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai''|website=The Times of India|date=9 March 2018|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|access-date=10 March 2018|archive-date=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310094226/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vishal-malhotra-cast-in-yeh-pyaar-nahi-/articleshow/63235173.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gulfnews">{{cite web|url=https://www.gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/bollywood/vishal-malhotra-s-next-series-is-yeh-pyar-nahi-toh-kya-hai-1.2185385|title=Vishal Malhotra's next series is Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai|website=Gulf News|date=10 March 2018|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|access-date=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310125319/https://www.gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/bollywood/vishal-malhotra-s-next-series-is-yeh-pyar-nahi-toh-kya-hai-1.2185385 |archive-date=10 March 2018 }}</ref>
* Suparna Krishna as Riddhi Reddy, Shrikant's wife
* [[Ankit Raj]] as Kartik Reddy, Anushka's twin brother
* Divya Sharma as Nupur Srivastava Reddy, Kartik's wife
* Gagan Rajput as Sweety Singh, Siddhant's assistant and friend
* [[Anurag Arora]] as Prabhakar Sinha, Siddhant's father<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anurag-arora-to-make-tv-debut-yeh-pyaar-nahi-hai-toh-kya-hai/articleshow/63080296.cms |title=Anurag Arora to make TV debut Yeh Pyaar Nahi Hai Toh Kya Hai? |work=The Times of India |access-date=12 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211815/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//tv/news/hindi/anurag-arora-to-make-tv-debut-yeh-pyaar-nahi-hai-toh-kya-hai/articleshow/63080296.cms |archive-date=26 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Alka Amin]] as Gayatri Sinha, Siddhant's mother
* [[Amandeep Sidhu]] as Purva Sinha, Siddhant's younger sister
* Reuben Israel as Sudhanshu Nanda, Riddhi's father,
* [[Radha Bhatt]] as Heera Sanyal
* Divyagaurav Rana as Young Siddhant
* Khushi Joshi as Young Anushka
* Dinesh Mohan as Sumit Goyal, K.K.'s business rival
* Akash Jaiswal as Vedant Srivastava, politician, Nupur's cousin
* Aamir Abbas Naqvi, as an Advocate in 1 episode
* Altamash as Ravi, Anushka's driver

==Production==
The show is shot in New Delhi and [[Greater Noida]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/heres-why-yeh-pyaar-nahi-toh-kya-hais-namit-khanna-quit-modelling/articleshow/63681954.cms|title=Here's why Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai's Namit Khanna quit modelling|work=The Times of India|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412220626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/heres-why-yeh-pyaar-nahi-toh-kya-hais-namit-khanna-quit-modelling/articleshow/63681954.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai
| length1 = 3:55<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0cElHSW0HU|title=Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai- Title Song|last=SET India|date=29 March 2018|access-date=20 May 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihBkVnaczds|title=Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai- Full Title Song|last=Pehchan Music|date=23 April 2018|access-date=20 May 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| extra1 = Rahul Jain
| music1 = Rahul Jain
| lyrics1 = Sanjeev Chaturvedi
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Official website|https://www.setindia.com/in-en/shows/yeh-pyaar-nahi-toh-kya-hai/43}}
{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai}}
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2010s Indian television miniseries]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Delhi]]

Kakinada Kaja

2026-04-14T01:17:53Z

Shannan0997: Created initial entry more to come

{{Short description|Sweet pastry from India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Kakinada Kaja కాకినాడ కాజా
| image = Andhra Telangana Sweets - Kakinada Kaja.jpg
| caption = Gottam Kaja, a variant of Kakinada Kaja
| alternate_name =
| country = India
| region = [[Kakinada]], Andhra Pradesh
| creator =
| course =
| served =
| main_ingredient = Wheat flour, sugar, [[ghee]]
| variations = Gottam Kaja, Madatha Kaja
| calories =
}}

'''Kakinada Kaja''' ({{langx|te|కాకినాడ కాజా}}) is a traditional Indian sweet pastry from [[Kakinada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India, known for its unique taste and preparation. It comes in two main varieties: the hollow, cylindrical ''Gottam Kaja'' and the layered ''Madatha Kaja'', each offering distinct textures and flavours.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Roy Chaudhuri |first=Sabyasachi |date=3 March 2018 |title=Kaja: the Raja of All Sweets |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/mar/02/kaja-the-raja-of-all-sweets-1781211.html |access-date=2019-12-04 |newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The dessert holds significant cultural importance in Andhra Pradesh, with efforts underway to obtain a [[Geographical indication|Geographical Indication]] (GI) tag to preserve its legacy. Along with the related ''Tapeswaram Kaja'', it remains a beloved delicacy throughout the [[Telugu states]].<ref name=":1" />

==History==
Kakinada Kaja originated in 1891 when Chittipeddi Kotaiah established a sweet shop in Kakinada specializing in this dessert. The shop, now operating as Kotaiah Sweets, has expanded its presence with branches in Kakinada and [[Rajahmundry]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Naidu |first=T. Appala |date=2020-10-01 |title=Kotaiah family to apply for GI tag for 'Kakinada kaja' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/kotaiah-family-to-apply-for-gi-tag-for-kakinada-kaja/article32738347.ece |access-date=2024-11-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The name Gottam Kaja derives from its hollow cylindrical shape, resembling a "cylinder" (gottam in Telugu). Made with maida and [[ghee]], the dough is deep-fried and soaked in sugar syrup, resulting in a sweet with a crisp exterior and syrup-filled interior.<ref name=":0" />

A related variant, Madatha Kaja or Tapeswaram Kaja, features layered sheets that retain sugar syrup in a diamond shape. Originating from [[Tapeswaram]], a village near Kakinada, this variant has a distinct texture and slightly drier version compared to Gottam Kaja. Unlike the Gottam Kaja, this version holds the sugar syrup in its layers rather than inside it. Although Madatha Kaja is slightly different from Tapeswaram Kaja—with the former being drier—it is often conflated with the latter.<ref name=":0" />

== Preparation and variants ==
The main ingredients in Kakinada Kaja include maida (refined flour), sugar, and edible oils. The dough is prepared with a blend of flour, khoya (milk solids), and oil, shaped into desired forms, and deep-fried until golden. The fried pastries are then soaked in sugar syrup, giving them a unique texture and flavor.

There are two primary variants of Kakinada Kaja:

* '''Gottam Kaja''': Characterized by its hollow cylindrical shape, this variant has a crisp exterior and a syrup-filled interior, offering a melt-in-the-mouth experience.
* '''Madatha Kaja''': Made by rolling the dough into layered strips, this variant has a uniform texture but hardens over time.

== Cultural significance ==
As of August 2018, the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] began the process of applying for a [[Geographical indication|Geographical Indication]] (GI) tag to recognize its cultural and regional importance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-10 |title=Pootharekulu in record books |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/food-and-recipes/100818/pootharekulu-in-record-books.html |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> By October 2020, the Chittipeddi Kotaiah family, which has been producing the sweet since 1891, had also taken steps to secure the GI tag to preserve its legacy.<ref name=":1" />

In 2022, the [[India Post|Indian Postal Service]] issued a special stamp to honour Kakinada Kaja, marking its cultural significance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-06 |title=Kakinada kaja : కాకినాడ కాజాకు..మాడుగుల హల్వాకు అరుదైన గుర్తింపు… |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-special-postal-covers-released-on-kotaiah-kaja-and-madugula-halwa-347008.html |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=[[10TV]] |language=Telugu}}</ref> The sweet remains a beloved dessert in Andhra Pradesh, with many Telugu people, whether traveling to Kakinada or its surrounding areas from other states or abroad, ensuring to purchase it as a cultural staple.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-06 |title=Kakinada Kaja: నేటి తరం గుర్తించేలా కాకినాడ గొట్టం కాజాకు పోస్టల్ శాఖ అరుదైన గుర్తింపు.. |url=https://tv9telugu.com/andhra-pradesh/indian-postal-department-released-a-new-stamps-in-kakinada-kotaiah-kaja-and-visakha-madugula-halwa-612118.html |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=[[TV9 Telugu|TV9]] |language=te}}</ref> Kakinada Kaja continues to be celebrated for its distinctive preparation and flavour, holding a special place in the culinary heritage of South India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kasturi |first=Prema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HwMAQAAMAAJ&q=Kakinada+Kaja |title=South India Heritage: An Introduction |date=2007 |publisher=East West Books (Madras) |isbn=978-81-88661-64-0 |pages=415 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Ariselu]]
* [[Boorelu]]
* [[Pootharekulu]]
* [[Sunnundallu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Pastries}}

[[Category:Andhra cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian confectionery]]
[[Category:Kakinada]]
[[Category:Pastries]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]

Jandhyala Papayya Sastry

2026-04-13T20:54:26Z

Shannan0997: Created first info more to come

{{short description|Indian writer (1912-1992)}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Jandhyala Papayya Sastry
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt = Karunasri
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|4 August 1912}}
| birth_place = Kommuru village, [[Guntur district]], India
| death_date = {{death-date and age|21 June 1992|4 August 1912}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Lecturer
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = Writer, poet
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = Pushpa Vilapam, Kunthi Kumari
| spouse = Anasuyamma
| partner =
| children = 2 sons and 1 daughter
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Honorary doctorate]] from [[Sri Venkateswara University]], [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Jandhyala Papayya Sastry''' (4 August 1912 – 21 June 1992) was an eminent Telugu writer and lyricist. He was popularly known as '''Karunasri''' because his writings expressively show compassion (Karuna or Kāruṇyam), one of the nine [[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasa]]s. His famous kavyas include ''Pushpa Vilapam'' and ''Kunthi Kumari''.<ref>Karunasri, Luminaries of 20th Century, Part I, Potti Sriramulu Telugu University, Hyderabad, 2005, pp: 66–67.</ref>

Poetry is the tremendous reflection of integrated self-awareness of man and the suffering and maladies of society. Karunasri's “Udayasri” “Vijayasri” and “Karunasri” achieved the rarest and unique distinction innumerable reprints. The poet rightly described ″Udayasri″ as his fragrant heart, ″Vijayasri″ as his thoughtful head and ″Karunasri″ as his valuable life. These three works of karunasri are the manifestation of satyam (Truth), Sivam (Goodness) and Sundaram (Beauty).

“Udayasri” takes us from darkness to twilight;

“Vijayasri” from twilight to light;

and “Karunasri” from light to delight – The bliss of god.

Poetry of Karunasri will take us to the melodious heights of spirituality and to the depths of maladies and sorrowful sufferings of present society and ultimately act as panacea of all ills. His poetry is the harbinger of peace, social purpose and human values and also an answer and solution for all social problems.

Karunasri is a combination of tradition and modernity, spirituality and social awareness. He is remembered and revered as a poet of popularity.

==Brief life sketch==
Papayya Sastry was born in Kommuru village, [[Pedanandipadu]] mandal, [[Guntur district]] in 1912. After primary and middle school education in his village.

Papayya Sastry has about 27 works,<ref>[http://tagoremarg.blogspot.com/2010/09/karunasri-jandhyala-papayya-sastry-1912.html Excerpts of J.J.Bapuji about his father published in My Father, Ed. by Dwa.Na.Sastry]</ref> which include ''Pushpa Vilapam'', ''Kunthi Kumari'', ''Karunasri'', ''Paaki Pilla'', ''Udayasri'', ''Vijayasri'', ''Omar Khayyam'', ''Aruna Kiranalu'', ''Telugu Baala'' and ''Kalyana Kalpavalli''. His ''Pushpa Vilapam'' was born out of his anger towards a visitor, who began eating the petals of a rose from the flower vase on the table, while the poet had been in his prayer room. ''Karunasri'' was born out of his stream of his thoughts when he visited the rare Buddhist sculpture, Mahachaitya and pillars at [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district]]. He saw the plight of a scavenger girl and wrote ''Paaki Pilla'' (1928) at the age of 16 years. His compositions are timeless; they move the soul. The language is very simple and any common man with basic understanding of the [[Telugu language]] can easily understand the depth of his expression. [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] rendered his ''Pushpa Vilapam'' and ''Kunti Kumari''. The lyrics and Ghantasala's voice are said to make people cry with pity.

Papayya Sastry acted as [[Nandi Thimmana]] without wearing any make-up in ''[[Bhuvana Vijayam]]'' during [[Ugadi]] celebrations. He became a devotee of [[Satya Sai Baba]] and Viswaguru Viswamji during his later years.<ref>[http://naprapamcham.blogspot.com/2008_01_01_archive.html Jandhyala photo in Naa Prapancham blogspot]</ref>

Papayya Sastry was married to Anasuyamma. They had two sons and a daughter.

Parents: Mahalakshmi and Paradesaiah

Wife: Anasuya Devi

Sons: Dr. Jaya Krishna Bapuji, M.A., Ph.D. (Spouse: Subhashini)
Venkata Ramana M.Com., M.Ed. (Spouse: Varasri B.sc B.Ed.)

Daughter: Vijaya Lakshmi, M.A., B.Ed. (Ch. Nageswara Rao, M.A., M.Ed.)

Address:
3-22-6, Kalyana Bharati,
Ravindra Nagar,
Guntur- 522006

Education:
Rashtra Bhasha Visarada 1934
Ubhaya Bhasha Praveena 1936
Hindi Bhasha Praveena 1940

Teachers:
Sri Kuppa Anjaneya Sastry, Cherukur (Grammar)
Sri Bhamidipati Subrahmanya Sastry, Mopidevi (Literature)
Sri Jammalamadaka Madhavarama Sarma, Guntur (Rhetoric)

Profession as Teacher: Stall Girls High School, Guntur – 4 years, Sri RamaKrishna High School, Amaravati – 4 years

Profession as Lecturer: A.C. College, Guntur – 22 years, Mahaveer College, Guntur – 3 years, Hindu College, Guntur – 2 years

Editor:
Chief Editor, Potana Bhagavatam Project – T.T.D

==Works Published==

Bala Koteswara Tharavali (Poetry) 1934

Udayasri (Part I) (Poetry) 1944

ArunaKiranalu (Lyrics) 1945

Karunamayi (Drama) 1945

Vijayasri (Based on Maha Bharat) Poetry 1948

Ahimsa Jyothi (Homage to Ghandhiji) Compilation 1948

Karunasri Part I (Story of Boddha) Poetry 1950

Veera Bharati (Heroic Stories) 1950

Udaya Bharati Children's Text Book 1950

Bharata Pratibha Biographies 1951

Charumitra Playlet 1951

Tenugu Seema Stories for Children 1952

Udayasri Part II Poetry 1952

Kalayana Kadambari Prose 1952

Prema Moorti Prose 1953

Swanna Vasavadatta Drama 1954

Ahimsa Jyothi Novelette 1955

Mahati Stories for Children 1955

Mandaramu Stories for Children 1955

Kalyana Kalpavalli Anthology of Old Poetry 1958

Bala Bharati Stories for Children 1958

Guru Dakshina Stories for Children 1958

Bangaru Padmam Playlets 1959

Indra Dhanussu Stories for children 1960

Chandamaamalo Kundelu Stories for children 1960

Kalayan Dampatulu Stories for children 1960

Telugu Baala Moral Poems 1961

Srinivasa [[vachanam]] children's text book 1961

Ganesa Pancha Ratnamaala Compilation 1961

Saptarshi Ramayanam Translation 1962

Pooja Pushpalu Stories for children 1962

Naluguru Mitrulu Novelette 1962

Simham Mechina Chitteluka Stories for children 1962

Adrushtamichina Adbhuta Deepam Novelette 1963

Sakuntala Drama 1963

Vasantasena Novelette 1963

Dwadasa [[Jyotirlinga]] Manimanjari Compilation 1964

Adikavi vaalmiki Stories For Children 1965

Tyaga Moorti - Part I Story of Christ 1966

Tyaga Moorti - Part II Story of Christ 1966

Damayanti Novelette 1967

Sailaja Stories for Children 1967

Udayasri Part III Poetry 1968

Udayasri Part IV Poetry 1969

Kalayana Kanaka Durga Translation 1972

Srinivasodaharanam Poetry 1973

Bangaru Mungisa Stories for Children 1974

Matsya Yantram Stories for Children 1975

Maha Veerudu Novelette 1975

Udayasri Part V Poetry 1979

Bhagirathudu Novelette 1980

Kankanti Kavita Vaibhavam Commentary 1980

Potana Bhagavatam Commentary on I canto 1982

Bhagavata vaijayantika Essays 1982

Prasanna Katha vipanchi Commentary 1983

Ananda Lahari Poetry 1986

Amar Khayam Poetry 1987

Poola vaanalu – Tene Sonalu Commentary 1987

Anuraga Lahari Lyrics 1989

Sai Sudhalahari Devotional Poems 1990

Bhavya Bharathi Stories of Children 1990

Arsha Bahrathi Stories of Children 1990

Purana Bharathi Stories of Children 1990

Adarsha Bharathi Stories of Children 1990

Kalyana Bharathi Stories of Children 1990

Dalita Bharathi Stories of Children 1990

Veera Bharathi Stories of Children 1990

Viswa Bharathi Stories of Children 1990

Pratibha Bharathi Stories of Children 1990

Vinoda Bharathi Stories of Children 1990

Chamatkara Bharathi Stories of Children 1990

Upadesa Bharathi Stories of Children 1990

Muddu Balasiksha Text Book For Children 1991

Padmavati Srinivasam Novelette 1991

Viswa Sandesa Lahari Moral Poems 1991

Karunasri Part II (Story of Buddha) Poetry 1991

==Titles==

Papayya Sastry was awarded [[Honorary Doctorate]] from [[Sri Venkateswara University]], [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]] 12th Mar 1984.

Kavita Kala Nidhi Awarded By Sahiti Sravanti, Rajole 5th Sep 1982.

Kavi Kulalankara Awarded by N.K.V Peettam, Bapatla 17th Apr 1989

==Awards==
Telugu Akadamy Award Madras 29th Apr 1985

Rasamayi Award Hyderabad 27th Jun 1987

Abinandana Award Hyderabad 21st Sep 1987

Subhangi Award Hyderabad 27th Jan 1989

Abhiruchi Award Ongole 9th Apr 1989

Nalam Krishnaraya Award Bapatla 17th Apr 1989

Sindhuja Award Secunderabad 8th Nov 1989

Dr.Paidi Lakshmaiah Award Hyderabad 24th Jun 1989

Mahamantri Madanna Award Hyderabad 16th Mar 1990

Yarlagadda Ranganayakulu Award Madras 26th Oct 1990

Dr. Burgula Rama Krishna Rao Award Hyderabad 13th Mar 1991

==Memorable Events==

Editor for illustrated literary monthly “subhashini” 1951 – 1953

Participated in All India Poets Conference, New Delhi 24th Jan 1961

Divine felicitation by Bhagavan Sri Satya Sai Baba, Puttaparti 25th Sep 1972

Special Member – [[Andhra Pradesh]] Sahitya Akademi, Hyderabad 29th Jan 1977

Felicitation with Gold Flowers and Gold Bracelet, Vijayawada 27th Jun 1982

Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi Award 30th Jan 1983

Men of letters Fellowship – Cultural affairs 1st Apr 1984

Honoring By President of India, Sri Gnani Jail Singh 25th Apr 1987

Releasing function of 50th edition (Golden jubilee) of “Udayasri”,
And 25th edition (Silver Jubilee) of “Vijayasri” and “Karunasri” by Hon. Andhra Pradesh Chief minister Sri N.T. Ramarao 27th Jun 1987

An appreciation in the Half yearly Magazine “Chitanya Kavita” 1st Apr 1990

More than 1.25.000 Copies of “Telugu Bala” Book were sold.
More than 50,000 Copies of “Udayasri” Ist Part were sold.
More than 25,000 Copies of “Vijayasri” were sold.
More than 25,000 Copies of “Karunasri” were sold.

The Poems Pushpa vilapam, Kunti kumari and ananda lahari were translated into English and Hindi by Dr. Amarendra and Dr. P. Surya Naraya Bhanu respectively

Delivered thousands of literary lectures throughout India.

Advaita Murthy, Sandhyasri, Pushpa vilaapam, Kunti kumari, Anjali, Karunamayi and Prabhati poems were sung by Ghantasala, and melodious music by [[Saregama|His Master's Voice.]]

Divine felicitation by Sri Viswayogi Viswamji on 6th Aug 1988 at guntur, to celebrate the completion of 60 years of literary endeavor.

Review along with cover page photo in the monthly magazine “Pathasala” on 1st Nov 1988

The director Rajaji made a Video film on “Pushpa Vilapam” on 16th Mar 1990

Honoring by Telugu University Hyderabad for “Amar Khayam” on 17th Apr 1990

Honoring by prof. C. Narayana Reddy on his 60th birthday celebrations on 26th Jul 1991

Honoring by Minister of Education, A.P, Sri P.V. Ranga Rao for his book Purana Bharathi on 8th Sep 1991

Several times acted as Mukku Timmana in Bhuvana vijayam, Nannaya in Bharatavataranam, Chemakura Venkata kavi in Indira Mandiram, and Potana in Brahma Sabha.

==Literary Criticism and Research on his works==

Smt. P. Sarojini devi did research on the topic “Vijayasri Paryalokanam” and got Masters in Philosophy
from Nagarjuna university in 1979.

Sri D.S.V Subrahmanyam did research on the topic “Karunasri Krutula Samagra Pariseelanam” and got Doctorate (Ph.D.) from Banaras Hindu University in 1980

Sri G.A.N Raju did research on the topic “Karunasri Kavyanuseelanam” and got Masters in Philosophy
from Andhra university in 1983.

Dr. R. Surya Narayan Murty wrote a special book entitled “ Karunasri Kavya Samiksha” in 1955

Sri G. Prakasa Rao wrote a special book entitled “Karunasri Kavitasri” in 1974

The members of Ramaraja Bhushana Sahitya Parishat, bhimavaram compiled a souvenir on Karunasri entitled “akshropaharam” in 1988

Dr. J. Suman Babu wrote a special research book entitled “Karunasri Kavita Sowrabham” in 1990

Prof. Divakarla Venkatavadhani, Prof. Siva Sankara Swamy, Prof. Bayya Surya Narayana, Prof. Gandham Appa Rao, Dr.Nanduri Rama Krishnamacharya, Dr. Amarendra, Dr.P.Surya Narayana Bhanu, Dr. Dasarathi, Dr.P.G. Krishna Murty, Dr. K. Rama Mohana Roy, Sri Sphurthisri, Sri Y. Balarama Murthy,
Sri. Srivatsava, Sri Mahantaiah, Sri G.N. Murty, Sri Pulicherla Samba Siva Rao, Sri Nagalla Gurna Prasada Rao, Sri Gali Nasara Reddy, Sri Mannav Giridhara Rao, Sri P.V.S. Patro, Sri P. Nageswara Rao, Sri Sikhamani, Sri Supani, Sri Seerapani, Sri M.K. Sugam Babu, Sri Smitasri, Sri Mohan, Sri B. Mastan Rao, Sri Y. Jaganmohan Rao, Smt. Ch. Bhavani Devi, Smt Lata etc., written articles in Telugu, English and in Hindi by appreciating Karunasri's work.

==Opinions of Contemporary Literary Luminaries==

Dr. Karunasri is a wizard who molded the poem as a word, as a song, as a saying and as an inspiration. He is perfect gentleman with compassion in his eyes and lyricism in his poetry. The very fact that his “Udayasri” had more than 50 reprints is sample proof of his great capabilities.

- GnyanaPeetta Prof. C. Narayana Reddy

Karunasree is famous for his lucid, sweet style of expression. ''Udayasri'' is his magnum opus.

- Dr. Papineni Sivasankar, Sahitya Akademi Awardee

He created in Telugu poetry, a peculia style of his own, excusing classical splendor and lyrical sweetness. His works like Udayasri, Vijaytasri and Karunasri are monumental contributions to Telugu Literature.

- KalaPrapurna Madhunapantula Satya Narayana Sastry

The poems of Udayasri will live in Telugu Literature as long as Telugu is spoken in this land, and as long as Krishna, Godavari, Tungabadra and Suvarnamukhi rivers flow in this land.

- Dr. Nanduri Rama Krishnamacharyulu

Karunasri is the only poet who reflects the pulse of the Telugu people in his poetry after the great Bammera Potana.

- Prf. B. Rama Raju

To tell in a nutshell karunasri is the twilight ray of romantic poetry. He is emperor of sweet words that dance on the lips of the andhra people. He is a classical genius who showed that poetry springs from the union of music and literature.

- Guntur Seshendra Sharma

The Poetical works of karunasri were not written by mere words but by poetry itself. They are an index of turmoil of man.

- Dr. Sanjiva Dev

Among contemporary poets Dr. Karunasri belongs to top rank. His poetry reflects the compassion of buddhism and self enlightenment.

- Prof. S. V. Joga Rao

His contemplative poetry is enchant and enticing. - Prof. T. Donappa
The wonderful pen of Karunasri is dipped in ambrosia.

- Chief minister of Andhra Pradesh, Padmasri Dr. N.T. Rama Rao

The poetry of Dr.Karunasri is as heart moving as the melodious rendering of his songs by Ghantasala, the Ghandarva Gayaka.

- Padama Bhushana Dr. Akkineni Nageswara Rao

The very fact that I have named my daughters as Vijayasri and Udayasri reveals the deep impression of his works on me.

- Dr. Gummadi Venkateswara Rao
Simplicity, Tenderness and Pleasantness are the natural ornaments of his poetry

- Dr. Devula Palli Ramanuja Rao

He is an emperor among modern andhra poets. His works are musical.

- Dr. Utukuri Lakshmi Kantamma

The Golden jubilee of Udayasri is a golden chapter in Telugu literature. He has illuminated the Telugu poetical world with his poetical rays.

- Dr. Prasada Raya Kulapati

His Udayasri is a pole star of his inimitable style in the modern Telugu poetry.

- Dr. Amarendra

In this age the 50th reprint of his Udayasri can gauge where the novel is reigning the glamour of his poetry.

- Dr. S. V. Bhujangaraya Sarma

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040611/http://www.karunasri.net/ www.karunasri.net]

==External links==
* [http://rksanka.tripod.com/telugu/Karunasree_jandhmisc.html Some of the poems of Karunasree in English script.]
* {{YouTube|uIdKLHoAbpo|Listen to Pushpavilapam by Ghantasala}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Papayya Sastry, Jandhyala}}
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educators from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian schoolteachers]]
[[Category:Indian textbook writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Guntur]]
[[Category:Writers from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Poets from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu-language dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Telugu-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Telugu poets]]

Saba Saudagar

2026-04-07T07:59:13Z

Shannan0997: Creating info

{{Short description|Indian film and television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saba Saudagar
| image = Saba Saudagar.jpg
| caption = Saba Saudagar in 2019
| occupation = Actress
| website = {{URL|thesabasaudagar.com}}
}}

'''Saba Saudagar''' is an Indian film and television actress. She is known for her roles in [[Hindi]]-language web-series including ''[[Booo Sabki Phategi]]'' (2019), ''[[Crackdown (web series)|Crackdown]]'' (2020), and ''[[Gandii Baat]]'' (season 4) (2020).<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |title=Did you know Gandii Baat 4 actress Saba Saudagar was shortlisted for Sanya Malhotra's role in Dangal? |website=India Today |date=2020-10-23 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/did-you-know-gandii-baat-4-actress-saba-saudagar-was-shortlisted-for-sanya-malhotra-s-role-in-dangal-1734527-2020-10-23 |access-date=2021-10-23}}</ref>

==Career==
Saba played one of the lead roles in the 2018 Indian film ''The Reunion''.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title='The Reunions': Krutika Desai shares the teaser of their upcoming film |website=The Times of India |date=2018-08-14 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/the-reunions-krutika-desai-shares-the-teaser-of-the-er-upcoming-film/articleshow/65400907.cms |access-date=2021-10-23}}</ref> She rose to prominence with her role in the 2019 web-series ''[[Booo Sabki Phategi]]''.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Juhi |title=Saba Saudagar: There are a lot of people to misguide you and take advantage of you |website=Hindustan Times |date=2020-10-16 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/saba-saudagar-there-are-a-lot-of-people-to-misguide-you-and-take-advantage-of-you/story-T0uSXdWRf56srlPXvyztUL.html |access-date=2021-10-23}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=Feeling accepted |website=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |date=2020-10-03 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2447971440/608D35013C6E4957PQ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-10-23}}</ref> She appeared in a pivotal role in [[Apoorva Lakhia]]'s spy thriller web series ''[[Crackdown (web series)|Crackdown]]'' (2020),<ref name=":5"/><ref name=":1">{{cite web |author=The Tribune India |title=Saba Saudagar joins Apoorva Lakhia's web series Crackdown |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=2020-09-20 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/spy-games-143866 |access-date=2021-10-23}}</ref> in which she acted as Fawzia.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |title=Did you know Gandii Baat 4 actress Saba Saudagar was shortlisted for Sanya Malhotra's role in Dangal? |website=India Today |date=2020-10-23 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/did-you-know-gandii-baat-4-actress-saba-saudagar-was-shortlisted-for-sanya-malhotra-s-role-in-dangal-1734527-2020-10-23 |access-date=2021-10-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Actress Saba Saudagar talks about getting true recognition and appreciation for her work |website=Mumbai Live |date=2020-09-27 |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/bollywood/actress-saba-saudagar-talks-about-getting-true-recognition-and-appreciation-for-her-work-55925 |access-date=2021-10-23}}</ref> Her role was well received by audiences.<ref name=":5"/>

==Filmography==
* ''The Reunion'' (2018)
* ''[[Booo Sabki Phategi]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Crackdown (web series)|Crackdown]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Gandii Baat]]'' (Season 4) (2020)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.thesabasaudagar.com/ Official website]
* {{IMDb name|nm8107155}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Victoria No. 203 (1972 film)

2026-03-31T15:04:46Z

Shannan0997:

{{About||the 2007 film remake|Victoria No. 203 (2007 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Victoria No. 203
| image = Victoria No. 203.jpg

| caption =
| director = Brij
| producer = Brij
| writer = Ehsan Rizvi
| screenplay = K. A. Narayan
| story = K. A. Narayan
| narrator =
| starring = [[Ashok Kumar]] [[Saira Banu ]] [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] [[Ranjeet]]
| music = [[Kalyanji–Anandji]]
| cinematography = Anwar Siraj
| editing = Waman Rao
| distributor = Dynamo International
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1972|12|08}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Victoria No. 203''''' is a 1972 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Heist film|heist]] [[comedy film]] produced and directed by [[Brij Sadanah|Brij]]. The film stars [[Saira Banu]], [[Navin Nischol]], [[Ranjeet]], [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]] and [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]. [[Ashok Kumar]] and [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] play key supporting roles and earned the [[Filmfare]] nominations for the film. The music by [[Kalyanji–Anandji]] and the roles of Ashok Kumar and Pran made this a "superhit" at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=178&catName=MTk3Mg== |title=Box office 1972 |work=Box Office India |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610225320/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=178&catName=MTk3Mg== |archive-date=10 June 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The movie was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] in 1974 as ''[[Andaru Dongale]]'' starring [[Shobhan Babu]] and [[Laxmi (actress)|Laxmi]] and in Tamil in 1974 as ''[[Vairam]]'' starring [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] and [[Jayalalithaa]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_svenkataratnam.php |title=Star interviews: S. Venkatratnam and S. Navakanth |work=Telugu Cinema |access-date=26 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130031302/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_svenkataratnam.php |archive-date=30 November 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130225/news-current-affairs/article/jaya%E2%80%99s-phenomenal-celluloid-presence |title=Jaya's phenomenal celluloid presence |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619195213/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130225/news-current-affairs/article/jaya%E2%80%99s-phenomenal-celluloid-presence |archive-date=19 June 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The 1995 Kannada movie ''[[Giddu Dada]]'' was also inspired by this movie. [[Priyadarshan]] scripted Malayalam film ''[[Samrambham]]'' is also its remake. A Hindi remake of the film produced by Brij's son [[Kamal Sadanah]] was released in August 2007 [[Victoria No. 203 (2007 film)|with the same title]]. The climax of this movie went on to be reused in the 1994 cult classic comedy ''[[Andaz Apna Apna]]''.<ref>[https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Infocus-Dadamoni-Pran-and-fun-times/articleshow/49443859.cms Infocus - Dadamoni, Pran and Fun Times]. [[Bangalore Mirror]].</ref>

==Summary==

When Seth Durgadas steals some precious diamonds, one henchman turns traitor and decamps with the booty. The man is killed, but the diamonds are not found. A Victoria driver is wrongly sentenced to life since he was the last man to be seen with the dead man. Here, two crooks get the scent of the diamonds. The driver's daughter wants to prove her father's innocence. Durgadas's son Kumar too joins the forces after learning his true nature. Will this weird team find the diamonds? What surprises do they have in store for them?

==Plot==

Seth Durgadas is a rich businessman, revered by his son Kumar and society. In reality, Durgadas is the leader of a smuggling gang. As a trusted member of society, he gets all information, while his gang executes his plans. However, during one such robbery, a gang member turns greedy and flees with the diamonds. Durgadas sends another man to retrieve the diamonds and kill the traitor. The traitor is killed, but the killer too flees with the diamonds.

A furious Durgadas sends some henchmen to kill the traitor and retrieve the diamonds. The henchmen corner and kill the traitor, but the latter has succeeded in hiding the diamonds somewhere. Meanwhile, a [[Victoria (carriage)|Victoria]] driver of the eponymous Victoria, who was found near the dead body, is arrested based on circumstantial evidence. Somewhere else, two old golden-hearted crooks, Raja and Rana are to be released. Rana had an infant son who was kidnapped from a park. To date, Rana doesn't know who kidnapped him or whether his son is even alive.

The duo want to spend the rest of their lives as good, respected men. The plan is short lived when they find themselves on the trail of the diamonds. Soon, they learn about the Victoria and realise that no one has got a scent of the missing diamonds. To get closer to the Victoria, they pose as distant cousins of the Victoria driver, who are reluctantly admitted inside by the drivers elder daughter Rekha, who soon starts acting suspiciously.

During the day, Rekha rides the Victoria, posing as a man while during the night, when everyone is supposedly sleeping, she slips out of the home. One day, Raja and Rana follow her to the house of a man, who unknown to them, is Durgadas's henchman. They are shocked to see Rekha seducing him. But when the henchman tries to rape her, the duo save her. On accosting her, she tells that the man was loitering suspiciously near the Victoria when her father was arrested. Before they can know anything from him, he is shot dead.

On learning the Victoria drivers story, the duo decide to do one good turn. They tell Rekha the whole truth, but a shocked Rekha doesn't have a clue about the location of diamonds. Even after tearing the Victoria apart, nothing is found. Meanwhile, Rekha falls in love with Kumar, whom she met while posing as a cab driver. She tries to woo him posing as a rich lady, a plan which works well. However, Kumar learns the truth and decides to marry her, despite knowing about her father.

Kumar also meets Raja and Rana, whereupon he gets suspicious of the duo. Here, Durgadas objects to Kumar's relationship with Rekha. Later, Kumar learns of his father's true nature and leaves him. After meeting Rekha, Raja and Rana tell the truth to him too. The quartet decide to find the diamonds. Here, Durgadas kidnaps Rekha on learning that she is the daughter of the Victoria driver. Later, Kumar, Raja and Rana are also kidnapped and tortured.

During this deal, Durgadas's drinks are being served on an ornate tray with a fake Victoria headlamp attached to it. Suddenly, Rana realizes that the diamonds are hidden in the Victoria's lamp. He buys time for himself and his old buddy, and they go to retrieve the diamonds. The duo turn up at Durgadas's den, where they manage to create a confusion by luring the gang members to the diamonds. Durgadas is embarrassed to see that not one member of his gang is loyal to him.

During the melee, another twist occurs when an old henchman of Durgadas reveals that Kumar isn't Durgadas's son, but Rana's. Durgadas had ordered the henchman to steal somebody's child because Durgadas's father had threatened to disown him. Durgadas could have prevented the situation only by proving that Durgadas has fathered a child. In the end, Durgadas and his remaining cronies are arrested and Rekha's father is set free.

After being reunited with his son and his would be daughter-in-law, Rana decides to settle down. However, Raja decides that his destiny might have written something else for him and leaves. Soon, Raja spots a burkha clad woman and starts following her, only to find that the "woman" is actually Rana. Rana tells Raja that he will not let the latter spend the rest of his life without him. Raja relents and goes home with his friend.

==Cast==
*[[Ashok Kumar]] as Raja
*[[Saira Banu]] as Rekha
*[[Navin Nischol]] as Kumar
*[[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Rana Ramlal Chauhan
*[[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]] as Seth Durgadas
*[[Ranjeet]] as Bandit
*[[Mohan Choti]] as Hospital Wardboy
*[[Anoop Kumar]] as Havaldar Murli
*[[Chaman Puri]] as Rekha's Father
*[[Gayatri (actress)|Gayatri]] as Munni, Rekha's Younger Sister
*[[M. B. Shetty]] as Shetty
*[[Rajesh Khera]] as Karan
*[[Jagdish Raj]] as Ranjit
*[[Jankidas]] as Seth
*[[V Gopal]] as Mantel Bagger
*[[Helen (actress)]]
*Meena Rai as Meena
*Pratima Devi as beggar old lady

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Tu Na Mile To Ham Jogi Ban Jayenge"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| 2
| "Dekha Main Ne Dekha"
| Kishore Kumar
|-
| 3
| "Do Bechare Bin Sahare"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
|-
| 4
| "Thoda Sa Thahro"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0158331|Victoria No. 203}}

[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1972 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]
[[Category:1970s spy thriller films]]
[[Category:1970s spy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian spy comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about horses]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Brij Sadanah]]
[[Category:Hindi-language crime comedy films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Ghulam Haider (composer)

2026-03-28T22:13:16Z

Shannan0997: typo fix

{{short description|Film music director of India and Pakistan}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ghulam Haider
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Ghulam Haider
| alias = Master Ghulam Haidar
| birth_date = 1908
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]], [[Sind Division|Sind]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 9 November {{death year and age|1953|1908}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[West Punjab|Punjab]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
| occupation = [[Film]] [[music composer]]
| years_active = 1932 – 1953
| awards = [[Tamgha-i-Imtiaz]] (Medal of Excellence) by the [[President of Pakistan]] (2011) [[Pride of Performance]] Award by the [[President of Pakistan]] (2018)
}}
'''Ghulam Haider'''
(1908 – 9 November 1953; also known by the honorary title '''Master Ghulam Haider''') was a [[Pakistan]]i [[music composer]] who worked both in [[India]] and later in [[Pakistan]] after its [[Partition of India|independence]] in 1947.

He changed the face of film songs by combining the popular [[Raga|Raags]] with the verve and rhythm of [[Punjabi music]],<ref name="us">{{cite web|url= https://upperstall.com/profile/ghulam-haider/ |title=Ghulam Haider (profile)| website=Upperstall.com website| date=16 April 2023 | access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=5 December 2023|author=Karan Bali|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205154337/https://upperstall.com/profile/ghulam-haider/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=cinemaazi/> and also helped raise the status of film music directors in [[British India]]. He is also known for giving her first break in the film industry to the well-known playback singer, [[Lata Mangeshkar]] in ''Majboor'' (1948 film).<ref name=us/><ref name=cinemaazi/>

In an interview, Lata Mangeshkar herself disclosed on her 84th birthday in 2013, "Ghulam Haider is truly my Godfather. It was his confidence in me that he fought for me to tuck me into the Hindi Film Industry which otherwise had rejected me". Remembering her early rejection, Lata once said, "Ghulam Haider was the first music director who showed complete faith in my talent. He introduced me to many producers including ''S. Mukerji'', a big name in film production, but when he too rejected me, Ghulam Haider was very furious. Hence, finally he convinced [[Bombay Talkies]], a banner bigger than S. Mukerji and introduced me through their movie Majboor (1948 film)".<ref name=TNI>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/568852-remembering-master-ghulam-haider |title=Remembering Master Ghulam Haider|author=Sarwat Ali|date=10 November 2019|newspaper=The News International newspaper|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928105222/https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/568852-remembering-master-ghulam-haider |archive-date=28 September 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=P. Nidhi |title=Who is Lata Mangeshkar's Godfather? |website=glamsham.com website|url= https://www.glamsham.com/bollywood/news/who-is-lata-mangeshkars-godfather|date= 27 September 2013|access-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906055707/https://glamsham.com/bollywood/news/who-is-lata-mangeshkars-godfather|archive-date=6 September 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Early life ==
According to one account, Ghulam Haider was born in 1908 in [[Narowal]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]<ref name=us/> (now in [[Pakistani Punjab]]). Another account says that he was born in [[Hyderabad, Sindh]].<ref name=cinemaazi>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/ghulam-haider |title=Profile of Ghulam Haider|website= Indian Cinema Heritage Foundation (Cinemaazi.com) website|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210084335/https://cinemaazi.com/people/ghulam-haider|archive-date=10 December 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=mp>{{cite news|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/sundaypost/inland/ghulam-haider-the-grand-master-of-melodies-301420 |author=Sharad Dutt|newspaper=MillenniumPost newspaper|title=Ghulam Haider: The Grand Master of Melodies|date=26 May 2018|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118205624/http://www.millenniumpost.in/sundaypost/inland/ghulam-haider-the-grand-master-of-melodies-301420|archive-date=18 January 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to a major newspaper, "Ghulam Haider hailed from Muslim Punjabi [[Khatri]] family. After passing his intermediate examination, he was admitted to a college of dentistry and completed his education as a dentist. Being curious about music, he started learning music from Babu Ganesh Lal, Bhai Santoo Khan Pakhawaji (Murad Ali Khan) and Ustad Jhanday Khan.<ref name=GoogleBooks/><ref name=us/><ref name=mp/> His love for music made him leave his career as a dentist, facing the wrath of his family, he still found a job with Alfred Theatrical Company and Alexander Theatrical Company as a piano player in [[Calcutta]], and worked with Jenaphone (Genophone) Recording Company as a music composer as well. He composed music for the then famous singer, ''Umrao Zia Begum'', who was working for Pancholi Studios, [[Lahore]]. He later married her in 1938.<ref name=cinemaazi/><ref name=mp/>

== Career ==
Haider broke into films with the father-son duo Roshan Lal Shorey and Roop Kumar Shorey who were based in [[Lahore]], and then [[A.R. Kardar]] gave him the opportunity to compose music for the 1935 film, ''Swarg Ki Seerhi'' and Ghulam Haider ended up moving to Bombay. He got his first big breakthrough with D.M. Pancholi's [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film, ''Gul-E-Bakavali'' (1939) starring [[Noor Jehan]].<ref name=us/> This was followed by film [[Yamla Jat]] (1940). His first big hit song came with [[Khazanchi (1941 film)|Khazanchi]] in 1941,<ref name=us/> which helped cause a revolution in the music industry. The music of the film ''Khazanchi (1941)'', in particular, the song ''Sawan Ke Nazare Hain'' sung by [[Shamshad Begum]] and Ghulam Haider himself caused a revolution in music composing. By then music directors of the 1930s, who had composed film songs set in classical ragas, were beginning to sound commonplace. ''Khazanchi's'' refreshingly 'free wheeling music' not only took the audiences by storm but also made other film music directors sit up and take notice. With this film, Ghulam Haider ensured that the Indian film song would never be the same again. [[Khandan (1942 film)|Khandan]] (1942), the first film of [[Noor Jehan]] as lead actress, was also a big hit<ref name=us/> and established him as a top film composer. Film [[Poonji]] (1943) was also successful. Then Haider moved to [[Bombay]] and composed music for many films including [[Humayun]] (1945) and Majboor (1948 film), the first major breakthrough film for [[Lata Mangeshkar]] in Hindi films.<ref name=us/> Films [[Shaheed (1948 film)|Shaheed]] (1948) and [[Kaneez (1949 film)|Kaneez]] are his other big hits.<ref name=TNI/>

===Pioneering work===
He introduced [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Shamshad Begum]], [[Sudha Malhotra]] and [[Surinder Kaur]] to the [[Indian Film Industry]].<ref name=cinemaazi/><ref name=GoogleBooks/>
Besides them, as a film song composer, he played a key role in giving first breakthrough popularity to [[Noor Jehan]] in film [[Khandan (1942 film)|Khandan]]. Master Ghulam Haider also gets major credit for introducing the Punjabi folk music and instruments like [[dholak]] in the film music. His pioneering work in music later inspired many Punjabi film music directors like [[Hansraj Behl]], Shyam Sunder, [[Husnlal Bhagatram]] and [[Feroz Nizami]]. His assistants in [[Mumbai]] were film music composers [[Madan Mohan]], [[Datta Naik]] and [[Nashad]], not to be confused here with [[Naushad]].<ref name=cinemaazi/> Later in Pakistan, film music director [[A. Hameed]] worked as his assistant.

==Death==
After [[Partition of India|independence]] in 1947, he returned to [[Lahore]] in 1949 and his first [[Pakistani]] film was [[Shahida (film)|Shahida]] (1949). He composed music for many other [[Pakistani]] films like [[Beqarar]] (1950), ''Akeli'' (1951) and ''Bheegi Palken'' (1952) but the films flopped. He died just a few days after the release of Pakistani film Gulnar (1953) due to throat cancer at age 45 at [[Lahore]]. Pakistan.<ref name=us/><ref name=mp/><ref name=GoogleBooks/>

==Awards and recognition==
* [[Tamgha-i-Imtiaz]] (Medal of Distinction) by the [[President of Pakistan]] in 2011.<ref name=BR>{{cite news|url=https://fp.brecorder.com/2010/08/201008151091762/ |newspaper=Business Recorder newspaper|date=15 August 2010|access-date=4 May 2024|title=President confers civil awards on Independence Day|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630230733/https://fp.brecorder.com/2010/08/201008151091762/|archive-date=30 June 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=cinemaazi/>
*[[Pride of Performance]] Award by the [[Government of Pakistan]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1397075|title= President Mamnoon confers civil awards on Yaum-i-Pakistan (Pakistan Day - 23 March 2018)|newspaper= Dawn newspaper|date=23 March 2018|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128192849/https://www.dawn.com/news/1397075|archive-date=28 November 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
His major films are:
*Gulnar (1953)<ref name=TNI/>
*Aabshar (1953)
*[[Beqarar]] (1950)
*Do Saudagar (1950)
*Putli (1950)
*[[Shahida (film)|Shahida]] (1949)<ref name=TNI/>
*[[Kaneez (1949 film)|Kaneez]] (1949)<ref name=us/>
*Majboor (1948)<ref name=cinemaazi/>
*[[Shaheed (1948 film)|Shaheed]] (1948)<ref name=cinemaazi/><ref name=us/>
*Shama (1948)
*Barsaat Ki Ek Raat (1948)
*Patjhar (1948)
*Jag Beeti (1947)
*[[Manjhdhar (1947 film)|Manjhdhar]] (1947)
*But Tarash (1947)
*Mehndi (1947)
*Jag Beeti (1946)
*Bairam Khan (1946)<ref name=cinemaazi/>
*[[Humayun]] (1945)<ref name=cinemaazi/><ref name=mp/><ref name=GoogleBooks/>
*Phool (1945)
*[[Chal Chal Re Naujawan]] (1944)<ref name=cinemaazi/>
*Bhai (1944)
*[[Poonji]] (1943)<ref name=mp/>
*[[Khandan (1942 film)|Khandan]] (1942)<ref name=TNI/><ref name=cinemaazi/><ref name=GoogleBooks/>
*Zamindar (1942)<ref name=GoogleBooks/>
*Chaudhry (1941)<ref name=mp/><ref name=GoogleBooks/>
*[[Khazanchi (1941 film)|Khazanchi]] (1941)<ref name=cinemaazi/><ref name=mp/>
*[[Yamla Jat]] (1940)<ref name=GoogleBooks>{{cite book|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Ol9C3lhd01QC&pg=GBS.PA105&hl=en_US|publisher=Google Books|page=105|author=M. A. Sheikh|title=Ghulam Haider Master - profile (page 105)|year=2012|isbn=9781469191584}}</ref>
*Gul-E-Bakawali (1939)<ref name=TNI/><ref name=cinemaazi/><ref name=mp/>
*Majnu (1935)
*Swarg Ki Seerhi (1935)<ref name=cinemaazi/>
*Thief of Iraq (1934)<ref name=mp/>

==Popular compositions==
*Yasrib ko janey waley, mera salaam le ja - a [[Naat]] song, (singer: Umra-o-Zia Begum)<ref name=mp/>
*Aashiyaane Ko Mere Jab (film: Thief of Iraq 1934)
*Paigham saba lai hai gulzar-e-nabi se, aaya hai bulawa mujhe darbar-e-nabi se - a [[Naat]] song, (singer: [[Shamshad Begum]], lyrics by Wali Sahib), a Radio Lahore Production (1938)
*Shala jawania maney, aakha na morin, pee lai (singer: Baby [[Noor Jehan]], film: Gul-E-Bakawali 1939)<ref name=TNI/><ref name=cinemaazi/><ref name=mp/>
*Pinjare De Vich Qaid Jawanee Mastanee (singer: Baby [[Noor Jehan]], film: Gul-E-Bakawali 1939)<ref name=cinemaazi/>
*Kankan dian pakkian faslaan ne (singer: [[Noor Jehan]], film: [[Yamla Jat]] 1940)<ref name=cinemaazi/>
*Bas bas we dholna, tere naal ki bolna (singer: [[Noor Jehan]], film: [[Yamla Jat]] 1940)
*Sawan ke nazarey hain, ha ha ha (singer: [[Shamshad Begum]], film: [[Khazanchi (1941 film)|Khazanchi]] 1941)<ref name=cinemaazi/><ref name=mp/>
*Ek Kalee Naazon Ki Palee (film: [[Khazanchi (1941 film)|Khazanchi]] 1941)
*Tu koun si Badli mein, mere Chand hay aa ja (singer: [[Noor Jehan]], film: [[Khandan (1942 film)|Khandan]] (1942)
*Mere liye jehan mein chain hay na qarar hay (singer: [[Noor Jehan]], film: [[Khandan (1942 film)|Khandan]] (1942)
*Sajan Aa Ja, Rajan Aa Ja (film: Bhai 1944)
*Chamko Chamko Bijaliya, Han Bijaliya (film: [[Chal Chal Re Naujawan]] 1944)
*Mujhe Madhur Lagata Hai Unsey (film: [[Chal Chal Re Naujawan]] 1944)
*Ai Chand Tu Bata De (film: [[Humayun]] 1945)
*Data Toree Daya Se Abb Des Hamara (film: [[Humayun]] 1945)
*Ho Chand Chamaka Andhere Me Aaj Hai: (film: [[Humayun]] 1945)
*Ashkon Pe Huwa Khatam Mere Gham Kaa Fasana: film: Bairam Khan (1946)
*Gulshan Pe Hai Bahar, Koyal Kee Hai Pukar (film: Jag Beeti (1947)
*Ham Hain Dukhiya Iss Duneeya Me (film: Jag Beeti (1947)
*Aaj Mohe Sajan Ghar Jana (film: [[Majhdhaar]] (1947)
*Aa Jao Beedeshi Baalama (film: Padmini (1948)
*Aajaa Bedardi Baalama (film: [[Shaheed (1948 film)|Shaheed]] 1948)
*Aana Hai Toh Aa Jao Gar (film: [[Shaheed (1948 film)|Shaheed]] 1948)
*Ab JiKe Koyi Kyaa Kare (film: Majboor (1948))
*Dil Mera Toda, Mujhe Kahin Ka Na Chhoda (singer: [[Lata Mangeshkar]]) - film: Majboor (1948)<ref name=mp/>
*Watan ki rah mein, watan ke no-jawan shaheed ho (singer: [[Mohammed Rafi]], film: [[Shaheed (1948 film)|Shaheed]] 1948)
*Dil ko laga ke kahin thokar na khana (singer: [[Munawar Sultana (singer)|Munawar Sultana]] and Ali Bakhsh Zahoor, film: [[Beqarar]] (1950)
*{{lang|hi|Lo, chal diye woh ham ko tasalli diye baghair}} - singer: [[Noor Jehan]] - film ''Gulnar'' (1953 film)<ref name=cinemaazi/>
*Bachpan Ki Yadgaro, Mein Tumko Dhundhatee Huun - film ''Gulnar (1953 film)''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name| id=0354048 | name = Ghulam Haider Filmography }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/person204191.htm|date=6 January 2015|archive-date=26 March 2018|website=Complete Index To World Film (C.I.T.W.F.) website|title=Filmography of Ghulam Haider |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326141625/http://www.citwf.com/person204191.htm}}
{{Pride of Performance for Arts}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haider, Ghulam}}
[[Category:Pakistani composers]]
[[Category:Pakistani film score composers]]
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad District, Pakistan]]
[[Category:20th-century composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of Tamgha-e-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pride of Performance]]
[[Category:All India Radio people]]

Majhi dialect

2026-03-25T18:28:42Z

Shannan0997: small corrected article as per guidelines and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Short description|Dialect of Punjabi}}
{{distinguish|text=the [[Majhi language]] of Nepal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Majhi
| altname = Central Punjabi
| nativename = {{Hlist|ਮਾਝੀ|{{nq|ماجھی}}}}
| region = [[Majha]] and surrounding areas
| ethnicity = [[Punjabis]]
| image =
| imagecaption =
| states = [[Pakistan]], [[India]]
| speakers =
| date =
| ref =
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]]
| fam5 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| script = [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]] [[Gurmukhī alphabet|Gurmukhī]]
| iso1 =
| iso2 =
| iso3 =
| isoexception = dialect
| glotto = majh1252
}}
[[File:Dialects Of Punjabi.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Dialects of Punjabi]]
'''Majhi''' ([[Shahmukhi]]: {{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|ماجھی}}}}; [[Gurmukhi]]: {{lang|pa|ਮਾਝੀ}}; {{IPA|pa|mä˩˥d̆.d͡ʒi|lang}}<ref name="bhardwaj">{{Cite Q|page=88|Q23831241}}</ref>), also known as '''Central Punjabi''', is a [[Panjabi dialects|dialect]] of the [[Punjabi language]]. It is natively spoken in the [[Majha]] region and surrounding areas of [[Punjab region|Punjab]] in present-day [[Pakistan]] and [[India]].

The native speakers of the dialect are known by the demonym '[[Majhail]]'.

{{Punjabis}}

==Subdialects and geographic distribution==
Below is a list of several of the subdialects of Majhi. Due to limited documentation on specific regions, certain varieties and their respective districts have been omitted.
* Central Majhi, spoken in the [[Gujranwala District|Gujranwala]], [[Lahore District|Lahore]] and [[Sheikhupura District|Sheikhupura]] districts.
* Northeastern Majhi, spoken in the [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]], [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]], [[Pathankot district|Pathankot]], [[Narowal District|Narowal]] and [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]] districts.
* Northwestern Majhi, spoken in the [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]] and [[Jhelum District|Jhelum]] districts.

Majhi varieties are also spoken natively in the districts of [[Hafizabad District|Hafizabad]], [[Kasur District|Kasur]], [[Mandi Bahauddin District|Mandi Bahauddin]], [[Nankana Sahib District|Nankana Sahib]], [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]] and [[Wazirabad District|Wazirabad]].

==General features==

===Personal pronouns===
{{See also|Punjabi grammar#Personal}}

Majhi does not use the second-person oblique pronoun ''tē̃'', and instead uses ''tū̃''.

In urban Majhi, the plural oblique pronouns ''tusā̃'' and ''asā̃'', as well as the ablative pronouns, are sometimes lost.

===Pronominal suffixes===
One of Majhi's most noteworthy features is the usage of pronominal suffixes, which it shares with [[Lahnda|Western Punjabi]].

Pronominal suffixes are auxiliary replacements of the [[Copula (linguistics)|copula]] which act like [[pronouns]]. They function as a particular [[thematic relation|thematic role]] and agree to it in [[Grammatical person|person]] and [[Grammatical number|number]] (as a pronoun would).

The thematic/syntactic roles a pronominal suffix can function as are:
* the [[direct case]] [[Subject (grammar)|subject]]
* the [[ergative case|ergative]] [[Agent (grammar)|agent]]
* the [[possessive determiner]]
* the [[Interlocutor (linguistics)|addressee]]

Majhi uses pronominal suffixes for the second and third persons and for both [[present tense|present]] and [[past tense]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bashir |first=Elena |title=A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki |date=19 August 2019 |publisher=[[De Gruyter Mouton]] |isbn=9781614512257 |page=262 |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Tense
! colspan=2|Present
! colspan=2|Past
|-
!Person
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!2nd
|''ī''
ਈ 
{{resize|{{nq|ای}}}}
|''je''
ਜੇ 
{{resize|{{nq|جے}}}}
|''sāī''
ਸਾਈ 
{{resize|{{nq|سائی}}}}
|''sāje''
ਸਾਜੇ 
{{resize|{{nq|ساجے}}}}
|-
!3rd
|''sū''
ਸੂ 
{{resize|{{nq|سُو}}}}
|''ne''
ਨੇ 
{{resize|{{nq|نے}}}}
|''sāsū''
ਸਾਸੂ 
{{resize|{{nq|ساسُو}}}}
|''sāne''
ਸਾਨੇ 
{{resize|{{nq|سانے}}}}
|}

Examples in [[Perfect (grammar)|perfect]] [[transitive verbs]] (marking the ergative agent):
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="1" |Tense
! colspan="1" |Person
! colspan="1" |Number
! colspan="1" |Majhi
! colspan="1" |Standard Punjabi
! colspan="1" |Translation
|-
! rowspan="4" |present
! rowspan="2" |2nd
! rowspan="1" |''sing.''
| ''kī kītā '''ī'''?''
| '''''tē̃''' kya kītā '''hē'''?''
| What '''hast thou''' done?
|-
! rowspan="1" |''pl.''
| ''jinnā khādhā '''je'''''
| ''jitnā '''tusā̃''' khādhā '''hē'''''
| As much as '''you have''' eaten
|-
! rowspan="2" |3rd
! rowspan="1" |''sing.''
| ''mēnū̃ suṇāī '''sū'''''
| '''''os''' mēnū̃ suṇāī '''hē'''''
| '''He/She hath''' told me
|-
! rowspan="1" |''pl.''
| ''pāṇī pītā '''ne'''''
| '''''ehnā̃''' pāṇī pītā '''hē'''''
| '''They have''' drunk water
|-
! rowspan="4" |past
! rowspan="2" |2nd
! rowspan="1" |''sing.''
| ''jēs tarhā̃ ghalliyā̃ '''sāī'''''
| ''jis tarhā̃ '''tē̃''' ghalliyā̃ '''hase'''''
| In the way '''thou had''' sent them
|-
! rowspan="1" |''pl.''
| ''cacer syātā '''sāje'''''
| '''''tusā̃''' cacer syātā '''hamu'''''
| '''You had''' recognised cousin
|-
! rowspan="2" |3rd
! rowspan="1" |''sing.''
| ''aṉḍe nū̃ riddhe '''sāsū'''?''
| '''''Es''' aṉḍe nū̃ riddhe '''san'''?''
| '''Had he/she''' boiled the egg?
|-
! rowspan="1" |''pl.''
| ''laṛāī kītī '''sāne'''''
| '''''ehnā̃ ne''' laṛāī kītī '''sī'''''
| '''They had''' had a fight
|}

===Copula===
Oftentimes, a pronominal suffix will entirely overtake the regular copula (of the same person and number) in Majhi.

This is most common with the third-person plural ''ne'' (ਨੇ / {{resize|{{nq|نے}}}}) or ''nẽ'' (ਨੇਂ / {{resize|{{nq|نیں}}}}), used instead of ''han''. It has become so widespread that it is now regarded as a fundamental characteristic of Majhi, used to distinguish it from other dialects.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Phrase
!Majhi
!Standard Punjabi
|-
|They sleep
|''oh sōṉde ne''
ਓਹ ਸੌਂਦੇ ਨੇ 
{{resize|{{nq|اوہ سوندے نے}}}}
|''-oh samde''
-oh saunde
-oh seynde
|}

'''- Alternate auxiliary verbs'''{{clarify|date=November 2024}}

First person singular ''ā̃'' or ''jē'' (ਆਂ, ਜੇ / {{resize|{{nq|آں، جے}}}}) is used. E.g. ''mẽ karnā '''ʷā̃''' / '''jē''''' (ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ '''ਆਂ''', ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ '''ਜੇ''' / {{resize|{{nq|میں کرنا '''آں'''، میں کرنا '''جے'''}}}})

Third person singular ''ī'' or ''è'' (ਏ, ਵੇ, ਈ / {{resize|{{nq|اے، وے، ای}}}}) is used. E.g. ''ṓ krendā'' '''''ī''''' (ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ '''ਈ''' / {{resize|{{nq|اوہ کردا ای}}}})

===Other Features===
''hē(gā) sī'' is used instead of ''sīgā''.{{clarify|date=November 2024}}

===Adverbial pronouns===
{{See also|Punjabi grammar#Derivates}}

Majhi uses the ''kiññ'' and ''kivẽ'' classes of adverbial pronouns of manner, which, at their base, are common with [[Lahnda|Western Punjabi dialects]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Adverbial pronoun
!Majhi
![[Malwai dialect|Malwai]]
![[Doabi dialect|Doabi]]
![[Pahari-Pothwari]]
![[Hindko]]
!Saraiki
![[Jatki language|Jatki]]
|-
|like this
|''ēṉj'', ''ēvẽ''
ਐਂਞ, ਐਵੇਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|اینج، ایویں}}}}
|''ēvẽ''
ਐਵੇਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|ایویں}}}}
| ''ēdā̃''
ਐਦਾਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|ایدّاں}}}}
| ''iṉj''
ਇੰਞ 
{{resize|{{nq|اِنج}}}}
| ''iṉjū''
ਇੰਞੂ 
{{resize|{{nq|اِنجوُ}}}}
| ''hiṉj, īvẽ''
ਹਿੰਞ, ਈਵੇਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|اِیویں / ہِنج}}}}
| ''iṉj''
ਇੰਞ 
{{resize|{{nq|اِنج}}}}
|-
|like that
|''oṉj, ovẽ''
ਓਂਞ, ਓਵੇਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|اُنج}}}}
|''ovẽ''
ਐਵੇਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|اوویں}}}}
| ''odā̃''
ਐਵੇਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|اودّاں}}}}
| ''uṉj''
ਐਵੇਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|اُنج}}}}
| ''uṉjū''
ਐਵੇਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|اُنجوُ}}}}
| ''huṉj / ūvẽ''
ਐਵੇਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|اوویں / ہُنج}}}}
| ''uṉj''
ਐਵੇਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|اُنج}}}}
|-
|how?
|''kiṉj, kivẽ''
ਕਿੰਞ, ਕਿਵੇਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|کنج، کویں}}}}
|''kivẽ''
ਕਿਵੇਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|کویں}}}}
| ''kiddā̃''
ਕਿੱਦਾਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|کداں}}}}
| ''kiṉj''
ਕਿੰਞ 
{{resize|{{nq|کنج}}}}
| ''kiṉjū''
ਕਿੰਞੂ 
{{resize|{{nq|کنجو}}}}
| ''kiṉj, kīvẽ''
ਕਿੰਞ, ਕੀਵੇਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|کنج، کیویں}}}}
| ''kiṉj''
ਕਿੰਞ 
{{resize|{{nq|کنج}}}}
|-
|how
|''jiṉj, jivẽ''
ਜਿੰਞ, ਜਿਵੇਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|کنج، کویں}}}}
|''jivẽ''
ਜਿਵੇਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|کویں}}}}
| ''jiddā̃''
ਜਿੱਦਾਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|کداں}}}}
| ''jiṉj''
ਜਿੰਞ 
{{resize|{{nq|کنج}}}}
| ''jiṉjū''
ਜਿੰਞੂ 
{{resize|{{nq|کنجو}}}}
| ''jiṉj, jīvẽ''
ਜਿੰਞ, ਜੀਵੇਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|کنج، کیویں}}}}
| ''jiṉj''
ਜਿੰਞ 
{{resize|{{nq|کنج}}}}
|}

'''- Use of -na verb ending instead of -da ending for first-person and second-person point of view'''{{clarify|date=June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Phrase
!Majhi
!Standard Written Punjabi
|-
|I do
|''mẽ kar'''nā''' ʷā̃̀''

ਮੈਂ ਕਰ'''ਨਾ''' ਆਂ {{resize|{{nq|میں کرنا آں}}}}
|''mẽ kardā hā̃''

ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਹਾਂ {{resize|{{nq|میں کردا ہاں}}}}
|-
|Let's (m.) go home
|''asī kàr jā'''ne''' ā̃̀''{{efn|''kàr'', meaning "home", is often said as ''kār'' in Northwestern Majhi (spoken in [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]], [[Jhelum District|Jhelum]], and [[Bhimber District|Bhimber]] districts) as the vowel is elongated.}}

ਅਸੀ ਘਰ ਜਾ'''ਨੇ''' ਆਂ {{resize|{{nq|اسی گھر جانے آں}}}}
|''asī̃ kàr jānde hā̃''

ਅਸੀਂ ਘਰ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਾਂ {{resize|{{nq|اسی گھر جاندے ہاں}}}}
|-
|We (f.) do
|''asī̃ kar'''niyā̃''' ʷā̃̀''

ਅਸੀ ਕਰ'''ਨੀਆਂ''' ਆਂ {{resize|{{nq|اسی کرنِیاں واں}}}}
|''asī̃ kardiyā̃ hā̃''

ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਹਾਂ {{resize|{{nq|اسی کردِیاں ہاں}}}}
|-
|You (sing.) do
|''tū̃ kar'''nā''' aĩ̀''

ਤੂੰ ਕਰ'''ਨਾ''' ਐਂ {{resize|{{nq|تُوں کرنا ایں}}}}
|''tū̃ kardā haĩ''

ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈਂ {{resize|{{nq|تُوں کردا ہیں}}}}
|-
|You (f.pl.) do
|''tusī kar'''niyā̃''' ò/je''

ਤੁਸੀ ਕਰ'''ਨੀਆਂ''' ਓ/ਜੇ {{resize|{{nq|تسی کرنِیاں او/جے}}}}
|''tusī̃ kardiyā̃ ho''

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਹੋ {{resize|{{nq|تسی کردِیاں ہو}}}}
|}

===Examples of Majhi===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Sentence
! colspan="1", rowspan="2" |Transliteration
! colspan="1", rowspan="2" |Translation
|-
! colspan="1" |Shahmukhi
! colspan="1" |Gurmukhi
|-
| {{lang|pnb|{{resize|{{nq|تُوں لہور جاندا سیں}}}}}}
| {{lang|pa|ਤੂੰ ਲਹੌਰ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਸੈਂ}}
| ''tū̃ lahaur jāndā saĩ''
| You used to go to Lahore
|-
| {{lang|pnb|{{resize|{{nq|میں پہلوں ہی آکھدا ساں}}}}}}
| {{lang|pa|ਮੈਂ ਪਹਿਲੋਂ ਹੀ ਆਖਦਾ ਸਾਂ}}
| ''maĩ pahlõ hī ākhdā sā̃''
| I've already said it
|-
| {{lang|pnb|{{resize|{{nq|اودݨ بھرجائی کتھے سن}}}}}}
| {{lang|pa|ਓਦਣ ਭਰਜਾਈ ਕਿੱਥੇ ਸਨ}}
| ''oddaṇ bharjāī kitthe san''
| Where were the sisters-in-law that day?
|}

==Subdialectal differences==

===Northeastern Majhi===
Northeastern Majhi refers to the subdialect spoken in a belt from the [[Sialkot District]] to the [[Ravi river]].

It has considerable [[Doabi dialect|Doabi]] influence.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

Northeastern Majhi uses the past-tense inflection of the verb ''ḍahṇā'' (ਡਹਿਣਾ / {{resize|{{nq|ڈہݨا}}}}) to form continuous tenses, rather than ''pēṇā'' (ਪੈਣਾ/ {{resize|{{nq|پَیݨا}}}}) which is used by other Majhi subdialects and Punjabi dialects.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Phrase
!Eastern Majhi
!General Majhi
!Standard Punjabi
|-
|He([[demonstrative#Distal and proximal demonstratives|prox.]]) was doing
|''eh karaṇ ḍahyā sī''
ਏਹ ਕਰਣ ਡਹਿਆ ਸੀ 
{{resize|{{nq|اوہ کرݨ ڈہیا سی}}}}
|''eh kardā pyā sī''
ਏਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੀ 
{{resize|{{nq|اوہ کردا پیا سی}}}}
|''eh kar rahyā sī''
ਇਹ ਕਰ ਰਿਹਾ ਸੀ 
{{resize|{{nq|اوہ کر رہیا سی}}}}
|-
|She([[demonstrative#Distal and proximal demonstratives|dist.]]) is doing
|''oh karaṇ ḍahī hē''
ਓਹ ਕਰਣ ਡਹੀ ਹੈ 
{{resize|{{nq|اوہ کرݨ ڈہی اے}}}}
|''oh kardī paī hē''
ਓਹ ਕਰਦੀ ਪਈ ਹੈ 
{{resize|{{nq|اوہ کردی پئی ہے}}}}
|''oh kar rahī hē''
ਉਹ ਕਰ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ 
{{resize|{{nq|اوہ کر رہی ہے}}}}
|}

In Northeastern Majhi, on top of the copula-replacement by ''ne'', it is also common for the second-person plural pronominal suffix ''je'' (ਜੇ / {{resize|{{nq|جے}}}}) to overtake ''ho''.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Phrase
!Northeastern Majhi
!General Majhi
|-
|You will go home
|''tusī̃ ghar jāṉde je''
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਘਰ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਜੇ 
{{resize|{{nq|تسیں گھر جاندے جے}}}}
|''tusī̃ ghar jāṉde ho''
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਘਰ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹੋ 
{{resize|{{nq|تسیں گھر جاندے ہو}}}}
|}

This variety of Majhi also tends to [[debuccalize]] all its non-initial non-geminated [[voiceless alveolar fricative|voiceless alveolar fricatives]] ({{IPA|/s/}}) into [[voiced glottal fricative|glottal fricatives]] ({{IPA|/ɦ/}}); i.e. the ''s'' sound is heard as a ''h''. This ''h'' is distinguished from the regular phonetic ''h'' by its lack of tonality.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Word
!Punjabi spelling
!General pronunciation
!Northeastern pronunciation
!Translation
|-
|''tusī̃''
|ਤੁਸੀਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|تسیں}}}}
|[tʊsĩ]
|[tʊɦĩ]
|you (pl./honorific)
|-
|''asāḍā''
|ਅਸਾਡਾ 
{{resize|{{nq|اساڈا}}}}
|[ɐ̆saˑɖˑa]
|[ɐ̆ɦaˑɖˑa]
|our(s) / my/mine (honorific)
|-
|''paise''
|ਪੈਸੇ 
{{resize|{{nq|پیسے}}}}
|[pɛˑsˑe]
|[pɛːɦe]
|money
|}

===Northwestern Majhi===
Northwestern Majhi refers to the subdialect spoken in the northwestern side of the [[Majha]] region in [[Pakistan]], primarily in the districts of [[Gujrat district|Gujrat]], [[Jhelum district|Jhelum]], and [[Bhimber District|Bhimber]].

In these areas, word-initial 'h' is fainter and more tonal, eventually disappearing in upper Punjabi dialects like [[Pahari-Pothwari]] and [[Hindko#Geographic distribution and dialects|Hazarewal Hindko]], as well as [[Dogri language#Tone rules|Dogri]]. I.e., words like ''hatth'' (ਹੱਥ / {{resize|{{nq|ہَتّھ}}}}) "hand" are said more as ''àtth''.

Another notable difference is the use of the suffix ''dā'' instead of ''gā'' for indicative future tense:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="1" |General Majhi
! colspan="1" |Northwestern Majhi
! colspan="1" |Translation
|-
| ''kare gā''
ਕਰੇਗਾ 
{{resize|{{nq|کرے گا}}}}
| ''kare dā''
ਕਰੇਦਾ 
{{resize|{{nq|کرے دا}}}}
| [he] will do
|-
| ''khāṇ giyā̃''
ਖਾਣਗੀਆਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|کھاݨ گیاں}}}}
| ''khāṇ diyā̃''
ਖਾਣਦੀਆਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|کھاݨ دیاں}}}}
| [they] (f.) will eat
|-
| ''jāvo ge''
ਜਾਵੋਗੇ 
{{resize|{{nq|جاوو گے}}}}
| ''jāvo de''
ਜਾਵੋਦੇ 
{{resize|{{nq|جاوو دے}}}}
| [you] (pl. m.) will go
|-
| ''samjhā̃ gī''
ਸਮਝਾਂਗੀ 
{{resize|{{nq|سمجھاں گی}}}}
| ''samjhā̃ dī''
ਸਮਝਾਂਦੀ 
{{resize|{{nq|سمجھاں دی}}}}
| [I] (f.) will understand
|}

Northwestern Majhi also has its own past-tense copula, which declines on gender and number, unlike other Majhi subdialects, whose copula declines on person and number.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="1" |General Majhi
! colspan="1" |Northwestern Majhi
! colspan="1" |Translation
|-
| ''tū̃ nhāyā sēṉ''
ਤੂੰ ਨ੍ਹਾਇਆ ਸੈਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|توں نھایا سیں}}}}
| ''tū̃ nhāyā āhā''
ਤੂੰ ਨ੍ਹਾਇਆ ਆਹਾ 
{{resize|{{nq|توں نھایا آہا}}}}
| You (s. m.) had bathed
|-
| ''oh kiddhar sī?''
ਓਹ ਕਿੱਧਰ ਸੀ? 
{{resize|{{nq|اوہ کدھر سی؟}}}}
| ''oh kiddhar āhī?''
ਓਹ ਕਿੱਧਰ ਆਹੀ? 
{{resize|{{nq|اوہ کدھر آہی؟}}}}
| Where was she?
|-
| ''mēṉ paṉchī vekhe san''
ਮੈਂ ਪੰਛੀ ਵੇਖੇ ਸਨ 
{{resize|{{nq|میں پنچھی ویکھے سن}}}}
| ''mēṉ paṉchī vekhe āhe''
ਮੈਂ ਪੰਛੀ ਵੇਖੇ ਆਹੇ 
{{resize|{{nq|میں پنچھی ویکھے آہے}}}}
| I had seen birds
|-
| ''bakkriyāṉ mamyāiyāṉ san''
ਬੱਕਰੀਆਂ ਮਮਿਆਈਆਂ ਸਨ 
{{resize|{{nq|بکریاں ممیائیاں سن}}}}
| ''bakkriyāṉ mamyāiyāṉ āhiyāṉ''
ਬੱਕਰੀਆਂ ਮਮਿਆਈਆਂ ਆਹੀਆਂ 
{{resize|{{nq|بکریاں ممیائیاں آہیاں}}}}
| The goats had bleated
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Punjab}}
*[[Punjabi dialects and languages|Punjabi dialects]]
*[[Punjabi literature]]
*[[Jhangvi dialect]]
*[[Shahpuri dialect]]
*[[Dhanni dialect]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Punjabi dialects}}

[[Category:Punjabi dialects]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjabi language in Pakistan]]

Lake Terrace, Basirhat

2026-03-23T18:17:17Z

Shannan0997: Created some details more to come

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Basirhat, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lake Terrace
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Basirhat Surjakanta Lake View Park.jpg
| image_caption = Lake Terrace, Basirhat City
| coordinates = {{coord|22|39|39|N|88|52|09|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas district]]
| subdivision_type4 = Railway Station
| subdivision_name4 = [[Basirhat railway station]]
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body = Basirhat Municipality
| population_total = 1450
| population_as_of = 2025
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy
| demographics2_title1 = Literacy rate
| demographics2_info1 = 99.6%
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 743411
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Basirhat Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basirhat Dakshin]]
}}
'''Lake Terrace''' is a neighborhood of the city of [[Basirhat]] in the [[Basirhat subdivision]] of [[North 24 Parganas]] district. It is a prominent residential locality. It falls under the jurisdiction of Basirhat Municipal Authority.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Basirhat Municipality |url=https://basirhatmunicipality.in/about-basirhat-municipality/ |website=Basirhat Municipality |access-date=6 May 2025}}</ref>

==Overview==
Basirhat Lake Terrace area is one of the busiest neighborhood of Basirhat. It includes the area of S.N. Banerjee Road, Rabindra Bhaban Chowmatha, Lake View Park (SurjaKanta park) and Kabi Bhujanga Dhar Road. Byampith Pathagar, which is also known as Lake Terrace Durga Puja, which is quite famous pujo committee of Basirhat due to its location.<ref>{{cite news |title=Basirhat's Durga Puja and Themed Pandal Design |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/24-parganas/চৌদ্দোয়-খানা-এবং-শহরতলির-আদলে-তৈরি-হচ্ছে-পুজামণ্ডপ-1.223993 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn |date=October 2011 |access-date=6 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top Durga Puja Pandals in North 24 Parganas 2025: Visit Guide, Highlights & Route Plan |url=https://trainingbyhimanshu.in/top-durga-puja-pandals-in-north-24-parganas-2025-visit-guide-highlights-route-plan/ |website=Training by Himanshu |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> Freedom fighter [[:bn:দীনেশচন্দ্র_মজুমদার|Dinesh Chandra Majumder]] established Byampith Pathagar in 1931.<ref>{{cite web |title=বসিরহাটের ইতিহাস: দিনেশচন্দ্র মজুমদার এবং তাঁর অবদান |trans-title=History of Basirhat: Dinesh Chandra Majumder and His Contributions |url=https://www.boisoi.com/2024/10/blog-post_42.html?m=1 |website=Boisoi |language=bn |date=October 2024 |access-date=6 May 2025}}</ref> During [[Durga Puja]], people basically the young generation hangs out in Lake View Park, creating a ''adda zone'' (Casual hangout zone). Rabindra Bhaban also located in the Lake Terrace area, where all cultural activities such as art exhibition, dance competition, concerts usually happen.<ref>{{cite web |title=The repair and renovation work of Rabindra Bhawan is underway |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/24-parganas/the-repair-and-renovation-work-of-rabindra-bhawan-is-underway-1.817482 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn |access-date=23 February 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Lake Terrace, Basirhat.jpg|thumb|Lake Terrace (Surjakanta Lake View Park), Basirhat]]

==Civic Administration==
===Post Office===
Lake Terrace has a delivery sub post office located in the Basirhat Bazar area with the PIN of 743411.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pin Code of Basirhat Bazar, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal |url=https://pincode.net.in/WEST_BENGAL/NORTH_24_PARGANAS/B/BASIRHAT_BAZAR |website=Pincode.net.in |access-date=6 May 2025}}</ref>

===Police station===
Lake Terrace area falls under Basirhat police station, which operates under the jurisdiction of Basirhat Police District.<ref>{{cite web |title=Basirhat Police District |url=https://basirhatpolice.wb.gov.in/ |website=West Bengal Police |publisher=Government of West Bengal |access-date=6 May 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Basirhat]]
[[Category:North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Geography of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in North 24 Parganas district]]

Bangalore Football League

2026-03-22T17:02:21Z

Shannan0997: new a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football league
| name = Bangalore Football League
| logo =
| pixels =
| organisers = Bangalore District Football Association (BDFA)
| country = India
| founded span style="font-size:13px">(as A Division)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chaudhuri|first=Arunava|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/bfl.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Bangalore Football League|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|date=2008|access-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903094826/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/bfl.html|archive-date=3 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{start date and age|2001}} (as Super Division)
| divisions = 4 ([[BDFA Super Division]] [[BDFA A Division]] [[BDFA B Division]] [[BDFA C Division]])
| teams = Various
| promotion = [[I-League 3]]
| relegation = Various
| levels = [[Indian football league system|5–8]]
| domest_cup = [[Stafford Challenge Cup]]<ref name="goal"/>
| league_cup = C. Puttaiah shata Memorial Cup<ref name="The Away End"/>
| champions = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC B]] (3rd title)
| most_successful_club = [[Hindustan louda Aeronautics Limited SC|HAL]] (8 titles)
| tv = SportsCast India ([[YouTube]])
| season =
| current = [[2024–25 BDFA Super Division]]
}}
The '''Bangalore Football League''' is organised by the Bangalore District Football Association (BDFA),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangalore District Football Association (BDFA) |url=https://www.ksfa.in/bdfa |website=ksfa.in |publisher=Karnataka State Football Association (KSFA) |access-date=12 January 2023 }}</ref> which is affiliated to the [[Karnataka State Football Association]] (KSFA) as a ladder-based [[Indian State Leagues|state football]] competition involving a total of [[#League structure|four divisions]] and over 130 teams in the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]. '''[[BDFA Super Division]]''' is the top-division, started in 2001.<ref name="The Away End">{{Cite web |title=BDFA Super Division League |url=https://theawayend.co/bdfa-super-division-league/ |website=The Away End |access-date=2021-08-10 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430111558/https://theawayend.co/bdfa-super-division-league/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The winner is awarded George Hoover trophy. Prior to 2001, the [[BDFA A Division]] was the top tier, which currently act as 2nd tier of the state leagues ladder.<ref name="indianfootball.de">{{cite web |title=BDFA - Bangalore 'A' Division 2000 |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/local/bad2000.html |publisher=indianfootball.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629131718/http://www.indianfootball.de/local/bad2000.html |archive-date=29 June 2021 |access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="indianfootball.de 2">{{cite web |title=BDFA - Bangalore Super Division 2001 |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/local/bsd2001.html |publisher=indianfootball.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229090631/http://www.indianfootball.de/local/bsd2001.html |archive-date=29 December 2019 |access-date=29 December 2019 }}</ref>

==League structure==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Bangalore Football League
|-
!Tier
!Division
|-
!I (5 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|Pyramid]])
|[[#BDFA Super Division|BDFA Super Division]] ''↑promote (to [[I-League 3]]) ↓relegate''
|-
!II (6 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|Pyramid]])
|[[#BDFA A Division|BDFA A Division]] ''↑promote ↓relegate''
|-
!III (7 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|Pyramid]])
|[[#BDFA B Division|BDFA B Division]] ''↑promote ↓relegate''
|-
!IV (8 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|Pyramid]])
|[[#BDFA C Division|BDFA C Division]] ''↑promote''
|}

==BDFA Super Division==
'''BDFA Super Division''' is the top [[Indian State Leagues|state-level]] [[association football|football]] league in the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]], started in 2001.<ref name="The Away End" /> The winner is awarded '''George Hoover Cup'''. Prior to 2001, the BDFA A Division was the top tier.<ref name="indianfootball.de" /><ref name="indianfootball.de 2" />

{{Infobox football league
| name = BDFA Super Division
| logo =
| pixels =
| organisers = Bangalore District Football Association (BDFA)
| country = India
| founded = {{start date and age|2001}}
| divisions = [[#League structure|5]]
| teams = [[#Current teams|20]]
| promotion = [[I-League 3]]
| relegation = BDFA A Division
| levels = [[Indian football league system|5]]
| domest_cup = Puttaiah Memorial Cup (invitational)
| confed_cup =
| champions = SC Bengaluru (1st title)
| most_successful_club = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|HAL]] (7 titles)
| tv =
| season =
| website =
| current = [[2024–25 BDFA Super Division]]
}}

==Teams==
Eighteen teams will participate in the [[2024–25 BDFA Super Division|2024-25 BDFA Super Division]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Away End |title=Bangalore/BDFA Super Division League Table |url=https://theawayend.co/bdfa-super-division-league/ |access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>
*[[Indian Army Service Corps|ASC & C FC]]
*FC Agniputhra
*Bangalore Independents
*[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]]
*Bangalore United FC (BUFC)
*Real Chikkamagaluru
*[[FC Bengaluru United]]
*FC Real Bengaluru
*[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|HAL SC]]
*[[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]
*Kodagu FC
*[[Madras Engineer Group|MEG & C FC]]
*Parikrma FC
*Rebels FC
*Roots FC
*[[Sporting Club Bengaluru|SC Bengaluru]]
*[[South United FC|South United]]
*Students Union

===Winners===
{| class="wikitable"
! Season !! Champion
!Runners-up
|-
| 2001 || [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] || Karnataka State Police
|-
| 2002 || [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] ||
|-
| 2003 || Controllerate of Inspection Electronics ||
|-
| 2004 || [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] ||
|-
| 2005 || [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] ||
|-
| 2006–07 || [[Madras Engineer Group]] ||
|-
| 2007 || [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] ||
|-
| [[2008–09 BDFA Super Division|2008–09]] || [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] ||
|-
| [[2011–12 BDFA Super Division|2011–12]] || [[Madras Engineering Group]] || [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC]]
|-
| [[2012–13 BDFA Super Division|2012–13]] || [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] || [[South United FC]]
|-
| [[2013–14 BDFA Super Division|2013–14]] || [[Aeronautical Development Establishment (football club)|Aeronautical Development Establishment]] || [[South United FC]]
|-
| [[2014–15 BDFA Super Division|2014–15]] || Army Service Corps || [[South United FC]]
|-
| [[2015–16 BDFA Super Division|2015–16]] || [[Ozone F.C.|Ozone]] || [[South United FC]]
|-
| [[2016–17 BDFA Super Division|2016–17]] || [[Madras Engineer Group]] || Students Union
|-
| [[2017–18 BDFA Super Division|2017–18]] || [[Ozone F.C.|Ozone]] || Students Union
|-
| [[2018–19 BDFA Super Division|2018–19]] || [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC B]] || [[Ozone FC]]
|-
| [[2019–20 BDFA Super Division|2019–20]] || [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC B]] || [[Kickstart FC]]
|-
| [[2020–21 BDFA Super Division|2020–21]] || [[FC Bengaluru United]] || [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC B]]
|-
| [[2021–22 BDFA Super Division|2021–22]] || [[FC Bengaluru United]] || [[Kickstart FC]]
|-
| [[2022–23 BDFA Super Division|2022–23]] || [[SC Bengaluru]] || [[FC Bengaluru United]]
|-
| [[2023–24 BDFA Super Division|2023–24]] || [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC B]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gcsstars.com/2023/08/bdfa-super-division-2023-24-table.html|title=BDFA Bangalore Men's Super Division 2023–24 Table|website=gcsstars.com|publisher=GCS Stars Bengaluru|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118061657/https://www.gcsstars.com/2023/08/bdfa-super-division-2023-24-table.html|location=Bengaluru|archive-date=18 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ksfa.in/superdivision2023|title=BDFA Bangalore Men's Super Division 2023–24 Leaderboard/Table|website=ksfa.in|publisher=Karnataka State Football Association|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118061113/https://www.ksfa.in/superdivision2023|location=Bengaluru|archive-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> || [[SC Bengaluru]]
|-
| [[2024–25 BDFA Super Division|2024–25]]
| [[FC Agniputhra]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=FC Agniputhra win BDFA Super Division League Championship |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/fc-agniputhra-win-bdfa-super-division-league-championship-3415000 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Kickstart FC]]
|-
| [[2025–26 BDFA Super Division|2025–26]] || [[Kickstart FC]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kickstart FC crowned KSFA Super Division champions |first=Vignesh |last=Bharadwaj |date=20 November 2025 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/kickstart-fc-crowned-ksfa-super-division-champions-3805089 |access-date=27 February 2026}}</ref> ||
|}

===Most successful clubs===

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="740px"
|-
! width=200px| Club
! width=40px| Titles
! width=500px| Winning years
|-
|[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]|| align="center" | 7 || 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2007, [[2008–09 BDFA Super Division|2008–09]], [[2012–13 BDFA Super Division|2012–13]]
|-
|[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC B]]|| align="center" | 3 || [[2018–19 BDFA Super Division|2018–19]], [[2019–20 BDFA Super Division|2019–20]], [[2023–24 BDFA Super Division|2023–24]]
|-
|[[Madras Engineer Group]]||rowspan="3" align=center| 2 || 2006–07, [[2016–17 BDFA Super Division|2016–17]]
|-
|[[Ozone FC|Ozone]] || [[2015–16 BDFA Super Division|2015–16]], [[2017–18 BDFA Super Division|2017–18]]
|-
|[[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]] || [[2020–21 BDFA Super Division|2020–21]], [[2021–22 BDFA Super Division|2021–22]]
|-
|Controllerate of Inspection Electronics||rowspan="5" align=center| 1 || 2003
|-
|[[KGF Academy]] || [[2011–12 BDFA Super Division|2011–12]]
|-
|[[Aeronautical Development Establishment (football club)|ADE]] || [[2013–14 BDFA Super Division|2013–14]]
|-
|[[Indian Army Service Corps|Army Service Corps]]|| [[2014–15 BDFA Super Division|2014–15]]
|-
|[[Sporting Club Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]]|| [[2022–23 BDFA Super Division|2022–23]]
|}

==BDFA A Division==
{{Infobox football league
| name = BDFA A Division
| image =
| organisers = Bangalore District Football Association (BDFA)
| founded = {{start date and age|1994}}
| first =
| folded =
| country = India
| teams = 10
| promotion = BDFA Super Division
| relegation = BDFA B Division
| levels = 7
| domest_cup =
| league_cup =
| champions = Bangalore Eagles
| season = 2023–24
| premiers =
| prem_season =
| most_champs =
| most_appearances =
| top_goalscorer =
| sponsor =
}}
'''BDFA A Division''' is the third tier football league in the Indian state of Karnataka. Prior to 2001, it was the top-tier league.<ref>{{cite web |title=BDFA - Bangalore 'A' Division 2000 |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/local/bad2000.html |publisher=indianfootball.de |access-date=29 December 2019 |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629131718/http://www.indianfootball.de/local/bad2000.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The league has 10–12 teams contesting and the top two teams gain promotion to the BDFA Super Division.<ref name="goal">{{cite web |last1=Muralidharan |first1=Ashwin |title=All you need to know about the football league structure in Karnataka |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/all-you-need-to-know-karnataka-football/11vwt69nc7jtr1llbm47ep2sk7 |website=Goal |publisher=goal.com |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220071135/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/all-you-need-to-know-karnataka-football/11vwt69nc7jtr1llbm47ep2sk7 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |date=5 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=FC Deccan 'A' Div champs |newspaper=The Times of India |edition=Bangalore |date=12 December 2019 |page=28}}</ref>

=== League champions ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Season !! Champions !! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1994–95 || [[ITI Sports Club|Indian Telephone Industries]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=1994/95 Season in Indian Football |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1994-95s.html |publisher=indianfootball.de |accessdate=29 December 2019 |archive-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718221902/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1994-95s.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1995–96 || [[ITI Sports Club|Indian Telephone Industries]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=1995/96 Season in Indian Football |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1995-96s.html |publisher=indianfootball.de |accessdate=29 December 2019 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109104806/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1995-96s.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1996–97 || [[ITI Sports Club|Indian Telephone Industries]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=1996/97 Season in Indian Football |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1996-97s.html |publisher=indianfootball.de |accessdate=29 December 2019 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029102020/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1996-97s.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1997–98 || [[ITI Sports Club|Indian Telephone Industries]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=1997/98 Season in Indian Football |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1997-98s.html |publisher=indianfootball.de |accessdate=29 December 2019 |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230195813/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1997-98s.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1998–99 || [[ITI Sports Club|Indian Telephone Industries]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=1998/99 Season in Indian Football |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1998-99s.html |publisher=indianfootball.de |accessdate=29 December 2019 |archive-date=16 March 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020316111658/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1998-99s.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1999–00 || [[ITI Sports Club|Indian Telephone Industries]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=1999/2000 Season in Indian Football |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1999-00s.html |publisher=indianfootball.de |accessdate=29 December 2019 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221080923/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1999-00s.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2000 || [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=BDFA - Bangalore 'A' Division 2000 |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/local/bad2000.html |publisher=indianfootball.de |accessdate=29 December 2019 |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629131718/http://www.indianfootball.de/local/bad2000.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2005–06 || Postal Department || <ref>{{cite web |title=BDFA - Bangalore 'A' Division 2005/06 |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/local/bad2005.html |publisher=indianfootball.de |accessdate=29 December 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070414175246/http://www.indianfootball.de/local/bad2005.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2006–07 || Army Service Corps || <ref>{{cite web |title=BDFA - Bangalore 'A' Division 2006/07 |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/local/bad2005.html |publisher=indianfootball.de |accessdate=29 December 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070414175246/http://www.indianfootball.de/local/bad2005.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2007–08 || Rail Wheel Factory || <ref>{{cite web |title=BDFA - Bangalore 'A' Division 2007 |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/local/bad2007.html |publisher=indianfootball.de |accessdate=29 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2008–09 || Dharmaraja Union || <ref>{{cite web |title=BDFA - Bangalore 'A' Division 2008 |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/local/bad2008.html |publisher=indianfootball.de |accessdate=29 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2011–12 || District Youth Sports Hostel || <ref>{{cite web |title=BDFA Bangalore A Division 2011-12 |url=http://www.bangaloredreamunited.com/bangalore_a_division_league_2011_2012.html |website=Bangalore Dream United |accessdate=29 December 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229121829/http://www.bangaloredreamunited.com/bangalore_a_division_league_2011_2012.html |archivedate=29 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2012–13 || Jawahar Union || <ref>{{cite web |title=BDFA Bangalore A Division 2012-13 |url=http://www.bangaloredreamunited.com/bangalore_a_division_league_2012_2013.html |website=Bangalore Dream United |accessdate=29 December 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430213548/http://www.bangaloredreamunited.com/bangalore_a_division_league_2012_2013.html |archivedate=30 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2013–14 || Department of Youth Empowerment and Sports || <ref>{{cite web |title=BDFA Bangalore A Division 2013-14 |url=http://www.bangaloredreamunited.com/bangalore_a_division_league_2013-14.html |website=Bangalore Dream United |accessdate=29 December 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229122138/http://www.bangaloredreamunited.com/bangalore_a_division_league_2013-14.html |archivedate=29 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2014–15 || Income Tax || <ref>{{cite web |title=BDFA Bangalore A Division 2014-15 |url=http://www.bangaloredreamunited.com/bangalore_a_division_league_2014_2015.html |website=Bangalore Dream United |accessdate=29 December 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229122514/http://www.bangaloredreamunited.com/bangalore_a_division_league_2014_2015.html |archivedate=29 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2015–16 || Accountants General's Office Recreation Club || <ref>{{cite web |title=BDFA Bangalore A Division Football League 2015-2016 |url=http://www.bangaloredreamunited.com/bdfa_bangalore_a_division_league_2015_2016.html |website=Bangalore Dream United |accessdate=29 December 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229122521/http://www.bangaloredreamunited.com/bdfa_bangalore_a_division_league_2015_2016.html |archivedate=29 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2016–17 || Bangalore Independents || <ref>{{cite web |title=BDFA Bangalore A Division 2016-2017 |url=http://www.bangaloredreamunited.com/bdfa_bangalore_a_division_league_2016_2017.html |website=Bangalore Dream United |accessdate=29 December 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229122543/http://www.bangaloredreamunited.com/bdfa_bangalore_a_division_league_2016_2017.html |archivedate=29 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2017–18 || Bangalore Eagles || <ref>{{cite web |title=Fixture & Points Table - BDFA A Division League 2017-18 |url=https://www.gcsstars.com/2017/11/fixture-points-table-bdfa-division.html |publisher=gcsstars.com |accessdate=29 December 2019 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922172037/https://www.gcsstars.com/2017/11/fixture-points-table-bdfa-division.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2018–19 || AGORC ||
|-
| 2019–20 || FC Deccan || <ref>{{cite news |title=FC Deccan champs |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=12 December 2019 |edition=Bangalore |page=18}}</ref>
|-
| 2020–21 || Bangalore United FC || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=359388738879186&id=100044241888963|title=HAL wins BDFA B division, BUFC are crowned champions of A division|publisher=Football in Bangalore|date=20 July 2021|access-date=2 June 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922172036/https://m.facebook.com/login.php?next=https%3A%2F%2Fm.facebook.com%2Fstory.php%3Fstory_fbid%3D359388738879186%26id%3D100044241888963&refsrc=deprecated&_rdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2023–24 || Bangalore Eagles || <ref>{{cite web |title=BDFA A Division 2023-24 - Results & Table |url=https://www.gcsstars.com/2024/01/bdfa-division-2023-24-results-table.html |publisher=gcsstars.com |accessdate=1 May 2024 }}</ref>
|}

== BDFA B Division ==
{{Infobox football league
| name = BDFA B Division
| image =
| organiser = Bangalore District Football Association (BDFA)
| founded =
| first =
| folded =
| country = India
| teams = 14
| promotion = BDFA A Division
| relegation = BDFA C Division
| levels = 8
| domest_cup =
| league_cup =
| champions = Vijayanagara FC
| season = 2023–24
| premiers =
| prem_season =
| most_champs =
| most_appearances =
| top_goalscorer =
| sponsor =
| website =
| current =
}}
The '''BDFA B Division''' is the fourth tier football league in the Indian state of Karnataka.

A total of 14 teams feature in this division, while the best 2 teams qualify for BDFA A Division.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/amp/news/all-you-need-to-know-karnataka-football/11vwt69nc7jtr1llbm47ep2sk7|title=All you need to know about Karnataka football|publisher=Goal|access-date=2 June 2022|archive-date=2 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602081722/https://www.goal.com/en-in/amp/news/all-you-need-to-know-karnataka-football/11vwt69nc7jtr1llbm47ep2sk7|url-status=live}}</ref>

===League champions===
{|class = "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Season
! Champions
! Ref.
|-
|2018–19
|Bangalore Gunners
|
|-
|2019–20
|
|
|-
|2020–21
|[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|HAL]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gcsstars.com/2021/04/bdfa-b-division-2020-21-schedule.html?m=1|title=BDFA League B Division 2020-21 - Schedule & Fixtures|publisher=GCS Stars|access-date=2 June 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922172036/https://www.gcsstars.com/2021/04/bdfa-b-division-2020-21-schedule.html?m=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2023–24
|Vijayanagara FC
|<ref>{{cite web |title=BDFA B Division 2023-24 - Results & Table |url=https://www.gcsstars.com/2024/01/bdfa-b-division-2023-24-results-table.html |publisher=gcsstars.com |accessdate=1 May 2024 }}</ref>
|}

==BDFA C Division==
{{Infobox football league
| name = BDFA C Division
| image =
| organiser = Bangalore District Football Association (BDFA)
| founded =
| first =
| folded =
| country = India
| teams = 14
| promotion = BDFA B Division
| relegation =
| levels = 8
| domest_cup =
| league_cup =
| champions =
| season = 2020-21
| premiers =
| prem_season =
| most_champs =
| most_appearances =
| top_goalscorer =
| sponsor =
| website =
| current =
}}
'''BDFA C Division''' is the fourth tier football league in the Indian State of Karnataka.

==See also==
*[[Karnataka State Football Association]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Football in Karnataka}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}

[[Category:Bangalore Football League| ]]
[[Category:Football in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Regional football leagues in India]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 1994]]

Ministry of Earth Sciences

2026-03-06T14:39:10Z

Shannan0997: typo fix

{{Short description|Government ministry of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry of Earth Sciences
| formed = {{Start date and age|2006|01|29|df=yes}}
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = Prithvi Bhavan Lodi Road [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28|35|28|N|77|13|32|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| employees =
| budget = {{INRConvert|2653.51|c}} (2022-23)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018-19/eb/sbe95.pdf |title=Budget data |date=2019 |website=www.indiabudget.gov.in |access-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304170727/http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018-19/eb/sbe95.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| minister1_name = [[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]] ''(I/C)''
| chief1_position = Dr. M. Ravichandran
| website = [https://moes.gov.in/ www.moes.gov.in]
| seal = Government of India logo.svg
| seal_size = 130px
| seal_caption = Branch of Government of India
| logo = Ministry of Earth Sciences.jpg
| logo_size = 260px
| logo_caption = Ministry of Earth Sciences
| chief1_name =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
}}

The '''Ministry of Earth Sciences''' is an executive ministry of the [[Government of India]], established on 29 January, 2006. It was formed through the reorganisation of the Department of Ocean Development and the assumption of administrative control over various institutions, including the [[India Meteorological Department]],<ref>{{cite web |title=India Meteorological Department |url=http://www.imd.gov.in |website=www.imd.gov.in}}</ref> the [[National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting]],<ref>{{cite web |title=National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) |url=http://www.ncmrwf.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425164632/http://www.ncmrwf.gov.in/ |archive-date=25 April 2019 |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=www.ncmrwf.gov.in}}</ref> the [[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology |url=https://www.tropmet.res.in |website=www.tropmet.res.in}},</ref> and the Earth Risk Evaluation Centre.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071205204338/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/11/stories/2006051105641300.htm Earth Sciences Ministry is the new name ] [[The Hindu]], May 11, 2006.</ref>

==History==
In 1981, the [[Government of India]] established the Department of Ocean Development (DOD) under the [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]], directly reporting to the [[Prime Minister of India]]. In 1982, it became a separate department and began focusing on ocean development activities. In 2006, the department was elevated to a Ministry, known as the Ministry of Ocean Development. Later that same year, the ministry underwent reorganisation, and the Ministry of Earth Sciences was created, incorporating various institutions under its jurisdiction. Through a government resolution in 2006, the India Meteorological Department, the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, and the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting and Research were brought under its administrative control. The resolution also led to the establishment of an Earth Commission, modelled after the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] and the [[Space Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://moes.gov.in/content/about-ministry-0|title=About us|website=Ministry of Earth Science|access-date=2020-09-16}}</ref>

The ministry is currently headed by [[Jitendra Singh Rana|Jitendra Singh]].

== Functions ==
The Ministry's mandate is to look after Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean Science & Technology and Seismology in an integrated fashion.

==Organisation==
*Earth Systems Sciences Council (ESSC)
** [[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]]
** [[National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research]]
** [[National Institute of Ocean Technology]]
** [[Centre for Earth Science Studies|National Center for Earth Science Studies]]
** [[Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services]]
* [https://www.nccr.gov.in National Centre for Coastal Research]
* [[India Meteorological Department]]
** [[Bharat Forecast System]]
* [[National Centre for Seismology]]
* [[National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting]]
* Earthquake Risk Evaluation Centre (under the Atmospheric Sciences and Seismology sector)
*[https://tsunami.incois.gov.in/TEWS/AboutTSP.jsp Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre]
* [[Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology]] (under the Ocean Science & Technology sector)

== Cabinet Ministers ==
*'''Note:''' MoS, I/C {{ndash}} Minister of State (Independent Charge)

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:8em"| From
! style="width:8em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! colspan="11"| Minister in the Department of Ocean Development
|-
! 1
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:RajivGandhi.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rajiv Gandhi]]''' {{small|(1944{{ndash}}1991) MP for [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 31 December 1984
| 2 December 1989
| '''{{ayd|31 Dec 1984|2 Dec 1989}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| '''Self'''
|-
! 2
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[File:V. P. Singh (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[V. P. Singh|Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]''' {{small|(1931{{ndash}}2008) MP for [[Fatehpur Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehpur]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 2 December 1989
| 10 November 1990
| '''{{ayd|1989|12|2|1990|11|10}}'''
| [[Janata Dal]]
| [[V. P. Singh ministry|Vishwanath]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| '''Self'''
|-
! 3
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| [[File:Chandra Shekhar Singh.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Chandra Shekhar]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2007) MP for [[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency|Ballia]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 10 November 1990
| 21 June 1991
| '''{{ayd|1990|11|10|1991|6|21}}'''
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| [[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| '''Self'''
|-
! 4
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Visit of Narasimha Rao, Indian Minister for Foreign Affairs, to the CEC (cropped)(2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}2004) MP for [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 21 June 1991
| 16 May 1996
| '''{{ayd|1991|6|21|1996|5|16}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| [[Rao ministry|Rao]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| '''Self'''
|-
! 5
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 16 May 1996
| 1 June 1996
| '''{{ayd|1996|5|16|1996|6|1}}'''
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[First Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| '''Self'''
|-
! 6
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[File:H. D. Deve Gowda.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]''' {{small|(born 1933) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Karnataka]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 1 June 1996
| 21 April 1997
| '''{{ayd|1996|6|1|1997|4|21}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Janata Dal]]
| [[Deve Gowda ministry|Deve Gowda]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| '''Self'''
|-
! 7
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[File:Inder Kumar Gujral 071.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Inder Kumar Gujral]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}2012) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Bihar]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 21 April 1997
| 18 March 1998
| '''{{ayd|1997|4|21|1998|3|18}}'''
| [[Gujral ministry|Gujral]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| '''Self'''
|-
! (5)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 19 March 1998
| 3 February 1999
| '''{{ayd|19 Mar 1998|3 Feb 1999}}'''
| rowspan="4"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="4"| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'''
|-
! 8
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Murli Manohar Joshi MP.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Murli Manohar Joshi]]''' {{small|(born 1934) MP for [[Allahabad Lok Sabha constituency|Allahabad]]}}
| 3 February 1999
| 13 October 1999
| '''{{ayd|3 Feb 1999|13 Oct 1999}}'''
|-
! (5)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 13 October 1999
| 22 November 1999
| '''{{ayd|13 Oct 1999|22 Nov 1999}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
|-
! (8)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Murli Manohar Joshi MP.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Murli Manohar Joshi]]''' {{small|(born 1934) MP for [[Allahabad Lok Sabha constituency|Allahabad]]}}
| 22 November 1999
| 22 May 2004
| '''{{ayd|22 Nov 1999|22 May 2004}}'''
|-
! 9
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Kapil Sibal.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kapil Sibal]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]}} (MoS, I/C)
| 23 May 2004
| 29 January 2006
| '''{{ayd|23 May 2004|29 Jan 2006}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| '''[[Manmohan Singh]]'''
|-
! colspan="11"| Minister of Ocean Development
|-
! (9)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Kapil Sibal.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kapil Sibal]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]}}
| 29 January 2006
| 12 July 2006
| '''{{ayd|29 Jan 2006|12 Jul 2006}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| '''[[Manmohan Singh]]'''
|-
! colspan="11"| Minister of Earth Sciences
|-
! (9)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Kapil Sibal.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kapil Sibal]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]}}
| 12 July 2006
| 22 May 2009
| '''{{ayd|12 Jul 2006|22 May 2009}}'''
| rowspan="7"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="7"| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
! 10
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Prithviraj Chavan]]''' {{small|(born 1946) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Maharashtra]]}} (MoS, I/C)
| 28 May 2009
| 10 November 2010
| '''{{ayd|28 May 2009|10 Nov 2010}}'''
| rowspan="6"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
|-
! (9)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Kapil Sibal.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kapil Sibal]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]}}
| 10 November 2010
| 19 January 2011
| '''{{ayd|10 Nov 2010|19 Jan 2011}}'''
|-
! 11
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:The Union Minister for Railways, Shri Pawan Kumar Bansal inaugurating the New Block of Civil Hospital at Manimajra, in Chandigarh on April 07, 2013.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chandigarh]]}}
| 19 January 2011
| 12 July 2011
| '''{{ayd|19 Jan 2011|12 Jul 2011}}'''
|-
! 12
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Vilasrao Deshmukh at Innovation Partnerships Event May 8, 2012.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|(1945{{ndash}}2012) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Maharashtra]]}}
| 12 July 2011
| 10 August 2012
| '''{{ayd|12 Jul 2011|10 Aug 2012}}'''
|-
! 13
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Vayalar Ravi-crop.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vayalar Ravi]]''' {{small|(born 1937) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Kerala]]}}
| 10 August 2012
| 28 October 2012
| '''{{ayd|10 Aug 2012|28 Oct 2012}}'''
|-
! 14
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Jaipal Sudini Reddy - Kolkata 2004-11-10 03212 Cropped.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jaipal Reddy|S. Jaipal Reddy]]''' {{small|(1942{{ndash}}2019) MP for [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]}}
| 28 October 2012
| 26 May 2014
| '''{{ayd|28 Oct 2012|26 May 2014}}'''
|-
! 15
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Jitendra Singh Rana.jpg|70px]]
| [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|'''Jitendra Singh''']] {{small|(born 1956) MP for [[Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Udhampur]]}} (MoS, I/C)
| 27 May 2014
| 9 November 2014
| '''{{ayd|27 May 2014|9 Nov 2014}}'''
| rowspan="6"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2"| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| rowspan="6" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="6" style="width:9em"| '''[[Narendra Modi]]'''
|-
! rowspan="2"| 16
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Harsh Vardhan in 2017.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]''' {{small|(born 1954) MP for [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]}}
| 9 November 2014
| 30 May 2019
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|9 Nov 2014|7 Jul 2021}}'''
|-
| 31 May 2019
| 7 July 2021
| rowspan="3"| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
|-
! (15)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Jitendra Singh Rana.jpg|70px]]
| [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|'''Jitendra Singh''']] {{small|(born 1956) MP for [[Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Udhampur]]}} (MoS, I/C)
| 7 July 2021
| 18 May 2023
| '''{{ayd|2021|7|7|2023|5|18}}'''
|-
! 17
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Kiren Rijiju with Modi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kiren Rijiju]]''' {{small|(born 1971) MP for [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]}}
| 18 May 2023
| 9 June 2024
| '''{{ayd|18 May 2023|9 Jun 2024}}'''
|-
! (15)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Jitendra Singh Rana.jpg|70px]]
| [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|'''Jitendra Singh''']] {{small|(born 1956) MP for [[Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Udhampur]]}} (MoS, I/C)
| 10 June 2024
| Incumbent
| '''{{ayd|10 Jun 2024}}'''
| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|-
|}

== Ministers of State ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:8em"| From
! style="width:8em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! 1
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|
| '''C. P. N. Singh''' {{small|MP for [[Padrauna Lok Sabha constituency|Padrauna]]}}
| 15 February 1982
| 2 February 1983
| '''{{ayd|15 Feb 1982|2 Feb 1983}}'''
| rowspan="5"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]'''
|-
! rowspan="3"| 2
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[File:Shivraj Patil in pensive mood at the inauguration of the one day Seminar on “The Role of Media in Bringing Parliament Closer to the People”.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="3"| '''[[Shivraj Patil]]''' {{small|(born 1935) MP for [[Latur Lok Sabha constituency|Latur]]}}
| 29 January 1983
| 31 October 1984
| rowspan="3"| '''{{ayd|29 Jan 1983|18 Oct 1986}}'''
|-
| 4 November 1984
| 31 December 1984
| [[First Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv I]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| rowspan="3"| '''[[Rajiv Gandhi]]'''
|-
| 31 December 1984
| 22 October 1986
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
|-
! 3
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Sh. Kocheril Raman Narayanan AI-enhanced portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[K. R. Narayanan]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}2005) MP for [[Ottapalam Lok Sabha constituency|Ottapalam]]}}
| 22 October 1986
| 2 December 1989
| '''{{ayd|22 Oct 1986|2 Dec 1989}}'''
|-
! colspan="11"|
|-
! 4
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[File:MGK Menon.webp|70px]]
| '''[[M. G. K. Menon]]''' {{small|(1928{{ndash}}2016) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Rajasthan]]}}
| 25 December 1989
| 10 November 1990
| '''{{ayd|25 Dec 1989|10 Nov 1990}}'''
| [[Janata Dal]]
| [[V. P. Singh ministry|Vishwanath]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| style="width:9em"| '''[[V. P. Singh|Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]'''
|-
! colspan="11"|
|-
! 5
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:P. R. Kumaramangalam Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]]''' {{small|(1952{{ndash}}2000) MP for [[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]}}
| 2 July 1992
| 2 December 1993
| '''{{ayd|2 Jul 1992|2 Dec 1993}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Rao ministry|Rao]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| rowspan="3"| '''[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]'''
|-
! colspan="7"|
|-
! 6
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Eduardo Faleiro (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Eduardo Faleiro]]''' {{small|(born 1940) MP for [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency|Mormugao]]}}
| 18 December 1993
| 16 May 1996
| '''{{ayd|18 Dec 1993|16 May 1996}}'''
|-
! colspan="11"| Minister of State for Earth Sciences
|-
! 7
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Ashwani Kumar Minister (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]]''' {{small|(born 1952) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]}}
| 19 January 2011
| 28 October 2012
| '''{{ayd|19 Jan 2011|28 Oct 2012}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| '''[[Manmohan Singh]]'''
|-
! colspan="11"|
|-
! 8
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
| [[File:Set1-3 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Y. S. Chowdary]]''' {{small|(born 1961) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Andhra Pradesh]]}}
| 9 November 2014
| 9 March 2018
| '''{{ayd|9 Nov 2014|9 Mar 2018}}'''
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|BJP}}"|
| '''[[Narendra Modi]]'''
|-
|}

==Networking==
All institutions under [[Earth system science standard|ESSO]] are connected through [[National Knowledge Network]] and its [[Common User Group]] (CUG).

==See also==
* [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://moes.gov.in/ Official '''Ministry of Earth Sciences''' website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120504231856/http://www.dod.nic.in/ Dod.nic.in: Ministry of Earth Sciences]
* [https://www.nccr.gov.in National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR)]
* [https://www.niot.res.in National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT)]
* [http://www.incois.gov.in Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)]
* [http://www.ncaor.org National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research (NCAOR)]
* [https://www.cmlre.gov.in Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology (CMLRE)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190425164632/http://www.ncmrwf.gov.in/ National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF)]
* [http://www.imd.gov.in India Meteorological Department (IMD)]
* [https://www.tropmet.res.in Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM)]

{{Union ministries of India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ministry of Earth Sciences| ]]
[[Category:Government ministries of India|Earth Sciences]]
[[Category:Science and technology ministries|India, Earth Sciences]]
[[Category:Earth sciences organizations]]
[[Category:Science and technology in India]]

Lakshmi Narasimha

2026-03-06T09:54:34Z

Shannan0997: started first stub w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Form of Hindu god Narasimha with consort Lakshmi}}
{{for|the film|Lakshmi Narasimha (film)}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Lakshmi narasimha swamy idol.jpg
| caption = Lakshmi Narasimha with Prahlada
| god_of = God of Time Goddess of Prosperity
| venerated_in = [[Vaishnavism]]
| abode = [[Vaikuntha]]
| affiliation = [[Sri Vaishnavism]]
| festivals = [[Narasimha Jayanti]]
}}
'''Lakshmi Narasimha''' ({{Langx|sa|लक्ष्मीनरसिंह|translit=Lakṣmīnarasiṃha}}) is an iconographical depiction of [[Narasimha]], the fourth [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]], with his consort [[Lakshmi]], the goddess of prosperity.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Lakshminarasimha, Lakṣmīnarasiṃha, Lakshmi-narasimha: 5 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/lakshminarasimha |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> It is one of the five iconographical forms of Narasimha, among Jvala Narasimha, [[Gandaberunda]] Narasimha, Ugra Narasimha, and Yoga Narasimha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivatsa |first=Indira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YFsEAAAQBAJ&dq=five+forms+of+narasimha&pg=PA8 |title=A TO Z INDIA - MAY 2022 |date=2022-04-24 |publisher=A TO Z INDIA |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref>

== Legend ==
{{See also|Narasimha|Hiranyakashipu}}
In an alternate iteration of the legend of Narasimha, after he slays [[Hiranyakashipu]], his fury is still unabated. The deity is enraged that his virtuous devotee, [[Prahlada]], is traumatised by the violent deeds of his own father. Despite the fact that the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] sing his praises and extol his glories, he remains unpacified. The devas proceed to pray to Lakshmi, who appears before her consort. She soothes Narasimha, assuring him that both his devotee and the world had been saved. Hearing his wife's words, the deity is pacified, and his appearance also becomes more benign.

“Seeing his own dear wife, Viṣṇu, the lord of all, gave up his anger due to the demon’s body, and in a moment became pleased. That ocean of pity, Viṣṇu, placing the goddess on his lap and embracing her, looked at the gods with eyes wet with the nectar of favour.” — [[Padma Purana]], Chapter 6.238.129–133

As a result, Lakshmi Narasimha is venerated as a representation of gentleness and peace.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sharmaao |first1=N. Raganatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8RLDAgAAQBAJ&dq=lakshmi+narasimha&pg=PP8 |title=Lakshmi |last2=Litent |date=2014-01-01 |publisher=Litent |language=en}}</ref>

== Iconography ==
Narasimha deity is always accompanied by Lakshmi Mata, seated on his lap.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mallik |first1=Anupama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SsRTDwAAQBAJ&dq=lakshmi+narasimha+lap&pg=PA183 |title=Digital Hampi: Preserving Indian Cultural Heritage |last2=Chaudhury |first2=Santanu |last3=Chandru |first3=Vijay |last4=Srinivasan |first4=Sharada |date=2018-03-31 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-5738-0 |pages=183 |language=en}}</ref> In contrast to his ''ugra'' (terrific) aspect, where his face is fierce and enraged, he appears to be pleasant in this form.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=Hosakote Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpojAAAAMAAJ&q=lakshmi+narasimha+serene |title=South-indian Images of Gods and Goddesses |date=1916 |publisher=Government Press |pages=26 |language=en}}</ref> He often carries his aspects of the [[Sudarshana Chakra]] and [[Panchajanya]], and his [[murti]] is decorated with ornaments and garlands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Knapp |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1JJCgAAQBAJ&dq=lakshmi+narasimha+form&pg=PT413 |title=Seeing Spiritual India: A Guide to Temples, Holy Sites, Festivals and Traditions |date=2008-05-29 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-61452-3 |pages=413 |language=en}}</ref>

== Symbolism ==

In the [[Thiruppavai|''Tiruppavai'']], the mythical motif of the lion is invoked in the representation of Lakshmi Narasimha. The deity is regarded to be magnanimous, the greatest of all beings ([[Purushottama]]), and his heart is symbolised by his consort, Lakshmi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Padmanabhan |first=Chenni |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63FkAAAAMAAJ&q=the+lion+is+symbolic+lakshmi+narasimha |title=Concept of Sri Andal's Tiruppavai |date=1995 |publisher=R.P. Publications |isbn=978-81-900655-0-4 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy temple, Dharmapuri Telangana - 06.jpg|thumb|Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Dharmapuri|219x219px]]

== Temples ==
*[[Ahobilam |Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Ahobilam (Lower Ahobilam)]]
*[[Ahobilam | Bhu Varaha Narasimha Swamy Temple, Ahobilam]]
*[[Ahobilam | Chenchu Lakshmi Sameta Shri Ahobila Narasimha Swamy Temple, Ahobilam]]
*[[Ahobilam | Chenchu Lakshmi Sameta Shri Pavana Narasimha Swamy Temple, Ahobilam]]
*[[Ahobilam |Maha Lakshmi Sameta Shri Malola Narasimha Swamy Temple, Ahobilam]]
* [[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Antarvedi|Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Antarvedi]]
* [[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Dharmapuri|Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Dharmapuri]]
* [[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Yadadri|Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Yadadri]]
* [[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Mangalagiri|Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Mangalagiri]]
* [[Lakshminarasimha Temple, Javagal|Lakshminarasimha temple, Javagal]]
* [[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Bhadravati|Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Bhadravati]]
* [[Lakshminarasimha Temple, Haranhalli|Lakshminarasimha temple, Haranhalli]]
* [[Lakshminarasimha Temple, Vignasante|Lakshminarasimha temple, Vignasante]]
* [[Lakshmi Narasimhar Temple, Narasinghapuram|Lakshmi Narasimhar temple, Narasinghapuram]]
* [[Lakshminarasimha Temple, Nuggehalli|Lakshminarasimha temple, Nuggehalli]]
* [[Ahobilam|Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple]], Kadiri

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
|title=
|width=200 | height=200
|align=center
|File:Lord Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy.jpg
|Lakshmi Narasimha, Bangalore
|alt2=
|File:Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy temple, Bejjanki Telangana - 01.jpg
|Lakshmi Narasimha, Bejjanki, Telangana
|alt3=
|File:Narasimha With Lakshmi.jpg |
Sculpture of Lakshmi Narasimha|alt4=
|File:Lakshmi Narsimha Vijayanagar 16th century.jpg|16th century Vijayanagara depiction|File:Lakshmi Narasimha 18th century South India.jpg| Statue of Lakshmi Narsimha cast in bronze
|File:Lakshmi Narasimha idol at the Prahlada Varada Lakshmi Narasimha Temple in Ahobilam, February 2024.jpg| Sculpture of Lakshmi Narasimha in Ahobilam, Andhra Pradesh}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Hinduism}}
{{commons category|Lakshmi Narasimha}}
* [[Lakshmi Narayan]]a
* [[Vaikuntha Kamalaja]]
* [[Radha Krishna]]

[[Category:Forms of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Forms of Lakshmi]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]

Premachi Goshta (film)

2026-03-04T09:47:30Z

Shannan0997: Creating new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Distinguish|Premachi Gosht}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Premachi Goshta
| image = Premachi Goshta.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Satish Rajwade]]
| producer = Ihita Enterprises Pvt. Ltd.<ref name=Look>{{cite news |url=http://online3.esakal.com/esakal/20121218/5455033763097936633.htm |title='लग्नाच्या गोष्टी'नंतर सतीश राजवाडे सांगणार 'प्रेमाची गोष्ट' |newspaper=[[Sakal]] |location=Mumbai |language=mr |date=18 December 2012 |access-date=22 December 2012}}</ref>
| screenplay = Chinmay Kelkar
| writer = Satish Rajwade {{small|(story)}} Chinmay Kelkar {{small|(dialogues)}}
| based_on =
| starring = [[Atul Kulkarni]] [[Sagarika Ghatge]]
| music = [[Avinash-Vishwajeet]]
| cinematography = Suhas Gujrati
| editing = Rajesh Rao
| studio = Ihita Enterprises Pvt. Ltd
| distributor = Citrus Check Inns Mirah Entertainment Pvt. Ltd
| released = {{Film date|2013|2|1|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Premachi Goshta''''' ({{translation|''Story of Love''}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Marathi cinema|Marathi-language]] film directed by [[Satish Rajwade]].<ref name=TOI>{{cite news |title=Sagarika Ghatge to make M-Town debut |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-11/news-interviews/34364804_1_m-town-debut-film-industry-regional-cinema |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126050557/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-11/news-interviews/34364804_1_m-town-debut-film-industry-regional-cinema |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=21 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 October 2012}}</ref> The film released on 1 February 2013.<ref name=Gomolo>{{cite web |title=Premachi Goshta to hit silver screen soon |url=http://www.gomolo.com/news-premachi-goshta-to-hit-silver-screen-soon/6295 |date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Gomolo |access-date=21 December 2012}}</ref> The film features [[Atul Kulkarni]] and [[Sagarika Ghatge]] in lead roles<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/14609613-premachi-goshta-marathi-movie-preview-love-story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116051145/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/14609613-premachi-goshta-marathi-movie-preview-love-story |url-status=usurped |archive-date=16 January 2013 |title="Premachi Goshta" Marathi Movie Preview: A Love Story |publisher=Washington Bangla Radio |date=8 January 2013 |access-date=21 January 2013 |location=Pune}}</ref> and [[Sulekha Talwalkar]], [[Satish Rajwade]] and [[Rohini Hattangadi]] in supporting roles.

The film marks the debut of actress [[Sagarika Ghatge]] in marathi. A dialogue in the film hints that the story could be inspired from [[A Midsummer Night's Dream]], a play by [[William Shakespeare]]. The first look promo of the film was released on 18 December 2012 in an event organized at the Citylight Cinema, [[Mahim]].<ref name=Look/>

==Plot==
The story of the film is of two strangers, Ram and Sonal, who meet at the marriage counsellor's office, start talking with each other and get to know each other. Ram is in the office trying to maintain his marriage with Ragini, who is an aspiring actress. Ram believes that she would return to him. Whereas Sonal has lost all faith in marriage and is here to get divorced from Samit.
They both meet again in very strange situation. Sonal was trying to get a job and come to Ram's office without knowing that she'll be interviewed by Ram himself.
Eventually Sonal gets a job as ram's associate. Sonal develops feelings for Ram. but Ram, the man with values, still hopes that his wife will return. After reading Ram's story about Love, Sonal suggests Ram that he should tell his story to producers because anybody would fall in Love after reading his story. He does that and eventually he gets the offer from a producer because producer likes the story very much.
Just when Ram was about to propose Sonal, her husband came into picture and Ram starts staying away from Sonal. At the same time, Ram's wife realizes her mistake of leaving Ram, comes back to his life, but Ram is now deeply in love with Sonal. They both face very difficult phase as they realize they can't confess their love due to their mutual misunderstanding. Finally, Ram's wife realize that Ram is no longer into her and he loves Sonal instead, she tells Ram to go to Sonal and confess his feelings. At the same time, Sonal realizes that her husband is good for nothing and decides to come back to Ram. After so much hustle, they both meet at the office again and confess their true feelings and here ends the tale of a simple yet beautiful love story between Ram and Sonal.

==Cast==
[[Atul Kulkarni (actor born 1965)|Atul Kulkarni]], who is the two times winner of the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] and has played various character roles, would be seen for the first time in a romantic role. Sagarika Ghatge who is known for her role of the hockey player Preeti Sabarwal in the 2007 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Chak De! India]]'' makes her debut in [[Marathi cinema]] through this film. Also the film marks comeback of [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|BAFTA Award winner]] [[Rohini Hattangadi]] in Marathi cinema after a long duration. The film is directed by Satish Rajwade whose previous Marathi film ''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai]]'' was quite successful.

* [[Atul Kulkarni]] as Ram Subramanyam<ref>{{cite news |title=Premachi Goshta review: Come fall in love, again! |newspaper=[[Sakal]] |date=3 February 2013 |author=Nalawade, Shalaka}}</ref>
* [[Sagarika Ghatge]] as Sonal
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Ram's mother
* [[Sulekha Talwalkar]] as Ragini
* [[Meera Welankar]]
* [[Ajay Purkar]] as Samit
* [[Satish Rajwade]] as Swaraj

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Premachi Goshta
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Avinash-Vishwajeet]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = January 2013
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:00
| label = Everest Talkies
| producer =
| prev_title = Dhaaghedore
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Popat (film)]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

The lyrics for the film were penned by Ashwini Shende and Vishwajeet Joshi with music and background score composed by the duo [[Avinash-Vishwajeet]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Premachi-Goshta-to-hit-silver-screen-soon/etarticleshow/17753786.cms |title=Premachi Goshta to hit silver screen soon |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=25 December 2012 |accessdate=27 March 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"

! No. !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
| 1 || "Olya Sanjveli" (Duet) || [[Bela Shende]], Swapnil Bandodkar || 5:19
|-
| 2 || "Olya Sanjveli" (Unplugged) || Ashish Sharma || 4:32
|-
| 3 || "Haravto Sukhacha" || [[Bela Shende]], [[Hrishikesh Ranade]] & [[Kailash Kher]] || 5:49
|}

==Promotion and reception==
The film was promoted by the lead actors in a unique way, by organizing a kite festival on 14 January 2013, the day of [[Makar Sankranti]]. More than 1500 kites were flown, which had film's name on them.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-17/news-interviews/36394956_1_marathi-film-satish-rajwade-goshta-s |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035115/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-17/news-interviews/36394956_1_marathi-film-satish-rajwade-goshta-s |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Premachi Goshta's unique promotion |date=17 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=12 February 2013}}</ref> Although the film has a clichéd love-story plot, the film has been appreciated for putting forth "love beyond relationship".

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2878406|Premachi Goshta}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Satish Rajwade]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]

Chekavar (film)

2026-03-03T20:46:16Z

Shannan0997: small fix

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{About||the Hindu Thiyya Caste surname Malabar|Chekavar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chekavar
| image = Chekavar.in-wall_11.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = Sajeevan
| producer = Pentagon Creations
| writer = Sajeevan
| starring = [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] [[Kalabhavan Mani]] [[Samvrutha Sunil]] [[Sreejith Ravi]]
| music = [[Rahul Raj]]
| cinematography = [[Sujith Vaassudev]]
| editing = Samjith Mohammed
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|10|08}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Chekavar''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller]] film written and directed by Sajeevan. It stars [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Samvrutha Sunil]], [[Sarayu (Actress)|Sarayu]] and [[Sreejith Ravi]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://calcuttatube.com/chekavar-2010-malayalam-movie-to-star-indrajith/63888/ |title=Chekavar 2010 Malayalam Movie to star Indrajith | CalcuttaTube |accessdate=2010-05-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503202659/http://calcuttatube.com/chekavar-2010-malayalam-movie-to-star-indrajith/63888/ |archivedate=3 May 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/54598.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222050900/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/54598.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2010|title=Malayalam Cinema News | Malayalam Movie Reviews | Malayalam Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Malayalam}}</ref> [[Rahul Raj (composer)|Rahul Raj]] composed the film's music with lyrics written by [[Anil Panachooran]]. The film was released on 8 October 2010. [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] plays the role of a police officer while [[Kalabhavan Mani]] plays an underworld don. The story progresses as both of them fight each other for their siblings.

==Plot==
[[Circle Inspector|CI]] Kasinathan, leads a happy life with his family in his hometown. His life takes a turn when he meets a reformed underworld don Raghavan after his punishment transfer to [[Kochi]] to a police station. He rescues his younger sister Gauri from Raghavan's younger brother Rocky, a dreaded and terrorising criminal who wants to marry Gowri, as an act of revenge for beating him and his friends when they were molesting the daughter of a constable in his station after he is released from jail. Raghavan approaches Kasinathan with a proposal to marry off Gowri to Rocky, which can reform Rocky in the same way as Raghavan, but Kasinathan objects strongly. But Raghavan is unaware of Rocky's true intentions with the marriage.

==Cast==
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Kasinathan
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as "[[Eagle|Garudan]]" Raghavan
* [[Sreejith Ravi]] as "[[Udumbu]]" Rocky
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Bahuleyan
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Gunashekaran
* [[Samvrutha Sunil]] as Jyothi
* [[Sarayu (Actress)|Sarayu]] as Gauri
* [[Kalashala Babu]] as Shekarankutty
* [[Subair]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]] Menon
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as P.M Vasudhevan
* [[Ajith Kollam]] as Musthafa
* Saju Kodiyan as Sundaran, Party Member
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Madhavan
* [[Lakshmi Priya]] as Indu

==Production==
A customary pooja was held in February 2010, and the shooting began in [[Kerala]] at the end of February 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indrajith teams up with Kalabhavan Mani in Chekavar |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/indrajith-teams-up-with-kalabhavan-mani-in-chekavar/29922/story.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221034505/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/indrajith-teams-up-with-kalabhavan-mani-in-chekavar/29922/story.htm |archive-date=21 February 2010 |access-date=17 May 2010}}</ref>
==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Chekavar
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Rahul Raj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 22 July 2010
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Tune 4 Records
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Ritu (2009 film)|Ritu]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = [[Oh My Friend]]
| next_year = 2011
}}
The original music and background score of the film are composed, arranged, programmed, and produced by [[Rahul Raj]], and the lyrics are penned by [[Anil Panachooran]]. The audio rights were bought by a Bangalore-based music label, Tune4 Music, marking their entry into Malayalam Film Industry. The audio was launched on 19 August in a function held at The Wyte Fort Hotel, Cochin, in the presence of actor [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]]. The audio recorded excellent sales on the first day and has received generally positive reviews from both critics and Rahul Raj fans. The audio contains a total of thirteen tracks, out of which three are songs, and the rest are extracts from the background score of the film. This is the first time in the Malayalam industry, extracts from the score are being released as a motion picture soundtrack.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| title1 = Poonchillayil | extra1 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title2 = Poril Theyyaram | extra2 = Indrajith, Ragged Skull
| title3 = 24 Hours | extra3 = [[Rahul Raj]]
| title4 = Gauri: The Village Girl | extra4 = Rahul Raj, Gayatri Suresh, Josy
| title5 = Heart of God | extra5 = Rahul Raj, Chorus
| title6 = In Search of Love | extra6 = Rahul Raj, Sangeetha Prabhu, Kamalakar, Josy
| title7 = Metal Pooram | extra7 = Rahul Raj, Ragged Skull
| title8 = The Final Invasion | extra8 = Rahul Raj, Chorus
| title9 = Love | extra9 = Rahul Raj, Josy
| title10 = Helpless | extra10 = Rahul Raj, Josy
| title11 = Forces of the Dark | extra11 = Rahul Raj
| title12 = Poonchillayil | note12 = Karaoke
| title13 = Poril Theyyaram | note13 = Karaoke
}}
==See also==
*[[Chekavar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDB title|1753578}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chekavar (Film)}}
[[Category:2010 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rahul Raj]]
[[Category:2010 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]

Alludu Pattina Bharatam

2026-03-03T19:03:21Z

Shannan0997: updated details

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=November 2015}}
{{No plot|date=July 2020}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image =
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[K. Vishwanath]]
| producer = [[D. V. S. Raju]]
| writer = [[Jandhyala]]
| starring = [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavita]] and [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor = D. V. S. Productions
| released = {{film date|1980|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Alludu Pattina Bharatam''''' is a 1980 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[K. Viswanath]] and produced by D. V. S. Raju under D. V. S. Productions. The film stars [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavita]] and [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]]. The music was composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]].
The dialogues were written by [[Jandhyala]]. The lyrics were written by [[C. Narayana Reddy]] and [[Veturi]].
== Plot ==
==Cast==
* [[Krishnam Raju]] as Mutyalu
* [[Jayasudha]] as Rekha<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994384487/Why-Viswanath-didnt-make-a-good-film-with-Jayasudha | title=Why Viswanath didn t make a good film with Jayasudha }}</ref>
* [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavita]] as Radha
* [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]]
* [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Ramakrishna, lecturer
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Venkumamba aka Mamba
* [[B. Padmanabham|Padmanabham]] as Cedric Anthony De'Costa, Mamba's servant
* [[Allu Rama Lingaiah]] as Simhachalam
* [[P. L. Narayana]] as Dasu, Mamba's assistant
* [[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as lecturer
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]

== Soundtrack ==

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list<ref name = "Alludu Pattina Bharatham Songs">{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/52fJGhDa0HXUC9xdlnZSNV | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Alludu Pattina Bharatham | accessdate = 16 February 2021}}</ref>
| all_music = [[K. Chakravarthy]]<ref name = "Alludu Pattina Bharatham Songs" />
| total_length = 16:27
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Chukkalenno
| lyrics1 = [[C. Narayana Reddy]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 4:25

| title2 = Garam Garam
| lyrics2 = C. Narayana Reddy
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length2 = 3:39

| title3 = Palikenu Nalo
| lyrics3 = [[Veturi]]
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| length3 = 4:26

| title4 = Pantamelane
| lyrics4 = Veturi
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 3:54

| title5 = Anjana chandan
| lyrics5 = Dasam Gopal Krishna
| extra5 = [[S.P. Sailaja]]
| length5 = 3.50
}}

== Reception ==
{{empty section|date=April 2020}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0349083}}

{{Kasinathuni Viswanath}}
{{Jandhyala}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Viswanath]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:1980 drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language drama films]]

{{1980s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Blood and Black

2026-03-03T02:41:27Z

Shannan0997: Adding the details and citations

{{short description|Indian horror thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Blood and Black
| image = Blood and Black.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Guru Karthikeyan
| writer = Guru Karthikeyan
| producer = Hari Krishnan Vasudevan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Sugi Vijay
*Yanni Jackson
*Sharmi
}}
| cinematography = Mohan Chandra
| editing = Santhosh Kumar
| music = Hari Dass
| studio = Blue Whale Entertainments
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2024|12|06|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}'''''Blood and Black''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[horror thriller film]] written and directed by Guru Karthikeyan. The film stars Sugi Vijay and Yanni Jackson. The film was produced by Hari Krishnan Vasudevan under the banner of Blue whale entertainments.

''Blood and Black'' was released in theatres on 6 December 2024.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== Cast ==

* Sugi Vijay
* Yanni Jackson
* Sharmi
* Kishore Ram
* Karthick Sanjay

== Production ==
The film was produced by Hari Krishnan Vasudevan under the banner of Blue Whale Entertainments. The cinematography was done by Mohan Chandra while editing was handled by Santhosh Kumar and music composed by Hari Dass.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-02 |title=Blood and Black |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/blood-and-black/articleshow/113876843.cms |access-date=2024-11-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Blood and Black'' was released in theatres on 6 December 2024.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' wrote a positive review for the film.{{clarification needed|date=January 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=பிளட் அண்ட் பிளாக் |url=https://epaper.dailythanthi.com/Home/ShareArticle?OrgId=912fedb866b&imageview=0 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=epaper.dailythanthi.com}}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20241209204823/https://ibb.co/MfGYW3w Article title]}}</ref> A ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic rated ''Blood and Black'' 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "even though it is a Tamil film, the story and dialogues are in English in many scenes".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maalaimalar |date=2024-12-06 |title=ப்ளட் அண்ட் பிளாக் திரைவிமர்சனம் {{!}} Blood and Black Review in Tamil |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/blood-and-black-160821 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt30576854}}

[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Yelahanka inscriptions and hero stones

2026-02-28T10:08:47Z

Shannan0997: new the stub initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Coord|13.102714|N|77.593775|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
[[File:YelahankaKere.jpg|thumb|326x326px|A view of Yelahanka Lake. Picture courtesy: [[commons:File:YelahankaKere.jpg|Wikimedia Commons]] ]]
[[Yelahanka]] is a locality in North [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]. The historical administrative unit, '''Yelahanka Naadu''', is mentioned variously in inscriptions as ''Ilaipakka'', ''Elava'', and ''Yelavaka'', all corresponding to Yelahanka. The settlement had been in existence prior to the 12th century. During the Chola rule, the region was referred to as ''Ilaipakka Naadu'' in Tamil. An inscription dated 1267 CE, discovered in [[Doddaballapura|Doddaballapur]], mentions Dechi Devarasa ruling the region with Yelahanka as his capital under the aegis of the [[Hoysala]] monarch [[Narasimha III#:~:text=Narasimha III (r.,ruler of the Hoysala Empire.&text=During his reign, an internal,attacked the Hoysala capital Dwarasamudra.|Narasimha III]]. Later, during the Hoysala period, the city came to be known as ''Elavanka'', which gradually evolved into Yelahanka.<ref>Shaasana Parishodhane by Dr M.G. Manjunaatha, Dept. of Kannada, Mysuru Univ.</ref>

T. V. Annaswamy, in his book ''Bengaluru to Bangalore'', suggests that the name Yelahanka is derived from the word ''Valipakka'', meaning "along the highway".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/the-origins-of-bengaluru-city-is-closely-linked-to-yelahanka/articleshow/53204643.cms?from=mdr|title=The origins of Bengaluru city is closely linked to Yelahanka|first=Divya|last=Shekhar|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=14 July 2016}}</ref> Yelahanka also holds historical importance as it was the seat of power of the feudal chiefs of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Karnataka Empire]], known as the Yelahanka Mahanaadaprabhus, to whom [[Kempe Gowda I|Kempegowda]] belonged. It is believed that Hiriya Kempegowda built a fort in the locality; however, the only surviving reference today is toponymic, in the form of a road named ''Kote Beedi'' (meaning "fort road" in Kannada).

The suffix ''naadu'' referred to a historical administrative unit, with states divided into ''naadu'', which were further subdivided into ''seeme''. Present-day Yelahanka houses four [[Kannada Script|Kannada]] inscriptions, which have been documented in Volume 9 of [[Epigraphia Carnatica|''Epigraphia Caranatica'']] and in the ''Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society''.

== [[Yelahanka]] 1410 CE Macherusha Setti [[Deep Jyoti Stambha|Deepamaale]] Kamba inscription ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Yelahanka 1410 CE Macherusha Setti Venugopalaswamy Deepamale Kamba inscription
| image = Digital Image of the Yelahanka 1410CE Macherusha Setti Venugopalaswamy Deepamale Kamba Inscription.png
| image_size = 250
| image_caption = Digital image of the Yelahanka 1410 CE Macherusha Setti Venugopalaswamy Deepamale Kamba inscription
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|96|cm|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|96|cm|abbr=on}}
| writing = Kannada
| discovered_date = 1902
| discovered_by = B L Rice
| location = {{coord|13.102714|77.593775}}
| language = Kannada
| created = {{start date and age|df=yes|1410|9|11|p=yes|br=yes}}
| website = https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=115066
}}

The inscription, dated 1410 CE, records the donation of a [[Deep Jyoti Stambha|''Deepamale'']] pillar by Macherusha Setti, son of Bommana Setti, during the reign of King [[Deva Raya I|Devaraya]] of the Vijayanagara Empire (also referred to as the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Karnataka Empire]]). A ''Deepamale'' is a stone pillar usually erected in front of Hindu temples, fitted with multiple lamp niches, and used for lighting lamps during festivals and special occasions.

The inscription identifies Bommana Setti as ''Dashagana Bommana Setti''. The term ''Dashagana'' is a compound word, with ''dasha'' meaning "ten" and ''gana'' referring to a traditional oil extraction unit, suggesting that he may have owned ten such units. The surname ''Setti'' (also rendered ''Shetty'') was historically associated with mercantile and trading communities in [[South India]] and continues to be used today among groups such as the [[Komati (caste)|Komatis]], [[Nagarathar]]s, and other traditional trading communities.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/udayakumarp.l/docs/stoneinscriptionsofbangalore|title=StoneInscriptionsOfBangalore by Udaya Kumar P.L - Issuu|date=20 August 2017|website=issuu.com}}</ref>

=== Physical characteristics ===

=== Transliterations of the inscription ===
The inscription was documented in [[Epigraphia Carnatica|''Epigraphia Caranatica'']], and later reinterpreted by the Mythic Society.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n70/mode/1up | title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore | date=1894 | publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press }}</ref>

Digital images of the inscription, individual characters, transliterations, and related information have been made available through the Akshara Bhandara software.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಕನ್ನಡ ಅಕ್ಷರ ಭಂಡಾರ |url=https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=115066 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=mythicsociety.github.io}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿಶ್ರೀ ಶಕವರ್ಷ ಸಾವಿಱದ ಮೂನೂಱ ಮೂವತಮೂಱನೆ
|svastiśrī śakavarṣa sāviṟada mūnūṟa mūvatamūṟanĕ
|-
|2
|ವಿಕ್ರುತ ಸಂವದರದ ಬಾದ್ರಪದ ಶುದ್ಧ ತ್ರಯೋದಶೆಯೂ ಗು
|vikruta saṃvadarada bādrapada śuddha trayodaśĕyū gu
|-
|3
|ರುವಾರದಲು ರಾಜಧಿರಾಜ ರಾಜಪರಮೇಶ್ವರ ಶ್ರೀ
|ruvāradalu rājadhirāja rājaparameśvara śri
|-
|4
|ವೀರದೇವರಾಯ ಒಡೆಯರು ಸಕಲ ಸಾಂಬ್ರಾಜ್ಯವ
|vīradevarāya ŏḍĕyaru sakala sāṃbrājyava
|-
|5
|ನಾಳುವ ಕಾಲದಲು ಬೊಂಮಂಣ ಅಯ್ಯಗಳ
|nāluva kāladalu bŏṃmaṃṇa ayyagal ̤ a
|-
|6
|ಧಂರ್ಮ್ಮ ದಶಗಾಣದ ಬೊಮಂಣ್ನಸೆಟ್ಟಿಯ ಮಗ ಮಾಚೆರೂ
|dhaṃrmma daśagāṇada bŏmaṃṇnasĕṭṭiya maga mācĕrū
|-
|7
|ಶ ಸೆಟ್ಟಿಯರು ಮಾಡಿಸಿದ ದೀಪಮಾಲೆಯ ಕಂಭಕ್ಕೆ ಮಂಗಳ ಮಹಾಶ್ರೀ
|śa sĕṭṭiyaru māḍisida dīpamālĕya kaṃbhakkĕ maṃgala mahāśrī
|}

== [[Yelahanka]] 1440 CE Hanumanta Devara Garudakamba inscription ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Yelahanka 1440 CE Hanumanta Devara Garudakamba inscription
| image = Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Yelahanka 1440CE Hanumanta Devara Garudakamba Inscription 1.png
| image_size = 150
| image_caption = Digital image obtained by 3D scanning of the Yelahanka 1440 CE Hanumanta Devara Garudakamba inscription
| image2 = Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Yelahanka 1440CE Hanumanta Devara Garudakamba Inscription 2.png
| image2_size = 150
| image2_caption = Digital image obtained by 3D scanning of the Yelahanka 1440 CE Hanumanta Devara Garudakamba inscription
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|38|cm|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|114|cm|abbr=on}}
| writing = Kannada
| created = 1440CE
| discovered_date = 2022
| discovered_by = The Mythic Society-Bengaluru Inscription 3D Digital Conservation Project
| location = {{coord|13.102714|77.593775}}
| language = Knnada
}}

The inscription, dated to 1440 CE, records the construction of a ''Garudakamba'' (pillar) for a Hanumantha temple by a merchant (''setti''). A ''Garudakamba'' is a type of pillar often installed in front of temples, dedicated to [[Garuda]] or used as a ritual marker, and frequently associated with [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] temple architecture. The record also mentions the reign of King [[Deva Raya I|Devaraya]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (also known as the Karnataka Empire).

Much of the text has been effaced, making parts of the record unreadable. The inscription makes reference to [[Shivanasamudra Falls|Shivanasamudra]], which some scholars interpret as an allusion to present-day [[Hesaraghatta Lake|Hesaraghatta]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.karnataka.com/bangalore/kannada-inscriptions-of-bangalore/|title=Kannada Inscriptions of Bangalore - Tracing History One Stone At A Time|date=28 May 2018|website=Karnataka.com}}</ref> It is interesting to note that inscription refers to a Hanumantha temple and the temple today is known as a Sri Venugopala Swamy temple.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/qjms-vol-113-2-2022-43-undocumented-bengaluru-inscriptions/page/160/mode/1up | title=Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (QJMS) VOl 113 2 2022 43 Undocumented Bengaluru Inscriptions | date=April 2022 }}</ref> It is also of note that while the inscription refers to a Hanumantha temple, the site is presently associated with the Sri Venugopala Swamy Temple.

=== Physical characteristics ===
The first side of the inscription measures 38 cm in height and 114 cm in width, while the second side measures 39 cm in height and 96 cm in width. The Kannada characters are approximately 4.2 cm tall, 4.3 cm wide, and 0.15 cm deep.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

=== Transliterations of the inscription ===
The inscription was first documented and published in the ''Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society''.<ref name="auto"/>
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
! colspan="3" |One Side
|-
|1
|ಸ್ವಸ್ತಶ್ರೀ ಸಕವ . . .1303(?). ನೆಯ ರೌದ್ರಿ ಸಂವತ್ಸರದ ಪ್ರಥ. . .(ಮ?)
|svastasri sakava . . 1303(?) . néya raudri samvatsarada pratha .(ma?)
|-
|2
|. . . . . . ಶ್ರೀಮನ್ ಮಹಾರಾಜಾಧಿರಾಜ ರಾಜ. . . . . .
|. . . . . .sriman maharajadhiraja raja. . . . .
|-
|3
|. . . . . . . . . . ವರು. . . . . . . ಜದಿ(ಧಿ)
|. . . . . . .varu . . . . jadi(dhi)
|-
|4
|. . . .. . . . ಶ್ರೀವೀರ ಪ್ರತಾಪ ದೇವರಾಯ ಮಹಾರಾಯ. . . . .
|. . . . . .srivira pratapa devaraya maharaya. . . . . .
|-
|5
|. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
|. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
|-
|6
|. . . . . . . . . . . ಹಿ(?)ರಿಯಕೆ. . . . . . . ..
|. . . . . . . . . . . hi(?)riyake . . . . . . . ..
|-
! colspan="3" |Second Side
|-
|7
|. . . . .ದಿನಾಶಿವನಸಮುದ್ರದ. . . . . ರ. ಹ(?). . . . . .
|. . . . . .dinasivanasamudrada. . . . . ra.ha(?). . . . . .
|-
|8
|ಯ ಸೆಟ್ಟಿಯ ಮಗ . . . .ಸೆಟ್ಟಿ
|ya settiya maga . . . .setti
|-
|9
|. . . . . .ಶ್ರೀ ಹನುಮಂತ ದೇವರ . . . . . .
|. . . . . .Srl hanumamta devara. . . . . .
|-
|10
|. . . . . . . . . . .ಥ (ದ?). . . . . . .
|. . . . . . . . . . .tha(da?). . . . . . .
|-
|11
|ಕಂಬ ಈ ಕಂಬವನು ಮಾಡಿದ. . . . . . . .
|kamba yi kambavanu madida. . . . . . . .
|-
|12
|. . . . . . . . . . . .ಮಂಗಳ ಮಹಾಶ್ರೀ ಶ್ರೀ ಶ್ರೀ
|. . . . . . . . . . . .mamgala mahasri Sri Sri
|}

== [[Yelahanka]] 14th Century CE Tamil inscription ==
The Yelahanka 14th century CE inscription is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] epigraph written in [[Grantha script|Grantha]] characters. As much of the text published is incomplete, the full meaning of the inscription cannot be determined. The present physical status of the inscription is not known. It was first documented in Volume 9 of [[Epigraphia Carnatica|''Epigraphia Caranatica'']].<ref name="auto1"/>

=== Transliterations of the inscription ===
The transliteration of the text, as published in ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]'', reads:

"svasti srimanu. . . . .mandalesvaran. . . . .na. . . . .malla na, vara. . .. n ana Tamma parkattikku-ppari. . . . . detta. . . . lavena kana. . .kandi maran man-tetti. . . Sohakiruti-sammasa. . . . . .ttu S'ittirai-mada nal. . . . . i-kkallu-nati … . .Velandatti udamai"

=== Translation ===
The translation, as published in ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]'', reads:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n312/mode/1up | title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore | date=1894 | publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press }}</ref>

"While the (maha) mandalesvara, (Tribhu)vanamalla (on the date specified) set up this stone."

== [[Yelahanka]] 1800 CE Kanteerava Arasa's [[Garuda]] Kambha inscription ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Yelahanka 1800 CE Kanteerava Arasa's Garuda Kambha inscription
| image = Digital Image of the Yelahanka 1800CE Kanteerava Arasa's Garuda Kambha Inscription.png
| image_size = 150
| image_caption = Digital image of the Yelahanka 1800 CE Kanteerava Arasa's Garuda Kambha inscription
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|33|cm|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|40|cm|abbr=on}}
| created = 1800CE
| discovered_date = 1902
| discovered_by = B L Rice
| location = {{coord|13.102714|77.593775}}
| language = Kannada
| website = https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=115136
}}

The inscription, dated to 1800 CE, records the donation of a ''Garuda Kambha'' (pillar) by Kanteerava Arasa, son of [[Kikkeri]] Kemparajaiya. Garuda Kambhas are stone pillars erected in front of Vishnu temples, often featuring [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] sculptures. In Puranic mythology, [[Garuda]] (the Brahminy kite) is considered the vehicle of Lord [[Vishnu]]. The place mentioned in the inscription, Kikkeri, corresponds to the present-day village in Krishnarajapete Taluk of [[Mandya]] District.

The inscription is documented in ''Epigraphia Carnatica'', Volume 9, as Bengaluru Inscription Number 17.<ref name="auto2" />

=== Physical characteristics ===
The inscription measures 38 cm in height and 113 cm in width. The [[Kannada script|Kannada]] characters are approximately 4.2 cm tall, 4.3 cm wide, and 0.15 cm deep.

=== Transliterations of the inscription ===
The transliteration was published in the ''Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society''.<ref name="auto"/>

Digital images of the inscription, individual characters, summaries, and related information have been made available through the Akshara Bhandara software.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಕನ್ನಡ ಅಕ್ಷರ ಭಂಡಾರ |url=https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=115136 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=mythicsociety.github.io}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|ಪರಾಭವ ಸಂವ
|parābhava saṃva
|-
|2
|ತ್ಸರದ ಆಸ್ವಿಜ ಶು ೧೦
|tsarada āsvija śu 10
|-
|3
|ಕಿಕೇರಿ ಕೆಂಪರಾಜೈನ
|kikeri kĕṃparājaina
|-
|4
|ವರ ಮಗ ಕಂಠೀರ
|vara maga kaṃṭhīra
|-
|5
|ವರಸನವರ ಸಾವೆ
|varasanavara sāvĕ
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="nolines" widths="230" heights="280">
File:Yelahanka Venugopala swamy temple Garudakamba 5.jpg|Yelahanka Venugopala swamy temple Garudakamba
File:3D Scanning of The Yelahanka 1440CE Hanumanta Devara Garudakamba Inscription 6.jpg|3D scanning of the Yelahanka 1440 CE Hanumanta Devara Garudakamba inscription
File:3D Scanning of The Yelahanka 1440CE Hanumanta Devara Garudakamba Inscription 7.jpg|3D scanning of the Yelahanka 1440 CE Hanumanta Devara Garudakamba inscription
File:A Herostone at Yelahanka.jpg|A Veeramasti memorial stone dating between 9–10th Century
File:Yelahanka 1410CE Macherusha Setti Venugopalaswamy Deepamale Kamba Inscription.jpg|Yelahanka 1410 CE Macherusha Setti Venugopalaswamy Deepamale Kamba inscription
File:Herostones at Yelahanka.jpg|Hero stones at Yelahanka dating between 9–10th Century
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Inscription stones of Bengaluru]]

Uttaradi Math

2026-02-28T09:54:10Z

Shannan0997: new info

{{Short description|Hindu monastery}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Sri Uttaradi Math
| image = Sri Uttaradi Math Building Night View, Bangalore.jpg
| caption = Sri Uttaradi Matha building, [[Bangalore]], [[India]]
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| founder = [[Madhvacharya]]
| location =
| coordinates =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 = Present Peetadhipati
| leader_name2 = [[Satyatma Tirtha]]
| website = https://uttaradimath.org/
}}

[[File:Shri Digvijaya Rama, Shri Moola Rama (Center), Shri Moola Sita Devi at Shri Uttaradi Math.jpg|thumb|right|Shri Digvijaya Rama, Shri Moola Rama, Shri Moola Sita deities at Shri Uttaradi Math.]]
[[File:Samsthana Pooja Vaibhava of Shri Uttaradi Matha.jpg|thumb|right|Samsthana Pooja Vaibhava of Shri Uttaradi Matha.]]
{{Hinduism}}
{{Dvaita}}
'''Sri Uttaradi Math''' (also written as '''Uttaradi Matha''' or '''Uttaradi Mutt''') ([[IAST]]:''Śrī Uttarādi Maṭha'') (also known as '''Uttaradi Pitha'''), is one of the main monasteries (matha) founded by [[Madhvacharya]] with [[Padmanabha Tirtha]] as its head to preserve and propagate [[Dvaita Vedanta]] ([[Tattvavada]]) outside [[Tulunadu]] region.<ref name="The Society Mythic Society">{{cite book|title=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (Bangalore)., Volume 83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JPxtAAAAMAAJ|publisher=The Society (Mythic Society)|year=1992|page=133|quote=In addition to the eight Mathas at Udupi, Acharya Madhwa had also founded the Uttaradi Matha with Padmanabha and Jayateertha being its Peethadhipatis in succession.}}</ref><ref name="Chittaranjan Karnataka Gazetteer">{{cite book|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Dharwad District (including Gadag and Haveri Districts)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5RPAQAAMAAJ|page=123|publisher=Office of the Chief Editor, Karnataka Gazetteer|author=H. Chittaranjan|year=1993|quote=Saint Padmanabha Tirtha was given deeksha by Madhvacharya himself to spread the Dwaita school of thought in northern Karnataka region. Since the Swamiji spread the Dwaita philosophy in the northern parts of Karnataka, the Mutt established there gained the name Uttaradi Mutt.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Famous Indian Sages, Their Immortal Messages, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKnXAAAAMAAJ|page=340|author=Vivek Ranjan Bhattacharya|publisher=Sagar Publications|year=1982|quote=Madhvacharya was the historical founder and the supreme head of the Uttaradimath - the fountain head of the Dwaita philosophy.}}</ref> Uttaradi Math is one of the three primary [[Dvaita Vedanta|Dvaita]] monasteries or ''Mathatraya'' that descended from Madhvacharya in the lineage of [[Padmanabha Tirtha]] through [[Jayatirtha]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=199}}<ref name="Rosen-p132" />{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=193}} After [[Jayatirtha]] and [[Vidyadhiraja Tirtha]], Uttaradi Matha continued in the lineage of [[Kavindra Tirtha]] (a disciple of Vidyadhiraja Tirtha) and later in the lineage of Vidyanidhi Tirtha (a disciple of Ramachandra Tirtha).<ref name="Sterling Sarojini"/>{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=491}} The Moola Rama and Moola Sita [[Murti|deities]] worshipped in the Uttaradi Matha have a long history and are revered among adherents.

Uttaradi Math is an important institution among the [[Madhvas]] and also respected among the Vaishnavas and the other [[Hindu]]s.<ref name="Ravishankar-pg211">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sC9uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA211|title=Sons of Sarasvati: Late Exemplars of the Indian Intellectual Tradition|author=Chinya V. Ravishankar|publisher=SUNY Press|access-date=1 September 2018|page=211|isbn=9781438471839|date=September 2018}}</ref> Most of the [[Deshastha Madhva Brahmin]]s and majority of Madhvas outside [[Tulu Nadu]] region are followers of this matha.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=541}}<ref name="Oxford Dalmia 2009 page161">{{cite book|title=The Oxford India Hinduism Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQBPAQAAIAAJ|author1=[[Vasudha Dalmia]]|author2=[[Heinrich von Stietencron]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|page=161|quote=Uttarādimatha, the largest single matha, to which most of the Mādhvas in Maharashtra and in eastern and northern Karnataka adhere.|isbn=9780198062462}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Dalmia 2009 page161to162"/><ref name="Charisma Dalmia 2001 page122"/> Uttaradi Matha has followers across [[Karnataka]] {{small|(outside Tulunadu region)}}, [[Maharashtra]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Bihar]] (especially [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]) regions.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=541}}{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=532}}<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/city-plays-host-to-uttaradi-pontiffs-religious-rite/articleshow/3442156.cms|title=City plays host to Uttaradi pontiff's religious rite|publisher=Times of India|date=4 September 2008}}</ref>

The Uttaradi Matha is one of the major Hindu monastic institutions that has historically coordinated monastic activities through satellite institutions in [[India]], preserved Sanskrit literature and pursued [[Dvaita|Dvaita studies]]. The Uttaradi Matha has been a library and a source of historic Sanskrit manuscripts.<ref>{{cite book|title=Library movement and library development in Karnataka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-slLAQAAIAAJ|page=102|author=P. Sesha Giri Kumar|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation|year=2008|isbn = 9788176465939}}</ref> Along with other Hindu monasteries, this matha has been active in preserving the Vedas, sponsoring students and recitals, Sanskrit scholarship, and celebrating the annual Madhva Jayanti. The current ''[[peetadhipathi|pithadhipati]]'' or the acharya holding the pontifical seat is [[Satyatma Tirtha]], the 42nd Jagadguru in the spiritual succession of pontiffs of this matha.{{Sfn|Naqvī|Rao|2005|p=774}}<ref name="Rosen-p132">{{cite book|title=Vaisnavism|author=Steven Rosen|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|date=30 November 1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IrQkw5x2o4C&pg=PA132|page=132|isbn=9788120812352}}</ref>

==Etymology==
According to tradition, "Uttarādi" (Sanskrit: उत्तरादि) refers to "[[Lord Vishnu|Vishnu]] who lifts us from the cycle of [[Saṃsāra]]" and "Matha" (Sanskrit: मठ) refers to "cloister, institute" or temple for spiritual studies.<ref>{{cite book|author=Monier Monier-Williams|title=A Sanskrit–English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA730|year=1923|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=730}}</ref> It is the 494th name of Vishnu in ''[[Vishnu Sahasranama]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shri Vishnu Sahasranama: In Sanskrit with Phonetics and Brief English Translation Explaining Its Grandeur and Procedural Rituals Etc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1gpAAAAYAAJ|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|year=1998}}</ref>

Historian [[C. Hayavadana Rao]] says, "The Uttarādi Mutt ( i.e., the original North Mutt as it was first presided over by men drawn from the North or Uttara Desa ) is the prime pontifical seat of Madhvācharya".<ref>{{cite book|title=Mysore Gazetteer: Descriptive|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ScKAQAAIAAJ|author=Conjeeveram Hayavadana Rao|publisher=the Government Press|year=1927|page=321|quote=The Uttarādi Mutt ( i.e., the original North Mutt because it was first presided over by men drawn from the North or Uttara Desa ) is the prime pontifical seat of Madhvācharya.}}</ref> Author H. Chittaranjan says, "Saint [[Padmanabha Tirtha]] was given Deeksha by [[Madhvacharya]] himself to spread the Dvaita [[Dvaita|school of thought]] in northern Karnataka region. Since the Swamiji spread the Dvaita philosophy in the northern parts of Karnataka, the Mutt established there gained the name Uttaradi Mutt".<ref name="Chittaranjan Karnataka Gazetteer" /> Sharma opines that, "The Uttaradi Mutt has a territorial designation as its Pontificate has been occupied by Uttara-Karnatakas or Uttaradi-Karnatakas".{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=198}}

As per traditional accounts, Uttaradi Matha was the main matha that descended from Madhvacharya through [[Padmanabha Tirtha]], [[Narahari Tirtha]], [[Madhava Tirtha]], [[Akshobya Tirtha]], [[Jayatirtha]], [[Vidyadhiraja Tirtha]], and [[Kavindra Tirtha]], hence this matha is also known as "Adi Matha" or "Moola Matha" or "Moola Samsthana" or "Moola Maha Samsthana of Sri Madhvacharya" or "Padmanabha Tirtha Matha". Uttaradi Matha was also once used to be called "Sri Satyabodha Swamy Matha" after its famous peetadipathi and saint [[Satyabodha Tirtha]] of [[Savanur]].{{Sfn|Glasenapp|1992|p=40}}

==History==
During the time's of Satyaprajna Tirtha there was a continuous conflict between the followers of [[Dvaita]] and [[Advaita]] Vedantas. According to Manimanjari and [[Sri MadhwaVijaya|Madhva Vijaya]], [[Ananda Tirtha]] was born as an incarnation of [[Vayu]] (the Wind God) to give correct interpretation of [[Vedanta]] and challenge the doctrine of [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]], who taught [[Advaita]] Vedanta in which the individual souls or [[jiva]]s were considered same as [[Brahman]]. Some Shankara's followers who were egoistic, destroyed the [[Matha|monasteries]] of their opponents and indulged in a sinful acts. The teacher Satyaprajna Tirtha was also killed, his disciple and successor Prajna Tirtha was converted to faith of [[Advaita]] by force.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZJdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|title=A Prehistory of Hinduism|page=54|author=ManuV. Devadevan|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|access-date=10 October 2016|isbn=9783110517378|date=10 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Religious Traditions, Volumes 15-20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbclAQAAIAAJ|author=Garry Trumpf|publisher=School of studies in religion, University of Sydney|year=1992|page=148}}</ref> However, the disciples of Satya-prajna Tirtha and Prajna Tirtha remained secretly attached to true Vedanta and continued to practice their doctrine secretly. Achyuta Preksha Tirtha, the teacher of [[Madhvacharya]] was of this line.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT771|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|author=Roshen Dalal|publisher=Penguin UK|access-date=18 April 2014|page=771|isbn=9788184752779|date=18 April 2014}}</ref>

According to tradition, it was said that at the time of Achyuta Preksha who was the pontiff of Adi matha, on the ordain of [[Veda Vyasa]], Vayu incarnated in this world as [[Madhvacharya]] on the day of Vijaya Dashami in 1238 AD for the purpose of consolidating Hindu dharma.<ref>{{cite book|title=Itihas, volume 24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Y9PAQAAMAAJ|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|year=1998|page=85| isbn=9789854420769 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ascetics of Kashi: An Anthropological Exploration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nHXAAAAMAAJ|author1=Surajit Sinha|author2=Baidyanath Saraswati|publisher=N.K. Bose Memorial Foundation|year=1978|page=133}}</ref> Uttaradi Matha was descended from [[Madhva]] through [[Padmanabha Tirtha]], [[Jayatirtha]] and his disciples.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|title=People of India, Volume 26, Part 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRQwAQAAIAAJ|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|page=955|isbn = 9788185938981}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Arch. Series, Issue 69|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYrWC4oTtV0C|page=267|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh, Department of Archaeology|year=1960|quote=The Acārya himself started Matha for the propagation of his system and it became famous as the Uttarādi Matha.}}</ref><ref name="The Society Mythic Society"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Dharwad District (including Gadag and Haveri Districts)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5RPAQAAMAAJ|page=123|publisher=Office of the Chief Editor, Karnataka Gazetteer|year=1993|quote=Saint Padmanabha Tirtha was given Deeksha by Madhvacharya himself to spread the Dwaita school of thought in northern Karnataka region. Since the Swamiji spread the Dwaita philosophy in the northern parts of Karnataka, the Mutt established there gained the name Uttaradi Mutt.}}</ref> The Uttaradi Matha does not have any headquarters as such, though sometimes some places have received special attention. It is mainly an itinerant institution moving and camping from place to place, busy carrying the torch of spiritual learning where ever it goes.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nHXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA134|title=Ascetics of Kashi: An Anthropological Exploration|author1=Surajit Sinha|author2=Baidyanath Saraswati|publisher=N.K.Bose Memorial Foundation|year=1978|page=134}}</ref>

===Spread of Dvaita===
[[Padmanabha Tirtha]] and his descendants are responsible for the spread of [[Dvaita Vedanta]] outside [[Tulu Nadu]] region. Sharma says [[Narahari Tirtha]] is considered to be the forerunner of the [[Vaishnava]] devotional movement of the [[Dasakuta]] of [[Haridasa]] movement in [[Kannada]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=228}} The doctrine of Tattvavada was further carried on and was spread all over the country by [[Jayatirtha]] and his descendants.<ref>{{cite book|title=Vaisnavism: Its Philosophy, Theology and Religious Discipline|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SkwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|author=S.M.S. Chari|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|date=1 January 2018|page=32|isbn = 9788120841352}}</ref>

In the first quarter of the 17th century, [[Vidyadhisha Tirtha]] (16th pontiff of Uttaradi Matha) was able to gain some converts to the Madhva fold, in [[Bihar]], from among the [[Gayawal Brahmins|Brahmins of Gaya]], who still profess allegiance to Madhva school.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=541}} [[Satyanatha Tirtha]] during his time as the [[peetadhipathi]] of Uttarādi matha visited [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] and strengthened the hold of the matha among [[Gayapalas]], who had been converted to [[Madhvism]] by his predecessor [[Vidyadhisha Tirtha]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=445}}

==Deities worshipped==
[[File:Sri Sri Satyatma Tirtha Swamiji worshipping Mula Rama and Mula Sita idols.jpg|left|thumb|Shri [[Satyatma Tirtha]] Swamiji worshipping Shri Moola Rama, Shri Moola Sita and other divine deities.]]

[[File:Shri Moola Sita Devi Sametha Shri Moola Rama deities at Uttaradi Matha.png|thumb|180px|right|Shri Moola Rama and Shri Moola Sita Devi deities at Shri Uttaradi Math]]
Moola Rama is the supreme deity worshipped at Utttaradi Matha. Moola Rama and Moola Sita deities worshipped in Uttaradi Matha are "Chaturyuga Murthy's" (these deities has been in worship since [[Four Yugas]]). These two deities were brought by Sri [[Narahari Tirtha]] as per the orders of Sri [[Madhvacharya]] from [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati kings]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Itihas: Journal of the Andhra Pradesh State Archives & Research Institute, Volume 24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Y9PAQAAMAAJ|page=86|year=1998| publisher=Изд-во "Право и экономика" | isbn=9789854420769 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Naqvī|Rao|2005|p=774}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Special pujas mark Jayatirtha's aradhana mahotsava at Malkhed|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Special-pujas-mark-Jayatirtha%E2%80%99s-aradhana-mahotsava-at-Malkhed/article14507052.ece|work=The Hindu|date=25 July 2015}}</ref> Madhvacharya passed them on to his disciple [[Padmanabha Tirtha]].{{Sfn|Glasenapp|1992|p=179}} Along with the Moola Rama and Moola Sita deities, the deity of Digvijaya Rama, which Madhvacharya got sculpted for himself, Vamsha Rama deity obtained by [[Madhava Tirtha]] and Prasanna Vittala deity obtained by [[Akshobya Tirtha]] are also worshipped in the matha.

Madhvacharya was presented with 8 Vyasamushtis by [[Vedavyasa]] during his return from [[Badrikashrama]]. Quoting about these Vyasamushtis, [[Germany|German]] [[Indologist]] [[Helmuth von Glasenapp]] says, five Vyasamushtis out of the eight Vyasamushtis are in Uttaradi Matha.{{Sfn|Glasenapp|1992|p=199}} [[Purandara Dasa]] glorified 28 main deities worshipped at Uttaradi Matha along with Moola Rama and Moola Sita deities, the 5 Vyasamushtis (4 Vyasamushtis, 1 Kurma Saligrama) in one of his songs {{mdash}} "Madhvarayara Devatarcaneya Prasiddha Raghunatharu Poojisuva Sobagu".<ref>{{cite book|title=Kannaḍa nighaṇṭu, Volume 4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RE8SAQAAMAAJ&q=%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0+%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF|publisher=Kannada Sahitya Parishar|year=1979|page=39|quote=ಮಧ್ವರಾಯರ ದೇವತಾರ್ಚನೆಯ ಮೂಲರಘುಪತಿ ಒಂದು ಮುದ್ದು ಜಾನಕಿ ಒಂದು (ಪುರಂದ, ೫-೧೦೬ ಪಲ್ಲವಿ ).[ಸಂ.ದೇವತಾರ್ಚನಾ] ದೇವತಾರ್ಪಣ (ನಾ) ದೆವರಿಗೆ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Karṇāṭakada Haridāsaru: vimarśātmaka adhyayana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZgRAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0+%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF|page=371|author=H. K. Vedavyasacharya|publisher=Śrīparimaḷa Saṃśōdhana Mattu Prakāśana Mandira|year=1965|quote=ಮಧ್ವರಾಯರ ದೇವತಾರ್ಚನೆಯ ಪ್ರ ॥ಪ॥}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Purandara Sahitya Darshana - Book 2 Adhyatma Darshana (ವುರಂದರ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ದರ್ಶನ-ಸಂವುಟ ೨ ಅಧ್ಯಾತ್ಮ ದರ್ಶನ)|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.382101/page/95/mode/1up?q=%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0+|page=96|year=1985|publisher=Government of Karnataka|author=S. K. Ramachandra Rao|quote=ಮಧ್ವರಾಯರ ದೇವತಾರ್ಚನೆಯ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧ ರಘುನಾಧರು ಪೂಜಿಸುವ ಸೊಬಗಿನ ಮೂಲ ರಘುಪತಿ ಒಂದು ಮುದ್ದು ಜಾನಕಿ ಒಂದು ಲೀಲೆ ದಿಗ್ವಿಜಯ್ ರಾಮಮೂರ್ತಿ ಒಂದು ಶಾಲಗ್ರಾಮ ಹಯಗ್ರೀವ ಮೊದಲಾದುವು ನಾಲ್ಕು ಚೆಲುವ ಸುದರ್ಶನಗಳೆರಡು ಚಕ್ರಾಂಕಿತಗಳ್ಳೆದು ಅಭಿಷೇಕ ಶಂಖ ಒಂದು ಅಕ್ಷಯ ಪಾತ್ರೆಯು ಒಂದು శుభనిధియ బలమరి రంు ఒందు ಉಭಯ ಪಶ್ಚಿಮಧೇನ ಒಂದು ಉತ್ತಮವಾದ ಮುದ್ರೆ ಒಂದು ಚಕ್ರಾಂಕಿತಗಳೆರಡು ಬಾಣವೆರಡು ವೇದವ್ಯಾಸಮೂರ್ತಿ ನಾಲ್ಕು, ಕ್ಷೀರದಿ ಲೋಲಾಡುವ ಕೂರ್ಮ ಒಂದು ಸ್ಮರಿಸಿ ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತೆಂಟು ಮೂರುತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಪುರಂದರವಿರಲನ್ನ ಪೂರ್ಣ ಭಕ್ತರೆಂಬ ಈ ರಘುನಾಧತೀರ್ಥರು ಎಷ್ಟು ಪುಣ್ಯವಂತರೊ [ಇದು ಉತ್ತರಾದಿಮಠದ ಪರಂಪರೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಧಿತೀರ್ಥರ ತರುವಾಯ ಪೀರಕ್ಕೆ ಬಂದ ರಘುನಾಥತೀರ್ಥರನ್ನು ಕುರಿತ ಪದ. ಇವರು ಶ್ರೀಪಾದರಾಜರ ಸಮಕಾಲಿಕರು : ವ್ಯಾಸರಾಯ ಸ್ವಾಮಿಗಳನ್ನೂ ಚೆನ್ನಾಗಿ ಬಲ್ಲವರು. ಶ್ರೀಪಾದ ರಾಜರೂ, ವ್ಯಾಸರಾಯರೂ, ರಘುನಾಥತೀರ್ಥರೂ ಕಲೆತು ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರಾಟನೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ರೆಂದು ತಿಳಿದುಬರುತ್ತದೆ. ರಘುನಾಥತೀರ್ಥರು ಮಳಖೇಡದಲ್ಲಿ ವೃಂದಾವನಸ್ಥ ರಾದರು.] ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತೆಂಟು ಮೂರುತಿಗಳನು-ಮಧ್ವಾಚಾರ್ಯರ ಸಾಕ್ಷಾಚ್ಛಿಷ್ಯರಾದ ಮಾಧವ ತೀರ್ಥರು ಈ ಮೂರ್ತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಪೂಜೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದರೆಂಬ ಶ್ಲೋಕವೊಂದಿದೆ. 'ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮೀನಾರಾಯಣ ಶ್ರೀಹಯಮುಖ ದಧಿಕೃದ್ವಾಮನ ಶ್ರೀಧರಾಖ್ಯಾನ್' ಎಂದು ಆರಂಭವಾಗುವ ಈ ಶ್ಲೋಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮೀನಾರಾಯಣ, ದಧಿವಾಮನ, ಐದು ವ್ಯಾಸರ ಮಳಲು ಮುಟ್ಟಿಗೆ, ಮೂಲ ರಾಮ, ಮೂಲ ಸೀತೆ, ಐದು ಸುದರ್ಶನಗಳು, ಎರಡು ಬಾಣಗಳು, ಎರಡು ಬಲಮುರಿ ಶಂಖಗಳು, ಹಯ ಗ್ರೀವ, ಶ್ರೀಧರ, ದಿಗ್ವಿಜಯ ರಾಮ, ರಾಮಟಂಕಿವರಹ, ಐದು ಚಕ್ರಾಂಕಿತ ಗಳು, ಅಕ್ಷಯಪಾತ್ರೆ ಎಂದು ಒಕ್ಕಣೆಯಿದೆ.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Rao|1984|p=20}} [[Vijaya Dasa]] composed "Moola Rama Banda Suladi" on Moola Rama at Uttaradi Matha. In this song, he also describes both Moola Sita Rama once in the middle of the song.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/shriharivayu-gurugalu/moola-rama-banda-suladi-ragapurvikalyani#:~:text=Play%20Moola%20Rama%20Banda%20Suladi%20%2D%20Raga:Purvikalyani,over%20320%20million%20tracks%20for%20free%20on |title=Moola Rama Banda Suladi|author=Vijaya Dasa}}</ref> Prasanna Venkata Dasa wrote "Moola Rama Mahima Suladi" describing Moola Rama at Uttaradi Matha.<ref>{{cite book|title=ಶ್ರೀ ಪ್ರಸನ್ನ ವೆಂಕಟದಾಸರು ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ಕೃತಿಗಳು|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.osmania.5148/mode/1up?q=%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B2+%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0|pages=130–131|publisher=ಮಿಂಚಿನಬಳ್ಳಿಯ ಕಾರ್ಯಾಲಯ|year=1955|author=A. T. Patil|quote=ಮೂಲ ರಾಮದೇವರ ಮಹಿಮೆಯ ಸುಳಾದಿ (ಧ್ರುವತಾಳ) ರಾಮ ರಘುಕುಲ ಸಾರ್ವಭಾಮ ಪೂರಣ ಕಾಮಾ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/shriharivayu-gurugalu/moola-rama-mahima-suladi-ragapurvikalyani |title=Moola Rama Mahima Suladi|author=Prasanna Venkata Dasa}}</ref> Sanskrit Scholar [[V. R. Panchamukhi]] says, "Sri Sri [[Satyatma Tirtha|Satyatmatirtha]] always worships the auspicious Moola Rama, the Lord of Goddess [[Lakshmi]], always accompanied by Goddess [[Sita|Sīta]]".<ref>{{cite book|title=Kāvyakusumastabakaḥ|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OyZKAQAAIAAJ|author=Vadiraj Raghawendracharya Panchamukhi|publisher=Rāṣṭriyasaṃskr̥tavidyāpīṭham|year=2002|page=27|quote=Sri Sri Satyatmatirtha always worships the auspicious Mula Rama, the Lord of Goddess Laxmi, always accompanied by Goddess Sīta.}}</ref> [[Satyasandha Tirtha]], the 26th peetadhipathi of Uttaradi Math wrote "Ashtavimshati Murti Stuti" in praise of 28 divine deities worshipped at Uttaradi Matha along with Moola Rama and Moola Sita deities.{{sfn|Sharma|2000|page=508}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=BxwO4EB37fE|title=Ashtavimshati Murti Stuti|author=Satyasandha Tirtha|date=9 June 2023 |publisher=Youtube}}</ref>

==Bifurcation of mathas==
Madhvacharya initiated [[Padmanabha Tirtha]] as his successor to the main matha and instructed to spread Tattvavada (Dvaita) outside [[Tulunadu]] region, especially in the [[North Karnataka]] and [[Maharashtra]] regions since Padmanabha Tirtha was from [[Puntamba]] (now in [[Maharashtra]]). After Padmanabha Tirtha, Narahari Tirtha continued as the peetadhipathi of the matha and continued to spread Tattvavada in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]. After him [[Madhava Tirtha]], [[Akshobya Tirtha]], [[Jayatirtha]] and [[Vidyadhiraja Tirtha]] occupied the throne of the main matha. As per the traditional accounts, this main matha was divided twice, so we end up with three mathas. They are Uttaradi Math, [[Vyasaraja Math (Sosale)|Vyasaraja Math]] and [[Raghavendra Math]].<ref name="Rosen-p132" /> Out of these three [[matha]]s, Uttaradi Math is the largest.<ref name="Oxford Dalmia 2009 page161to162"/><ref name="Charisma Dalmia 2001 page122"/>

; First bifurcation
During the times of [[Vidyadhiraja Tirtha]] (successor of Jayatirtha) the first bifurcation of the main matha took place. Main Matha continued in the lineage of [[Kavindra Tirtha]] (a disciple of Vidyadhiraja Tirtha) as Uttaradi Matha to spread Tattvavada (Dvaita) in the Northern part of [[Karnataka]] and beyond. At the same time, Rajendra Tirtha (a disciple of Vidyadhiraja Tirtha) established "Poorvadi Matha", which is now known by the name of [[Vyasaraja Math (Sosale)|Vyasaraja Math]] to spread Tattvavada (Dvaita) in the Southern parts of Karnataka and beyond until [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Sterling Sarojini">{{cite book|title=Religion in Vijayanagara Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qnXAAAAMAAJ|author=Konduri Sarojini Devi|publisher=Sterling Publishers|year=1990|page=133|isbn = 9788120711679|quote=This selection of Kavindra as the successor of Vidyadhiraja, leaving Rajendra Tirtha resulted in the bifurcation of the Madhva Mathas, namely Vyasaraya Matha at Sosale headed by Rajendra Tirtha and Uttaradi Matha presided by Kavindra Tirtha.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tirumalai-Tirupati Dēvasthānam Epigraphical Series: pt. 1. Inscriptions of Venkatapatiraya's time|author1=Sadhu Subrahmanya Sastry|author2=V. Vijayaraghavacharya|publisher=Sri Mahant's Dévasthānam Press|page=72|quote=Vidyādhirāja Tirtha (the sixth Pontiff) or sixth successor of Uttarādi Matha) and founder of Vyāsarāya Matha), and appointed Rajendra Tirtha, as the first Pontiff of this Vyāsaraya Matha}}</ref>

; Second bifurcation
The second bifurcation of the main matha took place during the times of Ramachandra Tirtha. Initially, ashrama was given to Vibudendra Tirtha by Ramachandra Tirtha, and even named as his successor. It is not known what happened but Vibudendra Tirtha couldn't return from the pilgrimage tour during Ramachandra Tirtha's last phase of life. So Ramachandra Tirtha chose to initiate another pontiff and named him "Vidyanidhi Tirtha" and declared him as his successor. Vibudendra Tirtha returned from the pilgrimage tour after the death of Ramachandra Tirtha. Hence two [[matha]]s were established. Uttaradi Matha continued in the lineage of Vidyanidhi Tirtha and the other matha was formed by Vibudendra Tirtha. It was known as "Dakshinadi Matha" or "Kumbakona Matha (which is now known by the name of [[Raghavendra Matha]]). These lineages were formed and continued for the benefit of the Madhva philosophy so that more and more individuals consequently have access to the philosophy and get [[Upadeśa]] (spiritual guidance).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi5uAAAAMAAJ|title=Sources of the History of India, Volume 3|page=390|author=Siba Pada Sen|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies|year=1980}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Purabhilekh-puratatva: Journal of the Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museum, Panaji-Goa, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJZPAQAAMAAJ|publisher=The Directorate|year=2001|page=90}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (Bangalore)., Volume 83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JPxtAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Mythic Society|year=1992|page=133}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Dalmia 2009 page161"/>

According to [[Surendranath Dasgupta]], Uttaradi Math was divided twice, and so we end up with three mathas, the other two being [[Vyasaraja Math (Sosale)|Vyasaraja Math]] and [[Raghavendra Math]].<ref name="Rosen-p132" />

Uttaradi Math, along with [[Vyasaraja Math (Sosale)|Vyasaraja Math]] and [[Raghavendra Math (Mantralayam)|Raghavendra Math]], is considered to be the three premier apostolic institutions of [[Dvaita Vedanta]] and are jointly referred as ''Mathatraya''.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=199}}<ref name="Rosen-p132" />{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=193}} It is the pontiffs and pandits of the ''Mathatraya'' that have been the principal architects of post-[[Madhva]] [[Dvaita Vedanta]] through the centuries.<ref>{{cite book|title=Viśiṣṭādvaita and Dvaita: A Systematic and Comparative Study of the Two Schools of Vedānta with Special Reference to Some Doctrinal Controversies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrHWAAAAMAAJ|author=B. N. Hebbar|page=29|publisher=Bharatiya Granth Niketan|year=2004|isbn = 9788189211011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sh6qWN4dcp4C|page=21|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|year=1972|quote=Apart from the eight maths, three important maths outside Udipi have played a significant part in upholding and spreading the message of Dvaita: the Uttaradi Math (Bangalore) and the Raghavendraswami Math (Nanjangud) and the Vyasaraya Math (Sosale). Particularly mention must be made of the outstanding contribution of the late Satyadhyanatirtha of the Uttaradi Math - a giant intellectual indeed.}}</ref> Among the mathas outside of [[Tulu Nadu]] region, Uttaradi Matha is the largest.<ref name="Charisma Dalmia 2001 page122">{{cite book|title=Charisma and Canon: Essays on the Religious History of the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nnvXAAAAMAAJ|page=122|author1=[[Vasudha Dalmia]]|author2=Angelika Malinar|author3=Martin Christof|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|quote=The Desastha or Kannada- Marathi Madhvas have a few mathas, of which the Uttaradimatha is the largest;|isbn = 9780195654530}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Dalmia 2009 page161to162">{{cite book|title=The Oxford India Hinduism Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQBPAQAAIAAJ|author1=[[Vasudha Dalmia]]|author2=[[Heinrich von Stietencron]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|pages=161–162|quote=The Desastha or Kannada-Marathi Madhvas have a few mathas, of which the Uttaradimatha is the largest.|isbn = 9780198062462}}</ref>

==Pontifical lineage==
===Origin===
[[File:Srimad Hamsa Bhagavan.jpg|thumb|right]]
[[File:Digvijaya Rama, Moola Rama, Moola Sita at Uttaradi Matha.jpg|thumb|right|Digvijaya Rama, Moola Rama and Moola Sita Devi deities worshipped in the lineage of Uttaradi Matha.]]
As per authoritative [[Hinduism|Hindu]] scriptures, ''"The Supreme God also wanted to bless the souls with divine knowledge, by which they can attain salvation. For this purpose, the Supreme God — Śrī Nārāyana Himself incarnated as Śrī Hamsa and adorned the pontifical seat called the Hamsa-Pīṭha."''

Indian anthropologists [[Surajit Chandra Sinha|Surajit Sinha]] and [[Baidyanath Saraswati]] says that:

{{cquote|The Uttaradi Math is age-old. Tradition claims it to have originated from the Hamsa of Bhagwata otherwise called Uttara and to have continued its existence all through the dim pre-historic past right up to the middle of the 13th century when [[Madhvacharya]], the Supreme pre-eminent Exponent of [[Dvaita|Dvaita philosophy]], brought it to the limelight and gave it the present organizational shape.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ascetics of Kashi: An Anthropological Exploration|author1=Surajit Sinha|author2=Baidyanath Saraswati|publisher=N.K. Bose Memorial Foundation|year=1978|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nHXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA133|page=133|quote=The Uttaradi mutt is age-old. Tradition claims it to have originated from the Hamsa of Bhagwata otherwise called Uttara and to have continued its existence all through the dim pre-historic past right upto the middle of the 13th century when Madhvacharya, the Supreme pre-eminent Exponent of Dwaita philosophy, brought it to limelight and gave it the present organizational shape.}}</ref>}}

===List of aacharyas===

The complete list of ('''pithadhipati'''/'''ācāryas''' who had taken the seat of this math is as below:<ref>Sūrya Siddhānta Pañcāṅgam (astrological almanac) of Śrīmad Uttarādi Maṭha, 2010-2011 AD</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uttaradimath.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=58&Itemid=94|title=Uttaradi Math - Parampara|access-date=27 June 2010|archive-date=13 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213071118/http://www.uttaradimath.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=58&Itemid=94|url-status=dead}}</ref>
This list represents the authorized ''guru-paramparā'' (disciplic succession) of Śrī Uttaradi Math till date.

* [[Vishnu|Śrī Haṁsa]] (A name of The Supreme Person/Supreme Godhead, [[Vishnu|Śrī Nārāyaṇa]] or Śrī Hari; Paramātmā)
* [[Brahma|Śrī Brahmā]]
* [[Four Kumaras|Śrī Sanakādi]]
* [[Durvasa|Śrī Dūrvāsā]]
* Śrī Jñāna-nidhi Tīrtha
* Śrī Garuḍa-vāhana Tīrtha
* Śrī Kaivalya Tīrtha
* Śrī Jñāneśa Tīrtha
* Śrī Para Tīrtha
* Śrī Satya-prajña Tīrtha
* Śrī Prājña Tīrtha
* Śrī Acyuta-prekṣa Tīrtha or Acyuta-Prājña Tīrtha

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ The list of Pithadhipatis beginning from Madhvācārya<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Indian Philosophy, Volume 4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ml2H_z0E7bAC|author=Surendranath Dasgupta|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications|year=1975|page=56|isbn = 9788120804159}}</ref>{{sfn|Naqvī|Rao|2005|p=779}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Rethinking Hinduism: A Renewed Approach to the Study of "sect" and an Examination of Its Relationship to Caste : a Study in the Anthropology of Religion, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BO1OF_fZSDgC|page=347|author=Sharat Chandrika Rajagopal|publisher=University of Minnesota|year=1987}}</ref>
! style="width:6%;"|Sr.
! style="width:30%;"|Name
! style="width:10%;"|Reign Began C.E.{{efn|These dates are based on [[B. N. K. Sharma]]'s book, A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature}}
! style="width:10%;"|Reign Ended C.E.{{efn|These dates are based on [[B. N. K. Sharma]]'s book, A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature}}
! style="width:20%;" | Brindavana {{efn|Brindavana refers to sacred burial places in the tradition of Uttaradi Matha.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5RPAQAAMAAJ|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Dharwad District (including Gadag and Haveri Districts)|publisher=Office of the Chief Editor, Karnataka Gazetteer|year=1993|page=123}}</ref>}}
! style="width:17%;"| Purvashrama name{{efn|Purvashrama name refers to the name of the Peetadhipathi before taking [[Sannyasa]].}}
! style="width:10%;"|Portrait
|-
! 1
| '''[[Madhvacharya|Jagadguru Śrī Madhvācārya]]''' (Śrī Pūrnaprajña Tīrtha or Śrīmad-Ānanda Tīrtha Bhagavat-pādācārya)
| align=center|1238
| align=center|1317
| align="center" | -
| align=center|Vasudeva
| align=center|
|-
! 2
| [[Padmanabha Tirtha|Śrī Padmanābha Tīrtha]]<ref name="Chittaranjan Karnataka Gazetteer"/><ref name="The Society Mythic Society"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Studies in Indian history and culture: volume presented to Dr. P. B. Desai ... on the occasion of his completing sixty years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H821AAAAIAAJ|author=Pandurang Bhimarao Desai|publisher=Karnatak University|year=1971|page=463|quote=Vijayadhvajacharya belongs to the line of pontiffs of the Pejavara Matha which is one of the eight Mathas at Udipi.... of Sode Matha and Madhvacharya's brother) and Padmanabhatirtha (the founder of Uttaradi Matha) were conscerated.}}</ref>
| align=center|1317
| align=center|1324
| align="center" | [[Nava Brindavana]], [[Hampi]]
| align=center| Shobhana Bhatta
|
|-
! 3
| [[Naraharitirtha|Śrī Nṛhari Tīrtha]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Early Vijayanagara: studies in its history & culture : proceedings of S. Srikantaya Centenary Seminar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGZuAAAAMAAJ|author1=Giri S. Dikshit|author2=Saklespur Srikantaya|publisher=B.M.S. Memorial Foundation|year=1988|quote=Sri Nara- haritirtha's Matha continued at Simhachalam while Sri Madhvacharya's direct line continued as Uttaradi Matha.}}</ref>
| align=center|1324
| align=center|1333
| align="center" | Venkatapura, [[Hampi]]
| align=center| Shyama Shastri
|
|-
! 4
| [[Madhava Tirtha|Śrī Mādhava Tīrtha]]<ref name="T. V. Mahalingam 1975 200">{{cite book|title=Administration and Social Life Under Vijayanagar: Social life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rwFDAAAAYAAJ|author=T. V. Mahalingam|publisher=University of Madras|year=1975|page=200|quote=Madhava Tirtha was a great scholar who presided over the Uttaradi matha established by Madhvācārya . He was succeeded by Akşobhya Tirtha who was a contemporary of Vidyāraṇya.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Naqvī|Rao|2005|p=774}}. "Sri Madhava tirtha, the immediate disciple and successor of Narahari Tirtha occupied the pontificate throne of Sri Uttaradhi Mutt and flourished between A.D 1333 to A.D 1350."</ref>
| align=center|1333
| align=center|1350
| align="center" | Mannuru
| align=center| Vishnu Shastri
|
|-
! 5
| [[Akshobhya Tirtha|Śrī Akṣhobhya Tīrtha]]<ref name="T. V. Mahalingam 1975 200"/>
| align=center|1350
| align=center|1365
| align="center" | [[Malkheda]]
| align=center|Govinda Shastri
|
|-
! 6
| [[Jayatirtha|Śrī Jaya Tīrtha]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qZZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA453|page=453|title=Puspika: Tracing Ancient India Through Texts and Traditions: Contributions to Current Research in Indology Volume I|author1=Nina Mirnig|author2=Peter-Daniel Szanto|author3=Michael Williams|publisher=Oxbow Books|access-date=23 December 2013|isbn=9781842173855|date=23 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Vaiṣṇava Studies, Volumes 15-16|author=Steven J. Rosen|publisher=[[Journal of Vaishnava Studies]]|page=185|year=2006|quote=Jayatirtha (1335-1385) was the pontiff of Uttaradi Math, a monastic institution founded by Madhva, and was the author of important commentaries on madhva's most prominent works}}</ref>
| align=center|1365
| align=center|1388
| align="center" | [[Malkheda]]
| align=center|Dhondupant Raghunath
| align=center|
|-
! 7
| [[Vidyadhiraja Tirtha|Śrī Vidyādhirāja Tīrtha]]<ref>{{harvnb|Naqvī|Rao|2005|p=777}}. "Sri Vidyadhiraja Tirtha, the disciple and a worthy successor of Jaya Tirtha who occupied the throne of Vedanta Samrajya of the Uttaradi Mutt."</ref>
| align=center|1388
| align=center|1392
| align="center" | [[Puri]] (but not found still)
| align=center|Krishna Bhatt
|
|-
! 8
| [[Kavindra Tirtha|Śrī Kavīndra Tīrtha]]<ref name="Sterling Sarojini"/>
| align=center|1392
| align=center|1398
| align="center" | [[Nava Brindavana]], [[Hampi]]
| align=center|Vishnudasacharya
|
|-
! 9
| Śrī Vāgīśa Tīrtha
| align=center|1398
| align=center|1406
| align="center" | [[Nava Brindavana]], [[Hampi]]
| align=center|Raghunathacharya
|
|-
! 10
| Śrī Rāmacandra Tīrtha<ref>{{cite book|title=Sources of the history of India, Volume 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi5uAAAAMAAJ|author=Siba Pada Sen|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies|year=1980|page=390|quote=Sri Vibudendra Tirtha founded the Kumbhakona Matha on account of his quarrel with his Guru Sri Ramchandra Tirtha of the Uttaradi Matha.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Purabhilekh-puratatva: Journal of the Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museum, Panaji-Goa, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJZPAQAAMAAJ|publisher=The Directorate|year=2001|page=90|quote= This matha was established by one Vibhdeendra Teertha in the middle of the 15th century. He was the spiritual progenitor of Sri Ramachandra Teertha of the Uttaradi matha. Both belong to Dvaita philosophy.}}</ref>
| align=center|1406
| align=center|1435
| align="center" | [[Yergol|Yaragola]]
| align=center|Madhava Shastri
|
|-
! 11
| Śrī Vidyā-nidhi Tīrtha<ref>{{cite book|title=Guru Raghavendra Swamy, a Tribute|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlkqAAAAYAAJ|author=Keshav Mutalik|publisher=Somaiya Publications|year=1987|page=74|quote=Since Vibhudendra was not quickly available and since the pooja had to continue unbroken, another disciple was initiated to the Sanyas . He was Vidyanidhi Teertha (1298 to 1366). After Vibhudendra returned there were two heads of the same line. So, Vidyanidhi Teertha continued the line popularly known as Uttaradi Math and Vibhudend ra Teertha continued another branch which is known after illustrious Raghavendra Swamy and is called the Rayara Math (Raghavendra is affectionately known as Rayaru).}}</ref>
| align=center|1435
| align=center|1442
| align="center" | [[Yergol|Yaragola]]
| align=center|Krishtacharya
|
|-
! 12
| [[Raghunatha Tirtha|Śrī Raghunātha Tīrtha]]
| align=center|1442
| align=center|1502
| align="center" | [[Malakheda]]
| align=center|Vishnu Shastri
|
|-
! 13
| [[Raghuvarya Tirtha|Śrī Raghuvarya Tīrtha]]
| align=center|1502
| align=center|1535
| align="center" | [[Nava Brindavana]], [[Hampi]]
| align=center|Ramachandra Shastri
|
|-
! 14
| [[Raghuttama Tirtha|Śrī Raghūttama Tīrtha]]
| align=center|1535
| align=center|1596
| align="center" | [[Tirukoilur]]
| align=center|Ramachandra Bhatta
|
|-
! 15
| [[Vedavyasa Tirtha|Śrī Veda-vyāsa Tīrtha]]
| align=center|1596
| align=center|1619
| align="center" | [[Penugonda]]
| align=center|Anantha Vyasacharya
|
|-
! 16
| [[Vidyadhisha Tirtha|Śrī Vidyā-dhīśa Tīrtha]]
| align=center|1619
| align=center|1631
| align="center" | [[Ranebennur]]
| align=center|Pandurangi Narasimhacharya
| [[File:Shri Vidyadhisha Tirtha Swamiji, a peetadhipati of Shri Uttaradi Matha Idol at Ranebennur, Karnataka, India (cropped).jpg|120px]]
|-
! 17
| [[Vedanidhi Tirtha|Śrī Vedanidhi Tīrtha]]
| align=center|1635
| align=center|1638
| align="center" | [[Pandarpur]]
| align=center|Koratagi Pradyumnacharya
|
|-
! 18
| [[Satyavrata Tirtha|Śrī Satya-vrata Tīrtha]]
| align=center|1631
| align=center|1635
| align="center" | [[Sangli]]
| align=center|Raghunathacharya
|
|-
! 19
| [[Satyanidhi Tirtha|Śrī Satya-nidhi Tīrtha]]
| align=center|1638
| align=center|1660
| align="center" | [[Kurnool]]
| align=center|Kauligi Raghunathacharya
|
|-
! 20
| [[Satyanatha Tirtha|Śrī Satya-nātha Tīrtha]]
| align=center|1660
| align=center|1673
| align="center" | [[Veeracholapuram]]
| align=center|Narashimacharya
|
|-
! 21
| [[Satyabhinava Tirtha|Śrī Satyābhinava Tīrtha]]
| align=center|1673
| align=center|1706
| align="center" | Nachiarkoil, [[Kumbhakonam]]
| align=center|Kesavacharya
|
|-
! 22
| [[Satyapurna Tirtha|Śrī Satya-pūrṇa Tīrtha]]
| align=center|1706
| align=center|1726
| align="center" | [[Kolpur]] (near [[Raichur]])
| align=center|Kolhapur Krishnacharya
|
|-
! 23
| [[Satyavijaya Tirtha|Śrī Satya-vijaya Tīrtha]]
| align=center|1726
| align=center|1737
| align="center" | [[Sathiyavijayanagaram|Satya Vijaya Nagaram]]
| align=center|Pandurangi Balacharya
|
|-
! 24
| [[Satyapriya Tirtha|Śrī Satya-priya Tīrtha]]
| align=center|1737
| align=center|1744
| align="center" | [[Manamadurai]]
| align=center|Garlapad Ramacharya
|
|-
! 25
| [[Satyabodha Tirtha|Śrī Satya-bodha Tīrtha]]
| align=center|1744
| align=center|1783
| align="center" | [[Savanur]]
| align=center|Raichur Ramacharya
|
|-
! 26
| [[Satyasandha Tirtha|Śrī Satya-sandha Tīrtha]]
| align=center|1783
| align=center|1794
| align="center" | Mahishi [[Thirthahalli]], [[Shimoga district|Shivamogga Dist.]]
| align=center|Haveri Ramacharya
|
|-
! 27
| [[Satyavara Tirtha|Śrī Satya-vara Tīrtha]]
| align=center|1794
| align=center|1797
| align="center" | Santebidanur
| align=center|Haveri Krishnacharya
|
|-
! 28
| [[Satyadharma Tirtha|Śrī Satya-dharma Tīrtha]]
| align=center|1797
| align=center|1830
| align="center" | Holehonnur near [[Shivamogga]], [[Koodli]]
| align=center|Navaratna Purushottamacharya
|
|-
! 29
| Śrī Satya-saṅkalpa Tīrtha
| align=center|1830
| align=center|1841
| align="center" | [[Mysore]]
| align=center|Navaratna Shrinivasacharya
|
|-
! 30
| Śrī Satya-santuṣṭa Tīrtha
| align=center|3 July 1841
| align=center|12 March 1842<ref name="Ravishankar-pg211" />
| align="center" | [[Mysore]]
| align=center|Navaratna Balacharya (Guli Balacharya)
|
|-
! 31
| Śrī Satya-parāyaṇa Tīrtha
| align=center|1842
| align=center|1863
| align="center" | Santebiddanur
| align=center|Haveri Gururayacharya
|
|-
! 32
| Śrī Satya-kāma Tīrtha
| align=center|1863
| align=center|1871
| align="center" | Athakuru
| align=center|Pachapura Srinivasacharya
|
|-
! 33
| Śrī Satyeṣṭa Tīrtha
| align=center|1871
| align=center|1872
| align="center" | Athakuru
| align=center|Hattimuttur Narasimhacharya
|
|-
! 34
| Śrī Satya-parākrama Tīrtha
| align=center|1872
| align=center|1879
| align="center" | [[Chittapur]]a
| align=center|Vykar Srinivasacharya
| align=center|
|-
! 35
| Śrī Satya-vīra Tīrtha
| align=center|1879
| align=center|1886
| align="center" | [[Korlahalli]]
| align=center|Korlahalli Bhodaramacharya
| align=center|[[File:Satyaveera Tirtha.jpg|120px]]
|-
! 36
| Śrī Satya-dhīra Tīrtha
| align=center|1886
| align=center|1906
| align="center" | [[Korlahalli]]
| align=center|Korlahalli Jayaacharya
| align=center|[[File:Satyadheera Tirtha.jpg|120px]]
|-
! 37
| [[Satyajnana Tirtha|Śrī Satya-jñāna Tīrtha]]
| align=center|1906
| align=center|1911
| align="center" | [[Rajahmundry]]
| align=center|Kinhal Jayacharya
| align=center|[[File:Satyajnana Tirtha.jpg|120px]]
|-
! 38
| [[Satyadhyana Tirtha|Śrī Satya-dhyāna Tīrtha]]
| align=center|1911
| align=center|24 March 1942
| align="center" | [[Pandarpur]]
| align=center|Korlahalli Sethuramacharya
| align=center|[[File:Satyadhyana Tirtha.jpg|120px]]
|-
! 39
| [[Satyaprajna Tirtha|Śrī Satya-prajña Tīrtha]]
| align=center|24 March 1942
| align=center|14 April 1945
| align="center" |Athakuru
| align=center|Pandurangi Jayacharya
| align=center|[[File:Sri Satyaprajna Tirtha.jpg|120px]]
|-
! 40
| [[Satyabhijna Tirtha|Śrī Satyābhijña Tīrtha]]
| align=center|14 April 1945
| align=center|2 February 1948
| align="center" |[[Ranebennur]]
| align=center|Katti Venkannacharya
| align=center|[[File:Sri Satyabhijna Tirtha.jpg|120px]]
|-
! 41
| [[Satyapramoda Tirtha|Śrī Satya-pramoda Tīrtha]]
| align=center|2 February 1948
| align=center|3 November 1997
| align="center" |[[Tirukoilur]]
| align=center|Guttal Gururajacharya
| align=center|[[File:Satyapramoda Tirtha.jpg|120px]]
|-
! 42
| [[Satyatma Tirtha|Śrī Satyātma Tīrtha]] (''the current presiding pontiff'')
| align=center|3 November 1997
| align=center|till date {{efn|''[[Sannyasa]]'' accepted on: 24 April 1996) <ref name="sts">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uttaradimath.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=154&Itemid=186|title=Uttaradi Math - Sri Satyatma Tirtha|access-date=28 June 2010|archive-date=8 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808233853/http://www.uttaradimath.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=154&Itemid=186|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=650}}}}
| align="center" | -
| align=center|Guttal Sarvajnāchārya
| align=center|[[File:Sri Sri Satyatma Tirtha Maharaj during Chaturmasya 2022 in Santhebiddanur, Karnataka.jpg|120px]]
|}

===Followers===
Authors Surajit Sinha and Baidyanath Saraswati says, "An overwhelming majority of [[Madhvas]], widely scattered all over India owes its allegiance to the Uttaradi Matha".<ref name="auto2"/> Most of the Deshastha Madhvas of [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[South India]], and the whole [[Gayawal Brahmin]] community of [[Bihar]] are followers of this Matha.<ref name="auto1"/> In [[Karnataka]], Majority of Madhvas in the districts of [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]], [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]], [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]], [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi (Gulbarga)]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Gulbarga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZkBAAAAMAAJ|page=75|publisher=Karnataka (India) Director of Printing, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|year=1966|quote=Among the Brahmins, Madhvas are found in considerable number. They are scattered in all taluks of the district and are followers of Uttaradi Matha.}}</ref> [[Gadag district|Gadag]], [[Raichur district|Raichur]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Raichur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp4BAAAAMAAJ|page=110|publisher=Director of Printing, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|year=1970|quote=Nearly 75 per cent of the Madhvas in the district are adherents of the Uttaradi Matha, and the rest follow the Nanjangud Rayara Matha.}}</ref> [[Bagalkote district|Bagalkote]], [[Haveri district|Haveri]], [[Shivamogga District|Shivamogga]], [[Bidar district|Bidar]], [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]], [[Hassan district|Hassan]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Hassan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wp4BAAAAMAAJ|page=119|publisher=Director of Print., Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|year=1971|quote=The Madhvas in Hassan district are the followers of Shri Uttaradi Matha which had its are origin at Holenarsipur.}}</ref> [[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]] and [[Mysore district|Mysore]] are followers of this matha.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=541}} Scholar [[B. N. K. Sharma]] says, Majority of Madhvas in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], northern [[Karnataka]] and [[Maharashtra]] are followers of Uttaradi Matha.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|pp=197-199}}{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=542}} Sharma says in [[Maharashtra]], followers of Uttaradi Math are spread in the districts of [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]], [[Solapur district|Sholapur]], [[Satara district|Satara]], [[Pune district|Pune]], [[Nasik district|Nasik]] and [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=532}} According to [[Times of India]], there are more than 2 lakh followers of Uttaradi Math in [[Pune]] city alone.<ref name="Times of India"/>{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=532}}<ref name="Oxford Dalmia 2009 page161"/> Sharma says all the [[Thanjavur Marathi people|Thanjavur Marathi]] [[Deshastha Brahmin]]s of [[Madhva Sampradaya]], who migrated from Bombay-Karnataka region and Maharashtra to [[Thanjavur]] and old [[Mysore State]] when [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] rulers occupied [[Thanjavur]] were all followers of Uttaradi Math. Sharma even says [[Deshastha Madhva Brahmin]]s in former [[Hyderabad State]] are all followers of Uttaradi Math.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|pp=543-544}}

==Vidyapeethas and organizations==
The Sri Matha has established many Vidyapeethas most prominent among them being Sri Jayateertha Vidyapeetha in [[Bangalore]] and Sri Satyadhyana Vidyapeetha in [[Mumbai]] (Old Hindu Style Gurukuls) with boarding facilities where in students stay and continue their study in [[Vedas]] and Madhwa Shastras. Students are rigorously trained here in various branches of knowledge like [[Grammar]], [[Linguistics]], [[Logic]], [[Mimamsa]], [[Sankhya]], [[Yoga]], [[Veda]], [[Jyotisha]], [[Advaita]], [[Vishistadvaita]] and [[Dvaita]] systems and Modern Philosophies.<ref name="Vedas-Times">{{cite web|title=Vedas continue to live here|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Vedas-continue-to-live-here/articleshow/13755647.cms|work=The Times of India|date=3 June 2012 |access-date= 3 June 2012}}</ref>

===Sri Jayateertha Vidyapeetha===
Indian Author and Scholar Radhavallabh Tripathi says, "Sri Jayateertha Vidyapeetha was established by Sri [[Satyapramoda Tīrtha]] Swamiji in the year 1989, which presently holds more than 200 students and 15 teaching faculty members".<ref>{{cite book|title=Ṣaṣṭyabdasaṃskr̥tam: India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-oTrf_Q4I8C|author=Radhavallabh Tripathi|publisher=Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan|year=2012|page=198|isbn = 9788124606292}}</ref> The uniqueness of this institution is that its students are specially trained under the guidance of [[Satyatma Tirtha|Shri 1008 Shri Satyatma Teertha Swamiji]] for 12 years with initial 9 years of training at the Jayateertha Vidyapeetha Residential Campus where they attain mastery over [[Kāvya]], [[Vyākaraṇa]], [[Dasa sahitya|Sahitya]], [[Vedas]], [[Sankhya]], [[Yoga]], [[Jainism|Jaina]], [[Buddhism|Bauddha]], [[Shaktism|Shakta]], [[Advaita]], [[Vishistadvaita]] and [[Dvaita]] Philosophies under the guidance of {{lang|sa|Kulapati}} (chancellor) Guttala Rangacharya, Principal [[Vidwan]] Satyadhyanacharya and several other experienced Adhyapakas. During the last 3 years of the course, the students are given extensive classes in Shriman Nyaya Sudha, Tatparya Chandrika, Tarkatandava etc., on tour directly by the learned Swamiji, thus giving the student an opportunity to expand his knowledge base by way of getting exposed, at an early age, to the scholarly world, with the opportunity to meet several esteemed scholars and conducting debates and discussions with them in esteemed centres of learning across the entire country like [[Varanasi|Kashi]], [[Allahabad|Prayag]], [[Delhi]], [[Pune]], [[Rajahmundry]] etc. After successfully completing the 12-year course, the students are awarded the title "Sudha Vidwan" in a grand convocation function called the "Sudha Mangala", held at various prime centres of learning.<ref>{{cite news|title=Worldly pleasures are like water bubbles: Seer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/Worldly-pleasures-are-like-water-bubbles-Seer/articleshow/17436309.cms|publisher=Times of India|access-date=1 December 2012}}</ref> To make themselves eligible for the title the students have to present a paper orally before distinguished scholars and also take an oral exam in Shriman Nyaya Sudha, the magnum opus of [[Dvaita Philosophy]]. The candidate is tested for all-round skills and then declared to be eligible for the title by a jury of scholars headed by [[Satyatma Tirtha]].<ref name="Vedas-Times" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Torchbearers of tradition|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/jun/08/torchbearers-of-tradition-55691.html|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=15 May 2012}}</ref>

===Sri Satyadhyana Vidyapeetha===
Satyadhyana Vidyapeetha was founded in the year 1956 in [[Matunga]], [[Mumbai]] by Gopalacharya Ramacharya Mahuli, a disciple of [[Satyadhyana Tirtha]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/a-year-later/articleshow/16019313.cms|title=A Year Later|date=22 May 2010|publisher=Mumbai Mirror, India Times}}</ref> Satyadhyana Vidyapeetha is an institution of advanced learning. It caters for the needs of scholars interested in higher studies and research. By 1972, It has brought out 26 authoritative volumes on philosophy.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India, Volume 93|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sh6qWN4dcp4C|publisher= The Times of India Press|year=1972 |page=21}}</ref> Mahuli Vidyasimhacharya is the present Kulapathi of Satyadhyana Vidyapeetha, now located in Mulund, Mumbai.<ref>{{cite book|title=Songs of Divinity: Songs of the Bards (dasas) of Karnatak Translated Into English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NnJkAAAAMAAJ|page=4|author=Keshav Mutalik|publisher=Focus Publications|date=1 January 1995|isbn = 9788171547883}}</ref>

===Vishwa Madhwa Maha Parishat===
{{main|Vishwa Madhwa Maha Parishat}}
[[Satyatma Tirtha|Satyatma Tirtha Maharaj]] the present Peetadhipathi of Uttaradi Math founded [[Vishwa Madhwa Maha Parishat]], a [[non-profit]], [[Religious organization|religious]] and [[Social organization|social]] organization in 1998.{{Sfn|Tripathi|2012|p=204}} Thousands of books have been published so far by the Vishwa Madhwa Maha Parishat. Every year a 5-day All India Madhwa Convention is held in [[Dharwad]] under the leadership of [[Satyatma Tirtha]] Swamiji, Vishwa Madhwa Maha Parishat and Vishwa Madhwa Manahandal, featuring discourses and debates on Nyaya, Tarka, Mimamsa, Dasa literature. Pontiffs of all Madhva Mathas grace the occasion. Every year, more than 1 lakh devotees attend the congregation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/5-day-meet-to-dwell-on-madhwa-philosophy/articleshow/17409679.cms|title=5-day meet to dwell on Madhwa philosophy|date=29 November 2012|publisher=Times of India}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Satyatma Tirtha]]
* [[Dvaita Vedanta]]
* [[Dvaita literature]]
* [[Ashta Mathas of Udupi]]
* [[Paryaya]]
* [[Mathatraya of Tattvavada]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|title = A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Vol 1. 3rd Edition|first = B. N. Krishnamurti| last = Sharma| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint) |isbn = 978-8120815759| year= 2000 }}
*{{cite book|title=Srimat Uttaradi Mutt: Moola Maha Samsthana of Srimadjagadguru Madhvacharya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAIVAAAAMAAJ|first=C. R.|last=Rao|year=1984}}
*{{cite book|title=Living Traditions in Contemporary Contexts: The Madhva Matha of Udupi|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2002|first=Vasudeva|last=Rao|isbn=978-8125022978}}
* {{cite book|title = Philosophy of Śrī Madhvācārya|first = B. N. Krishnamurti| last = Sharma| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (2014 Reprint) |isbn = 978-8120800687| year= 1962 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Philosophy.of.Sri.Madhvacarya/Philosophy.of.Sri.Madhvacharya#page/n0/mode/2up}}
*{{Citation|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bijapur District (Bagalkot District Included)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-di9C6HtpAC|publisher=Karnataka Gazetteer Department|year=2006}}
*{{Cite book|title=Madhva's Philosophy of the Viṣṇu Faith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GITXAAAAMAAJ|first=Helmuth von|last=Glasenapp|publisher=Dvaita Vedanta Studies and Research Foundation|year=1992}}
*{{Cite book|title=Studies in social history: modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ystAAAAIAAJ|author=O. P. Bhatnnagar|publisher=University of Allahabad|year=1964}}
* {{cite book|title=A Thousand Laurels--Dr. Sadiq Naqvi: Studies on Medieval India with Special Reference to Deccan, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DV9uAAAAMAAJ|first1=Ṣādiq|last1=Naqvī|first2=V. Kishan|last2=Rao|publisher=Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture & Archaeology, Osmania University|year=2005}}
*{{cite book|title=Ṣaṣṭyabdasaṃskr̥tam: India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-oTrf_Q4I8C|first=Radhavallabh|last=Tripathi|publisher=Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan|year=2012|isbn = 9788124606292}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.uttaradimath.org Official Website of Uttaradi Math ]
*[https://www.srisatyabodhaswamymath.com/ Satyabodha Swamy Math website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224162006/https://www.srisatyabodhaswamymath.com/ |date=24 February 2024 }}
*{{facebook}}
*{{Twitter}}
* [http://www.dvaita.org Uttaradi Math on dvaita.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613064759/https://www.dvaita.org/ |date=13 June 2023 }}
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCN6W9AAqL7rfRj5YN4Z_05A Uttaradi Math on YouTube]
*[https://www.loc.gov/film-and-videos/?all=true&fa=language:kannada%7Clocation:uttaradi+mutt%7Csubject:uttaradi+mutt+%28bangalore,+india%29 Sarvajñapīṭha Śrī Uttarādimaṭha guruparaṃpare : Uttarādimaṭhada mūlavr̥ndāvanagaḷa divya darśana / nirdēśana - nirūpaṇe, Śrī Kr̥ṣṇa Kolhārakulakarṇi] at [[Library of Congress]]

{{Authority control}}
{{Coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Uttaradi Math| ]]
[[Category:Dvaita Vedanta]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Madhva mathas]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Hindu monasteries in India]]
[[Category:Mathatraya]]

Start Music season 5

2026-02-23T09:08:32Z

Shannan0997: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Start Music (TV series)]]

Zinda Tilismath

2026-02-22T11:56:55Z

Shannan0997:

{{Short description|Herbal medicine}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Zinda Tilismath
| logo =
| image = Zinda Tilismath.jpg
| image_caption = Package of Zinda Tilismath
| type = Unani herbal medicine
| foundation = 1920
| industry = [[Medicine]]
| founder = Hakeem Mohammed Moizuddin Farooqi
| products = [[Over-the-counter substance|Over-the-counter]] [[medication]]s
| parent = [[Karkhana Zinda Tilismath]], Amberpet, [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| homepage = [http://zindatilismath.co.in/ Official site]
}}

'''Zinda Tilismath''' is a [[Unani]] herbal medicine used for treating many common ailments like cold, coughs, throat pain, body pain, stomach disorders, ear pain, tooth pain and many more products. Based on the ancient herbal unani concept of medicine, Zinda Tilismath was founded by Hakeem Mohammed Moizuddin Farooqi in the year 1920. This was the period when new industries were beginning to emerge on the surface of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] and adding to Deccan's grandeur. Zinda Tilismath has a strong herbal/bitter taste, mainly consisting of eucalyptus and other various grassy notes.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ifthekhar|first=J.S.|title=Wonder drug still going strong|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/12/28/stories/0428403p.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830073158/http://www.hindu.com/2000/12/28/stories/0428403p.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2013|access-date=7 April 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 December 2000}}</ref> It is an over the counter drug, which is made from selected herbs. The medicine is said to have no side effects due to its herbal composition and is based on the Unani concept of medicine. It's available across India in many medical and general shops.<ref name=About>{{cite web|title=About the manufacturers|url=http://Zindatilismath.net|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>

Zinda Tilismath was made during the [[Nizam]]s rule in [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], for which it acquired the Nizams crown (Dastaar) as its trade mark. The Marketing logo was the face of an African Cavalry Guard ("Siddi") which was symbolic of good health and trust. This got associated with Zinda Tilismath during the Nizams regime for the sign of good health, strength and Trust. Henceforth it was used as the marketing logo by its founder for Zindatilismath.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatima |first=Dr Zareen |date=2020-09-03 |title=Celebrating the Centenary of "Zinda Tilismath" |url=https://www.heritagetimes.in/celebrating-the-centenary-of-zinda-tilismath/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=Heritage Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Karkhana Zinda Tilismath]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indiamart.com/karkhana-zinda-tilismath Karkhana Zinda Tilismath] at India Mart
* {{facebook|zindatilismath1920}}

[[Category:1920 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Analgesics]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1920]]
[[Category:Unani medicine]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]

Badi Doooor Se Aaye Hai

2026-02-11T23:12:21Z

Shannan0997: New post!

{{Short description|Indian TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bdsah.jpg
| alt_name =
| genre = {{ubl|[[Science fantasy]]|[[Sitcom]]}}
| creator = {{ubl|[[Jamnadas Majethia]]|Aatish Kapadia|[[Vipul D. Shah]]}}
| director = Dhawala Shukla
| starring = ''[[Badi Dooooor Se Aaye Hai#Cast|See below]]''
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 636
| producer = [[Jamnadas Majethia]] [[Vipul D. Shah]]
| location = Mumbai
| camera = [[Multi-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20 minutes
| company = Hats Off Productions
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2014|6|9}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2016|11|14}}
| channel = [[SAB TV|Sony SAB]] [[SonyLIV]]
}}

'''''Badi Dooooor Se Aaye Hain''''' ({{translation|''We've Come From Far Away''}}) is an Indian television [[sitcom]] created by [[Vipul D. Shah]] and [[Jamnadas Majethia]] or Aatish Kapadia that aired on [[SAB TV|Sony SAB]] from 9 June 2014 to 14 November 2016.

== Plot ==
''Badi Dooooor Se Aaye Hai'' is a story of an extraterrestrial family who come to Earth with an aim to find their eldest and lost son, named 2015, whom they have been searching for on many planets.<ref>{{cite web|last1=TNN|title=Badi Dooooor Se Aaye Hai : Now, a comedy show with aliens|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Badi-Dooooor-Se-Aaye-Hai-Now-a-comedy-show-with-aliens/articleshow/35340513.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=TNN|title=Alien language in practice on sets of Badi Dooooor Se Aaye Hai|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Alien-language-in-practice-on-sets-of-Badi-Dooooor-Se-Aaye-Hai/articleshow/36000053.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref>

The spaceship of Alien family crashes in a jungle as they land on Earth. After landing, they are shocked to see human civilization and its form. Later they realize that if they move around in their alien form they will be treated differently or may be taken captive for research and analysis, thus risking their existence. But since they get very strong clues of their lost son 2015 to be living on Earth, they forcefully take the form of humans and secure their lives. The alien family consists of Vasant, his wife Varsha, his younger brother Sharad and two sons, Hemant and Shishir. The residents of Sunshine Colony are unique and funny in their own different ways. At first, they found it difficult to accept the Ghotalas because they are weird but slowly they treated them as their own seeing their kind and selfless nature. Sharad falls for Anna. Ghotala's tries to search for 2015 but fail various time. Due to their weirdness towards human customs, they get targeted by Sunshine Colony members. Later, the family learn that God has created their destiny for various special mission more than their hunt for their son 2015.

Firstly, they save Liza and Ronnie's daughter's life with Hemant's newly discovered superpower of healing. They later save Shishir's real human form from Bureau of Alien Investigation and Research (BAIR) who learns about Ghotala's real alien form but mistake them the real human form. Later, BAIR agents, Pritesh, and the scientist Rajender create hurdles and the alien family almost escapes from revealing their true form. Later, Lord asks the family to visit Runnotsav of Kutch where they rescue Murlidhar Ojha's long lost son Manav Ojha who was presumed to be dead. Manav now helps Ghotala whenever Sunshine colony members blame them for various situations. When Manav reveals his feelings for Anna, this starts a love triangle between Sharad, Anna and Manav.

During their stay on Earth, Dada 420 as Bharavi's grandfather's doppelgänger, Dadi 90 as Bharavi's grandmother's doppelgänger, Nani 555 as [[Urvashi Dholakia]]'s doppelgänger, their daughter 333 visit the family on Hemant's invitation which also creates problems for the family.

On a trip, Pritesh fake's his illness and Ghotala's in an attempt to save his life, expose their superpowers. Due to this, the colony hates the family. Pritesh has a change of heart and convinces the colony to save Ghotala family for good.

Through much trouble the Ghotala family finds out their son 2015 has been held captive at an evil Alien's (1313) chamber, because he wanted him to repair Weather Controlling Machine, which is capable of destroying the Earth. Ghotala family defeats 1313 and got back their son and named him Samar. Now the Ghotalas decides to leave for their planet. As they are midway, they got the news of 2015's wife and son, on Earth. Due to this the Ghotala family crash-land on Earth one more time.

When Ghotalas meet Daulatram's (Samar's Father-in-law) he falls in love with Varsha at first sight and Varsha is smitten by him but he starts suspecting them. Anna and Sharad finally get married. Ghotala's now tires to convince Daulatram for the sake of Sonachandi and Maakhan. Sunshine colony members help the family in the process.After a series of events Sonachandi announces that she and 2015 are expecting another child. Vasant accidentally showcases his superpowers and Daulatram finds out that the Ghotala's are aliens. Afraid that Daulatram will expose their secret to the BAIR, Ghotalas decide to leave Earth immediately and move to their home planet, along with Daulatram's family. After some time they realize that they forgot Shishir and Maakhan at the Earth itself. Thus they decide to return to Earth, and crash lands on Earth for the third time. In the last scene of the show, Maakhan is shown thinking that now since the Ghotalas have been exposed to Daulatram, it would be more interesting to watch the Vasant-Daulatram clash.

==Cast==
=== Main===
* [[Sumeet Raghavan]] as Vasant Ghotala aka 9211 – Sharad's brother; Varsha's husband; Samar, Hemant, and Shishir's father; Maakhan's grandfather. He often commits mistakes. He always corrects Hemant/-426 for his error of language and hits him when he commits blunder. He always scolds Varsha for hitting on and flirting with Daulat Ram. His superpowers are Power Transfer, High Speed Rotation, Body to object transformation, and Magnetic Strength. (2014-2016)
* [[Rupali Bhosale]] as Varsha Ghotala aka 1721; Vasant's wife; Sharad's sister-in-law; Samar, Hemant, and Shishir's mother Maakhan's grandmother. She always adores Hemant for his smartness and gets angry when someone hits him. She is always corrected by Vasant when she uses wrong idioms. She has a big crush on Daulat Ram and always gets angered on Vasant for insulting Daulat Ram. Her superpowers are:- Extensibility and contractibility. (2014-2016)
* [[Vinay Rohrra]] as Sharad Ghotala aka 87 square – Vasant's brother, Anna's husband; Samar, Hemant, and Shishir's uncle. He develops a crush on Anna. When Anna praises him, he often says "Ya Ya Ya..." His catchphrase is "Logically..." He gets upset when Anna leaves for Goa right after their marriage. His superpowers are:- Telepathy, Hynotising, Mind Reading and Body transformation. (2014-2016)
* [[Bhavna Khatri]] as Anna D'Souza Ghotala – Ronnie's sister Sharad's wife. She was raised by Liza and Ronnie. She is fluent in many languages and customs. She always helps Ghotala with advice during human function. She always says, "I don't believe this" when someone commits a blunder. She earlier had confused feelings between Manav and Sharad but later chose Sharad when Manav was too revealed to be Alien. (2014-2016)
* [[Amit Dolawat]] as Samar Ghotala aka 2015 – Vasant and Varsha's eldest son; Hemant and Shishir's brother; Sonachandi's husband; Maakhan's father. He adores Sonachandi a lot and always gets romantic with her. He shakes his hands when he tries to lie. He was captured by 1313. His superpowers are Far-sight seeing. (2016)
* [[Punit Talreja]] as Hemant Ghotala aka -426 – Vasant and Varsha's second son; Samar and Shishir's brother; Heeramoti's fiancé; He is a little dumb but has a big heart. His superpowers are:- Healing and invisibility and handi-craft making. (2014-2016)
* Sujay Bagwe as Shishir Ghotala aka 225 – Vasant and Varsha's youngest son; Samar and Hemant's brother He is cute and helpful and clever. He has storage of information about humans and helps the family in the time of needs. His superpowers are Live Capture and Video player. (2014-2016)
* [[Vindhya Tiwari]] as Sonachandi Yadav Ghotala – Daulat's elder daughter; Heeramoti's sister; Samar's wife; Maakhan's mother. She respects Vasant and Varsha and would even go against her father for them. She too adores Samar a lot and always gets romantic with him. She is quite dumb and has horrible cooking skills. (2016)
* Prema Mehta as Heeramoti Yadav – Daulat's younger daughter; Sonachandi's sister; Hemant's fiancé. She is dumb as Hemant and Bhairavi and asks questions after every statement. (2016)
* [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]] as Daulat Ram Yadav – Sonachandi and Heeramoti's father; Maakhan's grandfather. He owns a dairy farm and fond of milk and milk products and recites their examples. He always taunts Vasant and adores women and respects them. He is in love with Varsha and envies Vasant. He wants her and tries to separate by making Varsha believe that Vasant is having an affair with Svetlana His Boss so that he can have both Maakhan and Varsha.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rajesh-Kumar-in-Badi-Door-Se-Aaye-Hai/articleshow/52972025.cms|title=Rajesh Kumar in 'Badi Door Se Aaye Hai'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 June 2016}}</ref> (2016)
* Runav Shah as Maakhan Ghotala – Samar and Sonachandi's son. He has powers of communication and object control. He always contacts his parents and grandparents and others for communication.

===Recurring===
* Purvi Vyas as Bhavana Trivedi Bhatt – Ila's sister; Bhadresh's mother; Pritesh and Mitesh's grandmother. She is native to [[Gujarat]]. She always scolds Bhadresh for his unemployment and Bhairavi for her mistakes. She always taunts Ghotala family and Ojha's but also cares for them a lot. She often replies "Haa Baba" when someone calls "Kaa Baa?" (2014-2016)
* [[Krunal Pandit]] as Bhadresh Bhatt – Bhavana's son; Bhairavi's husband; Mitesh and Pritesh's father. He is unemployed and likes to rest all the time. Bhavna, Ronnie and Murlidhar taunt upon his unemployment. He often replies ''Haa Baa'' when she calls ''Kaa Baba ?''(2014-2016)
* Shruti Rawat as Bhairavi Bhatt – Bhadresh's wife; Mitesh and Pritesh's mother. She is dumb and considers Hemant as her brother due to similarity in thoughts. She knew Ghotala's secret from Day 1 but never revealed. She always commits blunder when work told by Bhavna but always proves other wrong. She has the catchphrase "To Barobar". (2014-2016)
* Sneh V. Mirani as Mitesh Bhatt – Bhadresh and Bhairavi's elder son; Pritesh's brother. He always helps Pritesh in his plan against Ghotala's but guides him when he creates differences between the colony. (2014-2016)
* [[Aryan Prajapati]] as Pritesh Bhatt – Bhadresh and Bhairavi's younger son; Mitesh's brother. He always makes attempts to expose the alien family but always makes mistakes in the process. He even guides the scientists and BAIR agents to expose Ghotalas. (2014-2016)
* Falguni Rajani as Ila Trivedi Mehta – Bhavna's sister. She always fakes her call-connections with high personalities and celebrities. (2014-2016)
* Pradeep Duhan as
** Captain Manav Murlidhar Ojha – Murlidhar and Lajwanti's son. He had crush on Anna. He was sacrificed while serving the nation. (2014)
** 100÷100=1/ Manav – Murlidhar and Lajwanti's adopted son. While gaining Manav's memory, he also gains his emotions. He also develops true feelings for Anna creating confusion in their love life. He later continued to stay with Ojha family for the sake of their happiness. He always helps the Ghotala family against Sunshine Colony members allegations.( 2015-2016)
* Deepak Pareek as Murlidhar Ojha – Lajwanti's husband; Manav's father. He is Dandy towards beautiful women. He kept a secret about his son's death from his wife. He is a miser and always asks for offers, gifts and money. He is a proud Marwari and always tries to promote [[Rajasthan]]. (2014-2016)
* Neelam Pathania as Lajwanti "Laajo" Ojha – Ramdulari's sister; Murlindhar's wife; Manav's mother. She is a housewife and has immense love for her son. She also berates Murlidhar when he adores other women. (2014-2016)
* [[Kya Haal, Mr. Paanchal?|Rahul Singh]] as Chandrabhan Yadav – Lajwanti and Murlidhar's brother-in-law. He pens worse poems with the meanings and words he wrote the poem for. He agrees with his wife Ramdulari with her wrong English. (2015-2016)
* Anuradha Verma as Ramdulari Yadav – Lajwanti's sister. She speaks wrong English. She is Lajwanti's sister. She always agrees with Chandrabhan's poems and Bhairavi's wrong logic. She is referred to as ''Bhojpuri Queen Victoria''. (2015-2016)
* [[Bakhtiyaar Irani]] as Ronnie D'Souza – Anna's brother; Liza's husband; Angel's father. He always find difficulties in speaking Hindi. He is impulsive and hotheaded. He also adores other ladies. He sacrificed his parenthood along with Liza with Angel for his younger sister Anna. (2014-2016)
* [[Tannaz Irani]] as Lisa D'Souza – Ronnie's wife; Angel's mother. She always asks Ronnie to keep calm. She always corrects Ronnie with Hindi. She is mother like figure to Anna. She along with Ronnie sacrificed her parenthood with Angel for her sister-in-law Anna. She guides Anna during her love conflict. (2014-2016)
* Sara Abdi as Angel D'Souza – Ronnie and Liza's daughter. She was born with a disorder. When she was about to die, she was revived by Hemant with his healing powers. (2014-2015)
* Balvinder Singh Suri as Inspector Sweety Singh. He is the colony inspector. He is always annoyed by the colony members and mostly Ghotala's. (2014-2016)
* Jayshree Mehta as Dolly. She is the wicked aunt of the colony. She has a crush on the men of the colony and tries to woo them. (2014-2015)
* Mukesh Ramani as Watchman Khadak Singh. He modern and up-to-date. He uses smartphones and Internet for the work assigned by the colony residents. (2014-2015)
* [[Vandana Pathak]] as Peas Ghotala aka 90 – Vasant and Sharad's grandmother; Samar, Hemant, and Shishir’s great-grandmother. She is Bhairavi's grandmother's doppelgänger. She has hearing issues and transforms into a young lady. (2015)
* [[Urvashi Dholakia]] as
** Urvashi aka 555 – Varsha's mother, She always taunts Vasant and Sharad and tries to troubles them. She downloads everyone's accents and communicates with them. She adores Hemant and devises plan to insult Vasant in front of Varsha. (2015)
** Fake Dr. Kameshwari Prempipasu (2015)
* Jia as Padmavati Devi. She along with Prithesh try to expose the alien family. She hates when she is called only ''Padmavati'' and not ''Padmavati Devi''. (2015)
* Dipesh Shah as Charles Ghotala aka 420 – Peas's husband; Vasant and Sharad's grandfather; Samar, Hemant, and Shishir’s great-grandfather. He is Bhairavi's grandfather's doppelgänger. He has issues with hearing. He later transformed into a dog in front of the colony members. (2015)
* [[Abhishek Verma (actor)|Abhishek Verma]] as Jackie/1947. He along with 2015 landed on Earth. (2015)
* Karan Thakur as Scientist Rajinder Singh. He is on a search for the aliens. He is always guided by Pritesh in the same. (2014-2015)
* [[Ankit Gera]] as Yuvraaj Chaudhary, Senior BAIR agent, Agent Q and Agent X's boss. He wants to attain alien superpowers. (2014)
* [[Surjit Saha]] as BAIR agent Q. He is quite dumb. He agrees with anything and everything and hence commits blunder for his organisation. He is also referred as Pinky by Kumkum Balkukreti aka KuKu. (2014-2016)
* Krupa Shah as BAIR agent X. She always taunts and rebukes Agent Q for his blunders. (2014-2016)
* Sharika Raina as 2/2, Samar's alien fiancé, She took the human form of ''Bahu Meri Beti Nahin Samdhan Dahej Deti Nahi'' vamp. (2016)
* Rakesh Paul as Dr. Jayant Dikshit/1313, he captured 2015 and tortured him. He has captured various planets. He wants to rule Earth with the help of Weather Control Machine. He is in love with Varsha's Real Form.(Main Antagonist)
* Farzil Pardiwalla as 1600+, 1313's helper. (2016)
* [[Rhea Sharma]] as Priyanka Prabhakar Datar (2014)
* [[Sangram Singh]] as Armaan Kumar
* [[Atul Parchure]] as Bhoot Bhaiya Ghost Prabhakar. He was killed by his family members. He seeks Sharad's and Ghotala's help to save her daughter from the clutches of his evil family and imprison them.
* Abraam Pandey as Ketan, Daulatram's sidekick.
* Sharad Vyas as Harvinod Bhai
* [[Rajeev Mehta]] as Don Ramesh. He is Don of Mumbai who steals jewelry. He suffers short-term memory loss frequently. He kidnapped Bhairavi, when his henchmen saw Vasant disguised as Bhairavi using superpowers.
* Jaswinder Gardner as Kumkum Balakukreti. A secret government agent. She is also Agent Q's best friend.
* [[Varun Khandelwal]] as Captain Iqbaal of Pakistan. (2015)
* [[Aditi Gowitrikar]] as Vidya Mandodre. She is an evil lady with criminal background. She troubled the Sunshine colony during 2015 Ganapati Utsav but later turns good towards them when they save her in an asthma attack. (2015)
* [[Giaa Manek]] as Shanti Roy
* [[Navina Bole]] as Nisha(alias Nisha Ahaha Ahaha), Ronnie's ex-girlfriend. Ronnie broke up with her when she criticised Ronnie's love and respect for Indian culture.
* [[Dinyar Contractor]] as boss of Rajinder Singh (2014)
* Sukesh Anand as Vinod, PA of Vidya Mandodore (2015)
* [[Monica Castelino]] as Pushpagandha Puryakusthu, Ronnie and Hemant's Hindi Teacher. She is referred to as Gandapushpa by Ronnie.
* Abraam Pandey as Ketan Akka Aadhey Adhurey
* [[Sameksha]] as Toffee Raheja (2015)
* [[Pariva Pranati]] as Premlata, Vasant's fake wife. She lost touch with her husband who is Vasant's look-alike. (2016)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Pariva-Pranati-to-enter-Badi-Dooooor-as-Vasants-wife/articleshow/51865928.cms|title=Pariva Pranati to enter Badi Dooooor... as Vasant's wife|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 April 2016}}</ref>
* [[Dilnaz Irani]] as Laxmi, Vasant's fake sister. Vasant used Sharad's transformation superpowers to change into Laxmi in order to get Samar, Sonachandi and Maakhan along with Ghotala family. She was Daulatram's love interest. (2016)
* Chirag Desai as 212, 2015's sidekick. He along with Jackie/1947 and Samar/2015. (2016)

===Guest===
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as himself, to promote their film ''[[Entertainment (2014 film)|Entertainment]]'' (2014)<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/akshay-kumar-promotes-its-entertainment-in-badi-door-se-aaye-hai/videoshow/39301705.cms?from=mdr|title=Akshay Kumar promotes ‘Its Entertainment’ in 'Badi Door Se Aaye Hai'|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
*[[Krushna Abhishek]] as himself, to promote their film ''[[Entertainment (2014 film)|Entertainment]]'' (2014)<ref name="auto1"/>
* [[Deven Bhojani]] as Defence Lawyer Jugal Raichura<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/deven-and-nimisha-turn-lawyers-in-badi-dooooor-se-aaye-hai/articleshow/46958911.cms|title=Deven and Nimisha turn lawyers in 'Badi Dooooor Se Aaye Hai'|date=18 April 2015|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> (2015)
* [[Nimisha Vakharia]] as Prosecutor Neelima Jugal Raichura<ref name="auto"/> (2015)
* [[Anang Desai]] as Judge Desai<ref name="auto"/> (2015)
* [[Manav Gohil]] as [[Yamraj]] from [[Yam Hain Hum]]. He came to take Hemant's life but left him back to Earth when he saw Ghotala's innocence and philanthropist nature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yamraj-visits-the-aliens/articleshow/48083879.cms|title=Yamraj visits the aliens|date=16 July 2015|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> (2015)
* [[Rishi Kapoor]] as himself, to promote their film ''[[All Is Well (2015 film)|All Is Well]]'' (2015)
* [[Abhishek Bachchan]] as himself, to promote their film ''[[All Is Well (2015 film)|All Is Well]]'' (2015)
* [[Aditi Govitrikar]] as Vidya Mandodre<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/cameo-for-aditi-138189|title=Cameo for Aditi : The Tribune India}}</ref> (2015)
* [[Emraan Hashmi]] as himself, to promote ''[[Azhar (film)|Azhar]]'' (2016)

== See also ==
*[[List of Hindi comedy shows]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|8374588|description=(2014 TV series)}}

[[Category:Hindi comedy shows]]
[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows about magic (supernatural)]]
[[Category:Science fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Fiction portraying humans as aliens]]
[[Category:Television series about alien visitations]]
[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction television series]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Yama in popular culture]]
[[Category:Indian comedy]]

Shaunak Sen

2026-02-11T07:21:08Z

Shannan0997: new some data from scratch

{{Short description|Indian documentary filmmaker (1987-)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shaunak Sen
| image = Shaunak Sen.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 26 June 1987
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[A.J.K. Mass Communication Research Centre]]
| occupation = Filmmaker
| years_active = 2013{{endash}}present
| awards =
}}

'''Shaunak Sen''' is an Academy award nominated Indian filmmaker, video artist and film scholar. His documentary film on environmental issues, ''[[All That Breathes]],'' won the Grand Jury Prize in the World Cinema Documentary Competition at [[2022 Sundance Film Festival]]<ref name="award:hindu">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/all-that-breathes-wins-at-sundance/article38343085.ece |title=Shaunak Sen's documentary 'All That Breathes' wins World Cinema Grand Jury Prize at Sundance Film Festival 2022|author=Srivatsan S|work=The Hindu|date=February 1, 2022|access-date=31 May 2022|language=en}}</ref> and the [[L'Œil d'or|Golden Eye]] award for the best documentary at [[2022 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/01/movies/sundance-film-festival.html|title=Sundance Wrap-Up: 6 Movies We Like and One We Disagree on|first1=Manohla|last1=Dargis|first2=A. O.|last2=Scott|date=February 1, 2022|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/may/23/all-that-breathes-delhi-documentary-cannes-black-kites|title='A gaping wound': how a film about birds of prey is a warning to India's capital city|date=May 23, 2022|website=the Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60329561|title=All That Breathes: The Indian brothers who heal birds dropping from the sky|date=February 18, 2022|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref> It was also nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature]]. The documentary then won a [[Peabody Award]] at the 84th ceremony for "its graceful portrait of empathy and interconnectivity between nature and man".<ref name="peabodyawards.com">{{cite web | title=All That Breathes | url=https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/all-that-breathes/ }}</ref>

==Education==
Sen graduated in Mass Communication from [[A.J.K. Mass Communication Research Centre]] Jamia Milia, New Delhi, and obtained a Ph.D. from the School of Arts and Aesthetics at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in Delhi.<ref name="pro:nav">{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/news-from-bollywood/delhi-boy-shaunak-sen-wins-golden-eye-award-and-5-thousand-euros-for-documentary-all-that-breathes-at-cannes-film-festival-2022-know-all-about-him/articleshow/91864741.cms|title=Who is Shaunak Sen: कौन हैं दिल्ली के शौनक सेन, जिन्होंने Cannes में जीता गोल्डन आई अवॉर्ड और 4.16 लाख रुपये|trans-title=Who is Shaunak Sen: Who is Shaunak Sen from Delhi, who won the Golden Eye Award and Rs 4.16 lakh at Cannes|author=Sangeeta Tomar |date=29 May 2022|access-date=31 May 2022|website=India Times|language=Hi}}</ref><ref name="pro">{{Cite news|url=https://factoryartscentre.com/en/artist_maker/shaunak-sen-2/ |title=Shaunak Sen|website=The Factory Contemporary Arts Centre|access-date=31 May 2022|language=en}}</ref> His academic and early professional work won support from various organizations, including the [[Films Division of India]] Documentary Fellowship (2013), [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies|CSDS]]-Sarai Digital and Social Media Fellowship (2014), [[Pro Helvetia]] Residency (2016) and the Charles Wallace Fellowship (2018). He also participated in [[Cambridge University]]'s ERC Urban Ecologies project as a visiting scholar in 2018.<ref name="GoetheInstitut">{{Cite web|url=https://www.goethe.de/ins/in/de/kul/art/fmi/shs.html|title=Shaunak Sen|access-date=12 June 2022|website=[[Goethe-Institut]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612042447/https://www.goethe.de/ins/in/de/kul/art/fmi/shs.html|archive-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
Sen, along with [[Amitesh Grover]] and Frank Oberhausser, co-conceptualized ''Downtime'', a live installation event across Delhi and Berlin that allowed audiences to explore practices across sleep in public territories, private spaces, and digitally networked environments.<ref name="AGrover1">{{Cite web|url=https://amiteshgrover.com/sleep-iii|title=On Sleep|access-date=12 June 2022|website=Amitesh Grover|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612051327/https://amiteshgrover.com/sleep-iii|archive-date=12 June 2022}}</ref> With Arnika Ahldag and Grover, he was co-[[curator]] of ''Notes on Mourning'', a live performance and video installation in January 2015.<ref name="AGrover2">{{Cite web|url=https://amiteshgrover.com/on-mourning|title=On Mourning|access-date=12 June 2022|website=Amitesh Grover|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612051242/https://amiteshgrover.com/on-mourning|archive-date=12 June 2022}}</ref> He was also part of the Copycat Academy Residency, curated by Hannah Hurtzig at the [[Luminato]] Film Festival in [[Toronto]] in June 2015.<ref name="MobileAkademie">{{Cite web|url=https://mobileacademy-berlin.com/en/the-copycat-academy-2015-en/|title=The Copycat Academy 2015|access-date=12 June 2022|website=Mobile Akademie Berlin|date=21 June 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612051437/https://mobileacademy-berlin.com/en/the-copycat-academy-2015-en/|archive-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>

Sen's first feature-length documentary, a "sensitive unpacking of the geographies of homelessness and sleep in Delhi", ''Cities of Sleep'' funded by the Films Division of India was released in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/755115/how-and-where-do-the-homeless-of-delhi-sleep-a-documentary-uncovers-an-economy-of-the-night |title=How and where do the homeless of Delhi sleep? A documentary uncovers an economy of the night|author=Nandini Ramnath|work=Scroll.in|date=12 September 2015|access-date=31 May 2022|language=en}}</ref> The film was screened at 16th edition of the [[New York Indian Film Festival]],<ref name="nyiff:hindu">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/Beyond-the-multiplex/article14395138.ece |title=Beyond the multiplex|author=Meher Mirza|work=The Hindu|date=22 June 2016|access-date=31 May 2022|language=en}}</ref> [[Taiwan International Documentary Festival]], and [[Mumbai International Film Festival]].<ref name="pro:nav" /> Screened at over 20 other international festivals, the documentary won six awards.<ref name="ArtFair">{{Cite web|url=https://indiaartfair.in/programme/zoom-shaina-anand-in-conversation-with-shaunak-sen|title=Shaina Anand in Conversation with Shaunak Sen|date=2 February 2020|access-date=12 June 2022|website=India Art Fair|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612052542/https://indiaartfair.in/programme/zoom-shaina-anand-in-conversation-with-shaunak-sen|archive-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>

Sen's second feature-length documentary ''[[All That Breathes]]'' premiered on 21 January 2022 in the [[Sundance Film Festival]]'s World Cinema Documentary Competition.
Two brothers Saud and Nadeem were raised in New Delhi, looking at a sky speckled with black kites, watching as relatives tossed meat up to these birds of prey. Muslim belief held that feeding the kites would expel troubles. Now, birds are falling from the polluted, opaque skies of New Delhi and the two brothers have made it their life’s work to care for the injured black kites.<ref name="credits:sundance">{{cite web|url=https://festival.sundance.org/program/#film-info/61ae111714aef7a8b71c07bd|title=All That Breathes|website=[[Sundance Film Festival]]|access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref>

The documentary won the ''World Cinema Grand Jury Prize: Documentary'' at the Sundance Film Festival, with one juror saying "This poetic film delivers an urgent political story while constructing a singular and loving portrait of protagonists resisting seemingly inevitable ecological disaster – with humorous touches punctuated by unsentimental depiction of the animal kingdom."<ref name="SundanceWin">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sundance.org/blogs/2022-sundance-film-festival-awards-announced/|title=2022 Sundance Film Festival's Awards announced|date=28 January 2022|access-date=12 June 2022|website=[[Sundance Film Festival]]}}</ref> The documentary also won the [[L'Œil d'or]] (''Golden Eye''), the top award for documentary films, at the 75th [[Cannes Film Festival]] in 2022, with the jury saying "The Golden Eye goes to a film that, in a world of destruction, reminds us that every life matters, and every small action matters. You can grab your camera, you can save a bird, you can hunt for some moments of stealing beauty, it matters. It's an inspirational journey in observation of three Don Quixotes who may not save the whole world but do save their world."<ref name="IECannes">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/indian-film-all-that-breathes-wins-top-documentary-award-at-cannes-2022-7941337/|title=Indian film All That Breathes wins top documentary award at Cannes 2022|date=29 May 2022|access-date=12 June 2022|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Following the Cannes screening of ''All That Breathes'', [[HBO]] announced that it had acquired worldwide television rights to the documentary. A theatrical release in the USA through Submarine Deluxe and Sideshow was followed by a release on [[HBO Max]].<ref name="HBOAcquires">{{cite news |date=21 May 2022 |title=Shaunak Sen on HBO release of 'All That Breathes': Thrilled to join the roster |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shaunak-sen-on-hbo-release-of-all-that-breathes-thrilled-to-join-the-roster/article65442634.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref> The documentary then won a [[Peabody Award]] at the 84th awards ceremony.

==Filmography==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Worked as
! Note
! Ref.
|-
| 2013
| ''Squad's Fall Guys''
|rowspan=3| Editor
|
|rowspan=3|<ref name="watson">{{Cite web|url=https://watson.brown.edu/southasia/events/2017/film-screening-cities-sleep-director-shaunak-sen-associate-director-aman-mann |title=Film Screening: "Cities of Sleep" with Director, Shaunak Sen & Associate Director, Aman Mann|website= Watson Brown |date=1 March 2017 |access-date=31 May 2022|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''Old Town''
|
|-
| 2014
| ''T&Lily''
|
|-
| 2016
| ''Cities of Sleep''
| Writer/ Director
| Screened at [[New York Indian Film Festival|NYIFF]], [[Taiwan International Documentary Festival|TIDF]], and [[Mumbai International Film Festival|MIFF]]
|<ref name="indiatd">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/cities-of-sleep-ever-wondered-where-all-the-homeless-sleep-262748-2015-09-14 |title=Cities of Sleep: Ever wondered where the homeless sleep?|author=Vivek Surendran |website= India Today |date=14 September 2015 |access-date=31 May 2022|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[All That Breathes]]''
| Director/ Producer
| Won Grand Jury Prizes in World Cinema Documentary Competition at [[2022 Sundance Film Festival]] and [[L'Œil d'or|Golden Eye]] award for the best documentary at [[2022 Cannes Film Festival]]
|<ref name="IECannes" />
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width: 95%;"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Cannes Film Festival]]
| [[2022 Cannes Film Festival|May 28, 2022]]
| [[L'Œil d'or|Golden Eye]]
| Shaunak Sen
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="award:ie">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/indian-film-all-that-breathes-wins-top-documentary-award-at-cannes-2022-7941337/ |title=Indian film All That Breathes wins top documentary award at Cannes 2022 |website=The Indian Express |date=May 28, 2022 |access-date=May 28, 2022|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[IDA Documentary Awards]]
| December 10, 2022
| Best Director
| Shaunak Sen
| {{won}}
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ida-documentary-awards-2022-winners-full-list-1235279604/|title=IDA Documentary Awards: 'All That Breathes' Tops Winners|website=[[Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Hilary|last=Lewis|date=December 10, 2022|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[Cinema Eye Honors]]
| rowspan="2" | [[16th Cinema Eye Honors|January 12, 2023]]
| Outstanding Non-Fiction Feature
| Shaunak Sen, Aman Mann and [[Teddy Leifer]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2022/11/2023-cinema-eye-honors-nominees-documentary-feature-1234780961/|title='Fire of Love' and 'The Territory' Lead 2023 Cinema Eye Honors Nonfiction Film Nominees|website=[[IndieWire]]|first=Marcus|last=Jones|date=November 10, 2022|access-date=November 10, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2023/awards/awards/cinema-eye-honors-winners-list-1235487899/|title='All That Breathes,' 'Fire of Love' Lead Cinema Eye Honors|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first1=Julia|last1=MacCary|first2=Ellise|last2=Shafer|date=January 12, 2023|access-date=January 13, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| Outstanding Direction
| Shaunak Sen
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Directors Guild of America Awards]]
| [[75th Directors Guild of America Awards|February 18, 2023]]
| [[Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Documentaries|Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Documentaries]]
| Shaunak Sen
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |last1=Schneider |first1=Michael |title=''Severance'', ''Station Eleven'', ''The Daily Show'' Lead 2023 DGA Awards Television Nominations |url= https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/severance-station-eleven-2023-dga-awards-tv-nominations-1235484034/|access-date=January 10, 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=January 10, 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Producers Guild of America Awards]]
| [[34th Producers Guild of America Awards|February 25, 2023]]
| [[Producers Guild of America Award for Best Documentary Motion Picture|Outstanding Producer of Documentary Theatrical Motion Pictures]]
| Aman Mann, Shaunak Sen, and Teddy Leifer
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite press release |title=Producers Guild of America Awards Celebrates ''Everything Everywhere All At Once'', ''White Lotus'', ''The Bear'', ''Navalny'' & more with Top Honors |url=https://producersguild.org/producers-guild-of-america-awards-celebrates-top-honors/ |publisher=[[Producers Guild of America]] |access-date=March 2, 2023 |location=Los Angeles |date=February 25, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Carey |first1=Matthew |title=PGA Awards Documentary Nominations Bring Shocks and Surprises: ''Nothing Compares'' In, ''All The Beauty And The Bloodshed'' Out |url=https://deadline.com/2022/12/pga-awards-2023-documentary-nominations-announcement-news-1235196961/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=December 12, 2022 |access-date=January 12, 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[British Academy Film Awards]]
| [[76th British Academy Film Awards|February 19, 2023]]
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Documentary|Best Documentary]]
| Shaunak Sen, Teddy Leifer, Aman Mann
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/2023-bafta-film-nominations-list-movie-nominees-1235226375/|title=BAFTA Film Awards Nominations: 'All Quiet On The Western Front,' 'Banshees Of Inisherin' & 'Everything Everywhere All At Once' Lead — The Complete List|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Zac|last=Ntim|date=January 19, 2023|access-date=January 19, 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Independent Spirit Awards]]
| [[38th Independent Spirit Awards|March 4, 2023]]
| [[Independent Spirit Award for Best Documentary Feature|Best Documentary Feature]]
| Shaunak Sen, Teddy Leifer, Aman Mann
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2022/11/2023-independent-spirit-award-nominations-1234784758/|title=2023 Film Independent Spirit Award Nominations Announced (Updating Live)|website=[[IndieWire]]|first=Ryan|last=Lattanzio|date=November 22, 2022|access-date=November 22, 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Academy Awards]]
| [[95th Academy Awards|March 12, 2023]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film|Best Documentary Feature]]
| Shaunak Sen, Aman Mann, and Teddy Leifer
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name=oscarnom:hr>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oscar-nominations-2023-nominees-list-1235307974/ |title=Oscars: Full List of Nominations |first=Hilary |last=Lewis |date=January 24, 2023 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Peabody Awards]]
| 84th Peabody Awards|June 9, 2024
| Portrait of Empathy and Interconnectivity Between Nature and Man
| Shaunak Sen, Aman Mann, and Teddy Leifer
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="peabodyawards.com"/>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Shaunak}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mass media people from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian directors]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]

Indian 1-rupee coin

2026-02-07T08:22:15Z

Shannan0997:

{{Short description|Denomination of the Indian rupee}}
{{Infobox coin
| Denomination = One rupee coin
| Country = India
| Value = {{Indian rupee}}1
| Unit =
| Mass_g = 3.09
| Mass_troy_oz =
| Mass_grain =
| Mass_ounce =
| Mass_special = 
| Gold_troy_oz =
| Silver_troy_oz =
| Diameter_mm = 20
| Diameter_inch = 0.79
| Diameter_special = 
| Thickness_mm =
| Thickness_inch =
| Thickness_special = 
| Edge =
| Composition = [[Stainless steel]]
| Years of Minting = {{Start date|1950}}–present
| Mintage = 
| Mint marks = ⧫ = [[India Government Mint, Mumbai|Mumbai]] B = Mumbai Proof issue * = [[India Government Mint, Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] ° = [[India Government Mint, Noida|Noida]] No mint-mark = [[India Government Mint, Kolkata|Kolkata]]
| Circulation =
| Catalog Number = 
| Obverse = Indian 1 rupee coin (observe).png
| Obverse Image Size = 128
| Obverse Design =
| Obverse Designer = [[Reserve Bank of India]]
| Obverse Design Date = 2019
| Obverse Discontinued =
| Obverse2 = India-1-rupee-2018.jpg
| Obverse2 Image Size = 128
| Obverse2 Design =
| Obverse2 Designer = [[Reserve Bank of India]]
| Obverse2 Design Date = 2011
| Obverse2 Discontinued = 2019
| Obverse3 = 1 Ruppe coin 2005 reverse.jpg
| Obverse3 Image Size = 128
| Obverse3 Design =
| Obverse3 Designer = [[National Institute of Design]]
| Obverse3 Design Date = 2005
| Obverse3 Discontinued = 2007
| Obverse4 =
| Obverse4 Image Size =
| Obverse4 Design =
| Obverse4 Designer =
| Obverse4 Design Date =
| Obverse4 Discontinued =
| Reverse = Indian 1 rupee coin (reverse.png
| Reverse Image Size = 128
| Reverse Design =
| Reverse Designer = [[Reserve Bank of India]]
| Reverse Design Date = 2019
| Reverse Discontinued =
| Reverse2 = 1-rupees-2011-rev.png
| Reverse2 Image Size = 128
| Reverse2 Design =
| Reverse2 Designer = [[Reserve Bank of India]]
| Reverse2 Design Date = 2011
| Reverse2 Discontinued = 2019
| Reverse3 = 1 Ruppe coin obverse.jpg
| Reverse3 Image Size = 128
| Reverse3 Design =
| Reverse3 Designer = [[National Institute of Design]]
| Reverse3 Design Date = 2005
| Reverse3 Discontinued = 2007
| Reverse4 =
| Reverse4 Image Size =
| Reverse4 Design =
| Reverse4 Designer =
| Reverse4 Design Date =
| Reverse4 Discontinued =
}}
The '''Indian 1-rupee coin''' (₹1) is an Indian coin worth one [[Indian rupee]] and is made up of a hundred [[Indian paisa|paisa]]s. Currently, one rupee coin is the smallest Indian coin in circulation. Since 1992, one Indian rupee coins are minted from [[stainless steel]]. Round in shape, the one rupee coins weighs {{convert|3.76|g|gr|abbr=off}}, has a diameter of {{convert|21.93|mm|in|adj=on}} and thickness of {{convert|1.45|mm|in|adj=on}}. In [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independent India]], one rupee coins were first minted in 1950 and are currently in circulation.

==History==
===Sur Empire===
[[Sher Shah Suri]], the founder of the [[Sur Empire]] ruled [[North India]] from 1540 to 1545 [[Anno Domini|AD]].<ref name="p.83">Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, p.83</ref> During his reign, Suri issued pure silver coins in 1542 and named it ''Rupiya'' (from Sanskrit रौप्य, raupya, meaning silver). The denomination remained in usage through the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]], [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]], [[East India Company|East India company]] and [[British Raj|British]] rules.<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage">{{cite news|title=Facts about Indian coinage|publisher=mymoneysage.in|access-date=29 August 2017|url=https://www.mymoneysage.in/blog/interesting-facts-about-coinage-and-currency-notes-in-india/}}</ref><ref name="History of Indian coins">{{cite news|title=History of Indian coins|publisher=indianumismatics.wordpress.com|access-date=29 August 2017|url=https://indianumismatics.wordpress.com/category/history-of-indian-coins/}}</ref> The rupiya was retained by the East India company till 1835 and formed the basis of the British Raj currency till 1947.<ref name="History of Pashtuns">{{cite news|title=History of Pashtuns|publisher=barmazid.com|access-date=29 August 2017|url=http://www.barmazid.com/2014/11/currency-reforms-of-sher-shah.html}}</ref> Each rupiya coin weighed {{convert|178|gr|g|abbr=off}}. The [[Denomination (currency)#Subunit and super unit|sub-unit]] of rupyia were copper pieces and 40 copper pieces constituted as one rupiya. Sher Shah Suri named the copper pieces as [[Paisa]].<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage"/><ref name="History of Pashtuns"/><ref name="Interesting Facts about Rupee and Coins">{{cite news|title=Interesting Facts about Rupee and Coins|publisher=mapsofindia.com|access-date=29 August 2017|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/interesting-facts-about-rupee-and-coins}}</ref>

{{Coin image box 1 double
| header = 1 '''Rupiya''' coin (''Sher Shah Suri'')
| image = File:Sher shah's rupee.jpg
| caption_left = '''Obverse''': Trace of [[Six Kalimas|Kalima]], name of four [[Khalifa]]s, Sher Shah Suri's name and pious wish "Khald Allah mulk".
| caption_right = '''Reverse''': Name of mint (some coins bore word "Jahapanah" instead of mint name) and date.
| width = 250
| footer = Coins were minted in different mints like Ujjain, Agra, Punduah, Chunar, Satgaon etc.
| position = center
| margin = 0
}}

===Danish, Dutch, French and Portuguese India===
Each minted their own coinage, with [[Danish India]] using [[Danish Indian rupee|Fano]];<ref>{{Cite web|title=2 Royaliner, 2 Fano, 2 Fanams - Christian VII, India|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces87844.html|access-date=2022-01-06|website=en.numista.com|language=en}}</ref> [[French India]]: [[French Indian rupee|Roupie and fanon]] till 1954; [[Portuguese India]] [[Portuguese Indian rupia|rupia]] till 1958, ...

===British East India company===
In 1717 AD, the [[East India Company]] obtained permission from the Mughal emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] to coin Mughal style currency, at their Bombay factory. In 1835 AD, the ''Coinage Act of 1835'' for uniform coinage came into force.<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage"/><ref name="British India Coinage">{{cite news|title=British India Coinage|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=30 August 2017|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/English/Currency/Scripts/BritishIndia.aspx}}</ref> Composed of 91.7% silver, the new one rupee coins weighed {{convert|11.66|g|gr|abbr=off}} and had a diameter of {{convert|30.55|mm|in|adj=off}}. The reverse of all one rupee coins minted after 1835 and before 1862 AD bore "East India Company" instead of the Mughal Empire.<ref name="Queen Victoria coin variants">{{cite news|title=Queen Victoria coin variants|publisher=Numista|access-date=30 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/index.php?mode=avance&p=1&r=&e=inde_britannique&d=&ca=3&no=&i=&v=1&m=&a=1840-1901&t=&dg=&w=&u=&f=&g=&tb=y&cat=y}}</ref> The one rupee coins had bust of [[William IV of the United Kingdom|King William IIII]] (''IV minted as IIII'') and were first minted in 1835 AD.<ref name="1835 one rupee">{{cite news|title=1835 one rupee|publisher=Numista|access-date=30 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces15709.html}}</ref> Rupee coins issued after 1840 bore the busts of [[Queen Victoria]] (1840 to 1901 AD).<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage"/><ref name="British India 1 rupee coins">{{cite news|title=British India 1 rupee coins|publisher=Numista|access-date=30 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/index.php?mode=avance&p=1&r=&e=inde_britannique&d=&ca=3&no=&i=&v=1+rupee&m=&a=&t=&dg=&w=&u=&f=&g=&tb=y&cat=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jfcampbell.us/india/victoria/rupee-mm.htm|title=VICTORIA {{!}} The Coins of British India One Rupee: Mint Mark Varieties (1874–1901)|website=jfcampbell.us|date=13 October 2004|author= J. Franklin Campbell|access-date=17 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913183949/http://jfcampbell.us/india/victoria/rupee-mm.htm|archive-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>

The [[East India Company]] wanted to introduce the [[Pound sterling]] in India, due to the popularity of the Rupiya, the Pound sterling could not be introduced in India.

====Madras Presidency====
The [[Madras Presidency]] issued one rupee coins until 1815 AD. One rupee was equal to twelve [[Madras fanam|fanam]]s.<ref name="Interesting Facts about Rupee and Coins"/>

{{Coin image box 1 double
| header = 1 '''Rupee coin''' (''Madras Presidency'')
| image = File:Silver Rupee Madras Presidency.JPG
| caption_left = '''Obverse''':
| caption_right = '''Reverse''':
| width = 250
| footer =
| position = center
| margin = 0
}}

===British Raj (1858-1947)===
The [[British Raj]] started in India in 1858 AD and lasted until Indian independence in 1947.<ref name="British Raj">{{cite news|title=British Raj|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=30 August 2017|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml}}</ref> In 1862, new one rupee coins were issued, were known as the ''Regal issue'', bore the bust of Queen Victoria on the obverse and "India" minted on the reverse side.<ref name="Queen Victoria coin variants"/> From 1862 to 1939 AD, one rupee coins were minted from 91.7% silver, weighed {{convert|11.66|g|gr|abbr=off}}, had a diameter of {{convert|30.78|mm|in|adj=off}} and thickness of {{convert|1.9|mm|in|adj=off}}. The obverse side of the coins featured the busts of [[Queen Victoria]] (1862 to 1901 AD), [[Edward VII]] (1903 to 1910 AD), [[George V]] (1911 to 1936 AD) and [[George VI]] (1938 to 1947 AD). [[Edward VIII]] was never featured on any one rupee coin since his reign (Jan-Dec 1936 AD) was short.<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage"/><ref name="British India 1 rupee coins"/>

Due to [[World War I]] and [[World War II|II]], there was a shortage of silver. As a result of the shortage, 0.917 silver one rupee coins were replaced by Quaternary silver alloy (0.500) in 1940. In 1947, the silver one rupee coin was replaced by nickel coins.<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage"/>

===Princely States===
Several [[Princely States]] issued their own currency, on the demise of the Mughal empire, with [[Hyderabad state]] issuing its own [[Hyderabadi rupee]], between 1918 and 1959. As did: Alwar, Ambliara, Awadh, Bahawalpur, Bharatpur, Bikanir, Bund, Chuda, Dhar, Indergadh, Jaisalmer, Jaora, Junagadh, Kalat, Kutch, Mangrol, Mengani, Muli, Mysore, Nawanagar, Palitana, Rajkot, Ramgarh, Sailana, Sayala and several others.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Banknotes from Indian Princely states – Numista|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/inde_princiers-banknotes-1.html|access-date=2022-01-06|website=en.numista.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reserve Bank of India - Museum|url=https://m.rbi.org.in//scripts/pm_others.aspx|access-date=2022-01-06|website=m.rbi.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Coins from Indian Princely states – Numista|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/inde_princiers-1.html|access-date=2022-01-06|website=en.numista.com}}</ref>

===One rupee coinage from 1835 to 1947===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! colspan="13"|One Rupee coins (1835 to 1947): ''East India Company and British Raj''
|-
! colspan="2"| Image !! colspan="4"| Technical parameters !! colspan="3"| Description !! colspan="2"| Year of minting !! rowspan="2"| Known mintage !! Comments
|-
! Obverse !! Reverse !! Weight !! Diameter !! Thickness !! Metal !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! First !! Last !!
|-
| [[File:Indian rupee (1835) - Obverse 01.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Indian rupee (1835) - Reverse.jpg|100px]] || 11.66 g || 30.5 mm || 1.9 mm || rowspan="5"| [[Silver]] (0.917) || rowspan="5"| Reeded || Bust of [[William IV of the United Kingdom|King William IIII]] with his name. || Face value, country and date surrounded by wreath. || 1835 || 1840 || 69,472,000 <ref name="William IIII coin variants">{{cite news|title=William IIII coin variants|publisher=colnect.com|access-date=30 August 2017|url=https://colnect.com/en/coins/list/variant/76944}}</ref> ||
|-
| [[File:India 1 Rupee 1884 Victoria(obv)-4037.jpg|100px]] || [[File:India 1 Rupee 1884 Victoria(rev)-4038.jpg|100px]] || 11.66 g || 30.78 mm || 1.9 mm || Bust of [[Queen Victoria]] surrounded by her name. || Face value, country and date surrounded by wreath. || 1840 || 1901 || 2,454,825,107 <ref name="Queen Victoria coin variants"/> ||
|-
| colspan="2"| [[File:1 Indian rupee (1905).jpg|210px]] || 11.66 g || 30.6 mm || 1.9 mm || Bust of [[Edward VII]] surrounded by his name. || Face value, country and date surrounded by wreath. || 1903 || 1910 || 849,622,000 <ref name="Edward VII coin variants">{{cite news|title=Edward VII coin variants|publisher=Numista|access-date=30 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces3722.html}}</ref> ||
|-
| colspan="2"| [[File:1 Indian rupee (1918).jpg|210px]] || 11.66 g || 30.5 mm || 1.9 mm || Bust of [[George V]] surrounded by his name. || Face value, country and date surrounded by wreath. || 1911 || 1936 || 1,807,479,000 <ref name="George V coin variants">{{cite news|title=George V coin variants|publisher=colnect.com|access-date=30 August 2017|url=https://colnect.com/en/coins/list/variant/2083}}</ref> || ''Coins minted in 1911 had nick name "pig rupee"''.<ref name="Facts about Indian coinage"/>
|-
| colspan="2"| [[File:Indian rupee (1939).jpg|210px]] || 11.66 g || 30.5 mm || 1.9 mm || rowspan="3"| Bust of [[George VI]] surrounded by his name. || rowspan="3"| Face value, country and date surrounded by wreath. || 1938 || 1939 || rowspan="2"| 772,980,000 <ref name="George VI coin variants">{{cite news|title=George VI coin variants|publisher=colnect.com|access-date=30 August 2017|url=https://colnect.com/en/coins/list/variant/2085}}</ref> ||
|-
| colspan="2"| [[File:Indian rupee (1940).jpg|210px]] || 11.66 g || 30.5 mm || 1.9 mm || Silver (0.500) || rowspan="2"| Security || 1939 || 1945 ||
|-
| [[File:1 Indian rupee (1947) - Obverse.jpg|100px]] || [[File:1 Indian rupee (1947) - Reverse.jpg|100px]] || 11.8 g || 28 mm || 2.48 mm || [[Nickel]] || 1947 || 1947 || 160,039,000 <ref name="George VI Nickel coin">{{cite news|title=George VI Nickel coin|publisher=Numista|access-date=30 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces12426.html}}</ref> || ''Only minted in 1947.''
|-
|}

===Independent India===
On 15 August 1947, India obtained [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence]] and the [[monetary system]] and [[Coins of British India|coinage]] of the [[British Raj]] were retained. It was not until 15 August 1950 that India introduced new coins. Introduction of new coins (including one rupee coin) was done in following chronology and reasons;<ref name="British Raj"/><ref name="Republic India Coinage">{{cite news|title=Republic India Coinage|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=28 August 2017|url=https://rbi.org.in/SCRIPTs/mc_republic.aspx}}</ref>

*[[Motif (visual arts)|Motifs]] and symbol of [[sovereignty]] were adapted to represent Indian independence.
*Introduction of [[metric system]] and related impact on Indian coinage.
*Changes due to metallic value of coins.
*"Coinisation" of currency notes for cost-benefit.

==Subunits==
From 1947 to 1957, the [[Indian rupee]] was not [[Decimalisation|decimalised]] and was divided into 16 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]]. Each anna was further divided to four [[Indian pice]]s (from 1835 to 1947, each pice was divided into three [[Pie (monetary subunit)|Indian pies]]; till the pie was demonetized in 1947). Table below shows sub-units of one rupee (1835–present).<ref name="History of Indian coins"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Denomination !! [[Currency subunit|Sub-unit]] !! Sub-unit !! Sub-unit !! From !! To !! Comments
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Indian rupee|Rupee]] || rowspan="3" | [[Anna (monetary subunit)|Anna]] (''1 Rupee=16 Anna'') || rowspan="3" | [[Indian pice|Pice]] (''1 Anna = 4 Pice'') || [[Pie (monetary subunit)|Pie]] (''1 Pice = 3 Pie'') || 1835 || 1947 || Pie [[Legal tender#Demonetization|demonetized]] in 1947.
|-
| rowspan="2" | - || 1947 || 1950 || The Frozen Series
|-
| 1950 || 1957 || The Anna Series
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian paisa|Paisa]] (''1 Rupee = 100 Paisa'') || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | - || 1957 || 1964 || Naya Paisa Series. Anna & Pice demonetized in 1957.
|-
| 1964 || Present || Except [[50 paise (Indian coin)|50 paisa]], all lower coins demonetized.
|-
| colspan="7" | '''''(1835–1947)''': 1 Indian rupee = 16 anna = 64 pice = 192 pie. '''(1947–1957)''': 1 Indian rupee = 16 anna = 64 pice. '''(1957–1964)''': 1 Indian rupee = 100 naye paise. '''(1964–present)''': 1 Indian rupee = 100 paise.''<ref name="Republic India Coinage"/>
|}

==Mintage==

===Mintage===
As of 2020, one rupee coins are minted by the [[India Government Mint]]s in [[India Government Mint, Mumbai|Mumbai]], [[India Government Mint, Kolkata|Kolkata]], [[India Government Mint, Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] and in [[India Government Mint, Noida|Noida]]. All coins are circulated only through the [[Reserve Bank of India]].<ref name="Indian coins">{{cite news|title=Indian coins|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=28 August 2017|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/ic_coins.aspx}}</ref>

===Mint marks===
The following mint marks have been used on one rupee coins since 1947.<ref name="Mint marks">{{cite news|title=Mint marks|publisher=indian-coins.com|access-date=28 August 2017|url=http://www.indian-coins.com/commemorativecoins/mint-marks}}</ref><ref name="Mint marks (abroad 1)">{{cite news|title=Mint marks (abroad 1)|publisher=Numista|access-date=28 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1628.html}}</ref><ref name="Mint marks (abroad 2)">{{cite news|title=Mint marks (abroad 2)|publisher=Numista|access-date=28 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1609.html}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Mint !! Mark !! Description !! Comments
|-
| colspan="4" | '''{{Center|Coins minted in [[India Government Mint, Mumbai|Indian mints]]}}'''
|-
| [[India Government Mint, Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] || ☆ || Five-pointed star ||
|-
| [[India Government Mint, Kolkata|Kolkata]] || || No mint-mark || Since this was the first Indian mint, coins minted in Kolkata don't carry a mark.<ref name="Mint marks"/>
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[India Government Mint, Mumbai|Mumbai]] || ⧫ || Diamond ||
|-
| • || Small dot (solid) ||
|-
| B || Letter B below year ||
|-
| M || Letter M below year || On coins minted after 1996.
|-
| [[India Government Mint, Noida|Noida]] || ° || Small dot (hollow) ||
|-
| colspan="4" | '''{{Center|Coins minted in foreign mints}}'''
|-
| [[Birmingham Mint|Birmingham]] || H || Letter H below year || One rupee coins ([[Standard Catalog of World Coins|KM#]] 79.1) in 1985 were also minted in Birmingham mint, United Kingdom.<ref name="Mint marks (abroad 1)"/>
|-
| [[Kremnica Mint|Kremnica]] || mk || Letters "mk" in circle || One rupee coins ([[Standard Catalog of World Coins|KM#]] 92.2) from 1998 to 2001 were also minted in the Kremnica mint, Slovakia.<ref name="Mint marks (abroad 2)"/>
|-
| [[Mexican Mint|Mexico]] || Mo || °M, letter "M" beneath circle || One rupee coins ([[Standard Catalog of World Coins|KM#]] 92.2) in 1997 were also minted in the Mexican Mint.<ref name="Mint marks (abroad 2)"/>
|-
| [[South African Mint|Pretoria]] || M || Letter "M" in oval || One rupee coins ([[Standard Catalog of World Coins|KM#]] 92.2) from 1998 to 2000 were also minted in the Pretoria mint, South Africa.<ref name="Mint marks (abroad 2)"/>
|-
| [[Royal Mint]] || • || Small dot || One rupee coins ([[Standard Catalog of World Coins|KM#]] 79.1) in 1985 were also minted in Royal Mint in Llantrisant, United Kingdom.<ref name="Mint marks (abroad 1)"/>
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Indian 2-rupee note]]
*[[Indian 1-rupee note]]

{{Portal|India|Money|Numismatics}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=50em}}

{{Indian currency|2000=}}

[[Category:One-base-unit coins]]
[[Category:Coins of India]]
[[Category:Rupee]]

Rape in India

2026-02-04T04:08:48Z

Shannan0997: Updated entries and formatting

{{short description|Sexual violence in India}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Rape}}

'''Rape''' is the fourth most common crime against [[women in India]].<ref name=Kumar>{{citation | last = Kumar | first = Radha | author-link = Radha Kumar | contribution = The agitation against rape | editor-last = Kumar | editor-first = Radha | editor-link = Radha Kumar | title = The history of doing: an illustrated account of movements for women's rights and feminism in India 1800-1990 | page = 128 | publisher = Zubaan | location = New Delhi | year = 2003 | orig-year = 1993 | isbn = 9788185107769 | postscript = }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=68xTBT1-H4IC Preview.]</ref><ref name=ncrbchap5>{{citation | contribution = Chapter 5: Crime against women | title = Crime in India 2012 Statistics | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160116122212/http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2012/cii-2012/Chapter%205.pdf | archive-date = 16 January 2016 | url =http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2012/cii-2012/Chapter%205.pdf | page = 81 | publisher = ncrb.gov.in}}</ref> According to the 2021 annual report of the [[National Crime Records Bureau]] (NCRB), 31,677 rape cases were registered across the country, or an average of 86 cases daily, a rise from 2020 with 28,046 cases, while in 2019, 32,033 cases were registered.<ref>{{cite news |title=India lodged average 86 rapes daily, 49 offences against women per hour in 2021: NCRB data |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-lodged-average-86-rapes-daily-49-offences-against-women-per-hour-in-2021-government-data/article65833488.ece |access-date=2022-09-02 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2022-08-31}}</ref> Of the total 31,677 rape cases, 28,147 (nearly 89%) of the rapes were committed by persons known to the victim.<ref name="the-wire-rape-ncrb-2021">{{cite news |title=Nearly 20% Increase in Rapes Across India in 2021, Rajasthan Had Highest Cases: NCRB |url=https://thewire.in/government/crimes-against-women-rape-cases-india-2021-ncrb-data |access-date=2022-09-02 |work=The Wire |date=2022-08-30}}</ref> The share of victims who were minors or below 18, the legal age of consent, stood at 10%.<ref name="the-wire-rape-ncrb-2021"/> According to [[Delhi Police]] data from 2019–2020, 44% of rape victims identified the accused as a relative or family member.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Pramod |date=19 February 2021 |title=44% rape victims identified their culprits as relatives, family members, reveals Delhi Police data |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/44-rape-victims-identified-their-culprits-as-relatives-family-members-reveals-delhi-police-data-2343070.html |access-date=29 June 2025 |website=Zee News}}</ref>

The [[Government of India|government]] also classifies consensual sex committed on the false promise of marriage as rape.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sex-on-false-promise-of-marriage-is-rape-supreme-court/article26831183.ece|title=Sex on false promise of marriage is rape: Supreme Court|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=2019-04-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-04-14|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Most rapes go unreported in India, although the willingness to report rapes may have increased in recent years,{{when|date=April 2024}} after several incidents received widespread media attention and triggered local and nationwide public protests.<ref>{{cite book|author=Siuli Sarkar|title=Gender Disparity in India: Unheard Whimpers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwS7DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA283|date=2016-06-17|publisher=PHI Learning|pages=283|isbn=9788120352513}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daERDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT105|author=Tamsin Bradley|title=Women and Violence in India: Gender, Oppression and the Politics of Neoliberalism|page=105|publisher = I.B. Tauris|isbn=9781786721181|date=2017-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Crime, Criminal Justice, and the Evolving Science of Criminology in South Asia: India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh|quote=police-recorded rape rate in India has shown a sharp increasing trend in recent years against the declining trend of all other violent and property crimes.|page=96|author=Shahid M. Shahidullah|publisher=Springer|year=2017}}</ref><ref name=delhi1212>{{cite news | last = Staff writer |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/9756318/Protests-grow-over-gang-rape-of-Indian-woman.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219231820/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/9756318/Protests-grow-over-gang-rape-of-Indian-woman.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2012 |title=Protests grow over gang rape of Indian woman (video) |work= [[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |access-date=21 December 2012 |location=London |date=19 December 2012}}</ref> This led the government to reform its penal code for crimes of rape and sexual assault.<ref name=pib13>{{cite news | title = The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 | url = http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/132013.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131107103627/http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/132013.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2013-11-07 | work = [[The Gazette of India]] | publisher = Government of India | date = 2013 }}</ref>

According to NCRB 2021 statistics, [[Rajasthan]] reported the highest number of rapes among Indian states, followed by Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Among metropolitan cities, the national capital of [[Delhi]] continued to have the highest incidence of rape at 1,226 cases in 2021, while [[Jaipur]] had the highest rape rate (34 per 100,000 population). Kolkata had the least number of registered rape cases among metropolitan cities, with the lowest rape rate.<ref name="the-wire-rape-ncrb-2021" />

==Definition in Indian Penal Code==
[[File:A country comparison of rape and sexual assault rate trends, per 100000 people, 2003 - 2011, United Nations.png|thumb|340px|Annual rape and all forms of [[sexual assault]]s per 100,000 people, for India compared to select nations<ref>{{citation | last = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | contribution = Sexual Violence Tables as of July 2013 | url = http://www.unodc.org/unodc/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime.html | editor-last = United Nations | editor-link = United Nations | title = Crime and criminal justice statistics | publisher = [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] | date =2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = FBI | author-link = Federal Bureau of Investigation | title = Crime in the United States 1993-2012 | url = https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2012/crime-in-the-u.s.-2012/tables/1tabledatadecoverviewpdf/table_1_crime_in_the_united_states_by_volume_and_rate_per_100000_inhabitants_1993-2012.xls | publisher = [[United States Department of Justice]] }}</ref>]]
Before 3 February 2013, Section 375 of the [[Indian Penal Code]] defined rape as:<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Mitra | first1 = Hem Chandra | last2 = Mukhurji | first2 = Bamapada | title = The Indian Penal Code, Act XLV of 1860 | page = 322 | location = Calcutta | oclc = 84414842 }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTEZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA322 Details.]</ref>
<blockquote>§375. Rape. A man is said to commit "rape" who, except case hereinafter excepted, has sexual intercourse<ref>{{citation | last1 = Devasia | first1 = V.V. | last2 = Kumar | first2 = Ajit | contribution = Child sexual abuse - breaking the silence | editor-last1 = Devasia | editor-first1 = V.V. | editor-last2 = Kumar | editor-first2 = Ajit | title = Social work concerns and challenges in the 21st century | page = 71 | publisher = A.P.H. Pub. Corp | location = New Delhi | year = 2009 | isbn = 9788131304679 | postscript = .}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=GR-9NRZx4eAC&pg=PA71 Preview.]
:Note: sexual intercourse meant peno-vaginal penetration, all other sexual acts were covered under Section 377 as "unnatural offenses"</ref> with a woman in circumstances falling under any of the six following descriptions:––

Firstly. –– Against her will.

Secondly. –– Without her consent.

Thirdly. –– With her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting her or any person in whom she is interested, in fear of death or of hurt.

Fourthly. –– With her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband, and that her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she is or believes herself to be lawfully married.

Fifthly. –– With her consent, when, at the time of giving such consent, by reason of unsoundness of mind or intoxication or the administration by him personally or through another of any stupefying or unwholesome substance, she is unable to understand the nature and consequences of that to which she gives consent.

Sixthly. –– With or without her consent, when she is under sixteen<ref>{{citation | last1 = Kalra | first1 = Kush | last2 = Barupal | first2 = Priyanka | contribution = Rape | editor-last1 = Kalra | editor-first1 = Kush | editor-last2 = Barupal | editor-first2 = Priyanka | title = Law, sex & crime | pages = 66–87 | publisher = Vij Books | location = India | year = 2013 | isbn = 9789382652229 | postscript = .}}
:Note: originally ten years in 1860 law, replaced by the word "twelve" in 1891, and replaced with the word "fifteen" in 1950, and word "sixteen" in 1983.</ref> years of age.

Explanation. –– Penetration is sufficient to constitute the sexual intercourse necessary to the offence of rape.

Exception. –– Sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age{{Efn|The legal age of marriage in India is 18 years for females, as stipulated by the [[Hindu Marriage Act]], the [[Indian Christian Marriage Act]], and the [[Special Marriage Act]]. However, under [[Muslim personal law]], which remains uncodified and unconsolidated, individuals are eligible to marry upon attaining puberty, generally interpreted as 15 years of age.|name=Marriage Age}}, is not rape.</blockquote>

The above definition excluded marital rape, same sex crimes and considered all sex with a minor below the age of sixteen as rape.

After 3 February 2013, the definition was revised through the [[Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013|Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013]], which also raised the legal age of minors to eighteen.<ref name=Mehta>{{Cite journal | last = Mehta | first = Siddharth | title = Rape law in India: problems in prosecution due to loopholes in the law | doi = 10.2139/ssrn.2250448 | date = April 2013 |ssrn=2250448 |issn = 1556-5068}}</ref>

<blockquote>§375. A man is said to commit "rape" if he:–– (a) penetrates his penis, to any extent, into the vagina, mouth, urethra or anus of a woman or makes her to do so with him or any other person; or (b) inserts, to any extent, any object or a part of the body, not being the penis, into the vagina, the urethra or anus of a woman or makes her to do so with him or any other person; or (c) manipulates any part of the body of a woman so as to cause penetration into the vagina, urethra, anus or any part of body of such woman or makes her to do so with him or any other person; or (d) applies his mouth to the vagina, anus, urethra of a woman or makes her to do so with him or any other person, under the circumstances falling under any of the following seven descriptions:

Firstly. –– Against her will.

Secondly. –– Without her consent.

Thirdly. –– With her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting her or any person in whom she is interested, in fear of death or of hurt.

Fourthly. –– With her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband and that her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she is or believes herself to be lawfully married.

Fifthly. –– With her consent when, at the time of giving such consent, by reason of unsoundness of mind or intoxication or the administration by him personally or through another of any stupefying or unwholesome Substance, she is unable to understand the nature and consequences of that to which she gives consent.

Sixthly. –– With or without her consent, when she is under eighteen years of age.

Seventhly. –– When she is unable to communicate consent.

Explanation 1. –– For the purposes of this section, "vagina" shall also include labia majora.

Explanation 2. –– Consent means an unequivocal voluntary agreement when the woman by words, gestures or any form of verbal or non-verbal communication, communicates willingness to participate in the specific sexual act;

Provided that a woman who does not physically resist to the act of penetration shall not by the reason only of that fact, be regarded as consenting to the sexual activity. Exceptions –– 1. A medical procedure or intervention shall not constitute rape; 2. Sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age{{Efn|name=Marriage Age}}, is not rape.</blockquote>

After the 2013 reform, [[marital rape]] within a cohabiting marriage continued to be exempt from criminal liability in India. Article 376B of the 2013 law made forced sexual intercourse by a man with his wife – if she is living separately – a crime, whether under a decree of separation or otherwise, punishable with at least a two-year prison term.<ref name=pib13/> Forced sex by a man with his wife may also be considered a prosecutable domestic violence under other sections of Indian Penal Code, such as Section 498(A) as well as the ''[[Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005]]''.<ref name=rcj2013>{{Cite journal | last = Jiloha | first = R.C. | title = Rape: Legal issues in mental health perspective | journal = [[Indian Journal of Psychiatry]] | volume = 55 | issue = 3 | pages = 250–255 | doi = 10.4103/0019-5545.117141 | pmc = 3777346 | date = July–September 2013 | pmid=24082245 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The crime of sexual assault on a child, that is anyone below the age of eighteen, is further outlined and mandatory punishments described in ''The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012''.<ref>{{cite news | title = The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012 (No. 32 of 212) | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150928131849/http://wcd.nic.in/childact/childprotection31072012.pdf | archive-date = 28 September 2015 |url = http://wcd.nic.in/childact/childprotection31072012.pdf | work = [[The Gazette of India]] | publisher = Government of India | date = 20 June 2012 | access-date = 7 March 2017}}</ref>

As [[CNN]] reported in 2020, a man convicted of raping a woman faces a minimum 10-year prison sentence. This may increase to a life sentence or even a death sentence depending on the circumstances and details of the crime. If the victim is transgender, however, the rapist is punished by a maximum of two years in prison, as defined by the [[Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019|Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2019]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mitra|first=Esha|date=9 December 2020|title=India's rape laws don't cover transgender people. They say it's putting them at risk|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/08/india/india-transgender-rape-laws-intl-hnk-dst/index.html|access-date=9 December 2020|website=CNN}}</ref>

All sexual acts between the members of the same sex, consensual or forced, were previously a crime under Section 377 of the Indian penal code, after the 2013 Criminal Law reform, with punishment the same as that of rape<ref>{{citation | last = Gaur | first = K.D. | contribution = Chapter XVI: Offences affecting the human body | editor-last = Gaur | editor-first = K.D. | title = Textbook on the Indian Penal Code | page = 684 | publisher = Universal Law Pub. Co | location = Delhi | year = 2009 | isbn = 9788175347038 | edition = 4th | postscript = .}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=WnnxzkV2mk0C&pg=PA684 Preview.]</ref> but it was later overturned in [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|a landmark judgement of the Supreme Court]] on 6 September 2018 which stated all consensual sexual acts between adults who have met the age of consent are not violative of Section 377, hence decriminalizing gay sex in India.<ref name="ALJ">{{cite news |last1=Saberin |first1=Zeenat |title=India decriminalises gay sex in landmark verdict |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/india-decriminalises-gay-sex-landmark-verdict-180906051219637.html |access-date=6 September 2018 |work=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Deepshikha |title=Love, Equally: Homosexuality No Longer A Crime, Says Supreme Court |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/homosexuality-no-longer-a-crime-in-india-supreme-court-ends-controversial-section-377-1912202 |access-date=6 September 2018 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Like Indian Penal Code, the [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]] retains the [[Rape in India#Marital rape|marital rape exception]]. It retains the [[value laden]] phrase ‘outraging the modesty of women’ instead of replacing it with the gender-neutral term ‘sexual assault’.<ref name="wire"/> It provides inadequate protection to victims of [[Revenge porn|non-consensual intimate imagery]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Vaibhav Yadav |title=Tackling Non-Consensual Dissemination of Intimate Images in India's Contemporary Legal Framework |journal=[[International Society of Criminology|International Annals of Criminology]] |date=12 October 2023 |volume=61 |issue=3–4 |pages=355–383 |doi=10.1017/cri.2023.30 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |issn=2398-676X}}{{closed access}}</ref> It does not include any provision for offences involving rape of males or of transgender individuals.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Alisha Dutta |title=Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita has no section dealing with rape of men, transgender persons |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gang-rape-of-up-man-highlights-need-for-section-377-in-bns-bill/article68320575.ece |access-date=23 June 2024 |date=22 June 2024 |work=The Hindu |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623021948/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gang-rape-of-up-man-highlights-need-for-section-377-in-bns-bill/article68320575.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Rape statistics==
[[File:Rates of sexual offences against women in Indian states - 2015.png|thumb|280px|Reported rape rates per 100,000 population, 2015|alt=]]

India has one of the lowest per capita rape rates in the world.<ref>{{citation | last1 = Humphrey | first1 = John A. | last2 = Schmalleger | first2 = Frank | contribution = Mental illness, addictive behaviors, and sexual deviance | editor-last1 = Humphrey | editor-first1 = John A. | editor-last2 = Schmalleger | editor-first2 = Frank | title = Deviant behavior | page = 252 | publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning | location = Sudbury, Massachusetts | year = 2012 | edition = 2nd | isbn = 9780763797737 | postscript = .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Crime and Crime Control: A Global View: A Global View|quote=Overall, however, rape rates are still lower than most other countries.|page=74|author=Gregg Barak|publisher=ABC-CLIO}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=United Nations|title=African Women's Report 2009: Measuring Gender Inequality in Africa - Experiences and Lessons from the African Gender and Development Index|year=2009|publisher=United Nations Publications|isbn=978-92-1-054362-0|pages=68–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Colonel Y Udaya Chandar|title=The Ailing India|date=23 September 2016|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-945926-26-6|pages=337}}</ref> One rape was reported every 16 minutes in India in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ncrbs-report-reveals-a-rape-happens-every-16-minutes-in-india-up-tops-list-of-crimes-against-women/videoshow/78440875.cms
|date=2 Oct 2020|title=NCRB's report reveals a rape happens every 16 minutes in India in 2019|website=economictimes.com|access-date=3 Oct 2020}}</ref> This figure was 15 minutes in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-crime-women/one-woman-reports-a-rape-every-15-minutes-in-india-idUSKBN1Z821W|date=9 January 2020|title=One rape was reported every 15 minutes in India in 2018|website=reuters.com|access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref> In 2019, the national average rape rate (per 100,000 population) was 4.9, slightly less than 5.2 in 2018 and 2017. However, the small dip may be attributed to data for [[West Bengal]] not being available. As of 2019, [[Nagaland]] (0.8), [[Tamil Nadu]] (1.0), and [[Bihar]] (1.3) had the lowest rape rates among the [[States and union territories of India|states of India]], while [[Rajasthan]] (15.9) had the highest rape rate. These statistics do not take into account rapes ending in murder and attempts to rape, which are counted separately by [[police in India]].

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+ class="nowrap" | Registered rape cases (victim/complainant reached police station) in 2019
|-
! State/UT !! Total rape cases registered(2019)!! Adult (18 yrs & above) !! Minor (below 18 yrs) !! 2019 Rape rate(%)(per 100,000 pop.) !! Annual change in Rape rate (2018–19)!! Annual change in absolute no. of rape cases registered (2018–19)
|-
| [[India]] || 32033 || 27093 || 4940 || 4.9 || -0.3 || -1323
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || 1086 || 542 || 544 || 4.2 || 0.5 || 115
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || 63 || 39 || 24 || 8.6 || -0.7 || -4
|-
| [[Assam]] || 1773 || 1685 || 88 || 10.5 || 0.6 || 125
|-
| [[Bihar]] || 730 || 729 || 1 || 1.3 || 0.2 || 79
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]] || 1036 || 1033 || 3 || 7.2 || -7.5 || -1055
|-
| [[Goa]] || 72 || 23 || 49 || 9.4 || 1.4 || 11
|-
| [[Gujarat]] || 528 || 528 || 0 || 1.6 || -0.1 || -25
|-
| [[Haryana]] || 1480 || 1472 || 8 || 10.9 || 1.2 || 184
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || 359 || 162 || 197 || 10 || 0.4 || 15
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || 223 || 212 || 11 || 3.5 || -1.5 || -97
|-
| [[Jharkhand]] || 1416 || 1228 || 188 || 7.7 || 1.7 || 326
|-
| [[Karnataka]] || 505 || 505 || 0 || 1.6 || 0.1 || 13
|-
| [[Kerala]] || 2023 || 761 || 1262 || 11.1 || 0.4 || 78
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 2485 || 2485 || 0 || 6.2 || -7.6 || -2948
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] || 2299 || 2299 || 0 || 3.9 || 0.2 || 157
|-
| [[Manipur]] || 36 || 26 || 10 || 2.3 || -1.1 || -16
|-
| [[Meghalaya]] || 102 || 82 || 20 || 6.3 || 0.8 || 15
|-
| [[Mizoram]] || 42 || 19 || 23 || 7.1 || -1.4 || -8
|-
| [[Nagaland]] || 8 || 6 || 2 || 0.8 || -0.2 ||-2
|-
| [[Odisha]] || 1382 || 1151 || 231 || 6.2 ||.1 || 464
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || 1002 || 576 || 426 || 7.1 || 1.2 || 171
|-
| '''[[Rajasthan]]''' || '''5997''' || '''4684''' || '''1313''' || '''15.9''' || '''4.2''' || '''1662'''
|-
| [[Sikkim]] || 11 || 11 || 0 || 3.5 || -1.6 || -5
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || 362 || 353 || 9 || 1 || 0.1 || 31
|-
| [[Telangana]] || 606 || 606 || 0 || 4.7 || 1.4 || 267
|-
| [[Tripura]] || 88 || 88 || 0 || 4.5 || -0.5 || -9
|-
| '''[[Uttar Pradesh]]''' || '''3065''' || '''2895''' || '''270''' || '''2.8''' || '''-0.9''' ||''' -881'''
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]] || 526 || 342 || 184 || 9.6 || -0.8 || -35
|-
| [[West Bengal]] || 1069 || 1065 || 4 || 2.3 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] || 13 || 5 || 8 || 7 || -9.1 || -17
|-
| [[Chandigarh]] || 112 || 47 || 65 || 20.7 || 4.6 || 26
|-
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || -3.2 || -7
|-
| [[Daman and Diu]] || 4 || 4 || 0 || 3.1 || 0.7 || 1
|-
| [[Delhi]] || 1253 || 1253 || 0 || 13.5 || 0.2 || 38
|-
| [[Lakshadweep]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || -6.1 || -2
|-
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || 10 || 10 || 0 || 1.3 || 1.3 || 10
|}

*Due to non-receipt of data from West Bengal in time for 2019, data furnished for 2018 has been used
Sources :<ref name="NCRB report 2019">{{cite web|url=https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/CII%202019%20Volume%201.pdf|website=ncrb.gov.in|title=Crime in India report 2019|access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="NCRB report 2018">{{cite web|url=https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/Crime%20in%20India%202018%20-%20Volume%201.pdf|website=ncrb.gov.in|title=Crime in India report 2018|access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>

===Rape of minors===
{{See also|Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act}}

Using a small sample survey, [[Human Rights Watch]] projected that more than 7,200 minors&nbsp;– 1.6 in 100,000 minors&nbsp;– are raped each year in India. Among these, victims who report the assaults are alleged to suffer mistreatment and humiliation from the police.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news | last = Pandey | first =Geeta |title=India child sex victims 'humiliated' - Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-21352102 | work = [[BBC News]] |date=7 February 2013 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> Minor girls are [[Sex trafficking|trafficked]] into prostitution in India, thus rape of minors conflates into a lifetime of suffering.<ref name=Maplecroft811>{{cite book | last1 = Warhurst | first1 = Alyson | last2 = Strachan | first2 = Cressie | last3 = Yousuf | first3 = Zahed | last4 = Tuohy-Smith | first4 = Siobhan | contribution = Girl trafficking: a life story | editor-last1 = Warhurst | editor-first1 = Alyson | editor-last2 = Strachan | editor-first2 = Cressie | editor-last3 = Yousuf | editor-first3 = Zahed | editor-last4 = Tuohy-Smith | editor-first4 = Siobhan | title = Trafficking: A global phenomenon with an exploration of India through maps | url = http://maplecroft.com/about/news/trafficking_report.html | pages = 37–43 | publisher = Maplecroft | access-date = 25 December 2012 | format = pdf | date = August 2011}}</ref> Of the countries studied by [[Maplecroft]] on sex trafficking and crime against minors, India was ranked 7th worst.<ref name=Maplecroft811/>

{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+ class="nowrap" | Incidence of forced marriage and kidnapping of minors (girls) in 2019
! State/UT !! Kidnapping & Abduction of Women to compel her for marriage (Section. 366 IPC) !! Procuration of Minor Girls (Section 366A IPC)
|-
| [[India]] || 15615 || 3117
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || 65 || 48
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || 2 || 6
|-
| [[Assam]] || 466 || 1415
|-
| [[Bihar]] || 4482 || 1
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]] || 420 || 2
|-
| [[Goa]] || 1 || 0
|-
| [[Gujarat]] || 555 || 0
|-
| [[Haryana]] || 178 || 808
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || 152 || 3
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || 12 || 0
|-
| [[Jharkhand]] || 164 || 302
|-
| [[Karnataka]] || 15 || 58
|-
| [[Kerala]] || 30 || 20
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 1532 || 22
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] || 796 || 30
|-
| [[Manipur]] || 13 || 36
|-
| [[Meghalaya]] || 1 || 22
|-
| [[Mizoram]] || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Nagaland]] || 0 || 1
|-
| [[Odisha]] || 74 || 54
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || 1188 || 1
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] || 420 || 13
|-
| [[Sikkim]] || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || 183 || 99
|-
| [[Telangana]] || 285 || 74
|-
| [[Tripura]] || 53 || 10
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 4029 || 0
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]] || 21 || 0
|-
| [[West Bengal]] || 455 || 92
|}

*Due to non-receipt of data from West Bengal in time for 2019, data furnished for 2018 has been used
Sources :<ref name="NCRB report 2019"/>

===Estimates of unreported rapes===
Most rapes go unreported because the rape victims fear retaliation and humiliation, both in India and throughout the world.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Shanmugam | first = Ramalingam | title = Informatics about fear to report rapes using bumped-up Poisson model | journal = American Journal of Biostatistics | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 17–29 | doi = 10.3844/amjbsp.2013.17.29 | date = 2013 | doi-access = free }}
:''See also'': [[Poisson distribution]].</ref> Indian [[Member of parliament|parliamentarians]] have stated that the rape problem in India is being underestimated because many cases are not reported, even though more victims are increasingly coming out and reporting rape and sexual assaults.<ref name=mpurin>{{cite news | last = Special Correspondent | title = Majority of rape cases go unreported: MPs | url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/majority-of-rape-cases-go-unreported-mps/article5063089.ece | location = Chennai, India | work = [[The Hindu]] | date = 27 August 2013 | access-date = 17 March 2015}}</ref>

Few states in India have tried to estimate or survey unreported cases of sexual assault. The estimates for unreported rapes in India vary widely. The [[National Crime Records Bureau]] report of 2006 mentioned that about 71% rape crimes go unreported.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHRWAAAAYAAJ|title=The Indian Journal of Political Science|date=2009|publisher=Indian Political Science Association|pages=117|language=en}}</ref> [[Marital rape]] is not a criminal act in India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/marital-rape-not-penal-offence-parliament-debated-it-says-supreme-court-4789601/|title=Sexual act by man with wife, not below 15 years, is not rape, says Supreme Court|date=9 August 2017}}</ref> though sexual intercourse with wife aged between 15 and 18 years is considered as rape.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sex-with-minor-wife-to-be-considered-as-rape-rules-supreme-court-2552016|title=Sex with minor wife to be considered as rape, rules Supreme Court|date=2017-10-11|work=dna|access-date=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Madiha Kark estimates 54% of rape crimes are unreported.<ref>{{cite thesis|degree=[[Master of Arts|MA]]|last=Kark|first=Madiha|date=2013|title=Understanding Indian and Pakistani cultural perspectives and analyzing U.S. news coverage of Mukhtar Mai and Jyoti Singh Pandey|publisher=[[University of Texas]]|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc271840/m2/1/high_res_d/thesis.pdf|oclc=876058002}}
:''Thesis Committee'': Tracy Everbach, Koji Fuse, James E. Mueller, Roy Busby and Mark Wardell.</ref> A UN study of 57 countries estimates just 11% of rape and sexual assault cases worldwide are ever reported.<ref name=unw2013>{{cite book | last = UN Women | author-link = UN Women | title = Factsheet - Global, Progress of the World's Women 2011-12 | url = http://progress.unwomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/EN-Factsheet-Global-Progress-of-the-Worlds-Women.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111205195445/http://progress.unwomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/EN-Factsheet-Global-Progress-of-the-Worlds-Women.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2011-12-05 | publisher = [[UN Women]] | date = May 2013 }}</ref>

===Convictions===
{{expand section|date=June 2020}}
[[File:Verdicts in Delhi Rape Cases, 2013.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Verdicts in Delhi Rape Cases, 2013<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/data/the-many-shades-of-rape-cases-in-delhi/article6261042.ece|title=The many shades of rape cases in Delhi|last=S|first=Rukmini|date=2014-07-29|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-09-26|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>]]
Only one in four reported rape cases in India result in convictions.<ref name="Indiaspend.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.indiaspend.com/cover-story/3-years-after-delhi-rape-conviction-rates-same-74152|title=3 years after Delhi rape, conviction rates same|last=Sethi|first=Abheet Singh|date=19 March 2015|work=IndiaSpend.com|access-date=22 February 2017|archive-date=25 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325155458/http://www.indiaspend.com/cover-story/3-years-after-delhi-rape-conviction-rates-same-74152|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conviction rates
|Year
|Rate (%)
|-
|1973
|44.3<ref name="First Post">{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/a-24-21-per-cent-conviction-rate-for-rape-in-india-lower-every-year-1096959.html|title=A 24.21 percent conviction rate for rape in India, lower every year|last=FP Staff|date=10 September 2013|work=[[The First Post]]}}</ref>
|-
|1983
|37.7<ref name="First Post" />
|-
|2009
|26.9<ref name="First Post" />
|-
|2010
|26.6<ref name="First Post" />
|-
|2011
|26.4<ref name="First Post" />
|-
|2012
|24.2<ref name="Indiaspend.com" />
|-
|2013
|27.1<ref name="Indiaspend.com" />
|-
|2017
|32.2<ref name="Economic Times">{{cite news|title=Conviction rate for rape only 27.2% even as country celebrates justice in Nirbhaya case |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/conviction-rate-for-rape-only-27-2-even-as-country-celebrates-justice-in-nirbhaya-case/articleshow/73169787.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=22 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|27.2<ref name="Economic Times" />
|-
|2019
|27.8<ref name="New Indian Express">{{cite news|title=Under 30 per cent conviction rate in rape cases in India, says NCRB data|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/03/under-30-per-centconviction-rate-in-rape-cases-in-india-says-ncrb-data-2205090.html|publisher=newindianexpress.com|access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Notable incidents==
===Ajmer rape case===
In 1992, the [[Ajmer rape case]] was one of India's biggest cases of coerced sexual exploitation, with more than a hundred underage schoolgirls estimated to have been sexually molested and raped. Most accused were from the [[Ajmer Dargah]] of [[Moinuddin Chishti]].<ref name="mid-day1992">{{cite web|author=IANS|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2012/jan/041211-Accused-in-1992-Ajmer-sex-scandal-case-arrested.htm|title=Accused in 1992 Ajmer sex scandal case arrested |publisher=Mid-day.com|date=2012-01-04}}</ref><ref name="IndianExpress">{{cite news|author=Deep Mukherjee|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-almost-three-decades-after-a-rape-blackmail-case-rocked-ajmer-surrender-of-an-accused-opens-old-wounds-5076914/|title=Almost three decades after a rape, blackmail case rocked Ajmer, surrender of an accused opens old wounds|publisher=Indianexpress|access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref>

===2012 Delhi gang rape case===
[[File:Candlelight Rally Against Rape - Sector-V - Salt Lake City - Kolkata 2012-12-29 2107.JPG|thumb|People silently marching to protest with candlelight at [[Bidhannagar, Kolkata|Salt Lake City]] in [[Kolkata]] after the female victim's death on 29 December 2012]]
[[File:Bangalore protests following Delhi gang-rape (photo - Jim Ankan Deka).jpg|thumb|People in Bangalore protesting outside [[Bangalore Town Hall]] on 30 December 2012 demanding justice for the 23-year-old student who was [[2012 Delhi gang rape case|gang-raped in Delhi]] on 16 December 2012]]

The [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder|gang rape of a 23-year-old student on a public bus]], on 16 December 2012, sparked large protests across the capital Delhi.<ref name="delhi1212" /> The victim was with a male friend who was severely beaten with an iron rod during the incident.<ref>{{cite news| last = Ghosh | first = Shamik |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/delhi-gang-rape-victim-s-friend-also-on-bus-gives-statement-in-court-307391 |title=Delhi gang-rape: victim's friend, also on bus, gives statement in court |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=21 December 2012}}</ref> This same rod was used to penetrate her so severely that the victim's intestines had to be surgically removed, before her death thirteen days after the attack.<ref>{{cite news | last = HT Correspondent |title=No option, victim's intestines removed | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150403022857/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/no-option-victim-s-intestines-removed/article1-976790.aspx | archive-date = 3 April 2015 | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/No-option-victim-s-intestines-removed/Article1-976790.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] | url-status = dead |access-date=21 December 2012}}</ref>

The following day, there was an uproar in the Indian parliament over the incident. [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]]s in [[Parliament of India|both houses]] had set aside their regular business to discuss the case and demanded strict punishment for those who carried out the attack. The Leader of the Opposition in the [[Lok Sabha]], Sushma Swaraj, demanded that "the rapists should be hanged".<ref name=bbc-hang>{{cite news | last = Staff writer |title=Delhi bus gang rape: Uproar in Indian parliament |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-20765869 |access-date=19 December 2012 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=18 December 2012}}</ref> Thousands of people, mostly young, participated in a massive demonstration on 22 December in protest.<ref>{{cite news | last = Staff writer | title = Thousands protest in Indian capital after gang-rape |url = http://www.itv.com/news/2012-12-22/thousands-protest-after-indian-gang-rape/|work=[[ITV News]]|date=23 December 2012}}</ref> Police arrested six men suspected of rape.<ref name="lavanguardia1">{{cite news | last = Staff writer |url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/internacional/20121223/54356596953/muerto-india-manifestaciones-contra-violacion.html |title=Un muerto en la India durante las protestas contra una violación |work=[[La Vanguardia]] | language = es |access-date=24 December 2012}}</ref> One of them, a 17-year-old juvenile, was jailed while among the five remaining culprits (who were adults), one committed suicide before trial while the other four were hanged in 2020 for murder.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/india-executes-four-men-convicted-in-2012-delhi-bus-rape-and-murder|title=Four men convicted of brutal rape in Delhi in 2012 hanged|date=20 March 2020|website=[[The Straits Times]]|access-date=11 March 2023}}</ref>

===2013 Mumbai gang rape===
In August 2013, in the [[2013 Mumbai gang rape|Shakti Mills gang rape]] case, a 22-year-old photojournalist, who was interning with an English-language magazine in Mumbai, was gang-raped by five persons, including a juvenile, in the deserted Shakti Mills compound, near Mahalaxmi in South [[Mumbai]], where she had gone with a male colleague on an assignment. This caused protests throughout the country since Mumbai with its very active nightlife was previously considered a safe haven for women. The city sessions court found the accused guilty and sentenced the three repeat offenders to death, making them the first in the country to get the death sentence stipulated under the newly enacted Section 376E of the Indian Penal Code.<ref>{{cite news | last = Samervel | first = Rebecca | title = 3 Shakti Mills rapists to hang for 'diabolical, planned attack' | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/3-Shakti-Mills-rapists-to-hang-for-diabolical-planned-attack/articleshow/33254307.cms | work = [[The Times Of India]] | date = 5 April 2014}}</ref> However, on 25 November 2021, the [[Bombay High Court]] [[Commutation (law)|commuted]] the three death sentences to life imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shakti Mills Gangrape Case: Bombay HC Commutes Death Penalty of 3 Convicts |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-shakti-mills-gangrape-case-bombay-hc-commutes-death-penalty-of-3-convicts/402492 |website=Outlook |date=25 November 2021 |access-date=25 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

===Ranaghat case===
On 14 March 2015, a 71-year-old nun was [[gang rape]]d in [[Ranaghat]], West Bengal, by intruders at the Convent of Jesus and Mary.<ref>{{cite news| last = Staff writer |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-31887764|title=Elderly Indian nun gang-raped in convent school attack|date=14 March 2015|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref> The six intruders were recorded on CCTV during their crime of ransacking the chapel, destroying religious items, looting cash and the gang rape. Six men were arrested and charged with the crime by 1 April 2015, and identified to be [[Bangladeshi]] [[Bengali Muslims|Muslims]].<ref>News reports:
* {{cite news | last = Dua | first = Rohan | title = Bengal nun gangrape: Ludhiana cops detain four Bangladeshis | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bengal-nun-gangrape-Ludhiana-cops-detain-four-Bangladeshis/articleshow/46765997.cms | work = [[The Times of India]] | date = 1 April 2015 }}
* {{cite news | last = PTI | author-link = Press Trust of India | title = Two Bangladeshis arrested in Ranaghat nun gang-rape | url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Two-Bangladeshis-Arrested-in-Ranaghat-Nun-Gang-Rape/2015/03/26/article2731245.ece | work = [[The Indian Express]] | date = 26 March 2015 }}
* {{cite news | last = Shoebat Foundation | author-link = Shoebat Foundation | title = INDIA: Two more Bangladeshi Muslims arrested for brutal gang rape of elderly convent nun | url = http://shoebat.com/2015/03/28/india-two-more-bangladeshi-muslims-arrested-for-brutal-gang-rape-of-elderly-convent-nun/ | work = [[Shoebat Foundation]] | date = 28 March 2015 }}</ref>

===Delta Meghwal rape case===
On 29 March 2016, the corpse of [[Delta Meghwal rape case|Delta Meghwal]], a 17-year-old [[Dalit]] girl, was found in her hostel's water tank. Following the registration of the police case the hostel warden, physical education teacher and principal were arrested by Bikaner police and kept under judicial custody.<ref>{{cite news | last = TNN | title = Dalit girl student was not murdered, says FSL report | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Dalit-girl-student-was-not-murdered-says-FSL-report/articleshow/51735039.cms | work = [[The Times of India]] | date = 8 April 2016 | access-date = 20 April 2016 }}</ref> The State eventually acceded to a CBI inquiry after the issue became politicised.<ref>{{cite news | last = Express News Service | title = Rajasthan CM Raje govt seeks CBI probe into Dalit girl's death | url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/rajasthan-dalit-girl-death-sbi-probe-vasundhara-raje-2761420/ | work = [[The Indian Express]] | date = 20 April 2016 }}</ref>

===Kathua rape case===
On 17 January 2018, [[Kathua rape case|Asifa]], an 8-year-old minor girl, was raped and murdered in Rasana village near [[Kathua]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The incident made national news when charges were filed against eight men in April 2018. The arrests of the accused led to protests from groups, one of which was attended by two ministers from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], both of whom have now resigned. The rape and murder, as well as the support the accused received, sparked widespread outrage.<ref name="BBC2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43749235|title=Outrage spreads over eight-year-old's rape|date=13 April 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=13 April 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="Outlook">{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/jk-kathua-rape-and-murder-of-8-year-old-girl-was-aimed-at-driving-nomads-out-off/309368|title=J&K: Kathua Rape-And-Murder Of 8-Year-Old Girl Was Aimed At Driving Nomads Out: Official|work=Outlook India|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="WaPo">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/04/11/an-8-year-olds-rape-and-murder-inflames-tensions-between-hindus-and-muslims-in-india/|title=An 8-year-old's rape and murder inflames tensions between Hindus and Muslims in India|last=Eltagouri|first=Marwa|date=11 April 2018|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=12 April 2018|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

===Unnao rape case===
{{Main|2017 Unnao rape case}}
The Unnao rape case saw an allegation that lawmaker [[Kuldeep Singh Sengar]] had raped a 17-year-old girl in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/unnao-rape-case-live-updates-kuldeep-singh-sengar-up-police-fir-against-bjp-mla-yogi-adityanath/1130176/|title=Unnao rape case: Will arrest BJP MLA Kuldeep Singh Sengar, SIT tells Allahabad HC; Highlights here|work=financialexpress.com|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/unnao-case-cbi-files-charge-sheet-against-mla-9-others-for-criminal-conspiracy/story-ZND6Iu54yg4g24kkIPclWL.html|title=Unnao case: CBI files charge sheet against MLA, 9 others for criminal conspiracy|date=2018-07-14|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2019-07-30|language=en}}</ref> In 2018, the alleged victim's father was jailed under the Arms Act, and died in prison after being allegedly beaten up by Sengar's brother and several others.<ref name="unnaoIT1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/unnao-rape-survivor-car-accident-all-you-need-to-know-timeline-1574828-2019-07-29|title=Unnao rape survivor accident: What happened and what we know so far|website=India Today|date=29 July 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref> Also in 2018, a witness to the alleged assault, Yunus, died and was immediately buried by his family with no autopsy and no communication to police or investigators. Yunus' wife and family said Yunus had been ill and died a natural death.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bajpai |first1=Namita |title=Unnao rape case: Key witness Yunus died of ailment, claims family |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/aug/23/unnao-rape-case-key-witness-yunus-died-of-ailment-claims-family-1861885.html |website=[[New Indian Express]] |date=2018-08-23|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref> The uncle of the alleged victim was arrested and jailed in 2018 due to an 18-year-old gun-firing case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/unnao-rape-victim-s-uncle-sent-to-jail-hearing-today/story-hLRZVaywqnOz6BcMxAfXpK.html|title=Unnao rape victim's uncle sent to jail, hearing today|date=2018-11-22|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2019-07-30|language=en}}</ref> In 2019, a truck with blackened license plates hit the car in which the alleged victim and others were riding in. As a result, the victim's paternal and maternal aunts were killed. The alleged victim and her lawyer were critically injured. The police officers assigned to provide security for the alleged victim were not present, with the explanation that there was no space in the car in which the alleged victim was travelling.<ref name="unnaoIT1" />

===Jammu and Kashmir===
{{Further information|Rape during the Kashmir conflict|Human rights abuses in Kashmir}}
There have been allegations of rape and [[mass rape]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Reports have shown that rape has been carried out by both [[Indian armed forces]] personnel and [[Islam]]ist militant groups.<ref name=Warikoo>{{citation | last = Warikoo | first = Kulbhushan | contribution = Islamist extremism in Kashmir | editor-last = Warikoo | editor-first = Kulbhushan | title = Religion and security in South and Central Asia | page = 79 | publisher = Routledge | location = London New York | year = 2014 | edition = 1st | isbn = 9781138784833 | postscript = .}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgzJBQAAQBAJ Preview.]</ref><ref name=Margolis>{{citation | last = Margolis | first = Eric S. | contribution = Revolt in the mountains | editor-last = Margolis | editor-first = Eric S. | title = War at the top of the world: the struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Tibet | page = 135 | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2000 | isbn = 9780415930628 | postscript = .}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=PLRslDyjJHAC Preview.]</ref>

Rapes by Islamic militants have been reported since the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]. On 22 October 1947, [[Pashtun]] militants invaded [[Baramulla]] in a [[Pakistan]] army truck, and raped women including [[Europe]]an nuns.<ref name="Pochhammer1981">{{citation | last = von Pochhammer | first = Wilhelm | contribution = Accession of Princely states | editor-last = von Pochhammer | editor-first = Wilhelm | title = India's road to nationhood: a political history of the subcontinent | page = 512 | publisher = Allied Publishers | location = New Delhi | year = 2005 | isbn = 9788177647150 | postscript = .}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=mHLB4m75pisC&pg=PA511 Preview.]</ref> In March 1990, Mrs. M. N. Paul, the wife of a [[Border Security Force|BSF]] inspector was kidnapped, tortured and gang-raped for many days. Then her body with broken limbs was abandoned on a road.<ref name="Joshi1999">{{citation | last = Joshi | first = Manoj | contribution = The valley aflame | editor-last = Joshi | editor-first = Manoj | title = The lost rebellion | page = 64 | publisher = Penguin Books | location = New Delhi | year = 1999 | isbn = 9780140278460 | postscript = .}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20160409103700/http://iref.homestead.com/kashmir90.html Extract.]</ref>

The [[International Commission of Jurists]] stated that though the attack had not been proven beyond a doubt, there was credible evidence that it had happened.<ref name=Schofield>{{cite book | last = Schofield | first = Victoria | contribution = Vale of tears | editor-last = Schofield | editor-first = Victoria | title = Kashmir in conflict: India, Pakistan and the unending war | page = [https://archive.org/details/00book584554548/page/157 157] | publisher = I.B. Tauris | location = London New York | year = 2003 | isbn = 9781860648984 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/00book584554548/page/157 }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC&pg=PA155 Preview.]</ref> In 2011, the State [[Human Rights Commission]] (SHRC) asked for the reopening of the case.<ref name=Ganai>{{cite news|last=Ganai|first=Naseer|title=Human rights panel asks Jammu and Kashmir govt to reopen army mass rape case|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/shrc-wants-jammu-and-kashmir-army-mass-rape-case-reopened-143852-2011-10-20|work=[[India Today]]|date=21 October 2011 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021171255/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shrc-wants-jammu-and-kashmir-army-mass-rape-case-reopened/1/156960.html |archive-date=21 October 2011}}</ref>

Militant organisations such as [[Hizb-ul-Mujahideen]], [[Jamiat-ul-Mujahideen]] and [[Harkat ul-Ansar]] have been accused of carrying out rapes.<ref name=Warikoo/> The [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]] has been accused of [[ethnic cleansing]] by using murder, arson, and rape as a weapon of war to drive out hundreds of thousands of Hindu [[Kashmiri Pandits]] from the region.<ref name=Forsythe>{{citation | last=Tolley | first=Howard B. Jr. | contribution = Kashmir | editor-last = Forsythe | editor-first = David P. | title = Encyclopedia of human rights | page = 306 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford New York | year = 2009 | isbn = 9780195336887 | postscript = .}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=frontcover Preview.]</ref><ref name=Flint>{{citation | last = Flint | first = Colin | contribution = Network geopolitics: social movements and terrorists | editor-last = Flint | editor-first = Colin | title = An introduction to geopolitics | page = 192 | publisher = Routledge | location = Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon New York | year = 2011 | edition = 2nd | isbn = 9780415667739 | postscript = .}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=dvy1S0uyZA8C&pg=PA192 Preview.]</ref> Following the rise of rapes by the Indian armed forces and militants, HRW submitted that the victims of rape suffer ostracism and that there is a "code of silence and fear" that prevents people from reporting such abuse. According to HRW, the investigation of cases of rape by Indian forces and militants is difficult because many Kashmiris are reluctant to discuss it for fear of violent reprisals.<ref name="HumanRightsCrisis">{{cite book | last = HRW |author-link = Human Rights Watch | contribution = Violations by military organizations | editor-last = HRW | editor-link = Human Rights Watch | title = The Human rights crisis in Kashmir: a pattern of impunity | page = 154 | publisher = Asia Watch, a division of [[Human Rights Watch]] | location = New York | date = June 1993 | isbn = 9781564320476 | url = https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/INDIA937.PDF}}
:Also published as a book: {{cite book | author1=Asia Watch Committee (U.S.) | author2=Human Rights Watch (Organization) | author3=Physicians for Human Rights (U.S.) | contribution = Violations by military organizations | editor1=Asia Watch Committee (U.S.) | editor2=Human Rights Watch (Organization) | editor3=Physicians for Human Rights (U.S.) | title = The Human rights crisis in Kashmir: a pattern of impunity | page=154 | publisher = [[Human Rights Watch]] | location = New York | year = 1993 | isbn = 9781564321046 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X0QQx5ObGysC&pg=PA154}}</ref>

===Northeast India===
Human rights groups allege that the Indian armed forces, under the protection of the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958]], have carried out a large number of rapes in the north-eastern states of [[Nagaland]], [[Assam]] and [[Manipur]].<ref name="Karlsson">{{citation | last = Karisson | first = Bengt G. | contribution = Nature and nation | editor-last = Karisson | editor-first = Bengt G. | title = Unruly hills: a political ecology of India's northeast | pages = 51–52 | publisher = Berghahn Books | location = New York | year = 2011 | isbn = 9780857451057 | postscript = .}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=_-MRFbForK4C&pg=PA24 Preview.]</ref> Karlsson writes that there are reports that much of the violence against civilians, including sexual assault, is inflicted by the rebel groups and armed criminal gangs in the region.<ref name="Karlsson" />

===Uttar Pradesh===
There is wide discrepancy among reports of rape and sexual assault. For example, according to the [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] (PUCL), the majority of those assaulted in 2007 were poor women from remote areas and [[Dalit]]s. SR Darapuri of the PUCL alleged, "I analysed the rape figures for 2007 and I found that 90% of victims were Dalits and 85% of Dalit rape victims were underage girls."<ref name="Uttar Pradesh">{{cite news | last = Staff writer |title=Rape and murder in Uttar Pradesh|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14058814|work=[[BBC News]]|date=18 July 2011}}</ref> Darapuri allegations do not match with the data compiled by National Crime Records Bureau of India, which found 6.7% of rape and sexual assault victims were Dalits in 2007, where nearly 16% of Indian population is classified as Dalit.<ref>{{citation | contribution = Table 7.2: Incidence (I), Rate (R) and Percentage Contribution to All India Total of Crimes (P) Committed Against Scheduled Castes During 2007 | title = Crimes in India 2007 (Chapters 5–7) | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151014135524/http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/Table%207.2.pdf | archive-date = 14 October 2015 | url = http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/Table%207.2.pdf | publisher = National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India }}</ref> There were 391 cases of rape of Dalit victims reported in Uttar Pradesh in 2013 or about 1 per 100,000 Dalits in the state of about 200&nbsp;million people (21% of which is classified as Dalit).<ref>{{cite book | title = Crimes in India 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151017031054/http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2013/compendium%202013.pdf | archive-date = 17 October 2015 | url = http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2013/compendium%202013.pdf | publisher = National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date = 2014 }}</ref>

==During riots==
{{Expand section|date=October 2025}}
In recent years, numerous rapes have been committed during communal riots. After the 2002 [[Godhra train burning]], in certain parts of [[Gujarat]], rape of women was carried out by rioters.<ref>{{cite magazine | last = Bhowmick | first = Nilanjana | title=Gujarat riots: new court verdict raises the heat on Narendra Modi| url=https://world.time.com/2012/08/31/gujarat-riots-new-court-verdict-raises-the-heat-on-narendra-modi/ | magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=31 August 2012 | access-date=6 May 2014 }}</ref> Thirteen rape and assault cases were reported during the [[2013 Muzaffarnagar riots]].<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |author = [[Vasundhara Sirnate]] | title = Good laws, bad implementation | url = http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/good-laws-bad-implementation/article5639799.ece | location = Chennai, India | work = [[The Hindu]] | date=1 February 2014 | access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref>

==The partition of India==
{{Main|Violence against women during the Partition of India}}
{{Expand section|date=October 2025}}
During the [[partition of India]], some 100,000 women said that they were kidnapped and raped.<ref name=Butalia>{{citation | last = Butalia | first = Urvashi | contribution = Gender in the construction of nations | editor-last = Dobhal | editor-first = Harsh | title = Writings on human rights, law, and society in India: a Combat law anthology: selections from Combat law, 2002-2010 | page = 598 | publisher = Human Rights Law Network | location = New Delhi | year = 2011 | isbn = 9788189479787 | postscript = .}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=CcbLvuT1jbkC&pg=PA598 Preview.]</ref><ref name="Žarkov">{{citation | last = Žarkov | first = Dubravka | contribution = Troubles with the victim | editor-last = Žarkov | editor-first = Dubravka | title = The body of war: media, ethnicity, and gender in the break-up of Yugoslavia | page = [https://archive.org/details/bodyofwar01zark/page/172 172] | publisher = Duke University Press | location = Durham | year = 2007 | isbn = 9780822339663 | postscript = . | url = https://archive.org/details/bodyofwar01zark/page/172 }}</ref>

==Disputed rape cases==

===Potential abuse concerns===
In April 2013, Judge Virender Bhat suggested that relying upon the sole attestation of the victim became "an easy weapon" to incriminate anyone in rape case.<ref>{{cite news | last = Mathur | first = Aneesha | title = Men falsely accused of rape should be rehabilitated | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/-men-falsely-accused-of-rape-should-be-rehabilitated-/1100590/#sthash.XS37YArh.dpufIn | work = [[The Indian Express]] | date = 11 April 2013 | access-date = 29 May 2013 }}</ref> Justice Kailash Ghambhir of the [[Delhi High Court]] stated that penal provisions for rape are often being misused by women as a "weapon for vengeance and vendetta" to harass and blackmail their male friends by filing false cases to extort money and to force them to get married.<ref>{{cite news|title=Women sometime file rape cases as weapon for vengeance:High Court|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/Women-sometime-file-rape-cases-as-weapon-for-vengeance-HC/2013/05/25/article1605616.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111034216/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Women-sometime-file-rape-cases-as-weapon-for-vengeance-HC/2013/05/25/article1605616.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2014|publisher=newindianepress.com|date=25 May 2013|access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref> ''Saamna'', the mouthpiece of the [[Shiv Sena]], in an editorial noted while supporting the Deputy Inspector General Of Police in Mumbai in an alleged rape complaint that it has become "a fashion to create sensation by charging someone for rape and molestation"<ref>{{cite news | last= Jaleel | first = Imtiaz | editor-last= Das | editor-first = Mala |title=Shiv Sena backs senior cop, says making rape charges is now 'fashion' | url = http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/shiv-sena-backs-senior-cop-says-making-rape-charges-is-now-fashion-569694|work=[[NDTV]]|date=3 August 2014}}</ref> while Shonee Kapoor, founder of Sahodar Men's Rights Group, demanded that the name of the accused not be made public till conviction.<ref>{{cite news|last=ABP Live|title=ABP News debate: Is Shiv Sena trying to protect rape accused?|url=http://www.abplive.in/others/abp-news-debate-is-shiv-sena-trying-to-protect-rape-accused-178003|work=[[ABT (TV station)|ABP News]]|date=3 August 2014|archive-date=12 March 2017|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312034541/http://www.abplive.in/others/abp-news-debate-is-shiv-sena-trying-to-protect-rape-accused-178003|url-status=dead}}</ref> Retired Supreme Court Justice B.N. Srikrishna also argued to keep the accused anonymous. Citing the low conviction rate in rape cases, he said, "There is no doubt that rape laws are being misused in the country."<ref name="The Hindu 2022 z210">{{cite web |date=April 23, 2022 |title=Rape laws are being misused today: B.N. Srikrishna |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/rape-laws-are-being-misused-today-bn-srikrishna/article65348974.ece |access-date=August 27, 2023 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

In 2014, as per a report submitted by the Delhi Commission for women, 53% of reported rapes in 2012–13 were found to be 'false'. This report included cases that were dropped before trial in its count of false cases, without distinguishing between coerced withdrawals and false allegations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-38796457 | title = Does India have a problem with false rape claims?|author=Jolly Joanna|date=8 February 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=26 September 2017|language = en-GB}}</ref>

According to an investigation by ''[[The Hindu]]'', which only considered the cases that went to full trial, out of 460 such cases in Delhi district courts in 2013, only 2% (12) were found to have been committed by strangers. 41% (189) of these cases were filed by parents to criminalize and end consented sexual relationships, 24% (109) were filed under 'breach of promise to marry' and 30% (141) were found to be committed by acquaintances and relatives.<ref name="auto1"/> In January 2019, the Supreme Court ruled that men who have consensual sex with a woman, and later decline to marry her for any reason, cannot be charged with rape.<ref name="Dhillon 2019 r403">{{cite web |last=Dhillon |first=Amrit |date=February 11, 2019 |title='Spare innocent men anguish': India ruling aims to end false rape claims |url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/feb/11/spare-innocent-men-anguish-india-ruling-aims-to-end-false-claims |access-date=August 27, 2023 |website=the Guardian}}</ref>

===Notable cases===

In 1991, the [[Rajputana Rifles|4 Rajputana Rifles unit]] are alleged to have entered the village of [[Kunan Poshpora incident|Kunan Poshpora]] and raped between 30 and 100 women aged between 13 and 70.<ref name=HRW>{{citation | last = HRW |author-link = Human Rights Watch | contribution = India | editor-last = HRW | editor-link = Human Rights Watch | title = Abdication of responsibility: the Commonwealth and human rights | page = 14 | publisher = [[Human Rights Watch]] | location = New York | date = October 1991 | isbn = 9781564320476 | url = https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/g/general/general291o.pdf | postscript = .}}</ref><ref name=Chatterji>{{citation | last = Chatterji | first = Angana P. | contribution = Witnessing as feminist intervention | editor-last1 = Loomba | editor-first1 = Ania | editor-last2 = Lukrose | editor-first2 = Ritty A. | title = South Asian feminisms: contemporary interventions | page = [https://archive.org/details/southasianfemini00unse/page/194 194] | publisher = Duke University Press | location = Durham | year = 2012 | isbn = 9780822351795 | postscript = . | url = https://archive.org/details/southasianfemini00unse/page/194 }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=wOr5rxXE5UcC&pg=PA202 Preview.]</ref> The Indian government carried out three inquiries into the allegations and concluded that it had been a hoax.<ref>{{citation | last = Press Council of India | author-link = Press Council of India | contribution = Foreword | editor-last = Press Council of India | editor-link = Press Council of India | title = Crisis and credibility: report of the Press Council of India, January and July 1991 |pages=10–13 | publisher = Lancer International | location = New Delhi | year = 1991 | isbn = 9788170621522 | postscript = .}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=9jD2nq_QulwC&pg=PA10 Preview.]</ref>

In May 2014 [[2014 Uttar Pradesh gang rape|two girls aged 14 and 16 were allegedly gang raped and murdered in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh]], though later investigations have alleged suicide as the cause of death in this instance. Two police officers were suspected of involvement in the crimes.<ref name="TeenagersHanged">{{cite news |last=Staff writer |date=31 May 2014 |title=Perceived government inaction over rape and murder of two teenage girls sparks public anger |url=http://www.indiasnews.net/index.php/sid/222467201/scat/701ee96610c884a6/ht/Perceived-government-inaction-over-rape-and-murder-of-two-teenage-girls-sparks-public-anger |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531164140/http://www.indiasnews.net/index.php/sid/222467201/scat/701ee96610c884a6/ht/Perceived-government-inaction-over-rape-and-murder-of-two-teenage-girls-sparks-public-anger |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=31 May 2014 |work=India'sNews.Net}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=August 2024}}

==Tourist advisories==
Several countries, including the [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], and the [[United States]], have issued travel advisories for India recommending that women travelers exercise caution, particularly when traveling alone or at night, avoid isolated areas, and respect local customs and dress codes.<ref>See:
* {{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/india|title=India travel advice|website=[[gov.uk]]|publisher=[[Government of the United Kingdom|UK Government]]|access-date=15 September 2025}}
* {{cite web|title=Travel advice and advisories for India|url=https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/india|website=travel.gc.ca|date=16 November 2012 |publisher=[[Government of Canada]]|access-date=15 September 2025}}
* {{cite web|title=U.S. Passports & International Travel: India|url=https://travel.state.gov/en/international-travel/travel-advisories.html|website=travel.state.gov|publisher=[[United States Department of State|US Department of State]]|access-date=15 September 2025}}
</ref>

In March 2013, a [[Swiss people|Swiss]] couple who were cycling from [[Orchha]] to [[Agra]], decided to camp for a night in a village in [[Datia District]]. There they were physically assaulted by eight locals, robbed, the man was overpowered and tied up, while the 39-year-old woman was gang-raped in front of her husband.<ref>{{cite news | last = Staff writer | title = Swiss woman 'gang-raped' in central India | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-21812849 | work = [[BBC News]] | location = London | date = 16 March 2013 | access-date = 16 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last = Udas | first = Sumnima | title = Police: Swiss tourist gang-raped in India | url = https://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/16/world/asia/india-tourist-gangrape/ | work = [[CNN]] | location = United States | access-date = 17 March 2013 | date = 17 March 2013}}</ref> The Swiss government issued a travel advisory in 2013 about the "increasing numbers of rapes and other sexual offences" happening in India.<ref>{{cite news | last = The Associated Press | author-link = Associated Press | title = 6 charged with gang rape in India after Swiss attacked | url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/6-charged-with-gang-rape-in-india-after-swiss-attacked-1.1365501 | work = [[CBC News]] | location = Canada |date=18 May 2013 |access-date=23 March 2014}}</ref>

The news coverage of the rapes and updated travel advisories have worried Indian tourism industry.<ref>{{cite news | last = Pearson | first = Natalie Obiko |title=India's message to women: come visit, we'll become safer | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-22/india-s-message-to-women-come-visit-we-re-serious-about-safety | work = [[Bloomberg News]] |date=22 January 2015 | access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last1 = Kazmin | first1 = Amy | last2 = Singh | first2 = Jyotsna | last3 = Inagaki | first3 = Kana | title = Latest rape case adds to fears for Indian tourism industry |url= https://www.ft.com/content/be36ee2e-94d2-11e4-8341-00144feabdc0 |work=[[Financial Times]] | date = 5 January 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> Some media reports stated that high-profile rape cases had led to tourist numbers to drop 20 to 30 per cent compared to previous year. The [[Assocham]] agency found that of 1200 businesses surveyed more than 70% reported cancellations by female tourists from Britain, the U.S. and Canada along with a 25% decline overall.<ref name="telegraph_31march2013">{{cite news| last = Nelson | first = Dean | title = Female tourists shun India after rape attack | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/9963608/Female-tourists-shun-India-after-rape-attack.html | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | date = 31 March 2013 | access-date = 30 October 2016}}</ref> However, tourist arrivals in India increased from 6.5&nbsp;million in 2012 to 6.8&nbsp;million in 2013.<ref>{{citation | last = UNWTO | author-link = World Tourism Organization | contribution = Regional results: Asia and the Pacific - fourth consecutive year of robust growth | editor-last = UNWTO | editor-link = World Tourism Organization | title = UNWTO Tourism highlights 2014 edition | page = 9 | publisher = [[World Tourism Organization]] | location = Madrid | year = 2014 | isbn = 9789284416226 | postscript = .| doi = 10.18111/9789284416226 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Tourist arrivals in 2014 observed another 10% increase over 2013 levels.<ref>{{cite news | last = Staff writer |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-logs-10-rise-in-foreign-tourist-arrivals/articleshow/45529904.cms |title=India logs 10% rise in foreign tourist arrivals | work=[[Times of India]] |date=6 December 2014 |access-date=26 March 2015}}</ref>

In January 2015, the Tourism Ministry of India introduced [[Crisis hotline|emergency helplines]] for female tourists.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/11327948/India-tourism-fears-after-latest-rape.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/11327948/India-tourism-fears-after-latest-rape.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=India tourism fears after latest rape|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=17 March 2015|location=London|first=Natalie|last=Paris|date=6 January 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The Indian government announced in April 2015, that tourists are now being given a "welcome card" by the immigration officer on arrival with resources to ensure their safety, that [[GPS]]-embedded tracking systems are being introduced in all taxis, and tourist helplines in 12 foreign languages have been instituted.<ref>{{cite news | last = Mail Today Bureau | title = Indian tourism on a mission mode to work on many aspects to boost influx of tourists | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mail-today-tourism-summit-indian-tourism-boost-mahesh-sharma-248945-2015-04-16 | work = [[India Today]] | date = 17 April 2015 }}</ref>

In a non-tourism related case, [[Russia]] issued travel advisory to its citizens after a Russian national was raped in December 2009.<ref name="Buncombe">{{cite news|last=Buncombe|first=Andrew|title=Goa MP says rape after midnight 'not a crime'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/goa-mp-says-rape-after-midnight-not-a-crime-1843100.html| work =[[The Independent]] |location=London|date=17 December 2009}}</ref> The case was widely covered after a member of Indian parliament [[Shantaram Laxman Naik]] blamed the victim and the media for over emphasising the Russian rape case after, "she was raped by a state politician in his car after they had dinner together".<ref name="goa">{{cite news | last = PTI | author-link = Press Trust of India |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_goa-mp-shantaram-naik-says-some-women-invite-rape_1324134 |title=Goa MP Shantaram Naik says some women invite rape | work = [[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]] |date=15 December 2009 |access-date=24 December 2012}}</ref> Naik was criticised by leaders of Indian political parties including CPI-M, BJP and SP for blaming the rape victim and media.<ref name="goa"/>

==Legal response==

The Indian law prior to the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder|Nirbhaya Incident]] took into account only acts of penile-vaginal intercourse within the definition of rape and forcible acts of penetration of vagina, mouth, urethra or anus through penis or an inanimate object did not fall within the definition of rape. Many rapists were not prosecuted because there was no law to punish such acts.<ref name="Mehta" /> The definition was expanded in 2013 to consider rape as any act like penetration by [[human penis|penis]], or any object or any part of body to any extent, into the [[vagina]], [[mouth]], [[urethra]] or anus of a woman or making her to do so with another person or applying of mouth to sexual organs without the consent or will of the woman constitutes the offence of rape.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news | title = Section 376A, The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 | url = http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/132013.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131107103627/http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/132013.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2013-11-07 | work = [[The Gazette of India]] | publisher = Government of India | date = 2013 }}</ref>

The section has also clarified that penetration means "penetration to any extent", and lack of physical resistance is immaterial for constituting an offence. Except in certain aggravated situations, the punishment will be imprisonment not less than seven years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine. In aggravated situations, punishment will be rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Section 53A of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Indian law lays down certain provisions for medical examination of the accused.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/633996/|title=Section 53 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2017-10-27}}</ref> Section 164A of the Code of Criminal Procedure deals with the medical examination of the victim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/TheCCP(Amendment)Act,2005.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027180631/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/TheCCP(Amendment)Act,2005.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-10-27|title=The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2005|last=Viswanathan|first=T.K.|website=mha.nic.in}}</ref>

The revised statutes of 2013 Indian law, in section 376A, mandate minimum punishment in certain cases. For instance, if the sexual assault inflicts an injury which causes death or causes the victim to be in a [[persistent vegetative state]], then the convicted rapist must be sentenced to rigorous imprisonment of at least twenty years and up to the remainder of the natural life or with a death penalty."<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="rcj2013" /> In the case of "[[gang rape]]", the same mandatory sentencing is now required by law.<ref name=rcj2013/> The convicted is also required to pay compensation to the victim which shall be reasonable to meet the medical expenses and rehabilitation of the victim, and per Section 357 B in the Code of Criminal Procedure. [[Death penalty]] for the most extreme rape cases is specified.<ref name=rcj2013/>

The 2013 law also increased the age of consent from 16 years to 18 years, and any sexual activity with anyone younger than age of 18, irrespective of consent, now constitutes statutory rape.<ref name=rcj2013/>

The new law has made it mandatory for all government and privately run hospitals in India to give free first aid and medical treatment to victims of rape.<ref>{{cite news | last = Roy | first = Rajesh | title = India parliament clears tough rape law | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324103504578373991905281104 | work = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | date = 21 March 2013}}</ref>

As well, in May 2013, the Supreme Court of India held that the [[two-finger test]] on a rape victim violates her right to privacy, and asked the [[Delhi]] government to provide better medical procedures to confirm sexual assault.<ref>{{cite news|author=PTI |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/no-twofinger-test-for-rape-sc/article4729774.ece |title=No two-finger test for rape: SC |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-05-19 |access-date=2013-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-20/india/39392396_1_finger-test-sexual-violence-human-rights-watch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608221408/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-20/india/39392396_1_finger-test-sexual-violence-human-rights-watch |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-08 |title=Two-finger test should be stopped with immediate effect: SC |date=2013-05-20 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-10-18}}</ref>

On 3 November 2015 the Allahabad High Court observed that a child born out of rape will have inheritance rights over the property of the assaulter and will be treated as illegitimate.<ref>{{cite news | last = PTI | author-link = Press Trust of India | title = Child born out of rape has right over assaulter's property: High Court | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/child-born-out-of-rape-has-right-over-assaulter-s-property-high-court/story-KqYOWg5tM1tjtqD19VBGfN.html | work =[[The Hindustan Times]]|date= 3 November 2015}}</ref> However, if the child is taken for adoption then he/she will not have any rights on the property of the biological father.<ref>{{cite news | last = PTI | author-link = Press Trust of India |url= http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-child-born-out-of-rape-has-right-on-assaulter-s-property-allahabad-hc-2141971 |title=Child born out of rape has right on assaulter's property: Allahabad HC | work =[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]]|date= 3 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://elegalix.allahabadhighcourt.in/elegalix/WebDownloadJudgmentDocument.do?judgmentID=4385424 |title=Writ Petition No.8210 (M/B) of 2015 "A" through her Father "F" Versus State Of U.P. Thru Prin. Secy., Med. & Health Ser. & Ors | work =[[Allahabad High Court]]|date= 3 November 2015}}</ref>

===National Database on Sexual Offenders (NDSO)===
The government, on 20 September 2018, launched the National Database on Sexual Offenders (NDSO). The database contains entries of offenders convicted under charges of rape, gang rape, POCSO and [[eve teasing]]. The portal as of now contains 440,000 entries of cases that have been reported since 2008. It's managed by the National Crime Records Bureau. The database is accessible only to the law enforcement agencies for investigation and monitoring purposes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sex offenders' registry launched with 4.4 lakh entries |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sex-offenders-registry-launched-with-44-lakh-entries/article24999478.ece?homepage=true |access-date=20 September 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

===Fast-track courts===
As a result of the [[2012 Delhi gang rape case]], the Indian government implemented a fast-track court system to rapidly prosecute rape cases.<ref name=wsj25>{{cite news | last1 = Sharma | first1 = Amol | last2 = Agarwal | first2 = Vibhuti | title = India rape case tests fast-track courts | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323854904578261551780617048 | work = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | date = 25 January 2013}}</ref> The fast-track court system has been welcomed by some, but its fairness has been questioned by legal experts and scholars.<ref name=wsj25/> The legal scholars state that the fast-track courts may not be fair in an impoverished country where millions of cases are backlogged, and there are an average of just 14 judges per million people&nbsp;– among the lowest in a United Nations study of 65 nations.<ref name=nyt24/> They have also argued that fast-track courts may divert judicial resources and delay prosecution of other crimes.<ref name=wsj25/><ref name=nyt24>{{cite news | last = Timmons | first = Heather | title = Rape Trial challenges a jam in India's justice system | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/24/world/asia/gang-rape-trial-tests-indias-justice-system.html | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 24 January 2013 }}</ref> They noted that Delhi state had instituted five fast-track courts in 2013 to handle rape cases, but there were no fast-track courts for murder.<ref name=wsj25/> Mrinal Satish, of New Delhi's National Law University said, "there is a risk that in this emotional response and clamour for immediate justice, we could end up putting innocent people in prison".<ref name=wsj25/>

===Marital rape===
[[Marital rape]] is not a criminal offence within Indian legal framework,<ref name=Kadyan2023>{{cite journal |last1=Kadyan |first1=Sneha |last2=Unnithan |first2=N. Prabha |title=The Continuing Non-Criminalization of Marital Rape in India: A Critical Analysis |journal=Women & Criminal Justice |date=7 July 2023 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=205–218 |doi=10.1080/08974454.2023.2228790 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08974454.2023.2228790 |language=en |issn=0897-4454|url-access=subscription}}</ref> except during the period of [[judicial separation]] of the partners. The marital rape exception, that is exception 2 of section 63 of the [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]], states that sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under 18 years of age, is not rape. In the 1980s, women's rights groups lobbied for&nbsp;[[marital rape]]&nbsp;to be declared unlawful.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|last=Nelson|first=Dean|title=Men can still rape their wives in India after new Government bill|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/9930838/Men-can-still-rape-their-wives-in-India-after-new-Government-bill.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/9930838/Men-can-still-rape-their-wives-in-India-after-new-Government-bill.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |date=14 March 2013|access-date=18 July 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Kinnear">{{citation | last = Kinnear | first = Karen L. | contribution = Background and history | editor-last = Kinnear | editor-first = Karen L. | title = Women in developing countries: a reference handbook | pages = 26–27 | publisher = ABC-CLIO | location = Santa Barbara, California | year = 2011 | isbn = 9781598844269 | postscript = .}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=oIjxVimxO_wC&pg=PA26 Preview.]</ref>&nbsp;Government officials argued that the contract of marriage presupposes consent to sex and that criminalising marital rape in turn would degrade family values in India.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite news | last = Chaturvedi | first = Amit | title = Marital rape not criminal offence: MPs committee backs govt | url = http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/marital-rape-not-criminal-offence-mps-committee-backs-govt-337053 | work = [[NDTV]] |date=1 March 2013 |access-date=16 April 2013}}</ref> Forced sex by husbands upon wives does have legal consequences in Indian matrimonial law, in that it can be treated as a matrimonial fault, resulting in dissolution of the marriage.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Mandal|first=Saptarshi|date=2014|title=The Impossibility of Marital Rape: Contestations around Marriage, Sex, Violence and the Law in Contemporary India|journal=Australian Feminist Studies|doi=10.1080/08164649.2014.958124|s2cid=141826626|via=Taylor and Francis}}</ref> All religious personal laws and the secular law governing marriage and divorce in India deem ‘cruelty’ by one spouse to the other to be a ground for divorce.<ref name=":1" /> The originally enacted [[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]] provided that in order to constitute a cause for divorce, an act of cruelty should be such that it ‘produces a reasonable apprehension in the mind of the petitioner that it will be harmful or injurious for the petitioner to live with the other party.’<ref name=":1" /> Marital rape also amounts to ‘sexual abuse’ under the law regarding domestic violence enacted in 2005, under which aggrieved wives or female live-in partners can claim civil remedies, like injunction against violence, dispossession from home or direction to the husband/partner to pay maintenance.<ref name=":1" /> The law kicks in to regulate sexual violence in marriage only in cases when it is accompanied by extreme physical violence or when the health and safety of the wife is endangered, as in the case of minor wives.<ref name=":1" />

This exception has restricted application when the wife has been living separately from the husband, with or without a decree of judicial separation. In such cases, the husband can be prosecuted for rape. If convicted, the minimum punishment is imprisonment for two years and imposition of a fine (Section 376B, IPC).<ref name=":1" /> This clause was ratified in the year 1983, a period of great upheaval in the history of rape law reform in India, when major changes were made for the first time since enactment of rape laws by the colonial state in 1860.<ref name=":1" /> The parliamentary committee that gave final shape to the 1983 amendments was disinclined to treating non-consensual sex between a separated couple as amounting to rape, on the grounds that a rape charge would heighten the possibilities of divorce by making reconciliation that much harder for the couple. Hence, the minimum sentence stipulated for this category of rape was set much lower than usual.<ref name=":1" />

Until 2017, there was a discrepancy between two sub clauses of Section 375. Exception 2 stated that "sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age, is not rape."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/623254/|title=Section 375 in The Indian Penal Code|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref> However, the same provision stated that a man is said to commit rape if he has sexual relations with a woman with or without her consent, when she is under 18 years of age.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/sc-says-marital-rape-cant-be-considered-criminal-tradition-doesnt-justify-assault-child-marriage-3917749.html|title=SC says marital rape can't be considered criminal: Tradition doesn't justify assault, child marriage|date=2017-10-11|work=Firstpost|access-date=2017-11-03|language=en-US}}</ref> Independent Thought, a non-governmental organisation, in a petition in 2013, had challenged Exception 2.<ref name="auto"/> In a landmark ruling on 11 October 2017, the supreme court upheld the age of consent as 18 years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sc-says-sex-child-bride-rape-remember-centre-put-marriage-above-child-rights-69826|title=SC says sex with child bride is rape, remember the Centre put marriage above child rights|date=2017-10-11|work=The News Minute|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref> The court held that the distinction made between a married girl child and an unmarried girl child was illogical and ran against the provisions of the [[Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012]]. Such a distinction also violated a child's right to liberty and dignity under Article 21 of the Constitution. Two other significant statutes undermined by the original IPC section were the [[Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006]] and the Juvenile Justice Act, both of which define a child as someone below the age of 18.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/853796/child-marital-rape-is-now-illegal-it-is-time-to-criminalise-adult-marital-rape-too|title=Child marital rape is now illegal. It is time to criminalise adult marital rape too|last=Yamunan|first=Sruthisagar|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2017-11-03|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Education programmes===
In February 2017, the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] unveiled resource material relating to health issues to be used as a part of a nationwide adolescent peer-education plan called ''Saathiya''. Among other subjects, the material discusses relationships and consent. The material states, "Yes, adolescents frequently fall in love. They can feel attraction for a friend or any individual of the same or opposite sex. It is normal to have special feelings for someone. It is important for adolescents to understand that such relationships are based on mutual consent, trust, transparency and respect. It is alright to talk about such feelings to the person for whom you have them but always in a respectful manner. ... Boys should understand that when a girl says 'no' it means no."<ref>{{cite news|last = Ghosh| first = Abantika | title = Same-sex attraction is OK, boys can cry, girl's no means no|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/same-sex-attraction-is-ok-boys-can-cry-girls-no-means-no-health-ministry-sex-education-4535410/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=21 February 2017|date=21 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = FE Online |title=Homosexual attraction is OK; 'NO' means no: Health Ministry rises above Indian stereotypes|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/jobs/homosexual-attraction-is-ok-no-means-no-health-ministry-rises-above-indian-stereotypes/560227/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|access-date=21 February 2017|date=21 February 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Violence against women in India]]
* [[Dark figure of crime]]
* [[Feminism in India]]
* [[Gender inequality in India]]
* [[Rape of males]]
* [[Slut-shaming]]
* [[Victim blaming]]

==References==
=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{commons category}}
* {{cite news|title=The rapes that India forgot|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20907755|newspaper=BBC|date=5 January 2013}}
* {{cite web|last=Vutz|first=Cornelia|title=The situation of women and gender-specific violence in India|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130433/LDM_BRI(2013)130433_REV1_EN.pdf|work=Library Briefing|publisher=Library of the European Parliament|access-date=7 March 2013}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kumar, Raj|first=Dalal, Manish|title=Marital rape : the Indian and global perspective|year=2021|publisher=Shandilya Publications |isbn=978-93-88147-40-8|oclc=1226124911}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-TEW-XILKQ Video lecture on Rape in India: "Understanding Consent"]
* [https://old.indiatomorrow.net/eng/delhi-tops-with-more-than-double-rape-cases-in-2013 Delhi tops with more than double rape cases in 2013]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120515082817/http://infochangeindia.org/women/books-a-reports/the-two-finger-test.html The 'two-finger' test discredited]}}

{{Rape in India}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Sexual abuse}}

[[Category:Rape in India| ]]
[[Category:Crimes against women]]
[[Category:Murder in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Law of India]]

Nandivada Rathnasree

2026-02-03T23:36:25Z

Shannan0997: started initial article w/ infobox!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Short description|Indian astronomer and science historian (1963–2021)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| image = Rathnasree Nandivada - Kolkata 2011-09-24 5693.JPG
| caption = Rathnasree in 2011
| birth_date = {{birth-date|26 November 1963}}
| death_date = {{death-date and age|9 May 2021|26 November 1963}}
| birth_place = India
| fields = Astrophysics, science communication
| workplaces = [[Nehru Planetarium]]
| alma_mater = [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
| academic_advisors = [[Alak Ray]]
}}
'''Nandivada Rathnasree''' (26 November 1963 – 9 May 2021) or '''N. Rathnasree''' was an Indian [[Astrophysics|astrophysicist]], [[Science communication|science communicator]], and [[science historian]], who was the director of India's [[Nehru Planetarium]] for over twenty years. She was responsible for improvements to the planetarium, as well as for researching the use of historical architectural astronomical instruments in India. She is known for her work in [[science communication]].

== Life and education ==
N. Rathnasree spent her childhood in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She completed her undergraduate education at the [[Osmania University College for Women|University College for Women in Hyderabad]], and completed a master's degree in physics from [[University of Hyderabad|Hyderabad Central University]]. She completed a Ph.D. at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR), where she was their first doctoral student, studying binary stars in the [[Large Magellanic Cloud]] under the supervision of physicist [[Alak Ray]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Nandivada Rathnasree; 10 Things To Know About The Well-Known Astronomy Communicator|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/shestars/dr-nandivada-rathnasree-planetarium/|access-date=1 December 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201051339/https://www.shethepeople.tv/shestars/dr-nandivada-rathnasree-planetarium/|url-status=live}}</ref> She married fellow physicist Patrick Dasgupta, and they had one son.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last1=Sule|first1=Aniket|last2=Ramanujam|first2=Niruj Mohan|date=11 June 2021|title=Remembering Rathnasree Nandivada, Who Brought the Stars To All of Us|url=https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/rathnasree-nandivada-nehru-planetarium-astronomical-society-of-india/|access-date=1 December 2021|website=The Wire Science|language=en-GB|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201051336/https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/rathnasree-nandivada-nehru-planetarium-astronomical-society-of-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>

She died of [[COVID-19]] in May 2021.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Pranav|title=Nandivada Rathnasree (1963–2021): Passionate astronomy educator who helped many reach for the stars|url=https://scroll.in/article/994687/nandivada-rathnasree-1963-2021-passionate-astronomy-educator-who-helped-many-reach-for-the-stars|access-date=1 December 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=12 May 2021 |language=en-US|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201051338/https://scroll.in/article/994687/nandivada-rathnasree-1963-2021-passionate-astronomy-educator-who-helped-many-reach-for-the-stars|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
N. Rathnasree continued her research into radio observations of [[pulsar]]s at the [[University of Vermont]] between 1992 and 1994, and at the [[Raman Research Institute]] in Bengaluru until 1996. While working in the United States, she was an observer at the [[Arecibo Telescope|Arecibo Radio Telescope]] in Puerto Rico, where she researched the stability of radio emissions from pulsars.<ref name=":0" />

In 1996, she was invited to join the administration at the [[Nehru Planetarium]] in New Delhi and became the director of the planetarium in 1999.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=12 May 2021|title=Nehru Planetarium director Dr Nandivada Rathnasree dies of Covid-19|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/nehru-planetarium-director-dr-nandivada-rathnasree-dies-of-covid19-101620773018985.html|access-date=1 December 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201051336/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/nehru-planetarium-director-dr-nandivada-rathnasree-dies-of-covid19-101620773018985.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She served as the director of the planetarium for a period of 21 years, during which she upgraded the planetarium's mechanisms from an opto-mechanical to a hybrid system, which used digital as well as mechanical projection. In addition, she conducted a number of supervised research and outreach programs aimed at students.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> She introduced a number of public watch events to observe astronomical phenomena, as well as to commemorate major scientific researchers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Amit|date=12 May 2021|title=Delhi: Scientist who made Nehru Planetarium a city icon dies|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/scientist-who-made-nehru-planetarium-a-city-icon-dies/articleshow/82561452.cms|url-status=live|access-date=1 December 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201051336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/scientist-who-made-nehru-planetarium-a-city-icon-dies/articleshow/82561452.cms}}</ref>
[[file:Jantar_Mantar_Delhi_27-05-2005.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Jantar Mantar]] in Delhi]]
In the early 2000s, she began research into the use of historical architectural structures that were intended to function as astronomical instruments. These structures, known as [[Jantar Mantar]], were established in several locations in India. Rathnasree worked with the stone Jantar Mantars established in [[Delhi]], [[Jaipur]], [[Ujjain]], and [[Varanasi]], teaching students and researchers their uses, and publishing several research papers on their historical use and design.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rathnasree|first=N.|date=1 November 2004|title=Venus elongation measurement for the Transit of Venus, using the historical Jantar Mantar Observatory|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02834972|journal=Resonance|language=en|volume=9|issue=11|pages=46–55|doi=10.1007/BF02834972|s2cid=123589324|issn=0973-712X|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217144000/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02834972|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rathnasree|first1=Nandivada|last2=Das Gupta|first2=Patrick|last3=Garg|first3=Anurag|date=1 January 2019|title=A Quantitative Study of Accuracies in Positions of Star Markers on Historical Astrolabes|journal=The Growth and Development of Astronomy and Astrophysics in India and the Asia-Pacific Region|series=Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ASSP...54...29R|volume=54|pages=29–56|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-3645-4_3|bibcode=2019ASSP...54...29R|isbn=978-981-13-3644-7|s2cid=198419025|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201051337/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ASSP...54...29R|url-status=live}}</ref> Rathnasree proposed that the stone-built Jantar Mantar observatories could be used when teaching astronomy to today's students.<ref name=dyk>{{Cite journal|last=Rathnasree|first=N.|date=1 March 2017|title=Jantar Mantar observatories as teaching laboratories for positional astronomy|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12045-017-0453-6|journal=Resonance|language=en|volume=22|issue=3|pages=201–212|doi=10.1007/s12045-017-0453-6|s2cid=53576157|issn=0973-712X|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217144000/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12045-017-0453-6|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> She later worked with the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] on a project to restore the Delhi Jantar Mantar. During the [[International Astronomical Union|International Astronomical Union Symposium]] (IAUS340) on Solar Physics, at Jaipur in 2018, she introduced the Jaipur Jantar Mantar to researchers.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=INSAP IX|url=http://sophia-project.net/conferences/insapix/Speakers/nandivadarathnasree.html|access-date=1 December 2021|website=sophia-project.net|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201051339/http://sophia-project.net/conferences/insapix/Speakers/nandivadarathnasree.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Credits|url=http://www.jantarmantar.org/footer/credits/index.html|access-date=1 December 2021|website=Jantar Mantar|language=en|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124102140/https://www.jantarmantar.org/footer/credits/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

She was a member of the [[Astronomical Society of India]], and in 2014, she was appointed to chair their Public Outreach and Education Committee, where she directed a number of programs aimed at improving the communication of scientific ideas and concepts to laypeople.<ref name=":2" /> In 2019, to commemorate the 150th anniversary of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s birth, she compiled a collection of his writing on astronomy and devised a trail that visited locations of astronomical interest that he had visited.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahatma Gandhi's little-known love affair with stargazing and astronomy|url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2018/09/26/mahatma-gandhi-little-known-love-affair-stargazing-astronomy.html|access-date=1 December 2021|website=The Week|language=en|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201051336/https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2018/09/26/mahatma-gandhi-little-known-love-affair-stargazing-astronomy.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2018|title=Gandhi Jayanti: Celebrations to mark Bapu's love for stars and sky gazing start at Yerwada prison in Pune|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gandhi-jayanti-celebrations-to-mark-bapus-love-for-stars-and-sky-gazing-start-at-yerwada-prison-in-pune/|access-date=1 December 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201051337/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gandhi-jayanti-celebrations-to-mark-bapus-love-for-stars-and-sky-gazing-start-at-yerwada-prison-in-pune/|url-status=live}}</ref> She worked with the [[National Council of Science Museums]] as an advisor on astronomy-related communications, and was also the chief editor for science-related publications for the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Astronomical Society of India|title=Dr. Nandivada Rathnasree, 26 November, 1963 – 09 May, 2021|url=https://www.tifr.res.in/~ipa1970/news/Nandivada%20Rathnasree%20ASI%20Obituary.pdf|url-status=live|website=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201051339/https://www.tifr.res.in/~ipa1970/news/Nandivada%20Rathnasree%20ASI%20Obituary.pdf}}</ref> She was a vocal opponent of [[astrology]], and wrote publicly to criticise a decision by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|Indian University Grants Commission]] to introduce it as a subject to be taught in higher education.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Astrology: An Abuse Of Astronomy|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/astrology-an-abuse-of-astronomy/212155|url-status=live|access-date=1 December 2021|website=[[Outlook India]]|date=19 June 2001 |language=en|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201051337/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/astrology-an-abuse-of-astronomy/212155}}</ref> She also advocated against [[light pollution]] in India.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Goswami|first=Urmi|title=World Environment Day: Why kids in Delhi are growing up without seeing a starry sky|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/world-environment-day-why-kids-in-delhi-are-growing-up-without-seeing-a-starry-sky/articleshow/58979971.cms?from=mdr|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201051337/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/world-environment-day-why-kids-in-delhi-are-growing-up-without-seeing-a-starry-sky/articleshow/58979971.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathnasree, Nandivada}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian astrophysicists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian astronomers]]
[[Category:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research alumni]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Indian women physicists]]

Darwan, India

2026-01-21T08:28:24Z

Shannan0997: Adding the details w/ infobox!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Darwan
| other_name = Darwān
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.17135|N|83.62632|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="Geonames">{{Cite web|url=https://www.geonames.org/10509675/darwan.html|title=Geonames.org. ''Darwān''|accessdate=3 February 2021}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.24
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="Geonames"/>
| elevation_m = 82
| population_total = 7096<ref name="Census 2011"/>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Darwan''' is a large village in [[Mohania]] block of [[Kaimur district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is located immediately north of Mohania, with the two being separated by the [[Grand Chord]] railway tracks. As of 2011, its population was 7,096, in 1,083 households.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Bihar District Census Handbook - Kaimur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=344–423|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/BiharA.html |website=Census 2011 India|accessdate=3 February 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kaimur district]]

{{Kaimur-geo-stub}}

Umbarro

2026-01-18T17:52:49Z

Shannan0997: new initial stub v1

{{Short description|2025 Indian Gujarati Family Comedy Drama Film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Umbarro
| image = Umbarro_official_poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Abhishek Shah]]
| writer = Abhishek Shah Hemant Dhome Keyu Shah
| producer = Sanjay Chhabria Falguni Patel
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vandana Pathak]]
*[[Kaajal Oza Vaidya]]
*[[Suchita Trivedi]]
*[[Deeksha Joshi]]
*Tarjanee Bhadla
*Tejal Panchasara
*Vineeta Joshee
*Aarjav Trivedi
*Galsar Sanjay
}}
| cinematography = Tribhuvan Babu
| editing = Apurva Motiwale
| music = [[Mehul Surti]]
| studio = Everest Entertainment and Iraada Studioz
| distributor = {{plainlist|

*[[PVR Inox Pictures]]
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2025|01|24}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| budget = {{INR|4 crore}}<ref name=Koimoi>{{cite news|url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/umbarro-box-office-is-jhimma-remake-only-1-34-crore-away-to-deliver-the-second-gujarati-success-of-2025/|title=Umbarro Box Office: Is Jhimma Remake Only 1.34 Crore Away To Deliver The Second Gujarati Success Of 2025?
|date=30 January 2025|work=Koimoi|access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimated|{{INR|13.3 crore}}}}<ref name="2025 BO">{{cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/all-the-best-pandya-box-office-day-1-gigantic-462-higher-than-the-biggest-gujarati-opener-of-2025/|title=All The Best Pandya Box Office Day 1: Gigantic 462% Higher Than The Biggest Gujarati Opener Of 2025!|date=15 March 2025}}</ref>
}}
'''''Umbarro''''' is a [[List of Gujarati films of 2025|2025]] [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] family comedy drama film directed by [[Abhishek Shah]]. It stars [[Vandana Pathak]], [[Kaajal Oza Vaidya]], [[Suchita Trivedi]], [[Deeksha Joshi]], Tarjanee Bhadla, Tejal Panchasara, Vineeta Joshee, Aarjav Trivedi, and Galsar Sanjay in a lead role.<ref name=GJ /> The film is a remake of 2021 Marathi film ''[[Jhimma]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Dave |first=Kedar |date=2025-01-26 |title=Umbarro movie : સાત મહિલાઓની હળવીફૂલ વાર્તા... |url=https://bombaysamachar.com/entertainment/movie-review-gujarati-film-umbarro/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=મુંબઈ સમાચાર |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Plot==
Seven women from rural Gujarat embark on their first international trip to London, facing cultural clashes, language barriers, and societal stigmas along their journey to claim their space in the world.

== Cast ==
*[[Vandana Pathak]]
*[[Kaajal Oza Vaidya]]
*[[Suchita Trivedi]]
*[[Deeksha Joshi]]
*Tarjanee Bhadla
*Tejal Panchasara
*Vineeta Joshee
*Aarjav Trivedi
*Galsar Sanjay
*Ankit Patel
*Radha Patel
*Parle Patel

== Production ==
The film is a remake of 2021 Marathi film [[Jhimma]].<ref name=":0" /> The film was shot primarily in London over a 21-day period.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bombaysamachar.com/entertainment/the-team-umbero-in-mumbai-samachar/|title=સાત સાહસિક બહેનોના મેઘધનુષસમી ફિલ્મ 'ઉંબરો'ની ટીમ 'મુંબઈ સમાચાર'માં
|date=24 January 2025|work=[[Bombay Samachar]]|access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Umbarro
| type = Album
| artist = [[Mehul Surti]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2025
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=15|s=05}}
| language = Gujarati
| label =
| misc = {{External media | audio1 = [https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/umbarro/3cyyEmwZLow_ Umbarro soundtrack]}}
}}

=== Tracklist ===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:05
| all_music = [[Mehul Surti]].
| all_lyrics = Bhargav Purohit
| title1 = London Ke Limbdi
| extra1 = [[Falguni Pathak]], Mehul Surti
| music1 = Mehul Surti
| lyrics1 = Bhargav Purohit
| length1 = 5:00
| title2 = Travel Mode
| extra2 = Moushumi Das, Mehul Surti
| music2 = Mehul Surti
| lyrics2 = Bhargav Purohit
| length2 = 3:58
| title3 = Umbarro Title Song
| extra3 = [[Shruti Pathak]], Mehul Surti
| music3 = Mehul Surti
| lyrics3 = Bhargav Purohit
| length3 = 6:07
}}

== Marketing and release ==
The teaser of the film released on 10 December 2025 along with the release date.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gujaratijagran.com/entertainment/gujarati-film-umbaro-official-teaser-released-directed-by-abhishek-shah-releasing-on-24th-january-2025-442316|title=અભિષેક શાહની ફિલ્મનું ટીઝર રીલિઝ, સાત મહિલાઓ પર આધારિત ફિલ્મ આ તારીખે સિનેમાઘરોમાં મચાવશે ધમાલ
|date=10 December 2024|work=Gujarati Jagran|access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref> The film theatrically released on 24 January 2025.<ref name=GJ />

A report revealed that two night shows of [[Sikandar (2025 film)|Sikandar]] at a cinema hall in [[Surat]] were replaced with ''[[All the Best Pandya]]'' and ''Umbarro'', as both Gujarati films have been attracting a large audience. A trade analyst, Kirtibhai T. Vaghasiya from Surat, was quoted by [[Bollywood Hungama]], confirming the replacement and noting the strong demand for these films.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sikandars-shows-cancelled-several-cinemas-replaced-best-pandya-l2-empuraan-diplomat-gaiety-galaxy-increases-shows-due-insane-public-demand/ |title=Sikandar's shows CANCELLED in several cinemas; replaced with All The Best Pandya, L2 Empuraan, The Diplomat; Gaiety-Galaxy INCREASES shows due to INSANE public demand
|date=1 April 2025|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=3 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/sikandar-shows-cancelled-in-many-theatres-due-to-low-demand-but-increased-in-gaeity-galaxy-the-film-replaced-mohanlal-l2-empuraan/articleshow/119847759.cms |title='Sikandar' shows cancelled in many theatres due to low demand, but increased in Gaeity-Galaxy the film replaced Mohanlal L2 Empuraan |date=2 April 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 April 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
According to Box Office Mojo, the film collected $86,710 in UK.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umbarro |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1798471681/weekend/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref>

Kanksha Vasavada of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 4 stars out of 5, and praised cinematography, music, authentic portrayal of rural life, and director’s attention to detail.<ref name="GJ">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-reviews/umbarro/movie-review/117516671.cms|title=Umbarro Movie Review : A perfect family entertainer with strong performances
|date=24 January 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref> ''[[Bombay Samachar|Mumbai Samachar]]'' rated it 4 out of 5 while praising direction and story.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2025]]
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Gujarati|List of highest-grossing Gujarati films]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt34763353}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Gujarati remakes of Marathi films]]
[[Category:Films about vacationing]]

Comedian Selvy

2026-01-13T20:58:01Z

Shannan0997: Adding a info needs work

{{Short description|Indian comedian and singer (1974–2022)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{distinguish|Comedian Sally}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Comedian Selvy
| image = Comedian Selvy (cropped).jpg
| caption = Correia at [[Institute Menezes Braganza]], 2013
| birth_name = Matheus Correia
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1974|2|14|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist| Comedian|actor|singer|playwright|director|producer}}
| birth_place = [[Velim, Goa]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|7|25|1974|2|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Goa Medical College]], Bambolim, Goa, India
| burial_place = St. Francis Xavier Church cemetery, Velim, Goa, India
| awards = [[Yuva Srujan Puraskar]]
| spouse = Candolina Fernandes
| children = 2, including [[Comedian Myron]]
| years_active = 1990s–2022
| notable_works = ''[[Welcome M1LL10NS]]''
}}

'''Matheus Correia''' (14 February 1974 – 25 July 2022), known professionally as '''Comedian Selvy''', was an Indian comedian, actor, playwright, singer, director, and producer known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film]]s and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions. Referred to as the "Comedy King of the Konkani stage" by ''[[The Navhind Times]]'', he is regarded as one of the greatest [[Konkani language|Konkani]] comedians of his generation.{{#tag:ref|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiatr lovers will miss comedian Selvy |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/Letters/Letters-to-the-editor-26-July-2022/192185 |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=oHeraldo |date=26 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-26 |title=Comedian Selvy cause of death |work=Vim Buzz |url=https://vimbuzz.com/comedian-selvy-cause-of-death/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Times |first1=Navhind |title=Selvy, the comedy king of Konkani stage |website=The Navhind Times |date=26 July 2022 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/07/26/goanews/selvy-the-comedy-king-of-konkani-stage/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>}} He was noted mainly for his comedy performances and was deemed "[[Goa]]'s most loved comedian".<ref name=":4" />

==Career==
===''Tiatrs''===
[[File:Comedians from Goa -- Augustine, Janet and Selvy.jpg|thumb|]]
[[File:Comedians from Goa -- Selvy, Janet, Augustine.jpg|thumb|From left; Correia, Com. Janet and [[Comedian Agostinho|Com. Agostinho]] in 2015]]
Correia always had an immense love of, and keen interest in, the Konkani stage. He began acting at the age of 8 in his elder brother, Saude's ''tiatrs'' and village [[folk plays]]. Correia was also active in traditional [[Carnival]] folk plays ([[Konkani language|Konkani]]: ''Zomnivhele khell'') before becoming a full-time professional ''[[tiatrist]]''. He was first discovered by Tony Park who noted his skills in comedy and cast him for his non-stop tiatr.<ref name=":3" /> Correia had previously worked in the [[water resources]] department of the Goa Government before getting his big break at age 24 in 1998 as a professional comedian in [[John D'Silva]]'s tiatr ''Vatt'' (Way).<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Mergulhao|first=Marcus|date=26 July 2022 |title=Comedian Selvy, who left audiences in splits for years, now leaves Goa in tears |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/selvy-who-left-audiences-in-splits-for-years-now-leaves-goa-in-tears/articleshow/93121260.cms |access-date=26 July 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Comedian Selvy performing at Strike Tiatr.jpg|thumb|Correia performing in ''Strike'' ''tiatr'' in February 2016]]
During his career span of more than two decades as a Konkani comedian, Correia has acted in more than [[#Filmography|60 ''tiatrs'']] and was cast by prominent Konkani directors such as [[John D'Silva]] (14–15 tiatrs), Agostinho Themudo<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2015 |first=Gary |last=Azavedo |title=Comedian Agostinho set to strike with his latest offering |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/comedian-agostinho-set-to-strike-with-his-latest-offering/articleshow/49511464.cms |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Times |first1=Navhind |title=Tiatr Reviews |website=The Navhind Times |date=October 2014 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2014/10/01/magazines/buzz/tiatr-reviews/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Times |first1=Navhind |title=Tiatr Review - J P Pereira |website=The Navhind Times |date=14 July 2015 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/07/14/magazines/buzz/tiatr-review-j-p-pereira-8/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> (23 tiatrs) from 2007 to 2019, beginning from the ''tiatr'' ''Sir'' to signing off in ''Pai'' (Father)<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The consequences of extramarital affairs |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/The-consequences-of-extramarital-affairs/191520 |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=oHeraldo |date=9 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiatr Reviews – J P Pereira |website=The Navhind Times |date=15 December 2015 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/12/15/magazines/buzz/tiatr-reviews-j-p-pereira/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Roseferns]] (20 tiatrs)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiatr Reviews JP Pereira |website=The Navhind Times |date=10 May 2016 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/05/10/magazines/buzz/tiatr-reviews-jp-pereira/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> in the late 1990s, 2000s and 2010s.<ref name=":1" /> He was also cast by other notable [[Goan]] ''tiatr'' directors like [[Mario Menezes]],<ref>{{Cite web |title='Sorry' to convey the importance of forgiveness |website=The Navhind Times |date=24 July 2016 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/07/24/magazines/buzz/sorry-to-convey-the-importance-of-forgiveness/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> Comedian Sally,<ref>{{Cite web |title='Rinnkari' |website=The Navhind Times |date=11 November 2011 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2011/11/11/magazines/buzz/iwatch-rinnkari/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[C. D'Silva]], Pascoal Rodrigues and Milagres de Chandor. Joyel Fernandes, known professionally as Comedian Joyel, an emerging Konkani comedian from [[Maina, Goa|Maina]]-[[Curtorim]] also recalls that Correia was his inspiration<ref>{{Cite web |title=A man with great timing |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/A-man-with-great-timing/174041 |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=oHeraldo |date=24 April 2021 }}</ref> to take up the comedy genre.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=KGTS mega musical show "tiatristponn devachem dennem" - visiting artistes share limelight with local goan talent |url=http://www.indiansinkuwait.com/news/KGTS-mega-musical-show-tiatristponn-devachem-dennem-visiting-artistes-share-limelight-with-local-goan-talent- |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.indiansinkuwait.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuwait: Comedian Agostinho & Troupe Accorded Grand Welcome |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=42537 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Goan Tiatr Corruption Kabar in Kuwait |url=https://retributor25.rssing.com/chan-13620356/all_p1.html |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=retributor25.rssing.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Desk |first1=NT |title=Eka Meka Pasot |website=The Navhind Times |date=9 May 2017 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/05/09/magazines/buzz/eka-meka-pasot/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== VCDs and CDs ===
Correia was also featured in more than 200 [[VCD]]s. He produced 5 of them namely, ''Bekar Louddi'', ''Second Hand'', ''Garbage'' and ''Wrong Number''.<ref name=":3" /> He was also known for his singing skills,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Times |first1=Navhind |title='Gospel Om Allah' |website=The Navhind Times |date=28 December 2011 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2011/12/28/magazines/buzz/iwatch-gospel-om-allah/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> and has sung in about 25 [[CD]]s.<ref name=":3" /> After attaining much success in his ''[[tiatr]]'' career, Correia went on a global tour with his troupe in places like [[United Kingdom]], [[Paris]], [[The Middle East]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuwait: 'My First Love' drama staged to packed audience |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=625382 |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> to perform for his audience.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Times |first1=Navhind |title=Kor Kantar Taleigao: Mega musical treat |website=The Navhind Times |date=6 November 2015 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/11/06/magazines/kuriocity/kor-kantar-taleigao-mega-musical-treat/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Directoral debut and films ===
Correia eventually started writing, producing and directing his own tiatrs. ''Raza Jeita Kombo Choita'' and ''8 Dis'' (8 Days)<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Times |first1=Navhind |title=8 Dis |website=The Navhind Times |date=24 May 2022 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/05/24/magazines/buzz/8-dis/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> remain his only and most popular productions till date, which resulted in a tremendous positive response from the [[Goans|Goan]] diaspora in the United Kingdom.<ref name=":1" /> The latter also crossed the [[silver jubilee]] mark prior to his death and was on the way towards the [[golden jubilee]] with a scheduled show in [[London]] in late July.<ref name=":3" />

Correia was also known for his role of Mad Man in the 2018 Konkani film, ''[[Welcome M1LL10NS]]''. He was also seen acting in his last Konkani film, ''Rong'' (Colour) directed by Aggi Rod and produced by Joywin Fernandes, which was [[Posthumous publication|posthumously]] released on [[YouTube]] on 24 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konkani film industry fighting against all odds |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Konkani-film-industry-fighting-against-all-odds/192952 |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=oHeraldo |date=16 August 2022 }}</ref>

==Personal life ==
[[File:Jr Selvy (Myron Correia).jpg|thumb|Selvy's elder son, Comedian Myron (Myron Correia) in May 2018]]
Matheus Correia was born to [[Goan Catholic]] parents, Jose Correia and Joana Batistina Fernandes, on 14 February 1974 in [[Velim, Goa|Velim]], hailing from Fursabhatt.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2022-07-26 |title=Comedian Selvy will make Goans laugh no more |newspaper=[[O Heraldo]] |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Comedian-Selvy-will-make-Goans-laugh-no-more/192177 |access-date=2022-07-27}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> He was a practising [[Roman Catholic]] and was married to Candolina Fernandes, with whom he had two sons, Myron ([[Comedian Myron]]) and Ryan.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Alfie |last=Dsouza |date=2022-07-26 |title=Laughter turned to Tears! Goan Comedian SELVY (48) of Konkani Tiatr No More |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/laughter-turned-to-tears-goan-comedian-selvy-48-of-konkani-tiatr-no-more/ |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=Mangalorean.com |language=en-US |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228115142/https://www.mangalorean.com/laughter-turned-to-tears-goan-comedian-selvy-48-of-konkani-tiatr-no-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Awards==
[[File:Comedian Selvy at Yuva Srujan Puraskar Award (2013).jpg|thumb|Prasad Lolienkar (C), Sonia Shirsat (L), Roma (top right) and Selvy (R) at ''Yuva Srujan Puraskar Award'' ceremony in February 2013]]
Correia was honoured by the Gulab Award in 2007<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comedian Selvy Auchit Tiatr-mogiank Roddoun Geloch! |url=https://www.nizgoenkar.com/newsDetails.php?id=3549 |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=www.nizgoenkar.com}}</ref> and Dr. Jack de Sequeira Memorial Award for his contributions towards the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] stage. He was also a recipient of the [[Yuva Srujan Puraskar]] award<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recipients of Yuva Srujan Awards |url=http://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/40_doc_Recipients-of-Yuva-Srujan-Puraskar.pdf}}</ref> from the Arts and Culture Department of the Goa Government for the year 2011–2012.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2013 |title=23rd Jan 2013 - Yuva Srujan Puraskar to be awarded |work=Herald Goa |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Other-Voices/23rd-jan-2013/46602 |access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref>

==Death==
Correia had complained to his troupe about uneasiness and toothache while performing in his ''tiatr'', ''8 Dis'' (8 days). On 15 July 2022, he visited the South Goa District Hospital in [[Margao]] for a checkup during which he was informed by the examining specialist that his diabetes and haemoglobin levels were showing negative signs.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Comedian Selvy recovering at GMC |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Comedian-Selvy-recovering-at-GMC/191767 |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=oHeraldo |date=16 July 2022 }}</ref> He was moved swiftly to [[Goa Medical College]] and was admitted on 16 July 2022. Selvy's elder son, Myron Correia, informed the media that his father's diabetes was under control but the blood platelet count was still low.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pires |first=Mario |title=Tribute to Goa's comedian Selvy |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/tribute-to-goas-comedian-selvy |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Gomantak Times |date=26 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He later was shifted to the [[intensive care unit]] of the hospital, wherein he received many telephone calls from his loved ones. Several Goans also offered to donate blood to save his life after many blood donation requests were made.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiatrists, politicians call on ailing Selvy |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/tiatrists-politicians-call-on-ailing-selvy/86596.html |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref> However on 25 July 2022, ''Selvy'' unexpectedly died at the age of 48.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=What Was Selvy Cause Of Death? Comedian Matheus Correia Died, Obituary & Funeral Updates |work=Dekhnews |url=https://www.dekhnews.com/selvy-cause-of-death/}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The dead tell no tales |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/UPFRONT/The-dead-tell-no-tales/192660 |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=oHeraldo |date=7 August 2022 }}</ref>

=== Reactions ===
The Chief Minister of Goa, [[Pramod Sawant]] and several other political leaders gave their condolences to the bereaved family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comedian Selvy, the smiling face of tiatr, no more |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/comedian-selvy-the-smiling-face-of-tiatr-no-more/86955.html |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Times |first1=Navhind |title=Comedian Selvy passes away |website=The Navhind Times |date=26 July 2022 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/07/26/goanews/comedian-selvy-passes-away/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Funeral ===
Correia's funeral was held on 27 July 2022 at St. Francis Xavier Church, [[Velim, Goa|Velim]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-07-28 |title=Funeral Service of Matheus Correia (Comedian Selvy) 27th July, 3.30 pm SFX Church Velim, Goa, India |url=https://comedycanon.com/funeral-service-of-matheus-correia-comedian-selvy-27th-july-3-30-pm-sfx-church-velim-goa-india/ |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=Avada Music |language=en-US}}</ref> It was attended by tens of thousands of [[Goans]], including his family, friends, tiatr fraternity and political leaders.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Thousands bid Comedian Selvy a tearful adieu |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Thousands-bid-Comedian-Selvy-a-tearful-adieu/192296 |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=oHeraldo |date=28 July 2022 }}</ref> He was later laid to rest at St. Francis Xavier Church cemetery, Velim.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comedian Selvy will be laid to rest on Wednesday |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/News-Today/Comedian-Selvy-will-be-laid-to-rest-on-Wednesday/192222 |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=oHeraldo |date=26 July 2022 }}</ref>

==Legacy==
On 31 July 2022, Correia's ''[[tiatr]] 8 Dis'' (8 Days) was staged posthumously in response to public demand and as a fulfillment to his last wish. Myron, Correia's elder son, also mentioned that prior to his father's death, he wanted the doctors to discharge him so that he could perform in the show. Hundreds of ''tiatr'' lovers were seen paying their respects at Ravindra Bhavan in [[Margao]], and a one-minute silence was observed to honor Correia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fans pay tributes to Com Selvy at '8 Dis' in Margao |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/fans-pay-tributes-to-com-selvy-at-%E2%80%988-dis%E2%80%99-in-margao/87214.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='8 Dis' staged in memory of late Selvy |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/%E2%80%988-Dis%E2%80%99-staged-in-memory-of-late-Selvy/192507 |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=oHeraldo |date=2 August 2022 }}</ref>

==Selected stage works==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Ref
|-
|
| ''Amchem Chintop Tumchem Xixop''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Amontronn''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Aslelim Dukhi Naslelim Sukhi''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Avessor''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Bott''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Bovall''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Budhvontank Fatranchem Xit''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Daddy''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Dessak Luttinaka''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Dev Boro Dis Dium''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Devak Zai Zalear''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Dhull''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Ekvott''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Fight For Right''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Il’Lixi Chuk''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Jem Devan Goddlam''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Jezu Amkam Ilaz''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Jezuchem Povitr Rogot''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Jinn''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Kaideachem Vo Faideachem''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Kazari Put Konnacho? Maicho Vo Bailecho?''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Kirnnam''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Konn?''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Magnnem''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Match Fixing''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Menn''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Meulelem Naka Sandlelem Zai''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Mhaka Sangat''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Mhoji Sun Mhoji Dhuv''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Mhozo Suskar Tum!''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Monisponn Vo Devosponn''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Mummy''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Nhoim Mogache Pun Rogtache''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Osleo Sunnom Gharant Ietoch''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Pai''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Pavsa Pavsa Yo Re Yo''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Peleachea Vostunchu Axea Korum Noie''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Police''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Porddo''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Purtugez Goenkar''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Que Sera Sera – Zaunchem Zatelem''
| Comedian
|
|-
| 2019
| ''Raza Jieta Kombo Choita''
| Director & comedian
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net//raza-jeita-kombo-choita%E2%80%A6-upholding-the-dignity-of-labour/55221.html|title=Raza jeita kombo choita… Upholding the dignity of labour!|website=The Goan EveryDay}}</ref>
|-
|
|''Rogot''
| Comedian
|
|-
| 2007
| ''Sir''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Sokallim''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Somzonni''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Sorry''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Sot’tor Pautti Saat''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Sounsarant Borem Naum Dovor''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Sukhnneachem Ghor Ghontter Nhoi''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Suknnim''
| Comedian
|
|-
| 2016
| ''Strike''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Tem Tuka Naka''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Tempa Pormonnem''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Udok''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Ugddas''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Umannem''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Undir Mhojea Mama''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Undir Mogan Podlo''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Vaitt''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Vann''
| Comedian
|
|-
| 1998
| ''Vatt''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Voir Marlolo Fator''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Xezarim Mornnak, Soirim Jevnnak''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Xik Aikpak, Aik Xikpak''
| Comedian
|
|-
|
| ''Zero''
| Comedian
|
|-
| 2022
| ''8 Dis''
| Writer, director & comedian
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/tiatr-review-8-dis|title=Tiatr Review: '8 Dis'|first=Mario|last=Pires|website=Gomantak Times|date=18 June 2022 }}</ref>
|}

==Select filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Ref
|-
|2018
|''[[WELCOME M1LL10NS]]''
|Mad man
|
|-
| 2022
| ''Rong''
| Comedian
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Imdb name}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = Yes
|portal1 = India
|d-search = Q114592454
|portal2 = Theatre
|portal3 = Comedy
|portal4 = Biography
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Comedian Selvy}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Goan Catholics]]
[[Category:Indian producers]]
[[Category:Indian directors]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Konkani people]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Film directors from Goa]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Singers from Goa]]

Bikaner Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-12T16:46:29Z

Shannan0997: Adding first entry with sources!

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Bikaner {{Small|RJ-2}}
| map_image ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Rajasthan/Bikaner.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bikaner Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 1952
| reservation= SC
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]
| incumbent_image = Arjun Ram Meghwal 2017 (cropped).jpg
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| assembly_cons =[[Anupgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Anupgarh]] [[Khajuwala (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Khajuwala]] [[Bikaner West (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bikaner West]] [[Bikaner East (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bikaner East]] [[Kolayat (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kolayat]] [[Lunkaransar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Lunkaransar]] [[Dungargarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dungargarh]] [[Nokha (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nokha]]
}}

'''Bikaner Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{IPA|hi|biːkaːn̪eːɾ}}) is one of the 25 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Bikaner Lok Sabha constituency comprises eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|title=Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies wise Polling Stations & Electors|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Rajasthan website|access-date=14 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726003649/http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|6
|[[Anupgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Anupgarh]] (SC)
|[[Sri Ganganagar district|Sri Ganganagar]]
|Shimla Devi
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 12
|[[Khajuwala (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Khajuwala]] (SC)
| rowspan="7" |[[Bikaner district|Bikaner]]
|[[Vishwanath Meghwal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|13
|[[Bikaner West (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bikaner West]]
|[[Jethanand Vyas]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|14
|[[Bikaner East (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bikaner East]]
|[[Sidhi Kumari|Siddhi Kumari]]
|-
|15
|[[Kolayat (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kolayat]]
|[[Anshuman Singh Bhati]]
|-
|16
|[[Lunkaransar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Lunkaransar]]
|[[Sumit Godara]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|17
|[[Dungargarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dungargarh]]
|Tarachand Saraswat
|-
|18
|[[Nokha (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nokha]]
|Sushila Rameshwar Dudi
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Karni Singh]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Chaudhary Hari Ram Godara
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Manphool Singh Chaudhary]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|Chaudhary Sopat Singh Godara
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Manphool Singh Chaudhary]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|Mahendra Singh Bhati
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Balram Jakhar|Chaudhary Balram Jakhar]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Rameshwar Lal Dudi|Chaudhary Rameshwar Lal Dudi]]

|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Dharmendra Singh Deol]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Bikaner]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 5,66,737
|percentage= 50.68
|change={{decrease}}9.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Govind Ram Meghwal]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=5,11,026|percentage=45.70|change={{increase}}9.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=12,558|percentage=1.12|change={{no change}}}}
{{Election box majority||votes=55,711|percentage=4.98|change={{decrease}}19.04}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,19,372|percentage=54.58|change={{decrease}}5.79}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Bikaner]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]|votes=6,57,743|percentage=59.82|change={{decrease}}3.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Madan Gopal Meghwal|votes=3,93,662|percentage=35.80|change={{increase}}6.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=13,510
|percentage=1.23|change={{decrease}}0.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Bhaira Ram|votes=11,412|percentage=1.04|change={{decrease}}0.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Shopat Ram|votes=8,997|percentage=0.82|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,64,081
|percentage = 24.02
|change = {{decrease}}9.08
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,00,500|percentage=59.43|change={{increase}}1.04}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Bikaner<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]
|votes = 5,84,932
|percentage = 62.84
|change = {{increase}}19.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Shankar Pannu]]
|votes = 2,76,853
|percentage = 29.74
|change = {{decrease}}9.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = National Unionist Zamindara Party
|candidate = Mangilal Nayak
|votes = 16,839
|percentage = 1.81
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Dr. Gauri Shanker Daabi
|votes = 14,148
|percentage = 1.52
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bhanwar Lal
|votes = 11,387
|percentage = 1.22
|change = {{decrease}}5.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jagdish Kumar Nayak
|votes = 5,164
|percentage = 0.55
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Gopal Balmiki
|votes = 4,398
|percentage = 0.47
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Ram Ratan Meghwal
|votes = 2,538
|percentage = 0.27
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 13,492
|percentage = 1.45
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,08,079
|percentage = 33.10
|change = {{increase}}29.66
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,29,751
|percentage = 58.39
|change = {{increase}}17.14
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}19.92
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Bikaner]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]
|votes =2,44,537
|percentage = 42.91
|change = {{decrease}}5.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =Rewat Ram Panwar
|votes =2,24,962
|percentage =39.48
|change ={{decrease}}3.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate =[[Govind Ram Meghwal]]
|votes = 39,306
|percentage = 6.90
|change = {{increase}}3.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Pawan Kumar Duggal|votes=36,555|percentage=6.41|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,575
|percentage =3.44
|change = {{decrease}}1.86
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =5,69,804
|percentage =41.25
|change = {{decrease}}15.50
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Bikaner]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dharmendra Singh Deol]]
|votes = 5,17,802
|percentage = 48.06
|change = {{increase}}5.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rameshwar Lal Dudi]]
|votes = 4,60,627
|percentage = 42.76
|change = {{decrease}}9.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Arjan Ram
|votes = 38,729
|percentage = 3.59
|change = {{increase}}1.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
I |party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Surendra Kumar Gandhi
|votes = 13,281
|percentage = 1.23
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shyam Sunder
|votes = 11,540
|percentage = 1.07
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Lok Dal
|candidate = Dilip Singh Marwal
|votes = 10,664
|percentage = 0.99
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Saroj
|votes = 7,786
|percentage = 0.72
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dr. Mohan Lal Sharma
|votes = 5,196
|percentage = 0.48
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ram Lal
|votes = 3,848
|percentage = 0.36
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Lokpriya Samaj Party
|candidate = Mahavir Prasad
|votes = 2,818
|percentage = 0.26
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rajendra Singh
|votes = 1,998
|percentage = 0.19
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Brij Gopal
|votes = 1,762
|percentage = 0.16
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jasvindra Singh
|votes = 1,313
|percentage = 0.12
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 57,175
|percentage = 5.30
|change = {{decrease}}4.80
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,77,364
|percentage = 56.75
|change = {{increase}}3.04
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{decrease}}4.69
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bikaner district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/rajasthan/bikaner/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Bikaner lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|28.0|73.3|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bikaner (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Bikaner]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Rajasthan]]

Agrasen

2025-12-28T18:25:47Z

Shannan0997: add layout as per guidelines per sources

{{Short description|Legendary Indian king of Agroha}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = Maharaja
| name = Agrasen
| image = Maharja Agrasena.jpeg
| caption =
| predecessor = Maharaja Vallabhsen
| successor = Shail
| queen = Nandini
| issue = Vibhu
| royal house = Raghuvansham
| dynasty = {{ubl|[[Suryavamsha]] /[[Ikshvaku dynasty|Ikshvaku]]|[[Raghuvaṃśa (dynasty)|Raghuvamsha]]}}
| father = Maharaja Vallabh
| mother = Bhagwati Devi
}}
'''Agrasen''', most commonly known as '''Maharaja''' (literally, ''great king'') '''Agrasen''', was a legendary Indian king of [[Agroha Mound|Agroha]], a city of traders in the district of [[Hisar district|Hisar]], [[Haryana]]. He is a descendant of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity, Shri [[Rama|Ramchandra]]'s elder son, [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kush]]. He is credited with the establishment of a kingdom of traders in Northern India named [[Agroha Mound|Agroha]], and is known for his compassion in refusing sacrificial slaughter of animals in ''[[yajna]]s.'' Goddess [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]] bestowed prosperity for him and his descendants.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

The [[Agrawal]]s, a community of traditional traders from northern India, regard Maharaja Agrasen as their forefather and a historical figure who established the foundations of their community in the [[Agroha Mound|Kingdom of Agroha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharaja Agrasen |url=https://www.agrohadhaam.org/maharaja-agrasen |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Agroha Vikas Trust {{!}} Agroha Dhaam India |language=en}}</ref> In fact, the term [[Agrawal]] means "descendants of Agrasen" or "people of [[Agroha Mound|Agroha]]".

{{Multiple image
| total_width = 252
| image1 = Stamp of India - 1976 - Colnect 327901 - Maharaja Agrasen Commemoration.jpeg
| alt1 = The image depicts a commemorative stamp issued by India in 1976 honoring Maharaja Agrasen. The stamp features an illustration of Maharaja Agrasen, often depicted in royal attire, emphasizing his historical significance as a revered figure in the Agrawal community. The background is typically adorned with traditional motifs, highlighting his connection to Indian culture and heritage. The stamp serves to celebrate his legacy and the values he represents, particularly in relation to the Agrawal community’s origins.
| caption1 = Postage stamp issued by the [[Government of India]] in 1976, commemorating [[Maharaja Agrasen|Maharaja Agrasen's]] 5100th [[Agrasen Jayanti|birth anniversary.]]
| image2 = Agrasen maldives.jpg
| alt2 = A regal depiction of Maharaja Agrasen, a legendary king revered in Indian history and mythology, seated on a grand throne adorned with intricate designs and flanked by two lions symbolizing strength and royalty. He is portrayed in traditional royal attire, with elaborate jewelry and a crown, holding a scepter. The artwork has a vibrant blue background with decorative floral patterns, enhancing the royal aura. The text at the bottom identifies him as "Maharaja Agrasen," with additional inscriptions describing the artwork was crafted for a Maldives postage stamp in 2016. The entire design reflects a blend of respect, reverence, and artistic grandeur dedicated to the king's legacy.
| caption2 = Postage stamp issued by the [[Maldives]] in 2016 on Maharaja Agrasen's birth anniversary.<ref name=":10"/>
| direction = vertical
}}

The occasion of his birth anniversary called [[Agrasen Jayanti]] is celebrated in the Indian states of [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]] where it is recognized as a [[Public holidays in India|public]] or a gazetted holiday.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2023 |title=Government of Punjab, Department of Personnel |url=https://punjab.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/List-of-Holidays-2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007094817/https://punjab.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/List-of-Holidays-2024.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=27 October 2024 |work=Notification from Government of Punjab, Department of Personnel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2023 |title=Haryana Government, Department of Human Resources, Notification |url=https://csharyana.gov.in/WriteReadData/Notifications-%26-Orders/Human-Resources-I/14136.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315083650/https://csharyana.gov.in/WriteReadData/Notifications-%26-Orders/Human-Resources-I/14136.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2024 |access-date=27 October 2024 |work=Haryana Government, Department of Human Resources, Notification }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2023 |title=Government of Rajasthan, The General Administration Department Notification |url=https://gad.rajasthan.gov.in/details/Calendar_2024_09102023.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529121353/https://gad.rajasthan.gov.in/details/Calendar_2024_09102023.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2024 |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Public Holiday Calendar {{!}} Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://meerut.nic.in/notice/2024-public-holiday-calendar/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] in 1976 commemorated the 5100th [[Agrasen Jayanti|birth anniversary]] of Maharaja Agrasen by issuing a [[commons:File:Stamp_of_India_-_1976_-_Colnect_327901_-_Maharaja_Agrasen_Commemoration.jpeg|postage stamp]] depicting him,<ref>{{cite web |title=KCR Praises Vaisyas to Skies, Says The Community Knows Art of Life |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/KCR-Praises-Vaisyas-to-Skies-Says-The-Community-Knows-Art-of-Life/2014/09/26/article2449852.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926130518/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/KCR-Praises-Vaisyas-to-Skies-Says-The-Community-Knows-Art-of-Life/2014/09/26/article2449852.ece |archive-date=26 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=India |first=Post of |title=English: Stamp |date=1976 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stamp_of_India_-_1976_-_Colnect_327901_-_Maharaja_Agrasen_Commemoration.jpeg |access-date=2024-10-27}}</ref> and so did [[Maldives]] in 2016 as a tribute to the contributions of the [[Agrawal]] community, a prominent business group in India, in the growing trade relationship between the Maldives and India.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=1 October 2016 |title=Maldives issues special postage stamp on Maharaja Agrasen |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maldives-issues-special-postage-stamp-on-maharaja-agrasen/articleshow/54629467.cms?from=mdr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524220533/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maldives-issues-special-postage-stamp-on-maharaja-agrasen/articleshow/54629467.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=27 October 2024 |work=Economic Times}}</ref> The eastern wing of the modern day [[Agroha Dham]] [[Hindu temple|temple]] is dedicated to Maharaja Agrasen, serving as a significant cultural and heritage center for the Agrawal community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agroha dhaam |url=https://www.agrohadhaam.org/agroha-dhaam |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Agroha Vikas Trust {{!}} Agroha Dhaam India |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Agrasen ki Baoli, New Delhi, India - 20070127.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Agrasen ki Baoli]] in [[Delhi]]. The current structure was built in the 14th century by the [[Agrawal]] community, which traces its origin to King Agrasen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agrasenkibaoli.com |title=Agrasen Ki Baoli |publisher=AgrasenKiBaoli.com |access-date=2015-08-04}}</ref> It is believed that the original structure was built by the king Agrasen<ref>Mittal, J.P. (2006), History of Ancient India (4250 BC to 637 AD) page 675, {{ISBN|978-81-269-0616-1}} (This author considers King Agrasen an actual historical figure)</ref> during the [[Mahabharat]] epic era.]]

== History ==
[[File:Agroha Dhaam Hindu Temple.jpg|alt=The image showcases the grand entrance to the **Agroha Dham Hindu temple**, with three towering, ornately decorated structures rising prominently against an overcast sky. The central structure is the tallest, with a distinctive brownish-red facade adorned with symmetrically placed windows and carved niches that add depth and texture. Its dome has a rounded, layered design crowned with a golden pinnacle at the top. Flanking the central tower are two slightly shorter towers, each adorned with vibrant colors and intricate artwork. Both towers have sky-blue panels accented with floral patterns and traditional Hindu motifs in hues of pink, gold, and red. The top of each of these side towers is capped with lotus-like structures, topped by golden finials. At the main entrance of the temple, a statue depicting a divine chariot pulled by horses and guided by warriors or deities stands prominently, drawing attention. Below the chariot, a large archway leads into the temple, with detailed architectural elements on either side. The steps leading up to the entrance are wide and surrounded by well-maintained greenery, with various plants, shrubs, and flowering bushes lining the walkway. The scene is bustling with visitors, some ascending the stairs towards the temple, while others are seen standing or moving around in groups. The pathway leading up to the temple is clean and well-kept, bordered by a trimmed lawn and decorative plants, contributing to the peaceful and reverent atmosphere.|thumb|250x250px|The grand entrance of the [[Agroha Dham]] [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Agroha (town)|Agroha]], [[Hisar district]], [[Haryana]]. The temple is dedicated to goddess [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]], the [[Kuladevata|Kuladevi]] of the [[Agrawal]]s, who trace their origins to Agroha, whose foundations were laid by the great king [[Maharaja agrasen|Maharaja Agrasen]].]]

[[Bharatendu Harishchandra]] (1850-1885), a renowned [[Agrawal]] author and poet, compiled the legend of Maharaja Agrasen in his 1871 essay ''Agarwalon ki Utpatti'' ("Origins of Agrawals and Agrahari"). Bhartendu is not clear about his sources, stating that he compiled the legend from "tradition" and "ancient writings", naming one of these texts as ''Sri Mahalakshmi Vrat Ki Katha'' ("The Story of the Fast for Goddess Mahalakshmi"). He claimed to have found this text in a "later" part of the ''[[Bhavishya Purana]]'', which exists in several recensions. However, subsequent researchers were unsuccessful in tracing this text in any published version of the ''"Bhavishya Purana''.{{sfn|Babb|2004|p=199}} In 1976, the Agrawal historian Satyaketu Vidyalankar published a copy of the ''Mahalakshmi Vrat Ki Katha'' in his ''Agrwal Jati Ka Prachin Itihas'' ("Ancient History of the Agrawal caste"). He states that he had found this copy in the personal library of Bharatendu Harishchandra; some academics note that this copy does not contain any clue about its origin.{{sfn|Babb|2004|p=199}}

== Legend ==
Agrasen was a [[Kshatriya]] king of the [[Solar dynasty|Sūryavaṃśi]] dynasty who adopted the [[Vanika]] dharma for the benefit of his people. He was the ruler of ''Khandavprasth'', ''Ballabhgarh'', and ''Agr [[Janapada]]'' (present-day [[Delhi]], [[Ballabhgarh]], and [[Agra]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bhartendu Harischandra |url=https://archive.org/details/agarwalon-ki-utpatti-bhartendu-harischandra/Agarwalon%20Ki%20Utpatti%20-%20Bhartendu%20Harischandra |title=Agarwalon Ki Utpatti Bhartendu Harischandra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Maharaja Agrasen – Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha (Haryana) |url=https://mamc.edu.in/about-maharaja-agrasen/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

According to [[Bharatendu Harishchandra|Bharatendu Harishchandra's]] account, Maharaja Agrasen was born on 15th September 3082 [[Anno Domini|BC]], or in 4250 [[Anno Domini|BC]] on the first day of [[Ashvin (month)|Ashvin]] [[Shukla Paksha]], in the last stages of [[Dvapara Yuga]], or the beginning of [[Kali Yuga]]. He was the eldest son of [[Solar dynasty|Sūryavaṃśi]] Maharaja Vallabhsen and Queen Bhagwati Devi of Pratapnagar (in present-day [[Rajasthan]]) and the elder brother of Shursen.<ref name=":0" /> Maharaja Agrasen was claimed to be a 34th-generation descendant of the lineage of [[Rama|Lord Rama's]] elder son, [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kush]]. At the age of 15, Agrasen fought in the [[Kurukshetra War|Mahabharata]] war alongside the [[Pandava]]s. [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] proclaimed that Agrasen would be a ''yug purush,'' or "man of the age," and an [[avatar]] in the [[Kali Yuga]].

=== Marriage to Madhavi ===
He was married to Madhavi, the daughter of the serpent king [[Nagaraja]] Kumud, with whom [[Indra]] was also smitten. When she chose Agrasen as her husband, [[Indra]], the lord of thunderstorms and rain could not bear her loss and created a drought in Pratapnagar. The famine in Agrasen's kingdom forced him to go to war against Indra, but sage [[Narada]] brokered peace.<ref name=":0" />

=== Agrasen's Austerities ===
Maharaja Agrasen went to the city of [[Kāshi]] and performed intense [[Tapas (Indian religions)|''tapasya'']] (austerity) for the welfare of his subjects. Pleased with his devotion, [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] advised him to perform ''tapasya'' for [[Lakshmi|Goddess Lakshmi]]. Goddess Lakshmi, pleased with his selfless austerities, granted him a boon: “Establish a new kingdom and, while following the principles of [[Kshatriya]] [[dharma]], nurture and protect your kingdom and subjects! Your kingdom will always be filled with wealth and abundance.” [[Lakshmi|Goddess Lakshmi]] is the [[kuldevi]] of (many) [[Agrawal]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agarwālā {{!}} Indian Caste, Social Hierarchy & Endogamy {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Agarwala |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Agrawal gotras ==
{{main | Agarwal#Gotras | l1= Agarwal gotras }}

Per Bharatendu Harishchandra, the Agarwals are organized into seventeen and a half [[gotra]]s ([[Exogamy|exogamous]] clans), which came into being from seventeen and a half sacrifices performed by Agrasen. The last sacrifice is considered "half" because it was abandoned after Agrasen expressed remorse for the violent animal sacrifices. Bharatendu also mentions that Agrasen had 17 queens and a junior queen, but does not mention any connection between these queens and the formation of the gotras. Neither does he explain how sacrifices led to the formation of the gotras.{{sfn|Babb|2004|pp=201-202}}

Historically, due to regional differences there has been no single unanimous list of these seventeen and a half gotras. In 1983, The Akhil Bhartiya Aggarwal Sammelan, a major organization of [[Agrawal]]s (also [[Baranwal]]s), ratified a list of Agarwal gotras.{{sfn|Babb|2004|pp=193-194}} To avoid classification of any particular gotra as "half", the Sammelan provides a list of following 18 gotras:{{sfn|Babb|2004|p=192}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
# Garg
# Goyal
# Kucchal (Agrahari)
# Kansal
# Bindal
# Dharan
# Singhal
# Jindal
# Mittal
# Tingal
# Tayal
# Bansal
# Bhandal
# Nangal
# Mangal
# Airan
# Madhukul
# Goyan
}}

The list does not include several existing clans such as Kotrivala, Pasari, Mudgal, Tibreval, and Singhla.{{sfn|Babb|2004|p=193|ps=:"...a few ostensible clan names appeared (Koṭrīvālā, Pasārī, Mudgal, Ṭibṛevāl, Singhlā) that do not appear on the official list of 18."}}

==Legacy ==

* Anniversary
** [[Agrasen Jayanti]]
* [[Maharaja Agrasen College|Education]]
** [[Delhi]]
*** [[Maharaja Agrasen College]] of the [[University of Delhi]] in Vasundhara Enclave
*** Maharaja Agrasen Institute Of Technology of [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]] in [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]]
** Haryana
*** [[Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Management and Technology]] at Yamunanagar
*** [[Maharaja Agrasen College, Jagadhri]] at Yamunanagar
*** [[Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha]] in Hisar in Haryana
** [[Himachal Pradesh]]
*** [[Maharaja Agrasen University]] at Solan district
** [[Uttar Pradesh]]
*** Maharaja Agrasen College of Engineering and Technology
* [[Maharaja Agrasen Hospital (disambiguation)|Hospital]]
** [[Maharaja Agrasen Hospital (Bangalore)]]
** [[Maharaja Agrasen Hospital (New Delhi)]] at Palam
* Other
** [[Agrasen ki Baoli]]
** [[Hisar Airport|Maharaja Agrasen International Airport, Hisar]]

==See also==

* [[Agroha Mound#Development|Agroha development plan]]
* [[List of Hindu empires and dynasties]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
{{cite book |first=Lawrence A. |last=Babb |title=Alchemies of Violence: Myths of Identity and the Life of Trade in Western India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74tUY0le33UC&pg=PA200 |year=2004 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-7619-3223-9 |page=199}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.agrasen.com/agrasen.html Maharaja Agrasen] at agrasen.com

[[Category:Legendary Indian people]]
[[Category:People from Hisar district]]

C.B. Ganj

2025-12-08T19:05:20Z

Shannan0997: Adding the entry needs work!

{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}

[[File:Clutter Buck Ganj Railway Station.png|thumb|right|300px|C.B. Ganj Railway Station]]

'''C.B. Ganj''' is a locality in the city of [[Bareilly]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state, India. It is a part of Bareilly Division. C.B. Ganj is an acronym of Clutter Buck Ganj and the area is named after Lt Col [[Peter Clutterbuck]], a British administrator and forest conservator.

The vernacular language is [[Hindi]].

== History ==
C.B. Ganj came into existence when a "Utilization Circle" was established in 1918 at Maheshpur Utaria near [[Bareilly]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]]. It was established by the Chief Conservator of forests, Sir [[Peter Clutterbuck]], and the area was later named Clutterbuckgunj after him.<ref>100 Years of Indian Forestry, 1861-1961, Vol. II, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, 1961,.p.102</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Trivedi |first1=Abha |title=WW II and Woods of United Province: An Eco- Historical Appraisal |url=http://www.ipedr.com/vol5/no1/72-H00154.pdf |publisher=2011 International Conference on Social Science and Humanity IPEDR vol.5 (2011) © (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapore |accessdate=24 May 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219124209/http://www.ipedr.com/vol5/no1/72-H00154.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A number of industries such as the Indian Turpentine & Rosin (founded in 1926<ref>{{cite book |last1=R.N. |first1=Chopra|last2=Chopra |first2=I.C. |title=Indigenous Drugs Of India |date=1933 |publisher=Academic Publishers |isbn=9788185086804 |page=223 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HyC4-GJ50YC |language=en}}</ref>) and the Western Indian Match Company (WIMCO; founded in 1937) were established here in later years,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lal |first1=Hira |title=City and Urban Fringe: A Case Study of Bareilly |date=1987 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-190-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQBRrP4HOAkC |accessdate=18 February 2020 |page=106 |language=en}}</ref> which resulted in C.B. Ganj becoming a major industrial centre of the city. After the independence of India in 1947, an industrial estate was established in CB Ganj by the [[UP State Industrial Development Corporation]] (UPSIDC) in 1958.<ref name="jagran">{{cite news |title=Industries 2019 : पुराने उद्योगों ने तोड़ा दम, साल भर तरसते रहे नए उद्योग |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-old-industries-break-down-new-industries-have-been-yearning-for-a-year-19892132.html |accessdate=18 February 2020 |work=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref> However, the Indian Turpentine & Rosin Factory ceased production in April 1998 and the WIMCO factory, which used to supply matches across the country, was shut down in 2014.<ref name="jagran" />

==Reaching C.B. Ganj==
The [[Clutterbuckganj railway station]] and the [[Izzatnagar railway station]] are nearby railway station to C.B. Ganj. However, [[Bareilly Junction railway station]] is a major railway station 8 km near to C.B. Ganj. The nearest hotel is radhika palace and hotel

==Pincodes==
243502 (C.B. Ganj), 243005 (Shahamat Ganj), 243003 (Surkha)

==Colleges==
*C B Ganj Inter College
*Shiv Gyan Inter College
*Govt. Polytechnic C.B. Ganj Bareilly
*Government Girls Polytechnic C.B.Ganj Bareilly
*Shiv Gyan Degree College Mang. And Technology Khadaua C.B.Ganj Bareilly
*Khushro Memorial Degree College Sanaiya Rani C.B. Ganj Bareilly
*Bal Gyan Peth School
*Govt.ITI C.B. Ganj Bareilly
*DOLPHIN PUBLIC SCHOOL, Khalilpur Road, C.B.Ganj, Bareilly-243502 UP
Mob. 94112-85571
*#Gautam Chemistry Class house number 241, camphor estate colony c.b.ganj Bareilly 243502
Mobile number +918077715380

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Bareilly]]

2011 Popular Front of India social justice conference

2025-11-23T03:16:41Z

Shannan0997: New a entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox event
|image=File:SocialJusticeConference.jpg
|alt=Poster of Social Justice Conference
|caption=Poster advertising the conference
|location=[[New Delhi]], India
}}
On 26 and 27 November 2011, a conference based on the theme "Build the Nation on Justice" was held at the [[Ramlila Maidan]] in [[New Delhi]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Popular Front of India says Dilli chalo |url=http://www.allvoices.com/news/10562006-popular-front-of-india-says-dilli-chalo |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408214832/http://www.allvoices.com/news/10562006-popular-front-of-india-says-dilli-chalo |archivedate=2014-04-08 |accessdate=2014-04-15 |website=allvoices.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PFI campaign |url=http://www.ifp.co.in/imphal-free-press-full-story.php?newsid=1963&catid=2 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120804201115/http://www.ifp.co.in/imphal-free-press-full-story.php?newsid=1963&catid=2 |archivedate=2012-08-04 |accessdate=2011-10-20 |website=ifp.co.in}}</ref> The event was organized by [[Popular Front of India]], an [[Islamist]] organisation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pfi-public-meeting-on-october-2/189483-60-121.html |title=PFI public meeting on October 2 |website=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408214133/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pfi-public-meeting-on-october-2/189483-60-121.html |archive-date=8 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Naya Caravan Naya Hindustan! |url=http://www.popularfrontindia.org/pp/story/social-justice-conference-popular-front-kick-national-publicity-campaign-mangalore |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120914080915/http://www.popularfrontindia.org/pp/story/social-justice-conference-popular-front-kick-national-publicity-campaign-mangalore |archivedate=2012-09-14 |accessdate=2011-10-20 |website=[[Popular Front of India]]}}</ref> The Conference became a get together of like minded organizations and movements which strive for the common goals of justice, security and empowerment. The first day of the conference had two separate seminar sessions on the topics ‘Together for Empowerment’ and ‘People’s Right to Justice’. The second day centered on a large public meeting, witnessed a large flow of masses for the Grand Public Meeting.<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Justice Conference by PFI |url=http://bearyvillage.com/viewtopic.php?f=50&t=987 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425081846/http://bearyvillage.com/viewtopic.php?f=50&t=987 |archivedate=2012-04-25 |accessdate=2011-10-20 |website=Beary Muslim Village}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Naya Caravan Naya Hindustan! |url=http://www.popularfrontindia.org/pp/story/chairmans-introductory-remarks-during-social-justice-conference-office-inauguration-get-togeth |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120906203401/http://www.popularfrontindia.org/pp/story/chairmans-introductory-remarks-during-social-justice-conference-office-inauguration-get-togeth |archivedate=2012-09-06 |accessdate=2011-11-11 |website=[[Popular Front of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.popularfrontindia.org/pp/sites/default/files/4%20Booklet%20design.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080615/http://www.popularfrontindia.org/pp/sites/default/files/4%20Booklet%20design.pdf |archivedate=2012-04-25 |accessdate=2011-11-11 |website=[[Popular Front of India]]}}</ref>

== Planning ==

The decision to host the conference was made at the two-day meeting of the National Executive Council of the [[Popular Front of India]] in New Delhi. An organizing committee was constituted for the conference, with [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] as general convener and Muhammad Shafi and Muhammad Roshan as conveners. A PFI Press release said K. M. Shareef, General Secretary of Popular Front, PFI Chairman E.M. Abdul Rahiman, Moulana Usman Baig, Moulana Kalimullah Rashadi, Adv. K. P. Muhammad Shareef and others participated.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 September 2011 |title=Popular Front to hold Social Justice Conf. In Nov |url=http://twocircles.net/2011sep13/popular_front_hold_social_justice_conf_nov.html |website=twocircles.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Popular Front to hold Social Justice Conf. in Nov. |url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/popular-front-hold-social-justice-conf-nov |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405205642/http://www.siasat.com/english/news/popular-front-hold-social-justice-conf-nov |archive-date=2012-04-05 |website=siasat.com}}</ref>

=== Inauguration ===
The inauguration ceremony of Social Justice Conference campaign was conducted at the Nehru Maidan, Mangalore on 11 October. K M Shareef, National General Secretary, inaugurated the programme by way of waving the flag of [[Popular Front of India]]. Dr. C. S. Dwarakanath, the former chairman of the State Backward Classes Commission, Ilyas Mohammed Tumbe, PFI state president; Venkataswamy, the president of [[Samata Sainik Dal]]; and P. B. D’Sa, the district [[PUCL]] president; and many others were also present.<ref>{{cite web |title=Publicity campaign of PFI's social justice conference inaugurated |url=http://mangaloretoday.com/mt/index.php?action=mn&type=4134 |website=[[Mangalore Today]]}}</ref>

The office of the Social Justice Conference was inaugurated at Vardhaman City Plaza 2, [[Asaf Ali]] Rd, Near Ramleela Maidan, New Delhi on 16 October by [[Moulana Nawabuddin Naqshbandi]], Chairman [[Muslim Muthahida Mahaz]]. According to a press release issued by Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the Convenor of the Conference, the first copy of manifesto of the Social Justice Conference was issued by [[E. Aboobacker]], the National President [[Social Democratic Party of India]] and the theme of the Social Justice Conference was delivered by [[Popular Front of India]] Chairman, E.M Abdul Rahiman.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianmuslimobserver.com/2011/10/popular-front-of-indias-social-justice.html |title=Popular Front of India's Social Justice Conference office inaugurated | IndianMuslimObserver.com |accessdate=2011-10-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405125836/http://www.indianmuslimobserver.com/2011/10/popular-front-of-indias-social-justice.html |archivedate=2012-04-05 }}</ref>

==Conference events==

=== 26 November ===
The Chairman of the Popular Front of India, E M Abdul Rahiman, flagged off the first day of the two-day conference.
The showcase of the day was the Milli Convention christened "Together for Empowerment". In his inaugural speech by the Fathehpuri Shahi Imam, Mufthi Muhammed Mukharram, underlined the fact of continued exploitation of Muslims in India, irrespective of political party.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

=== 27 November ===
Like the previous conferences, viz. the Empower India Conference in 2007 (Bangalore) and the National Political Conference of 2009 (Calicut), the SJC was populous. The conference drew citizens from across the nation, including both political and religious leaders.{{fact|date=July 2025}}

Several prominent personalities attended. The former MP and president of the All-India Muslim Majlis-e-Mushawarath, Syed Shahabuddin, rightly recognized that the state of Muslims could not progress without adequate representation in Parliament and Assemblies. He further stated that the government represents merely 15-20% of the population; and they seem least concerned about the general problems and hardships of the commoner; he described the situation as "Government of the elite, for the elite". He demanded reservation for Muslims in Parliament and Assemblies.{{fact|date=July 2025}}

The Shahi Imam of Shahi Masjid Fathepuri, Mufti Mukarram Ahmed said "When Justice Rajinder Sachar Committee and Justice Ranganath Mishra Commission reports have said that Muslims are even more deprived than the Scheduled Castes in the country and recommended reservation for them, there should be no reason for delay. The present regime is not willing to give Muslims their due. The need of the hour is to assert our right. We cannot afford to bear this injustice any longer."{{fact|date=July 2025}}

The Samjawadi Party head, [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], claimed that the intention of present regime was not good. Committees and reports have been formed, but they shy away from implementing them. "If Muslims are united & awakened, the government will be forced to accept their demands."{{fact|date=July 2025}}

The Ajmer Shareef Khadim, Syed Chisty said that Muslims have preached and practiced [[secularism]] for ages, and lambasted the accusation of terrorism on the community as a whole. He asked community leaders not to go into defensive mode during any “terror” incident. He also asked the Muslims not to simply blame the government for all woes; an introspection into the Muslim household should be done citing the high percentage of school drop outs. Education, he said, is the key – ensuring it is a need.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article2666578.ece| title = Front seeks greater representation for Muslims - NATIONAL - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The gathering ended with the Delhi Declaration.

==Delhi Declaration==

The leaders who gathered in Delhi on 27 November spoke of the contemporary and pressing matters of the common Indian citizen, especially the minorities.

Prominent points from the Declaration:<ref>{{cite web |date=28 November 2011 |title=Delhi Declaration urges PFI to build the Nation on justice |url=http://twocircles.net/2011nov28/delhi_declaration_urges_pfi_build_nation_justice.html |website=twocircles.net}}</ref>

* Detailed overhaul of the current neo-liberal & pro-rich economic policies with a view to restore the concepts of welfare state where in the state is not merely a passive observer.
* Building up of an inclusive people's movement for the eradication of corruption at all levels.
* Development of eco-friendly development programmes which will not contribute to global warming and environmental desolation.
* Implementation of Justice Ranganatha Mishra Commission report, to ensure proportionate representation in constitutional organs, bureaucracy public undertakings and education.
* Legislation for proportional representation instead of the existing first-past - the post system
* Reformulation of the foreign policy with avowed objective of establishing peace and cooperation on the subcontinent along with the revival of the Non-Aligned Movement

The delegates at the Conference also reiterated their commitment to establish a New India of Equal Rights to all Indians. This was the same pledge made on the occasion of the launch of Popular Front of India in the Empower India Conference held at Bangalore in 2007.

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:2010s political conferences]]
[[Category:Social justice]]
[[Category:2011 conferences]]
[[Category:21st century in New Delhi]]
[[Category:November 2011 in India]]

Taal (instrument)

2025-11-04T01:14:29Z

Shannan0997: Improved article clarity and structure

{{italic title}}
{{Short description|Cymbal originated from the Indian subcontinent}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Manjira|Manjira River|Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary}}
{{Refimprove|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name = ''Taal'' or ''Manjira''
| names =
| image = Khuti taal.jpg
| image_capt =
| background =
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| hornbostel_sachs =
| hornbostel_sachs_desc =
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}}

The '''''taal''''' or '''''manjira''''' (also spelled ''manjīrā'' or ''manjeera''), ''jalra'', ''karatala'', ''kartal'' or ''gini'' is a pair of [[clash cymbals]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.4to40.com/music/article.asp?p=Musical_Instruments_-_Solids&c=Musical_Instrument&sc=Solid_Instrument |title=Solid Instrument Article, Musical Instruments: Solids, Solid Instrument From New Delhi, Solid Instrument Musical Instrument, Popular Solid Instrument, New Delhi Based Solid Instrument |publisher=4to40.com |date=2007-03-14 |access-date=2013-02-28 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005643/http://www.4to40.com/music/article.asp?p=Musical_Instruments_-_Solids&c=Musical_Instrument&sc=Solid_Instrument |url-status=dead }}</ref> originating in the [[Indian subcontinent]], which make high-pitched percussion sounds. In its simplest form, it consists of a pair of small hand cymbals.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Caudhurī, Vimalakānta Rôya|year=2007|title=The Dictionary Of Hindustani Classical Music|location=Delhi, India|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhind00roya/page/173 173]|isbn=978-81-208-1708-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhind00roya/page/173}}, originally published in 2000</ref> The word taal comes from the Sanskrit word ''Tālà'', which literally means a clap. It is a part of Indian music and culture, used in various traditional customs e.g. [[Bihu]] music, Harinaam etc. It is a type of Ghana vadya.

In Hindu religious contexts it is known as ''karatala'' ({{IAST|karatāla}}; ''kara'' "hand", "arm" and ''tāla'' "rhythm", "beat"), typically used to accompany devotional music such as [[bhajan]] and [[kirtan]]. They are commonly used by [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] devotees when performing ''[[harinam]]'', but are ubiquitous to all Hindu devotional music. It is also called ''karatala'' or ''kartal'' (pronounced as “kartel”) in some contexts.

==Types==
[[File:Vur tal.jpg|thumb|Larger version of manjira, ''Taal'']]
There are many types of Taal, categorised by size, weight and appearance.
* Bortaal is the big size clash cymbal, Its weight approx. 1½−2 kg. The player who plays Bortaal is called in Assam as ''Gayan''. Bortaal is a symbol of Assamese traditional culture. Sometimes, the players perform dance-music with both e.g. in Gayan-Bayan, Bortaal Nritya etc. Sometimes the player perform with only music e.g. in Harinaam, Dihanaam etc. The rhythmic high-pitched sound of the Bortaal makes the surroundings pure and sacred.
* Majutaal is medium size clash cymbal,
* Khutitaal or Xarutaal is small size clash cymbal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Enajori Instruments|url=http://enajori.com/culture/instruments/instruments1.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701131637/http://enajori.com/culture/instruments/instruments1.html|archive-date=1 July 2011|access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> It is also known as [[Manjira]] or [[Karatala]]. It is generally used in traditional, folk and classical music in India. It is also used in dance in [[Bharat Natyam]], [[Kuchipudi]] [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]] [[Mohiniattam]] [[Andhra Natyam]] [[Kathakali]] This Instrument has some other names e.g. thaaleaj (Kashmir), taalam, tala, jalra etc.{{cn|date=July 2025}}
* Ramtaal or Khoritaal are two wooden handled musical instruments, containing multiple pairs of small cymbals. It is generally known India as [[Karatalas|Khartal]].

==Nepal==
:''See [[List of Nepali musical instruments#Cymbals|List of Nepali musical instruments]]''
[[File:Rai woman, Diktel, Nepal.jpg|thumb|250px|Woman with Jhyamta cymbals, Nepal.]]
The instrument is played in Nepal as well, known as the [[Jhyamta]] (Nepali: झ्याम्टा) (phonetic: Jhyāmṭā), a [[Nepal|Nepali]] traditional musical instrument. The [[Kirat]] community uses this with [[dhol]] (kirat)) in various cultural festivals such as [[Sakela]], [[Chyabrung]], Udhauli, Ubhauli and other social functions.

==Tibet==
In Tibetan culture, the ''[[tingsha]]'' is a very similar instrument.

==Uses==
Manjiras are commonly played in folk and [[devotional music]]. They are played in various religious events and ceremonies in India and especially in [[bhajans]]. Manjiras are ancient musical instruments. Manjiras can be seen in many ancient temple pictures.

===Marathi and Gujrati folk music===
Manjiras have a significant importance in [[Gujarat]]i and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] folk music. In [[Maharashtra]] they are known as Taal. Initially Manjiras were played in [[aarti]]. In [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]], manjiras hold great importance and are played in [[bhajan]], [[santvani]] and [[dayro]].

==See also==
* [[List of Indian musical instruments]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cymbals}}

[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Musical instruments of Assam]]
[[Category:Cymbals]]
[[Category:Asian percussion instruments]]
[[Category:Idiophones]]
[[Category:Meditation]]
[[Category:Carnatic music instruments]]
[[Category:Nepalese musical instruments]]

Drongo

2025-10-30T15:28:59Z

Shannan0997: fixed issues

{{Short description|Family of birds}}
{{Redirect|Drongos|the band|The Drongos}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Drongo
| image = Dicrurus hottentottus-20030823.jpg
| image_caption = [[Hair-crested drongo]] (''D. hottentottus striatus'')
| display_parents = 2
| parent_authority = [[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Vigors]], 1825
| taxon = Dicrurus
| authority = [[Louis Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], 1816
| type_species= ''Corvus balicassius'' ([[Balicassiao]])
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766
}}
{{Cladogram| title=''Dicrurus'' phylogeny
| caption=Cladogram based on a study by Eric Pasquet and colleagues published in 2007.<ref name=pasquet/>
| align=right
| clades={{clade|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
|label1=Dicruridae
|1={{clade
|1=aeneus
|label2=
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|1=paradiseus
|2=annectens
}}
|label2=
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|1=megarhynchus
|2=bracteatus
}}
|label2=
|2={{clade
|1=hottentotus
|2=balicassius
}}
}}
}}
|2=remifer
}}
|label3=
|3={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|1=waldenii
|label2=
|2={{clade
|1=aldabranus
|2=forficatus
}}
}}
|label2=
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|1=adsimilis
|2=macrocercus
}}
|2=modestus
}}
|label2=
|2={{clade
|1=fuscipennis
}}
}}
|label3=
|3={{clade
|1=leucophaeus
}}
}}
|label2=
|2={{clade
|1=atripennis
|2=ludwigii
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

A '''drongo''' is a member of the family '''Dicruridae''' of [[passerine]] birds of the [[Old World]] tropics. The 28 species in the family are placed in a single [[genus]], '''''Dicrurus'''''.

Drongos are mostly black or dark grey, short-legged birds, with an upright stance when perched. They have forked tails and some have elaborate tail decorations. They feed on [[insects]] and small [[bird]]s, which they catch in flight or on the ground. Some species are accomplished mimics and have a variety of alarm calls, to which other birds and animals often respond. They are known to utter fake alarm calls that scare other animals off food, which the drongo then claims.

==Taxonomy==
The genus ''Dicrurus'' was introduced by French ornithologist [[Louis Pierre Vieillot]] for the drongos in 1816.<ref>{{cite book | last=Vieillot | first=Louis Pierre | author-link=Louis Pierre Vieillot | title=Analyse d'Une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire | publisher=Deterville/self | year=1816 | location=Paris | page=41 | language=fr| url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9745205x/f47.image }}</ref> The [[type species]] was subsequently designated as the [[balicassiao]] (''Dicrurus balicassius'') by English zoologist [[George Robert Gray]] in 1841.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gray | author-link=George Robert Gray | year=1841 | title=A List of the Genera of Birds : with their Synonyma and an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus | edition=2nd | place=London | publisher= R. and J.E. Taylor | page=47 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14050278 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Greenway | editor2-first=James C. Jr. | year=1962 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=15 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=138 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14485511 }}</ref> The name of the genus combines the [[Ancient Greek]] words ''dikros'' "forked" and ''oura'' "tail".<ref name=hbwkey>{{cite web | last=Jobling | first=J.A. | year=2018 | title= Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | url=https://www.hbw.com/dictionary/key-to-scientific-names-in-ornithology?name=Dicrurus | publisher=Lynx Edicions | access-date=29 March 2018 }}</ref> "Drongo" is originally from the indigenous language of [[Madagascar]], where it refers to the [[crested drongo]]; it is now used for all members of the family.<ref name="EoB">{{cite book |author=Lindsey, Terence |year=1991 |editor=Forshaw, Joseph |title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds |location=London |publisher=Merehurst Press |pages=223–224 |isbn=1-85391-186-0}}</ref>

This family now includes only the genus ''Dicrurus'', although Christidis and Boles (2007) expanded the family to include the subfamilies Rhipidurinae ([[fantail|Australasian fantails]]), Monarchinae ([[Monarchini|monarch and paradise flycatchers]]), and Grallininae (magpie larks).<ref>Christidis, Les; Walter Boles (2008). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Systematics_and_Taxonomy_of_Australian_B/SFP9P1i-PoEC?hl=en&gbpv=0 ''Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds'']. Collingwood, Vic., Australia: CSIRO Publishing. p. 174. {{ISBN|978-0643065116}}. {{OCLC|8517604066}}.</ref>

The family was formerly treated as having two genera, ''Chaetorhynchus'' and ''Dicrurus''. The genus ''Chaetorhynchus'' contains a single species, the [[New Guinea]]–endemic ''[[Drongo fantail|C. papuensis]]''. On the basis of both morphological and genetic differences, it is now placed with the fantails ([[Rhipiduridae]]) and renamed from the pygmy drongo to the drongo fantail.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Irested |first1=Martin |last2=Fuchs |first2=J |last3=Jønsson |first3=KA |last4=Ohlson |first4=JI |last5=Pasquet |first5=E |first6=Per G.P. |last6=Ericson |year=2009 |title=The Systematic Affinity of the Enigmatic ''Lamprolia Victoriae'' (Aves: Passeriformes)—an Example of Avian Dispersal Between New Guinea and Fiji Over Miocene Intermittent Land Bridges? |url=http://www.nrm.se/download/18.7d9d550411abf68c801800012645/Irestedt%2Bet%2Bal%2BLamprolia.pdf |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=1218–1222 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.038 |pmid=18620871}}</ref>

The genus ''Dicrurus'' contains 28 species:<ref name=ioc>{{Cite web |editor1-last=Gill |editor1-first=Frank |editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |year=2018 |title=Orioles, Drongos, Fantails |work=World Bird List Version 8.1 |url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/orioles/ |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union |access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Common name !! Scientific name !! Distribution
|-
|[[File:Square-tailed Drongo (Dicrurus ludwigii) (cropped).jpg|120px]] || [[Square-tailed drongo]] || ''Dicrurus ludwigii'' ||southern Africa.
|-
|[[File:SharpesDrongo.jpg|120px]]|| [[Sharpe's drongo]] || ''Dicrurus sharpei'' ||southern South Sudan and western Kenya to the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Nigeria
|-
|[[File:Dicrurus atripennis 111213.jpg|120px]] || [[Shining drongo]] || ''Dicrurus atripennis'' || Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Togo.
|-
|[[File:Fork-tailed Drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis) 2.jpg|120px]] || [[Fork-tailed drongo]] || ''Dicrurus adsimilis'' ||Gabon, Congo Republic, DRC, Angola, northwestern Zambia, Namibia, Botswana and northwestern South Africa
|-
|[[File:Velvet-mantled Drongo from Canopy Walkway - Kakum NP - Ghana 14 S4E1498 (cropped).jpg|120px]] || [[Velvet-mantled drongo]] || ''Dicrurus modestus'' ||Nigeria and Cameroon to the Democratic Republic of Congo and Angola.
|-
| || [[Grande Comore drongo]] || ''Dicrurus fuscipennis'' ||Comoros.
|-
|[[File:Dicrurus aldabranus 59442457 (cropped).jpg|120px]] || [[Aldabra drongo]] || ''Dicrurus aldabranus'' ||Seychelles
|-
|[[File:Crested Drongo, Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar.jpg|120px]] || [[Crested drongo]] || ''Dicrurus forficatus'' ||Madagascar and Comoros
|-
| || [[Mayotte drongo]] || ''Dicrurus waldenii'' || Mayotte.
|-
|[[File:Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus (Vieillot, 1817) (7005202663).jpg|120px]] || [[Black drongo]] || ''Dicrurus macrocercus'' || Iran through Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka east to southern China and Indonesia and accidental visitor of Japan
|-
|[[File:Ashy drongo ,Dicrurus leucophaeus.jpg|120px]] || [[Ashy drongo]] || ''Dicrurus leucophaeus'' ||eastern Afghanistan east to southern China, Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan (particularly Okinawa) and Indonesia.
|-
|[[File:Thimindu White bellied Drongo 1.jpg|120px]] || [[White-bellied drongo]] || ''Dicrurus caerulescens'' ||India and Sri Lanka.
|-
|[[File:Crow-billed Drongo (Dicrurus annectans) - Flickr - Lip Kee (cropped).jpg|120px]] || [[Crow-billed drongo]] || ''Dicrurus annectens'' || Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.
|-
|[[File:Bronzed Drongo I IMG 1677.jpg|120px]] || [[Bronzed drongo]] || ''Dicrurus aeneus'' ||western Uttaranchal eastwards into Indochina and Hainan, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and northern Borneo
|-
|[[File:Dicrurus remifer 180352515.jpg|120px]]|| [[Lesser racket-tailed drongo]] || ''Dicrurus remifer'' || Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam.
|-
|[[File:Dicrurus balicassius.jpg|120px]] || [[Balicassiao]] || ''Dicrurus balicassius'' || Philippines.
|-
| || [[Short-tailed drongo]] || ''Dicrurus striatus'' || Philippines.
|-
|[[File:Dicrurus hottentottus-20030823.jpg|120px]] || [[Hair-crested drongo]] || ''Dicrurus hottentottus'' || Bangladesh, India, and Bhutan through Indochina to China, Indonesia, and Brunei.
|-
| || [[Tablas drongo]] || ''Dicrurus menagei'' || Philippines.
|-
| || [[Palawan drongo]] || ''Dicrurus palawanensis'' || Palawan.
|-
| || [[Sumatran drongo]] || ''Dicrurus sumatranus'' || Sumatra in Indonesia.
|-
|[[File:Wallacean Drongo (Dicrurus densus) (8074119894) (cropped).jpg|120px]] || [[Wallacean drongo]] || ''Dicrurus densus'' || Indonesia and East Timor.
|-
|[[File:Dicrurus montanus 64408649.jpg|120px]] || [[Sulawesi drongo]] || ''Dicrurus montanus'' ||Sulawesi in Indonesia.
|-
|[[File:Dicrurus bracteatus - Wonga.jpg|120px]] || [[Spangled drongo]] || ''Dicrurus bracteatus'' ||Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia
|-
| || [[Paradise drongo]] || ''Dicrurus megarhynchus'' ||New Ireland in the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea.
|-
|[[File:Andaman Drongo (Dicrurus andamanensis) in tree (cropped).jpg|120px]] || [[Andaman drongo]] || ''Dicrurus andamanensis'' || Andaman Islands
|-
|[[File:Greater Racket-tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus (Linnaeus, 1766) (16169002507).jpg|120px]] || [[Greater racket-tailed drongo]] || ''Dicrurus paradiseus'' ||India to Borneo and Java
|-
|[[File:Sri Lanka drongo - Sri Lanka - 01.jpg|120px]] || [[Sri Lanka drongo]] || ''Dicrurus lophorinus'' ||Sri Lanka.
|-
|}

The family Dicruridae is most likely of Indo-Malayan origin, with a colonization of Africa about 15 million years ago (Mya). Dispersal across the [[Wallace Line]] into Australasia is estimated to have been more recent, around 6 Mya.<ref name=pasquet>{{cite journal | last1 = Pasquet | first1 = Eric | last2 = Pons | first2 = Jean-Marc | last3 = Fuchs | first3 = Jerome | last4 = Cruaud | first4 = Corinne | last5 = Bretagnolle | first5 = Vincent | date = October 2008 | title = Evolutionary history and biogeography of the drongos (Dicruridae), a tropical Old World clade of corvoid passerines | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 45 | issue = 1| pages = 158–167 | bibcode = 2007MolPE..45..158P | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.03.010| pmid = 17468015}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
[[File:Bronzed Drongo I IMG 1682.jpg|thumb|[[Bronzed drongo]] (''Dicrurus aeneus'') in India]]

These [[insectivorous]] birds are usually found in open forests or bush. Most are black or dark grey in colour, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long, forked tails; some Asian species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright whilst perched, like a [[shrike]]. They flycatch or take prey from the ground. Some drongos, especially the greater racket-tailed drongo, are noted for their ability to mimic other birds and even mammals.

Two to four [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s are laid in a nest high in a tree. Despite their small size, they are aggressive and fearless, and will attack much larger species if their nests or young are threatened.

Several species of animals and birds respond to drongos' alarm calls, which often warn of the presence of a [[predator]]. [[Fork-tailed drongos]] in the [[Kalahari Desert]] use alarm calls in the absence of a predator to cause animals to flee and abandon food, which they eat, getting up to 23% of their food this way. They not only use their own alarm calls, but also imitate those of many species, either their victim's or that of another species to which the victim responds. If the call of one species is not effective, perhaps because of habituation, the drongo may try another; 51 different calls are known to be imitated. In one test on [[Southern pied babbler|pied babblers]], the babbler ignored an alarm call repeated three times when no danger was present, but continued to respond to different calls. Researchers have considered the possibility that these drongos possess [[theory of mind]], not fully shown in any animal other than humans.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1249723 | pmid=24786078 | title=Deception by flexible alarm mimicry in an African bird | journal=Science | date=2014 | volume=344 | issue=6183 | pages=513–516 | first=T.P. | last=Flower | bibcode=2014Sci...344..513F }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140502221033/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/05/140501-drongo-kalahari-desert-meerkat-mimicry-science/ National Geographic: African Bird Shouts False Alarms to Deceive and Steal, Study Shows Drongos in the Kalahari are masters of deception, 1 May 2014]</ref><ref name="mimicking">{{ cite journal | last=Flower | first=T. | year=2010 | title=Fork-tailed drongos use deceptive mimicked alarm calls to steal food | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B | volume=278 | issue=1711 | pages=1548–1555 | doi=10.1098/rspb.2010.1932 | pmid=21047861 | doi-access=free | pmc=3081750 }}</ref>

==Insult==
The word "drongo" is used in [[Australian English]] as a mild form of insult meaning "idiot" or "stupid fellow". This usage derives from an Australian racehorse of the same name (apparently after the [[spangled drongo]], ''D. bracteatus'') in the 1920s that never won despite many [[Glossary of Australian and New Zealand punting#P|place]]s. The word also has been frequently used among friends and can be used in a casual or serious tone.<ref name = "Cassell"/><ref>{{ cite book | last=Wannan | first=Bill | year=1979 | orig-year=1970 | chapter=''Drongo'' | title=Australian Folklore | publisher=Lansdowne Press | isbn=0-7018-1309-1 | page=200}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/drongo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208033852/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/drongo |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 8, 2017 |title=Drongo |work=Oxford Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article129728613 |title=Career of Drongo |newspaper=[[The News (Adelaide)]] |volume=IV |issue=568 |location=South Australia |date=20 May 1925 |access-date=14 February 2018 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160" style="font-size:100%; line-height:130%">
Greater-racket-tailed-drongo-khao-yai.webm|A [[greater racket-tailed drongo]] preening at [[Khao Yai National Park]], Thailand
A flying greater racket-tailed drongo.jpg|A greater racket-tailed drongo visiting ''[[Erythrina]]'' flowers at [[Satchari National Park]] in Bangladesh
Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo at nest - Kang Kra Chan - Thailand S4E4944 (14278976543) (2).jpg|A [[lesser racket-tailed drongo]] incubating at [[Kaeng Krachan National Park]] in Thailand
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist | refs =
<ref name = "Cassell">{{cite book | title = Cassell's Dictionary of Slang | first = Jonathon | last = Green | year = 2005 | location = London, UK | publisher = Orion Publishing Group | page = 450 | isbn = 978-0-304-36636-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA450}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Clancey | first=P.A. | year=1976 | title=Miscellaneous taxonomic notes on African birds XLIV | journal=Durban Museum Novitates | volume=11 | issue=4 | pages=85–105 [88–101] | url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/AJA0012723X_2233 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029080459/https://journals.co.za/content/admn/11/4/AJA0012723X_2233 | archive-date=29 October 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Vaurie | first=C. | year=1949|title= A revision of the bird family Dicruridae|journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume= 93|pages=203–342 |hdl=2246/1240}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|drongo}}
* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/drongos-dicruridae Drongo videos] on the Internet Bird Collection

{{Corvides|Co.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q839526}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Drongos|*]]
[[Category:Australian slang]]

DJ Savyo

2025-10-30T13:50:35Z

Shannan0997: Adding basic entry first draft!

{{Short description|Indian DJ and record producer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|date=February 2024}}
{{Update|date=June 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = DJ Savyo
| birth_name = Savio Joseph Mendez
| image = DJ Savyos Profile.png
| spouse =
| caption = Picture of DJ Savyo
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = Cochin, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = DJ, Record Producer
| years_active = 1998–present
}}

'''DJ Savyo''' (born '''Savio Joseph Mendez''') is an Indian [[Disc jockey|DJ]] and [[record producer]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=From turntables to dishing out food, DJ Savyo's new venture for his team |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/kochi-based-dj-savyo-mendez-on-adapting-to-the-situation-caused-by-covid-19-and-helping-his-team-members-cope-with-the-tough-times/article31821252.ece}}</ref>

== Tracks ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Track
!Notes
|-
|Jo Tere Sang
|[[Blood Money (2012 film)|Blood Money]] Movie<ref>{{Cite news |title=DJ Savyo Mendez to spin music in 'Blood Money' |work=Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/dj-savyo-mendez-to-spin-music-in-blood-money/articleshow/12381735.cms}}</ref>
|-
|Kukkad
|[[Student of the Year 2|Student of the year]] movie
|-
|Destiny
|Feat [[Amrutha Suresh|Amrita Suresh]]
|-
|Kaantha Pooram
|Ft Neeraj Gopal<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathews |first=Anna |date=May 11, 2019 |title=DJ Savyo's Kantha Njanum Varam, Thrissur Pooram Kannan remix |work=Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/dj-savyos-kantha-njanum-varam-thrissur-pooram-kannan-remix/articleshow/69281465.cms}}</ref>
|-
|Jimikki Kammal
|[[Velipadinte Pusthakam]]<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=DJ Savyo to release first song of Destiny |work=India Times |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/dj-savyo-to-release-first-song-of-destiny/articleshow/70617334.cms}}</ref>
|-
|Omanathikal
|Featuring [[Siddharth Menon (singer)|Siddarth Menon]]
|-
|Free Formation
|Liguid Percussion
|-
|Manikya Malaraya Poove
|[[Oru Adaar Love]] Movie
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Savyo, DJ}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian DJs]]
[[Category:Indian composers]]

{{India-musician-stub}}
{{DJ-stub}}

Sita Devi, Maharani of Baroda

2025-10-26T13:57:45Z

Shannan0997: new new bio added tags...

{{Short description|Indian princess and socialite (1917–1989)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Inline|date=August 2022}}
{{tone|date=February 2012}}
{{distinguish|Sita Devi (Maharani of Kapurthala)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| name = Princess Sita Devi
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| succession = Princess Consort of Vuyyur
| reign = 1935–1943
| succession1 = Co-Maharani Consort of Baroda
| reign1 = 1943–1948
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1917|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1989|02|15|1917|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| spouse = [[Meka Rangaiah Appa Rao|Prince Meka Appa Rao I, Prince of Vuyyuru]] (m. 1935 - div. 1943) [[Pratap Singh Rao Gaekwad|Pratap Singh Rao Gaekwad I of Baroda]] (m. 1943 - div. 1956)
| issue =
| occupation =
| father = [[Rao Venkata Kumara Mahipati Surya Rau|Surya Rau I of Pithapuram]]
| mother =
}}

'''Princess Sita Devi of Pithapuram''' (formerly known as “Queen of [[Baroda]]”) (2 May 1917 – 15 February 1989)<ref>Acte de décès, Mairie de Paris, Registre 531, Numéro d'acte: 423</ref> was known as the "Indian [[Wallis Simpson]]".<ref name="autogenerated3">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060813/society.htm#2 Tribune India 13 August 2006],</ref> She was a member of the international [[jet set]].

== Biography ==
Sita Devi was the daughter of the [[Maharaja]] of [[Pithapuram Estate|Pithapuram]] – Sri Raja [[Rao Venkata Kumara Mahipati Surya Rau]] Bahadur Garu and his wife Sri Rani Chinnamamba Devi (of Kapileswarapuram, [[Nuzvid Estate|Nuzvid Zamindari]]).

Sita Devi first married [[Meka Rangaiah Appa Rao]] Bahadur, Zamindar of [[Vuyyuru]].<ref name=autogenerated3 /> They had a son, Rajah M. Viduth Kumar Apparao. She was a close friend of [[Princess Niloufer]], daughter-in-law of the 7th [[Nizam]] of Hyderabad.<ref name="social friend">{{cite news |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/princess-niloufer-hyderabad-1100759/ |title=A short biography of Princess Niloufer}}</ref>

She met her second husband, [[Pratap Singh Gaekwar|Pratap Singh Gaekwad]] of Baroda, at the [[Chennai|Madras]] horse races in 1943.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> The Gaekwad was, at that time, considered the eighth richest man in the world. It was also reported that he was the second richest Indian [[prince]]. The Gaekwad subsequently began a romantic relationship with Sita Devi. The lovers consulted with his legal team. The lawyers recommended that the Hindu Sita Devi convert to [[Islam]] to dissolve her marriage to the Zamindar under Indian law.<ref name=autogenerated3 />

After her conversion, Gaekwad took her as his second wife in 1943, which caused consternation with the British authorities, as this violated the [[bigamy|antibigamy laws]] that the previous Gaekwad of Baroda enacted. The British Viceroy in [[New Delhi]] summoned the Gaekwad to contest this marriage. The latter argued that the law applied to the subjects of Baroda, and that he being their monarch was exempt from this law. This was confirmed by the Viceroy's legal advisers. The British government accepted the marriage, but did not refer to the Maharani as "Her Highness" as was the protocol for the consorts of rulers of [[princely state]]s.<ref name=autogenerated3 />

In 1946, the Gaekwad took his second wife on a tour of Europe. The reason for their visit was to find a suitable residence away from India.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> They found that the independent Principality of [[Monaco]] was a suitable place to set up their second home. They bought a mansion in [[Monte Carlo]] and the Maharani took up permanent residence there.<ref name=autogenerated3 />

The Gaekwad visited often, bringing some of the great treasures of Baroda to Monaco. The Maharani became the custodian of these treasures.<ref name=autogenerated4>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020818/spectrum/heritage.htm Tribune India 18 August 2002]</ref>

The couple also made two trips to the [[United States]] after the war. They went on a spending spree, buying all types of luxurious items. It was widely reported they spent $10 million on one of those trips. Indian officials audited the principality's finances. They concluded the Gaekwad had taken several large interest-free loans from the Baroda treasury. They demanded that these be returned. The prince complied by making several payments from his $8 million-a-year income.<ref name=autogenerated3 />

The princely couple transferred a copious amount from the Baroda treasury, including some of its most famous jewellery, including four celebrated pearl carpets,<ref name=autogenerated4 /> a famed seven-strand necklace of priceless pearls (called the Baroda pearls), a three-strand diamond necklace with the famous Pink Brazilian [[Star of the South]] {{convert|128.80|carat|g|adj=on}} diamond and the [[English Dresden]] {{convert|78.53|carat|g|adj=on}} diamond. The princely couple also had custody of the [[Empress Eugénie (diamond)|Empress Eugenie]] diamond. When Baroda was integrated into the newly independent [[India]], Indian officials were eventually able to recover some of the items, but some of the jewels had been transferred to the Maharani's ownership.{{cn|date=August 2022}}

In 1965, she purchased a painting in Paris from [[Daniel Wildenstein]], believing it to be ''La Poésie'' by [[François Boucher]]. When it was discovered to be a fake, she sued Wildenstein in an English court despite both her and him residing in France. The case, ''[[Maharanee of Baroda v Wildenstein]]'', established an important rule regarding the presence of a defendant in [[conflict of laws]].

Years after the Maharani's death some of the precious items were discovered. In 1994 the pearl carpet was found in a [[Swiss bank|Geneva vault]].<ref name="autogenerated4" /> It was sold to an Arab prince for $31 million.<ref name="autogenerated3" /> Currently this carpet is displayed at the [[Museum of Islamic Art, Doha]], in Qatar, even though it was commissioned by an Indian Hindu Maharaja and not by an Islamic ruler. The Star of the South and other gems were located with jewellers in [[Amsterdam]].<ref name="autogenerated3" />

After the Maharani's death, a part of her inheritance was transferred to her niece (daughter of Rani Manjula Devi of the Sidli family) Anangarekha Devi who currently lives in Assam with her family.{{cn|date=August 2022}}

Eventually, [[India]], due to the discrepancies and possible fraud, deposed the Gaekwad in 1951 and his eldest son by his first wife succeeded him. Technically, the couple were not heads of state any longer, but they insisted on still being referred to by their former titles.<ref name=autogenerated2>''The Maharajahs''; by John Lord (1971) Random House; {{ISBN|0-394-46145-2}}</ref>

She bore Gaekwad one child, a son, [[Saji rao gaekwad|Sayaji Rao Gaekwad]] (8 March 1945 – 8 May 1985). Nicknamed "Princie", he was the apple of her eye. She attended exclusive events<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101029081118/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,838691,00.html Time Magazine Sept 13, 1968]</ref> and partied with other international luminaries, such as [[Aristotle Onassis]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110604105633/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839901-2,00.html Profile], Time Magazine, 21 March 1969.</ref>

In 1953, she sold a pair of bejewelled anklets to [[Harry Winston]]. They had several large emeralds and diamonds. The jeweller set these stones into a spectacular necklace that was bought by the [[Wallis Simpson|Wallis, Duchess of Windsor]]. The Duchess wore this to a 1957 New York ball also attended by Sita Devi. When other guests were admiring the necklace. The Maharani was heard to exclaim that those jewels looked just as nice on her feet. The embarrassed Duchess returned the necklace to Winston.<ref name=autogenerated5>[http://www.internetstones.com/claire-roy-chalk-emerald-ring.html Internetstones.com]</ref>

The Maharani was a car enthusiast and was reportedly very fond of her Mercedes W126, which was custom made for her by [[Mercedes-Benz]]. At the 1969 [[Ascot Gold Cup]] she invited guests to touch the {{convert|30|carat|g|adj=on}} sapphire on her right hand for good luck.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> ''[[Esquire Magazine]]'' included Sita Devi and Princie on its list of "fun couples" for 1969.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> Sita Devi divorced the Gaekwad in 1956. He promptly moved to London.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081214104024/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824154,00.html Divorce of Sita Devi and the Gaekwad], ''Time Magazine'', 26 March 1956.</ref>

After the dissolution of her second marriage, she clung to her exalted title. Her Rolls-Royce still sported the armorial insignia of Baroda. She would reminisce about the days when she was a Queen and received 101-gun salutes. [[Prince Rainier]] awarded citizenship of [[Monaco]] to both Sita Devi and Princie.<ref name=autogenerated1>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080531170216/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912731-3,00.html Monaco], Time Magazine, 20 January 1975.</ref>

She maintained a Paris apartment as well. She continued to live in grand style, drinking Baron de Rothschild's Bordeaux, rearranging her Louis XVI furniture and attending exclusive parties. When travelling she brought along a large wardrobe, reported to be a thousand saris, hundreds of pairs of shoes and of course her jewellery.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> But her finances were eventually reduced enough for her to secretly auction some of her beloved jewels in 1974.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

The Maharani suffered a tragedy in 1985, when Prince died by committing suicide at age 40. His death was attributed to alcoholism and drug addiction.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> Sita Devi died four years later of natural causes.

==Titles==
*1917–1935 : [[Maharajkumari]] Sita Devi of [[Pithapuram]]
*1935–1943 : [[Her Highness]] [[Queen regnant|Rani]] Sita Devi, [[Queen regnant|Rani]] of Vuyyur
*1943–1955 : [[Maharani]] Sita Devi, [[Maharani]] of [[Baroda]]

== References ==

{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.antique-jewelry-investor.com/baroda-pearls.html Baroda Pearl & Sita Devi]
*[http://www.karipearls.com/baroda.html Baroda Pearl]
*[http://www.christies.com/presscenter/pdf/04112007/105315.pdf Baroda Pearl Auction]
*[http://famousdiamonds.tripod.com/starofthesouthdiamond.html The Star of the South]
*[http://www.internetstones.com/pearl-carpet-of-baroda-rectangular-shaped-deer-hyde-silk-glass-beads-pearls.html The Pearl Carpet of Baroda]
*[http://www.rugrag.com/post/Detail-Images-of-Pearl-Carpet-of-Baroda-Rare-Carpet-to-be-Auctioned.aspx Images of Pearl Carpet of Baroda]
*[http://www.diamonddivas.be/index.php?id=65 Moon of Baroda on Diamond Divas]
{{Vadodara topics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baroda, Sita Devi, Maharani of}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Baroda State]]
[[Category:History of Vadodara]]
[[Category:Indian socialites]]
[[Category:Indian princesses]]
[[Category:People from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism from Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

Badhl al-Majhud

2025-10-06T03:31:28Z

Shannan0997: New new stub

{{Short description|1927 book by Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Badhl al-Majhud fi Hall Sunan Abi Dawud
| image = Cover of Badhl Al-Majhud Fi Hall Abi Dawud.jpg
| caption = Arabic cover
| author = [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]]
| editor = [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]
| title_orig = بذل المجهود في حل سنن أبي داود
| orig_lang_code = ar
| country = India
| language = Arabic
| subject = ''[[Sunan Abu Dawood]]''
| genre = Commentary
| media_type = Print
| oclc = 11434366
| dewey = 297.125
| congress = BP135.A138 S23
| published = 1927
| website = [https://www.zakariyyabooks.com/product/%D8%A8%D8%B0%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D9%84-%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF/ zakariyyabooks.com]
}}
'''''Badhl al-Majhud fi Hall Sunan Abi Dawud''''' ({{langx|ar|بذل المجهود في حل سنن أبي داود}}) is a detailed arabic commentary on ''[[Sunan Abu Dawood]]'', authored by [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]]. Widely acclaimed as the foremost work of its kind, it is esteemed by Islamic scholars worldwide. Completed over a decade in [[Medina]], this book is an indispensable resource for those seeking to understand the nuances of ''Sunan Abu Dawood''.{{Sfn|Kaleem|2017|p=377}} In addition to providing clarification on ''Sunan Abu Dawood'', Saharanpuri's commentary scrutinizes and analyzes narrations and traditions from other hadith books, making it an invaluable reference work. Saharanpuri's commentary is characterized by impartiality and balance, presenting both sides of controversial issues with clarity and objectivity. The author supports his arguments with evidence, without showing any bias towards either perspective, making it a fair and comprehensive analysis of ''Sunan Abu Dawood'' and related traditions.

Initially, Saharanpuri completed the commentary in five volumes, after which he dictated it to his student [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]] due to his advancing age and tremors. Kandhlawi subsequently published a revised edition spanning 20 volumes, which has been hailed as a seminal contribution to Islamic scholarship.<ref>{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|article=SEHÂRENPÛRÎ, Halîl Ahmed|last=Özşenel|first=Mehmet|volume=36|page=310–311}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haroon |first1=Muhammad |last2=Irfan |first2=Muhammad |last3=Awan |first3=Talib Ali |date=2021 |title=Explanation and Refinement of Sunan e Abī Dawūd's narrators: Special Study of Bzl-al-Majhūd |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/865 |url-status=live |journal=Al-Qamar |language=en |pages=439–448 |issn=2664-4398 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021181420/https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/865 |archive-date=21 October 2022 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>

== Background ==
Saharanpuri had originally intended to undertake this commentary earlier in his life, but his numerous academic and literary engagements had prevented him from doing so. In his later years, he sought the assistance of his student Zakariyya Kandhlawi to help him complete this monumental task. The first volume was completed in 1917, with Saharanpuri dictating the commentary to Kandhlawi due to tremors in his hands. The teacher and student then journeyed to the [[Hejaz]], where they completed the remaining volumes, including the final part in [[Medina]] after ten years of hard work. Saharanpuri's work on the art of Hadith is divided into five volumes, totaling 1938 pages, and provides a detailed list of the sources he used in his research. He consulted works such as [[Ali al-Qari]]'s ''Sharh Mishkat, Fathul Bari, Umdatul Qari'', and ''Badai Al-Sana'i'' to study the words and meanings of hadith, and ''Taqreeb Al-Tehzeeb, Tehzeeb Al-Tehzeeb, Al-Isaba'', and ''Al-Ansab Li-Sam'ani'' for information about the men of Hadith. For linguistics, he referenced the dictionary ''Majma' Bahar Al-Anwar'' and ''Lisan Al-Arab''. The third edition, with annotations by Kandhlawi and his students Rashid and Roshd, was published in volumes from Egypt and India.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Haroon |first=Muhammad |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/16034 |title=Maulana Khaleel Ahmad Saharanpuri Aur Unki Taleef Bazl Al-majhood Fi Hal Sunan Abi Dawood (Manhaj wa Asloob) |publisher=University of Sargodha |year=2016 |location=Pakistan |pages=70 |language=ur |degree=PhD |access-date=25 February 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025055929/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/16034 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":DUOB">{{Cite thesis |last=Kaleem |first=Mohd |title=Contribution of Old boys of Darul uloom Deoband in Hadith Literature |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2017 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/364028 |type=PhD|pages=377–380|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024044219/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Methodology ==
In his book, Saharanpuri presents both sides of any debate with impartiality, providing evidence for each viewpoint without expressing a preference. For instance, he notes that the Hanafis believe that the time of [[Maghrib prayer|Maghrib]] ends with the disappearance of twilight, which they refer to as the whiteness of the horizon, whereas the Shafis refer to the redness. Saharanpuri presents both opinions without criticism or bias.<ref name=":DUOB"/>
== Features ==
Some features of ''Badhl Al-Majhud Fi Hall Abi Dawud'' are:{{Sfn|Kaleem|2017|p=379}}<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Kamal |first=Mohd Arif |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364940 |title=Ulema e Hind ki Bisween Sadi Nisf Awwal mein Khidmat e Hadith Tanquidi Mutala |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2020 |location=India |language=ur |type=PhD |pages=146–148 |hdl=10603/364940 |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101061946/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364940 |url-status=live }}</ref>
#Most of the topics are derived from the discourses of advanced scholars, but the explanations and clarifications of "Qala Abu Dawud" are the author's own thoughts and reflections because scholars did not pay much attention to this discussion.
#A detailed description of every narrator is written when they are first mentioned and later only referred to.
#The Hanafi school of thought has been presented in a suitable manner, and the hadiths have been scrutinized. If the hadith is in accordance with their school of thought, then it is accepted, otherwise their sources are mentioned, and the hadith is analyzed in detail.
#If a hadith is unclear at a certain place, its clarification is given. The authors of ''Al-Iaya'' and ''Aun al-Ma'bood'' have been identified wherever there are ambiguities so that readers are saved from misunderstanding.
#If the narrations that Imam Abu Dawud has mentioned briefly have been explained in detail somewhere, then they are referenced as "M" in the book.
#The opinions of the [[Ijtihad|Mujtahids]], especially the Imams of the four schools of thought, are included, referencing the [[Al-Shawkani]] method.
#The author has collected the narrations that he has written as Mursal or Mualaq and included them in the book.
#Most of the work of ''Badhl Al-Majhud Fi Hall Abi Dawud'', guided by the teachings of [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], has been included in the explanation.

== Reception ==
Yahya Naqshbandi writes about the style of explanation in the book ''Badhl Al-Majhud Fi Hall Abi Dawud''. He notes that during the time this book was written, the scientific taste of the region was generally inclined towards jurisprudence and fundamental topics. However, ''Badhl Al-Majhud'' presents discussions in both the style of jurisprudence and hadith, which is a unique feature of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]]'s work.{{Sfn|Kaleem|2017|p=379}}

It was stated by [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] that he found this book to be sufficient in explaining the subject of sanad (chain of narrators), satisfactory in terms of fiqh, and detailed in the discussion of logical and Sharʿi proofs. [[Abdel-Halim Mahmoud]], the former [[Grand Imam of al-Azhar]], was requested to write a few introductory words for this book. He remarked, "This book does not require any introduction."<ref name=":TLOUD">{{Cite book |last1=Kajee |first1=Imraan |url=https://spirituallight.co.za/node/141 |title=The legacy of the Ulama of Deoband |last2=Kajee |first2=Moosa |publisher=Spiritual Light |isbn=979-8861344210 |year=2018 |location=South Africa |pages=48 |language=en |access-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925151938/http://spirituallight.co.za/node/141 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Deobandi hadith studies]]
* [[Works of Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* {{Cite book |last=Adrawi |first=Asir |author-link=Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi |url=https://archive.org/download/Maktaba-Maulana-Nizamuddin-Aseer-Adravi-Sahib/Dabistan-i-Deoband-Ki-Ilmi-Khidmaat.pdf |title=Dabistan-i Deoband ki Ilmi Khidmaat |publisher=Darulmuaallifeen |year=1995 |location=Deoband, UP, India |language=ur |oclc=47964786 |pages=113–116}}

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:BazlulMajhoodNadwi|''Badhl al-Majhud fi Hall Sunan Abi Dawud'']] at [[Internet Archive]]
{{Zakariyya Kandhlawi}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Deobandi hadith literature]]
[[Category:Books by Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]
[[Category:Islamic literature]]
[[Category:Sunni literature]]
[[Category:Arabic-language books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian religious texts]]
[[Category:Commentaries on Sunan Abi Dawud]]

Ward No. 25, Kolkata Municipal Corporation

2025-09-29T05:30:31Z

Shannan0997: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement



|name = Ward No. 25 
|official_name =
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|settlement_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
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|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Ward No. 25
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{IND}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = City
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type3 = Neighbourhoods covered
|subdivision_name3 = Rambagan, [[Girish Park]], [[Jorasanko]], Simla
|subdivision_type4 = Reservation
|subdivision_name4 = Open
|subdivision_type5 = Parliamentary constituency
|subdivision_name5 = [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
|subdivision_type6 = Assembly constituency
|subdivision_name6 = [[Jorasanko (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jorasanko]]

|seat_type = Borough
|seat = 4
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|postal_code_type = PIN
|postal_code = 700 006
|area_code = +91 33
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Ward No. 25, Kolkata Municipal Corporation''' is an administrative division of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] in Borough No. 4, covering parts of Rambagan, [[Girish Park]], [[Jorasanko]] and Simla neighbourhoods in [[North Kolkata]], in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
Attempts were made to establish a municipal corporation at Kolkata from the middle of the 19th century. The electoral system was introduced for the first time in 1847, and 4 of the 7 board members were elected by the rate payers. In 1852 the board was replaced by a new one and in 1863 a new body was formed. As per old records, in 1872 there were 25 wards in Kolkata (spellings as in use at that time) – 1. Shyampukur, 2. Kumartuli, 3. Bartala, 4. Sukea Street, 5. Jorabagan, 6. Jorasanko, 7. Barabazar, 8. Kolutola, 9. Muchipara, 10. Boubazar, 11. Padmapukur, 12. Waterloo Street, 13. Fenwick Bazar, 14. Taltala, 15. Kalinga, 16. Park Street, 17. Victoria Terrace, 18. Hastings, 19. Entali, 20. Beniapukur, 21. Baliganj-Tollyganj, 22. Bhabanipur, 23. Alipur, 24.Ekbalpur and 25. Watganj. A new municipal corporation was created in 1876, wherein 48 commissioners were elected and 24 were appointed by the government. With the implementation of the Municipal Consolidation Act of 1888 the area under the jurisdiction of the municipal corporation was enlarged. Certain areas were already there but more parts of them were added (current spellings) - Entally, Manicktala, Beliaghata, Ultadanga, Chitpur, Cossipore, Beniapukur, Ballygunge, Watganj and Ekbalpur, and Garden Reach and Tollygunj. The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923 brought about important changes. It liberalised the constitution along democratic lines.<ref>Bagchi, Amiya Kumar, ''Wealth and Work in Calcutta, 1860-1921'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, edited by [[Sukanta Chaudhuri]], p. 213-215, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-563696-3}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCAboutKolkataHome.jsp|title= A walk down memory lane | work= About Kolkata | publisher= KMC|access-date = 16 February 2018}}</ref>

The state government superseded the Corporation in 1948, and the Calcutta Municipal Act of 1951 came into force. The adult franchise was introduced in municipal elections in 1962. With the addition of certain areas in the city's southern parts, the number of wards increased from 75 to 144.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/MunicipalHistoryHome.jsp|title= Kolkata Municipal Corporation | work= Kolkata - a municipal history | publisher= KMC|access-date = 16 February 2018}}</ref>

==Geography==
Ward No. 25 is bordered on the north by Nanda Mullick Lane; on the east by Chittaranjan Avenue; on the south by Madan Chatterjee Lane; and on the west by Rabindra Sarani.<ref>Kolkata: Detail Maps of 141 Wards with Street Directory. D.P.Publications & Sales Concern, 66 College Street, Kolkata-700073, 4th edition 2003.</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/mwards.html |title= Municipal Wards| publisher= Yellow Pages.com|access-date = 3 April 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Ward no. 25 in Kolkata Municipal Corporation.svg|thumb|Location of Ward No. 25 in Kolkata Ward Map]]

The ward is served by [[Girish Park#Police district|Girish Park]] and [[Jorasanko#Police district|Jorasanko]] police stations of [[Kolkata Police Force|Kolkata Police]].<ref name="police">{{cite web| url = http://kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=1&Division=C |title = Kolkata Police |work = Central Division | publisher= KP| access-date = 5 March 2018}}</ref><ref>Kolkata: Detail Maps of 141 Wards with Street Directory, Fourth Impression 2003, Map No. 14, D.P.publication and Sales Concern, 66 College Street, Kolkata - 700 073.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title= Table 3 District Wise List of Statutory Towns (Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Notified Area and Cantonment Board), Census Towns and Outgrowths, West Bengal, 2001 |access-date= 12 February 2018 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163402/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

[[Taltala#Police district|Taltala Women police station]] covers all police districts under the jurisdiction of the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|Central division]] of Kolkata Police, i.e. Bowbazar, Burrabazar, Girish Park, Hare Street, Jorasanko, Muchipara, New Market, Taltala and Posta.<ref name="police"/>

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Ward No. 25, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, had a total population of 27,484, of which 14,992 (55%) were males and 12,492 (45%) were females. The population below 6 years was 1,556. The total number of literate people in Ward No. 25 was 22,167 (85.49% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 15 June 2016 }}</ref>

Kolkata is the second most literate district in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1916_PART_B_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII B |work = Page 25: District Highlights, 2011 Census | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 15 February 2018}}</ref> The literacy rate of Kolkata district has increased from 53.0% in 1951 to 86.3% in the 2011 census.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 63-64: Literacy Rate | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 15 February 2018}}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in KMC wards|collapsible=y}}
Census data about mother tongue and religion is not available at the ward level. For district level information see [[Kolkata district#Demographics|Kolkata district]].

According to the District Census Handbook Kolkata 2011, 141 wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation formed Kolkata district. (3 wards were added later).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map on third page plus demographic data about all the wards in the handbook | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 15 February 2018}}</ref>

==Election highlights==
The ward forms a city municipal corporation council electoral constituency and is a part of [[Jorasanko (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 8 April 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"ìÍĦĤĠčw
|-
! Election year!!Constituency!!Name of councillor!!Party affililiation
|-
|2005||Ward No. 25||Smita Bakshi||[[All India Trinamool Congress]]||<ref>Search the web for COUNCILLORS OF KOLKATA MUNICITIPAL CORPORATION. In the search list click on this item. On clicking one gets an option for "List of KMC Councillors" at the bottom of the page. Press <Open> to get to Adobe Acrobat file.</ref>
|-
|2010||||[[Smita Bakshi]]||All India Trinamool Congress||<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbsec.gov.in/(S(csnkqo55bqu3de55qcptl2ib))/Municipal/Detailed_Mun_KMC.aspx |title= Kolkata Municipal Corporation General Election Results 2010| publisher= Government of West Bengal |access-date = 3 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2015||||Smita Bakshi||All India Trinamool Congress||<ref>Prabahat Khabar, Hindi newspaper, print edition, 29 April 2015</ref>
|
|-
|2021||Ward No. 25||Sri Rajesh Sinha||All India Trinamool Congress||}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Municipal wards of Kolkata]]

Manas River

2025-09-19T03:46:04Z

Shannan0997: started a place needs work!

{{short description|River in Bhutan, China and India}}
{{for|the river in China|Manasi River}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox river
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Mouth of Manas river in Assam, India
| name = Manas River
| native_name =
| image = The Manas River Entering Indian Side from Bhutan Himalayas.jpg
| image_size = 260px
| image_caption = Manas River on the Assam-Bhutan border.
| map = Manasrivermap.png
| map_size = 260px
| map_caption = Manas River drainage basin
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]], [[Bhutan]], [[China]]
| length = {{convert|400|km|mi}}
| river_system = [[Brahmaputra River]]
}}
The '''Manas River''' (pron: [ˈmʌnəs]), known in Bhutan as the '''Drangme Chhu''', is a transboundary river in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] foothills between southern [[Bhutan]], [[India]], and [[China]]. It is the largest of Bhutan's four major river systems,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/L8853E/L8853E02.htm|title=Physiological survey|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|access-date=2010-04-02}}</ref> with the other three being the Amo Chu or [[Torsa River]], the Wang Chu or [[Raidak]], and the Puna Tshang Chu or [[Sankosh]]. It is met by three other major streams before it again debouches into India in western [[Assam]]. The river flows for a total length of {{convert|400|km|mi}}, including through [[Tibet]] for {{convert|24|km|mi|abbr=on}}, Bhutan for {{convert|272|km|mi}}, and Assam for {{convert|104|km|mi}} before it joins the mighty [[Brahmaputra River]] at [[Jogighopa]]. A major tributary of the Manas, the [[Aie River]], joins it in Assam at Bangpari.<ref name=fao>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/L8853E/L8853E02.htm|title= Physiological Survey|access-date=2010-03-07|publisher=FAO Corporate Document Repository}}</ref><ref name=RBA>{{Cite book|title=Report Volume I: Rashtriya Barh Ayog (National Commission On Floods)|year=1973|publisher=Government of India}}</ref>

The Manas river valley has two major forest reserves, namely [[Royal Manas National Park]] ({{convert|43854|ha|acre}}, established in 1966) in Bhutan and the contiguous [[Manas Wildlife Sanctuary]] (established at {{convert|391000|ha|acre}} in 1955 and increased to {{convert|95000|ha|acre}} in December 1985), encompassing a [[Project Tiger]] reserve, an elephant reserve and a biosphere reserve, which constitutes a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] declared in December 1985.<ref name=Bhutan>{{Cite web|url=http://www.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/bhutan/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=BT0010 |title=Royal Manas National Park, Bhutan |publisher=WWF Global |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107044212/http://www.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/bhutan/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=BT0010 |archive-date=2009-11-07 }}</ref><ref name=Ramsar>{{Cite web|url=http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/Bhutan.pdf |title=Bhutan |access-date=2010-03-07 |publisher=Ramsar. Wetlands.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728175522/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/Bhutan.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-28 }}</ref>

==Geography==
The Manas River drains {{convert|41350|km2|mi2}} of eastern Bhutan and northeast India. It has three major branches: the [[Drangme Chhu]], [[Mangde Chhu]], and [[Bumthang River|Bumthang (Chamkhar) Chhu]] that cover most of eastern Bhutan, with the [[Mangde valley|Trongsa]] and [[Bumthang valley|Bumthang]] valley also forming part of its catchment. The area drained in Bhutan territory is 18,300 km2 and is bounded by the geographical coordinates {{coord|26.217|N|90.633|E}}.<ref name=Manas>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tageo.com/index-e-bt-v-00-d-m3206481.htm?Manas+river|title= Manas river|access-date=2010-03-06}}</ref><ref name=Drangme>{{Cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/bhutan/16.htm|title= River Systems|access-date=2010-03-06|publisher=US Liba raray of Congress}}</ref> A part of the main stem of the river rises in southern Tibet at an altitude of {{convert|4500|m|ft}} before entering India in the [[Tawang district]] at the northwestern corner of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name=Negi>{{Cite book|last=Negi|first= Sharad Singh|title= Himalayan rivers, lakes, and glaciers|pages=97–99|access-date=2010-04-04|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YtUShKY8zcC&q=Manas++River+in+Bhutan&pg=PA99|publisher= Indus Publishing|year=1991|isbn= 81-85182-61-2}}</ref>

The river flows through V-shaped gorges in a southwesterly direction between two ranges of the [[Lower Himalayan Range|Lower Himalayas]] in Bhutan and enters [[Assam]] in the south-central foothills of the Himalayas. The valley widens in the foothills, where it is marked by the formation of swamps and marshes in the river's alluvial plain. The upper catchment is largely snowbound while the middle and lower catchment are thickly forested.<ref name=Negi/>

[[File:Transparent flow.jpg|thumb|right|Clear waters of the Manas River in the sanctuary]]
The total combined length of all tributaries of the river system in Bhutan amounts to {{convert|3200|km|mi}}. The main stem of the river, the [[Tawang Chu]], originates in the [[Tawang district]] of Arunachal Pradesh in India and after flowing in a southwesterly direction enters Bhutan near [[Trashigang District|Trashigang]]. At [[Duksum]] in [[Trashi Yangtse District|Trashi Yangtse]], the Tawang Chu is joined by the [[Kholong Chu]], which rises in the northern Himalaya snow ranges of Bhutan. Further downstream, the [[Gamri Chu]], flowing down from [[Sakteng|Sakten]], joins it. At [[Trashigang]], the width of the riverbed is about {{convert|550|m|ft}} and the riverbed elevation is {{convert|606|m|ft}}.

The [[Lhobrak]], or [[Kuri Chhu]], is the main central tributary of the Manas. It is the only river that rises north of the [[Great Himalayas]] and it joins the Manas at [[Gongri Zomsa]] between [[Monggar District|Monggar]] and [[Pema Gatshel]] districts. Further downstream, at [[Panbang]] in [[Zhemgang District]], the combined stream joins with the [[Mangde Chhu]]. Here the riverbed elevation is {{convert|121|m|ft}}.<ref name=fao/> The Mangde Chu is formed by two rivers, namely the Mangde Chu, which rises in northern Bhutan near [[Kula Kangri|Kula Kangri Peak]] where the elevation is {{convert|5666|m|ft}}, and the [[Bumthang River]], also called the Chamkhar Chu.<ref name=fao/>

After flowing in a generally southwesterly direction for about {{convert|29|km|mi}} in Bhutan, the [[Aie River]], also known as the Mow River in [[Sarpang District]] in Bhutan, joins the Manas in the [[Goalpara District]] of Assam at the village of [[Agrong]]. From here, it follows a meandering course for about {{convert|75|km|mi}} and empties into the Brahmaputra near Jogighopa. The Aie River, which rises in the Black Mountains at an altitude of about {{convert|4915|m|ft}} near the village of Bangpari, is about {{convert|110|km|mi}} in length. The total length of the Manas, as measured along its longest tributary the Kur, is {{convert|376|km|mi}}, of which about {{convert|104|km|mi}} lies in India.<ref name="RBA"/> About {{convert|270|km|mi}} of this length are in hilly or mountainous topography, with the balance in the plains.<ref name=Ramsar/> The Manas River is the largest north bank tributary of the Brahmaputra, with a recorded maximum discharge of 7,641 cubic metres, and contributes 5.48% of the total average volume of the Brahmaputra.

The river valley in the foothills is surrounded by small meadows located among thickly deciduous forested foothills with many rivulets, streams and natural drainage channels related to the river system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tixik.com/image-560695.htm|title=The Manas River bordering Bhutan famous for the game fish "Golden Masheer"|publisher=En.tixik|access-date=2010-03-06}}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In the lower reaches of the river, there are many smooth sandy stretches populated with trees.<ref name="Niva">{{cite web|url=http://www.nivalink.com/bansbari/facilities.html|title=What to See – Manas National Park|publisher=Nivalink|access-date=2010-03-06}}</ref> The lowlands north of the confluence with the Brahmaputra, known as the [[Terai]] or [[Duars]] (a [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] word meaning "passes" or "gates"), encompass a {{convert|15|–|30|km|mi|}} stretch of the outermost foothills and are very fertile. Each Duar (with elevation varying from {{convert|100|m|ft}} to near sea level as they join the Brahmaputra) is named after a stream or hemmed between two streams. The fertile lands have been developed into tea estates and paddy fields.<ref name=Brown>{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Lindsay |author2=Bradley Mayhew |author3=Stan Armington |author4=Richard Whitecross|title=Bhutan|pages=83–86|access-date=2010-04-04|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-L8NUlW_QgC&q=Manas++River+in+Bhutan&pg=PA84|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2007|isbn=978-1-74059-529-2}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
The Manas catchment is almost wholly mountainous, rising within the space of {{convert|140|km|mi}} from an elevation of about {{convert|100|m|ft}} near the Indian border to the great Himalayan peaks at over {{convert|7500|m|ft}} along the main Himalayan range bordering Bhutan and Tibet. The huge elevation range and varied climatic conditions are reflected in rich diversity of fauna and flora native to the area.<ref name=Ramsar/>

==Climate==
Climate along the river is extremely varied, ranging from hot, humid subtropical conditions in the south to cold, dry alpine conditions in the north. From May to October, the [[southwest monsoon]] brings heavy rainfall—more than {{convert|4000|mm|in}} in the southern part—and there is a pronounced dry season in winter. Further north, the rainfall is generally scanty, of the order of {{convert|600|to|700|mm|in}} recorded from June to August.<ref name=Ramsar/> The difference between maximum and minimum river flow in the monsoon season and dry season is said to be as much as 20 times.<ref name=Ramsar/>

==Protected areas==
[[File:Hanging bridge from bottom.jpg|right|thumb|A suspension bridge across the Manas River in a reserved area of the park]]
Out of the large catchment of the river valley, many protected areas or reserves have been specifically demarcated, both in Bhutan and India, which are declared national parks or sanctuaries. The two forest and wildlife reserves cover an area of {{convert|9938.54|km2|mi2}}, about 24% of the total catchment area of {{convert|41350|km2|mi2}} of the Manas basin.{{Cn|date=May 2024}}

===Royal Manas National Park===
{{Main|Manas National Park|Royal Manas National Park}}
Royal Manas National Park in southern Bhutan, considered the national heritage of Bhutan, was first declared a wildlife sanctuary and subsequently raised to the status of a national park in 1993.{{Cn|date=May 2024}} Covering an area of {{convert|9938.54|km2|mi2}}, the area is 92% forested and is a well-preserved example of a natural Eastern Himalayan ecosystem.{{Cn|date=May 2024}} The park is bordered to the north by [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park]] and to the south by the Manas Tiger Reserve in India. Within Bhutan, biological corridors linked with the park include [[Phrumsengla National Park]] in the north, [[Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary]] in the west, and [[Jomotsangkha Wildlife Sanctuary]] in the east.{{Cn|date=May 2024}} The park features a large diversity of tropical grasslands, moist temperate forests, alpine meadows, and scrublands.{{Cn|date=May 2024}} The various flora and fauna identified in the park are 45 species of mammals, 366 species of birds, and 900 species of vascular plants. The [[World Wildlife Fund]] (WWF) is actively working on a conservation management plan in association with local wildlife authorities to preserve and protect this national heritage.<ref name=WWF>{{Cite web|url=http://www.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/bhutan/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=BT0010 |title=Royal Manas National Park, Bhutan |access-date=2010-04-04 |publisher=WWF for a Living Planet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107044212/http://www.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/bhutan/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=BT0010 |archive-date=2009-11-07 }}</ref>
Among the important faunal species living here are the royal [[Bengal tiger]] (''Panthera tigris tigris''), [[Asian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus''), [[gaur]] (''[[Bos gaurus]]''), four rare species of [[golden langur]] (''[[Trachypithecus geei]]''), [[pygmy hog]] (''[[Sus salvanius]]''), [[hispid hare]] (''[[Caprolagus hispidus]]''), greater [[one-horned rhinoceros]] (''[[Rhinoceros unicornis]]''), and [[wild Asiatic water buffalo]] (''[[Bubalus arnee]]''). There are 362 species of birds, out of which four species of [[hornbills]] ([[rufous-necked hornbill|rufous-necked]], [[wreathed hornbill|wreathed]], [[Malabar pied hornbill|pied]], and [[great Indian hornbill|great Indian]]) have been recorded. Apart from the [[Ganges river dolphin]] (''[[Platanista gangetica]]'') other aquatic species identified in the Manas river are the deep-bodied [[mahseer]] (''Tor tor''), [[golden mahseer]] (''[[Tor putitora]]''), and chocolate mahseer or katle (''Acrossocheilus hexangonolepis''). Five thousand people live within the park limits in several villages.<ref name=parks>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhutantrustfund.bt/parks-of-bhutan |title=Parks of Bhutan |access-date=2010-04-04 |publisher=Bhutan Trust Fund for Environment Conservation |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702041330/http://www.bhutantrustfund.bt/parks-of-bhutan |archive-date=2011-07-02 }}</ref> Tigers, the most revered animal in Bhutan, are estimated to number about 100 and are mostly confined to this national park and the neighbouring Manas National Park in India.<ref name="Brown p. 86">Brown p. 86</ref>

The world's rarest monkeys, the [[golden langur]], which flourish in dense forests with its long tail with a tassel at the end, are found in both Bhutan and India, in the two reserved forest sanctuaries. These monkeys, found in groups, have no hair on their black face but have generous golden ruff on their body. They are found in large numbers – approximately 180 in India and 1,200 in Bhutan, as per counts made in 1978 and 1980 respectively.<ref name=Thapar>{{Cite book|last=Thapar|first=Valmiki|title=Land of the tiger: a natural history of the Indian subcontinent|pages=[https://archive.org/details/landoftigernatur00thap/page/64 64]–65|access-date=2010-04-04|url= https://archive.org/details/landoftigernatur00thap|url-access=registration|quote=Manas River in Bhutan.|publisher=University of California Press|year=1997|isbn=0-520-21470-6}}</ref>{{update|date=January 2023}}

===Manas Wildlife Sanctuary===
{{Main|Manas Wildlife Sanctuary}}
[[File:Way to Panbang through Manas.jpg|thumb|right|[[Manas Wildlife Sanctuary]] in the Manas valley]]
The Manas Wildlife Sanctuary, located in Assam, is considered one of "Asia's finest wild life reserves" and is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. It is contiguous with Bhutan's [[Royal Manas National Park]] to its north. It now encompasses a bioreserve, a tiger reserve, and also an elephant reserve. The park is well forested and also comprises grasslands and marshes. In 1928, the core of the area was designated a sanctuary and in 1978 it was declared a tiger reserve.<ref name=Kemf>{{Cite book|last=Kemf|first=Elizabeth|title= Indigenous peoples and protected areas: the law of mother Earth|pages= 156–161|access-date=2010-04-04|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a7urXnqCitoC&q=Manas++River+in+Bhutan&pg=PA159|publisher= Earthscan|year=1993|isbn= 1-85383-167-0}}</ref>

The Manas River and its tributary the Hakua flow through the sanctuary. A thick mantle of [[alluvium]] is the dominant soil of the terrain. Under subtropical climatic conditions (with {{convert|30|mm|in}} of annual rainfall and temperature varying between a maximum of {{convert|30|C|F}} and a minimum of {{convert|5|C|F}}), the forest consists of the semi-evergreen forest vegetation with mixed deciduous, littorals, and swamps, and interspersed with bamboo and cane. Flooding occurs in large parts of the bioreserve.<ref name=Negi91>{{Cite book|last=Negi|first=S.S.|title= Handbook of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves in India|pages=91–92|access-date=2010-04-04|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYFmoOWfmX8C&q=Manas++River+in+Bhutan&pg=PA91|publisher= Indus Publishing|year=2002|isbn= 9788173871283}}</ref><ref name=Negi1>{{Cite book|last=Negi|first=Sharad Singh|title= Biosphere reserves in India: landuse, biodiversity and conservation|pages=86–94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrP3-4IFtMUC&q=Manas++River+in+India&pg=PA86|publisher= Indus Publishing|year=1996|isbn= 81-7387-043-8}}</ref>

The park is managed under several conservation management units such as the Core Zone, the Buffer Zone, and the Economic Zone. The park is known for its rare and endangered endemic wildlife such as tigers and elephants, as well as the [[Assam roofed turtle]], [[hispid hare]], golden and capped langurs, [[pygmy hog]], one-horned rhinoceros, Asiatic buffalo, [[swamp deer]], [[barking deer]], leopard, [[clouded leopard]], [[marbled cat]], [[sloth bear]], [[hoolock gibbon]], [[wild boar]], and [[river dolphin]]. The park is home to 22 endangered mammal species. Reptiles include [[pythons]], common [[Indian crocodile]]s, [[gharial]]s, common [[wolf snake]]s, [[cat snake]]s, and many other species. Birds include [[hornbill]]s, [[common crane]]s, [[common redshank]]s, [[Eurasian woodcock]]s, [[spotted eagle]]s, [[black-throated diver]]s, [[little grebe]]s, various types of [[heron]]s, [[black ibis]]es, [[Eurasian sparrowhawk]]s, [[spot-bellied eagle-owl]]s, and several others. Fish species include katli, jurraha, chenga, telliah, [[labeo]], and mahseer.<ref name="Kemf p. 157">Kemf p. 157</ref> Conservation measures have been undertaken to prevent poaching, overfishing, encroachments, and many other related issues. These measures are meant to minimise human interference in the fragile core zone, to enable the creation of a database, and to carry out research on animal and plant populations for better conservation of the ecosystem.<ref name="Negi1 p. 93">Negi p. 93</ref>

In 1980, the park was central to the [[Bodoland]] agitation of Assam as the Bodos dominating the area took refuge in the sanctuary. [[Bodo people|Bodos]] have been demanding autonomy or a separate state of their own on grounds that their lands were incorporated into Assam during the [[British Raj]].<ref name="Kemf p. 157" />

==Environmental issues==
[[File:Album Pose.jpg|right|thumb|A [[Brahma]] [[temple]] in the Manas valley at [[Kokrajhar]] in [[Assam]]]]
The Manas River has often been at the centre of environmental controversies, particularly in the 1980s. Two dams were proposed on the Bhutanese side of the river to provide hydroelectric power and to control the flow of the Brahmaputra on its northern bank and to make way for irrigation schemes. However, there were not only local concerns but national and international ones among environmentalists with regard to the proposals, who lobbied enough support to ensure that the dam proposals were dropped in 1986.<ref name=iucn/> In February 1989, the [[All Bodo Students Union]] (ABSU) invaded the park and killed several wardens and guards, permitting the entry of poachers and loggers who posed an immediate threat to the wildlife of the park and its river. The threat of flooding remained as ever in 2010.<ref name=iucn/>

One of the development projects planned in the past on the Manas River envisaged flood control in the Brahmaputra River and augmentation of flows in the Ganga river system by building a dam on the Manas at the Indo-Bhutan border. The water stored behind the reservoir was proposed to be transferred through a long canal system through the foothills of the Himalayas (skirting Bangladesh), crossing 25 major and minor rivers, out of which the major rivers the Sankosh, Raidak, Amo ([[Torsa]]), [[Karatoya River|Karatoya]], [[Teesta River|Teesta]], [[Atrai River|Atrai]] and [[Mahananda River|Mahananda]] flow through [[North Bengal]], and finally into the [[Kosi River]] in [[North Bihar]]. The project has not proceeded further due to adverse public opinion and environmental concerns.<ref name=River>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesouthasian.org/archives/2003/riverlinking_and_assams_intere.html|title=River-Linking and Assam's Interests|access-date=2010-04-04|publisher=The South Asian|archive-date=25 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825070855/http://www.thesouthasian.org/archives/2003/riverlinking_and_assams_intere.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=iucn>{{cite book|author1=Reijnders, P. J. H. |author2=Oliver, William L. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IkvLQtkpwYC&q=manas+river%2C+assam&pg=PA126|title=Seals, fur seals, sea lions, and walrus: status survey and conservation action plan|publisher=IUCN/SSC action plans for the conservation of biological diversity. The [[IUCN]] conservation library|year=1993|page=126|isbn=2-8317-0141-4}}</ref>

A proposal mooted in the 1970s to build a dam on the river for multipurpose uses of power, irrigation, and flood control in Assam involved a {{convert|100|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} canal from the Manas reservoir to another reservoir on the Sankosh River. As the canal would have passed through the Manas Tiger Reserve, the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]] of the Government of India objected to the proposal on the grounds of adverse impacts on the hydrology and ecology of the area that would occur due to the dam. This view was also supported by the [[World Heritage Committee]] of UNESCO. The late Prime Minister of India [[Rajiv Gandhi]] upheld the objections and decided to discontinue the project. It is unlikely to be revived.<ref name="Kemf p. 159">Kemf p. 159</ref>
The proposal had been mooted as a joint project of India and Bhutan. The pre-feasibility report prepared for this Manas multipurpose project envisaged power generation of 2800 MW. Another cooperation project on the Mangde Chu, a tributary of the Manas in central Bhutan, envisages power generation of 360/600 MW, for which a Detailed Project Report (DPR) is under preparation.<ref name=Power>{{Cite web|url=http://www.powermin.nic.in/whats_new/pdf/India-Cooperation%20with%20neighbouring%20countries.pps#10|title=Intercountry Cooperation in Development of Hydropower|format=ppt|work=Indi-Bhutan Cooperation Projects|page=11|access-date=2010-04-04|publisher=National Informatics Centre|archive-date=10 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410030353/http://powermin.nic.in/whats_new/pdf/India-Cooperation%20with%20neighbouring%20countries.pps#10|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
{{commons category}}
*[[List of rivers in Assam]]
*[[Manas National Park]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Bhutan}}
{{Hydrography of North-east India}}

{{coord|26|13|N|90|38|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Rivers of Assam]]
[[Category:Rivers of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Sacred rivers]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Brahmaputra River]]
[[Category:Lowest points of countries]]

2019 FD Senior Division

2025-08-29T09:18:20Z

Shannan0997: New article!

{{Short description|Top tier football league in the state of Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{infobox football league season
| competition = [[Delhi Football League|FD Senior Division]]
| season = [[2019-20 in Indian football|2019]]
| dates = 10 March 2019 - 10 May 2019
| prevseason = [[2018 FD Senior Division|2018]]
| nextseason = [[2021 Delhi 2nd Division Qualifiers|2021]]
}}

The '''2019 FD Senior Division'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senior Division {{!}} Football Delhi|url=https://www.footballdelhi.com/competitions/senior-division/|access-date=2021-12-11|language=en-US}}</ref> is the top tier football league in the state of [[Delhi]]. The season started on Saturday, 10 March 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Football Delhi Senior Division Football League from Saturday -|url=http://kheltoday.com/uncategorized/football-delhi-senior-division-football-league-from-saturday/|access-date=2021-10-09|website=kheltoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Football Delhi Senior Division 2019 – IndiaFooty|url=https://www.indiafooty.com/football-delhi-senior-division-2019/|access-date=2021-12-18|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Format ==
16 teams are divided in two groups, comprising 8 teams in group A and 8 teams in group B.<ref name=":1" /> Group stage matches will be played in robin round basis. Four teams from each group will qualify for super 8.

Premier League will be played in round robin format. 8 teams will play each other once and league leader will be adjudged the winner. Bottom teams could be relegated to lower division.<ref name=":0" />

== Teams ==

16 teams took part in the 2021 regular edition of the league:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Groups|url=https://twitter.com/footballdelhi/status/1445400230774587408|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-10|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005144849/https://twitter.com/FootballDelhi/status/1445400230774587408 |archive-date=5 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi (DSA) Senior Division League|url=https://theawayend.co/delhi-dsa-senior-division-league/|access-date=2021-11-02|website=The Away End|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Senior Division 2019 {{!}} Football Delhi|url=https://www.footballdelhi.com/senior-division-2019/|access-date=2021-12-18|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Group A ===

* [[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force FC]]
* [[Delhi FC]]
* [[Garhwal FC]]
* National United FC
* [[Sudeva Delhi FC]]
* [[Hindustan FC]]
* Ahbab FC
* Jaguar FC

=== Group B ===

* Youngmen SC
* City FC
* Tarun Sangha FC
* [[Delhi United FC]]
* Shastri FC
* Rangers SC
* Indian National FC
* Friends United FC

== Standings ==

=== Group stage ===

=== Group A ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! width="175" |Team
! width="20" |Pld
! width="20" |W
! width="20" |D
! width="20" |L
! width="20" |GF
! width="20" |GA
! width="20" |GD
! width="20" |Pts
! width="20" |
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| align="left" |[[Garhwal FC|Garhwal Heroes]]
|7
|5
|1
|1
|22
|5
| +17
|'''16'''
| rowspan="4" |Advanced to Super League
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| align="left" |[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Moonlight]]
|7
|3
|4
|0
|16
|10
| +6
|'''13'''
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| align="left" |[[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force FC]]
|7
|3
|3
|1
|19
|8
| +11
|'''12'''
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| align="left" |Delhi FC
|7
|3
|2
|2
|19
|8
| +11
|'''11'''
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| align="left" |National United FC
|7
|3
|2
|2
|15
|16
| -1
|'''11'''
|-
| align="left" |Ahbab FC
|7
|2
|0
|5
|10
|11
| -1
|'''6'''
|
|-
| align="left" |Hindustan FC
|7
|1
|3
|3
|12
|23
| -11
|'''6'''
|
|-
| align="left" |Jaguar FC
|7
|0
|1
|6
|9
|18
| -9
|'''1'''
|
|-
|}

=== Group B ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! width="175" |Team
! width="20" |Pld
! width="20" |W
! width="20" |D
! width="20" |L
! width="20" |GF
! width="20" |GA
! width="20" |GD
! width="20" |Pts
! width="20" |
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| align="left" |[[Rangers SC]]
|7
|5
|1
|1
|23
|4
| +19
|'''16'''
| rowspan="4" |Advanced to Super League
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| align="left" |[[Friends United FC]]
|7
|4
|1
|2
|18
|10
| +8
|'''13'''
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| align="left" |'''[[Delhi United FC]]'''
|7
|4
|1
|2
|42
|5
| +37
|'''13'''
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| align="left" |[[Tarun Sangha FC]]
|7
|3
|3
|1
|10
|7
| +3
|'''12'''
|-
| align="left" |Indian National FC
|7
|3
|2
|2
|19
|13
| +6
|'''11'''
|
|-
| align="left" |[[Youngmen FC]]
|7
|3
|0
|4
|8
|30
| -22
|'''9'''
|
|-
| align="left" |Shastri FC
|7
|1
|1
|5
|3
|36
| -33
|'''4'''
|
|-
| align="left" |City FC
|7
|0
|1
|6
|4
|22
| -18
|'''1'''
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Football in Delhi]]
[[Category:2019–20 in Indian football leagues|3]]
[[Category:2019–20 in Indian football]]

Kings of Comedy Juniors

2025-08-28T08:12:29Z

Shannan0997: Created basic article added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name = கிங்ஸ் ஆப் காமெடி ஜூனியர்ஸ்
| image = Kings Of Comedy Juniors.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Comedy]] Reality
| creator =
| based_on =
| presenter = Priyanka (Season:1-2)
| director =
| judges = [[Robo Shankar]]
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = '''Season-01:''' 49 '''Season-02:''' 30
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| company =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| music =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| channel = [[Vijay TV]]
| runtime = approx. 40-45 minutes per episode
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2017|4|8}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2018|11|24}}
| related = [[Junior Super Star]]
}}

'''Kings of Comedy Juniors''' ({{langx|ta|கிங்ஸ் ஆப் காமெடி ஜூனியர்ஸ்}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil-language]] children's stand-up comedy reality television show that airs on [[Vijay TV]]. The first season of the show began airing on 8 April 2017, and ended 17 September 2017 after airing 49 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/62803/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Kings-of-Comedy-grand-finale.htm|title=Kings of Comedy grand-finale|date=16 September 2017 |publisher=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref> That aired every Saturday and Sunday on June 24, 2017, The judges are comedy actor [[Robo Shankar]], actress [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] and Sindhu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/57956/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/roboshankar-and-rambha-are-together-in-a-reality-show--vijaitv.htm|title=காமெடி நிகழ்ச்சியில் ரம்பா மற்றும் ரோபோ ஷங்கர்|date=5 April 2017 |publisher=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-a-new-talent-show-for-juniors/articleshow/58044392.cms|title=Here's a new talent show for juniors|work=The Times of India |date=6 April 2017 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dekhnews.com/entertainment/kings-of-comedy-juniors-contestants-2017/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412194019/http://www.dekhnews.com/entertainment/kings-of-comedy-juniors-contestants-2017/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 April 2017|title=Vijay TV new show as'Kings Of Comedy Juniors'|publisher=www.dekhnews.com}}</ref>

The second season of the show aired from 28 July 2018 to 24 November 2018 every Saturday and Sunday. The judges are actors [[Robo Shankar]] and [[Vani Bhojan]], and TV anchor [[Erode Mahesh]].

==Seasons overview==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
!style="padding:0 9px;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Season
!style="padding:0 9px;" rowspan="2"|Episodes
!style="padding:0 90px;" colspan="2"|Originally aired
!style="padding:0 90px;" rowspan="2"|Time
|-
!First aired
!Last aired
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#FB607F; color:#120;"|
|'''1'''
| 49
|{{start date|df=yes|2017|4|8}}
| {{end date|df=yes|2017|9|17}}
| Saturday and Sunday 19:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#8d85f2; color:#100;"|
|'''2'''
| 30
| {{start date|df=yes|2018|7|28}}
| {{end date|df=yes|2018|11|24}}
|Saturday and Sunday 19:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
|}

==Season 1==
===Winners===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width:200pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Winners
!style="width:200pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Notes
!style="width:200pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Amount won
|-
| Sucil
| Title Winners
| cash prize
|-
| Uthra
| Runner Up
| cash prize
|-
| Athesh
| Best Entertainer
| cash prize
|}

;Finalist
* Mukesh
* Mridhulasree
* Sucil
* Uthra
* Hrithikhasan
* Adhesh

==Cast==
===Host===
* '''Priyanka'''

===Judges===
* [[Robo Shankar]]
* [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]
* Sindhu

==Season 2==
===Host===
*[[Priyanka Deshpande]]

===Judges===
* [[Vani Bhojan]]
* [[Robo Shankar]]
* [[Erode Mahesh]]

===Winners===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width:200pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Winners
!style="width:200pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Notes
!style="width:200pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Amount won
|-
| Hema Priya
| Title Winners
| ₹ 2 Lakhs
|-
| Santhoshi
| Runner Up
| ₹ 1 Lakh
|-
| Keerthana
| Best Entertainer
| ₹ 1 Lakh
|}

;Finalist
* Hemapriya
* Santhoshi
* Monish
* Tharun
* Vishwa
* Keerthana

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hotstar.com/channels/star-vijay Vijay TV Official Website] on [[Hotstar]]

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language children's television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language stand-up comedy television series]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

First Pramod Sawant ministry

2025-08-22T12:44:17Z

Shannan0997: Adding basic info initial version!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number =
| jurisdiction = [[Goa]]
| flag =
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image = The Chief Minister of Goa, Shri Pramod Sawant.jpg
| image_size = 100
| caption = Pramod Sawant
| date_formed = 19 March 2019
| date_dissolved = 15 March 2022
| government_head = [[Pramod Sawant]]
| government_head_history =
| state_head = Governor 
*[[Mridula Sinha]]
*[[Satyapal Malik]]
*[[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]] (additional charge)
*'''[[P. S. Sreedharan Pillai]]'''
| members_number = 12
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_parties = *'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
*[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|MGP]]
*[[Goa Forward Party|GFP]]
*[[Independent politician|IND]]
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| opposition_leader = [[Digambar Kamat]]
| election = [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| last_election =
| legislature_term =
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[Third Manohar Parrikar Ministry]]
| successor = [[Second Pramod Sawant ministry]]
}}
The '''Pramod Sawant Ministry''' came into existence on 19 March 2019. He was serving as the Speaker of the Goa assembly before being sworn in as Chief Minister, after the death of the sitting chief minister [[Manohar Parrikar]].

==Council of Ministers==
The following is the list of the first [[Pramod Sawant]] Ministry.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/sawant-retains-parrikars-portfolios-makes-no-alterations-to-state-cabinet/articleshow/68530032.cms Pramod Sawant retains Parrikar’s portfolios, makes no alterations to Goa cabinet]</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sudin-dhavalikar-vijai-sardesai-appointed-goa-deputy-cms/articleshow/68502938.cms | title=Sudin Dhavalikar, Vijai Sardesai appointed Goa deputy CMs | date=20 March 2019 | agency=PTI | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=20 September 2019 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! SI No.
! Name
! Constituency
! Department
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-
|1
| '''[[Pramod Sawant]]''' [[Chief Minister of Goa|Chief Minister]]
| [[Sanquelim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Sanquelim]]
|
*Home.
*Finance.
*Personnel.
*Vigilance.
*General Administration.
*'''Departments Not Allotted To Any Minister'''.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan=6|'''[[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers|Deputy Chief Ministers]]'''
|-
|2
| '''[[Manohar Ajgaonkar]]''' [[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| [[Pernem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Pernem]]
|
*Tourism.
*Sports and Youth Affairs.
*Printing and Stationery.
*Official Language.
*Public Grievances.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
|3
| '''[[Chandrakant Kavlekar]]''' [[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| [[Quepem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Quepem]]
|
*Agriculture.
*Town and Country Planning.
*Archives.
*Archaeology.
*Factories and Boilers.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan=6|'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
|4
| '''[[Jennifer Monserrate]]'''
| [[Taleigao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Taleigao]]
|
*Revenue.
*Information Technology.
*Labour and Employment.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
|5
| '''[[Mauvin Godinho]]'''
| [[Dabolim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Dabolim]]
|
*Panchayat Raj.
*Animal Husbandry.
*Veterinary Services.
*Protocol.
*Legislative Affairs.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
|6
| '''[[Vishwajit Pratapsingh Rane|Vishwajit Rane]]'''
| [[Valpoi (Goa Assembly constituency)|Valpoi]]
|
*Public Health.
*Commerce and Industries.
*Trade.
*Women and Child Development.
*Skill Development.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
|7
| '''[[Nilesh Cabral]]'''
| [[Curchorem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Curchorem]]
|
*Power.
*Non-Conventional Energy.
*Legislative Affairs.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|

|}

===Former Ministers===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! SI No.
! Name
! Constituency
! Department
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-
|1
| '''[[Sudin Dhavalikar]]''' [[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| [[Marcaim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Marcaim]]
|
*Public Works.
*Transport.
*River Navigation.
*Museum.
|[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|MGP]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}"|
|-
|2
| '''[[Vijai Sardesai]]'''
[[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| [[Fatorda (Goa Assembly constituency)|Fatorda]]
|
*Agriculture.
*Town and Country Planning.
*Archives and Archaeology.
*Factories and Boilers.
|[[Goa Forward Party|GFP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Goa Forward Party}}"|
|-
|3
| '''[[Vinoda Paliencar]]'''
| [[Siolim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Siolim]]
|
*Water Resources.
*Fisheries.
*Legal Metrology.
|[[Goa Forward Party|GFP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Goa Forward Party}}"|
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|4
| '''[[Jayesh Salgaonkar]]'''
| [[Saligao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Saligao]]
|
*Housing.
*Housing Board.
*Rural Development Agency.
*Ports.
|[[Goa Forward Party|GFP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Goa Forward Party}}"|
|-
|5
| '''[[Rohan Khaunte]]'''
| [[Porvorim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Porvorim]]
|
*Revenue.
*Information Technology.
*Labour and Employment.
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}"|
|-
|-
|6
| '''[[Milind Naik (politician)|Milind Naik]]'''
| [[Mormugao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Mormugao]]
|
*Urban Development.
*Social Welfare.
*River Navigation.
*Institute of Public Assistance (Provedoria).
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
|7
| '''[[Michael Lobo (politician)|Michael Lobo]]'''
| [[Calangute (Goa Assembly constituency)|Calangute]]
|
*Science and technology.
*Rural Development Agency.
*Ports.
*Waste Management.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
|8
| '''[[Govind Gaude]]'''
| [[Priol (Goa Assembly constituency)|Priol]]
|
*Civil Supplies and Price Control.
*Art and Culture.
*Tribal Welfare.
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}"|
|-
|9
| '''[[Deepak Pauskar]]'''
| [[Sanvordem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Sanvordem]]
|
*Public Works
*Handicrafts.
*Textile and Coir.
*Goa Gazetter.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
|10
| '''[[Filipe Nery Rodrigues]]'''
| [[Velim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Velim]]
|
*Water Resources.
*Fisheries.
*Legal Metrology.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|}

==List of ministers (by date)==
===Third Council of Ministers (since 19 March 2019)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Minister
!Portfolio
!Party
|-
|[[Pramod Sawant]]||
'''[[List of Chief Ministers of Goa|Chief Minister]]'''
# Finance
# General Administration
# Home
# Personnel
# Vigilance
|bgcolor=#FF9900|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Sudin Dhavalikar]]||
'''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Goa|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
# Public Works
# Transport
# River Navigation
# Museum
|bgcolor=#9933CC|[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
|-
|[[Vijai Sardesai]]||
'''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Goa|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
# Town and Country Planning
# Agriculture
# Archives and Archeology
# Factories and Boilers
|bgcolor=#353982|[[Goa Forward Party]]
|-
|[[Manohar Ajgaonkar]]||
# Tourism
# Sports and Youth Affairs
# Printing and Stationery
|bgcolor=#9933CC|[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
|-
|[[Rohan Khaunte]]||
# Revenue
# Information Technology
# Labour and Employment
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[Govind Gaude]]||
# Art and Culture
# Tribal Welfare
# Civil Supplies and Price Control
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[Vinoda Paliencar]]||
# Water Resources
# Fisheries
# Legal Metrology
|bgcolor=#353982|[[Goa Forward Party]]
|-
|[[Jayesh Salgaonkar]]||
# Housing with Housing Board
# Rural Development
# Ports
|bgcolor=#353982|[[Goa Forward Party]]
|-
|[[Mauvin Godinho]]||
# Panchayati Raj and Community Development
# Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services
# Protocol
|bgcolor=#FF9900|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Vishwajit Pratapsingh Rane]]||
# Health
# Craftsmen Training
# Women and Child Development
|bgcolor=#FF9900|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Milind Naik (politician)|Milind Naik]]||
# Urban Development
# Social Welfare
# Provedoria
|bgcolor=#FF9900|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Nilesh Cabral]]||
# Power including State Electrical Inspectorate
# Non Conventional Energy
# Law and Judiciary
# Legislature Affairs
|bgcolor=#FF9900|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Third Manohar Parrikar Ministry]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Departments {{!}} Government of Goa |url=https://www.goa.gov.in/departments/ |website=Government of Goa {{!}} Official Portal |access-date=5 April 2022}}

{{Goa Cabinets}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pramod Sawant cabinet}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party state ministries of Goa|Sawant I]]
[[Category:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
[[Category:Goa Forward Party]]
[[Category:Goa ministries|Pramod 1]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2019|Pramod I]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Goa]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2022|Pramod I]]