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Kuthuparamba Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T18:28:37Z

ShaneraDeF:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kuthuparamba
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 14
| map_image = File:Kuthuparamba.jpg
| map_caption = Kuthuparamba Martyrdom Memorial
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,94,124 (2021)
| mla = [[K. P. Mohanan|K. P Mohanan]]
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#ED1C24|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
}}
'''Kuthuparamba State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Vatakara Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://kannur.nic.in/constituencies
|website = kannur.nic.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kannur district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the 2021 Assembly elections, the current MLA is [[K. P. Mohanan]] of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]].

== Local self-governed segments==
Seven out of the nine [[Local governance in Kerala|local bodies]] included by the [[Delimitation Commission of India|2008 delimitation]] in the current Kuthuparamba Assembly constituency were parts of the erstwhile [[Peringalam Assembly constituency]] before the delimitation. In 2015, the [[Gram panchayat]]s of Panoor, [[Peringalam]], and [[Kariyad]] were merged to form [[Panoor (Municipality)|Panoor Municipality]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2015/1285|title=Panoor Municipality Wards, 2015|website=Department of Local Self Governance, Government of Kerala}}</ref>

Kuthuparamba Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kannur District
|access-date = 6 March 2021
|archive-date = 23 April 2021
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210423160037/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Kuthuparamba]]
|Municipality
|[[Thalassery]]
|-
|2
|[[Panoor (Municipality)|Panoor]]
|Municipality
|[[Thalassery]]
|-
|3
|[[Kottayam-Malabar]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thalassery]]
|-
|4
|[[Kunnothuparamba]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thalassery]]
|-
|5
|[[Mokeri]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thalassery]]
|-
|6
|[[Pattiom]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thalassery]]
|-
|7
|[[Thrippangottur]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thalassery]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama
Sabha
!Name
! colspan="2"|Party
!Tenure
|-
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| 1st
| rowspan="2" | [[P. R. Kurup]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Praja Socialist Party}}
| 1957 – 1960
|-
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|2nd
| 1960 – 1965
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
|K. K. Abu
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| 1967 – 1970
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 4th
| rowspan="2" |[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=10|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|1970 – 1977
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
|1977 – 1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| [[M. V. Raghavan]]
|1980 – 1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 7th
|P. V. Kunhikannan
|1982 – 1987
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
|K. P. Mamoo Master
| 1987 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 9th
|Pinarayi Vijayan
| 1991 – 1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
|[[K. K. Shailaja]]
| 1996 – 2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan="2" | 11th
| rowspan="3" |[[P. Jayarajan]]
| 2001 – 2005
|-
|2005*
|2005 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| 2006 – 2011
|-
| colspan=6 align=center|''Major boundary changes''
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
|[[K. P. Mohanan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Janata (Democratic)}}
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|K. K. Shailaja
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|2016 - 2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|K. P. Mohanan
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|[[Incumbent]]
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>by-election{{notelist}}

== Election results ==

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kuthumparamba}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = Jayanthi Rajan
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = P. K. Praveen
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = Shijilal
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Rafeed A.P
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kuthuparamba}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|9,541|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=K.P. Mohanan|votes=70,626|percentage=45.36%|change={{loss}} 0.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|↓.9,541|party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=Pottankandi Abdulla|votes=61,085|percentage=39.23%|change={{gain}} 1.96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|LOST|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[C. Sadanandan Master]]|votes=21,212|percentage=13.62%|change={{loss}} 3.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|LOST|party=Independent politician|candidate=Mohanan Kunhiparambath Meethal|votes=1,360|percentage=0.87%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|LOST|party=Independent politician|candidate=Mohanan K.P. Kaithavecha Parambath|votes=543|percentage=0.35|change=-}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,541|percentage=7.5|change=-0.87}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=154,826|percentage=79.76%|change=0.33}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors =1,94,124
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,81,095 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref> 
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kuthuparamba}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[K. K. Shailaja]]|votes=67,013|percentage=45.64|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=K. P. Mohanan|votes=54,722|percentage=37.27|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[C. Sadanandan Master]]|votes=20,787|percentage=16.68|change={{increase}}7.43|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Muhammad Shabeer K. C.|votes=1,681|percentage=1.14|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. P. Mohanan Vedichalil|votes=1,041|percentage=0.71|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=501|percentage=0.34|change=-}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. P. Mohanan Hridayam|votes=355|percentage=0.24|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. Raghunathan|votes=296|percentage=0.20|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Shylaja Prashanth|votes=265|percentage=0.18|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Shylaja Nelliyulla Parambath|votes=163|percentage=0.11|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=12,291|percentage=8.37|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,46,824|percentage=79.43|change={{decrease}}0.36}}{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Socialist Janata (Democratic)|swing=}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,60,335 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kuthuparamba}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Janata (Democratic)|candidate=K. P. Mohanan|votes=57,164|percentage=44.68|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National League|candidate=S. A. Puthiya Valappil|votes=53,861|percentage=42.10|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=O. K .Vasu|votes=11,835|percentage=9.25|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. P. Mohanan|votes=1,982|percentage=1.55|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=S. Poovalappil|votes=1,199|percentage=0.94|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. P. Mohanan|votes=1,130|percentage=0.88|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sulaim T. B.|votes=758|percentage=0.59|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=3,303|percentage=2.58|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,27,929|percentage=79.79|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Socialist Janata (Democratic)|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}

{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kuthuparamba]]
* [[Peringalam Assembly constituency]]
* [[Kannur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kannur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

T. D. Rajegowda

2026-05-06T09:09:53Z

ShaneraDeF:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}} '''T. D. Rajegowda''' (born 27 July 1958) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He was an MLA from [[Sringeri Assembly constituency]] in [[Chikmagalur district]] who was elected in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=T D Rajegowda in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/t-d-rajegowda-sringeri-candidate-s10a123c002/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Sringeri">{{cite news |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Sringeri |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10123.htm?ac=123 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504155059/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10123.htm?ac=123 |archive-date=4 May 2025 |access-date=4 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rajegowda is from Bassapura,Khandya,Chikmagalur Taluk and district. His father Devegowda is a planter. He completed his B.Com. in 1980 from Bandakar Graduate College, Kundapura.<ref>{{Cite web |title=T.D.Rajegowda(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- SRINGERI(CHIKMAGALUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=8343 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He has a daughter, Sanjana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coronavirus: Karnataka Politicos to keep their daughters' wedding a low-key affair |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/coronavirus-karnataka-politicos-to-keep-their-daughters-wedding-a-low-key-affair-813819.html |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> and Son Rajdev

== Political Career ==
Rajegowda won from [[Sringeri Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 59,171 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[D. N. Jeevaraj]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a narrow margin of 201 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=Sringeri Election Results LIVE: Congress' TD Rajegowda squeaks through with 201-vote victory - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/sringeri-election-results-2023-live-updates-g-karunakara-reddy-bjp-congress-td-rajegowda-16597691.htm |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> Earlier he won as an MLA for the first time in the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Sringeri Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/sringeri-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99723841.cms |access-date=2024-08-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He was appointed chairman for Renewable Energy Development Corporation on 26 January 2024.<ref name="34 MLAs given chairman posts for boards and corps, Haris BDA chairman">{{cite news |date=27 January 2024 |title=34 MLAs given chairman posts for boards and corps, Haris BDA chairman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/34-mlas-given-chairman-posts-for-boards-and-corporations-haris-bda-chairman/articleshow/107175062.cms |archive-date= |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |publisher=}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA2">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=27 January 2024 |title=Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120155042/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Rajegowda also served as the President of [[Zilla Panchayat]] [[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur District]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajegowda, T. D. }}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]

Neenandre Ishta

2026-04-29T06:10:25Z

ShaneraDeF: New

{{short description|Indian romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Neenandre Ishta
| image = Neenandre Ishta.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = B Mallesh
| writer = B Mallesh (dialogue)
| screenplay = B Mallesh
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]
*[[Harish Raj]]
*[[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]]
*Akhila
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = V K Kannan
| editing = Basavaraj Urs
| music = [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
| studio = Chennakeshava Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|2|7}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Neenandre Ishta''''' ({{Translation|I like you}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by B. Mallesh starring [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]], [[Harish Raj]], [[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]] and Akhila.

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=February 2025}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as Ajay (A. J.)
*[[Harish Raj]]
*[[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]]
*Akhila
*Siri
*[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
*[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]
*[[Doddanna]]
*[[Sadhu Kokila]]
*[[Umashree]]
*[[Pramila Joshai]]
}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by Gopal, then the general secretary of Bangalore District Congress Committee, making his debut as producer. It was reported that [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] and [[Harish Raj]] would play friends in the film, and that they were paired opposite [[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]] and Akhila.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Srinivasa |first1=Srikanth |title=Chasing after love |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug11/ent7.htm |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=5 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020820103127/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug11/ent7.htm |archive-date=20 August 2002 |date=11 August 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Aishwarya played a negative role in this film. She worked on this film alongside the unreleased film ''Rhythm'' in which she played the lead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/role-play/articleshow/25381843.cms|title=Role play|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 October 2002|access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Neenandre Ishta
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 7 February 2003
| recorded = 2002
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 32:22
| language = Kannada
| label = Akash Audio
| producer =
| chronology = [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
| prev_title = [[Kalatpadai]]
| prev_year = 2003
| next_title = [[Anbe Anbe]]
| next_year = 2003
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|R_Al3FCn-5E|Neenandre Ishta – Jukebox}}}}
}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Neenandre Ishta - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/neenandre-ishta/ea2qQZI0C0w_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=7 February 2003 |access-date=14 December 2024 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118025102/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/neenandre-ishta/ea2qQZI0C0w_ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bharadwaj reused "Mazhaiyo Puyalo" from the Tamil film ''[[Kalatpadai]]'' as "Hoove Neenu" and "Premake Endu" while "Nange Neenu Ista" was remade as "Unnai Enakku" for ''[[Kadhal Dot Com]]''.
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nange Neenu Ista
| length1 = 4:44
| lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| title2 = Hoove Neenu
| length2 = 4:34
| lyrics2 = [[Geethapriya]]
| extra2 = Badari Prasad, [[Gurukiran]]
| title3 = Maichalakavo
| length3 = 4:43
| lyrics3 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra3 = Badari Prasad, Anuradha Sriram
| title4 = Yaare Teeke Maadali
| length4 = 4:20
| lyrics4 = [[Doddarangegowda]]
| extra4 = [[B. Jayashree]]
| title5 = Right Helu
| length5 = 4:25
| lyrics5 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra5 = Gurukiran
| title6 = Baanige Bhoomi
| length6 = 5:02
| lyrics6 = Doddarangegowda
| extra6 = [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
| title7 = Premake Endu
| length7 = 4:34
| lyrics7 = B. Mallesh
| extra7 = Nanditha
| total_length = 32:22
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 7 February 2003 alongside ''Border''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_neenandre_ista.asp|title=Neenandre Ishta - a film of Darshan|work=[[Viggy.com]]|access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Chitraloka.com]]'' wrote that "The film ‘''Ninendre Ishta''’ is a torturous film from the beginning. The scenes are so disjointed that it would leave an impression that the editor of this film has taken a long nap while using his scissors. Story by Thulasikumar has also reached the final stage in love story it seems".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2820-ninendre-ishta-review.html|title=Ninendre Ishta Movie Review|date=7 February 2003|work=[[Chitraloka.com]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225094352/http://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2820-ninendre-ishta-review.html|archive-date=25 December 2013|access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref> Srikanth of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "Yet another mindless campus story. Both the film-makers as well as the audience need to take a break from campus stories. The scenes in the film look so illogical and out of place that one can easily go to sleep while watching the movie. Producer Gopal has sunk some unnecessary money into this project. The scenes suffer from a lack of continuity and dramatisation. When it comes to mouthing the dialogues, the artistes have nothing meaningful".<ref>{{cite web|last=Srikanth|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=16 March 2025|date=9 February 2003|title=Neenandre Ishta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030806060019/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb09/filmr.asp|archive-date=6 August 2003|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb09/filmr.asp}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|14677348}}

[[Category:2003 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bharadwaj (composer)]]

Manmadhudu

2026-04-27T15:59:17Z

ShaneraDeF: New

{{Short description|2002 film by K. Vijaya Bhaskar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manmadhudu
| image = manmadhudu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| producer = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna Akkineni]]
| writer = '''Screenplay''': K. Vijaya Bhaskar '''Story''' & '''Dialogues''': [[Trivikram Srinivas]]
| starring = Nagarjuna Akkineni [[Sonali Bendre]] [[Anshu Ambani|Anshu]]
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| based_on =
| cinematography = [[Sameer Reddy]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[Annapurna Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|12|20|[[India]]}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross = ₹14 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2002 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2002/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>
}}
'''''Manmadhudu''''' ({{Translation|[[Kamadeva|Cupid]]}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[K. Vijaya Bhaskar]], who co-wrote the script with [[Trivikram Srinivas]]. Produced by [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] under the [[Annapurna Studios]] banner, the film stars Nagarjuna, [[Sonali Bendre]], and [[Anshu Ambani|Anshu]], with music composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. The film follows Abhiram, an ad agency manager, whose disdain for women is challenged when he is forced to work with Harika, a spirited assistant manager. Their evolving relationship helps Abhiram confront his past and reconsider his views on love and women.

Filming took place at various locations, including Annapurna Studios, where a corporate agency set was created, and international locations such as [[Paris]] and [[Austria]]. ''Manmadhudu'' was reportedly the first Indian production to shoot inside the [[Eiffel Tower]]. Released on 20 December 2002, the film was a commercial success and received the [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2002 |url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2002.html |website=Andhra Pradesh State Film, Television & Theatre Development Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Is Nagarjuna miffed with Trivikram Srinivas because of Akhil Akkineni? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/is-nagarjuna-miffed-with-trivikram-srinivas-because-of-akhil-akkineni-1578738-2019-08-08 |access-date=2020-07-06 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

''Manmadhudu'' received critical acclaim for its script, humour, and music, with its comedic dialogues becoming iconic. Over time, the film has gained a [[cult following]], with its memorable quotes and scenes becoming part of popular culture. Its character-driven comedy has influenced future romantic comedies and enhanced Nagarjuna’s persona, making the title "Manmadhudu" closely associated with him.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Hemanth Kumar CR |date=2017-12-20 |title=Manmadhudu: 15 years since release, this Nagarjuna-starrer still feels like sunshine on a cold day |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/manmadhudu-15-years-since-release-this-nagarjuna-starrer-still-feels-like-sunshine-on-a-cold-day-4267799.html#:~:text=One%20fine%20day,%20Abhiram's%20uncle,manager%20and%20Abhiram%20gets%20suspended. |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> The film was later remade as ''[[Aishwarya (film)|Aishwarya]]'' (2006) in [[Kannada]]. A [[spiritual successor]] titled ''[[Manmadhudu 2]]'' was released in 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-18 |title=Actor Nagarjuna to star in the Telugu remake of this Ajay Devgn movie? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/actor-nagarjuna-to-star-in-the-telugu-remake-of-this-ajay-devgn-movie-928767.html |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |quote=The film was a ‘spiritual successor’ to the cult movie Manmadhudu}}</ref>

==Plot==
Abhiram is a manager at an [[advertising agency]] who harbours a deep disdain for women, which he openly expresses every day. His workplace, however, is filled with women, forcing him to navigate this uncomfortable environment. Prasad, the chairman of the company and Abhiram's paternal uncle, appoints Harika as a new assistant manager. Abhiram resents her presence and begins to bully her, even going as far as bugging her desk to steal her idea for a lipstick advertisement. He belittles her and accuses her of being careless in her work.

Eventually, Harika, fed up with Abhiram's abuse, decides to resign and approaches Prasad to submit her resignation. Prasad, sympathising with her, asks her to reconsider and reveals the reasons behind Abhiram's hatred for women. He explains that Abhiram lost his parents at the age of two and was raised by his grandfather. As the only heir to his family business, Abhiram lived a carefree life until he met Maheswari, the niece of the family's accountant. Abhiram fell in love with her, but Maheswari's uncle, fearing that Abhiram was not serious about her, took her away and arranged her engagement with another man. Abhiram, angered by this, interrupts the engagement ceremony and insists that he intends to marry Maheswari. However, during a car ride with Maheswari, they are involved in an accident, leaving Abhiram unconscious. When he wakes up, his grandfather tells him that Maheswari has gone ahead with the marriage, and Abhiram feels betrayed. This event shapes his belief that all women are superficial and untrustworthy.

After learning about Abhiram's painful past, Harika decides to stay at the company. As a result, Prasad promotes Harika to manager and demotes Abhiram to assistant manager. Although upset, Abhiram is forced to accompany Harika on a business trip to [[Paris]]. While working together, Harika helps Abhiram overcome his fear of deep water, and they grow closer. Abhiram begins to develop feelings for Harika, but his emotions are complicated when she reveals that she is engaged to be married.

Upon their return to India, Abhiram becomes withdrawn and childish, unable to cope with his disappointment. Meanwhile, Harika, who reciprocates his feelings, remains uncertain about marriage, as Abhiram has not expressed his emotions toward her. Abhiram’s aunt later reveals that Maheswari died in the car accident, and that the family had concealed her death, fearing that Abhiram would be unable to handle the news. Overcome with guilt for hating women, Abhiram is too shocked to confess his feelings to Harika.

On the morning of Harika's wedding, she calls Abhiram to inform him that the marriage is her parents' decision, not hers, and indirectly signals that she is open to being with him if he expresses his feelings. Prasad, noticing the mutual affection between Abhiram and Harika, encourages Abhiram to confess. However, Abhiram insists that it is Harika who should speak first, as his previous attempts at taking the lead in a relationship ended in heartbreak. Harika eventually confesses her feelings over the phone, but due to a network issue, Abhiram is unable to respond. Believing that he has rejected her, Harika decides to go through with the wedding.

Abhiram, determined to stop the wedding, rushes to the wedding venue but finds that Harika and her party are already far off on a boat. In a moment of courage, he jumps into the river and swims toward the boat. Harika, seeing Abhiram in the water, jumps in to join him. Overjoyed, she breaks off her engagement and marries Abhiram.

In a [[mid-credits scene]], during their first night together, Harika recalls realising their connection when Abhiram’s lipstick ad concept matched hers. Abhiram admits he had placed a bug under her desk to steal her idea. Harika playfully scolds him and gives him a lighthearted punch.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] as Abhiram "Abhi"
* [[Sonali Bendre]] as Harika (voice dubbed by [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]])
* [[Anshu Ambani|Anshu]] as Maheswari
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Mohan Rao, Maheswari's uncle
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as A. Jagadish Prasad, Abhiram's father
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Lakshmi, Abhiram's mother
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Suribabu Lavangam
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Balasubrahmanyam
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Bunk Seenu
* [[M. Balaiah]] as Abhiram's grandfather
* [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Harika's father
* [[Tanish]] as Harika's younger brother
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Seenu's father
* [[Shankar Melkote|Melkote]] as Sundaram
* [[Ananth Babu]] as Subba Rao
* [[Rekha Vedavyas|Rekha]] as Siva's wife (cameo) in the song "Don't Marry"
* [[Keerthi Chawla]] as Malligadu's wife (cameo) in the song "Don't Marry"
* [[Madhumitha|Swapna Madhuri]] as Swapna
* Anitha Chowdary as TV anchor
* Siva Parvathi
* Swetha
* Sumalatha
* Deepika
* Devisri
* [[Kausha Rach]] as an [[item number]]
* Ruthika
{{colend}}

==Production==

=== Development ===
After the success of ''[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]'' (2001), actor and producer [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] offered director [[K. Vijaya Bhaskar]] and writer [[Trivikram Srinivas]] the opportunity to work on a new film, which resulted in the making of ''Manmadhudu''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |date=2020-09-06 |title=19 Years Of Nuvvu Naaku Nachav : ఇంటిల్లపాదీ నవ్వుతూ మెచ్చిన 'నువ్వు నాకు నచ్చావ్' |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/19-years-of-nuvvu-naaku-nachav-movie-special-story-on-venkatesh-and-trivikram-52458 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=[[HMTV]] |language=te}}</ref> The film was conceived with Nagarjuna in mind for the lead role. Vijaya Bhaskar and Trivikram worked together to craft a fresh narrative that would highlight Nagarjuna's romantic persona while introducing a unique character trait: a protagonist who dislikes women. This premise formed the core of the film's story.<ref name="post">{{cite web |title=Post Mortem - Manmadhudu by K Vijaya Bhaskar |url=https://idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/manmadhudu.html |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref>

The story is set in an [[advertising agency]], an unexplored backdrop in [[Telugu cinema]] that adds humour and character interaction without delving deeply into industry specifics. The hero's disdain for women is explained through a subplot, providing context for his behaviour. To create an engaging dynamic, the hero’s workplace is populated by female employees, leading to comedic situations and conflicts. The female lead is portrayed as a strong character who frequently challenges the hero. She starts as an assistant manager and is later promoted to a higher position than the hero, establishing a "tit-for-tat" relationship between them.<ref name="post" />

The plot further developed as the story shifted abroad, where the hero and heroine, working in the same agency, were given opportunities to spend time together. This setting allowed for the gradual development of romantic feelings, despite their initial animosity. The hero's attitude toward women evolves in phases, with the narrative maintaining a smooth flow to ensure the changes feel natural to the audience. The climax of the film is intentionally simple, avoiding typical action sequences. The story concludes with the resolution of the protagonists' feelings for each other. A post-climax scene introduces the "mike experiment" subplot, offering closure to the narrative. The filmmakers chose not to extend the film with unnecessary scenes, such as the introduction of the heroine's fiancé, keeping the focus on the main characters and their love story. The story primarily focuses on romance and comedy, with only two key scenes highlighting Nagarjuna's mass appeal.<ref name="post" />

The storyline of ''Manmadhudu'' bears resemblance to [[Yaddanapudi Sulochana Rani]]'s novel ''Girija Kalyanam'', which was also adapted into a film of the same name in 1981. In both, the protagonist becomes misogynistic after the death of his lover.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Prasanna Pradeep |date=2022-12-20 |title=Manmadhudu: ఇరవై ఏళ్ళ 'మన్మథుడు' |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/nagarjuna-manmadhudu-completes-20-years-286425.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |language=te-IN}}</ref> Some scenes were inspired by the 2000 American film ''[[What Women Want]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-04 |title=Some Memories Stand The Test Of Time, says Manmadhudu Actress Anshu Saggar |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/some-memories-stand-the-test-of-time-says-manmadhudu-actress-anshu-saggar-article-108207555 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
A set resembling a corporate advertising agency was built on the first floor of [[Annapurna Studios]] by Srinivasa Raju.<ref>{{cite web |title=Movie Preview - Manmadhudu |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/manmadhudu.html |access-date=6 July 2024 |work=Idlebrain}}</ref> The set featured enlarged advertisements from magazines, backlit to enhance their appearance.<ref name="post" /> A large vinyl poster of [[Birla Mandir, Hyderabad|Birla Mandir]] and [[Hussain Sagar]] was placed opposite the agency's building to simulate its location near Birla Mandir. The building’s entrance featured an A-shaped glass door, symbolizing the letter "A" from the character name Abhi.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 November 2002 |title=Manmadhudu special |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/manmadhudu1.html |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref>

Filming also took place in [[Austria]], [[Paris]], and the Godavari districts in India. In Paris, the crew faced difficulties obtaining permission to film on the [[Eiffel Tower]] due to heightened security after the [[September 11 attacks]]. Initially, the team was permitted to shoot only in front of the tower. However, with significant effort from Nagarjuna, the necessary permissions were secured, reportedly making ''Manmadhudu'' the first Indian film to shoot inside the Eiffel Tower.<ref name="post" />

The climax was filmed in [[Narasapuram]], where Nagarjuna performed a stunt by jumping into a river without a [[Double (occupation)|stunt double]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ఆర్ కే మురళీ కృష్ణ |date=27 August 2024 |title=డూప్ లేకుండా దూకేశారు.. దటీజ్ నాగార్జున.. మన్మథుడు డైరెక్టర్ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/manmadhudu-movie-director-k-vijaya-bhaskar-about-nagarjunas-daring/articleshow/112825595.cms |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=te}}</ref> Before the jump, he ensured the safety of the location with a local expert and was informed about the water's depth. Known for his love of swimming, Nagarjuna chose to do the stunt himself. During the shot, he briefly stayed underwater to create dramatic tension, which concerned the crew. The local expert, worried about his safety, jumped in after him. As a result, the scene had to be cut shorter than originally planned.<ref name="post" />

The songs "Naa Manasune" and "Gundello Emundo" were filmed in [[Austria]]. The song "Don't Marry Be Happy" was the last to be filmed during the final schedule.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=NaChaKi |date=5 December 2002 |title=Press Meet - Manmadhudu |url=http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/manmathuDu_press.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030219114713/http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/manmathuDu_press.shtml |archive-date=19 February 2003 |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=Telugu Cinema}}</ref> Shankar choreographed the flashback song "Nenu Nenuga Lene," while Raja Sekhar worked on "Don't Marry" and "Andamaina Bhamalu." [[Raju Sundaram]] choreographed the "Naa Manasune" and "Gundello Emundo." The final song, "Chelia Chelia," was directed by K. Vijaya Bhaskar, with Krishna Reddy handling the dance sequences.<ref name="post" />

The costumes for Nagarjuna were designed by [[Asmita Marwa]], and Sonali Bendre's outfits were styled by [[Manish Malhotra]].<ref>{{cite web |date=23 January 2003 |title=City designers await Tollywood's nod |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/city-designers-await-tollywoods-nod/articleshow/35212961.cms |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Manmadhudu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2002
| recorded = 2002
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 27:04
| label = Sohan Music
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Thotti Gang]]
| prev_year = 2002
| next_title = [[Inidhu Inidhu Kadhal Inidhu]]
| next_year = 2002
}}

The music for the film was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. The soundtrack was released under the Sohan Audio label.<ref name=":2" />

Five out of six songs had lyrics by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastri]]. Sitarama Sastry introduced an experimental structure with the song "Don't Marry". Unlike traditional compositions, the song features a [[pallavi]] and a narrative (katha) instead of conventional [[Charanam|charanams]]. The narrative portion lacks a fixed [[Metre (poetry)|metre]], making it a unique addition to the soundtrack.<ref name="post" />

The soundtrack was released on 6 December 2002.<ref name="idlebrain1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2002 |title=Manmadhudu audio function details |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/manmadhuduaudio.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> The audio launch event was held at an open dais outside the Glass House at Annapurna Studios. The function was attended by 450 winners of a contest conducted by [[Gemini TV]]. The event was anchored by singer [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]].<ref name="idlebrain1" />

A critic from [[Telugucinema.com|''Telugu Cinema'']] described Devi Sri Prasad's music as "average-to-good tunes with proper orchestration," highlighting the interludes with classical instruments.<ref>{{cite web |last=NaChaKi |date=December 2002 |title=Manmadhudu - Audio Review |url=http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/manmathuDu_audio.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030219134058/http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/manmathuDu_audio.shtml |archive-date=19 February 2003 |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=Telugu Cinema}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:04
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Don't Marry
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 5:41
| title2 = Gundello Emundho
| lyrics2 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra2 = Venu, Sumangali
| length2 = 4:40
| title3 = Nenu Nenuga Lene
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra3 = [[S. P. B. Charan]]
| length3 = 3:56
| title4 = Na Manasune
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length4 = 4:09
| title5 = Cheliya Cheliya
| lyrics5 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra5 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| length5 = 4:16
| title6 = Andhamaina Bhamalu
| lyrics6 = [[Bhuvanachandra]]
| extra6 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length6 = 4:20
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
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| length20 =
}}

==Release==
The film was released with 90 prints.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shivamani with 165 prints|website=Idlebrain|access-date=6 July 2024|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news241.html|date=22 October 2003}}</ref> Nagarjuna in an interview with [[Baradwaj Rangan]] in 2019 revealed that it was an above average grosser.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oI4hgHsthYE|time=11:05 to 11:16|website=Film Companion South|access-date=6 July 2024|via=Youtube|title=Nagarjuna Interview With Baradwaj Rangan Part 1 {{!}} Manmadhudu 2 {{!}} Face 2 Face|date=28 July 2019 }}</ref>

The film had a re-release in [[4K resolution|4K]] on 29 August 2023 on the eve of Nagarjuna's birthday.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2023 |title=Manmadhudu Re-Release: Bewitched Fans Make Beelines For Nagarjuna's Cult & Epic Comedy Drama; Box Office Rocks |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2023/manmadhudu-re-release-bewitched-fans-make-beelines-for-nagarjunas-cult-epic-comedy-drama-box-of-363047.html |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=Filmibeat}}</ref>

==Reception==

Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 4.5 out of 5 stating, "Nagarjuna dominated the show and won accolades from audiences. It's a must recommended hilarious film for all Telugu film lovers."<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2016 |title=Movie review - Manmadhudu |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-manmadhudu.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

''[[Sify]]'' gave an extremely positive review and wrote, "Though the story is wafer thin, the director has been able to package the film well with an innovative presentation. The film is out to wallop some fun ‘n’ frolic." It gave a verdict that it is a "Rip-Roaring Entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Movie Review : Manmadhudu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/manmadhudu-review-telugu-12379052.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526181614/http://www.sify.com/movies/manmadhudu-review-telugu-12379052.html |archive-date=26 May 2014 |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Kiran Nadella of ''Fullhyd.com'' rated the film 7.5 out of 10 stating, "All things considered, if you can stomach the thirty minutes of echoing flashback, Manmathudu makes for one intense and rousing entertainment, and if you're on its quirky wavelength, it might just strike you as one of the funniest movies you've ever seen!"<ref>[http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/manmadhudu/telugu/manmadhudu-movie-reviews-502-2.html Manmadhudu review: Manmadhudu (Telugu) Movie Review – fullhyd.com]. Movies.fullhyderabad.com. Retrieved on 12 April 2016.</ref>

''Telugu Cinema'' wrote, "Vijayabhaskar strengthens the weak storyline with his taking aided by Trivikram’s pen-power and Devisri Prasad’s music. A movie that can be a good pastime, and can be worth a watch, or even more for fans of Nagarjuna".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/manmathuDu_movie.shtml|title=Telugcinema.com - Manmadhudu review|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=4 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030219133006/http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/manmathuDu_movie.shtml|archive-date=19 February 2003}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Manmadhudu''’s blend of satire, quirky characters, and memorable dialogues has kept it relevant over the years. Its witty "counters" became iconic and continue to be frequently referenced in memes and discussions within the Telugu film community.<ref name=":3" />

The film introduced memorable moments, such as the escalator scene and Nagarjuna’s interactions with his co-stars, which remain popular in popular culture. The title "Manmadhudu" became closely associated with Nagarjuna, while Trivikram Srinivas further solidified his position as a prominent writer in Tollywood with this film.<ref name=":3" />

==Other versions==
The film was later remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Aishwarya (film)|Aishwarya]]'' (2006), which marked the debut of [[Deepika Padukone]], and also remade in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''Priyotoma'' (2006).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2012 |title=Bengali Films Are Remaking from South Indian Films |url=http://www.filmz24.com/bengali/bengali-films-are-remaking-from-south-indian-films/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318012156/http://www.filmz24.com/bengali/bengali-films-are-remaking-from-south-indian-films/ |archive-date=18 March 2014 |access-date=12 April 2016 |website=Filmz24.com}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

A [[spiritual successor]] to the film, titled ''[[Manmadhudu 2]]'', also starring Nagarjuna, was released in 2019.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2019 |title='Manmadhudu 2' review: A bumpy ride that fails to take off |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/aug/10/manmadhudu-2-review-a-bumpy-ride-that-fails-to-take-off-2016778.html |access-date=2021-01-29 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film – Swarna (Gold)]] {{small|(as producer)}}<ref name="nandi">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964 - 2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964 - 2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=6 July 2024 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |language=te}}</ref>
; [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Comedian – Telugu]] – [[Brahmanandam]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Manikchand Filmfare Awards: Sizzling at 50 |url=http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=/bsnl/asp/content%20mgmt/html%20content/entertainment/entertainment14489.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721152719/http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=%2Fbsnl%2Fasp%2Fcontent%20mgmt%2Fhtml%20content%2Fentertainment%2Fentertainment14489.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=2009-10-19 |publisher=[[BSNL]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0355742|Manmadhudu}}

{{K. Vijaya Bhaskar}}{{Nagarjuna (actor)}}{{Trivikram Srinivas}}

[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Paris]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Vijaya Bhaskar]]

House of Holkar

2026-04-26T11:25:13Z

ShaneraDeF: put up info

{{Short description|Indian dynasty of Indore (1731–1948)}}
{{About|the dynasty|other uses|Holkar (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox former monarchy
| royal_title = Holkar Maharaja
| border =
| realm = Indore
| image2 = Flag of Indore.svg
| caption2 = Flag of Indore
| coatofarms = Arms of the Indore State, 1908.jpg
| coatofarmssize = 150px
| coatofarmscaption = Coat of arms of Indore State
| image =
| caption =
| first_monarch = [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] I
| last_monarch = [[Yashwantrao Holkar II]]
| style =
| residence = [[Rajwada]], [[Indore]]
| appointer =
| began = 2 November 1731
| ended = 26 June 1948
| pretender =
}}
The '''Holkars''' (pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[ɦo(ː)ɭkəɾ]]]) were the ruling house of the [[Indore State]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy]], and earlier held the rank of [[Subahdar]] under Peshwa [[Baji Rao I]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]. When the Maratha Confederacy began to weaken due to internal clashes, the Holkars declared themselves the rulers of [[Indore State|Indore]] in Central [[India]], existing as an autonomous member of the [[Maratha Confederacy]] until 1818. Later, their kingdom became a [[princely state]] under the British protection.

[[Usha Raje|Usha Devi Holkar]], 15th Maharani of Indore, is the current titular head.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/indore | title=Indore (Princely State) | date=20 October 1933 }}</ref>

== Rise of Holkar as Subahdar==
[[File:Maheshwar Fort - Exterior 03.jpg|thumb|left|Fort Ahilya in [[Maheshwar]]]]
[[File:Ahilya Mata Statue at Datta Temple, Sahastra Dhara, Jalkoti.jpg|thumb|upright|A Statue of [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] at Datta Temple]][[File:Indore Rajwada01.jpg|left|thumb|The gate of [[Rajwada]], royal palace of the Holkar dynasty, [[Indore]]]]The Holkars were of [[Dhangar]] [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] origin.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&pg=PA200|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Volume 1|author=Richard M. Eaton|date=17 November 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=200|isbn=9780521254847|quote=For example, Malhar Rao Holkar, who led successful expeditions north of the Narmada river between the 1720s and 1760s, became celebrated as a great Maratha, even an arch-Maratha, although he had come from a community of Dhangars...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/285 285]| editor=John Stewart Bowman|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|year=2000|publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT9uAAAAMAAJ|title=Studies in history of the Deccan: medieval and modern : Professor A.R. Kulkarni felicitation volume|editor1=Aniruddha Ray|editor2= Kuzhippalli Skaria Mathew|publisher=Pragati Publications|date= 1 November 2002|isbn=9788173070754|quote=The Maratha Holkar clan had established its stronghold in Indore and Holkar affairs in 1795 were managed by Ahalya Bai Holkar, widow of the founder of the Holkar clan, together with Tukoji Holkar, a cousin}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/studentsbritanni03hoib|url-access=registration|quote=holkar maratha clan.|title=Students' Britannica India: I to M (Iblis to Mira Bai)|first1=Dale|last1=Hoiberg|first2=Indu|last2=Ramchandani|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica (India)|access-date=3 March 2017|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
[[Malhar Rao Holkar]] (1694–1766), was born in Murum in [[Satara district]] in a [[Dhangar|Dhangar]] family and was a Maratha chief serving under [[Bajirao I]], was given the area of [[Indore State|Indore]] to look after by Bajirao 1,the Peshwa of [[Shahu I]]. In the 1720s, he led [[Maratha Army|Maratha armies]] in the [[Malwa]] region under the Peshwa Bajirao, and in 1733 was granted 9 [[pargana]]s in the vicinity of [[Indore]] by the Peshwas. The township of Indore already existed as an independent principality established by [[Rao Nandlal Chaudhary|Nandlal Mandloi]] of [[Kampel, Indore|Kampel]]. [[Rao Nandlal Chaudhary|Nandlal Mandloi]] was won over by the Maratha forces and he allowed them to camp across the Khan River. In 1734, Malhar Rao established a camp later called Malharganj. In 1747, he began construction of his royal palace, the [[Rajwada]]. By the time of his death, he looked after much of Malwa for the Maratha Empire controlled by their lords Peshwas, and was acknowledged as one of the five houses of the [[Maratha Empire]].{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

He was succeeded by [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] (r. 1767–1795), his daughter-in-law. She was born in the Chaundi village in [[Maharashtra]]. She moved the capital to [[Maheshwar]], south of Indore on the [[Narmada River]]. ''Rani'' Ahilyabai was a prolific builder and patron of [[Hindu]] temples in Maheshwar and Indore. She also built temples at sacred sites outside her kingdom, from [[Dwarka]] in [[Gujarat]] east to the [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] at [[Varanasi]] on the [[Ganges]].{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

The adopted son of Malhar Rao Holkar, [[Tukoji Rao Holkar]] (r. 1795–1797) briefly succeeded Rani Ahilyabai upon her death. Tukoji Rao had been a commander under Ahilyabai for her entire rule.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

==The fall of the Maratha Empire==
[[File:Maharaja_Yashwantrao_Holkar_1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Yashwantrao Holkar]].]]
His son [[Yashwantrao Holkar]] (r. 1797–1811) (also called as Jaswant Rao) succeeded Tukoji Rao Holkar upon his death. He tried to free the Delhi [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Alam II]] from the British in the unsuccessful [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]. The grateful Shah Alam gave him the title of ''Maharajadiraj Rajrajeshwar Alija Bahadur'' in honor of his bravery.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

[[File:Tookajee Rao Holkar.jpg|thumb|Tukojirao Holkar II, Indore, from a drawing by Mr. W. Carpenter, Jun.," from the Illustrated London News, 1857]]
Attempts by Yashwantrao Holkar to unite the kings failed, and he was approached to sign a peace treaty with the British. The Treaty of Rajghat, signed late December 1805, recognised him as a sovereign king.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

==Battle of Mahidpur==
[[File:Tukojirao III Maharaja Holkar of Indore.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tukojirao Holkar III]] Maharaja Holkar of Indore]]
In 1811, the four-year-old [[Malhar Rao Holkar III]] succeeded Yashwantrao Holkar. His mother, Tulsabai Holkar, looked after the administration. However, with the help of [[Pashtun people|Pathans]], [[Pindaris]], and the British, Dharama Kunwar and Balaram Seth plotted to imprison Tulsabai and Malharrao.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} When Tulsabai learnt about this, she beheaded both of them in 1815 and appointed Tantia Jog. As a result, Gaffur Khan Pindari secretly signed a treaty with the British on 9 November 1817 and killed Tulsabai on 19 December 1817.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

The treaty was signed on 6 January 1818 at [[Mandsaur]]. Bhimabai Holkar did not accept the treaty, and kept attacking the British by guerilla methods. Years later, in revolt of 1857, [[Rani Lakshmibai]] of Jhansi took inspiration from Bhimabai Holkar and also fought against the British. At the conclusion of the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], the Holkars lost much of their territory to the British and were incorporated into the [[British Raj]] as a [[princely state]] of the [[Central India Agency]]. The capital was shifted from Bhanpura to Indore.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

==Princely state==
{{main|Indore State}}

[[File:ShivajiRaoHolkarCoin.jpg|thumb|left|A silver rupee of Shivajirao Holkar 1886–1903, minted at Indore in [[Vikram Samvat]] 1948 (1891)]]
Malharrao Holkar III entered Indore on 2 November 1818. Tantia Jog was appointed his [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] as he was a minor. As the old palace had been destroyed by the army of Daulat Rao Scindia, a new palace was constructed in its place. Malharrao III was succeeded by [[Marthand Rao Holkar]], who formally ascended to the throne on 17 January 1834. He was replaced by [[Hari Rao Holkar]], nephew of Yashwantrao, who ascended to the throne on 17 April 1834. He adopted [[Khande Rao Holkar II]] on 2 July 1841 and died on 24 October 1843. Khanderao was formally installed as the ruler on 13 November 1843, but he suddenly died on 17 February 1844. [[Tukojirao Holkar II]] (1835–1886) was installed on the throne on 27 June 1844. During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], he was loyal to the [[British East India Company]]. In October 1872, he appointed [[T. Madhava Rao]] as the ''Diwan'' of Indore. He died on 17 June 1886 and was succeeded by his eldest son, [[Shivajirao Holkar]].{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

[[Yashwantrao Holkar II]] (reigned 1926–1948) ruled Indore state until shortly after India's independence in 1947, when he acceded to the Union of India. [[Indore]] became a district of [[Madhya Bharat]] state, which was merged into [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in 1956.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

==Holkar Maharajah's of Indore==
# [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] I (r. 2 November 1731 – 20 May 1766). Born 16 March 1693, died 20 May 1766
# [[Male Rao Holkar]] (r. 20 May 1766 – 5 April 1767). Born 1745, died 5 April 1767
# [[Ahilyabai Holkar|Ahilya Bai Holkar]] (first as a regent on 20 May 1766) (r. 27 March 1767 – 13 August 1795). Born 1725, died 13 August 1795
# [[Tukoji Rao Holkar|Tukoji Rao Holkar I]] (r. 13 August 1795 – 29 January 1797). Born 1723, died 15 August 1797
# [[Kashi Rao Holkar]] (r. 29 January 1797 – January 1799) Born before 1776, died 1808
# [[Khande Rao Holkar]] (r. January 1799 – 22 February 1807) Born in 1798, died 1807
# [[Yashwantrao Holkar|Yashwant Rao Holkar I]] (first as a regent from 1799) (r. 1807 – 27 October 1811). Born 1776, died 27 October 1811
# [[Malhar Rao Holkar III]] (r. 27 October 1811 – 27 October 1833) Born 1806, died 27 October 1833
# [[Marthand Rao Holkar]] (r. 17 January 1833 – 2 February 1834). Born 1830, died 2 June 1849
# [[Hari Rao Holkar]] (r. 17 April 1834 – 24 October 1843). Born 1795, died 24 October 1843
# [[Khande Rao Holkar II]] (r. 13 November 1843 – 17 February 1844). Born 1828, died 17 March 1844
# [[Tukojirao Holkar II|Tukoji Rao Holkar II]] (r. 27 June 1844 – 17 June 1886). Born 3 May 1835, died 17 June 1886
# [[Shivajirao Holkar|Shivaji Rao Holkar]] (r. 17 June 1886 – 31 January 1903). Born 11 November 1859, died 13 October 1908
# [[Tukojirao Holkar III|Tukoji Rao Holkar III]] (r. 31 January 1903 – 26 February 1926). Born 26 November 1890, died 21 May 1978
# [[Yashwantrao Holkar II|Yashwant Rao Holkar II]] (r. 26 February 1926 – 1948). Born 6 September 1908, died 5 December 1961

On 22 April 1948 Yashwantrao Holkar II signed a covenant with the rulers of the adjoining princely states to form a new state known as Madhya Bharat. [[Madhya Bharat]] was created on 28 May 1948. On 16 June 1948, the princely state of Indore, which the House of Holkar ruled, merged with the newly independent Indian states.

== Family tree ==

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Holkar dynasty and the Family tree of the Maharajas of Indore}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{legend-line|black solid 2px|Biological Child}}

{{legend-line|black dotted 2px|Adopted Child}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|A01 | | | | | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Malhar Rao Holkar|Malhar Rao I]]''' (1) r. 1731-1766|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF4500|
A02=Sibling of Malhar Rao}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| |o|P|P|P|P|P|T| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|A01 |y|A02 |Q|A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01=[[Khanderao Holkar|Khande Rao Holkar]]|
A02='''[[Ahilyabai Holkar|Ahilya Bai]]''' (3) r. 1767-1795|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FF4500|
A03=Tanuji Holkar}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |!| | | |Y|T|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | |A01 | | | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Male Rao Holkar|Male Rao]]''' (2) r. 1766-1767|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF4500|
A02='''[[Tukoji Rao Holkar|Tukoji Rao I]]''' (4) r. 1795-1797|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FF4500}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|A01 | |A02 | |A03 |y|A04 | | | | | |A05 |
A01='''[[Kashi Rao Holkar|Kashi Rao]]''' (5) r. 1797-1799|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF4500|
A02=[[Vithoji Rao Holkar|Vithoji Rao Holkar]]|
A03='''[[Yashwantrao Holkar|Yashwant Rao I]]''' (7) r. 1807-1811|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FF4500|
A04=[[Maji Keshri Bai|Krishna Bai]]|
A05=Malhar Rao II}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | |!| | | |,|-|'| |Y|P|M|P|T| | | |!| |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |A01 | |A02 |~|A03 |Q|A04 | |A05 |
A01='''[[Hari Rao Holkar|Hari Rao]]''' (10) r. 1834-1843|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF4500|
A02='''[[Malhar Rao Holkar III|Malhar Rao III]]''' (8) r. 1811-1833|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FF4500|
A03='''[[Tukojirao Holkar II|Tukoji Rao II]]''' (12) r. 1844-1886|boxstyle_A04=border-color:#FF4500|
A05='''[[Khande Rao Holkar|Khande Rao I]]''' (6) r. 1799-1807|boxstyle_A05=border-color:#FF4500}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | |Q| | | | | | | |Q|S|Z| |!| | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |A01 | | | | | |A02 | |A03 | | | | |
A01='''[[Khande Rao Holkar II|Khande Rao II]]''' (11) r. 1843-1844|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF4500|
A02='''[[Marthand Rao Holkar|Marthand Rao]]''' (9) r. 1833-1834|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FF4500|
A03='''[[Shivajirao Holkar|Shivaji Rao]]''' (13) r. 1886-1903|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FF4500|}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | |
A01='''[[Tukojirao Holkar III|Tukoji Rao III]]''' (14) r. 1903-1926|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF4500}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | |
A01='''[[Yashwant Rao Holkar II|Yashwant Rao II]]''' (15) r. 1926-1948 – Titular – 1948-1961|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF4500}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | |
A01='''Usha Devi''' (16) – Titular – 1961-present|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF4500}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

==See also==
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*Sethi, P.K., S.K. Bhatt and R. Holkar (1976). ''A Study of Holkar State Coinage'', Indore: The Academy of Indian Numismatics and Sigillography.
*[[Somerset Playne]] (compiler), R. V. Solomon, J. W. Bond, [[Arnold Wright]] (1922). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=riBJH0J1FR0C Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey]'', London: Foreign and Colonial Compiling and Publishing Co., 1922 (also Asian Educational Services, 2006, {{ISBN|81-206-1965-X}}, 9788120619654, 835 pages

==External links==
{{commons category|Holkar}}
* {{cite web| title = Holkars of Indore| publisher = Indore District website| url = http://www.indore.nic.in/holkar.htm| url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131030213114/http://www.indore.nic.in/holkar.htm| archive-date = 30 October 2013| df = dmy-all}}
*[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html WorldStatesmen- India]

{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Holkar| ]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:History of Malwa]]
[[Category:History of Indore]]
[[Category:Dhangar clans]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]

Alfaaz

2026-04-25T18:05:37Z

ShaneraDeF: New a post.

{{Short description|Indian musician}}{{BLP sources|date=January 2026}}{{Tone|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Alfaaz
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| image = Alfaaz 2015.jpg
| caption = Alfaaz in 2015
| spouse = {{Marriage|Navjot Kaur|2019}}
| years_active = 2010–present
| origin = [[Punjab]], India
| occupation = Singer, actor, and lyricist
| past_member_of = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh#Mafia Mundeer |Mafia Mundeer]]
}}
'''Alfaaz''' is the stage name of an Indian singer, lyricist and writer from [[Chandigarh]], Punjab. Alfaaz was also a former member of Mafia Mundeer, a platform pioneered by [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]].

== Career ==
In 2011, Alfaaz released his debut album, ''[[Alfaaz – The Boy Next Door]],'' for which Honey Singh composed the music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manpriya |date=18 December 2017 |title=Alfaaz, in his own words |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/alfaaz-in-his-own-words-514731 |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>

In 2013, he released another track with Singh titled "Bebo", which had a rap segment performed by Honey Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |last1= |first1= |date=19 June 2013 |title=Universal music signs in music album 'Bebo' with Honey Singh, video already popular |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/universal-music-signs-in-music-album-bebo-with-honey-singh-vi-8196.html |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=[[India TV]]}}</ref>

In 2015, the duo again came together for the track "Birthday Bash", for the Bollywood film ''[[Dilliwali Zaalim Girlfriend]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/yo-yo-honey-singh-is-back-and-this-time-with-birthday-bash/|title=Yo Yo Honey Singh is back and this time with 'Birthday Bash'|date=20 February 2015}}</ref>

in 2016, he released track with Preet Hundal, titled "Sexo", with [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], whose music is also composed by Preet Hundal.{{fact|date=July 2025}}

He released another song "Kalley Rehen De", while also acting as the lyricist for the song "Call Aundi" for the soundtrack EP of Honey Singh's Punjabi film, ''[[Zorawar]]''.{{fact|date=July 2025}}

The long awaited duo again reunited in 2023, for the single "Tell Me Once", after Singh's recovery and return from a musical hiatus due to [[bipolar disorder]] with [[psychosis|psychotic symptoms]]. The song and its music video was critically acclaimed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/alfaaz-and-yo-yo-honey-singh-hook-their-fans-with-their-latest-collab-tell-me-once/articleshow/98963547.cms|title=Alfaaz and Yo Yo Honey Singh hook their fans with their latest collab 'Tell Me Once'|work=The Times of India |date=24 March 2023|via=The Economic Times – The Times of India}}</ref>

In May 2025, the company [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] dropped the track "Laal Pari" for the Bollywood film ''[[Housefull 5]]'', which featured Honey Singh. Alfaaz and Singh both wrote the track, with Singh also being the composer. The track crossed 21 millions views in 24 hours.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Riya |date=4 May 2025 |title=Housefull 5 song Laal Pari crosses 21 million views in 24 hours; fans say Honey Singh is 'reviving Bollywood music' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/housefull-5-song-laal-pari-crosses-21-million-views-in-24-hours-fans-say-honey-singh-is-reviving-bollywood-music-101746357829053.htmlhttps://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/housefull-5-song-laal-pari-crosses-21-million-views-in-24-hours-fans-say-honey-singh-is-reviving-bollywood-music-101746357829053.html |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Movies ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Roles
!Notes
|-
|2013
|''Jatt Airways''
|Harry
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Ishq Brandy]]''
|Tejbir Cheema
|PTC Punjabi Film Award for Best Lyricist – Alfaaz for Hajj
PTC Punjabi Film Award for Best Playback Singer (Male) – Alfaaz for Hajj
|-
|2015
|''[[Dilliwali Zaalim Girlfriend]]''
|Himself
|Cameo appearance in song "Birthday Bash"
|-
|2018
|''Vadda Kalakaar''
|Makkan
|
|}

'''As Music Director'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Song
!Singer
!Lyrics
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|"Scarface"
|Rawkey
|Rawkey
| rowspan="2" |Director and composer
|From the album ''THE CHOSEN ONE''
Debut as Music Director
|-
|"WHISTLES"
|Abhitej
|Alfaaz
|
|}

== Discography ==

=== Albums ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!Producer(s)
!Writer(s)
!Label
!Language
!Release date
|-
|''[[Alfaaz – The Boy Next Door]]''
|Yo Yo Honey Singh
| rowspan="2" |Alfaaz
|Speed Records
| rowspan="2" |[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|2011
|-
|''Unfollow The Fear''
|
|
|TBA
|}

==== Released through Famebox Studios Label ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!Artist
!Producer
!Writer(s)
!Language
!Release date
!Notes
|-
|''THE CHOSEN ONE''
|Rawkey
|Bass Yogi
|Rawkey
|Punjabi
|2025
|Debut album of Rawkey
Alfaaz's debut as music director
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Track
!Year
!Artist(s)
!Music
!Music label
!Notes
|-
|"Haye Mera Dil"
| rowspan="2" |2011
| rowspan="4" |Alfaaz, [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
| rowspan="6" |Yo Yo Honey Singh
| rowspan="3" |Speed Records
| rowspan="2" |From the album ''[[Alfaaz – The Boy Next Door]]''
|-
|"Yaar Baathere"
|-
|"Chamkila V/s Justine Bieber"
|2012
|
|-
|'Bebo"
| rowspan="3" |2013
|Yo Yo Honey Singh
|
|-
|"Fantasy"
|Alfaaz Featuring Yo Yo Honey Singh
| rowspan="2" |[[Shemaroo Entertainment]]
| rowspan="2" |From the soundtrack album of ''Jatt Airways''
|-
|"Sanu Hai Teri Lorh"
|Alfaaz, Simran Kaur
|-
|"Putt Jatt Da"
| rowspan="3" |2015
|Alfaaz
|Preet Hundal
|Acme Muzic
|
|-
|"Birthday Bash"
|Yo Yo Honey Singh Featuring
Alfaaz
|Yo Yo Honey Singh
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|From the soundtrack album of [[Dilliwali Zaalim Girlfriend|''Dilliwaali Zaalim Girlfriend'']]
|-
|"Gangster Love"
|Alfaaz,Kamal Khaira,Preet Hundal
|Preet Hundal
|Panj-aab Records
|
|-
|"Sexo"
| rowspan="2" |2016
|Alfaaz, Preet Hundal
| Preet Hundal
| rowspan="2" |[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|
|-
|"Kalley Rehen De"
|Alfaaz
|Yo Yo Honey Singh
|From the soundtrack album of ''[[Zorawar]]''
|-
|"Piche Piche "
| rowspan="2" |2018
|Shipra Goyal, Alfaaz
|Intense
|Eros International Media Ltd
|
|-
|Vadda Kalakaar
|Alfaaz,Gurlez Akhtar
| rowspan="5" |Mofusion Studios
| rowspan="2" |[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|From the soundtrack album of ''Vadda Kalakaar''
|-
|"Watsaap"
| rowspan="2" |2019
|Alfaaz
|
|-
|"Your Dad"
|Alfaaz,Singga
| rowspan="3" |Inka Productions
|
|-
|"Shartaan"
| rowspan="4" |2020
|Alfaaz,Jaggi Amargarh
|
|-
|"Lockdown"
| rowspan="2" |Alfaaz
|
|-
|"Fake Gangster"
|DJ Rude
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|
|-
|"Memories"
|Alfaaz Featuring Simar Kaur
|Mofusion Studios
|Saga Music
|
|-
|"Tell Me Once "
|2023
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Alfaaz,Yo Yo Honey Singh
|Yo Yo Honey Singh
|
|-
|"Compro"
|2025
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|Single from the album ''51 Glorious Days''
|}
'''Songwriting credits'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Track
!Year
!Artist(s)
!Music
!Lyrics
!Music label
!Albums
|-
|"Tu Mera 22 Main Tera 22"
| rowspan="9" |2012
|Yo Yo Honey Singh , Amrinder Gill
| rowspan="7" |Yo Yo Honey Singh
| rowspan="10" |Alfaaz
| rowspan="7" |Speed Records
| rowspan="6" |From the soundtrack of ''[[Tu Mera 22 Main Tera 22]] ''
|-
|"Main Naiyo Jaana"
|[[Amrinder Gill]]
|-
|"Baby This Baby That"
|[[Mika Singh]]
|-
|"Wakh"
| rowspan="3" |Amrinder Gill
|-
|"Dance To the Beat"
|-
|"Maula Jaane"
|-
|Siftaan
|Money Aujla Featuring Yo Yo Honey Singh
|From the album ''Siftaan''
|-
| "High Heels"
|[[Jaz Dhami]] Featuring Yo Yo Honey Singh
|
|
|
|-
|"This Party Getting Hot"
|[[Jazzy B]], Yo Yo Honey Singh
| rowspan="3" |Yo Yo Honey Singh
|Jazzy B Records
|
|-
|"Mehrma"
|2014
|Sam Sandhu Featuring [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
|[[Sony Music India]]
|
|-
|"Call Aundi"
|2016
|Yo Yo Honey Singh
|Alfaaz,Yo Yo Honey Singh,
Lil Golu
| rowspan="2" |[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|From the soundtrack album ''[[Zorawar]]''
|-
|"4 By 4"
|2018
|[[Shipra Goyal]]
|Ikwinder Singh
| rowspan="3" |Alfaaz
|
|-
|" Bulgari"
|2019
|Kulwinder Billa & Shipra Goyal
|[[Dr Zeus]]
|Speed Records
|
|-
|"Stranger"
| rowspan="2" |2020
|[[Diljit Dosanjh]] Featuring
Simar Kaur
|Mofusion Studios
|Saga Music
|
|-
|"Care Ni Karda"
|Sweetaj Brar, Yo Yo Honey Singh
|Yo Yo Honey Singh
|Alfaaz, Yo Yo Honey Singh, Hommie Dilliwala
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|From the soundtrack album of ''[[Chhalaang]]''
|-
|"Attach"
|2023
|[[Shipra Goyal]]
|Ikky
| rowspan="4" |Alfaaz
|Blue Beat Studios
|
|-
|'Barsaa To Me Bhi'
| rowspan="2" |2023
| rowspan="2" |Arsh Malik
|
|
|
|-
|"Kashmir"
|
|
|
|-
|"Tasveeran"
|2024
|[[Amrinder Gill]]
|Lowkey
|Rhythm Boyz
|From the Daaru Na Peenda Hove
|-
|"Laal Pari"
| rowspan="2" |2025
|Yo Yo Honey Singh, Simar Kaur
|Yo Yo Honey Singh
|Alfaaz, Yo Yo Honey Singh
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|From the soundtrack album of ''[[Housefull 5]]''
|-
|"War Anthem"
|Ninja, Wazir Patar
|GAG Studioz
|Alfaaz
|Ninja
|
|}

== Hospitalisation ==
According to reports, Alfaaz was admitted to the hospital in 1 October 2022 after being hit by a car. He was coming out of a [[dhaba]] in [[Mohali]] after having dinner with his three friends, namely, Gurpreet, Teji and Kuljit. He got into an argument with a man named Vicky, and subsequently, attacked him. Alfaaz was later hospitalised after being attacked. Honey Singh took to Twitter on Sunday, 2 October, to reveal that he is "out of danger".

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Punjabi singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Writers from Chandigarh]]

Hari Singh Sapre

2026-04-23T07:11:59Z

ShaneraDeF: put up new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kurwai Assembly constituency|Kurwai]]
| term_start = 2008
| term_end = 2013
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Shyamlal Panthi
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start1 = 2018
| constituency1 = [[Kurwai Assembly constituency|Kurwai]]
| predecessor1 = Veer Singh Panwar
}}
'''Hari Singh Sapre''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a three time elected [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]], [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]], and [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Kurwai Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kurwai, Election Result 2023 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2023 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/madhya-pradesh/kurwai-assembly-constituency-s12aed2008a146/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kurwai Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Kurwai Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/kurwai-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sapre, Hari Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kariapatti Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:51:58Z

ShaneraDeF: put up stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1967
| district = [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
| loksabha_cons = | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = All India Forward Bloc
| mla = A. R. Perumal
| name = Kariapatti
| electors= 94,337
| reservation = None
| abolished= 1976
}}
'''Kariapatti''' was former [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Virudhunagar district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It existed from 1967 to 1971.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]||A. R. Perumal || {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||A. R. Perumal|| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}|51.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|45.09}}
}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kariapatti<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. R. Perumal |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=31,499 |percentage=51.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthuvel Serval M. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,175 |percentage=36.14% |change=-7.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=David Ramasamy S. |party=Independent politician |votes=7,096 |percentage=11.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Meyya Thevar V. |party=Independent politician |votes=590 |percentage=0.96% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,324 |percentage=15.20% |change=13.43% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,360 |percentage=67.56% |change= -5.80% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,337 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Forward Bloc |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= 6.24% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kariapatti<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. R. Perumal |party=Swatantra Party |votes=28,484 |percentage=45.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Baskaran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,366 |percentage=43.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=7,316 |percentage=11.58% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,118 |percentage=1.77% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,166 |percentage=73.37% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,931 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Swatantra Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coords|9.67|78.10|display=title}}

[[Category:Virudhunagar district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1976]]
[[Category:1976 disestablishments in India]]

{{Virudhunagar-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Priol Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:40:31Z

ShaneraDeF: put up

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Priol
| mla = [[Govind Gaude]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Goa]]
| district = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]]
| established = 1989
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:31017}}<ref name=results2022/>{{update after|2027|5}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no =20
| map_image = File:Priol constitution.svg
}}

'''Priol Assembly constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the state of [[Goa]] in southern [[India]]. Priol is also one of the 20 constituencies falling under [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
Priol constituency was formed, in 1984 from some areas of Ponda and Marcaim constituencies after Goa attained Statehood.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kashinath Jalmi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
|[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vishwas Satarkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Deepak Dhavalikar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Govind Gaude]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3862-goa-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2017 |access-date= 7 June 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Priol<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Govind Gaude]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,019 |percentage=39.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Deepak Dhavalikar]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=10,806 |percentage=38.50% |change={{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandeep Nigalye |party=Independent politician |votes=2,697 |percentage=9.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vishvesh Naik |party=Revolutionary Goans Party |votes=2,517 |percentage=8.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Shiva Zalmi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=303 |percentage=1.08% |change={{decrease}}0.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nonu Chandrakant Naik |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=245 |percentage=0.87% |change={{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=244 |percentage=0.87% |change={{decrease}}0.79 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=213 |percentage=0.76% |change= {{decrease}}16.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,065 |percentage=90.49% |change= {{decrease}}0.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,017 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}16.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Priol<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Govind Gaude]] |party=Independent politician |votes=15,149 |percentage=56.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Deepak Dhavalikar]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=10,463 |percentage=38.83% |change={{decrease}}10.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Dattaram B. Dessai |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=456 |percentage=1.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=448 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramkrishna B. Jalmi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=429 |percentage=1.59% |change={{decrease}}4.98 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,686 |percentage=17.39% |change= {{increase}}8.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,945 |percentage=91.13% |change= {{increase}}1.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,568 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{increase}}6.63 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Priol<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Deepak Dhavalikar]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=12,264 |percentage=49.59% |change={{decrease}}1.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Govind Gaude]] |party=Independent politician |votes=10,164 |percentage=41.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhaku A. Madkaikar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,625 |percentage=6.57% |change={{decrease}}8.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shashi Panjikar |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=414 |percentage=1.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rama Krishna Borkar |party=Goa Vikas Party |votes=201 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,100 |percentage=8.49% |change= {{decrease}}12.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,732 |percentage=89.39% |change= {{increase}}11.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,595 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Priol<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Deepak Dhavalikar]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=10,591 |percentage=50.96% |change={{increase}}27.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vishwas Satarkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,266 |percentage=30.15% |change={{decrease}}11.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kashinath Jalmi|Dr.Kashinath Jalmi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,099 |percentage=14.91% |change={{decrease}}18.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaude Sham |party=Communist Party of India |votes=324 |percentage=1.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Rohidas |party=Independent politician |votes=196 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Uday |party=Shiv Sena |votes=169 |percentage=0.81% |change={{decrease}}1.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,325 |percentage=20.81% |change= {{increase}}12.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,781 |percentage=77.92% |change= {{increase}}2.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,635 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}9.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Priol<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vishwas Satarkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,071 |percentage=41.57% |change={{increase}}4.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amonkar Shrikant Sagun |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,409 |percentage=33.01% |change={{increase}}6.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kashinath Jalmi|Dr.Kashinath Jalmi]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=4,524 |percentage=23.30% |change={{decrease}}2.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kerkar Gorakh Suresh |party=Shiv Sena |votes=388 |percentage=2.00% |change={{increase}}0.37 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,662 |percentage=8.56% |change= {{decrease}}2.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,416 |percentage=75.16% |change= {{increase}}2.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,802 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.34 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Priol<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vishwas Satarkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,563 |percentage=37.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kashinath Jalmi|Dr.Kashinath Jalmi]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=4,593 |percentage=26.05% |change={{decrease}}18.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amonkar Shrikant Sagun |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,589 |percentage=26.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Rajendra Datta |party=Independent politician |votes=1,568 |percentage=8.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Desai Rajesh Kalidas |party=Shiv Sena |votes=287 |percentage=1.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,970 |percentage=11.17% |change= {{increase}}3.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,630 |percentage=73.01% |change= {{decrease}}4.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,107 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Priol<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kashinath Jalmi|Dr.Kashinath Jalmi]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=7,982 |percentage=44.49% |change={{decrease}}26.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Verenkar Mohan Mahadev |party=Independent politician |votes=6,640 |percentage=37.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaonkar Babusso Savlo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,816 |percentage=15.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaude Shantaram Ganesh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=195 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,342 |percentage=7.48% |change= {{decrease}}39.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,940 |percentage=76.89% |change= {{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,021 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.22 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}26.73 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Priol<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kashinath Jalmi|Dr.Kashinath Jalmi]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=11,766 |percentage=71.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satkar Babal Babuso |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,013 |percentage=24.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chari Ramesh Govind |party=Independent politician |votes=171 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Gaonkar Prabhakar Pandurang |party=Independent politician |votes=134 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Putu Naik |party=Independent politician |votes=112 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,753 |percentage=46.93% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,521 |percentage=76.23% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,273 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[North Goa district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}

{{coord|15.43|74|display=title}}

[[Category:North Goa district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Goa]]

Marina Lalramnghaki Hmar

2026-04-13T03:42:24Z

ShaneraDeF: New

{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Marina Lalramnghaki Hmar
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Marina Lalramnghaki Hmar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|6|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mizoram]], India
| height =
| weight =
| position = [[Field hockey#Positions|Midfielder]]
| currentclub =
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[Sports Authority of India]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 =
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| nationalyears1 = 2019–2022
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
| nationalcaps1 = 9
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
}}

'''Marina Lalramnghaki Hmar''' is an Indian [[field hockey]] player who plays as a [[midfielder]] for the [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian national team]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marina Lalramnghaki - Hockey India |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/marina-lalramnghaki-profile-3139 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.hockeyindia.org |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811161244/https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/marina-lalramnghaki-profile-3139 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India women's hockey team midfielder Marina Lalramnghaki reveals her "ultimate goal" |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/hockey/india-womens-hockey-team-midfielder-marina-lalramnghaki-reveals-her-ultimate-goal20240422154714/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lalramnghaki Marina {{!}} India hockey player |url=https://www.fih.hockey/events/world-cup/women/fih-hockey-womens-junior-world-cup-2021-1301/player/lalramnghaki-marina-24571 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
[[Marina Lalramnghaki Hmar]] was born on 12 June 2001 in Kawnpui Banglaveng, [[Kolasib district]], [[Mizoram]], India.<ref name="HIProfile">{{cite web |url=https://hockeyindia.org/players/marina-lalramnghaki-profile-3139 |title=Marina Lalramnghaki - Hockey India |website=Hockey India |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="ExploreMizoram2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.exploremizoram.com/2022/04/marina-lalramnghaki.html |title=Hockey star Marina Lalramnghaki |website=Explore Mizoram |date=12 June 2023 |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref> She is the daughter of Lalthianghlimi and Pahlira.<ref name="ExploreMizoram2022"/> Marina belongs to the [[Hmars|Hmar]] community, a scheduled tribe native to [[Northeast India]].{{cn|date=July 2025}}

She began playing hockey at the age of 10 during her school days in Mizoram.<ref name="HIInterview">{{cite web |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/i-had-confidence-in-my-abilities-says-marina-lalramnghaki-on-making-it-to-the-indian-womens-hockey-team-core-group |title='I had confidence in my abilities,' says Marina Lalramnghaki on making it to the Indian women's hockey team core group |website=Hockey India |date=22 April 2024 |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="ExploreMizoram2022"/> Her talent was soon recognized, leading to her selection in the [[Sports Authority of India|SAI]] Women Hockey Academy in Thenzawl, Mizoram.<ref name="HIInterview"/> She is known as one of the most promising young players from Mizoram.

Marina credits her inspiration to fellow Hmar [[Mizo people|Mizo]] hockey player [[Lalremsiami Hmar]] and idolises Indian team [[midfielder]] [[Sushila Chanu]].<ref name="HIInterview"/> She has stated that Lalremsiami's journey from Mizoram and her achievements inspired her to pursue hockey seriously, while Sushila Chanu's skills and commitment have been a model for her own development.<ref name="HIInterview"/>

== Achievements ==

* '''Selected for the Indian women's national hockey team core group (2024):''' Marina was shortlisted to the 33-member Indian [[Women’s Hockey]] Team core group after excelling in selection trials, reflecting her status as one of the top emerging [[midfielders]] in the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hockey India names 33-member core probables group for women’s national camp |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/hockey-india-names-33-member-core-probables-group-for-women-s-national-camp-101708370982687.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=2024-05-10 |access-date=2025-07-02}}</ref>
* '''Outstanding performance at the 14th Hockey India Senior Women National Championship (2024):''' She scored three goals during the tournament in [[Pune]], drawing national attention for her agility and strategic play.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mizoram’s Marina shines at Senior Women National Hockey Championship |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/mizoram/2024/05/05/mizorams-marina-shines-at-senior-women-national-hockey-championship/ |work=EastMojo |date=2024-05-05 |access-date=2025-07-02}}</ref>
* '''Represented India at major international junior tournaments:''' Marina participated in the FIH Hockey Women's Junior [[World Cup]] 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Junior Women’s Hockey Team for FIH Hockey Women’s Junior World Cup 2021 |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/indian-junior-womens-hockey-team-for-fih-hockey-womens-junior-world-cup-2021-announced |website=Hockey India |date=2021-11-15 |access-date=2025-07-02}}</ref> and the U-21 3 Nations Invitational [[Tournament]] in [[Australia]] (2019), marking her as one of the few from [[Mizoram]] to compete at this level.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marina Lalramnghaki Hmar: Young Mizo hockey star making her mark |url=https://www.thebridge.in/hockey/marina-lalramnghaki-hmar-young-mizo-hockey-star-20629 |work=The Bridge |date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2025-07-02}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/marina-lalramnghaki-profile-3139 Marina Lalramnghaki Hmar] at [[Hockey India]]

[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Women's field hockey midfielders]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

Tea Garden Express

2026-04-07T07:34:40Z

ShaneraDeF:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| box_width = 25em
| name = Tea Garden Express
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image =
| image_width =490px
| caption =KARAIKAL -ERANAMKULAM Junction Express
| type = [[Regional rail]] [[Passenger rail terminology#Express service|Express]]
| status = Operating
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1944|12|26|paren=yes}}
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| formeroperator = [[South Indian Railway]]
| start = {{rws|Karaikal}} '''(KIK)'''
| stops = 26
| end = {{rws|Ernakulam Junction}} '''(ERS)'''
| distance = {{convert|593|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 14 Hours 15 Minutes
| frequency = Daily
| trainnumber = 16187{{\}}16188
| line_used = [[Jolarpettai–Shoranur line]] '''([[Erode Junction railway station|ED]]{{snd}}[[Shoranur Junction railway station|SRR]])''' [[Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section]] '''([[Shoranur Junction railway station|SRR]]{{snd}}[[Ernakulam Junction railway station|ERS]])'''
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| access = {{Access icon|20px}}
| seating = [[Corridor coach]] ({{small|Unreserved}})
| sleeping = [[Couchette car]]
| autorack = No
| catering = No
| observation = Windows in all carriages
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Overhead racks Baggage carriage
| otherfacilities =
| stock = '''Locomotive:''' [[WAP4]] ([[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam|AJJ]]/[[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|ED]]) '''Coach:''' One AC 2–Tier (2A) Two AC 3–Tier (3A) Thirteen II [[Couchette car|Sleeper]] Five UR{{\}}GS Two SLR
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =Yes
| speed = {{convert|42|km/h}}
| owners = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| routenumber = 86{{\}}86A<ref>{{cite web|title=Trains at a Glance July 2013 - June 2014|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,537|work=[[Indian Railways]]|publisher=[[Railway Board]]|accessdate=8 March 2014}}</ref>
| map = [[File:Tea Garden Express (Karaikal-Ernakulam) Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state = hide
}}

'''Tea Garden Express''' (Officially known as '''Karaikal{{snd}}Ernakulam Express''') is an [[wikt:overnight|overnight]] [[regional rail]] connecting [[Karaikal]] in [[Union Territory of Puducherry]] with [[Ernakulam]] in [[Kerala]] via [[Nagapattinam Junction railway station|Nagapattinam Junction]], [[Thanjavur Junction railway station|Thanjavur Junction]], [[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirappalli Junction]], [[Karur Junction railway station|Karur Junction]], [[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Junction]], [[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad Junction]].

== History ==

The train introduced during the 1940s,<ref name=initial>{{cite news|title=The end of the road for the Harbour Terminus?|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2005/01/04/stories/2005010400930200.htm|accessdate=8 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 January 2005|location=[[Kochi]]|archive-date=4 January 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050104131347/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2005/01/04/stories/2005010400930200.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> as Ooty–Cochin express to transport tea and related products from the Nilgiris to [[Cochin Port]] and further exported to Europe and world over, hence came the name of the train. It ran in narrow gauge between {{rws|Udhagamandalam}} and {{rws|Mettupalayam}} and broad gauge between {{rws|Mettupalayam}} and {{rws|Cochin Harbour Terminus}}.<ref name=chts>{{cite web|last=Jimmy|first=Jose|title=Cochin Harbour Terminus|url=http://www.trainweb.org/railkerala/articles/jimmy_chts.htm|work=Trainweb.org|accessdate=8 March 2014}}</ref> Post Indian independence, the Ooty–Mettupalayam trip was cut–off and the train ran as No.565/566 between {{rws|Cochin Harbour Terminus}} and {{rws|Mettupalayam}}, since the 1970s.<ref name=setoff>{{cite news|title=Waiting for the TRAIN of Hope|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/24/stories/2004062401020100.htm|accessdate=8 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 June 2004|archive-date=10 November 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041110194250/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/24/stories/2004062401020100.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Then, the {{rws|Mettupalayam}}–{{rws|Coimbatore Junction}} portion was cut–off and was re-routed to {{rws|Tiruchirappalli Junction}} from Cochin ({{rws|Ernakulam Junction}}), numbered as 6865{{\}}6866.<ref name=oldtt>{{cite web|last=Jimmy|first=Jose|title=Old time table from 1975|url=http://www.irfca.org/gallery/Heritage/timetables/Miscellaneous_Timetables/chts1.jpg.html|work=[[IRFCA]]|accessdate=8 March 2014}}</ref> In the 2009–2010 Railway Budget, it was announced that the service will be extended to [[Nagore]],<ref name=extn>{{cite web|title=Interim Railway Budget 2009-10: 14 trains extended|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=47482|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|publisher=[[Ministry of Railways (India)]]|accessdate=8 March 2014|date=13 February 2009}}</ref><ref name=srly>{{cite news|title=Salient features of Time Table - November 2009|url=http://images.mathrubhumi.com/images/2009/Oct/30/00202_120406.swf|accessdate=8 March 2014|newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=30 October 2009|page=3|format=[[SWF]]}}</ref><ref name=tobe>{{cite news|title=New train timings to come into force on Sunday|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/31/stories/2009103157000400.htm|accessdate=8 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 October 2009|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|archive-date=4 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104105453/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/31/stories/2009103157000400.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the extension was effected on 30 March 2010.<ref name=extendedncr>{{cite news|last=P. V. Srividya|title=Ernakulam-Tiruchi train extended up to Nagore|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/31/stories/2010033161220100.htm|accessdate=8 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 March 2010|archive-date=3 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403215823/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/31/stories/2010033161220100.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The number of train was changed from the 6865{{\}}6866 to 16865{{\}}16866 since December 2010 onwards, as a part of train management system over the entire Indian Railways network.<ref>{{cite web|title=Railways to Switch to 'Five' – Digit System for Numbering all its Passenger Carrying Trains from December 2010|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=65917|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=23 September 2010|accessdate=8 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Railways migrate to 5-digit number scheme to monitor trains|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Railways-migrate-to-5-digit-number-scheme-to-monitor-trains/articleshow/7132909.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 December 2010|accessdate=8 March 2014}}</ref> The train services were further extended to Karaikal from 17 December 2011 onwards<ref name=extnkik>{{cite news|title=Union Minister to inaugurate new BG line today|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/union-minister-to-inaugurate-new-bg-line-today/article2722471.ece|accessdate=8 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 December 2011|location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref> and re–numbered from 16865{{\}}16866 to 16187{{\}}16188, since 1 September 2013.<ref name=renbd>{{cite news|last=Jaideep|first=Shenoy|title=Indian Railway renumbers trains starting September 1|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangalore/Indian-Railway-renumbers-trains-starting-September-1/articleshow/22095967.cms|accessdate=8 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 August 2013|location=[[Mangalore]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Change in train numbers / Line Block / Onam Special|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=1518&id=0,4,268|work=[[Southern Railway zone]]|accessdate=8 March 2014|date=30 August 2013}}</ref>

== Importance ==
This train provides connectivity for the people of Kerala and western districts to educational institutions<ref name=hell>{{cite news|title=Hell of a ride for 'T Garden' passengers|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/131013/news-current-affairs/article/hell-ride-%E2%80%98t-garden%E2%80%99-passengers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310170801/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/131013/news-current-affairs/article/hell-ride-%E2%80%98t-garden%E2%80%99-passengers|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 March 2014|accessdate=10 March 2014|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=13 October 2013|location=[[Kochi]]}}</ref> and places of worship in delta districts, viz., [[Navagraha temples|Navagraham temples]]<ref name=nava>{{cite news|title=Suggestions galore to improve Chemmozhi Express services|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/suggestions-galore-to-improve-chemmozhi-express-services/article4812998.ece|accessdate=10 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 June 2013|location=[[Coimbatore]]}}</ref> like [[Tirunallar Saniswaran Temple]] and [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur]] others, [[Nagore Dargah]] and [[Velankanni Matha]] shrine.<ref name=worship>{{cite news|last=Syed Muthahar|first=Saqaf|title=Extension of Ernakulam train, a rude shock to passengers|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/22/stories/2009022259690300.htm|accessdate=9 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 February 2009|location=[[Tiruchi]]|archive-date=25 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225090915/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/22/stories/2009022259690300.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Rakes==
This train has 23 coaches composing all six classes: One AC 2–Tier (2A), Two AC 3–Tier (3A), Thirteen II [[Couchette car|Sleeper]] coaches (SL), five Unreserved (general) coaches (UR{{\}}GS) and two Luggage rakes (SLR).{{efn|The coach composition is subject to change.}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
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!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 23
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] || SLR || GS || GS || GS || A1 || B1 || B2 || S1 || S2 || S3 || S4 || S5 || S6 || S7 || S8 || S9 || S10 || S11 || S12 || S13 || GS || GS || SLR
|-
|}

The train reverses its direction once at [[Tiruchirappalli Junction]].

It shares rake with [[Chennai Egmore–Karaikal Kamban Express|Kamban Express]] and 56005/56006 Ernakulam–Kottayam-Ernakulam Passenger.

== Schedule ==
The train numbered 16187 departs Karaikal railway station as Ernakulam Express at 16:30 hours, arrives [[Tiruchirappalli Junction]] at 19:50 hours, reverses loco and departs at 20:00 hours and finally arrives [[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam Junction]] at 07:00 hours, the next day.<ref name="KIK-ERS">{{cite web|title=Train Time Table for KIK-ERS|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/86.pdf|work=[[Indian Railways]]|publisher=[[Railway Board]]|accessdate=8 March 2014|page=3}}</ref> On the return direction, the train numbered 16188 departs [[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam Junction]] as Karaikal Express at 22:30 hours, arrives [[Tiruchirappalli Junction]] at 07:55 hours, the next day, reverses loco and departs at 08:05 hours and finally arrives Karaikal railway station at 11:55 hours. Some of the prominent stoppages for the train are [[Nagore]], [[Nagapattinam]], [[Thiruvarur]], [[Thanjavur Junction railway station|Thanjavur]], [[Karur]], [[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore]], [[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad]], [[Ottappalam railway station|Ottappalam
]],[[Thrissur railway station|Thrissur]] and [[Aluva railway station|Aluva]].<ref name="ERS-KIK">{{cite web|title=Train Time Table for ERS-KIK|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/86A.pdf|work=[[Indian Railways]]|publisher=[[Railway Board]]|accessdate=8 March 2014|page=2}}</ref>{{efn|The timings are in [[Indian Standard Time]].}}

==See also==
* [[Tambaram–Mangaluru Central Express]]
* [[Guruvayur Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/ Southern Railway - Official Website]

{{Express trains running through Kerala}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tea Garden Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Karaikal]]
[[Category:Transport in Kochi]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Tea culture]]
[[Category:Indian tea]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1944]]

Taj Mahal (2010 film)

2026-04-05T05:37:40Z

ShaneraDeF: adding a post

{{short description|2010 Indian Telugu-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Taj Mahal
| image = Taj Mahal 2010 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| native_name = 
| director = Arun Singaraju
| screenplay = Arun Singaraju
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on|[[Taj Mahal (2008 film)|''Taj Mahal'']]|[[R. Chandru]]}}
| producer = [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]]
| starring = Sivaji [[Nushrratt Bharuccha]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = V. Srinivas Reddy
| editing = V. Nagi Reddy
| music = [[Abhimann Roy]]
| studio = Sri Sivaji Productions
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|3|20}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Taj Mahal ''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Telugu-language]] film directed by Arun Singaraju, starring [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] and [[Nushrratt Bharuccha]]. The film received mixed to positive reviews and the film's soundtrack was praised. It is a remake of the 2008 [[Kannada language|Kannada]] film [[Taj Mahal (2008 film)|of the same name]].

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] as Ajay Kumar
*[[Nushrratt Bharuccha]] as Shruti
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Venkateswarlu, Ajay's father
*[[L. B. Sriram]] as Villager
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Sruthi's father
*[[Vijay Sai]] as Swami, Ajay's roommate
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Pragathi]] as Sruthi's mother
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as Hostel Warden
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Ajay's college mate
*[[Chitram Srinu]] as Ajay's college friend
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Shankar Anna
*[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Kittayya
*[[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeeta]] as Ajay's mother
*[[Aarthi Agarwal]] as Lecturer Maisamma (special appearance)
* [[D. Ramanaidu]] as himself (in a cameo appearance)
* Kadambari Kiran as Narayana, money lender
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
Hindi actress [[Nushrratt Bharuccha]] made her Telugu debut with this film under the stage name of Shruti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/shruti.html|title=Shruti interview - Telugu Cinema interview - Telugu film actress|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=4 July 2022|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620235701/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/shruti.html|url-status=live}}</ref> USA-trained Arun Singaraju was to direct a ''[[Hyderabad Blues]]''-esque film but changed his mind after meeting Sivaji on the sets of ''Indumathi'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/tajmahal.html|title=Taj Mahal by Sivaji - Telugu cinema news - Sivaji & Sruthi|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=4 July 2022|archive-date=4 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704010414/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/tajmahal.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/arunsingaraju.html|title=Arun Singaraju interview - Telugu Cinema interview - Telugu film director|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=4 July 2022|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620235659/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/arunsingaraju.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sivaji debuted as a producer with this film and he bought the remake rights after the success of the Kannada original.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/logo-tajmahal.html|title=Taj Mahal logo launch - Telugu cinema|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=4 July 2022|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620235852/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/logo-tajmahal.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2009/nov/02/taj-mahal-logo-unveiled-100320.html|title=Taj Mahal logo unveiled|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=2 November 2009|accessdate=10 September 2022|archive-date=4 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704034050/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2009/nov/02/taj-mahal-logo-unveiled-100320.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Aarthi Agarwal]], whose career hit a low point, did an item number in the film.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Abhimann Roy|Abhiman]], who reused the songs from the original film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-tajmahal.html|title=Taj Mahal music launch - Telugu cinema - Sivaji & Sruthi|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=4 July 2022|archive-date=21 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621193624/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-tajmahal.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/tajmahal/XlW4hNaTLrQ_|title=Taj Mahal|work=JioSaavn|date=2009}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Nuvante Istamani
| extra1 = [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Emantha Neram
| extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Pranavi
| length2 =
| title3 = Nee Meedey
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Manasu Nippula
| extra4 = [[Haricharan]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Challani Premaku
| extra5 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Etu Choosina
| extra6 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| length6 =
| title7 = Prema Ee Vinta
| extra7 = [[G. Venugopal]]
| length7 =
| total_length = 28:06
}}

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' opined that Sivaji gave "his career’s finest performance" and wrote that "On a whole, ''Taj Mahal'' is a decent movie with a message supporting parents".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tajmahal.html|title=Taj Mahal film review - Telugu cinema Review - Sivaji & Shruti|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=4 July 2022|archive-date=21 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621193619/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tajmahal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1582617}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 Telugu-language films]]

Prema Jayakumar

2026-03-31T16:49:40Z

ShaneraDeF:

{{Short description|Indian translator (born 1952)}}
{{Given name hatnote|Prema|Jayakumar|lang=Malayali}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Prema Jayakumar
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1952}}
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Translator
| movement =
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| children =
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]] (2023)
| influences =
| signature =
}}
'''Prema Jayakumar''' is an Indian translator from Kerala. She translated many noted works from [[Malayalam]] to English. She received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]] in 2024.

==Biography==
Prema Jayakumar was born in Kozhikode in 1952.<ref name="Keralaliterature">{{cite web |title=പ്രേമ ജയകുമാര്‍ |url=https://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%e0%b4%ae%e0%b4%b2%e0%b4%af%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b3%e0%b4%82-%e0%b4%8e%e0%b4%b4%e0%b5%81%e0%b4%a4%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%a4%e0%b5%81%e0%b4%95%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b0%e0%b5%8d/prema-jayakumar/ |website=Keralaliterature.com |date=14 January 2019}}</ref> He father B.K. Menon, a banker, was also a poet and writer.<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news |date=2012-12-28 |title=...Word for word |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/word-for-word/article4248973.ece |access-date=2025-08-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She holds a Master's degree in English Literature and worked as an officer in the State Bank of India for 20 years.<ref name="Hindu" />

==Literary contributions==
Prema translated the novel ''Aswathathmavu'', written by writer and actor [[Madampu Kunjukuttan]] into English.<ref>{{cite web |title=അശ്വത്ഥാമാവ് നോവലിന്റെ പുതിയ പതിപ്പ് ബി ഉണ്ണികൃഷ്ണൻ പ്രകാശനം ചെയ്തു {{!}} DCBooks |url=https://dcink.in/literature-news/b-unnikrishnan-releases-new-edition-of-ashwathamavu-novel |website=dcink.in |language=ml |date=5 June 2025}}</ref> That was her first translation.<ref name="Hindu" /> Writer [[N. N. Kakkad]], who was also a family friend and who read it, encouraged her efforts at translation.<ref name="Hindu" />

Later, Prema translated the historical novel "Theekdal Kadanju Thirumadhuram" written by novelist [[C. Radhakrishnan]], about the life of the [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|Ezhuthachan]], into English under the title ''Nectar from the Sea of Fire''.<ref name="Keralakaumudi">{{cite news |title='Nectar from Sea of Fire': A novel about the Father of Malayalam language |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1238529 |work=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref> She translated [[Sethu (writer)|Sethu]]'s ''Marupiravi'' into English as ''The Saga of Muziris''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purohit |first=Sudarshan |date=2017-01-21 |title=Tracing back the forgotten roots |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2017/Jan/21/tracing-back-the-forgotten-roots-1561387.html |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Sethu's ''Pandavapuram'' was translated when she was advised to take bed rest during her pregnancy.<ref name="Hindu" /> Sethu's another work ''Niyogam'' was translated as ''The Wind from the Hills''.<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Prema Jayakumar short-listed for Crossword award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2009/Jul/07/prema-jayakumar-short-listed-for-crossword-award-65720.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=15 May 2012 |language=en}}</ref> This book was nominated for the Crossword Award in the Indian Language Fiction Translation category in 2008.<ref name="Indian Express"/> Before that, in 2005, Prema was nominated for the Crossword Award for her translation of V.K. Madhavankutty's novel ''Aashreekaram'' (English title: ''The Unspoken Curse'').<ref name="Indian Express"/>

Her other major translations include English translations of [[M. Mukundan]]'s ''Daivatthinte Vikrithikal'' (English: ''[[God's Mischief]]'') and ''Haridwaril Manimuzhangumbol'' (English title: ''The Bells are Ringing in Haridwar''), [[Malayattoor Ramakrishnan]]'s ''Yakshi'', ''Aram Viral'' (English title:''Sixth Finger''), and ''Mrithiyude Kavadam'' (English title:''Doorways to Death''), Sethu's ''Jalasamadhi'', among others.<ref>{{cite news |title=ലോകം കണ്ട മലയാള കൃതികള്‍; ഇംഗ്ലിഷിലേക്കുള്ള മലയാളസാഹിത്യ വിവർത്തനത്തിന്റെ പാരമ്പര്യത്തിലൂടെ... |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/2025/03/10/marumozhi-column-about-history-of-malayalam-to-english-translation.html |language=ml}}</ref> The BBC has selected the translation of ''Yakshi'' for their 'Off the Bookshelf' radio programme.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-05-04 |title=For the love of the language |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2009/Jul/15/for-the-love-of-the-language-63608.html |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

[[C. V. Raman Pillai]]'s epic novel [[Marthandavarma (novel)|Marthandavarma]] was translated into English by her father B.K. Menon in 1936.<ref name="Manorama">{{Cite web |title=ചരിത്രം സൃഷ്ടിച്ച പരിഭാഷ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/2020/12/09/131th-year-of-indulekha.html |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=Manoramaonline |language=ml}}</ref> 62 years later, Prema revised this translation and it was reprinted by the [[Sahitya Akademi]] in 1998.<ref name="Manorama" /> She has also translated ''[[Ramarajabahadur (novel)|Rama Raja Bahadur]]'' by [[C. V. Raman Pillai]].<ref name=":0" />

Prema has also written many books based on Indian mythology and epics in children's literature genre.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-06 |title=Roundtable Discussion: Gender in Indian Scripture |url=https://www.aware.org.sg/2013/02/roundtable-discussion-on-gender-in-indian-scripture/ |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=AWARE |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027131108/https://www.aware.org.sg/2013/02/roundtable-discussion-on-gender-in-indian-scripture/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Works==
===Translations===
*{{cite book |title=The saga of Muziris |date=December 14, 2016 |publisher=Niyogi Books |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-9385285578 |edition=1st}}
*{{cite book |title=The sixth finger |date=November 1, 2017 |publisher=Ratna Books |location=Delhi, India |isbn=978-9386600479}}
*{{cite book |title=Nectar From Sea of Fire |date=January 1, 2023 |publisher=HiTech Books |isbn=9789381399460}}
*{{cite book |title=Jalasamadhi and other stories: Short Stories |date=February 20, 2020 |publisher=Ratna Books |isbn=9789352907427}}
*{{cite book |title=The Bells are Ringing in Haridwar: Three novellas |date=February 20, 2020 |publisher=Ratna Books |isbn=9789352907434}}
*{{cite book |title=Rama Raja Bahadur |date=January 1, 2003 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8126017867}}
*{{cite book |title=Yakshi |date=June 22, 2023 |publisher=Amazon}} Kindle edition (ASIN:B0C93WC548).
*{{cite book |title=The unspoken curse |date=April 30, 2006 |publisher=India Research Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8187943846}}
*{{cite book |title=Pandavapuram |date=1995 |publisher=Mcmillan India |location=Chennai |isbn=978-0333923085}}
*{{cite book |title=The Wind from the Hills |date=January 1, 2008 |publisher=Tranquebar |isbn=978-8189975647}}
*{{cite book |title=God's mischief |date=2002 |publisher=Penguin Books |location= New Delhi |isbn=978-0143028772}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1lkAAAAMAAJ |title=The Trial of the Mahatma: Novel |date=2002 |publisher=Yeti Books |isbn=978-81-88330-07-2 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |title=Doorways to death: two novellas on death and rebirth |date=1995 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-025561-4 |location=New Delhi}}

===Children's literature===
*{{Cite book |title= Krishna |date=November 29, 2013 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-8126441457 |language=en}} Story of [[Krishna]] in simplified English for children.
*{{Cite book |title= Karna |date=December 1, 2012 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=9788126436439 |language=en}} Story of [[Karna]] in simplified English for children.
*{{Cite book |title= Mahabharata: The Roll of the Dice |date=January 1, 2020 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=9788126426201 |language=en}} A story from the [[Mahabharata]], written in simplified English for children
*{{Cite book |title= Mahabharata: The Great War |date=January 1, 2022 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=9788126426218 |language=en}} A story from the Mahabharata, written in simplified English for children.
*{{Cite book |title= Mahabharata: The Final Battle |date=June 10, 2011 |publisher=Real Reads |isbn=9781906230333 |language=en}} A story from the Mahabharata, written in simplified English for children
*{{Cite book |title= Ramayana |date=December 1, 2011 |publisher=[[DC Books]] |isbn=9788126425488 |language=en}} Simplified English translation of [[Ramayana]] for children.
*{{Cite book |title= Shakuntalam |date=January 1, 2022 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=9788126429011 |language=en}} Simplified English translation of [[Shakuntala (play)| Shakuntala]] for children.

==Awards and honors==
Prema received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]] (for 2023) in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി അവാർഡുകൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/kerala-sahitya-academy-award-doe-2023/1127704 |work=Deshabhimani |language=ml |archive-date=2024-07-27 |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240727083004/https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/kerala-sahitya-academy-award-doe-2023/1127704 |url-status=live }}</ref> She received the V. Abdullah Translation Award in 2024 for translating C. Radhakrishnan's ''Theekkadal Kadanju Thirumadhuram'' under the title ''Nectar from Sea of Fire''.<ref>{{cite news |title=V. Abdulla translation prize presented to Prema Jayakumar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/v-abdulla-translation-prize-presented-to-prema-jayakumar/article68215834.ece |work=The Hindu |date=25 May 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Her translation work ''Nectar from Sea of Fire'' also won the 2024 C.P. Menon Memorial Award.<ref>{{cite news |title=കെ.സി നാരായണനും സുലോചന നാലപ്പാട്ടിനും പ്രേമ ജയകുമാറിനും സി. പി മേനോൻ പുരസ്‌കാരം |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/cp-menon-awards-kc-narayanan-sulochana-nalapattu-prema-jayakumar-j-devika-prabhavathi-menon-1.9939706 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=28 September 2024 |language=ml}}</ref> She was also shortlisted for the [[Crossword Prize]] three times.<ref name="Madhyamam">{{Cite web |last=രതിമേനോന്‍ |first=ഡോ |date=2024-07-08 |title=''ഞാൻ വിവർത്തനം ചെയ്യാറുള്ളത് എനിക്ക് ഇഷ്ടം തോന്നുന്ന കൃതികളാണ്'' {{!}} weekly interview {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/interview/weekly-interview-1305315 |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Cite web |last=Jayakumar |first=Prema |date=2018-12-20 |title=I'm Not a Traitor |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/new-year-2019-issue/im-not-a-traitor/ |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayakumar, Prema}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Translators to English]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kanda Assembly constituency

2026-03-28T03:36:07Z

ShaneraDeF: reworked article for accuracy and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Uttarakhand Assembly, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kanda
| established = 2002
| abolished = 2012
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| district = [[Bageshwar district|Bageshwar]]
| type= SLA
}}

'''Kanda Legislative Assembly constituency''' was one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]]. It was abolished in 2012 following the delimitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |website=Ceo.uk.gov.in |accessdate=2016-11-13}}</ref><ref name="results2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3226-uttarakhand%092002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttarakhand |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=16 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |title=Ac_pc |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060201/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |title=Assembly Constituencies |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060144/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kanda Legislative Assembly constituency was a part of [[Almora (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Assembly
!Duration
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|1st]]
|2002–2007
| [[Ummed Singh Majila]]<ref name="results2002">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3226-uttarakhand%092002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttarakhand |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=16 January 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2nd]]
|2007–2012
| [[Balwant Singh Bhauryal]]<ref name="results2007">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3228-uttarakhand-2007/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttarakhand |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=16 January 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanda<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Balwant Singh Bhauryal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,324 |percentage=39.73% |change={{increase}}14.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Umed Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,221 |percentage=33.89% |change={{increase}}4.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bahadur Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,280 |percentage=14.64% |change={{increase}}3.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Heera Ballabh Bhatt |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,349 |percentage=3.74% |change={{decrease}}0.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hayat Singh Bajetha |party=Independent politician |votes=1,072 |percentage=2.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hargovind Joshi |party=Independent politician |votes=885 |percentage=2.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bahadur Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=377 |percentage=1.05% |change={{decrease}}5.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Singh Rawat |party=Independent politician |votes=281 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anand Singh |party=Bharatiya Jan Shakti |votes=268 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,103 |percentage=5.83% |change= {{increase}}2.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,057 |percentage=63.31% |change= {{increase}}4.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,018 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanda<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ummed Singh Majila |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,535 |percentage=29.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Balwant Singh Bhauryal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,503 |percentage=25.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bahadur Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,229 |percentage=11.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neema |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=2,019 |percentage=6.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramdutt Panday |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,902 |percentage=6.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,304 |percentage=4.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pooran Chandra Bhatt |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,247 |percentage=4.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hargovind Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,039 |percentage=3.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Chandra Updhaya |party=Independent politician |votes=650 |percentage=2.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kundan Singh Athani |party=Independent politician |votes=647 |percentage=2.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganesh Dutt |party=Independent politician |votes=530 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,032 |percentage=3.51% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,365 |percentage=59.08% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,795 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|29.81|79.83|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2002]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Bageshwar district]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]

Ajay Navaria

2026-03-22T14:24:49Z

ShaneraDeF: New new post

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
'''Ajay Navaria''' (born 1972, [[Delhi]]) is an Indian writer and scholar, born in [[Dausa]], Rajasthan, India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Sampath |first=G. |date=2018-11-02 |title=We are not Dalits 24 hours a day: writer-scholar Ajay Navaria |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/we-are-not-dalits-24-hours-a-day/article25403458.ece |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Navaria's work is specifically in the genre of short stories and novels. He currently holds the position of Professor of Hindi Literature at [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] in New Delhi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ajay Navaria |url=https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2017/may/ajay-navaria/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=news.northwestern.edu |language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox author
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1972}}
| occupation = Short story author
| period = 1975 - 2013
| subject = Dalit experiences
| notable_works = {{unbulleted list|Patkatha aur Anya Kahaniya (2006)|Yes Sir (2012)|Udhar ke Log (2008)|Unclaimed Terrain (2013) - English translation of selected stories}}
}}

== Education and Early Career ==
Navaria commenced his academic career by teaching Hindu religious scripture and ethics. He later pursued higher education at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU), where he completed his M.Phil. and Ph.D. His literary journey began with the publication of his first story, "Kohra" (Fog), in 1995.

== Literary Works ==
Ajay Navaria has authored two collections of Hindi short stories: "Patkatha aur Anya Kahaniya" (2006) and "Yes Sir" (2012). Additionally, he has penned a novel titled "Udhar ke Log" (2009). Navaria gained international acclaim with the release of "Unclaimed Terrain" in 2013, an anthology of his stories translated into English by Laura Brueck.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Satyanarayana and Tharu |title=The Exercise of Freedom: An Introduction to Dalit Writing |date=2013 |publisher=Navayana |isbn=9788189059613 |location=New Delhi |page=129}}</ref> He has been associated with the premier Hindi literary journal, [[Hans (magazine)|Hans]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pratilipi » अजय नावरिया / Ajay Navaria |url=https://pratilipi.in/ajay-navaria/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Unclaimed Terrain |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/books/unclaimed-terrain/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref>

One of Navaria's widely discussed stories is "New Custom," based on a real incident involving his father. The narrative addresses the practice of untouchability, specifically the expectation for Dalits to wash their own cups at roadside stalls. Another well-known story, "Yes Sir," explores the dynamics between a Dalit civil servant and a Brahmin peon, delving into imagined scenarios to examine caste relations.<ref name=":0" />

== Notable works ==

* ''Patkatha aur Anya Kahaniya'' (2006)
* ''Yes Sir'' (2012)
* ''Udhar ke Log'' (2008)
* ''Unclaimed Terrain'' (2013) - English translation of selected stories

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Navaria, Ajay}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jamia Millia Islamia]]

Tamil Nadu cricket team

2026-03-20T18:35:35Z

ShaneraDeF:

{{short description|Indian cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Tamil Nadu cricket team
| image = Tamil Nadu Cricket Association.png
| colours = {{color box|Yellow}} Yellow {{color box|#27408B}} Dark Blue
| captain = [[Sai Kishore]] (FC) [[Narayan Jagadeesan]] (LA) [[Washington Sundar]] (T20)
| coach = [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]]
| founded = 1864
| ground = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]]
| capacity = 50,000
| owner = [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]]
| first_fc = [[Marylebone Cricket Club]]
| first_fc_year = 1927
| first_fc_venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Madras Cricket Club Ground, Madras]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 2
| title2 = [[Irani Cup]]
| title2wins = 1
| title3 = [[Deodhar Trophy]]
| title3wins = 1
| title4 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| title4wins = 5
| title5 = [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| title5wins = 3
| website = [http://www.tnca.cricket/ TNCA]
}}
The '''Tamil Nadu cricket team''' is a domestic cricket team run by [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] representing the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It has been one of the most dominant teams in white-ball domestic cricket in India. The team plays in [[Ranji Trophy]], the highest tier of the domestic first-class cricket tournament in [[India]] and in List A tournaments [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] and [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]. They have won the [[Ranji Trophy]] twice and have finished runners-up nine times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fastcricket.com/entry/1269/|title=Ranji Trophy winners list : Teams who have won most Indian championships|website=fastcricket.com}}</ref>

They are the team that has won the [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] and [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] most often. They were the first team to win the [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] in [[2006–07 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2006/07]]. The team was known as '''Madras''' until the 1970–71 season before the [[Madras state]] was renamed [[Tamil Nadu]]. [[Tamil Nadu]] is the only team to win the five different Indian domestic trophies ([[Ranji Trophy]], [[Irani Trophy]], [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] and [[Deodhar Trophy]]).

==Home ground==
The team is based at the [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], named after [[M. A. Chidambaram]] a former president of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]. Established in 1916, it has a capacity of 38,000 and had floodlights installed in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58008.html|title=MA Chidambaram Stadium {{!}} India {{!}} Cricket Grounds {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|website=Cricinfo|access-date=2016-10-20}}</ref>

==Honours==
* '''[[Ranji Trophy]]'''
** '''Winners (2):''' [[1954–55 Ranji Trophy|1954–55]], [[1987–88 Ranji Trophy|1987–88]]
** '''Runners-up (10):''' [[1935–36 Ranji Trophy|1935–36]], [[1940–41 Ranji Trophy|1940–41]], [[1967–68 Ranji Trophy|1967–68]], [[1972–73 Ranji Trophy|1972–73]], [[1991–92 Ranji Trophy|1991–92]], [[1995–96 Ranji Trophy|1995–96]], [[2002–03 Ranji Trophy|2002–03]], [[2003–04 Ranji Trophy|2003–04]], [[2011–12 Ranji Trophy|2011–12]], [[2014–15 Ranji Trophy|2014–15]]

* '''[[Irani Cup]]'''
** '''Winners:''' 1988-89

* '''[[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]'''
** '''Winners (5):''' 2002-03, [[2004–05 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2004-05]], [[2008–09 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2008-09]], [[2009–10 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2009-10]], [[2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2016-17]]
** '''Runners-up (2):''' [[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2019-20]], [[2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2021-22]]

* '''[[Deodhar Trophy]]'''
** '''Winners:''' [[2016–17 Deodhar Trophy|2016-17]]

* '''[[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]'''
** '''Winners (3):''' [[2006–07 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2006-07]], [[2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2020-21]], [[2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2021-22]]
** '''Runners-up:''' [[2019–20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2019-20]]

==Famous players==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
{{main|List of Tamil Nadu cricketers}}
Players from Tamil Nadu who have played Test cricket for India, along with year of Test debut:

* [[M. J. Gopalan]] (1934)
* [[Cotah Ramaswami]] (1936)
* [[C. R. Rangachari]] (1948)
* [[C. D. Gopinath]] (1951)
* [[A. G. Kripal Singh]] (1955)
* [[A. G. Milkha Singh]] (1960)
* [[V. V. Kumar]] (1961)
* [[S. Venkataraghavan]] (1965)
* [[Bharath Reddy (cricketer)|Bharath Reddy]] (1979)
* [[T. E. Srinivasan]] (1981)
* [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth]] (1981)
* [[T. A. Sekhar]] (1983)
* [[Laxman Sivaramakrishnan]] (1983)
* [[Bharat Arun]] (1986)
* [[W. V. Raman]] (1988)
* [[M. Venkataramana]] (1989)
* [[Aashish Kapoor]] (1994)
* [[Robin Singh (cricketer, born 1963)|Robin Singh]] (1998)
* [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]] (1999)
* [[Hemang Badani]] (2001)
* [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] (2003)
* [[Dinesh Karthik]] (2004)
* [[Murali Vijay]] (2008)
* [[Subramaniam Badrinath]] (2010)
* [[Abhinav Mukund]] (2011)
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (2011)
* [[Washington Sundar]] (2021)
* [[T Natarajan]] (2021)
* [[Sai Sudharsan]] (2025)

Players from Tamil Nadu who have played ODI but not Test cricket for India, along with year of ODI debut :

* [[V. B. Chandrasekhar]] (1988)
* [[Thiru Kumaran]] (1999)
* [[Sridharan Sriram]] (2000)
* [[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]] (2019)
* [[Varun Chakravarthy]] (2025)

Player(s) from Tamil Nadu who have played T20I but not ODI or Test cricket for India, along with year of T20I debut :

* [[Sai Kishore]] (2023)

Players from other state teams who also played for Tamil Nadu, and played cricket for India, along with year of debut:

* [[Vivek Razdan]] (1989)
* [[Sandeep Warrier]] (2021)
* [[Kuldeep Sen]] (2022)

Players from Tamil Nadu who have played international cricket for another country, along with year of debut:

* [[Balaji Rao (Canadian_cricketer)|Balaji Rao]] (2008) - (Canada)

Prominent players without international cap

* [[A. G. Ram Singh]] (1934-1946)
* [[P. K. Belliappa]] (1959-1974)
* A. G. Satwender Singh (1963-1976)
* [[Abdul Jabbar (Tamil Nadu cricketer)|Abdul Jabbar]] (1972-1987)
* V. Sivaramakrishnan (1973-1989)
* [[Divakar Vasu]] (1989-1998)
* [[Sridharan Sharath]] (1992-2007)
* [[Baba Aparajith]] (2011-2024)
* [[Baba Indrajith]] (2013-present)
* [[Narayan Jagadeesan]] (2016-present)
}}

== Current team squad ==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!align=center| Name
!align=center| Birth date
!align=center| Batting style
!align=center| Bowling style
!align=center| TNCA Club
!align=center| Notes
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="7" align="center" | Batsmen
|-
| [[Pradosh Ranjan Paul]] || {{birth date and age|2000|12|21|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Vijay CC ||
|-
| Andre Siddharth || {{birth date and age|2006|8|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || || Jolly Rovers CC ||
|-
| [[Baba Indrajith]] || {{birth date and age|1994|7|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || Jolly Rovers CC ||
|-
| [[Shahrukh Khan (cricketer)|Shahrukh Khan]] || {{birth date and age|1995|5|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Alwarpet CC || Plays for '''[[Gujarat Titans]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| Vimal Khumar || {{birth date and age|2002|12|3|df=y}} || Left-handed || || Jolly Rovers CC ||
|-
| '''[[Sai Sudharsan]]''' || {{birth date and age|2001|10|15|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || Jolly Rovers CC || Plays for '''[[Gujarat Titans]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| Boopathi Vaishna Kumar || {{birth date and age|2002|10|13|df=y}} || Left-handed || || Mylapore RC (A) ||
|-
| Tushar Raheja || {{birth date and age|2001|2|7|df=y}} || Left-handed || || Alwarpet CC ||
|-
| R Rajkumar || {{birth date and age|1993|9|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Pristine CC ||
|-
| Amith Sathvik || {{birth date and age|2002|9|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || || Globe Trotters SC ||
|-
| Shivam Singh || {{birth date and age|1995|11|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Nelson SC ||
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="7" align="center" | All-rounders
|-
| Mohamed Ali || {{birth date and age|2004|10|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Vijay CC ||
|-
| Sunny Sandhu || {{birth date and age|2003|10|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Nelson SC ||
|-
| P Vidyuth || {{birth date and age|2000|9|20|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left arm orthodox]] || Alwarpet CC ||
|-
| '''[[Washington Sundar]]''' || {{birth date and age|1999|10|5|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]]|| Globe Trotters SC || '''Twenty20 Captain''' Plays for '''[[Gujarat Titans]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="7" align="center" | Wicket-keepers
|-
| [[Narayan Jagadeesan]] ||{{birth date and age|1995|12|24|df=y}}||Right-handed|| || Vijay CC || '''List A Captain'''
|-
| Athish SR || {{birth date and age|2004|7|17|df=y}} || Left-handed || || Mylapore RC (A) ||
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="7" align="center" | Spin Bowlers
|-
| '''[[Sai Kishore]]''' || {{birth date and age|1996|11|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left arm orthodox]] || Vijay CC || '''First-class Captain''' Plays for '''[[Gujarat Titans]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| '''[[Varun Chakravarthy]]''' || {{birth date and age|1991|8|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || Vijay CC || Plays for '''[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Manimaran Siddharth]] || {{birth date and age|1998|7|3|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left arm orthodox]] || Jolly Rovers CC || Plays for '''[[Lucknow Super Giants]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="7" align="center" | Pace Bowlers
|-
| [[Sonu Yadav]] || {{birth date and age|1999|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Jolly Rovers CC ||
|-
| [[Gurjapneet Singh]] || {{birth date and age|1998|11|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Vijay CC || Plays for '''[[Chennai Super Kings]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| '''[[Sandeep Warrier]]''' || {{birth date and age|1991|4|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Jolly Rovers CC ||
|-
| G Govinth || {{birth date and age|2004|1|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Vijay CC ||
|-
| '''[[T Natarajan]]''' || {{birth date and age|1991|4|4|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Vijay CC || Plays for '''[[Delhi Capitals]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|}

''Updated as on 1 February 2026''

==Records==
{{Main|List of Tamil Nadu first-class cricket records|List of Tamil Nadu List A cricket records|List of Tamil Nadu Twenty20 cricket records}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Cricket in India}}

[[Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:Cricket in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 1864]]
[[Category:1864 establishments in India]]

Angadi Theru

2026-03-20T12:37:23Z

ShaneraDeF:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Angadi Theru poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[G. Vasanthabalan]]
| producer = K. Karunamoorthy [[C. Arunpandian]]
| writer = G. Vasanthabalan
| starring = [[Mahesh (Tamil actor)|Mahesh]] [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]]
| music = '''Original songs:''' [[Vijay Antony]] [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] '''Background score:''' Vijay Antony
| cinematography = [[Richard M. Nathan]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| released = {{Film date|2010|3|26|df=y}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| language = Tamil
| country = India
| studio = [[Ayngaran International]]
| distributor = Ayngaran International
}}

'''''Angadi Theru''''' ({{translation|Market Street}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[G. Vasanthabalan]], starring debutant [[Mahesh (Tamil actor)|Mahesh]] and [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]]. The title refers to the [[Ranganathan Street]] in [[Chennai]] where the story takes place. The film features music jointly composed by [[Vijay Antony]] and [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]. An [[Ayngaran International]] production, the film began production in 2008 and released on 26 March 2010 to critical acclaim and box-office success.

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=May 2024}}
The film starts with Jyothi Lingam and Kani playing and teasing each other. As they do not have a house, they find a place in the street where masonry workers are sleeping. While they dream, a fire engine completely loses control after colliding with another vehicle. It comes out of the way and hits the people sleeping in the street. Kani and Jyothi are badly injured and are rushed to the hospital.

A flashback opens in a village in Tirunelveli. Jyothi is a bright student and the son of a mason. He leads a happy life in his village near [[Tirunelveli]]. One day, tragedy strikes as his father, the only earning member, dies in an accident while crossing an unmanned railway gate, and the young boy now has to look after his mother and two sisters. Jyothi, along with hundreds of others, is employed at the Senthil Murugan Stores run by the big businessman Annachi. On each floor of the textile showroom, there are around 50 to 60 salesmen and women who work in pitiable conditions from early in the morning to late at night, without any rest. Jyothi meets Kani, a fiery, independent girl. The difficult and harrowing times in the store bring them together as they face up to a cruel and lewd store supervisor Karungali, who beats up men and molests women when they play around during duty hours. After some quarrels and arguments, Jyothi and Kani survive in a concentration camp-like condition.

In the meantime, actress [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] visits the showroom for the shooting of an advertisement. Marimuthu is a die-hard fan of Sneha and is very interested in seeing her; he has collected all her childhood pictures and keeps them with him. Amidst the security, he catches Sneha's attention, meets her, and shows her the album. Sneha is surprised and happy to see the album and tells Marimuthu that she will keep it herself. While Jyothi and Kani talk in the showroom, Karungali comes there. On seeing this, they both hide. Unfortunately, the security guard locks the showroom door without knowing this. Kani shouts at Jyothi, and they do not know what to do. They have to spend the whole night there itself. After some time, they try on the dresses in that room one by one, singing and dancing happily. They spend the night like this, and the next morning they change into their working attire and go to their places as if they had arrived that morning. Unfortunately, the two's dance gets caught on camera as it runs for the shoot with Sneha. Annachi sees this and calls Karungali, who yells at both Jyothi and Kani. Jyothi, in an angry rage, beats up Karungali but is beaten up by him, the police, and other supervisors. Then Karungali files a complaint with the police that Jyothi stole a costly saree from the shop, and the police take Jyothi away. Jyothi tells the inspector that he knows all the fraud activities done by Annachi. So the inspector calls Annachi and advises him to retract the complaint. Otherwise, it will be difficult if Jyothi tells the media all these things. So Jyothi is released from custody.

Jyothi goes to the showroom and threatens Karungali that if they do not release Kani, he will expose these things to the public there. On hearing this, Annachi orders Karungali to send Kani with Jyothi. They both leave the place and search for jobs in all the shops on that street. Finally, a blind elderly person selling clothes on the platform tells Jyothi that he will give them a commission if they help him sell clothes. So they start selling clothes and earn some money for the day. The old man tells them a street where they can safely sleep. They go to that street, and the flashback ends.

The camera now points to the hospital, where Jyothi and Kani are admitted. Jyothi regains consciousness and sees Marimuthu there. Jyothi has slight injuries on his head, legs, and hands. He asks Marimuthu about Kani, but Marimuthu remains silent. So Jyothi gets out of bed, regardless of his injuries, and searches for Kani. He gets shocked to see Kani without her legs, as she had lost them in the accident. Marimuthu advises Jyothi to forget Kani, as she cannot do things on her own and needs someone's help. Many things are running in Jyothi's mind, and he finally decides to marry Kani.

Six months later, Marimuthu has become Sneha's makeup man; Kani is sitting on a platform selling things; and Jyothi is selling things while walking down the street.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mahesh (Tamil actor)|Mahesh]] as Jyothi Lingam
* [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] as Serma Kani
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] as herself (cameo appearance)
* [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]] as Pavunu alias Karungali
* [[Pandi (actor)|Pandi]] as Marimuthu
* [[John Vijay]] as Advertisement Director
* [[Pala. Karuppiah]] as Annachi
* [[Imman Annachi]] as Store Supervisor
* Sindhu as Sex Worker<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=2023-08-07 |title=Angadi Theru-fame Sindhu passes away |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Aug/07/angadi-theru-fame-sindhu-passes-away-46350.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406092309/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Aug/07/angadi-theru-fame-sindhu-passes-away-46350.html |archive-date=2025-04-06 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
* Vikramadithyan
* Pazhani Kumar
* Ember Vedha
* Kasi
* Murugaperumal
* Muthuveeran
* Abhirami
* Sukanya
* Kruthika
}}

== Production ==
The film began production in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2008 |title=Vasanthabalan's 'Angaditheru' |url=http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/29012008-2.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113113148/http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/29012008-2.shtml |archive-date=2010-01-13 |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2008 |title=Vasanthabalan directs 'Angadi Theru' |url=http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/09022008-6.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113103451/http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/09022008-6.shtml |archive-date=2010-01-13 |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> Vasanthabalan first approached [[Dhanush]] for the lead role, but he turned down the offer, saying he was looking to work on more hero-centric films. Prior to Mahesh's selection, Vasanthabalan also considered [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]] for the role.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rc-ANuEA49Q |title=“Dhanush கிட்ட தான் Angadi Theru கதையை First சொன்னேன்” - Director Vasantha Balan {{!}} FilmiBeat Tamil |date=2024-03-26 |language=ta |publisher=Filmibeat Tamil |access-date=5 April 2025 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/Rc-ANuEA49Q |archive-date=2025-04-06 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZXFCqnQ3v8 |title="Sivakarthikeyan இப்போ கோடில வாங்குறாரு"😥கனா காணும் காலங்கள் Irfan {{!}} throwback |date=2025-04-01 |language=ta |publisher=Behindwoods Hits |access-date=5 April 2025 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/6ZXFCqnQ3v8 |archive-date=6 April 2025 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Angaadi Theru
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] and [[Vijay Antony]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 25 October 2009
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = Ayngaran Music An Ak Audio
| producer = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] [[Vijay Antony]]
| chronology = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| prev_title = [[Seval]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = [[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Vijay Antony]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Aval Peyar Thamizharasi]]
| prev_year = 2010
| title = Angaadi Theru
| year = 2010
| next_title = [[Kanagavel Kaaka]]
| next_year = 2010
}}
}}

The soundtrack album was composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], while [[Vijay Antony]] composed two songs and also scored the background music. Lyrics were penned by [[Na. Muthukumar]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Aval Appadi Onrum
| extra1 = [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Janaki Iyer
| music1 = [[Vijay Antony]]
| title2 = Kannil Theriyum
| extra2 = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| music2 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| title3 = Karungali Naayae
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Mahesh (name)|Mahesh]], [[Pandi (actor)|Pandi]]
| music3 = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| title4 = Kathaigalai Pesum
| extra4 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Hamsika Iyer]]
| music4 = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| title5 = Unn Perai Sollum
| extra5 = [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Haricharan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| music5 = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| title6 = Yenge Poveno Enn
| extra6 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[MK Balaji]], Janaki Iyer
| music6 = Vijay Antony
}}

==Critical reception==
Parvathi Srinivasan from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' described the film as a "kind of cinema you keep hoping for and only rarely get," labeling it "a must watch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=2010-03-26 |title=Angadi Theru is a must-watch! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-movie-review-angadi-theru/20100326.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110073433/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-movie-review-angadi-theru/20100326.htm |archive-date=10 January 2015 |access-date=2012-08-05 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' gave credit to the theme of the film by stating that, "Vasanthabalan must be applauded for courageously presenting us a film that looks into the darker side of the glittery world of massive show rooms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-03-27 |title=Movie review: Angadi Theru |url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/movie-reviews/movie-review-angadi-theru/20104227094235.col |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331014329/http://chennaionline.com/movies/movie-reviews/movie-review-angadi-theru/20104227094235.col |archive-date=31 March 2010 |access-date=2012-08-05 |website=Chennai Online |language=en}}</ref> Bhama Devi Ravi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "The next time you visit a shopping mall, vignettes from the film will pop up, like spam mail, in your memory. A hard, but must-see for those who care about cinema and society".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=Bhama Devi |date=Mar 27, 2010 |title=Angadi Theru Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Angadi-Theru/movie-review/5731109.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807051918/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Angadi-Theru/movie-review/5731109.cms |archive-date=7 August 2018 |access-date=12 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Ceremony !! Category !! Recipient !! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2010 Chennai International Film Festival
|Best Film
|K. Karunamoorthy, [[C. Arunpandian]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2010 |title=Angadi Theru awarded the Best Film CIFF (The Chennai International Film Festival) |url=http://www.thecinemanews.com/2010/12/angadi-theru-awarded-best-film-ciff.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231090549/http://www.thecinemanews.com/2010/12/angadi-theru-awarded-best-film-ciff.html |archive-date=31 December 2010 |access-date=12 January 2011 |website=The Cinema News}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 Vikatan Awards
| Best Actress
| [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|Best Story
|[[Vasanthabalan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Norway Tamil Film Festival
| Best Film
| K. Karunamoorthy, C. Arunpandian
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|Best Actress
|Anjali
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Vijay Awards]]
| [[Vijay Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| K. Karunamoorthy, C. Arunpandian
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Vasanthabalan
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|Anjali
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
| Vasanthabalan
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
|Anjali
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Prize for Best Film]]
| K. Karunamoorthy and C. Arunpandian
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|Special Prize for Jury Award for Special Performance
|Anjali
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Vasanthabalan}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vasanthabalan]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijay Antony]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Telugu Brahmins

2026-03-19T21:47:54Z

ShaneraDeF: adding new pg

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{short description|Community of Telugu speaking Brahmins}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
[[File:Illustration from the Daily Prayers of the Brahmins (1851) by Sophie Charlotte Belnos, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 14.jpg|thumb|A Telugu Brahmin performing [[Nityakarma]].]]'''Telugu Brahmins'''{{efn|Now they are sometimes referred as Andhra Brahmins and Telangana Brahmins after the bifurcation of the states.}} are ethnic-[[Telugu people|Telugus]] who belong to [[Brahmin]] communities native to the Indian states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Abstracts: Daśam Antarrāshṭrīya Nr̥vaijñānika evaṃ Nr̥jātīya Vijñāna Mahāsammelana : Xth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, India, December 10 to 21, 1978, Volume 3|publisher=National Committee for ICAES|year=1978|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PuY4AAAAIAAJ|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Jogendra Nath |title=Hindu Castes and Sects |date=1896 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |isbn=1298966337 |page=98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlpLAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> They fall under the [[Pancha-Dravida|Pancha Dravida Brahmin]] classification of the Brahmin community in India. Telugu Brahmins are further divided into sections like Vaidiki, [[Niyogi Brahmin|Niyogi]], [[Deshastha Brahmin|Deshastha]], [[Dravida Brahmin|Dravida]], [[Golconda Vyapari Brahmin|Golkonda Vyapari]] among others.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Lakshmanna |first=Chintamani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyRDAQAAIAAJ&q=dravida |title=Caste Dynamics in Village India |date=1973 |publisher=Nachiketa Publications |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MT6BAAAAMAAJ |title=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society, Volume 26 |publisher=Indian Anthropological Society |year=1991 |page=230 |quote=The Brahmins of Andhra Pradesh who speak Telugu can be divided into Vaishnavites, Smarthas and Madhwas. They are strictly vegetarians.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |author1=Robert Eric Frykenberg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jgubl3CQQDgC&pg=PA70 |title=India and the Indianness of Christianity: Essays on Understanding -- Historical, Theological, and Bibliographical -- in Honor of Robert Eric Frykenberg |author2=Richard Fox Young |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=9780802863928 |page=70}}</ref>

==History==

The [[Apastamba Dharmasutra]] is posited to have been composed in the region of modern-day [[Andhra Pradesh]] between the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]] rivers, but this is not certain.{{Sfn|Patrick Olivelle|1999|p=xxvii}}{{Sfn|Robert Lingat|1973|pp=21-22}} It is dated to approximately 600-300 BCE,{{Sfn|Robert Lingat|1973|p=22}} and more narrowly to between 450 and 350 BCE.{{Sfn|Patrick Olivelle|1999|p=xxxi}}

== Related communities ==
Brahmin is a [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] ([ classification]]) within [[Hinduism|Hindu]] society.<ref>{{cite book | author = Benjamin Lee Wren | date = 2004 | title = Teaching World Civilization with Joy and Enthusiasm | publisher = University Press of America | pages = 77– | isbn = 978-0-7618-2747-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XdvfevJAsgMC&pg=PA77|quote=At the top were the Brahmins(priests), then the Kshatriyas(warriors), then the vaishya(the merchant class which only in India had a place of honor in Asia), next were the sudras(farmers), and finally the pariah(untouchables), or those who did the dirty defiling work}}</ref> Brahmins have traditionally been [[Hindu priest]]s, either in [[Hindu temple|temples]] or to particular families and have traditionally been better educated and held high positions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brahman: Hindu social class |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahman-social-class |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>

Telugu Brahmins fall under the [[Pancha-Dravida|Pancha Dravida Brahmin]] classification of the Brahmin community in India.<ref>{{cite book|title=India's communities, Volume 1; Volume 5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|page=552|isbn = 9780195633542|quote=(pg 552) In Andhra Pradesh, all the Brahman groups except the Oriya Sahu Brahman are Pancha Dravida and are divided into Tamil Srivaishnava, Andhra Srivaishnava, Kamme Brahman and Maharashtra Desastha Brahman.}}</ref> Kalhana, in his ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' (c. 12th century CE), classifies five Brahmin communities as Pancha Dravida, noting that they reside south of the [[Vindhya Range]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rosalind O'Hanlon |title=Performance in a World of Paper: Puranic Histories and Social communication in Early Modern India |year=2013 |journal=Past and Present |issue=219 |publisher=Oxford University Press / The Past and Present Society |jstor=24543602 |page=104 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deshpande |first=Madhav |date=2010 |title=Pañca-Gauḍa and Pañca-Drāviḍa: Contested Borders of a Traditional Classification |journal=Studia Orientalia |volume=108 |pages=34}}</ref> These communities are traditionally listed as:

# Drāviḍa – Referring to the [[Tamil_Brahmin|Brahmins of Tamil Nadu]] and [[Malayali_Brahmin|Brahmins of Kerala]].
# Āndhra (Tailaṅga) – Representing the [[Telugu Brahmins]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].
# Karnāṭa – Referring to the [[Karnataka Brahmins]].
# Madhyadeśa – Identified with ''Mahārāshtraka'' in variant readings, representing the [[Marathi Brahmin]].
# Gurjara – Representing the [[Gujarat|Gujarati Brahmins]], [[Marwar|Marwari Brahmins]], and [[Mewar|Mewari Brahmins]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=V |first1=Pandya A. |title=Abu in Bombay State: A Scientific Study of the Problem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BM8BAAAAMAAJ&q=pancha+dravida+gurjara+rajasthan |publisher=Patel |language=en |date=1952}}</ref>

== Sub-divisions ==
Telugu Brahmins are categorized into various groups based on factors such as occupation, denomination, region, and other cultural distinctions.<ref name=":2" />
# Vaidiki (వైదికి)
## [[Mulukanadu_Brahmin|Mulakanāḍu]] (ములకనాడు)
## Telagānyaṁ (తెలగాన్యం)
## [[Vaidiki Velanadu|Velanāḍu]] (వెలనాడు)
## Kāsalanāḍu (కాసలనాడు)
## Karṇakammalu (కర్ణకమ్మలు)
## Vēṅgināḍu (వేంగినాడు)
## Kōnasīma (కోనసీమ)
## Ārādhya (ఆరాధ్య)
## Prathamasākhi (ప్రథమసాకి)
# [[Niyogi_Brahmin|Niyōgi]] (నియోగి)
## Āruvela (ఆరువెల)
## Nandavārikulu (నందవారికులు)
## Kammalu (కమ్మలు)
## Pēsalavayālu (పేసలవయాలు)
## Praṅganāḍu (ప్రంగనాడు)
## Prathamasāki (ప్రథమసాకి)
# [[Golconda Vyapari Brahmin|Gōlkoṇḍa Vyāpārulu]] (గోల్కొండ వ్యాపారులు)
# [[Deshastha Brahmins|Dēśasthulu]] (దేశస్థులు)
# Taṁbalalu (తంబలలు)
## Taṁbala (తంబల)
# [[Dravida Brahmin|Drāviḍulu]] (ద్రావిడులు; assimilated ethnic-[[Tamils|Tamil]] migrants from Tamil Nadu aka ''Drāviḍadeśam'')
## Puḍūra Drāviḍa (పుడూర ద్రావిడ)
## Tummaguṇṭa Drāviḍa (తుమ్మగుంట ద్రావిడ)
## Perūr Drāviḍa (పెరూర్ ద్రావిడ)
## Ārāma Drāviḍa (ఆరామ ద్రావిడ)

Several Telugu Brahmin subgroups (who are predominantly [[Smarta_tradition|smartas]]), such as [[Velanadu|Velanāḍu]], [[Mulakanadu|Mulakanāḍu]], and [[Venginadu|Vēngināḍu]], derive their names from specific geographical regions. These territorial names are also shared by some non-Brahmin communities, indicating a broader cultural association.

The Ārādhyas hold a distinct position within the Telugu Brahmin community. Among the Karṇakammalu (a prominent Telugu Brahmin sect), sub-sections such as Ōgōti and Koljedu are notable. Members of these groups follow the Rig Śākhā tradition, a branch of the [[Rigveda|Rig Veda]].

The Telagānyams represent a diverse group, with some adhering to the Rig Veda and others following the [[Yajurveda|Yajur Veda]] ([[Yajurveda]] and [[Shukla Yajur Veda]]). The Nandavārikulu, who are exclusively Rig Vedic, worship Chaudēswari, the goddess of the Devānga community, as their patron deity. Traditionally, the Nandavārikulu Brahmins acting as [[Guru|gurus]] (spiritual guides) to the Devāngas.

A unique feature of the Telugu Brahmins is their use of house names, or ''intiperulu'', a practice shared with non-Brahmin Telugu communities. These family names often reference elements from nature or daily life, such as Kōta (fort), Lanka (island), Puchcha ([[Citrullus colocynthis]]), Chintha ([[Tamarind|Tamarindus indica]]), and Kāki ([[Eastern_jungle_crow|Corvus levaillantii]]). Among the [[Niyogi Brahmin|Niyōgi]] Brahmins, house names often end with the word raju or razu, reflecting a connection to aristocratic or landowning traditions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India Vol-i (1909) |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.591/page/n465/mode/2up |date=1909}}</ref>

=== Denominational divisions ===
[[Smarta tradition|Smarta]], [[Sat Vaishnavism|Madhva]], [[Vaikhanasa]], [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]], [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] and [[Shaktism|Shakta]].

*Even though in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] regions majority of Vaidikis and Niyogis are [[Smartas]], who follow [[Advaita Vedanta]] of [[Adi Shankara]], there are some sections among them who migrated and settled in [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] region that follow [[Dvaita Vedanta]] of [[Madhvacharya]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Mysore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yQLAQAAIAAJ|page=157|publisher=Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|year=1988| quote=The Madhwas are followers of the Dwaitha philosophy of Madhwacharya and have sub-sects like the Badaganadu, Aravelu, Aravathuvokkalu, Deshastha, etc.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India's Communities, Volume 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt9G1e6JF-QC|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|page=2044|quote=In Tamil Nadu, the Madhwa Brahmins are migrants from Karnataka. They have six sub-groups, they are Aruvela, Aruvanththuvakkalu, Badaganadu, Pennaththurar, Prathamasaki and Desastha and Badaga. They are concentrated in the Madras, Coimbatore, Coonoor and in Ooty.|isbn = 9780195633542}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Marriage and Family in Mysore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihUTAQAAIAAJ|page=27|author=Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas|publisher=AMS Press|year=1978|isbn = 9780404159757|quote=The Nanda Vaidikas come from the Telugu country and include both Smarthas and Madhvas.}}</ref>
*Sri Vaishnavas and Telugu Madhvas are Telugu Brahmins who converted to [[Ramanuja]] and [[Madhvacharya]] faith respectively.<ref>{{cite book|title=Social change in village India: an Andhra case study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JiruAAAAIAAJ|pages=73–74|author=Y. Subhashini Subrahmanyam|publisher=Prithvi Raj Publishers|year=1975}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OttAAAAMAAJ |title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Society, Volume 36, Parts 2-4 |publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society |year=1976 |page=70 |quote=The Brahmans were either Smartas, Vaishnavas or Madhwas accordingly as they are followers of Sankaracharya, Ramanujacharya and Madhvacharya.}}</ref>
*Niyogis are further subdivided into Aruvela Niyogis, Pakanati Niyogis and others.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sekaram |first=Kandavalli Balendu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzduAAAAMAAJ&q=Aruvela+Niyogis |title=The Andhras Through the Ages |date=1973 |publisher=Sri Saraswati Book Depot |pages=28 |language=en |quote=Among the Niyogis, there are Aruvela Niyogis, Pakanati Niyogis and others.}}</ref>
*Golkonda Vyaparis were said to be a part of Niyogis, but they consider themselves as separate group and have their own community organizations. The word ''vyapari'' means trader. Golconda Vyaparis are [[Vaishnava]]s and have both [[Madhvas]] and [[Sri Vaishnava]]s among them.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-15 |title=Madras' milieu beheld from the eyes of a dewan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-milieu-beheld-from-the-eyes-of-a-dewan/articleshow/55422557.cms |access-date=2023-08-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Y. Subhashini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=es4iAAAAMAAJ&q=Golconda+Vyapari |title=Social Change in Village India: An Andhra Case Study |date=1975 |publisher=Prithvi Raj Publishers |pages=71 |language=en}}</ref>
*Telugu Madhvas and Deshastha Madhvas are mainly followers of [[Uttaradi Matha]], [[Raghavendra Matha]] and [[Vyasaraja Math (Sosale)|Vyasaraja Matha]].<ref>{{cite book|title = A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, 3rd Edition|first = B. N. Krishnamurti| last = Sharma| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint) |isbn = 978-8120815759| year= 2000
|page=227}}</ref>

*Deshastha Brahmins are mainly divided into two groups Deshastha Madhva Brahmins and Deshastha Smartha Brahmins.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt9G1e6JF-QC|title=India's Communities, Volume 6|page=3317|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|quote=The Deshatha Brahman in Andhra Pradesh have two groups, namely Smartha and Madhva which are divided into exogamous surnames (intiperu) to indicate one's ancestry and regulate marriage alliances.|isbn=978-0195633542}}</ref> In Telangana, Deshastha Brahmins are spread throughout all the districts of the state, while in Andhra Pradesh, they are mainly concentrated in [[Rayalaseema]], [[Nellore district|Nellore]], and Godavari-Krishna delta, especially in the cities of [[Kurnool]], [[Anantapur]], [[Kadapa]], [[Chittoor]], [[Nellore]], [[Rajahmundry]], [[Guntur]] and [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite book|title=India and the Indianness of Christianity: Essays on Understanding -- Historical, Theological, and Bibliographical -- in Honor of Robert Eric Frykenberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jgubl3CQQDgC&pg=PA70|author1=Robert Eric Frykenberg|author2=Richard Fox Young|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|page=70|year=2009|isbn = 9780802863928}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=People of India: A - G., Volume 4|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|page=3317|quote=In Andhra Pradesh, the Deshastha Brahman have settled in various parts, particularly in the cities of Rayalaseema, Anantapur, Kurnool, Tirupati, Cud- dapah and Hyderabad.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India's Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ|page=552|author=K. S. Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn = 9780195633542|quote=The Maharashtra Desastha Brahman are distributed in the districts of Telangana.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Society in India: Continuity and change|url=https://archive.org/details/societyinindia0002mand|url-access=registration|author=David Goodman Mandelbaum|publisher=University of California Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/societyinindia0002mand/page/n192 18]|year=1970|isbn = 9780520016231}}</ref> Marriage alliance between Deshastha Brahmins, other Telugu Brahmins and [[Karnataka Brahmins]] takes place quite frequently.<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra, Land and Its People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bl90u5lmwRAC|page=45|publisher=Gazetteers Department, Government of Maharashtra|year=2009|quote=Marriage alliance between Deshastha Rigvedi and Telugu and Karnataka Brahmins takes place quite frequently.}}</ref>
*[[Dravidulu]] are migrants from [[Tamil Nadu]] dating to [[Eastern Chalukyas|Chalukya]] era and speak Telugu at their homes.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Andhras through the ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzduAAAAMAAJ|author=Kandavalli Balendu Sekaram|publisher=Sri Saraswati Book Depot|year=1973|page=29|quote=One of the very important sections among the Telugu Brahmins are Dravida Brahmins. Their very name indicates their South Indian or Tamil origin. A very large number of Brahmin families migrated from Tamil Nadu to Andhra Pradesh}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers: Kurnool|author=Bh. Sivasankaranarayana|year=1967|publisher=Director of Print. and Stationery at the Government Secretariat Press; [copies can be had from: Government Publication Bureau, Andhra Pradesh]|page=150|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpxhAAAAIAAJ|quote=There are also a few Dravida Brahmin migrants especially from the Tamilnad speaking either Tamil or Telugu or both.}}</ref>

== Art ==
A specific area of Vaidiki Telugu Brahmins have curated a specific style of classical dance called [[Kuchipudi]]- named after the village they are from.[https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvr7fdjz.11?seq=2][https://www.sahapedia.org/kuchipudi-0] Around five-hundred families belonged to this village, and its classical dance form is referenced in Machupalli Kaifat of 1502. Mainly a male dominated dance field in its early stages, Kuchipudi was known for its dance dramas and lively depictions of characters.

== Customs ==

Andhra Brahmins, differ from Tamil Brahmins in certain rituals, attire, and sectarian marks. Telugu Brahmin women wear their saree without passing it between the legs (''kaccha kattu''), with the free end draped over the left shoulder unlike [[Madisar]] which goes to right shoulder. Their sect mark typically consists of three horizontal streaks of [[Vibhuti|bhasmā]] (''vibhūti'' or sacred ashes) or a single streak of sandal paste (''gandham'') with a circular black spot in the center (''akshintalu bottu'').

The marriage badge, or ''[[Mangala_sutra|bottu]]'', is tied during the ''[[Telugu_wedding_ceremony|nagavali]]'' day after a mock pilgrimage (''[[Kasi Yatra|kāsiyātra]]''). The bride worships ''[[Lajja Gauri|Gauri]]'' sitting in a basket of paddy or ''[[Sorghum bicolor|cholam]]''. After tying the ''bottu'', rice (''Talambralu'') is showered on the couple.

Telugu Brahmin women also perform various rituals (''[[Vrata|vratams]]''), similar to other communities in the region. ''Gauri'' is a favoured deity in many of these rituals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India Vol-i (1909) |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.591/page/n457/mode/2up |date=1909}}</ref>

Telugu Brahmin wedding rituals differ significantly from others, though initial preparations like ''pelli choopulu'' (match-making), ''nischaya tambulaalu'' (nischitartham or nngagement), and ''eduru sannaham'' are similar. The most distinct feature is the ''kasi yatra''. In this playful ritual, the groom, dressed as a renunciant with an umbrella and wooden sandals, declares his intent to forsake worldly life for ''[[sannyasa]]'' (sainthood). The bride’s brother intervenes, convincing him to embrace ''[[grihastha|grihastasrama]]'' (marriage). Traditionally held at the bride’s home, modern ceremonies often take place in wedding venues. The ''kasi yatra'' is symbolic of spiritual progression but is performed with joy, laughter, and family involvement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traditional Telugu Brahmin Marriage Ceremony {{!}} PDF {{!}} Wedding {{!}} Bride |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/253140265/Traditional-Telugu-Brahmin-Marriage-Ceremony |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref>

==Occupation==
===Pre-Independence===
Niyogi Brahmins served as village record keepers ([[Karanam|karanams/Kombattulas]]), poets, and sometimes ministers. Deshastha Brahmins also served as village record keepers (karanams)<ref>{{cite book|title=Self and Society in Transition: A Study of Modern Autobiographical Practice in Telugu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbPVAAAAMAAJ|author=Rajagopal Vakulabharanam|publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison|year=2004|pages=57–58}}</ref> and many also served as high-level [[Public administration|administrator]]s and bureaucrats such as [[Deshmukh]]s, [[Sheristadar]]s, [[Tehsildar]]s, [[Deshpande]]s and [[Majumdar]]s under [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahis of Golkonda]] and [[Nizams of Hyderabad]] in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.<ref>{{cite book |author=Appasaheb Ganapatrao Pawar |title=Maratha History Seminar, May 28-31, 1970: papers |publisher=Shivaji University |year=1971 |quote=The ascendancy of the Qutb-shahis of Golkonda resulted in several Maratha Brahmins of the Madhwa sect, generally called Desasthas, being appointed to high positions. This is evident from several terms such as Deshmukh, Deshpande, Majumdar, Mannavar etc. used in the districts of Andhra to signify certain administrative posts.}}</ref>

Niyogi Brahmins and Deshastha Brahmins also ruled [[Andhra Pradesh]] as [[zamindar]]s. In [[Guntur district]], one of the four major zamindars i.e., [[Chilakaluripet]] zamindari and [[Sattenapalle]] zamindari were ruled by [[Deshastha Brahmin]]s, whose title was "[[Deshmukh]]",<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frykenberg |first=Robert Eric |date=1965 |title=Elite Groups in a South Indian District: 1788-1858 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2050565 |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=261–281 |doi=10.2307/2050565 |jstor=2050565 |s2cid=153984852 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=State and Society: A Reader in Comparative Political Sociology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5gzTp13AXQC&pg=PA116|page=116|author=Coenraad M. Brand|publisher=University of California Press|year=1973|isbn = 9780520024908}}</ref> The Polavaram zamindari of [[West Godavari district]] and Lakkavaram zamindari of [[Prakasam district]] were ruled by Niyogi Brahmins. Due to their secular occupations, marriage alliances between Deshastha Brahmins, Golkonda Vyapari Brahmins and Niyogi Brahmins was very common since centuries.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Society, Volume 29, Parts 1-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_niAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society|year=1964|page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=State and Society: A Reader in Comparative Political Sociology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5gzTp13AXQC&pg=PA112|page=112|author=Coenraad M. Brand|publisher=University of California Press|year=1973|isbn=9780520024908}}</ref> Vaidiki Brahmins and Dravidulu are priests and teachers.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtxlCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT34|title=Medieval Andhra: A Socio-Historical Perspective|author=Alpana Pandey|date=11 August 2015|publisher=Partridge Publishing|access-date=11 August 2015|page=34|isbn=9781482850178}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=People of India: Andhra Pradesh (3 pts.)
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvcejt9krDkC|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|year=1992|page=567|isbn = 9788176710060|quote=Traditionally, the Dravidulu were engaged as priests by the local rulers, zamindars and chieftains, and donated to them Agraharams. Some of them followed the vedic texts and engaged themselves as purohits and acharyas.}}</ref>

===Post-Independence===
After the implementation of the Land Ceiling Reforms Act in 1973, Niyogi Brahmins and Deshastha Brahmins who had huge amounts of land lost their lands and properties as a result of this.<ref>{{cite book|title=Political Economy of India: A Study of Land Reforms Policy in Andhra Pradesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OasuAAAAMAAJ|page=521|author=B. A. V. Sharma|publisher=Light & Life Publishers|year=1980}}</ref> In 1983, after becoming Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh [[N. T. Rama Rao]] abolished Patel–Patwari system prevailing in Andhra Pradesh. As a result of this many Brahmins who had control over the villages as Karanams (revenue officers) lost their control over villages as well as many of their lands and properties.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gods of Power: Personality Cult & Indian Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rY8COowubxYC|page=147|author=Kalyani Shankar|publisher=Macmillan|year=2005| isbn=9781403925107 }}</ref>

==Population distribution==
As per the 1931 census, Brahmins were about three percent in the region constituting present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]] (then part of [[Madras State]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=India Briefing 2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5gYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT105|publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=16 September 2016|page=105| isbn=9781315291192 |quote=In Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, for instance, the brahmins represented about 3 percent of the population according to the 1931 census.}}</ref> According to a survey by [[Outlook India]] in 2003, Brahmins were estimated to be around 5% of [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|United Andhra Pradesh]] population.<ref>{{cite news|title=Distribution Of Brahmin Population|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/distribution-of-brahmin-population/220442|publisher=Outlook India|access-date=16 June 2003}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

== Notable people ==
'''Philosophy and Religion'''
* [[Nimbarkacharya]] (c. 11th–12th century CE) – Indian philosopher and theologian, founder of the [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]], a school of the [[Dvaitadvaita]] (dualistic non-dualism) Vedanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nimbarka {{!}} Indian philosopher |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nimbarka-Indian-philosopher |access-date=16 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Vidyaranya]] (c. 1296–1386) was an Indian philosopher and saint, known for his contributions to [[Advaita]] [[Vedanta]] and for guiding the founders of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. He authored key texts like ''[[Panchadasi]]'' and played a major role in the revival of Hinduism in South India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/271020211150/page/1/mode/2up |title=Telugu Saints and Sages_ Vol-1 }}</ref>
* [[Vallabha]]charya (1479–1531) – Indian philosopher and theologian, founder of the [[Vallabhacharya|Pushtimarg sect]] and proponent of the [[Shuddhadvaita]] (pure non-dualism) school of Vedanta.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ballard |first1=Roger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74ZVFb37zuIC&pg=PA172 |title=Desh Pardesh: The South Asian Presence in Britain |last2=Banks |first2=Marcus |date=1994 |publisher=Hurst |isbn=978-1-85065-091-1 |pages=172 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sadasiva Brahmendra]] (c. 1700–1750) – A revered Indian saint, Advaita philosopher, and composer of Carnatic music, known for his devotional compositions and deep meditative practice. His kritis are still widely sung in South Indian classical music.
* [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]] (1895–1986) – Indian spiritual figure, speaker, and writer.<ref>{{cite book | last = Lutyens | first = Mary | author-link = Mary Lutyens | year = 1975 | title = Krishnamurti: The years of awakening | edition = 1st U.S. | location = New York, NY | publisher = [[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] | isbn = 978-0-374-18222-9 | page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Lutyens | first = Mary | author-link = Mary Lutyens | date = 2003a | title = The Open Door | lang = en | location = [[Bramdean]], UK | publisher = Krishnamurti Foundation Trust | isbn = 978-0-900506-21-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iG2hHtxiXyoC&q=brahmin | via = Google}}</ref>

'''Academics'''
* [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] (1892–1975) – Indian historian who wrote on South Indian history.<ref name="SS_obituary">{{cite journal |author=S. Singaravelu |title=Obituary: Professor K. A. Nilakanta Sastri (1892-1975) |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=55 |issue=1 |year=1982 |page=94 |jstor=41492918 }}</ref>
'''Social Activists'''
* [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]] (1848–1919) – Renowned social reformer, writer, and a key figure in the Telugu Renaissance. He worked extensively towards women's education and widow remarriage in Andhra Pradesh and is regarded as the "Father of the Telugu Renaissance".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anjaneyulu |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zCDsAAAAIAAJ&q=brahmin |title=Kandukuri Veeresalingam |date=1976 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Goparaju Ramachandra Rao]] (1902–1975) – Indian social reformer, atheist activist, and participant in the Indian independence movement. He is best known for founding the [[Atheist Centre]] and promoting rationalist and humanist ideas in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parthiban |first=Praveena |date=2019-10-01 |title=How Gandhi's views on caste, race and God evolved through the years |url=https://thefederal.com/analysis/how-gandhis-views-on-caste-race-and-god-evolved-through-the-years/ |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=The Federal |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]] (1899–1967) – Indian politician and the first elected Chief Minister of [[Hyderabad State]] after its annexation into India. He is known for his pioneering land reforms, including the abolition of the jagirdar and mukthedar systems in Telangana, and for introducing tenancy laws.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harrison |first=Selig S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jbWCgAAQBAJ&dq=burgula+ramakrishna+rao+brahmin&pg=PA254 |title=India: The Most Dangerous Decades |date=2015-12-08 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4008-7780-5 |pages=254 |language=en |author-link=Selig S. Harrison}}</ref>
'''Politics'''
* [[N. Subba Rao Pantulu]] (1861–1941) – Indian social reformer, politician, member of the Madras Legislative Council, and one of the founders of The Hindu.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Calcutta Historical Journal, Volume 18|publisher=University of Calcutta|year=1996|page=44|quote=The second Andhra Conference, held at Bezwada (Vijayawada) under the presidentship of Nyapati Subba Rao Pantulu, a (Maratha-Telugu Brahman) Desastha descended from a long line distinguished civil servants, unanimously passed the resolution demanding a separate province for Andhras which had been drawn up the previous year in Bapatla}}</ref>
* [[Tanguturi Prakasam]] (1872–1957) – Former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh.
* [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] (1888–1975) – First Vice President and second President of India.
* [[K. B. Hedgewar]] (1889–1940) – Founder and first Sarsanghchalak of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Andersen|first1=Walter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDqdDwAAQBAJ|title=Messengers of Hindu Nationalism: How the RSS Reshaped India|last2=Damle|first2=Shridhar D.|date=2019-06-15|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-78738-289-3|pages=261|language=en|quote=Dr. Hedgewar, a Telugu Brahmin, was a trained medical practitioner, and founded the RSS in 1925}}</ref>
* [[K. L. Rao]] (1902–1986) – Politician and designer of the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam.
* [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] (1921–2004) – Former Prime Minister of India and recipient of the Bharat Ratna.<ref>{{cite book|title=Government and Politics in South Asia, Student Economy Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R_7EDwAAQBAJ|page=53|author=Robert Oberst|publisher=Routledge|date=27 April 2018|isbn = 9780429962325|quote=P. V. Narasimha Rao Congress (IP) 1921 2004 Jun. 1991–May 1996 Brahmin (Hindu) Telugu, South (AP)}}</ref>
* Duddilla Sripada rao (2 March 1935 – 13 April 1999) was an Indian politician and was a member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].
* [[Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras]] (1915–1996) – Third Sarsanghchalak of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Emerging Hindutva Force: The Ascent of Hindu Nationalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=917XAAAAMAAJ|author=Prakash Louis|publisher=Indian Social Institute|year=2000|page=38|isbn = 9788187218319|quote=The third head of RSS, Balasaheb Deoras was another Telugu Brahmin.}}</ref>
*[[Usha Vance]] (born 1986) - second lady of the United States (2025 - present)
'''Bureaucrats'''
*[[P. V. R. K. Prasad]] (1940–2017), an Indian civil servant who served as Media Advisor to the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] from 1991 to 1996.{{Sfn|Prasad|2008|p=305}}
'''Music'''
* [[Syama Sastri]] (1762–1827) – musician and composer of [[Carnatic music]] and the oldest among the [[Trinity of Carnatic music]].<ref name="Shyama Shastri">{{cite web|title=SYAMA SASTRI (1762 - 1827 ) - PART 1|url=http://www.carnatica.net/composer/syama1.htm|access-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201040042/http://www.carnatica.net/composer/syama1.htm|archive-date=1 December 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Tyagaraja]] (1767–1847) – One of the greatest composers of Carnatic music, known for his devotional compositions, primarily in praise of Lord Rama. His kritis (compositions) are widely performed and revered in classical music traditions across South India.
* [[Ghantasala (singer)|Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao]] (1922–1974) – Playback singer and music director, known for his work in Telugu cinema, regarded as one of the greatest playback singers in South Indian cinema.
* [[M. Balamuralikrishna]] (1930–2016) – Renowned Carnatic vocalist, multi-instrumentalist, composer, and playback singer, known for his deep contributions to Indian classical music.
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] (1946–2020) – Renowned Indian playback singer, music director, and actor, with a prolific career spanning multiple languages in Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 November 2016|title=SP Balasubrahmanyam honoured with centenary award|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/582136/sp-balasubrahmanyam-honoured-centenary-award.html|access-date=27 August 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011195241/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/582136/sp-balasubrahmanyam-honoured-centenary-award.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
'''Films'''
*[[Sobhita Dhulipala]] (born 1992) – Indian actress and model, known for her work in films and web series, including [[Made in Heaven (TV series)|''Made in Heaven'']] and ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Salvadore |first1=Sarah |title=I embody the spirit of Vizag: Sobhita Dhulipala - Beauty Pageants - Indiatimes |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/i-embody-the-spirit-of-vizag-sobhita-dhulipala/articleshow/19194670.cms |access-date=15 February 2022 |work=Femina Miss India |date=26 March 2013 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127151400/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/I-embody-the-spirit-of-Vizag-Sobhita-Dhulipala/articleshow/19194670.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Caste system in India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
<references/>

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book|title=When I Saw Tirupati Balaji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C26lbOuDIbYC|first=P. V. R. K.|last=Prasad|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|year=2008|isbn=978-8121209335}}
*{{cite book|author=Robert Lingat |title=The Classical Law of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sauo8iSIj7YC |year=1973 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-01898-3 }}
*{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnVxqvPg9a0C |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-283882-7 }}

== External links ==
* [http://www.vedah.net/manasanskriti/Brahmins.html#Brahmins_of_Andhra_Pradesh Brahmins of Andhra Pradesh]

[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Telangana]]

Odia language

2026-03-18T04:42:06Z

ShaneraDeF: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Odia
| altname = ''Oṛiā''
| nativename = {{lang|or|ଓଡ଼ିଆ}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA|or|oˈɽia||Or-ଓଡ଼ିଆ.oga}}(Odia) 
| states = [[Languages of India|India]]
| region = [[Eastern India]]
* [[Odisha]]
* Parts of [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[West Bengal]]<ref name="IBNLive">{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120815161939/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html |archive-date= 15 August 2012 |title= Oriya gets its due in neighbouring state- Orissa |publisher=IBNLive |date=4 September 2011 |access-date= 29 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="Naresh Chandra Pattanayak">{{cite web |author= Naresh Chandra Pattanayak |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Oriya-second-language-in-Jharkhand/articleshow/9818431.cms |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120707035944/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-01/bhubaneswar/29953104_1_oriya-jharkhand-assembly-jharkhand-cabinet |archive-date= 7 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Oriya second language in Jharkhand |url-status= live |date= 1 September 2011}}</ref>
| ethnicity = [[Odia people|Odias]] and
[[List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha|Tribals of Odisha]]
| speakers = [[first language|L1]]: {{sigfig|34.461520|2}} million
| date = 2011–2019
| ref = <ref name="Ethnologue_ory">{{e22|ory}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| speakers2 = [[second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|3.6|2}} million (2001)<ref name="Ethnologue_ory"/>
| speakers_label = Speakers
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| ancestor = [[Prakrit]]
| ancestor2 = [[Magadhi Prakrit]]
| ancestor3 = Odra Prakrit
| ancestor4 = Old Odia
| stand1 = [[#Standardisation and dialects|Standard Odia]]
| dialects = * [[Baleswari Odia]] (Northern)
* Kataki Odia (Central)
* Dhenkanalia (Central)
* Anugulia (Central)
* [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri Odia]] (Western)
* [[Ganjami Odia]] (Southern)
* [[Sundargadi Odia]] (Northwestern)
* [[Desia language|Desia]] (South-western)
* [[#Major tribal and community dialects/sociolects|Tribal and Community dialects]]
* [[#Standardisation and dialects|Others dialects]]
| script = *[[Odia script]]
*[[Kalinga script]] (historical)
*[[Odia Braille]]
| nation = *[[Official languages of India|India]]
** [[Odisha]]
** [[Jharkhand]]<ref name="The Avenue Mail">{{cite news |title=Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili |url=https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/ |work=The Avenue Mail |date=21 March 2018 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328090028/https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/ |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> (additional)
** [[West Bengal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bareactslive.com/WB/WB492.HTM|title=West Bengal Official Language Act, 1961|website=bareactslive.com|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070801/http://www.bareactslive.com/WB/WB492.HTM|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/kamtapuri-rajbanshi-make-it-to-list-of-official-languages-in-1179890-2018-02-28|title=Kamtapuri, Rajbanshi make it to list of official languages in |last=Roy |first=Anirban |date=28 February 2018 |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=30 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330143710/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/kamtapuri-rajbanshi-make-it-to-list-of-official-languages-in-1179890-2018-02-28 |archive-date=30 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> (additional)
| agency = [[Odisha Sahitya Akademi]], [[Government of Odisha]]<ref name="osa">{{cite web | url=http://www.orissaculture.gov.in/osa.asp | title=Odisha Sahitya Academy | publisher=Department of Culture, Government of Odisha | access-date=9 March 2016 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034534/http://www.orissaculture.gov.in/osa.asp }}</ref>
| iso1 = or
| iso2 = ori
| iso3 = ori
| lc1 = ory
| ld1 = Odia
| lc2 = spv
| ld2 = [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri Odia]]
| lc3 = ort
| ld3 = Adivasi Odia (Kotia)
| lc4 = dso
| ld4 = [[Desia language|Desia]] (South-western) (duplicate of [ort])<ref>Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices</ref>
| image = Odia Bhasa.png
| image_class = skin-invert-image
| imagescale = 0.7
| imagecaption = The word "Oṛiā" in [[Odia script]]
| notice = India
| glotto = macr1269
| glottoname = Macro-Oriya (Odra)
| glottorefname = Macro-Oriya
| glotto2 = oriy1255
| glottoname2 = Odia
| notice2 = IPA
| map = Odia map.svg
| mapcaption = {{center|{{small|{{Legend inline|#ff55dd|Odia majority or plurality}}
{{Legend inline|#ffaaee|Significant Odia minority}}}}}}
}}
{{Contains special characters
| special = Odia text
| fix = Help:Multilingual support#Odia
| characters = Odia script
}}
'''Odia''' ({{lang|or|ଓଡ଼ିଆ}}, [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{transliteration|or|ISO|Oṛiā}}, {{IPA|or|oˈɽia|pron|Or-ଓଡ଼ିଆ.oga}};<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://1drv.ms/b/s!AoSY7m8bBHQlkxFE7SoviMzbdFto?e=7dAUv8|title=The Constitution (Ninety-Sixth Amendment) Act, 2011 |publisher=eGazette of India |language=en|access-date=23 September 2011}}</ref> formerly rendered as '''Oriya''') is a [[classical languages of India|classical]] [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] spoken in the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. It is the [[Languages with official status in India|official language]] in [[Odisha]] (formerly rendered as Orissa),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://1drv.ms/b/s!AoSY7m8bBHQlkxQHTN0wGaU6x_Ux?e=VwyO2n|title=Odisha Name Alteration Act, 2011|publisher=eGazette of India|access-date=23 September 2011|language=en}}</ref> where native speakers make up 82% of the population,<ref name="LSI-Orissa">{{cite book |last=Mahapatra |first=B. P. |title=Linguistic Survey of India: Orissa |year=2002 |publisher=Language Division, Office of the Registrar General |location=Kolkata, India |page=14 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/lsi_orissa/1_orissa_vol_from_first_page_to_page_no_18.pdf |access-date=20 February 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924210600/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/lsi_orissa/1_orissa_vol_from_first_page_to_page_no_18.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and it is also spoken in parts of [[West Bengal]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Ordeal-of-Oriya-speaking-students-in-West-Bengal-to-end-soon/article16600272.ece |title=Ordeal of Oriya-speaking students in West Bengal to end soon|date=21 May 2009|access-date=30 January 2019|work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Jharkhand]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/state-editions/govt-to-provide-study-facility-to-odia-speaking-people-in-state.html |title=Govt to provide study facility to Odia-speaking people in State |website=The Pioneer |access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Odia is one of the [[Languages with official status in India|official languages of India]]; it is the official language of Odisha and the second official language of Jharkhand. The Odia language has various varieties, including the [[Baleswari Odia]] (Northern variety), Kataki, Dhenkanalia, Anugulia (central variety), [[Ganjami Odia]] (Southern variety), [[Sundargadi Odia]] (Northwestern variety), [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri Odia]] (Western variety), [[Desia language|Desia Odia]] (South-western variety) and [[#Major tribal and community dialects/sociolects|Tribal Community dialects]] spoken by the [[List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha|tribal groups in Odisha]] who adopted the Odia language.<ref name="IBNLive">{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120815161939/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html |archive-date= 15 August 2012 |title= Oriya gets its due in neighbouring state- Orissa |publisher=IBNLive |date=4 September 2011 |access-date= 29 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="Naresh Chandra Pattanayak">{{cite web |author= Naresh Chandra Pattanayak |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Oriya-second-language-in-Jharkhand/articleshow/9818431.cms |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120707035944/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-01/bhubaneswar/29953104_1_oriya-jharkhand-assembly-jharkhand-cabinet |archive-date= 7 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Oriya second language in Jharkhand |url-status= live |date= 1 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="daily.bhaskar.com">{{cite web |url= http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/BIH-bengali-Oriya-among-12-dialects-as-2nd-language-in-jharkhand-2392920.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111103224342/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/BIH-bengali-Oriya-among-12-dialects-as-2nd-language-in-jharkhand-2392920.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 3 November 2011 |title= Bengali, Oriya among 12 dialects as 2nd language in Jharkhand |publisher= daily.bhaskar.com |date= 31 August 2011 |access-date= 29 November 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Trilingual Signboard at Bhubaneswar Airport having text in Odia, Hindi and English.jpg|thumb|Trilingual signboard at [[Bhubaneswar Airport]] having text in Odia, Hindi and English]]

Odia is the sixth Indian language to be designated a [[Languages of India#Classical|classical language]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2014/mar/engpdf/5-14.pdf |title=Classical Language: Odia |access-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125073157/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2014/mar/engpdf/5-14.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title= Odia gets classical language status |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odia-gets-classical-language-status/article5709028.ece |access-date= 20 February 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140221/jsp/frontpage/story_18004148.jsp |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171011125236/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140221/jsp/frontpage/story_18004148.jsp |archive-date=11 October 2017|title= Odia becomes sixth classical language |work= The Telegraph |access-date= 29 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Milestone-for-state-as-Odia-gets-classical-language-status/articleshow/30779140.cms |title= Milestone for state as Odia gets classical language status |work= The Times of India |date= 21 February 2014 |access-date= 29 March 2015}}</ref> It traces its linguistic roots to the Eastern Magadhi Prakrit, evolving through stages such as Proto Odia (7th–9th century CE), Old Odia (10th–13th century CE), Middle Odia (14th–17th century CE), and Modern Odia (from the 18th century onward). The language displays a distinct phonological and morphological character shaped by centuries of interaction with tribal and Dravidian tongues. Recognized as a classical language of India, Odia has an unbroken literary tradition, with inscriptions dating back over a thousand years.<ref name="harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=306" />

==History==
Odia is an [[Eastern Indo-Aryan language]] belonging to the Indo-Aryan language family. It descends from Odra Prakrit which itself evolved from [[Magadhi Prakrit]].<ref name="harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=306">{{harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=306}}</ref> The latter was spoken in east India over 1,500 years ago, and is the primary language used in early [[Jainism|Jain]] and Buddhist texts.<ref name="The Harvard Lecture">Misra, Bijoy (11 April 2009). [http://www.odia.org/articles/harvardLecture.pdf Oriya Language and Literature] (PDF) (Lecture). Languages and Literature of India. Harvard University.</ref> Odia appears to have had relatively little influence from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]], compared to other major Indo-Aryan languages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Odia Language |url=https://www.odishatourism.net/odisha-language/ |website=Odisha Tourism |access-date=8 February 2021 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010094555/https://www.odishatourism.net/odisha-language/ }}</ref>

[[File:East magadhan proto-languages - en.svg|upright=1.5|thumb|The proto-languages of eastern [[Magadhan]]; the split and descent of Proto-Odra (Odra Prakrit), the ancestor of the modern Odia language, from Proto-Magadhan (Magadhi Prakrit)<ref name="harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=306"/>]]
[[File:Odia- Urajam inscription.jpg|thumb|Urajam inscription in Old Odia, royal charter of Eastern Ganga dynasty (1051 CE)<ref name="urajam"/>]]
[[File:India, distribution of languages, 1893.jpg|thumb|1890s linguistic map of India showing Odia-speaking region]]

The history of the Odia language is divided into eras:

* Proto-Odia (Odra Prakrit) (10th century and earlier): Inscriptions from 9th century shows the evolution of proto-Odia, i.e. Odra Prakrit or ''Oriya Prakrit'' words used along with Sanskrit. The inscriptions are dated to third quarter of 9th century during the reign of early [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Gangas]].<ref>{{harvcol|Rajaguru|1966|p=152}}</ref>
* Old Odia (10th century till 13th century): Inscriptions from the 10th century onwards provide evidence for the existence of the Old Odia language, with the earliest inscription being the Urajam inscription of the Eastern Gangas written in Old Odia in 1051 CE.<ref name="urajam">{{cite book |last=Tripathī |first=Kunjabihari |title=The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script |publisher=Utkal University |year=1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8MKAQAAIAAJ |pages=29, 222 |access-date=21 March 2021 }}</ref> Old Odia written in the form of connected lines is found in inscription dated to 1249 CE.<ref>{{cite book |author=B. P. Mahapatra |title=Constitutional languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC&pg=PA389 |year=1989 |publisher=Presses Université Laval |isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1 |page=389 |quote=Evidence of Old Oriya is found from early inscriptions dating from the 10th century onwards, while the language in the form of connected lines is found only in the inscription dated 1249 A.D.}}</ref>
* Early Middle Odia (13th century–15th century): The earliest use of prose can be found in the ''[[Madala Panji]]'' of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple at Puri]], which dates back to the 12th century. Such works as ''Sisu Beda'', ''Amarakosa'', ''Gorekha Samhita'', ''Kalasa Chautisa'' and ''Saptanga'' are written in this form of Odia.<ref name="patnaik 1989">{{cite book |last= Patnaik |first=Durga|title=Palm Leaf Etchings of Orissa |year=1989 |publisher= Abhinav Publications |place=New Delhi |isbn= 978-81-7017-248-2 |url= {{Google books |id=90_qAeMT1bwC |page=11 |plainurl=yes}} |page=11}}</ref><ref name="panda">{{cite book |last=Panda |first=Shishir |title= Medieval Orissa: A Socio-economic Study |year=1991 |publisher= Mittal Publications |place=New Delhi |isbn= 978-81-7099-261-5 |url={{Google books|id=C_LT5Q-f3YEC |page=106 |plainurl= yes}}|page=106}}</ref><ref name="patnaik 1997">{{cite book |last= Patnaik |first=Nihar |title =Economic History of Orissa |year=1997 |publisher= Indus Publishing |place=New Delhi |isbn= 978-81-7387-075-0 |url= {{Google books |id= 1AA9W9_4Z9gC |page=149 |plainurl=yes}} |page= 149}}</ref>
* Middle Odia (15th century–17th century): [[Sarala Das]] writes the ''Mahabharata'' and ''[[Vilanka Ramayana|Bilanka Ramayana]]''.<ref name="Sukhdeva2002">{{cite book |author=Sukhdeva |title=Living Thoughts of the Ramayana |url={{Google books|id=BMyxwk5g3NEC&pg=PT7|plainurl=yes}}|year=2002 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7992-002-2 |page=7}}</ref><ref name="Mukherjee1998">{{cite book |author=Sujit Mukherjee |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |url={{Google books|id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&pg=PA420|plainurl=yes}}|date=1998 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 |page=420}}</ref> Towards the 15th century, Panchasakha 'five seer poets' namely [[Balarama Dasa]], [[Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]], [[Achyutananda Dasa]], [[Ananta Dasa|Sisu Ananta Dasa]] and [[Jasobanta Dasa]] wrote a number of popular works, including the ''Odia Bhagabata'', ''[[Jagamohana Ramayana]]'', ''[[Lakshmi Purana]]'', ''Haribansa'', ''Gobinda Chandra'' and more. Balarama Dasa, Ananta Dasa and Achyutananda Dasa of Pancha Sakha group hailed from [[Karan (caste)|Karana]] community.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mallik |first=Basanta Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOnZAAAAMAAJ&q=balarama+dasa+karana |title=Paradigms of Dissent and Protest: Social Movements in Eastern India, C. AD 1400-1700 |date=2004 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-522-6 |language=en}}</ref>
* Late Middle Odia (17th century–Early 19th century): ''Usabhilasa'' of Sisu Sankara Dasa, the ''Rahasya Manjari'' of Deba Durlabha Dasa and the ''Rukmini Bibaha'' of Kartika Dasa were written. [[Upendra Bhanja]] took a leading role in this period with his creations ''Baidehisa Bilasa'', ''Koti Brahmanda Sundari'', ''Labanyabati'' which emerged as landmarks in Odia Literature. [[Dinakrushna Das]]a's ''Rasakallola'' and [[Abhimanyu Samantasinhara|Abhimanyu Samanta Singhara]]'s ''Bidagdha Chintamani'' were prominent latter kabyas. Of the song poets who spearheaded [[Odissi music]], classical music of the state – [[Upendra Bhanja]], [[Banamali Dasa|Banamali]], [[Baladeba Ratha|Kabisurjya Baladeba Ratha]], [[Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka|Gopalakrusna]] were prominent. [[Bhima Bhoi]] emerged towards the end of the 19th century.
* Modern Odia (Late 19th century to present): The first Odia magazine, Bodha Dayini was published in Balasore in 1861. During this time many [[Bengalis|Bengali]] scholars claimed that Odia was just a dialect of Bengali to exercise of power by cornering government jobs.<ref>Pritish Acharya, "Nationalistic Politics: Nature, Objectives and Strategy." From Late 19th Century to Formation of UPCC", in Culture, Tribal History and Freedom Movement, ed. P.K. Mishra, Delhi: Agam Kala Prakasham, 1989</ref> For instance Pandit Kanti Chandra Bhattacharya, a teacher of [[Balasore]] Zilla School, published a little pamphlet named "Odia Ekti Swatantray Bhasha Noi" (Odia not an independent language) where Bhattacharya claimed that Odia was not a separate and original form of language and was a mere corruption of Bengali. He suggested British Government to abolish all Odia Vernacular Schools from Odisha and to alter into Bengali Vernacular Schools.<ref>Sachidananda Mohanty, "Rebati and the Woman Question in Odisha", India International Centre Quarterly, New Delhi, Vol. 21, No. 4, Winter 1994</ref> The first Odia newspaper ''[[Utkala Deepika]]'', launched in 1866 under editors [[Gourishankar Ray]] and Bichitrananda. In 1869 Bhagavati Charan Das started another newspaper, Utkal Subhakari. More Odia newspapers soon followed like Utkal Patra, Utkal Hiteisini from Cuttack, Utkal Darpan and Sambada Vahika from Balasore and Sambalpur Hiteisini from Deogarh. [[Fakir Mohan Senapati]] emerged as a prominent Odia fiction writer of this time and [[Radhanath Ray]] as a prominent Odia poet. Other prominent Odia writers who helped promote Odia at this time were [[Madhusudan Das]], [[Madhusudan Rao]], [[Gangadhar Meher]], Chintamani Mohanty, [[Nanda Kishore Bal]], [[Reba Ray]], [[Gopabandhu Das]] and [[Nilakantha Das]].

==Geographical distribution==
===India===
{{Pie chart
|caption=Distribution of Odia language in the state of India<ref name=Census2011MT>{{cite web|title=C-16: Population by mother tongue, India - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191/download/13303/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
|value1 = 92.5
|label1 = Odisha
|value2 = 2.4
|label2 = Chhattisgarh
|value3 = 1.4
|label3 = Jharkhand
|value4 = 1
|label4 = Andhra Pradesh
|value5 = 0.6
|label5 = Assam
|value6 = 0.5
|label6 = Gujarat
|value7 = 0.4
|label7 = West Bengal
|value8 = 0.4
|label8 = Maharashtra
|other = yes
|other-label = Other states
|other-color = orange
|footer =
}}

According to the 2011 census, there are 37.52 million [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India|Odia speakers in India]], making up 3.1% of the country's population. Among these, 93% reside in Odisha.<ref>{{cite web |title=Number of Odia speaking people declines: Census report |url=https://sambadenglish.com/number-of-odia-speaking-people-declines-census-report/ |website=sambad |date=18 July 2018 |access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=James Minahan |title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA233 |year=2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-659-1 |page=233}}</ref> Odia is also spoken in neighbouring states such as [[Chhattisgarh]] (913,581), [[Jharkhand]] (531,077), [[Andhra Pradesh]] (361,471), and [[West Bengal]] (162,142), as of 2011 Census.<ref name=Census2011MT/>

Due to worker migration as [[Tea-garden community|tea garden workers]] in colonial India, northeastern states [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]] have a sizeable Odia-speaking population,<ref name=Census2011MT/> particularly in [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]], [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]], [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]], [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]], [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]], [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]], [[Cachar district|Cachar]], [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]], [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]], [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]], [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]], [[Baksa district|Baksa]], [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]], [[Hailakandi district]] of Assam and [[West Tripura district|West Tripura]], [[Dhalai district|Dhalai]], [[North Tripura district|North Tripura]] district of Tripura. Similarly, due to increasing migration due to economic pursuits in modern India, the western states [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]] also have a significant Odia speaking population.<ref name="The Times of India 2003">{{cite web | title=A Little Orissa in the heart of Surat – Ahmedabad News | website=The Times of India | date=18 May 2003 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/A-Little-Orissa-in-the-heart-of-Surat/articleshow/46707510.cms | access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> Additionally, due to economic pursuits, significant numbers of Odia speakers can be found in Indian cities such as [[Vishakhapatnam]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Goa]], [[Mumbai]], [[Raipur]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Vadodara]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[New Delhi]], [[Guwahati]], [[Shillong]], [[Pune]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Jammu]] and [[Silvassa]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Danesh Jain|author2=George Cardona|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA445|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9|page=445}}</ref>

===Foreign countries===
{{See also|Odia diaspora}}
The Odia diaspora is sizeable in several countries around the world, bringing the number of Odia speakers worldwide to 50 million.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">{{cite web | title=Oriya language | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oriya-language | access-date=2 July 2020|quote=Oriya language, also spelled Odia, Indo-Aryan language with some 50 million speakers.}}</ref><ref name="Anthropology2003">{{cite book |author= Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology |title= Man and Life |url={{Google books |id=DJGAAAAAMAAJ |plainurl= yes}} |access-date=31 July 2012 |year=2003 |publisher= Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology |volume=29 }}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2018}}{{request quotation|date=March 2018}} It has a significant presence in eastern countries, such as [[Thailand]] and [[Indonesia]], mainly brought by the [[sadhaba]], ancient traders from Odisha who carried the language along with the culture during the [[Maritime history of Odisha|old-day trading]],<ref name="Behera2002">{{cite book |author= Subhakanta Behera |title= Construction of an identity discourse: Oriya literature and the Jagannath cult (1866–1936) |url= {{Google books |id=hbVjAAAAMAAJ |plainurl=yes}} |access-date= 31 July 2012 |year=2002 |publisher= Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers }}</ref> and in western countries such as the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]] and [[England]]. The language has also spread to [[Burma]], [[Malaysia]], [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Middle East]] countries.<ref name="Anthropology2003" />

===Odia place names===
Odia place names are present across Odisha, Northern Andhra, South Bengal, South Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.

Odia street names usually end with -sahi, -pada, -nagar, -vihar/bihar. Examples include Nua-sahi, Madanmohan-pada, Nehru-nagar, Vani-vihar.

Common Odia place names ending with

-pur - Sambalpur, Berhampur, Salepur, Padampur, Bijepur, Jajpur etc.

-eswar - Maneswar, Baleswar, Bhubaneswar etc.

-put - Pokhariput, Bhejiput, Koraput, Lamataput etc.

-giri - Lalitgiri, G. Udayagiri, Ratnagiri etc.

-khol - Chandikhol, Redhakhol, Khaprakhol etc.

-garh/gada - Bargarh, Sarangarh, Nayagarh, Rayagada, Lanjigarh, Titlagarh, Potagada etc.

-pali- Saraipali, Dunguripali, Barpali etc

-palli - Kamapalli, Jamapalli, Barapalli, kanteipalli, Lanjipalli etc

-pada - Amalapada, Kendrapada, Bhatpada, Baripada etc.

-padar - Ballipadar, Bahadapadar, Jahadapadar etc.

-guda - Khariaguda, Kosamaguda, Semiliguda, Muniguda, Jharsuguda etc.

-patna - Bhawanipatna, Manikapatna, Madhupatna, Mugupatna etc.

-munda - Bangomunda, Bondamunda, Baramunda, Kuarmunda etc.

-kela - Rourkela, Seraikela etc.

-bira - Kolabira, Attabira etc.

-prasad - Durgaprasad, Jagannathprasad, Kalikaprasad etc.

-pani - Kanjipani, Bansapani, Taptapani etc.

-jang - Derjang, Parjang, Kujang etc.

-pentha - Chikitipentha, Mahadeipentha etc.

-bandha - Tumudibandha, Garabandha etc.

-khemundi - Paralakhemundi, Badakhemundi, Sanakhemundi etc.

-bali - Tikabali, Chandbali etc.

-kote - Khallikote, Umerkote, Mardakote, Purunakote etc.

-mal - Paikamal, Kandhamal

==Standardisation and Varieties ==
===Major varieties ===

* [[Baleswari Odia|Baleswari]] (Northern Odia): Spoken in [[Balasore district|Baleswar]], [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]], [[Mayurbhanj]] and [[Kendujhar district|Kendujhar]] districts of Odisha. The variant spoken in [[Balasore district|Baleswar]] is called ''Baleswaria''.
* Kataki (Central Odia):<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mugh1242|title=Mughalbandi|website=Glottolog}}</ref> Spoken in the coastal and central regions consisting of [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]], [[Khordha district|Khordha]], [[Puri district|Puri]], [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]], [[Jajpur district|Jajpur]], [[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]], [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]], [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]], [[Angul district|Angul]] and Eastern part of [[Boudh district|Boudh]] districts of Odisha with regional variations. The Cuttack variant is known as Katakia.
**Khurda Odia : Spoken in [[Khordha district|Khordha]], [[Puri district|Puri]] and [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]] districts of Odisha.<ref name="dsal1">{{cite web |title=LSI Vol-5 part-2 |publisher=dsal |pages=369, 382 |url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-2&pages=466#page/398/mode/1up}}</ref>
* [[Ganjami Odia|Ganjami]] (Southern Odia): Spoken in [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]], [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]] and parts of [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]] districts of Odisha, [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]] district of Andhra Pradesh. The variant spoken in [[Berhampur]] is also known as "''Berhampuria"''.
* [[Sundargadi Odia|Sundargadi]] (Northwestern Odia): Spoken in [[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]] and parts of adjoining districts of Odisha and the districts of [[Jashpur district|Jashpur]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Simdega district|Simdega]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort2659|title=Northwestern Oriya|website=Glottolog}}</ref><ref name="dsal">{{cite web |title=LSI Vol-5 part-2 |publisher=dsal |page=403 |url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-2&pages=466#page/420/mode/1up}}</ref>
* [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]] (Western Odia): It is the western variety of Odia language with the core variant spoken in [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]], [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]], [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]], [[Balangir district|Balangir]] and [[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]] districts, along with parts of [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]] and western parts of [[Boudh district|Boudh]] districts of Odisha. Also spoken in parts of [[Raigarh district|Raigarh]], [[Mahasamund district|Mahasamund]] and [[Raipur district|Raipur]] districts of Chhattisgarh. A 2006 survey of the varieties spoken in four villages in Western Odisha found out that Sambalpuri share three-quarters of their basic vocabulary with Standard Odia and has 75%–76% lexical similarity with Standard Odia.{{sfn|Mathai|Kelsall|2013|pp=4–6|ps =. The precise figures are 75{{ndash}}76%. This was based on comparisons of 210-item wordlists.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/spv|title=Sambalpuri|website=Ethnologue}}</ref><ref name="Census 2011"/>
* [[Desia language|Desia]] (Southwestern Odia/Koraputi): Spoken in southwestern districts of [[Nabarangpur district|Nabarangpur]], [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]], [[Koraput district|Koraput]], [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]] and southern parts of [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]] districts of Odisha and in the hilly regions of [[Vishakhapatnam]] and, [[Vizianagaram]] districts of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |last1=CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 |title=LANGUAGE |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |publisher=Government of India |page=7 |access-date=13 September 2018 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073412/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A variant spoken in [[Koraput]] is also known as ''Koraputia''.

'''Minor regional varieties'''

* [[Singhbhumi Odia]]: Spoken in parts of [[East Singhbhum]], [[West Singhbhum]] and [[Saraikela-Kharsawan]] district of [[Jharkhand]].
* [[Phulbani Odia]]: spoken in [[Kandhamal]] and in parts of [[Boudh district]].
* [[Kalahandia|Kalahandia Odia]]: Variant of Odia spoken in [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]] and [[Nuapada district]]s and neighbouring districts of [[Chhattisgarh]].
* '''Debagadia''' '''Odia''': It is a variant of Odia spoken in [[Debagarh district|Debagarh District]], [[Rairakhol|Redhakhol]] sub-division of [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur District]], [[Athmallik]] sub-division of [[Angul district|Angul District]] and [[Bonaigarh|Bonai]] sub-division of [[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh District]] area.

===Major tribal and community dialects/sociolects===

* [[Bodo Parja language|Bodo Parja]] (Jharia): spoken by the Parang Proja tribe of [[Koraput district|Koraput]] and neighbouring districts of [[Odisha]].
* [[Bhatri language|Bhatri]]: language variety spoken by the [[Bhottada]] tribe in Odisha and Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bgw |title=Bhatri |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=20 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>Masica (1991:16)</ref>
* [[Reli language|Reli]]: language variety spoken by the [[Reli people]] in the [[Koraput district|Koraput]] and [[Rayagada district]]s of southern Odisha and bordering districts of [[Andhra Pradesh]].
* [[Kupia language|Kupia]]: language variety spoken by [[Valmiki (caste)|Valmiki]] people of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh, mostly in [[Koraput district|Koraput]], and [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] districts.

'''Minor sociolects'''

Odia minor varieties include:<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qxxnZ4XxUbsC&pg=PA53 |title= Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects |author=Rabindra Nath Pati |author2=Jagannatha Dash |publisher= APH PUBLISHING CORPORATION |year=2002 |isbn= 81-7648-322-2 |location= New Delhi |pages= 51–59}}</ref>
* Bhuyan: Tribal variety spoken in Northern [[Odisha]].
* Sounti: Spoken in Northern Odisha.
* Bathudi: Spoken in Northern Odisha.
* Kondhan: Tribal variety spoken in Western Odisha.
* Agharia: Spoken by [[Agharia]] community in districts of Western Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
* [[Bhulia (dialect)|Bhulia]]: Spoken by [[Bhulia]] community in districts of Western Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
* Matia: Tribal variety spoken in Southern Odisha.

==Phonology==
[[File:Odia phonology.webm|thumb|Pronunciation of [[Odia alphabet]]]]
Odia has 30 consonant phonemes, 2 semivowel phonemes and 6 vowel phonemes.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Odia vowel phonemes<ref name=":0">{{harvcoltxt|Ray|2003|p=526}}</ref><ref name="cardona">{{cite book |last1=Cardona |first1=George |last2=Jain |first2=Danesh |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=2003 |page=488|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ}}</ref>
! ||[[Front vowel|Front]]||[[Central vowel|Central]]||[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[High vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|i}}|| ||{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}|| ||{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Low vowel|Low]]
| ||{{IPA link|ä|a}}||{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|}

Length is not contrastive. The vowel {{IPAblink|ɛ}} can also be heard as an allophone of {{IPAslink|e}}, or as an allophone of the coalescence of the sequences {{IPA|/j + a/}} or {{IPA|/j + ɔ/}}.<ref name=":1" /> Final vowels are pronounced in the standard language, e.g. Odia {{IPA|[pʰulɔ]}} contrasts [[Bengali language|Bengali]] {{IPA|[pʰul]}} "flower".<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Ray|2003|pp=488–489}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Odia consonant phonemes<ref>Masica (1991:107)</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Neukom, Lukas; Patnaik, Manideepa (2003)</ref>
! colspan="2"|
! [[Labial consonants|Labial]]
! [[Alveolar consonants|Alveolar]] /[[Dental consonants|Dental]]
! [[Retroflex consonants|Retroflex]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post alv.]]/ [[Palatal consonants|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonants|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonants|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|ɳ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4"| [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! {{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}
| {{IPA link|tʃ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|voiceless aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tʰ}}
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tʃʰ}}
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪|d}}
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}
| {{IPA link|dʒ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Murmured voice|voiced aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA link|bʱ}}
| {{IPA link|dʱ}}
| {{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
| {{IPA link|dʒʱ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɦ}}
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Trill consonant|Trill]]/[[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
| {{IPA link|r}}~{{IPA link|ɾ}}
| ({{IPA link|ɽ}}, {{IPA link|ɽʱ}})
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Lateral consonant#Approximants|Lateral]]
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|ɭ}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}

Odia retains the [[voiced retroflex lateral approximant]] {{IPAblink|ɭ}},<ref name=":0" /> among the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages. The [[Voiced velar nasal|velar nasal]] {{IPAblink|ŋ}} is given phonemic status in some analyses, as it also occurs as a terminal sound, e.g. ଏବଂ- ebaṅ /ebɔŋ/<ref>{{cite book|author1=Danesh Jain|author2=George Cardona|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA445|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9|page=490}}</ref> Nasals assimilate for [[place of articulation|place]] in nasal–stop clusters. {{IPA|/ɖ ɖʱ/}} have the near-allophonic intervocalic<ref>Masica (1991:147)</ref> [[flap consonant|flap]]s {{IPA|[ɽ ɽʱ]}} in [[intervocalic]] position and in final position (but not at [[morpheme]] boundaries). Stops are sometimes [[aspiration (phonetics)|deaspirated]] between {{IPA|/s/}} and a vowel or an [[open syllable]] {{IPA|/s/}}+vowel and a vowel. Some speakers distinguish between single and [[geminate consonant]]s.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Ray|2003|pp=490–491}}</ref>

==Grammar==
{{Main|Odia grammar}}

Odia retains most of the [[Grammatical case|cases]] of [[Sanskrit]], though the [[Nominative case|nominative]] and [[Vocative case|vocative]] have merged (both without a separate marker), as have the accusative and dative. There are three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter) and two [[grammatical number]]s (singular and plural). The usage of gender is semantic (a bit like in English), i.e. to differentiate male members of a class from female members.<ref name="Jain Cardona 2007 p. 450">{{cite book | last1=Jain | first1=D. | last2=Cardona | first2=G. | title=The Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge language family series | year=2007 | isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA450 | access-date=1 August 2020 | page=450}}</ref> There are three tenses coded via affixes (i.e., present, past and future), others being expressed via auxiliaries.

==Writing system==
{{main|Odia script|Odia braille}}

[[File:Evolution of Oriya Language.jpg|thumb|A detailed chart depicting evolution of the Odia script as displayed in a museum at [[Ratnagiri, Odisha]]]]
[[File:Baranga grant of Umarabana, Kalinga script 3AD.JPG|thumb|3AD Baranga grant of Umarabana written in Kalinga script]]
The Odia language uses the [[Odia script]] (also known as the [[Kalinga script]]). It is a [[Brahmic script]] used to write primarily the Odia language and others like Sanskrit and several minor regional languages. The script has developed over nearly 1000 years, with the earliest trace of the script being dated to 1051 AD.

Odia is a syllabic alphabet, or an [[abugida]], wherein all [[consonant]]s have an inherent [[vowel]]. Diacritics (which can appear above, below, before, or after the consonant they belong to) are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When vowels appear at the beginning of a syllable, they are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used to combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol.

The curved appearance of the Odia script is a result of the practice of writing on palm leaves, which have a tendency to tear if too many straight lines are used.<ref name="Caldwell 1998 p. 125">{{cite book | last=Caldwell | first=R. | title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South-Indian Family of Languages | publisher=Asian Educational Services | year=1998 | isbn=978-81-206-0117-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PPCYBApSnIC&pg=PA519 | access-date=26 May 2020 | page=125}}</ref>

Karani Script or Karani Lipi (Odia: କରଣୀ ଲିପି) is a traditional script used primarily in Odisha, India, for administrative and literary purposes during the medieval and early modern periods. Named after the Karana scribes (the traditional writer caste of Odisha), the script was predominantly used in the royal courts and temples, especially for writing on palm leaf manuscripts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripāṭhī |first=Kuñjabihārī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8MKAQAAIAAJ |title=The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script |date=1963 |publisher=Utkal University |language=en}}</ref> It is a cursive form derived from the Odia script, developed to enable faster writing with a stylus or pen. The Karani script is characterized by its flowing, connected style, making it distinct from the formal printed Odia script. Though no longer in widespread use, it remains an important part of Odisha’s manuscript heritage and is preserved in temple records, historical documents, and museum collections.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pattanayak |first=D. P. |date=1991 |title=Linguistic and Religious Identity in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23002249 |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=101–106 |jstor=23002249 |issn=0376-9771}}</ref>

===Odia script===
{|class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center"
|+ '''Vowels''' {{lang|or|ସ୍ୱର ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ}}
|-
|| {{lang|or|ଅ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଆ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଇ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଈ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଉ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଊ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଋ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୠ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଌ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୡ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଏ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଐ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଓ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଔ}}
|}

{|class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center"
|+ '''Consonants''' {{lang|or|ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ}}
|-
|| {{lang|or|କ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଖ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଗ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଘ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଙ}}
|-
|| {{lang|or|ଚ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଛ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଜ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଝ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଞ}}
|-
|| {{lang|or|ଟ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଠ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଡ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଢ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଣ}}
|-
|| {{lang|or|ତ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଥ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଦ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଧ}}
|| {{lang|or|ନ}}
|-
|| {{lang|or|ପ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଫ}}
|| {{lang|or|ବ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଭ}}
|| {{lang|or|ମ}}
|-
|| {{lang|or|ଯ}}
|| {{lang|or|ର}}
|| {{lang|or|ଳ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୱ}}
|-
|| {{lang|or|ଶ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଷ}}
|| {{lang|or|ସ}}
|| {{lang|or|ହ}}
|-
|| {{lang|or|ୟ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଲ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଡ଼}}
|| {{lang|or|ଢ଼}}
|| {{lang|or|କ୍ଷ}}
|}

{|class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center"
|+ '''Diacritics'''
|-
|| {{lang|or|ା}}
|| {{lang|or|ି}}
|| {{lang|or|ୀ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୁ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୂ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୃ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୄ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୢ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୣ}}
|| {{lang|or|େ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୈ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୋ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୌ}}
|}

{|class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center"
|+ '''Signs, Punctuation'''
|-
|| {{lang|or|ଂ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଃ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଁ}}
|| {{lang|or|୍}}
|| {{lang|or|଼}}
|| {{lang|or|।}}
|| {{lang|or|॥}}
|| {{lang|or|ଽ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଓଁ}}
|| {{lang|or|୰}}
|}

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==Literature==
{{main|Odia literature}}

[[File:Odia script in Dohakosa by Sarahapada.svg|thumb|Sarahapada was one of the 84 Siddhas who has composed Dohas in (couplets) are compiled in Dohakośa, the 'Treasury of Rhyming Couplets'. Padas (verses) 22, 32, 38 and 39 of Caryagītikośa (or Charyapada) are assigned to him. The script used in the dohas shows close resemblance with the Odia script.]]
The earliest literature in Odia can be traced to the Charyapadas, composed in the 7th to 9th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|url = {{Google books|id=KYLpvaKJIMEC|plainurl=yes}}|publisher = Sahitya Akademi|date = 1 January 1997|isbn = 978-81-260-0365-5}}</ref> Before Sarala Das, the most important works in Odia literature are the Shishu Veda, Saptanga, Amara Kosha, ''Rudrasudhanidhi'', ''Kesaba Koili'', ''Kalasa Chautisa,'' etc.<ref name="patnaik 1989" /><ref name="panda" /><ref name="patnaik 1997" /> In the 14th century, the poet [[Sarala Das]] wrote the Sarala Mahabharata, Chandi Purana, and Vilanka Ramayana, in praise of the goddess [[Durga]]. Rama-Bibaha, written by Arjuna Dasa, was the first long poem written in the Odia language.

The following era is termed the [[Odia Literature|Panchasakha Age]] and stretches until the year 1700. Notable religious works of the Panchasakha Age include those of [[Balarama Dasa]], [[Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]], Yasovanta, Ananta and [[Acyutananda]]. The authors of this period mainly translated, adapted, or imitated Sanskrit literature. Other prominent works of the period include the ''Usabhilasa'' of Sisu Sankara Dasa, the ''Rahasya Manjari'' of Debadurlabha Dasa and the ''Rukmini Bibha'' of Kartika Dasa. A new form of novels in verse evolved during the beginning of the 17th century when Ramachandra Pattanayaka wrote ''Harabali''. Other poets, like Madhusudana, Bhima Dhibara, Sadasiba and Sisu Iswara Dasa composed another form called [[Kāvya|kavyas]] (long poems) based on themes from Puranas, with an emphasis on plain, simple language.

However, during the [[Odia literature#Age of Upendra Bhanja|Bhanja Age]] (also known as the Age of Riti Yuga) beginning with turn of the 18th century, verbally tricky Odia became the order of the day. Verbal jugglery and eroticism characterise the period between 1700 and 1850, particularly in the works of the era's eponymous poet [[Upendra Bhanja]] (1670–1720). Bhanja's work inspired many imitators, of which the most notable is Arakshita Das. Family chronicles in prose relating religious festivals and rituals are also characteristic of the period.

The first Odia printing typeset was cast in 1836 by Christian missionaries. Although the handwritten Odia script of the time closely resembled the [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese scripts]], the one adopted for the printed typesets was significantly different. [[Amos Sutton]] produced an Oriya Bible (1840), Oriya Dictionary (1841–1843) and<ref>Biswamoy Pati Situating social history: Orissa, 1800–1997 p30</ref> ''An Introductory Grammar of Oriya'' (1844).<ref>The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti): 2 p1030 ed. Amaresh Datta – 2006 "Amos Sutton also prepared a dictionary named Sadhu bhasharthabhidhan, a vocabulary of current Sanskrit terms with Odia definitions which was also printed in Odisha Mission Press in 1844."</ref>

Odia has a rich literary heritage dating back to the thirteenth century. [[Sarala Dasa]] who lived in the fourteenth century is known as the [[Vyasa]] of Odisha. He wrote the [[Mahabharata]] into Odia. In fact, the language was initially standardised through a process of translating or transcreating classical Sanskrit texts such as the Mahabharata, [[Ramayana]] and the [[Bhagavad Gita]]. The translation of the ''Bhagavatam'' by [[Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)|''Atibadi'' Jagannatha Dasa]] was particularly influential on the written form of the language. Another of the Panchasakha, [[Balarama Dasa|''Matta'' Balarama Dasa]] transcreated the Ramayana in Odia, titled ''[[Jagamohana Ramayana]]''. Odia has had a strong tradition of poetry, especially [[worship|devotional]] poetry.

Other eminent Odia poets include [[Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja|''Kabi Samrat'' Upendra Bhanja]], [[Kavisurya Baladev Rath|''Kabisurjya'' Baladeba Ratha]], [[Banamali Dasa]], Dinakrusna Dasa and [[Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka]]. Classical Odia literature is inextricably tied to music, and most of it was written for singing, set to traditional Odissi ragas and talas. These compositions form the core of the system of [[Odissi music]], the classical music of the state.

Three great poets and prose writers, [[Kabibar Radhanath Ray]] (1849–1908), [[Fakir Mohan Senapati]] (1843–1918) and [[Madhusudan Rao]] (1853–1912) made Odia their own. They brought in a modern outlook and spirit into Odia literature. Around the same time the modern drama took birth in the works of Rama Sankara Ray beginning with Kanci-Kaveri (1880).

Among the contemporaries of Fakir Mohan, four novelists deserve special mention: Aparna Panda, Mrutyunjay Rath, Ram Chandra Acharya and Brajabandhu Mishra. Aparna Panda's Kalavati and Brajabandhu Mishra's Basanta Malati were both published in 1902, the year in which Chha Mana Atha Guntha came out in the book form.

One of the great writers in the 20th century was Pandit [[Krushna Chandra Kar]] (1907–1995) from Cuttack, who wrote many books for children like ''Pari Raija, Kuhuka Raija, Panchatantra, Adi Jugara Galpa Mala'', etc. He was last felicitated by the Sahitya Academy in 1971–72 for his contributions to Odia literature, development of children's fiction, and biographies.

One of the prominent writers of the 20th and 21st centuries was Muralidhar Mallick (1927–2002). His contribution to [[historical novel]]s is beyond words. He was last felicitated by the Sahitya Academy in the year 1998 for his contributions to Odia literature. His son Khagendranath Mallick (born 1951) is also a writer. His contribution towards poetry, criticism, essays, short stories, and novels is commendable. He was the former President of Utkal Kala Parishad and also former President of Odisha Geeti Kabi Samaj. Presently he is a member of the Executive Committee of Utkal Sahitya Samaj. Another illustrious writer of the 20th century was Chintamani Das. A noted academician, he was written more than 40 books including fiction, short stories, biographies and storybooks for children. Born in 1903 in Sriramachandrapur village under Satyabadi block, Chintamani Das is the only writer who has written biographies on all the five 'Pancha Sakhas' of Satyabadi namely Pandit Gopabandhu Das, Acharya Harihara, Nilakantha Das, Krupasindhu Mishra and Pandit Godabarisha. Having served as the Head of the Odia department of Khallikote College, Berhampur, Chintamani Das was felicitated with the Sahitya Akademi Samman in 1970 for his outstanding contribution to Odia literature in general and Satyabadi Yuga literature in particular. Some of his well-known literary creations are 'Bhala Manisha Hua', 'Manishi Nilakantha', 'Kabi Godabarisha', 'Byasakabi Fakiramohan', 'Usha', 'Barabati'.

20th century writers in Odia include Pallikabi [[Nanda Kishore Bal]], [[Gangadhar Meher]], Chintamani Mahanti and [[Kuntala Kumari Sabat]], besides Niladri Dasa and [[Gopabandhu Das]]. The most notable novelists were Umesa Sarakara, Divyasimha Panigrahi, [[Gopala Chandra Praharaj]] and [[Kalindi Charan Panigrahi]]. Sachi Kanta Rauta Ray is the great introducer of the ultra-modern style in modern Odia poetry. Others who took up this form were Godabarisha Mohapatra, [[Mayadhar Mansingh]], [[Nityananda Mahapatra]] and Kunjabihari Dasa. Prabhasa Chandra Satpathi is known for his translations of some western classics apart from Udayanatha Shadangi, Sunanda Kara and Surendranatha Dwivedi. Criticism, essays and history also became major lines of writing in the Odia language. Esteemed writers in this field were Professor Girija Shankar Ray, Pandit Vinayaka Misra, Professor Gauri Kumara Brahma, Jagabandhu Simha and [[Harekrushna Mahatab]]. Odia literature mirrors the industrious, peaceful and artistic image of the [[Odia people]] who have offered and gifted much to the Indian civilisation in the field of art and literature. Now Writers [[Manoj Das]]'s creations motivated and inspired people towards a positive lifestyle. Distinguished prose writers of the modern period include [[Baidyanath Misra]], [[Fakir Mohan Senapati]], [[Madhusudan Das]], Godabarisha Mohapatra, Kalindi Charan Panigrahi, [[Surendra Mohanty]], [[Manoj Das]], [[Kishori Charan Das]], Gopinath Mohanty, Rabi Patnaik, Chandrasekhar Rath, Binapani Mohanty, Bhikari Rath, [[Jagadish Mohanty]], [[Sarojini Sahoo]], [[Yashodhara Mishra]], Ramchandra Behera, Padmaja Pal. But it is poetry that makes modern Odia literature a force to reckon with. Poets like [[Kabibar Radhanath Ray]], Sachidananda Routray, Guruprasad Mohanty, Soubhagya Misra, [[Ramakanta Rath]], Sitakanta Mohapatra, Rajendra Kishore Panda, Pratibha Satpathy have made significant contributions towards Indian poetry.

[[Anita Desai]]'s novella, ''Translator Translated'', from her collection ''The Art of Disappearance'', features a translator of a fictive Odia short story writer. The novella contains a discussion of the perils of translating works composed in regional Indian languages into English.

Four writers in Odia – [[Gopinath Mohanty]], [[Sachidananda Routray]], [[Sitakant Mahapatra]] and [[Pratibha Ray]] – have been awarded the [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanpith]], an Indian literary award.

==Sample text==
The following is a sample text in Odia of Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] ({{lang|or|ମାନବିକ ଅଧିକାରର ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ ଘୋଷଣା}}):

[[File:Universal Declaration of Human Rights - ori - ra - Art1.ogg]]

'''Odia in the Odia script'''

:{{lang|or|'''ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦ ୧:''' ସମସ୍ତ ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଜନ୍ମକାଳରୁ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ ଏବଂ ମର୍ଯ୍ୟାଦା ଓ ଅଧିକାରରେ ସମାନ । ସେମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ ବୁଦ୍ଧି ଓ ବିବେକ ନିହିତ ଅଛି ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତି ଭ୍ରାତୃତ୍ୱ ମନୋଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା ଉଚିତ୍ ।}}

'''Odia in [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]'''

:'''Anuccheda eka:''' Samasta manuṣya janmakāḻaru swādhīna ebaṁ marẏyādā o adhikārare samāna. Semānaṅkaṭhāre buddhi o bibeka nihita achi ebaṁ semānaṅku paraspara prati bhrātṛtwa manobhābare byabahāra karibā ucit.

'''Odia in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]'''

:{{IPA|ɔnut͡ːʃʰed̪ɔ ekɔ}}: {{IPA|sɔmɔst̪ɔ mɔnuʂjɔ d͡ʒɔnmɔkaɭɔɾu swad̪ʱinɔ ebɔŋ mɔɾd͡ʒjad̪a o ɔd̪ʱikaɾɔɾe sɔmanɔ. semanɔŋkɔʈʰaɾe bud̪ːʱi o bibekɔ niɦit̪ɔ ɔt͡ʃʰi ebɔŋ semanɔŋku pɔɾɔspɔɾɔ pɾɔt̪i bʱɾat̪ɾut̪wɔ mɔnobʱabɔɾe bjɔbɔɦaɾɔ kɔɾiba ut͡ʃit̪}}

'''Gloss'''

:'''Article 1:''' All human beings from birth are free and dignity and rights are equal. Their reason and intelligence endowed with and they towards one another in a brotherhood spirit behaviour to do should.

'''Translation'''

:'''Article 1:''' All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

==Software==
[[Google]] introduced the first automated translator for Odia in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Statt |first1=Nick |title=Google Translate supports new languages for the first time in four years, including Uyghur |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/2/26/21154417/google-translate-new-languages-support-odia-tatar-turkmen-uyghur-kinyarwanda |website=The Verge |access-date=27 February 2020 |language=en |date=26 February 2020}}</ref> [[Microsoft]] too incorporated Odia in its automated translator later that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/translator/blog/2020/08/13/odia-language-text-translation-is-now-available-in-microsoft-translator/|title = Odia Language Text Translation is Now Available in Microsoft Translator|website = [[Microsoft]]|date = 13 August 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{Cite report |last1=Mathai |first1=Eldose K. |last2=Kelsall |first2=Juliana |year=2013 |title=Sambalpuri of Orissa, India: A Brief Sociolinguistic Survey |series=SIL Electronic Survey Reports |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/54878}}
* {{cite book |last=Rajaguru |first=Satyanarayan |title=Inscriptions of Orissa C. 600–1100 A.D. |volume=2 |year=1966 |publisher=Government of Orissa, Superintendent of Research & Museum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BswxmAEACAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Ray |first=Tapas S. |pages=485–522 |chapter=Oriya |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |editor1-last=Cardona |editor1-first=George |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Dhanesh |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1130-7}}
* {{cite thesis |type=PhD dissertation |first=Matthew William Stirling |last=Toulmin |title=Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan |url=https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/45743 |publisher=The Australian National University |year=2006 |doi=10.25911/5d7a2b0c76304 |doi-access=free |hdl=1885/45743 |hdl-access=free}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Arun |year=2003 |title=An ethnolinguistic profile of Eastern India: a case of South Orissa |location=Burdwan |publisher=Dept. of Bengali (D.S.A.), University of Burdwan}}
* {{cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin |year=1991 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |series=Cambridge Language Surveys |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2}}
* Mohanty, Prasanna Kumar (2007). ''The History of: History of Oriya Literature'' (Oriya Sahityara Adya Aitihasika Gana).
* {{cite book |last1=Neukom |first1=Lukas |last2=Patnaik |first2=Manideepa |title=A Grammar of Oriya |year=2003 |publisher=University of Zurich |place=Zurich |series=Arbeiten des Seminars für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Zürich |volume=17 |isbn=978-3-9521010-9-4}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.odia.org/articles/harvardLecture.pdf |title=Oriya Language and Literature |publisher=Odia.org |access-date=29 November 2012}}
* {{cite book |title=Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects |author=Rabindra Nath Pati |author2=Jagannatha Dash |publisher=APH PUBLISHING CORPORATION |year=2002 |isbn=81-7648-322-2 |location=India |pages=51–59}}
* {{cite book|last=Tripathi|first=Kunjabihari|title=The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script|year=1962|publisher=Utkal University|place=Cuttack|url=http://ktpress.org.in/pdf/evolution_of_oriya_language.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510155332/http://ktpress.org.in/pdf/evolution_of_oriya_language.pdf|archive-date=10 May 2013}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{interWiki|code=or}}
{{wikivoyage|Odia phrasebook|Odia|a phrasebook}}
*{{commons category-inline}}
* [[w:or:Main page|Odia Bharatpedia]]
* Praharaj, G.C. [https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/praharaj/ Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805184601/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/praharaj/ |date=5 August 2020 }} (Odia-English dictionary). Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, 1931–1940.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=b7tmlF2a7fcC&q=oriya A Comprehensive English-Oriya Dictionary (1916–1922)]

{{Odia language}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Eastern Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Odisha}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Odia Language}}
[[Category:Odia language| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Classical Language in India]]
[[Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 3rd century BC]]
[[Category:Languages of Odisha]]
[[Category:Languages of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Languages written in Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Official languages of India]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]

Hansuli Banker Upakatha (novel)

2026-03-14T10:10:23Z

ShaneraDeF:

{{Short description|1951 novel by Tarashankar Bandopadhyay}}
{{About||the film adaptation|Hansuli Banker Upakatha (film)}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2018}}

{{use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = Hansuli Banker Upakatha
| image = Hansuli_Banker_Upakatha,_cover.png
| image_size =
| caption =
| alt = হাঁসুলীবাঁকের উপকথা
| author = [[Tarashankar Bandopadhyay]]
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator = Ben Conisbee Baer
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bangla]]
| subject =
| genre = Novel
| published = {{start date and age|1951}}
| media_type =
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| wikisource =
| exclude_cover =
}}

'''''Hansuli Banker Upakatha''''' ({{langx|bn|হাঁসুলীবাঁকের উপকথা|lit=Hansuli Bank's Fable}}) is a 1951 novel by [[Tarashankar Bandopadhyay]], set in 1941.<ref name="Dalal2017">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=India at 70: snapshots since Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYswDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT140|date=23 August 2017|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-86815-37-8|pages=140–}}</ref> The novel explores life in rural [[Bengal]], the realities of the [[Zamindar]]i system that was responsible for much of the social inequalities in Bengal, as well as the changes in social perceptions with time.

The novel was written and published in various versions between 1946 and 1951. In 1946, it was first appeared in a shorter version in a special annual [[Durga Puja|Durga festival]] issue of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]''. Later, the novel was expanded and revised over the following
five years, appearing in several editions during that time.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bandopadhyay|first=Tarashankar|title=The Tale of Hansuli Turn|url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/band14904/band14904-intro/band14904-intro.xml|chapter=Introduction|translator-last=Baer|translator-first=Ben Conisbee|year=2011|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=vii|isbn=978-0-231-52022-5|via=[[De Gruyter]]}}{{Subscription required}}</ref>

The novel was translated into English as ''The Tale of Hansuli Turn'' by Ben Conisbee Baer, published 2011.<ref name="Comparative Literature">{{cite web | title=Benjamin Conisbee Baer | website=Comparative Literature | url=https://complit.princeton.edu/people/benjamin-conisbee-baer | access-date=2018-09-21}}</ref>

==Plot summary==
The story is set in a secluded village in West Bengal, home to the Kahar people. They inhabit a settlement at Hansuli Bank, a crescent-shaped turn in the Kopai River, and live a life dictated by ancient customs and superstitions. Their community is led by a council of elders, with the deeply traditional Bonwari as its headman. The Kahars believe their fate is intertwined with the spirits of the land and the river, and their days are governed by omens and rituals.
The narrative opens as a sense of unease settles over the community. The central conflict is established between the old guard, represented by Bonwari, and the defiant younger generation, personified by the rebellious Karali. A pivotal early scene involves the appearance of a black snake; while the elders see it as a divine manifestation, Karali shocks them by killing it, showcasing his contempt for their beliefs. This clash intensifies as the outside world intrudes. The construction of a nearby railway line and a British-run factory introduces forces that the Kahars cannot comprehend. The shriek of a steam engine is mistaken for a wailing ghost, throwing the village into a panic and highlighting their isolation.
Karali, who takes a job with the railway, becomes a symbol of this encroaching new world. He is drawn to the promise of a life beyond the rigid caste structure and poverty of Hansuli Bank. His illicit love affair with a young Kahar woman named Pakhi directly challenges the community's moral code and leads to a dramatic confrontation with Bonwari and the village council. The tension between Bonwari and Karali splits the community, creating a deep rift between those who cling to tradition and those who see a future elsewhere.
The novel's turning point is a catastrophic flood. The Kopai River, the lifeblood of the Kahar village, swells its banks and inundates their settlement. The flood washes away their homes and livelihoods, shattering their belief that their deities and rituals can protect them. This disaster acts as the final catalyst for the community's disintegration.
In the aftermath, the social fabric of Hansuli Bank is irrevocably broken. Displaced and desperate, many of the younger Kahars, led by Karali's example, abandon their ancestral home to seek work in the factory. This migration represents a final, painful severance from their land and their identity. The novel closes on a poignant and somber note, with Bonwari reflecting on the loss of his community and its way of life. The old folk songs and rituals have faded, replaced by the relentless sound of the factory whistle, a symbol of an old world giving way to the new.

== Adaptation ==
[[Hansuli Banker Upakatha (film)|''Hasuli Banker Upakatha'' (film)]] was made in 1962 by [[Tapan Sinha]] based on this novel.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1951 novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Novels set in 1941]]
[[Category:Novels set in Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian Bengali-language novels]]
[[Category:1951 Indian novels]]

{{1950s-novel-stub}}

Grammar

2026-03-13T20:50:01Z

ShaneraDeF: edit

{{Short description|Structural rules of a language}}
{{Other uses|Grammar (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2025}}
{{Linguistics|Grammar}}
In [[linguistics]], '''grammar''' is the system of rules that governs how a [[natural language]] is structured and used, as evidenced by its speakers or [[writer]]s. Grammar rules may concern the use of [[clause]]s, [[phrase]]s, and [[word]]s. The term may also refer to the study of such rules, a subject that includes [[phonology]], [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], and [[syntax]], together with [[phonetics]], [[semantics]], and [[pragmatics]]. There are in effect two different ways to study grammar: [[traditional grammar]] and [[#Theoretical frameworks|theoretical grammar]].

Fluency in a particular [[language variety]] involves a speaker internalizing these rules, many or most of which are [[language acquisition|acquired]] by observing other speakers, as opposed to intentional study or [[language teaching|instruction]]. Much of this internalization occurs during early childhood; learning a language later in life usually involves more direct instruction.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=O'Grady |first1=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djhsAAAAIAAJ&q=Contemporary+Linguistics |title=Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction |last2=Dobrovolsky |first2=Michael |last3=Katamba |first3=Francis |publisher=Longman |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-582-24691-1 |location=Harlow, Essex |pages=4–7, 464–539}}</ref> The term ''grammar'' can also describe the linguistic behaviour of groups of speakers and writers rather than individuals. Differences in scale can impact this definition: for example, [[English grammar]] could describe the rules followed by every one of the language's speakers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Janet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qjdqxecifHcC&q=Introduction+to+Sociolinguistics+Holmes |title=An Introduction to Sociolinguistics |publisher=Longman |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-582-32861-7 |edition=2nd |location=Harlow, Essex |pages=73–94}}</ref> At a smaller scale, it may refer to rules shared by smaller groups of speakers.

A description, study, or analysis of such rules may also be known as a grammar, or as a [[grammar book]]. A [[reference work]] describing the grammar of a language is called a ''reference grammar'' or simply a ''grammar''. A fully revealed grammar, which describes the [[grammatical]] constructions of a particular speech type in great detail is called descriptive grammar. This type of [[linguistic description]] contrasts with [[linguistic prescription]], a plan to marginalize some constructions while [[codification (linguistics)|codifying]] others, either absolutely or in the framework of a [[standard language]]. The word ''grammar'' often has divergent meanings when used in contexts outside linguistics. It may be used more broadly to include [[orthography|orthographic]] conventions of [[written language]], such as [[spelling]] and [[punctuation]], which are not typically considered part of grammar by linguists; that is, the [[convention (norm)|convention]]s used for writing a language. It may also be used more narrowly to refer to a set of [[linguistic prescription|prescriptive norms]] only, excluding the aspects of a language's grammar which do not [[variation (linguistics)|change]] or are clearly acceptable (or not) without the need for discussions.

== Etymology ==
The word ''grammar'' is derived from [[Ancient Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|γραμματικὴ τέχνη}} (''grammatikḕ téchnē''), which means "art of letters", from {{lang|grc|γράμμα}} (''grámma''), "letter", itself from {{lang|grc|γράφειν}} (''gráphein''), "to draw, to write".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harper |first=Douglas |author-link=Douglas Harper |title=Grammar |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=grammar |access-date=8 April 2010 |website=Online Etymological Dictionary |archive-date=9 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309182125/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=grammar |url-status=live }}</ref> The same Greek root also appears in the words ''[[graphics]]'', ''[[grapheme]]'', and ''photograph''.

== History ==
{{Further|History of linguistics}}
The first systematic grammar of [[Sanskrit]] originated in [[Iron Age India]], with [[Yaska]] (6th century BC), [[Pāṇini]] (6th–5th century BC<ref name="britpanini">{{Cite book |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ashtadhyayi |title=Ashtadhyayi, Work by Panini |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=2013 |quote=Ashtadhyayi, Sanskrit Aṣṭādhyāyī ("Eight Chapters"), Sanskrit treatise on grammar written in the 6th to 5th century BCE by the Indian grammarian Panini. |access-date=23 October 2017 |archive-date=5 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805063047/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ashtadhyayi |url-status=live }}</ref>) and his commentators [[Pingala]] ({{Circa|200 BC}}), [[Katyayana]], and [[Patanjali]] (2nd century BC). [[Tolkāppiyam]], the earliest [[Tamil language|Tamil]] grammar, is mostly dated to before the 5th century AD. The [[Babylonia]]ns also made some early attempts at language description.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McGregor |first=William B.|author-link=William B. McGregor |title=Linguistics: An Introduction |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2015|edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-567-58352-9 |pages=15–16}}</ref>

Grammar appeared as a discipline in [[Hellenistic period|Hellenism]] from the 3rd century BC forward with authors such as [[Rhyanus]] and [[Aristarchus of Samothrace]]. The oldest known grammar handbook is the ''[[Art of Grammar]]'' ({{lang|grc|Τέχνη Γραμματική}}), a succinct guide to speaking and writing clearly and effectively, written by the ancient Greek scholar [[Dionysius Thrax]] ({{Circa|170|90 BC|lk=no}}), a student of Aristarchus of Samothrace who founded a school on the Greek island of Rhodes. Dionysius Thrax's grammar book remained the primary grammar textbook for Greek schoolboys until as late as the twelfth century AD. The Romans based their grammatical writings on it and its basic format remains the basis for grammar guides in many languages even today.<ref name="Casson2001">{{Cite book |last=Casson |first=Lionel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECBkVPQkNSsC&q=Library+of+Alexandria |title=Libraries in the Ancient World |date=2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-09721-4 |location=New Haven, Connecticut |page=45 |author-link=Lionel Casson |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824033514/https://books.google.com/books?id=ECBkVPQkNSsC&q=Library+of+Alexandria |archive-date=24 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Latin grammar]] developed by following Greek models from the 1st century BC, due to the work of authors such as [[Orbilius Pupillus]], [[Remmius Palaemon]], [[Marcus Valerius Probus]], [[Verrius Flaccus]], and [[Aemilius Asper]].

The grammar of [[Old Irish|Irish]] originated in the 7th century with [[Auraicept na n-Éces]]. [[Arabic grammar]] emerged with [[Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali]] in the 7th century. The first treatises on [[Hebrew grammar]] appeared in the [[High Middle Ages]], in the context of [[Midrash]] (exegesis of the [[Hebrew Bible]]). The [[Karaite Judaism|Karaite]] tradition originated in [[Abbasid]] [[Baghdad]]. The ''[[Diqduq]]'' (10th century) is one of the earliest grammatical commentaries on the Hebrew Bible.<ref>G. Khan, J. B. Noah, ''The Early Karaite Tradition of Hebrew Grammatical Thought'' (2000)</ref> [[Ibn Barun]] in the 12th century, compares the Hebrew language with Arabic in the [[Islamic grammatical tradition]].<ref>Pinchas Wechter, Ibn Barūn's Arabic Works on Hebrew Grammar and Lexicography (1964)</ref>

Belonging to the ''[[trivium]]'' of the seven [[liberal arts]], grammar was taught as a core discipline throughout the [[Middle Ages]], following the influence of authors from [[Late Antiquity]], such as [[Priscian]]. Treatment of vernaculars began gradually during the [[High Middle Ages]], with isolated works such as the [[First Grammatical Treatise]], but became influential only in the [[Renaissance]] and [[Baroque]] periods. In 1486, [[Antonio de Nebrija]] published ''Las introduciones Latinas contrapuesto el romance al Latin'', and the first [[Spanish grammar]], ''[[Gramática de la lengua castellana]]'', in 1492. During the 16th-century [[Italian Renaissance]], the ''[[Questione della lingua]]'' was the discussion on the status and ideal form of the Italian language, initiated by [[Dante]]'s ''[[de vulgari eloquentia]]'' ([[Pietro Bembo]], ''Prose della volgar lingua'' Venice 1525). The first grammar of [[Slovene language|Slovene]] was written in 1583 by [[Adam Bohorič]], and ''[[Grammatica Germanicae Linguae]]'', the first grammar of German, was published in 1578.

Grammars of some languages began to be compiled for the purposes of evangelism and [[Bible translation]] from the 16th century onward, such as ''Grammatica o Arte de la Lengua General de Los Indios de Los Reynos del Perú'' (1560), a [[Quechua languages|Quechua]] grammar by [[Fray Domingo de Santo Tomás]].

From the latter part of the 18th century, grammar came to be understood as a subfield of the emerging discipline of modern linguistics. The ''Deutsche Grammatik'' of [[Jacob Grimm]] was first published in the 1810s. The ''Comparative Grammar'' of [[Franz Bopp]], the starting point of modern [[comparative linguistics]], came out in 1833.

== {{anchor|Frameworks}} Theoretical frameworks ==
{{Further|Syntax#Theoretical syntactic models}}
[[File:Cgisf-tgg.png|thumb|A [[generative grammar|generative]] [[parse tree|syntax tree]] in which the sentence (S) breaks down into a noun phrase (NP) and a verb phrase (VP), both of which break down into additional smaller constituents.]]

Frameworks of grammar which seek to give a precise scientific theory of the syntactic rules of grammar and their function have been developed in [[theoretical linguistics]].

* [[Dependency grammar]]: dependency relation ([[Lucien Tesnière]] 1959)
** [[Link grammar]]
* [[Functional theories of grammar|Functional grammar]] (structural–functional analysis):
** [[Danish Functionalism]]
** [[Functional Discourse Grammar]]
** [[Role and reference grammar]]
** [[Systemic functional grammar]]
* [[Montague grammar]]
* [[Cognitive grammar]] / [[Cognitive linguistics]]
** [[Construction grammar]]
*** [[Fluid Construction Grammar]]
** [[Word grammar]]
* [[Generative grammar]]:
** [[Transformational grammar]] (1960s)
** [[Generative semantics]] (1970s) and [[Semantic Syntax]] (1990s)
** [[Phrase structure grammar]] (late 1970s)
*** [[Generalized phrase structure grammar]] (late 1970s)
**** [[Head-driven phrase structure grammar]] (1985)
**** [[Principles and parameters]] grammar ([[Government and binding theory]]) (1980s)
** [[Lexical functional grammar]]
** [[Categorial grammar]] ([[lambda calculus]])
** [[Minimalist program]]-based grammar (1993)
* [[Stochastic grammar]]: probabilistic
** [[Operator grammar]]

[[Parse tree]]s are commonly used by such frameworks to depict their rules. There are various alternative schemes for some grammar:
* [[Affix grammar over a finite lattice]]
* [[Backus–Naur form]]
* [[Constraint grammar]]
* [[Lambda calculus]]
* [[Tree-adjoining grammar]]
* [[X-bar theory]]

== Development ==
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2020}}
{{Main|Historical linguistics|History of English grammars}}
Grammars evolve through [[Usage (language)|usage]]. Historically, with the advent of [[Writing|written representations]], formal rules about [[language usage]] tend to appear also, although such rules tend to describe writing conventions more accurately than conventions of speech.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carter |first1=Ronald |last2=McCarthy |first2=Michael |date=2017 |title=Spoken Grammar: Where are We and Where are We Going? |journal=Applied Linguistics |volume=38 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1093/applin/amu080}}</ref> [[Formal grammar]]s are [[codification (linguistics)|codifications]] of usage which are developed by repeated documentation and [[observation]] over time. As rules are established and developed, the prescriptive concept of [[grammatical correctness]] can arise. This often produces a discrepancy between contemporary usage and that which has been accepted, over time, as being standard or "correct". Linguists tend to view prescriptive grammar as having little justification beyond their authors' aesthetic tastes, although style guides may give useful advice about ''standard language employment'' based on descriptions of usage in contemporary writings of the same language. Linguistic prescriptions also form part of the explanation for variation in speech, particularly variation in the speech of an individual speaker (for example, why some speakers say "I didn't do nothing", some say "I didn't do anything", and some say one or the other depending on social context).

The formal study of grammar is an important part of children's schooling from a young age through advanced [[learning]], though the rules taught in schools are not a "grammar" in the sense that most [[linguistics|linguists]] use, particularly as they are [[prescriptive]] in intent rather than [[descriptive]].

[[Constructed language]]s (also called ''planned languages'' or ''conlangs'') are more common in the modern day, although still extremely uncommon compared to natural languages. Many have been designed to aid human communication (for example, naturalistic [[Interlingua]], schematic [[Esperanto]], and the highly logical [[Lojban]]). Each of these languages has its own grammar.

[[Syntax]] refers to the linguistic structure above the word level (for example, how sentences are formed){{snd}}though without taking into account [[Intonation (linguistics)|intonation]], which is the domain of phonology. Morphology, by contrast, refers to the structure at and below the word level (for example, how [[Compound (linguistics)|compound words]] are formed), but above the level of individual sounds, which, like intonation, are in the domain of phonology.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gussenhoven |first1=Carlos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHp_QgAACAAJ&q=Understanding+Phonology |title=Understanding Phonology |last2=Jacobs |first2=Haike |publisher=Hodder Arnold |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-340-80735-4 |edition=2nd |location=London |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819045723/https://books.google.com/books?id=gHp_QgAACAAJ&q=Understanding+Phonology |url-status=live }}</ref> However, no clear line can be drawn between syntax and morphology. [[Analytic languages]] use syntax to convey information that is encoded by [[inflection]] in [[synthetic language]]s. In other words, word order is not significant, and morphology is highly significant in a purely synthetic language, whereas morphology is not significant and syntax is highly significant in an analytic language. For example, Chinese and [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]] are highly analytic, thus meaning is very context-dependent. (Both have some inflections, and both have had more in the past; thus, they are becoming even less synthetic and more "purely" analytic over time.) [[Latin]], which is highly [[synthetic language|synthetic]], uses [[affix]]es and [[inflection]]s to convey the same information that Chinese does with syntax. Because Latin words are quite (though not totally) self-contained, an intelligible Latin [[Sentence (linguistics)|sentence]] can be made from elements that are arranged almost arbitrarily. Latin has a complex affixation and simple syntax, whereas Chinese has the opposite.

== Education ==
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2021}}
[[Prescriptive]] grammar is taught in primary and secondary school. The term "grammar school" historically referred to a school (attached to a cathedral or monastery) that teaches Latin grammar to future priests and monks. It originally referred to a school that taught students how to read, scan, interpret, and declaim Greek and Latin poets (including Homer, Virgil, Euripides, and others). These should not be mistaken for the related, albeit distinct, modern British grammar schools.
[[File:PriestleyGrammar.png|thumb|alt=The page reads: 'The Rudiments of English Grammar; Adapted to the Use of Schools, with Observations on Style. By Joseph Priestley. London: Printed for R. Griffiths, in the Strand. M.DCC.LXI.|Title page of Joseph Priestley's Rudiments of English Grammar (1761)]]

A [[standard language]] is a dialect that is promoted above other dialects in writing, education, and, broadly speaking, in the public sphere; it contrasts with [[nonstandard dialect|vernacular dialects]], which may be the objects of study in academic, [[linguistic description|descriptive linguistics]] but which are rarely taught prescriptively. The standardized "[[first language]]" taught in primary education may be subject to [[language politics|political]] controversy because it may sometimes establish a standard defining nationality or [[ethnicity]].
[[File:Kituwah Academy.png|thumb|alt=Image of a classroom at Kituwah Academy where Cherokee language is taught as a medium of instruction.|Cherokee language instruction at Kituwah Academy]]

Recently, efforts have begun to update [[Linguistics in Education|grammar instruction]] in primary and secondary education. The main focus has been to prevent the use of outdated prescriptive rules in favor of setting norms based on earlier descriptive research and to change perceptions about the relative "correctness" of prescribed standard forms in comparison to non-standard dialects. A series of metastudies have found that the explicit teaching of grammatical parts of speech and syntax has little or no effect on the improvement of student writing quality in elementary school, middle school or high school; other methods of writing instruction had far greater positive effect, including strategy instruction, collaborative writing, summary writing, process instruction, sentence combining and inquiry projects.<ref>Graham, S., & Perin, D. (2007). Writing next: Effective strategies to improve writing of adolescents in middle and high schools – A report to Carnegie Corporation of New York.Washington, DC:Alliance for Excellent Education.</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.445| doi=10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.445| title=A meta-analysis of writing instruction for adolescent students| year=2007| last1=Graham| first1=Steve| last2=Perin| first2=Dolores| journal=Journal of Educational Psychology| volume=99| issue=3| pages=445–476| citeseerx=10.1.1.462.2356}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url=https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029185| doi=10.1037/a0029185| title=A meta-analysis of writing instruction for students in the elementary grades| year=2012| last1=Graham| first1=Steve| last2=McKeown| first2=Debra| last3=Kiuhara| first3=Sharlene| last4=Harris| first4=Karen R.| journal=Journal of Educational Psychology| volume=104| issue=4| pages=879–896| url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The preeminence of [[Parisian French]] has reigned largely unchallenged throughout the history of modern French literature. Standard Italian is based on the speech of Florence rather than the capital because of its influence on early literature. Likewise, standard Spanish is not based on the speech of Madrid but on that of educated speakers from more northern areas such as Castile and León (see ''[[Gramática de la lengua castellana]]''). In [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]] the Spanish standard is based on the local dialects of Buenos Aires and Montevideo ([[Rioplatense Spanish]]). [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] has, for now, [[Pluricentric language|two official standards]], [[Brazilian Portuguese]] and [[European Portuguese]].

The [[Serbian language|Serbian]] variant of [[Serbo-Croatian]] is likewise divided; [[Serbia]] and the [[Republika Srpska]] of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] use their own distinct normative subvarieties, with differences in [[yat]] reflexes. The existence and codification of a distinct Montenegrin standard is a matter of controversy, some treat [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]] as a separate standard lect, and some think that it should be considered another form of Serbian.

[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] has two standards, ''[[Bokmål]]'' and ''[[Nynorsk]]'', the choice between which is subject to [[Norwegian language struggle|controversy]]: Each Norwegian municipality can either declare one as its official language or it can remain "language neutral". Nynorsk is backed by 27 percent of municipalities. The main language used in primary schools, chosen by referendum within the local school district, normally follows the official language of its municipality. [[Standard German]] emerged from the standardized chancellery use of [[Early New High German language|High German]] in the 16th and 17th centuries. Until about 1800, it was almost exclusively a written language, but now it is so widely spoken that most of the former [[German dialect]]s are nearly extinct.

[[Standard Chinese]] has official status as the standard spoken form of the Chinese language in the People's Republic of China (PRC), the [[Republic of China]] (ROC), and the [[Singapore|Republic of Singapore]]. Pronunciation of Standard Chinese is based on the local accent of [[Mandarin Chinese]] from Luanping, Chengde in Hebei Province near Beijing, while grammar and syntax are based on modern [[vernacular written Chinese]].

[[Modern Standard Arabic]] is directly based on [[Classical Arabic]], the language of the [[Qur'an]]. The [[Hindustani language]] has two standards, [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]].

In the United States, the Society for the Promotion of Good Grammar designated 4 March as [[National Grammar Day]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.quickanddirtytips.com/national-grammar-day|title=National Grammar Day|website=Quick and Dirty Tips|access-date=12 November 2021|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112075405/https://www.quickanddirtytips.com/national-grammar-day|url-status=live}}</ref>

Grammar instructions also differs between first-language (L1) and second-language (L2) learners, especially in academic writing. First-language (L1) are those composing in their native language, while second-language (L2) writers are writing in language they learned after childhood.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breuer |first=Esther Odilia |date=2017-07-14 |title=Revision Processes in First Language and Foreign Language Writing: Differences and Similarities in the Success of Revision Processes |url=https://publications.coventry.ac.uk/index.php/joaw/article/view/214 |journal=Journal of Academic Writing |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=27–42 |doi=10.18552/joaw.v7i1.214 |issn=2225-8973|doi-access=free }}</ref> Research shows that L2 learners face additional challenges when revising grammar, as they must manage both language acquisition and writing development at the same time. According to Ester Odilia Breuer, revision in L2 writing is cognitively demanding and occurs not only after writing, but also during the planning and drafting stages. She argues that L2 writers often reorganize ideas and revise structure while composing, unlike L1 writers who may rely more on intuition and automatic grammar use.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breuer |first=Esther Odilia |date=2017-07-14 |title=Revision Processes in First Language and Foreign Language Writing: Differences and Similarities in the Success of Revision Processes |url=https://publications.coventry.ac.uk/index.php/joaw/article/view/214 |journal=Journal of Academic Writing |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=27–42 |doi=10.18552/joaw.v7i1.214 |issn=2225-8973 |doi-access=free |archive-date=19 August 2025 |access-date=8 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819070024/https://publications.coventry.ac.uk/index.php/joaw/article/view/214 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ambiguous grammar]]
* [[Harmonic grammar]]
* [[Higher order grammar]] (HOG)
* [[Error (linguistics)|Linguistic error]]
* [[Linguistic typology]]
* [[Model-theoretic grammar]]
* [[Paragrammatism]]
* [[Speech error]]
* [[Tagmeme]]
* [[Usage (language)]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* Rundle, Bede. ''Grammar in Philosophy''. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1979. {{ISBN|0198246129}}.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikisourcelang|de|Grammatiken}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Grammar}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140118015511/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/ Grammar] from the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (archived 18 January 2014)
* {{Cite EB1911 |last=Sayce |first=Archibald Henry |wstitle=Grammar|short=x}}

{{Wikiquote}}
{{Formal semantics}}
{{Grammatical moods}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Grammar| ]]
[[Category:Writing]]
[[Category:Linguistics terminology]]

Mayor (India)

2026-03-11T12:49:54Z

ShaneraDeF:

{{Short description|Ceremonial head of a municipal corporation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Mayor
| body = Municipal Corporation/Municipality
| native_name =
| insignia = Emblem of India.svg
| insigniasize = 50px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| insigniaalt =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 150px
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent =
| acting =
| incumbentsince =
| department =
| style = The Hon’ble
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation =
| reports_to =
| nominator =
| appointer = Elected by the councillors of the municipal corporation
| termlength = 5 Years
| unofficial_names =
| deputy = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| salary = Varies by state
| website = 
| footnotes =
| constituting_instrument = State Municipal corporation/municipality Acts.
| seat = Municipal Corporation Office
}}
In [[India]], a '''mayor''' is the [[Figurehead|ceremonial head]] of a city's [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] and is often referred to as the first citizen of the city. The [[mayor]]'s role is primarily ceremonial and lacks [[executive power]]s, with the [[Municipal commissioner (India)|municipal commissioner]] serving as the executive head of a municipal corporation. The method of electing mayors—whether [[Direct election|directly]] or [[Indirect election|indirectly]]—depends on [[States and union territories of India|state]] legislation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jha|first=Ramanath|title=Strengthening municipal leadership in India: The potential of directly elected mayors with executive powers|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/strengthening-municipal-leadership-in-india-the-potential-of-directly-elected-mayors-with-executive-powers|website=orfonline.org|access-date=24 May 2024|date=4 September 2018}}</ref>

Municipal corporation mechanisms in India was introduced during [[British Raj]] with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1726.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> However the process of introduction for an elected president in the municipalities was made in Lord Mayo's Resolution of 1870. Since then the current form and structure of municipal bodies followed is similar to Lord Ripon's Resolution adopted in 1882 on local self-governance. The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 was introduced providing for the transfer of 18 different powers to urban local bodies, including the election of a mayor and to recognise them which included municipal corporations, [[Nagar panchayat|Nagar Panchayats]], [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Councils]].<ref name="May vij5">{{cite news |title=Why Rahul Gandhi's promised 'mayoral reforms' are important for India's cities |url=https://citizenmatters.in/why-rahul-gandhis-mayoral-reforms-are-important-for-the-cities-of-india-10850 |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=Citizen Matters |date=3 April 2019}}</ref>

== History and administration ==

Many municipal corporations which are headed by mayors, till the early 1990s were under the full control of the local governments with little functional, financial and administrative autonomy to the mayors.<ref name="may ref5">{{cite news |title=Directly Elected Mayors A Step towards Democratic Urban Governance |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2019/46/commentary/directly-elected-mayors.html |access-date=30 October 2021 |publisher=epw.in |date=22 November 2019}}</ref> However, with the introduction of The 74th Amendment Act of 1992 made provision for the urban local bodies (ULB) as self-governing institutions. Since it came into operation in April 1993, many salutary provisions were made in the Act with positive outcomes.<ref name="May ref8">{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Swaminathan |title=View: India needs empowered cities to nurture elected mayors for top political jobs |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/make-real-an-urban-legend/articleshow/80773414.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 October 2021 |publisher=economic times |date=9 February 2021}}</ref> However steps are being taken to dilute the powers of the local governments and heads of corporations or Mayors to have complete control of urban local bodies.<ref name="may ref1">{{cite news |title=Directly elected mayor: An idea whose time has come |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/directly-elected-mayor-an-idea-whose-time-has-come/story-XUhycvDC7wcTCxthjsUY7O.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=20 July 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="may ref4">{{cite news |title=Odisha government for 'direct election' of mayors |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/odisha-government-for-direct-election-of-mayors/cid/1826667 |access-date=30 October 2021 |publisher=TelegraphIndia |date=16 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="may ref16">{{cite news |title=2 more states roll out reforms for common man; get additional funds from Centre amid pandemic |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/2-more-states-roll-out-reforms-for-common-man-get-additional-funds-from-centre-amid-pandemic/2156117/ |access-date=31 October 2021 |publisher=financialexpress.com |date=23 December 2020}}</ref>

A mayor of a city though formally elected from amongst the corporators holds a ceremonial post and [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal commissioner]] of Corporation<ref name="May ref10">{{cite news |last1=Iyengar |first1=Radhika |title=Can we have a mayoral committee govern our cities? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/can-we-have-a-mayoral-committee-government-our-cities-4536794/ |access-date=30 October 2021 |publisher=indianexpress.com |date=21 February 2017}}</ref> and his staff who are drawn from the IAS cadre and appointed by the state government controls The executive, financial and administrative powers in the corporation.<ref name="may ref1"/>

== Election and tenure ==
The method of electing mayor and their tenure varies for each city in India. In [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]] the election process is indirect with a tenure being for one year, in Mumbai [[Maharashtra]] it follows indirect elections with tenure for two and a half years and [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] follows a directly elected mayor with a term for five years.<ref name="May ref3">{{cite news |title=Rahul Gandhi wants to directly elect mayors. But is it a workable idea for India? |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/rahul-gandhi-wants-to-directly-elect-mayors-but-is-it-a-workable-idea-for-india/216578/ |access-date=30 October 2021 |publisher=The Print |date=4 April 2019}}</ref>

Indian states of [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Haryana]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], [[Telangana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and [[Uttarakhand]] had created respective provisions in the acts governing municipalities for the direct election of Mayors by citizens of cities.<ref name="may ref4" /><ref name="may ref6">{{cite news |title=Leaders welcome direct election for Mayor |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/chandigarh/leaders-welcome-direct-election-for-mayor-650585 |access-date=30 October 2021 |publisher=tribuneindia |date=10 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="May ref9">{{cite news |title=In need for a comprehensive institutional reform in India: implementing a directly elected executive mayor with mayor-in-council system |url=https://iglus.org/in-need-for-a-comprehensive-institutional-reform-in-india-implementing-a-directly-elected-executive-mayor-with-mayor-in-council-system/ |access-date=30 October 2021 |publisher=iglus.org |date=13 September 2019}}</ref>

Tenure of mayors of cities in India varies from one year to five years.<ref name="May ref9" />

== Roles and responsibilities ==

Role of the mayor.<ref name="Vij ref1">{{cite news |title=What does the Mumbai mayor do? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/what-does-the-mumbai-mayor-do/story-v0JOu7HbKoBKD7N2AHDiuJ.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=9 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

1) Governs the local civic body.

2) Fixed tenure varying in different towns.

3) First citizen of city.

4) Has two varied roles – Representation and upholding of the dignity of the city during ceremonial times and a presiding over discussions of the civic house with elected representatives in functional capacity.

5) The mayor's role is confined to the corporation hall of presiding authority at various meetings relating to corporation.

6) The mayor's role extends much beyond the local city and country as the presiding authority at corporation meetings during visits of a foreign dignitary to the city as he is invited by the state government to receive and represent the citizens to the guest of honour.

7) At government, civic and other social functions he is given prominence.

== Important actions ==

1. In 2021, All-India Mayor's Council held its 111th Convocation in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India, with where the council head and mayors of different states of India demanded rule of one nation and one election.<ref name="may ref7">{{cite news |title=Mayors' council demands one-nation, one-election rule for Ma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/mayors-council-demands-one-nation-one-election-rule-for-mayors-implementation-of-74th-amendment/articleshow/86152218.cms |access-date=30 October 2021 |publisher=Times of India |date=13 September 2021}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.allindiamayorcouncil.com/ Official Website]


[[Category:Mayors of places in India| ]]
[[Category:Positions of authority]]

Pandit Nehru Bus Station

2026-03-06T14:23:32Z

ShaneraDeF: info...

{{Short description|Bus station in Vijayawada, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Pandit Nehru Bus Station
| type = Passenger Transportation
| style =
| image_caption = View of PNBS
| image = Pandit Nehru bus station.jpg
| owned = [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]]
| operator =
| address = NH-65, Arrival Block, Krishna Lanka, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh 520001
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|16|30|32|N|80|36|56|E|display=inline,title}}
| line =
| other =
| structure =
| platforms = 61
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = Yes
| opened = 23 September 1990
| code = VJA
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh##Location in India
| map_dot_label =
}}

The '''Pandit Nehru Bus Station (PNBS)''', also known as the '''Telugu Satavahana Prayana Pranganam''', is a bus station in [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]] situated on the southern side of the city, adjacent to the [[Krishna River]]. It is owned by the [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] (APSRTC) and serves as a key transportation hub for the region.

Spanning an area of 28 acres, PNBS is one of the largest bus stations in India. It ranks behind the [[Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus|Mofussil Bus Terminus]] in [[Chennai]] (36.5 acres) but ahead of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station]] in [[Hyderabad]] (20 acres). The station is designed with four main blocks: the departure terminal, which has 48 platforms; the arrival terminal, with 12 platforms; the RTC House, which serves as the administrative headquarters for APSRTC; and the City Bus Port, which caters to city buses.

PNBS has four entrances, allowing for easy access from different directions. The north side leads to the City Bus Port, the east side provides the main entrance, and there are two entrances on the south side, located in front of [[National Highway 65 (India)|National Highway 65]] in Krishnalanka.

== Administration ==
The bus station has an administrative block named 'RTC House', which is the headquarters of APSRTC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/APSRTC-First-govt-agency-to-shift-staff-to-Vijayawada/2016/06/09/article3473038.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610144741/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/APSRTC-First-govt-agency-to-shift-staff-to-Vijayawada/2016/06/09/article3473038.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2016|title=APSRTC: First govt agency to shift staff to Vijayawada|date=9 June 2016|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2016-06-19}}</ref>

== Platforms ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Platforms
! Buses
|-
| 1
| [[Gannavaram]], [[Eluru]]
|-
| 2
| [[Hanuman Junction|Hanuman Junctuon]], [[Jangareddygudem]]
|-
| 3
| [[Eluru]] (NON-STOP Buses)
|-
| 4,5
| [[Tanuku]], [[Ravulapalem]], [[Amalapuram]], [[Kakinada]]
|-
| 6, 7
| [[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendravaram]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
|-
| 8
| [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Vizianagaram]], [[Srikakulam]]
|-
| 9, 10
| [[Narasaraopet]], [[Chilakaluripet]]a, [[Chirala]], [[Vinukonda]], [[Piduguralla]], [[Macherla]]
|-
| 11,12
| [[Guntur]] (AC NON-STOP Buses)
|-
| 13,14
| [[Guntur]] (NON-STOP Buses, Express Buses), [[Srisailam]]
|-
| 15,16
| [[Ongole]], [[Kanigiri]], [[Nellore]]
|-
| 17, 18
| [[Tirupati]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]]
|-
| 19, 20
| [[Gudivada]] (NON-STOP Buses, Pallevelugu Buses)
|-
| 21, 22
| [[Machilipatnam]] (NON-STOP Buses, Pallevelugu Buses)
|-
| 23, 24
| [[Kaikaluru]], [[Kalidindi]], [[Bhimavaram]] (AC Buses, Express Buses)
|-
| 25, 26
| [[Vuyyuru]], [[Avanigadda]], [[Nagayalanka]]
|-
| 27, 28
| [[Allagadda]], [[Kurnool]], [[Adoni]]
|-
| 29, 30
| [[Kurnool]], [[Adoni]], [[Kadapa]], [[Anantapur]], [[Hindupur]]
|-
| 31
| [[Hyderabad]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] (GARUDA A.C Buses)
|-
| 32, 33
| [[Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]] (GARUDA A.C Buses)
|-
| 34
| [[Hyderabad]], [[Suryapet]], [[Kodad]] (Super Luxury Buses)
|-
| 35, 36
| [[Hyderabad]], [[Suryapet]], [[Kodad]] (Super Luxury Buses)
|-
| 37
| [[Hyderabad]], [[Suryapet]], [[Kodad]] (Super Luxury Buses)
|-
| 38, 39
| [[Hyderabad]], [[Suryapet]], [[Kodad]] (Super Luxury Buses)
|-
| 40, 41
| [[Penuganchiprolu]], [[Jaggayyapeta]]
|-
| 42
| [[Madhira]], [[Khammam]], [[Nalgonda]]
|-
| 43
| [[Andhra Pradesh Secretariat]], [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]], [[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Amaravathi]]
|-
| 44
| [[Andhra Pradesh Secretariat]], [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]], [[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Amaravathi]]
|-
| 45
| [[Tiruvuru]]
|-
| 46
| [[Bhadrachalam]], [[Manuguru]], [[Konta, Chhattisgarh|Konta]], [[Jagdalpur]], [[Hanamkonda|Hanumakonda]], [[Karimnagar]], [[Adilabad]]
|-
|47
| [[Mangalagiri]], [[Nutakki]]
|-
|48, 49
|[[Guntur]] (Amaravati, sachivalayam, High court Pallevelugu Buses)
|-
|50
|[[Tenali]], [[Repalle]] (Pallevelugu Buses)
|-
| 51, 52
| [[Tenali]] (NON-STOP Buses)
|-
| 53 to 61
| Arrival
|-
|}

== Structure and services ==
[[File:Vintage Bus.jpg|thumb|The Deccan Queen bus at Vijayawada bus station]]

The ''[[Deccan Queen (bus)|Deccan Queen]]'' of the [[Nizam State Railways - Road Transport Division]] is one of the notable features of the station.<ref>{{cite news|title=Call to preserve 'Deccan Queen' for posterity – Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/Call-to-preserve-Deccan-Queen-for-posterity/articleshow/50339813.cms|accessdate=20 January 2016|work=The Times of India|date=27 December 2015|location=Vijayawada}}</ref> This bus stand is associated with a city bus station adjacent to it. This bus stand operates city buses in and outside of the city. The station operates buses to major destinations of the state and to neighbouring states like [[Telangana]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Odisha]] and [[Chhattisgarh]]. Amaravati, Deluxe, Telugu Velugu, Express, Garuda, Garuda Plus, Indra, Super Luxury and Vennela are the fleets of buses operated from the station by the APSRTC. Palle velugu, Express, Deluxe, Super Luxury, Rajadhani A/C, Vajra A/C, Garuda, Garuda Plus are some of buses operated by [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation|TSRTC]].<ref name="pnbs">{{cite news |date=2 January 2016 |title=Bus stations across AP to be linked to PNBS |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bus-stations-across-ap-to-be-linked-to-pnbs/article8057188.ece |accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref> The station provides amenities such as miniplex, ticket-vending and kiosks for passengers, and has a city bus port for local passengers.<ref>{{cite news|title=APSRTC HQ shifts to Vijayawada|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/APSRTC-HQ-shifts-to-Vijayawada/2016/06/07/article3470153.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608140920/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/APSRTC-HQ-shifts-to-Vijayawada/2016/06/07/article3470153.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 June 2016|accessdate=19 June 2016|work=The New Indian Express|date=7 June 2016}}</ref>[[File:Y Screens in PNBS-Vijayawada.jpg|thumb|Miniplex in Arrival block]]

== Vijayawada city bus port ==

The Vijayawada City Bus Port, formerly Vijayawada City Terminal, is situated to the north of the Pandit Nehru Bus Station. Built in 1990, it is a bus station that caters the city bus services. The bus station has 10 platforms and an office for city bus related information.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

=== Services ===
* City Ordinary - These city buses are the cheapest mode of transport in the city and connect the city with its [[suburb]]s, [[exurb]]s and rural areas.
* Metro Express and Metro Deluxe - These city buses operate as superfast services on trunk routes connecting the important centres of the city with its [[suburb]]s, [[exurb]]s and rural areas.
* Metro Deluxe AC and Metro Luxury AC - These buses connect the city with the [[Vijayawada International Airport]] and the city of [[Guntur]].

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Bus stations in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Bus stations in Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Transport in Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Jawaharlal Nehru]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

List of schools in Kollam district

2026-03-05T12:41:00Z

ShaneraDeF: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{directory|date=March 2019}}
This is a list of public and private educational institutions in the '''Kollam district''' of [[Kerala]], [[India]].

=={{anchor|Schools under Department of Higher Education}}Department of Higher Education Schools==

[[File:Meenakshi Vilasam Govt Vocational Higher Secondary School, Peroor.jpg|thumb|Meenakshi Vilasam Government Vocational Higher Secondary School, covering two acres|alt=Two buildings, separated by a dirt road and trees]]

===Higher secondary schools under DHSE===
There are numerous schools under the Department of Higher Secondary Education (DHSE). In Kerala, the DHSE is run through the government of Kerala.<ref name="DHSE" /> Hence, it is classified as a public educational institution. This provides reasoning for the large quantity of government run schools included in the list below.<ref name="DHSE">{{cite web|url=http://www.dhsekerala.gov.in/|title=Website of DHSE}}</ref>
* Govt. BHSS, Chavara
* Ayyankoyikkal HSS, Koivila P.O
* Govt. HSS, Karunagappally
* [[Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School, Kollam|Govt. Model Boys HSS, thevally]]
* Govt. Boys HSS, Kottarakkara
* Govt. HSS, Kulasekharapuram
* Govt. HSS, Kuzhimathikad
* Govt. HSS, Vellamanal
* [[Govt Higher Secondary School, Bhoothakkulam]]
* Govt. HSS, Punalur
* Govt. HSS, Valathungal
* Govt. HSS, Vayala
* Govt. HSS, Ottakkal
* Govt. HSS, Karukone
* Govt. HSS, West Kallada
* Govt. HSS, Vallikeezhu
* Govt. HSS, Panmanamanayil
* Govt. HSS, Anchalummoodu
* Govt. HSS, Mangad
* Govt. HSS, Kummil
* Govt. Fisheries HSS, Kuzhithura, Alappat
* Govt. International HSS, Sooraanad
* Govt. MG HSS, Chadayamangalam
* Govt. HSS, Anchal West
* Govt. HSS, Sasthamkotta
* Govt. HSS, Pallimon
* [[Meenakshi Vilasam Government Vocational Higher Secondary School|Meenakshi Vilasom HSS, Peroor, Kollam]]
* Govt. VHSS, Pattazhi
* Mohammeden Govt. HSS, Edathara
* Govt. HSS, Kulathupuzha
* Govt. Model HSS, Vettikkavala
* Govt. Girls HSS, Thazhava
* Govt. HSS, Chathannoor, Kollam
* Govt. HSS, Puthur
* Govt. HSS, [[Thekkumbhagam]], [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]]
* Guhanandapuram HSS, [[Chavara Thekkumbhagom]]
* Amrutha Sanskrit HSS, Parippally
* Milade Sherif HSS, Mynagappally
* Odanavattom Girls HSS, Odanavattom
* V V HSS, poredam
* S.N. HSS, chithara
* St. Gregorious HSS, Kottarakkara
* S.M HSS, Kottara
* S.M HSS, Patharam
* B.J.S.M Madathil HSS, Thazhava
* S.V HSS, Clappana
* St. Antony's HSS, Kanjirakode
* S.N.D.P.Y HSS, Neeravil
* M.S.M HSS, Chathinamkulam
* N.S.S HSS, Chathannoor
* S.N.S.M HSS, Elampalloor
* M.K.L.M. HSS, Kannanalloor
* CP HSS, Kuttikkadu
* [[Chempakassey Higher Secondary School, Bhoothakkulam]]
* Irumpanangadu HSS, Irumpanangadu
* [[Krist Raj Higher Secondary School. Kollam|Kristraj HSS, Kollam]]
* St. Stephen's HSS, Pathanapuram
* E V HSS, Neduvathur
* Dr CT Eapen Memorial HSS, Sasthamcotta
* Ezhippuram HSS, Parippalli
* Mayyanadu HSS, Mayyanadu
* Vimala Hridaya Girls HSS
* AKM HSS, Mailapur, Eravipuram
* Thadikad HSS, Thadikad, Anchal
* St. Goretti HSS, Punalur
* Poovathoor HSS, Kottarakkara
* [[St. Aloysius Higher Secondary School|St. Alosious HSS, Kollam]]
* N S S HSS, Prakkulam
* Sivaram N S S HSS, Karikode
* V.G.S.S Ambikodayam HSS, Kunnathoor East P.O
* HSS, for Boys, Punalur
* C V K M HSS, East Kallada
* K P M E M HSS, Cheriyavelinelloor
* M M HSS, Uppodu, East Kallada
* B V HSS, Karunagappally
* M M HSS, Nilamel
* T K M HSS, Karikkode
* [[S.N Trust H.S.S|Sree Narayana Trust HSS, Kollam]]
* S V R VHSS, Vendar
* C S I Vocational HS&HSS, for Deaf, Valakom
* St. Joseph's Convent HSS
*[[St. Jude HSS, Alumoodu, Mukhathala]]
* St. Mary's HSS, Kizhakkekara
* Vellimon HSS, Vellimon
* VHSS, Manjappara
* John F Kennady M HSS, Karunagappally
* Lourd Matha HSS, Kovilthottam
* Nehru Memorial HSS, Kaithakuzhy
* Mount Carmel E M HSS, Mathilakom
* St. John`s HSS, Karuvelil, Ezhukone
* S D A HSS, Kottarakkara
* [[Sabarigiri Higher Secondary School]] [[Anchal]]
* Mount Tabore HSS, Pathanapuram
* R V HSS, Valakom
* T V T M HSS, Veliyam
* VHSS, Vayanakom
* M A E M HSS, Karikkodu
* Jawahar HSS, Ayur
* A K M V HSS, Thadikkadu, Anchal
* Govt. HSS, Koikkal
* T K D M Govt. VHSS, Kadappakada
* Govt. HSS, Peringalam
* Govt. HSS, Ashtamudy, Kundara
* Govt. VHSS, Punnala
* Govt. HSS, Chithara
* Govt. HSS, Muttara, Kottarakkara
* Govt. HSS, [[Nedungolam]], [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]]
* Govt. HSS, Oachira
* Govt. HSS, Yeroor
* Govt. HSS, Thevannoor
* Govt. HSS, Thodiyoor
* Govt. HSS, Kulakkada, Kottarakkara
* Govt. HSS, Poruvazhy, Kunnathoor
* Govt. VHSS, Kadakkal
* Vakkanad Govt. HSS, Kottarakkara
* Govt. HSS, Perinad
* Govt.HSS, Anchal East
* Sadanandapuram Govt. HSS
* Govt. HSS, Quilon West
* S N Trust HSS, Chathannoor
* S N Trust HSS, Punalur
* Technical HSS, Chadayamangalam.
* D.V.V. HSS, Thalavoor, Pathanapuram
* St. Thomas HSS, Punalur
* M E S English Medium HSS, Panmanam
* Sreeniketan HSS, Chathannoor
* Sree Narayana E M HSS, Valiyakulangara, Oachira
* Vivekananda HSS, Changankulangara
* N.G.P.M. HSS, Venchempu, Punalur
* T C N M GHSS, Nedumpara
* Govt.VHSS, Kottankulangara
* G P VHSS, Perumkulam
* Govt.A S HSS, Puthanthura
* M G D HSS for Boys, Kundara
* M A M HSS, Chengamanadu
* M T D M HSS, Malur
* K N N M VHSS, Pavithreswaram
* Devi Vilasom VHSS, Thalavoor
* M T HSS Valakam, Kottarakkara
* M M HSS, Vilakkudy
* Adichanalloor Panchayath HSS, Adichanalloor
* H.K.M HSS, Kallukuzhi, Umayanalloor
* The King's School, Kottiyam

===Institutions under Directorate of VHSE===
Additionally, there are also various schools under directorate of the Vocational Higher Secondary Education (VHSE). This is a vocational education program and hence focuses more on preparing students for specific jobs in the workforce (11). This commonly includes trades or skilled labour. This category of education is also popular in Kollam as evidenced by the high quantity of institutions under VHSE.<ref name="VHSE">{{cite web|url=http://www.vhse.kerala.gov.in//|title=Website of VHSE}}</ref>
* Govt. VHSS for Boys, Kottarakkara
* Govt. VHSS, Anchal East
* Govt. VHSS, Punnala
* Govt. VHSS for Girls, Kottarakkara
* Govt. VHSS, Cheriazheekal
* Technical High School, Ezhukone
* Govt. VHSS, Muttara
* Govt. VHSS, Karunagappally
* Govt. VHSS for Boys
* Govt. VHSS, Kulakkada
* Govt. VHSS, Pattazhi
* Govt. VHSS, Kottankulangara
* Govt. VHSS, Chathanoor
* Govt. VHSS, Eravipuram
* Meenakshi Vilasom Govt. VHSS, Peroor
* Govt. VHSS, Kadakkal
* T.K.D.M Govt. VHSS, Uliyakovil
* Govt. VHSS for Girls, Valathungal
* Govt. VHSS, Achancoil
* Govt. RFTH School, Karunagapally
* Edamon VHSS, Edamon
* K.S.M VHSS, Edavattom
* St.John’s VHSS, Ummannoor
* St. George VHSS, Chowalloor, [[Edakkidom]]
* VHSS, Odanavattom
* Manjappara VHSS
* Jayajyothi VHSS, Poruvazhi, Ambalathumbhagam
* R VHSS, Valakom
* V VHSS, Ayathil
* Sri Vidyadiraja Memorial Model VHSS, Vendar
* B.J.S.M Madathil VHSS, Thazava
* Thadikkad VHSS, Thadikkad, Pathanapuram
* Matha VHSS, Vilakkumpara
* Vivekananda VHSS, Chadayamangalam, Poredam
* VHSS, Arkannur
* K.N Nair Memorial VHSS, Pavithreswaram
* T.E.M VHSS, Mylode
* Sivavilasam VHSS, Thamarakudy
* D.V VHSS, Thalavur, Kottarakkara
* A.K.M VHSS, Thadikad
* K.P.S.P.M VHSS, East Kallada
* V.S VHSS, Ezhukone
* I.G.M VHSS, Manjakkala
* J.E. Kennedy Memorial VHSS, Karunagappally
* A.P.P.M VHSS, Avaneeswaram
* D. VHSS, Mylom
* VHSS, Vellimon
* St.Michael VHSS Kumbalam, Mulavana
* Kuzhikkal Edavaka VHSS, Pavithreswaram, Karupinpuzha
* Vayanakom VHSS, Oachira
* NS VHSS, Valacode, Punalur
* SK VHSS, Thrikkannamangal, Kottarakkara

==Schools affiliated to CBSE==
The CBSE is the 'Central Board of Secondary Education' and is the most common board in India (13). The CBSE uses 2 exams which are the AISSE in year 10 and AISSCE in year 12. (13)

*Siddhartha Central School [[Pallimon, Kollam]]
*Sree Narayana Public School [[Vadakevila;Kollam]]
* Trinity Lyceum [[Nanthirikal, Kollam]]
*St.Mary's E M Public School, Uliyakovil, Kollam
* Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kottarakara
* Kendriya Vidyalaya
*[[T.K.M. Centenary Public School]]
* Sree Gurudeva Central School
* Sree Narayana Trust Central School
* Sree Buddha Central School, Kurunagapally
* K.N.S.M Sree narayana Central school, [[Kadaikodu]], [[Edakkidom]]
* National Public school, [[Thazhuthala]], [[Mukhathala]] P.O, [[Kollam]]<ref>[http://www.nationalpublicschool.org Website of National Public school]</ref>
* Lake Ford School, [[Kavanad, Kollam]]
* [[St. Mary's Residential Central School|St. Mary's Residential Central School, Kavanad, Kollam]]
* B R Memorial Central School, [[Chethady, Kollam]] - Thirumangalam Highway, [[Chengamanadu district|Chengamanadu]]
* A P R M Central School, [[Kizhukkumbagam, Chithara]] P.O, [[Kollam]]
* Sreeniketan Central School, [[Chathannoor Karamcodu]] P.O, [[Kollam]]
* Sabarigiri English School, [[Anchal]]
* St. John's School, [[Anchal]]
* Sree Narayana Central School, [[Nedungolam]], [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]]
* St. George central School, [[Anchal, Kollam]]
* Nehru Memorial Model School, [[Kadakkal, Kollam]]
* Vimala Central School, [[Chathannoor, Kollam]]
* Toc H Residential Public School, [[Punalur, Kollam]]
* City Central School, [[Uliyakovil, Kollam]] 19<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citycentralschool.com|title = City Central School Home Page}}</ref>
* T K M Centenary Public School, [[Kollam]]
* Sabarigiri School Punalur, [[Kollam]]
* Mar Baselios School [[Maruthamonpally, Pooyappally, Kollam]]
* [https://www.oxfordkollam.edu.in/ The Oxford School], Thazhuthala, Umayannalloor P.O
* [[Chinmaya Vidyalaya|Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Chanthanathope, Kollam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinmayamission.com/what-we-do/schools-colleges/*.WBwnBPl97IU |title=Schools And Colleges - Chinmaya Mission |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kol.chintvm.edu.in/about.aspx |title=About us - Chinmaya Vidyalaya |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107121718/http://kol.chintvm.edu.in/about.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://globalschoolrank.com/school/CV-12307/chinmaya-vidyalaya-CV-chandanathope-kollam |title=Chinmaya Vidyalaya - Global School Rank |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107120647/https://globalschoolrank.com/school/CV-12307/chinmaya-vidyalaya-CV-chandanathope-kollam |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Amrita Vidyalayam, Puthiyakavu, Karunagappally
* Navdeep Public School, Vettilathazham, Decent Jn P.O
* Sree Narayana Central School, Karunagappally
* St. Gregorious Central School, Karunagappally
* Divine Public School, Puthoor
* Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kottarakara
* Aiswarya Public School, Kalakkode, Paravur
* St.Jude.Central School, [[Mukhathala]], [[Kollam]]
* Fathima Public School, [[Punalur]]
* St.Joseph International School, [[Chittumala]], [[Kundara]], [[Kollam]].
* Woodlempark Public School, Chunda, Anchal. Kollam (www.woodlempark.com)
* St.Ann's English Medium School, Ayoor
* Trinity Lyceum, Nanthirickal, Kundara
* River De International School, [[Kulathupuzha]]
* Stratford Public School, Thevalakkara, Kollam
* Shantiniketan International School
* Nilamel, Kollam
* AG Public School
* Travancore Devaswom Board Central School, Vettikavala
*Brook International School,Sasthamcotta

== Schools affiliated to ICSE ==
The ICSE is the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education and is issued by the Council For The Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE). (13)
* [[Trinity Lyceum School, Kollam]]
* [[Mount Carmel Convent Anglo-Indian Girls High School]]
* Infant Jesus Anglo Indian High School
* Seventh Day Adventist Higher Secondary Residential School, Karickom, Kottarakkara
* St. John's Residential School, Kundara
* St. Mary's Residential Central School, Pathanapuram
* [[Amrita Vidyalayam]], Peroor
* [[Mount Carmel Convent Anglo-Indian Girls High School|Mount Carmel Convent Anglo-Indian Girls High School, Kollam]]
* Auxilium English Medium School, Kottiyam
* PreshithaMatha School, Mangad
* Vimala Hridaya ISC School, Vadakkevila
* Maria Agnes English Medium Convent School, Kureeppuzha
* St. Joseph's Convent School, Edamon, Punalur
* St. Vincent's Convent School, Perumpuzha
* St. Charles Borromeo Convent School, Chittayam
* St. Charles Borromeo Convent School, Kadakkal
* St. Joseph International Academy, Kundara
* Mary Giri Vidya Mandir, Punalur
* Holy Trinity Anglo Indian International School, Thevalakkara

== Schools affiliated to IGCSE (Cambridge) ==
These schools take examinations from Cambridge University. After completing the IGCSE students have a qualification that is recognised globally. (10)
* The King's School, Kottiyam<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kingsschool.in/|title=The King's School: An English-medium, International, Christian school in Kollam, India.|website=The King's School|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-05|archive-date=1 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601013208/http://kingsschool.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Schools with residential facilities ==
These schools allow students to board and essentially live at school. There are few of these in the Kollam district. (12)
* Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kottarakara
* The Oxford School, Thazhuthala, Umayannalloor P.O <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordkollam.edu.in|title=The Oxford School: An International residential school in Kollam, India.|website=The Oxford School|language=en-US}}</ref>
*MGM residential public school. Kottarakkara kollam

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* The Oxford School Kollam. " Top CBSE School in Kollam"[Online] Available at https://oxfordkollam.edu.in/
* Upskilled, (2021). ''QUALIFICATIONS.'' [Online] Available at: https://www.upskilled.edu.au/faq/qualifications/vocational-education-versus-higher-education#:~:text=Vocational%20Education%20and%20Training%20(VET)%20qualifications%20have%20been%20developed%20with,skills%20in%20their%20existing%20career. [Accessed on 29 March 2021]
* Jamil, F. (2021). List of the Best Boarding Schools in India. ''Edunity,'' [Online] p1. Available at: https://uniformapp.in/blog/best-boarding-schools-in-india/ [Accessed on 8 April 2021]
* Kaur, G. (2019). CBSE. ''Jagranjosh,'' [Online] p1. Available at: https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/different-school-boards-in-india-1525780883-1#:~:text=The%20Central%20Board%20of%20Secondary,affiliated%20schools%20across%2021%20countries. [Accessed on 8 April 2021]

{{Kollam}}
{{School education in India}}

[[Category:Schools in Kollam district]]
[[Category:Lists of schools in Kerala|Kollam district]]

Reshmi Soman

2026-03-04T05:46:54Z

ShaneraDeF:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Reshmi Soman
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Dancer]], [[Television presenter|Presenter]]
| alma_mater =
| yearsactive = 1993–2010, 2013- 2015, 2020- present
| parents =
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|A.M.Nazeer|2001|2012|reason=divorced}}{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
* {{marriage|Gopinath|2015}} <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Resmi-Soman-ties-knot-for-the-second-time/articleshow/46755834.cms |title=Resmi Soman ties knot for the second time - Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=31 March 2015 |access-date=11 October 2020 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709182455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Resmi-Soman-ties-knot-for-the-second-time/articleshow/46755834.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
| children = }}
}}

'''Reshmi Soman''' is an Indian actress working in [[Malayalam|Malayalam television soap operas]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/women/interviews/star-chat-with-reshmi-soman.html |title=രശ്മിക്ക് ആരാധകർ ഏറെയുണ്ടോ? |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622131954/https://www.manoramaonline.com/women/interviews/star-chat-with-reshmi-soman.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She made her debut in the Malayalam film, [[Magrib (film)|Maghrib]] in year 1993. Later she established herself as the most bankable actress in Malayalam Television with back to back hit serials like Hari, Thaali, Akshayapathram, Saptani, Akkarapacha and Bharya.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} Post marriage moved on to online media platform through her YouTube channel ''Ray's world of colors''. Reshmi is also a professional Bharatnatyam, Kuchipudi and Mohiniyattam dancer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/celebrity-travel/2019/06/20/reshmi-soman-travel-happiest-place-earth.html |title=Reshmi Soman's travels took her to the happiest place on earth |website=OnManorama |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622150402/https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/celebrity-travel/2019/06/20/reshmi-soman-travel-happiest-place-earth.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/fashion/beauty/reshmi-soman-hair-care-tips-1.4777441 |title=താരനകറ്റാന്‍ സിംപിള്‍ വഴിയുണ്ട്; ടിപ്‌സുമായി രശ്മി സോമന്‍ |website=Mathrubhumi |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901184922/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/fashion/beauty/reshmi-soman-hair-care-tips-1.4777441 |url-status=live}}</ref> She has also portrayed double role ( Kamala & Sridevi) in an amateur drama, ''Arikil Oral''.

==Television==

===Television serials (partial)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year!!Title !!Channel !!Role !!Notes
|-
|1999|| Hari|| [[DD Malayalam]]||Mallika||
|-
|1999-2001|| Samayam||Asianet||Krishna & Chandra
|
|-
|2000-2001||Thali||Surya TV||Padmaja
|
|-
|2000||Murappennu|| [[DD Malayalam]]||
|
|-
|2001|| Akshayapathram
|rowspan=5|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Kamala||
|-
|2001||Sapathni||Suneethi
|
|-
|2001||Bharya|||Rema||
|-
|2001|| Swararagam||Deva Manohari||
|-
|2001|| Aparna|| ||
|-
|2001|| Makal Marumagal|| Surya TV||||
|-
|2002|| Akkarapacha||Asianet||Suneethi ||
|-
|2002||Anna||[[Kairali TV]]||Anna Julie Andrews||
|-
|-
|2003 || Mangalyam||rowspan=3|Asianet||Shivani
|
|-
|2004||[[Kadamattathu Kathanar (TV series)|Kadamattathu Kathanar]]||Emily Nicholas||
|-
|2004||12 3 Saat||||

|-
|2005|| Krishnakripasagaram||[[Amrita TV]]||Yashodha||
|-
|2005||Manthrakodi||Asianet||Revathi||
|-
|2005|| Mounam||Surya TV||||
|-
|2006|| Vikramadithyan||rowspan=5|Asianet||Kumari||
|-
|2006|| Shanghu Pushpam|| ||
|-
|2007|| Nombarapoovu||Balamani||
|-
|2007|| [[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)]]||||
|-
|2008||Sreekrishnaleela||||
|-
|2008-2010|| Makalude Amma||rowspan=2|Surya TV||Sundari Amma /Devika
|
|-
|2013-2014|| Penmanassu
|Aleena||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/fresh-innings/article4977418.ece |title=Fresh innings |first=Athira |last=M |date=1 August 2013 |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622100257/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/fresh-innings/article4977418.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-

|2015||Vivahitha||rowspan=2|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||Archana||Replaced by Niya
|-
|2020||Anuragam||Hemambika||Comeback<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-gossips/actress-reshmi-soman-announcess-her-comeback-on-the-new-serial-anuragam-exclusive-interview/articleshow/72236615.cms |title=രശ്മിസോമൻ നാല് വർഷത്തിന് ശേഷം മടങ്ങിയെത്തുന്നു; ഈ മടങ്ങി വരവിന് അൽപ്പം പ്രത്യേകതയുണ്ടെന്ന് രശ്മി! |website=malayalam.samayam.com |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622111221/https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-gossips/actress-reshmi-soman-announcess-her-comeback-on-the-new-serial-anuragam-exclusive-interview/articleshow/72236615.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2021-2022|| [[Karthika Deepam (Malayalam TV series)|Karthika Deepam]]||Zee Keralam||Devanandha||
|-
|-
|2021|| [[Ente Maathavu]]||Surya TV||Aami||guest appearance
|-
||2022–2023||[[Bhagyalakshmi (2022 TV series)|Bhagyalakshmi]]|| Zee Keralam||Bhagyalakshmi||Replacement for [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]]
|-
|2023||''Chandrikayilaliyunna Chandrakantham''||Asianet||Lakshmi||Replaced by [[Sajitha Betti]]
|-
|2023–2024||''Maya Mayuram''||Zee Keralam||Devayani||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Kadhanayika]]'' || rowspan=2|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]|| Meera ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-05 |title=Kadhanayika: Here is all about the new show introduced by veteran actress Sheela |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kadhanayika-here-is-all-about-the-new-show-introduced-by-veteran-actress-sheela/articleshow/106573839.cms |access-date=2024-07-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2024- 2025||''[[Meenu's Kitchen]]''||Shivaranjini||
|}

;As Host
*Super Dish (Surya TV) - 2012
*Tharavismayam (Surya TV)
*Treat (Media One) - 2015
*My Super Chef (Asianet News) - 2019
*Ray's World of Colours (YouTube) 2019–Present

;Reality Shows as Judge
*Veruthe Alla Bharya Season 3 (Mazhavil Manorama) - 2016
*Dazzling Friends Hunt (Kairali TV) - 2012

;Other roles
* Flowers Oru Kodi as Participant - 2022
* Madhuram Shobhanam as Dancer - 2021
* Bzinga as Participant - 2021
* [[Onnum Onnum Moonu]] as Guest - 2015, 2020
* Ivide Ingannanu Bhai as Guest - 2015
* Fast Track as Guest
* Santhosh Brahmi ad as Model

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Magrib (film)|Magrib]]'' || Young Arifa ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Chakoram]]'' || Sunanda ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1995 || ''[[Aadyathe Kanmani]]'' || Ambika's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Aniyan Bava Chetan Bava]]'' || Seetha, Premachandran's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Saadaram]]'' || Sreekutty ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1996 || ''Ishtamanu Nooru Vattam'' || Shilpa Fernandez ||Debut as heroine
|-
| ''[[Saamoohyapaadam]]'' || Sridevi ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1997 || ''[[Varnapakittu]]'' || Mollykutty ||
|-
| ''Kannur'' || Sajira ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Ennu Swantham Janakikutty]]'' || Sarojini ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-gossips/actress-reshmi-soman-shares-a-nostalgic-photo-in-her-social-media/articleshow/74160140.cms |title=യക്ഷിയും സരോജിനിയും പിന്നെ ജാനകിക്കുട്ടിയും; രശ്മിയും ജോമോളും വൈറലാകുന്നു! |website=malayalam.samayam.com |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621162925/https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-gossips/actress-reshmi-soman-shares-a-nostalgic-photo-in-her-social-media/articleshow/74160140.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Prem Poojari]]'' || Priya ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2000 || ''[[Dreams (2000 film)|Dreams]]'' || Shyama ||
|-
| ''[[Sradha]]'' || Beena ||
|-
| ''[[Arayannagalude Veedu]]'' || Premalatha||
|-
| ''[[Susanna (2000 film)|Susanna]]'' || Soosanna's daughter ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Live (2023 film)|Live]]'' || Dr. Nikhila ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=First look of VK Prakash's Live out |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/mar/16/first-look-of-vk-prakashs-live-out-2556365.html |access-date=23 March 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |date=16 March 2023 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323061610/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/mar/16/first-look-of-vk-prakashs-live-out-2556365.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soman, Reshmi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Actresses from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Thookku Thookki

2026-03-04T05:06:31Z

ShaneraDeF: adding a info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thookku Thookki.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = R. M. Krishnaswami
| screenplay = A. T. Krishnasamy V. N. Sambandham
| based_on = {{based on|''Thookku Thookki''|[[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]]}}
| producer = M. Radhakrishnan
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]] [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
| cinematography = R. M. Krishnaswami
| editing = R. M. Venugopal
| music = [[G. Ramanathan]]
| studio = Aruna Films
| distributor = K. S. Pictures<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=29 August 1954 |title=தூக்கு தூக்கி |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1954/aug/29-08-1954/p2.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211006083838/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1954/aug/29-08-1954/p2.jpg |archive-date=6 October 2021 |access-date=6 October 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=2 |language=ta}}</ref>
| released = {{film date|1954|8|26|df=y}}
| runtime = 177 minutes{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=143}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Thookku Thookki''''' ({{translation|Baggage carrier}}) is a 1954 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[historical drama]] film directed by R. M. Krishnaswami. Based on the play of the same name by [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]], it stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]] and [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]. The film revolves around a prince who, after hearing about the five maxims of life, goes through numerous adventures to evaluate their validity.

''Thookku Thookki'' is the second film adaptation of the play, following a 1935 film. It was released on 26 August 1954 and became a success, besides winning two Chennai Film Fans' Association awards: Best Film, and Best Actor (Ganesan).

== Plot ==
The king of Sundarapuri advises his three sons to get into business and earn money to save the crippling economy. Sundarangathan is the brightest son while the other two are dimwitted. Hence, the king looks up to him for support to save the country. All the three brothers venture out of their country to do business.

Sundarangathan visits a research centre and listens to the words of [[pandit]]s. One of them reads out the five maxims of life:
# A father cares only for the riches earned by his son.
# Only a mother stands by the son through good and bad times.
# A sister values her brother only for the gift he brings her.
# A wife may even kill her husband.
# A friend in need is a friend indeed.

Sundarangathan is sceptical, and argues with the pandits before deciding to evaluate their validity. Instead of pursuing his business goal, Sundarangathan returns to Sundarapuri to verify the merits of the maxims, but his father again sends him away and prohibits him from returning without riches, convincing Sundarangathan that the first maxim is true.

Sundarangathan visits his mother who warmly welcomes him and is upset to know the reaction of his father. She offers him protection, advises him to stay back in the palace and promises that she will pacify the king. Sundarangathan refuses, but realises the second maxim is true.

Sundarangathan goes to his sister's country. His sister and her husband welcome him warmly. However, on realising that he did not bring any gifts or riches for her, she feels humiliated and disrespects him. Sundarangathan is forced to leave, but realises the third maxim is true.

Sundarangathan meets his wife Prema, who stayed back in her father's kingdom Sorgapuri as Sundarangathan was regularly travelling outside his kingdom. Sundarangathan is not aware that Prema is having an [[extramarital affair]] with [[Sait clan|Seth]] Namakharam, and is staying back in the place for this reason. Madhivanan, son of the minister and a friend of Sundarangathan, learns of the affair and visits Prema's palace twice to verify the same. However, she lies to Sundarangathan that Madhivanan is misbehaving by coming to her place regularly, misusing his friendship.

Sundarangathan reprimands Madhivanan, who reveals the affair and tells him to check for himself. Sundarangathan infiltrates Namakharam's services as a menial worker and gains his confidence. When Prema invites Namakharam to her palace, Sundarangathan accompanies him. Namakharam presents her a betel leaf, prepared by the worker. She notices that the folding is in Sundarangathan's style. Suspicious, she asks Namakharam who says the worker joined the day before. Prema sends her assistant to kill the worker, convincing Sundarangathan that the fourth maxim is true. He reveals his true identity to Prema and Namakharam.

Prema lies to her father that Sundarangathan attempted to kill her. Sundarangathan, accused of attempted murder, flees to another kingdom where he feigns insanity. However, he attracts the attention of princess Madhavi, who likes his behaviour and arranges for his treatment. When he is "cured", she makes him her and her sister Mallika's baggage carrier. Kattazhagan, their teacher's son, falls in love with Madhavi and demands that she should marry him. Sundarangathan comes to her rescue. The king learns that Sundarangathan is not insane, and that he is the prince of Sundarapuri who is banned there. He arrests Sundarangathan, but after Madhavi pleads, agrees to release him if his innocence is proven.

Sundarangathan is taken to Sorgapuri. When his father-in-law demands to know why he ran away, he is forced to reveal the details of Prema's affair. The king asks for proof. By then, Madhivanan brings Namakharam who confesses all. Prema's assistant also confirms it. Prema realises her mistake and accepts her crime, says that Sundarangathan should marry Madhavi and commits suicide. The king apologises to Sundarangathan and appoints him king. Sundarangathan's father reaches with his wife and sons and apologises for ill-treating Sundarangathan. Madhavi's father offers Madhavi to Sundarangathan. Sundarangathan explains his pursuit to find the validity of the maxims and getting them confirmed. At his request, Mallika marries Madhivanan while Sundarangathan marries Madhavi.

== Cast ==

{{Col-begin|width=90%}}
{{col-break|width=13%}}
;Male cast<ref name="song book" />
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Sundarangathan (Thookku Thookki)
* [[T. S. Balaiah]] as [[Sait clan|Seth]] Namakharam
* [[R. Balasubramaniam]] as Mangalapuri King
* P. B. Rangachari as Swarnapuri King
* G. Muthukrishnan as Madhivanan
* T. N. Sivathanu as Chithran
* S. S. Sivasoorian as Vichithran
* Yadhartham Ponnusami Pillai as Instructor
* Venkatraman as Class Leader (Handsome)
* Venkatachalam as Sundarapuri King
{{col-break|width=10%}}
;Male cast (continued)
* Ramaiah as Mathanan
* Loose Arumugam as Thookku Thookki
* Dakshanamurthi as Lakshman
* Ramaraj as Scholar
* Veerasami as Scholar
* P. Kalayanam as Sundarapuri Minister
* V. P. S. Mani as Managalapuri Minister
* [[Ennathe Kannaiah|Kanaiah]] as [[Sepoy]]
* Villan Natarajan as Sepoy
* Shanmugam as Sepoy
{{col-break|width=15%}}
;Female cast<ref name="song book" />
* [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]] as Sundarangathan's wife, Prema
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Rajakumari, Madhavi
* [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]] as Minister's daughter, Mallika
* [[C. K. Saraswathi]] as Sundarapuri Queen
* M. S. S. Bhagyam as Perundevi
* Chellam as Guna Sundari
* Venu Bai as Mangalapuri Queen
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
''Thookku Thookki'' was an adaptation of the play of the same name by [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]] which was previously made into a film in 1935.<ref name="Randor Guy" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=24 September 2012 |title=Tunes and trivia |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/tunes-and-trivia/article3931963.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005060914/https://www.thehindu.com/books/tunes-and-trivia/article3931963.ece |archive-date=5 October 2018 |access-date=5 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=8 August 2016 |title=கலைமாமணி வாமனனின் 'நிழலல்ல நிஜம்' – 36 {{!}} மூன்று அவதாரங்கள் எடுத்த 'தூக்குத் தூக்கி!' |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/12859 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006110104/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/12859 |archive-date=6 October 2021 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta |location=Nellai}}</ref> The film was directed by R. M. Krishnaswami, who also handled the cinematography, and produced by M. Radhakrishnan. The dialogue was written by A. T. Krishnasamy and V. N. Sambandham. Editing was handled by R. M. Venugopal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1954 – தூக்குதூக்கி – அருணா பிலிம்ஸ் – அந்தாஇந்தே(தெ-டப்) |trans-title=1954 – Thookku Thookki – Aruna Films – Andha Indhe(te-dub) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1954-cinedetails13.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125013921/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1954-cinedetails13.asp |archive-date=25 January 2020 |access-date=4 September 2020 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[G. Ramanathan]].<ref name="song book" /> In less than 12 hours, lyricist Udumalai Narayana Kavi wrote five of the eight songs, which were composed immediately by Ramanathan and rehearsed by the playback singers.<ref name="Randor Guy" /> [[T. M. Soundararajan]] was hired to sing the songs picturised on Ganesan at the recommendation of then popular playback singer Tiruchi Loganathan, and supported by lyricist [[A. Maruthakasi]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangaraj |first=R |date=27 July 2020 |title=Songs of son of the soil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/songs-of-son-of-the-soil/articleshow/77187971.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200727164943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/songs-of-son-of-the-soil/articleshow/77187971.cms |archive-date=27 July 2020 |access-date=4 September 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> with his salary being {{INRConvert|2000||lk=|year=1954}}. First, Ganesan had objected to introducing a 'new face' and wished to have singer [[C. S. Jayaraman]] who had brought recognition for him in his 1952 debut movie 'Parasakthi'. Soundararajan suggested to the Producers of the movie to let him render three songs, and he would leave if Ganesan was not satisfied. After listening to Soundararajan's rendering, Ganesan was impressed and Soundararajan went on to sing many songs for Ganesan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=26 May 2013 |title=Another pillar falls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/another-pillar-falls/article4750906.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202348/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/another-pillar-falls/article4750906.ece |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=5 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Sundari Soundari" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as Kurinji,{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=160}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=18 January 2013 |title=Tones of grace |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/tones-of-grace/article4319761.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024020838/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/tones-of-grace/article4319761.ece |archive-date=24 October 2013 |access-date=5 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and "Pengalai Nambaadhe Kangale" is set in [[Mand (singing style)|Maand]].{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=153}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Eraadha Malaidhanile" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]|| 03:12
|-
| "Inba Nilai Kaana Innum En" || [[M. S. Rajeswari]] || [[A. Maruthakasi]]|| 03:55
|-
| "Sundhari Soundhari Nirandhariye" || [[P. Leela]], [[A. P. Komala]] & T. M. Soundararajan || A. Maruthakasi || 04:55
|-
| "Pengalai Nambaadhe Kangale" || T. M. Soundararajan || [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]] || 02:06
|-
| "Pyari Nimbal Mele Namke Majaa" || Chellamuthu & M. S. Rajeswari || Udumalai Narayana Kavi || 03:06
|-
| "Abaaya Arivippu Aiyaa Abaaya Arivippu"|| T. M. Soundararajan || Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass || 02:12
|-
| "Kuranginilirundhu Pirandhavan Manidhan" || P. Leela, A. P. Komala, T. M. Soundararajan & V. N. Sundharam || Udumalai Narayana Kavi || 05:14
|-
| "Sattaam Pillaiyai.... Poongkavin Neengaadha" || T. M. Soundararajan || Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass || 01:21
|-
| "Kanvazhi Pugundhu Karutthinil Kalandha" || T. M. Soundararajan & M. S. Rajeswari || A. Maruthakasi || 03:07
|-
| "Aanum Pennai Azhagu Seivadu Aadai" || T. M. Soundararajan || Udumalai Narayana Kavi || 03:44
|-
| "Vaaranam Aayiram Soozha Valam Seidhu" || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]] & [[P. Leela]] || [[Nachiyar Thirumozhi]] || 03:42
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Thookku Thookki'' was released on 26 August 1954. Despite facing competition from another Ganesan film released on the same day (''[[Koondukkili]]''),<ref name="maalaimalar" /> it became a commercial success.<ref name="Randor Guy" /> The film won two Chennai Film Fans' Association awards: Best Film, and Best Actor (Ganesan).<ref name="maalaimalar" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2006 |title=The very best of Padmini {{!}} Thooku Thooki |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/26sd8.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200912180208/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/26sd8.htm |archive-date=12 September 2020 |access-date=12 September 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Randor Guy">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=18 September 2010 |title=Thookku Thookki 1954 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Thookku-Thookki-1954/article15973612.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104043650/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Thookku-Thookki-1954/article15973612.ece |archive-date=4 January 2017 |access-date=4 January 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="song book">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.ThookuThooki_R.M.Krishnaswamy_1954/39.%20ThookuThooki_R.M.Krishnaswamy_1954.pdf |title=தூக்கு தூக்கி |publisher=Aruna Films |year=1954 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=8 September 2024 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
<ref name="maalaimalar">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2010 |title="தூக்குத் தூக்கி"யில் சிவாஜியின் ஜனரஞ்சக நடிப்பு- சிறந்த நடிகராக தேர்வு பெற்றார் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2010/01/11111740/sivaji.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216101225/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2010/01/11111740/sivaji.html |archive-date=16 February 2013 |access-date=4 September 2020 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1931–1976 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1950s historical drama films]]
[[Category:1954 Indian films]]
[[Category:1954 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1954 films]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pune Airport

2026-03-01T05:31:42Z

ShaneraDeF:

{{Short description|Airport serving Pune, Maharashtra, India}}
{{other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Pune Airport
| image =
| image-width = 200
| image2 = 2025-01-23-00 00 2025-01-23-23 59 Sentinel-2 L2A True color.jpg
| caption2 = New Terminal and satellite image of the airport
| IATA = PNQ
| ICAO = VAPO
| type = Public/Military
| owner = [[Indian Air Force]]
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Pune Metropolitan Region]]
| location = [[Lohegaon]], [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| opened = {{start date and age|1939|||df=y|p=n|br=n}}
| elevation-f = 1,942
| elevation-m = 592
| metric-elev = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|18|34|56|N|073|55|11|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label = '''PNQ'''
| r1-number = 10/28
| r1-length-f = 8,329
| r1-length-m = 2,539
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| metric-rwy = y
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 10,457,694 ({{increase}} 9.8%)
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref name="AAI3">{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 68,830 ({{increase}} 7.5%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 42,293 ({{increase}} 11.8%)
}}

'''Pune Airport''' {{Airport codes|PNQ|VAPO}} is a [[customs airport]]{{efn|name=Customs|Airport with customs checking and clearance facility, and handles predominantly domestic traffic. A very limited number of international flights are allowed to operate from the airport.}} and an [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) base (called '''Lohagaon Air Force Station)''' serving the city of [[Pune]] and [[Pimpri Chinchwad]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located at [[Lohagaon]], approximately {{cvt|11|km}} northeast of the historic centre of Pune. The airport is a [[civil enclave]] operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]] at the western side of Lohagaon Air Force Station. A name change has been proposed for the airport to '''Jagadguru Sant Tukaram Maharaj Airport''', which has been approved by the State Government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maharashtra-govt-approves-renaming-of-pune-airport-to-jagadguru-sant-tukaram-maharaj-airport/articleshow/113601777.cms|title=Maharashtra govt approves renaming of Pune airport to 'Jagadguru Sant Tukaram Maharaj' airport|work=The Times of India|access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref>

The airport is the [[List of the busiest airports in India|ninth-busiest airport by passenger traffic]] in India. The airport serves both domestic and international flights. In financial year 2024-25, the airport handled over 10.4 million passengers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/589115/indian-airports-passenger-traffic/|title=Leading airports across India in financial year 2020, by number of passengers handled(in millions)|website=statista|access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="AAI3" />

==Overview==
Pune Airport has a {{Convert|2540|m|abbr=on}} long runway oriented 10/28. A former secondary runway is now used as a taxiway by the [[Indian Air Force|IAF]]. A {{Convert|2200 x 23|m|abbr=on}} parallel taxiway was constructed by [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]] to facilitate civil operation on the southern side of runway 10/28. The airfield is equipped with night landing facilities as well as navigational facilities like [[DVOR]]/[[Distance Measuring Equipment|DME]] and an [[Non-Directional Beacon|NDB]].<ref name="AAI website">{{citation |title=AAI website |url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/pune_technicalinfo.jsp |date=1 November 2011 |access-date=1 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208205537/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/pune_technicalinfo.jsp |archive-date=8 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As Pune's air traffic control is operated by the IAF,<ref name="AAI website"/> there is often friction between the AAI and the IAF over flight schedules and night landings. There is currently a basic working relationship between the two parties; they have agreed to allow night landings of civilian flights for the time being, though this is not a long-term solution.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

In 2025, Pune Airport was ranked first among Indian airports in the Airports Council International–Airport Service Quality (ACI‑ASQ) survey in the category for airports handling 5–15 million passengers, with a score of 4.96 out of 5 in the third and fourth quarters.<ref>{{cite news |last=Express News Service |title=Pune airport bags top rank in Q3, Q4 of ACI‑ASQ survey 2025 |newspaper=Indian Express |date=28 January 2026 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-airport-bags-top-rank-in-q3-q4-of-aci-asq-survey-2025-10499862/ |accessdate=10 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Joy Sengupta |title=Pune airport secures first spot in 2 quarters among 16 Indian flight hubs in ACI‑ASQ survey 2025 |newspaper=Times of India |date=28 January 2026 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-airport-secures-first-spot-in-2-quarters-among-16-indian-flight-hubs-in-aci-asq-survey-2025/articleshow/127647981.cms |accessdate=10 February 2026}}</ref>

==History==
The airfield was established in 1939 as [[RAF]] Poona to provide air security to the city of Mumbai. The base was home to [[World War II]] squadrons of [[de Havilland Mosquito]] and [[Vickers Wellington]] bombers and [[Supermarine Spitfire]] fighter aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lohegaon airbase celebrates Indian Air Force's 80th anniversary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Lohegaon-airbase-celebrates-Indian-Air-Forces-80th-anniversary/articleshow/16647412.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629132957/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-03/pune/34238121_1_frontline-fighter-aircraft-iaf-base-air-base |url-status=live |archive-date=29 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 October 2012|access-date=28 May 2013}}</ref> In May 1947, the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] took charge of the airfield.<ref>{{cite web|title=Back To India|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1950s/Ratnagar02.html|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=28 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802193406/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1950s/Ratnagar02.html|archive-date=2 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Air India]] commenced a route to Dubai, the airport's first international flight, in December 2005. [[Indian Airlines]] began service to Singapore the following day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/dec/12pune.htm|title=Pune airport accorded international status|access-date=14 August 2015}}</ref> In 2004–05, the airport handled about 165 passengers a day or around 60,000 passengers annually. It increased to 250 passengers a day in 2005–06. There was a sharp rise in 2006–07 when the number reached 4,309 passengers a day (1,500,000 a year) and more than 2.8 million passengers a year in 2010–2011 (about 8,000 passengers a day).<ref name=IE>{{cite news|title=Passenger traffic at Pune airport takes a big leap |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/passenger-traffic-at-pune-airport-takes-a-big-leap/859721/0 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date= 14 October 2011|access-date=1 February 2012}}</ref>

In July 2008, [[Lufthansa]]'s inaugural flight from Frankfurt arrived in Pune, linking the airport with Europe for the first time. The direct service was operated by [[PrivatAir]] and catered to the many automotive, biotechnology and other companies that had operations in the city.<ref>{{cite news | title=Lufthansa commences Pune-Frankfurt direct service | work=United News of India | date=2008-07-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=2 Casualties Don't Deter All-Business-Class Rivalry | work=The New York Times | date=2008-04-29 | id={{ProQuest|2222262186}}}}</ref> PrivatAir flew the route with a long-range version of an Airbus A319 that only had business-class seats; the Pune airport's short runway meant that Lufthansa could not use a larger jet with an economy-class cabin.<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/aviation/200804218950.htm | title=Lufthansa introduces non-stop service between Pune-Frankfurt | publisher=Lufthansa | date=2008-04-21 | accessdate=27 August 2023 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504121949/http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/aviation/200804218950.htm | archivedate=2008-05-04}}</ref><ref name="ie708">{{cite news | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/lufthansa-s-first--all-business--flight/330629/ | title=Lufthansa's first 'all business' flight | work=The Indian Express | date=2008-07-02 | accessdate=27 August 2023 | author=Kelkar, Siddharth}}</ref> PrivatAir also had to reduce the seating capacity so that the aircraft could carry enough fuel for the long-haul flight.<ref name="ie708" />

A {{INR}} 100 crore airport modernisation plan was launched in preparation for the [[Commonwealth Youth Games]] hosted by Pune. In August 2008, AAI completed the construction of two new terminal extensions for international passenger departures and arrivals, measuring nearly {{cvt|12,000|sqm}} on either side of the {{cvt|6,500|sqm}} old main terminal building, which was inadequate for the increase in passengers and flight operations. The terminal extensions have helped ease the peak-time pressure of air passengers. Facilities developed on the air side include a new parallel taxi track and an apron expanded to accommodate eight [[Airbus A320]] or [[Boeing 737]] aircraft.<ref name="ti1011">{{cite news|title=Pune airport braces for swanky look AAI to spend Rs 20 cr |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-airport-braces-for-swanky-look-AAI-to-spend-Rs-20-cr/articleshow/10407261.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104015821/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-19/pune/30297378_1_terminal-building-lohegaon-airport-airport-security |url-status=live |archive-date=4 January 2013 |date= 19 October 2011|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 February 2012}}</ref> In 2010, Lufthansa introduced economy class on the Frankfurt route; due to the [[Great Recession|recession]], companies preferred to book economy-class tickets for their employees.<ref>{{cite news | title=Lufthansa to offer economy class on Pune-Frankfurt flight | work=The Hindu BusinessLine | date=2010-01-07}}</ref>

Two [[aerobridge]]s were commissioned in 2011. New conveyor belts and passenger facilities including a modern spa were also commissioned.<ref name="ti1011" /> An [[instrument landing system]] (ILS) has been proposed to ensure smooth takeoffs and landings even in deteriorated weather conditions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Air Force projects MAFI, GAGAN to benefit Pune airport |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/indian-air-force-projects-mafi-gagan-to-benefit-pune-airport/778566/0|work=[[Indian Express]] |date= 20 April 2011|access-date=1 February 2012}}</ref> All the offices of the AAI and the Central Industrial Security Force will move to the new administrative block, creating more space in the terminal building. The building will also house a VIP lounge with independent access to the airport terminal building. The airport power sub-station near the entrance gate will also be shifted to the new building freeing up more space for developing passenger amenities.<ref name="TOI">{{citation |title=TOI|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=23_03_2015_003_005&type=A&eid=31814 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140443/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=23_03_2015_003_005&type=A&eid=31814 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2015 |date= 23 March 2015|access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref>

Lufthansa stopped flying to Frankfurt in June 2018, as it had suspended its [[wet-lease|wet-lease arrangement]] with PrivatAir.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/lufthansa-grounds-flight-to-frankfurt-till-october/articleshow/65095484.cms | title=Lufthansa grounds flight to Frankfurt till October | work=The Times of India | date=2018-07-22 | accessdate=27 August 2023 | author=Sengupta, Joy}}</ref> Five months later, Lufthansa resumed the link using its own plane. The flights made a technical stop [[Heydar Aliyev International Airport|in Baku]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/280692/lufthansa-adjusts-pune-service-in-w18/ | title=Lufthansa adjusts Pune service in W18 | work=Routesonline | date=2018-09-26 | accessdate=27 August 2023 | author=Liu, Jim | archivedate=2018-09-26 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926180419/https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/280692/lufthansa-adjusts-pune-service-in-w18/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/german-firms-businessmen-rue-lufthansa-flight-suspension/articleshow/70369836.cms | title=German firms & businessmen rue Lufthansa flight suspension | work=The Times of India | date=2019-07-25 | accessdate=27 August 2023 | author=Sengupta, Joy}}</ref>
Afterward, the carrier reached a new agreement with PrivatAir whereby the latter would take over the route in February 2019. PrivatAir went bankrupt in December 2018, however. As a result, the last Lufthansa flight departed Pune in January 2019.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/lufthansa-to-suspend-flight-to-frankfurt-from-feb-1/articleshow/67152618.cms | title=Lufthansa to suspend flight to Frankfurt from Feb 1 | work=The Times of India | date=2018-12-19 | accessdate=27 August 2023 | author=Sengupta, Joy}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/flight-to-frankfurt-hits-air-pocket/articleshow/66993557.cms | title=Flight to Frankfurt hits air pocket | work=The Times of India | date=2018-12-08 | accessdate=27 August 2023 | author=Sengupta, Joy}}</ref>

The [[Airports Authority of India]] has invested {{INR}} 40 crore in 2018 for a brand new second terminal, which will be integrated into the existing one in order to ease air traffic. Construction began in late 2018 and was completed in March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jigar Hindocha|date=27 February 2023|title=Maharashtra: 75% work of new terminal building of Pune airport completed {{!}} Pune News - Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/75-work-of-new-terminal-building-of-pune-airport-completed-101677445244567.html|access-date=2023-02-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> It was inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 10 March 2024, and was opened on 14 July 2024.<ref name="modi1">{{cite news|title=PM Modi inaugurates Pune airport’s new terminal built at Rs 423 crore|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pm-modi-inaugurates-pune-airports-new-terminal-built-at-rs-423-crore-9207071/|website=The Indian Express|date=11 March 2024|access-date=15 July 2024|language=en}}</ref>

The airport has planned to begin international flights to European countries in mid-2026, with direct routes from Pune to Netherlands and Germany.<ref>https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/now-pune-to-be-connected-with-germany-and-netherlands-flights-soon-massive-new-upgrade-to-the-airport-runway/#google_vignette></ref>

==Airlines and destinations ==

{{Airport-dest-list|3rdcoltitle={{Abbr|Refs.|References}}|3rdcolunsortable=yes

|[[Air India]]| [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]] | <ref name="merg1">{{cite web | url=https://www.airvistara.com/in/en/vistara-airindia-merger | title=Vistara Air India Merger }}</ref>

|{{nowrap|[[Air India Express]]}}| [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/11/08/air-india-express-adds-2-new-flights-to-this-city/|title=Air India Express expands from Bangalore to Nagpur}}</ref> [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India Express Reschedules Pune-Bangkok Flights to December 21|url=https://urbanacres.in/air-india-express-reschedules-pune-bangkok-flights-to-december-21/|website=Urban Acres|date=5 December 2024|access-date=12 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneswar]], [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Indore]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.mypunepulse.com/good-news-for-indore-goa-and-indore-pune-flyers-new-flights-to-start-in-march/|title=New flights from Pune to Indore}}</ref> [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]], [[Cochin International Airport|Kochi]], [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport|Lucknow]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/airasia-india-to-commence-lucknow-pune-service-in-may-2023-1197184|title=AirAsia India to commence Lucknow-Pune service in May-2023|work=CAPA|accessdate=19 April 2023}}</ref> [[Mangalore International Airport|Mangaluru]]<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.mangalorean.com/air-india-express-announces-new-flights-to-delhi-pune-singapore/#google_vignette|title=Air India Express Mangalore expansion}}</ref>|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Direct flights from Pune - AirAsia India |url=https://www.flightsfrom.com/PNQ?from=PNQ&airlines=I5&state=1 |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=www.flightsfrom.com |language=en}}</ref>

|[[Akasa Air]]| [[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Manohar International Airport|Goa–Mopa]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]]|<ref>{{cite web|title=Akasa Air Flight Network|url=https://www.akasaair.com/fly-with-akasa/our-network|website=Akasa Air|access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref>

|[[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]]|

|[[Fly91]]| [[Manohar International Airport|Goa–Mopa]], [[Jalgaon Airport|Jalgaon]], [[Sindhudurg Airport|Sindhudurg]]|<ref>{{cite news|title=Regional airline FLY91 adds Pune as its seventh destination|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/regional-airline-fly91-adds-pune-as-its-seventh-destination/article68215925.ece|work=The Hindu|date=25 May 2024|access-date=26 May 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Flight Schedule|url=https://fly91.in/resources/flight-schedule.pdf|website=Fly91|access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref>

|[[IndiGo]]|[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport|Amritsar]], [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]] (ends 29 March 2026),<ref>{{cite web
| title = IndiGo Suspends Pune–Bangkok Flights for Summer, Leaves Air India Express as Sole Direct Operator
| url = https://www.mypunepulse.com/indigo-suspends-pune-bangkok-flights-for-summer-leaves-air-india-express-as-sole-direct-operator/
| website = My Pune Pulse
| publisher = My Pune Pulse
| date = February 23, 2026
| accessdate = February 24, 2026
}}</ref> [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Bhopal Airport|Bhopal]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.traveltrendstoday.in/indigo-starts-daily-flights-between-pune-bhopal/|title=Pune-Bhopal flights}}</ref> [[Chandigarh Airport|Chandigarh]], [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]], [[Dehradun Airport|Dehradun]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]],<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/indigo-expands-international-network-with-new-pune-dubai-daily-flights/|title=Pune-Dubai flights}}</ref> [[Dabolim Airport|Goa–Dabolim]], [[Manohar International Airport|Goa–Mopa]],<ref>{{cite news|title=IndiGo's largest ever new station launch at New Goa International Airport|url=https://www.goindigo.in/press-releases/indigo-largest-ever-new-station-launch-at-new-goa-international-airport.html|work=IndiGo|date=9 December 2022|access-date=10 December 2022|language=en}}</ref> [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]], [[Hubli Airport|Hubli]],<ref>{{cite news|title=IndiGo to start Hubballi Pune direct flight from February 5|url=https://hubballidharwadinfra.com/indigo-to-start-hubballi-pune-direct-flight-from-february-4/|work=Hubballi Infra|date=10 January 2023|access-date=16 January 2023|language=en|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324162536/https://hubballidharwadinfra.com/indigo-to-start-hubballi-pune-direct-flight-from-february-4/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Indore]], [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]], [[Jodhpur Airport|Jodhpur]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Pall|first=Samreen|title=Pune Airport: Indigo Starts Six New Flights; Check Routes, Fare and More|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/travel/news/pune-airport-indigo-starts-six-new-flights-check-routes-fare-and-more/ar-AA1curVa?ocid=emmx-mmx-feeds&PC=EMMX01|work=News18|date=13 June 2023|access-date=13 June 2023|language=en}}</ref> [[Cochin International Airport|Kochi]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport|Lucknow]], [[Mangalore International Airport|Mangaluru]], [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport|Nagpur]], [[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport|Patna]], [[Swami Vivekananda Airport|Raipur]], [[Rajkot International Airport|Rajkot]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Mondal|first=Anish|title=Gujarat: Rajkot International Airport starts functioning, IndiGo to operate all its services from here – Details inside| url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-gujarat-rajkot-international-airport-starts-functioning-indigo-to-operate-all-its-services-from-here-details-inside-3238365/|work=The Financial Express|date=10 September 2023|access-date=10 September 2023|language=en}}</ref> [[Birsa Munda Airport|Ranchi]], [[Surat Airport|Surat]], [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport|Thiruvananthapuram]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2024/10/24/indigo-postpones-pune-bangkok-flight/|title=Pune domestic expansion}}</ref> [[Vadodara Airport|Vadodara]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Good news folks! Vadodara is going to connect directly with the Queen of the Deccan, starting 3 July|url=https://twitter.com/aaivdoairport/status/1672461697179844610|work=[[Vadodara Airport]]|date=24 June 2023|access-date=24 June 2023|language=en}}</ref> [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Varanasi]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://twitter.com/ArenaJet/status/1752992516855804004|title=IndiGo to launch Pune-Varanasi flight from February 11|work=JetArena|accessdate=1 February 2024}}</ref>|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Direct flights from Pune - IndiGo |url=https://www.flightsfrom.com/PNQ?from=PNQ&airlines=6E&state=1 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=www.flightsfrom.com |language=en}}</ref>

|[[SpiceJet]] | [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/spicejet-adds-8-new-flights-from-jaipur-to-varanasi-ahmedabad-as-part-of-its-winter-plan/articleshow/115004051.cms?from=mdr|title=Spicejet domestic expansion}}</ref> [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/spicejet-adds-24-new-flights-connecting-more-cities-for-travellers-this-summer/articleshow/119524105.cms?from=mdr|title=Spicejet domestic expansion}}</ref> [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]], [[Manohar International Airport|Goa–Mopa]], [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Varanasi]]<ref>{{cite news| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/spicejet-adds-24-new-flights-connecting-more-cities-for-travellers-this-summer/articleshow/119524105.cms?from=mdr|title=Spicejet domestic expansion}}</ref>|

|[[Star Air (India)|Star Air]]| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Kishangarh Airport|Kishangarh]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Bengrut|first=Dheeraj|title=New air service from Pune to Kishangarh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/new-air-service-from-pune-to-kishangarh-101698598314731.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 October 2023|access-date=18 November 2023|language=en}}</ref> [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport|Nagpur]], [[Nanded Airport|Nanded]]|

}}

== Statistics ==
{{Bar chart
| title = Annual passengers
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Passengers
| bar_width = 50
| width_units = em
| data_max = 11000000
| label1 = 2015-16
| data1 = 5,417,167
| label2 = 2016-17
| data2 = 6,787,391
| label3 = 2017-18
| data3 = 8,164,840
| label4 = 2018-19
| data4 = 9,070,917
| label5 = 2019-20
| data5 = 8,085,607
| label6 = 2020-21
| data6 = 2,137,859
| label7 = 2021-22
| data7 = 3,713,491
| label8 = 2022-23
| data8 = 8,007,160
| label9 = 2023-24
| data9 = 9,525,484
| label10 = 2024-25
| data10 = 10,457,694
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right; width:400px"
|+ Traffic by financial year
|-
! style="width:100px"|Financial year !! style="width:100px"| Passengers !! style="width:100px"| Change from previous year !! style="width:100px"| Aircraft operations !! style="width:100px"| Cargo tonnage<ref>Total cargo (Freight, Express, & Mail).</ref>
|-
!2024-25
|10,457,694 || {{increase}}{{0}}9.8% || 68,830 || 42,293
|-
!2023-24
|9,525,484 || {{increase}}{{0}}19.0% || 64,039 || 37,841
|-
!2022-23
|8,007,160 || {{increase}}{{0}}115.6% || 59,451 || 39,369
|-
!2021-22
|3,713,491 || {{increase}}{{0}}73.7% || N/A || N/A
|-
!2020-21
|2,137,859|| {{decrease}}{{0}}73.6% || 19,831 || N/A
|-
!2019-20
|8,085,607 || {{decrease}}{{0}}10.9% || 54,261 || N/A
|-
!2018-19
|9,070,917 || {{increase}}{{0}}11.1% || 59,888 || N/A
|-
!2017-18
|8,164,840|| {{increase}}{{0}}20.6% || 56,021 || 41,566
|-
!2016-17
|6,787,391|| {{increase}}{{0}}25.3% || 46,932 || 35,312
|-
!2015-16
|5,417,167 || {{increase}}{{0}}29.3% ||40,726|| 31,766
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%"
|+ '''Busiest domestic routes from PNQ (2023–24)''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Directorate General of Civil Aviation {{!}} Government of India |url=https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?page=jsp/dgca/InventoryList/dataReports/aviationDataStatistics/airTransport/domestic/yearly/28/Normal/TABLE%205.01%20(INDIAN%20CITY-WISE%20PASSENGER%20TRAFFIC).pdf&mainundefined|access-date=28 March 2025 |website=www.dgca.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
! Rank
! Airport
! Carriers
!Departing passengers
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]
| [[Air India]], [[Air India Express]], [[Akasa Air]], [[IndiGo]], [[SpiceJet]]
|1,403,897
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru, Karnataka]]
| [[Air India]], [[Air India Express]], [[Akasa Air]], [[IndiGo]]
|894,245
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai, Tamil Nadu]]
| [[Air India Express]], [[IndiGo]], [[SpiceJet]]
|299,804
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad, Telangana]]
| [[Air India Express]], [[IndiGo]], [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]]
|290,259
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad, Gujarat]]
| [[Akasa Air]], [[IndiGo]], [[SpiceJet]]
|240,558
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport|Nagpur, Maharashtra]]
| [[IndiGo]], [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]]
|206,997
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 7
| [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata, West Bengal]]
| [[Akasa Air]], [[IndiGo]]
|175,814
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur, Rajasthan]]
| [[Air India Express]], [[IndiGo]], [[SpiceJet]]
|132,716
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport|Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[Air India Express]], [[IndiGo]]
|111,469
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| [[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneswar, Odisha]]
| [[Air India Express]]
|76,790
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%"
|+ '''Busiest international routes from PNQ (2023–24) <ref>{{cite web|title=Home {{!}} Directorate General of Civil Aviation {{!}} Government of India|url=https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?page=jsp/dgca/InventoryList/dataReports/aviationDataStatistics/airTransport/domestic/yearly/28/Normal/7.06%20(INTERNATIONAL%20OPERATIONS).pdf&mainundefined|access-date=3 July 2024}}</ref>'''
|-
! Rank
! Airport
! Carriers
! Departing passengers
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai, United Arab Emirates]]
| [[SpiceJet]]
|60,267
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Changi Airport|Singapore]]
| [[Air India]]
|30,737
|}

==Future==
[[File:Entrance Pune airport 2025.jpg|thumb|Enrance of new terminal]]
[[File:Pune Airport 06.jpg|thumb|Aircraft at Pune Airport]]
[[File:Aerial View Of Pune From Airplane Window.jpg|thumb|Aerial View of Pune from Airplane Window]]

===Cargo terminal===
There is a proposal to create an international cargo facility from this airport. This project will enable foreign cargo operators to operate in the airport. The airport was declared as [[customs airport]] on 17 January 1997, primarily for exporting perishable agricultural products. This project will also help to attract foreign airlines to operate at the airport. The 600 sq.m. terminal will be located adjacent to the new second terminal.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130202135139/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/20110331/5403133051666636423.htm Lohegaon airport to have int’l cargo centre]}}</ref>

===Airport expansion===

A second terminal has been built on the eastern side of the current airport terminal. It covers an area of about {{cvt|52000|sqm}}, which is twice the size of the current terminal and has a capacity of serving over 9 million passengers annually. It has five [[Jet bridge|aerobridges]] and several advanced technologies, facilities and amenities, five baggage carousels, 34 counters, 25 self-check-in counters, duty-free shops, retail stores, food courts, waiting areas, lounges, restrooms, and many others. The terminal has a unique design showcasing the culture and heritage of [[Maharashtra]], such as the depictions of traditional folklore, art like [[Warli]] and a bronze statue of [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] in front of the terminal.<ref>{{cite news|last=Naaz|first=Fareha|title=Pune airport’s new terminal to be functional from today: All you need to know|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/pune-airport-s-new-terminal-to-be-functional-from-today-all-you-need-to-know-11720925526337.html|work=Mint|date=14 July 2024|access-date=15 July 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sengupta|first=Joy|title=Pune airport’s new terminal opens amid excitement & apprehension|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/city-airports-new-terminal-opens-amid-excitement-apprehension/articleshow/111740122.cms|website=The Times of India|date=15 July 2024|access-date=15 July 2024|language=en}}</ref> It was estimated to be completed by the end of 2020, but due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], which caused lockdowns and curfews, lack of labour caused several delays in work.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sengupta|first=Joy|title=Pune airport's new terminal work delayed|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-airports-new-terminal-work-delayed/articleshow/77179009.cms|work=The Times of India|date=26 July 2020|access-date=15 July 2024|language=en}}</ref> In September 2021, construction work resumed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pune Airport, Shut For Runway Repair, Resumes Operations After 14 Days|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pune-airport-shut-for-runway-repair-resumes-operations-after-14-days-2593469|work=NDTV|date=30 October 2021|access-date=15 July 2024|language=en}}</ref> In November 2022, it was 75% completed, and was expected to be completed by May 2023.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pune airport to get new terminal building by May: Civil Aviation Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/pune/pune-airport-to-get-new-terminal-building-by-may-civil-aviation-minister-jyotiraditya-scindia-article-95781158/amp|work=Times Now|date=26 November 2022|access-date=30 November 2022|language=en}}</ref> It was finished and inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 10 March 2024 via [[video conferencing]].<ref name="modi1"/> However, the opening of the terminal got delayed due to longstanding processes of receiving permission to operationalise and shortage of [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF) personnel at the airport for security.<ref>{{cite news|last=Raj|first=Neha|title=Delayed Departure: Pune Airport's New Terminal Faces Operational Setback|url=https://pune.news/city/pune/delayed-departure-pune-airports-new-terminal-faces-operational-setback-167402/|website=Pune News|date=13 April 2024|access-date=15 July 2024|language=en}}</ref> These issues were solved and the terminal was opened for regular operations on 14 July 2024, with the first flights operated by [[Air India]] and [[Air India Express]] to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]] and [[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneswar]].<ref>{{cite news|title=New terminal building of Pune Airport becomes operational 4 months after inauguration|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-airport-new-terminal-building-becomes-operational-9453434/|website=The Indian Express|date=14 July 2024|access-date=15 July 2024|language=en}}</ref>

===Proposal for a new international airport===
{{main|New Pune Airport}}

{{More citations needed section|date=September 2021}}
Due to the limited expansion options available, the airport will not be able to cope with the growing demand for air traffic into Pune. Hence, a [[greenfield project|greenfield]] airport for the Pune metropolitan region has been proposed. The [[Government of Maharashtra]] has entrusted the responsibility to [[Maharashtra Airport Development Company]] (MADC) for executing the Pune International Airport project.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/new-airport-for-pune/158444/|title=New airport for Pune|author=Our Corporate Bureau|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=10 August 2004|access-date=14 August 2015}}</ref> Probable sites for this project had earlier included areas around [[Talegaon Dabhade]] and [[Saswad]] near Pune. An area between [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]] and [[Rajgurunagar]], around the villages of Chandus and [[Shiroli]] was under consideration.

However, due to land acquisition issues, a new site has been proposed. This site is not very distant from the city but is near to the city limits. The [[greenfield airport]] will be located near the villages of Ambodi, Sonori, Kumbharvalan, Ekhatpur-Munjawadi, Khanwadi, Pargaon Memane, Rajewadi, Aamble, Tekwadi, Vanpuri, Udachiwadi, and Singapur near [[Saswad]] and [[Jejuri]] in [[Purandar taluka]] of [[Pune District]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="ST">{{cite news |title=State wants more land for project |url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/20111224/4873248869740471293.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201171858/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/20111224/4873248869740471293.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=1 February 2013 |work=[[Sakaal Times]] |date=24 December 2011|access-date=29 August 2012}}</ref> The proposed airport in Purandar will be spread over 2,832 hectares. This airport will also boost trade from Pune and neighbouring districts as it will have its own dedicated cargo terminal. MADC requested proposals from consultants to conduct techno-economic feasibility studies, assist in obtaining the required statutory approvals and provide project management services.

In August 2020, [[Deputy Chief Minister]] [[Ajit Pawar]] told the Pune district administration to check the feasibility of developing the new Pune International Airport at an alternative site proposed by Purandar MLA Sanjay Jagtap. The MLA had proposed land acquisition at Pandeshwar, Rise, and Pise villages, instead of the seven villages in Purandar taluka which have opposed land acquisition since the project was announced in October 2016. Total land acquisition cost is expected to be ₹ 4000 crore for the existing site. If the new site gets approved, land acquisition costs are likely to be reduced.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

Senior officials of the Maharashtra Airport Development Company Limited (MADC) have said that shifting the site of the Purandar Airport will lead to a delay of more than two years in getting fresh approvals and carrying out surveys of the new site.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

==Access==

* [[Pune Metro]] operates to [[Ramwadi Metro Station]] which is around 3 km from the terminal building.
* [[PMPML]], which is Pune's public transport bus provider, operates feeder services connecting the terminal to [[Ramwadi Metro Station]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jedhe |first=Eeshwari |date=2024-09-14 |title=Pune Metro and PMPML launch Feeder Bus Service to Lohegaon Airport |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/civic/pune-metro-and-pmpml-launch-feeder-bus-service-to-lohegaon-airport/cid1726321265.htm |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=punemirror.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Pre-paid [[taxicab]] and [[auto rickshaw]] services to and from the airport are available. [[Coach (vehicle)|Coach]] services to various key locations in Pune and private car rental services are available. [[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited|PMPML]] also operates an airport shuttle to and from the city.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==See also==
* [[Airports in India]]
* [[List of busiest airports in India by passenger traffic]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Pune Airport}}
* [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/pune Pune Airport] at [[Airports Authority of India]]
* {{ASN|PNQ|PNQ: Pune-Lohagaon Airport}}

{{Portalbar|India|Aviation}}
{{Pune topics}}
{{Airports in India}}

{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Airports in Pune district]]
[[Category:Transport in Pune]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pune]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:World War II sites in India]]
[[Category:1939 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1997]]
[[Category:International airports in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

1957–58 Ranji Trophy

2026-02-23T16:36:30Z

ShaneraDeF:

{{Short description|Indian cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1957–58 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 350px
| caption = The Ranji Trophy
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| fromdate =
| todate =
| champions = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| count = 4
| participants = 22
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Polly Umrigar]] (Bombay) (594)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1957/58 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1957-58/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Ghulam Ahmed (cricketer)|Ghulam Ahmed]] (Hyderabad) and [[Vaman Kumar|V.V. Kumar]] (Madras) (28)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1957/58 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1957-58/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1956–57
| previous_tournament = 1956–57 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1958–59
| next_tournament = 1958–59 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1957–58 Ranji Trophy''' was the 24th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] won the title defeating [[Services cricket team|Services]] in the final. [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] made their debut in the competition.<ref name="Vidarbha5758">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21931887/vidarbha-maiden-ranji-title-61-seasons |title=Vidarbha's maiden Ranji title in 61 seasons |access-date=1 January 2018 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Highlights==
* The Zonal matches were played in a round-robin format, for the first time in Ranji Trophy history.
* Bombay conceded its last match in the West Zone match against Baroda when it became certain that Baroda would qualify from the West Zone.<ref>[https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1950S/1957-58/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/WEST/BARODA_BOM_RJI-W_21-23DEC1957.html Baroda v Bombay, Solapur, 1957/58]</ref> It would be twenty years, 124 matches and 18 Ranji titles before Bombay lost another match outright, against Gujarat in [[1977–78 Ranji Trophy|1977–78]].<ref>[https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1977-78/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/WEST/GUJ_BOM_RJI-W_24-26DEC1977.html Gujarat v Bombay, Bulsar, 1977/78]</ref>
* [[Prakash Bhandari]] hit 227 and took 4/34 and 5/47 for Delhi against Patiala<ref>[https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1950S/1957-58/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/NORTH/PATIALA_DELHI_RJI-N_20-22DEC1957.html Delhi v Patiala, Patiala, 1957/58]</ref>

==Group stage==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}

===South Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 4 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''29''' || 1.574
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]]
| 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''23''' || 1.250
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''20''' || 1.183
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''13''' || 1.086
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| 4 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || 0.460
|-
|}

===Central Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 3 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''18''' || 1.540
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| 3 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''14''' || 1.024
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| 3 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''11''' || 0.838
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| 3 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''10''' || 0.748
|-
|}

===North Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Services cricket team|Services]]
| 3 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''24''' || 1.970
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 3 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''20''' || 1.673
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Patiala cricket team|Patiala]]
| 3 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || 0.727
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Eastern Punjab cricket team|Eastern Punjab]]
| 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || 0.481
|-
|}

{{col-2}}

===West Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''27''' || 1.574
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''24''' || 1.250
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''21''' || 1.183
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''15''' || 1.086
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''3''' || 0.460
|-
|}

===East Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''27''' || 2.759
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''18''' || 1.688
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| 3 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''5''' || 0.598
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| 3 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''3''' || 0.283
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

'''Points System'''
* Win : 8 points
* Draw (with First Innings Lead) : 5 points
* Draw (without First Innings Lead) : 3 points
* Lost : 0 points
* Bonus : 1 point

==Knockout stage==
{{Round8|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 90px

|||||
|||||
|||||
|21 Feb 1958 – Hyderabad|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]|122 & 188|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''310 & 4/0'''

|7 Feb 1958 – Udaipur|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]|256 & 127/2|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''424'''
|28 Feb 1958 – Delhi|'''[[Services cricket team|Services]]'''|'''370/2'''|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|360

|13 Mar 1958 – Baroda|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''495'''|[[Services cricket team|Services]]|239 & 205

|skipmatch01=yes|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=no
}}

===Final===
{{Test match
| date = 13–16 March 1958
| team1 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] (H)
| team2 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 495 (171.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Vijay Hazare]] 203
| wickets-team1-inns1 = C. B. Ramesh 3/58 (25 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 239 (113.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = Mohinder Singh 73
| wickets-team2-inns1 = Jyotirvadan Vin 4/32 (21.1 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 205 [[Follow-on|f/o]] (85.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Mahipetsinhji]] 57
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Vijay Hazare]] 3/17 (11 overs)
| result = Baroda won by an innings and 51 runs
| venue = [[Moti Bagh Stadium]], [[Vadodara|Baroda]]
| umpires = [[Noshirvan Nagarwala]] and [[M. G. Vijayasarathi]]
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1950S/1957-58/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/BARODA_SVCS_RJI-FINAL_13-16MAR1958.html Scorecard]
| toss = Baroda won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Vijay Hazare]] (Baroda) passed 6,000 runs in first-class matches.<ref>{{cite web|title=Baroda v Services, Ranji Trophy 1957/58 (Final)|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/22/22857.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206111144/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/22/22857.html|archive-date=6 December 2013}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1950S/1957-58/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/ Ranji Trophy, 1957-58] as [[ESPNcricinfo]] archive
* {{CricketArchive|ref=Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1957-58|name=Ranji Trophy 1957/58}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1957-58 Ranji Trophy}}
[[Category:1957 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1958 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1957–58]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Sironj

2026-02-17T00:50:09Z

ShaneraDeF: added citations additionally

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sironj
| native_name = Sengar Raj
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.1|N|77.7|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vidisha district|Vidisha]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = [[Shankar Singh Sengar in 1103 A.D.]]
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 464
| population_total = 52,460
| population_as_of = 2011-03-01
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 464228
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sironj''' is a town and a [[municipality]] in [[Vidisha district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Its also a Tehsil Headquarter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://vidisha.nic.in/%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%b2/ | title=तहसील | जिला विदिशा, मध्यप्रदेश शासन | इंडिया }}</ref>

==History==
Sironj was previously known as Sengar Raj.It was founded by Sengar Rajput warrior Shankar Singh in 1103 A.D. Due to ruling dynasty it was called Sengar Raj later name corrupted to become Sironj.
Shankar Singh Sengar with his 2 brothers established Sengar Raj in Malwa.
Shankar Singh founded Basilgarh fort in Sironj. Other two brothers Girdhar Singh founded Girdharpur Village constructed Kokangarh fort and Rana Singh founded Ranapur Village constructed kokangarh fort.
Remnants of these forts can be still found nearby Sironj and Lateri.

Sironj was under the control of Rajputs till 18th century.After ascending the throne Aurangzeb attacked Sironj, Ruling Sengar Rajputs fought valiantly and around 4,000 Sengars were killed fighting the battle.Only few of them left alive after battle.
Later Hoklars accorded sironj to Pashtun Amir khan for his service later who became Tonk Nawab in 1806 and then aligned with Britishers in 1857.
It is a historically laden city that lies northwest of Vidisha. The town of Sironj was a Jain pilgrimage centre on the periphery of Bundelkhand. Sironj is about 85 kilometres from the town of Vidisha and is famous for its many shrines, temples and mosques. The Jama Masjid in Sironj is believed to be built by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in the 17th century. One can also see the ruins of the observatory, built to measure the height of Mount Everest during the 18th century.

The Giridhari Temple in Sironj is assigned to the 11th century AD.It was built by Sengar Rajput ruler Girdhari Singh.The temple contains a inscription dated to 12th century about the rule of Sengar Rajput in Malwa. The inscription gives details about its Constructor Girdhari Singh Sengar who was a great devotee of Vishnu.
Other marvels are the old and pristine temples of Jatashankar and Mahamaya. Madan Mohan Temple is one of the ancient temples in the country. Sironj is famous for textiles like muslin and calicos. It is considered to be the oldest town in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ignca.gov.in/coilnet/mw041.htm | title=Malwa - Sironj }}</ref>

==Geography==
Sironj is located at {{Coord|24.10|N|77.69|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 483 [[metre]]s (1584 [[foot (length)|feet]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Sironj.html | title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Sironj, India }}</ref> Sironj is located on 115 km away from [[Bhopal]].

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Sironj had a population of 52,100. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Sironj has an average literacy rate of 67%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 62%, and female literacy is 47%. In Sironj, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Sironj assembly==
[[Sironj Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx | archive-date=1 December 2015 | title=CEO MP :: CEO Office }}</ref> is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. This constituency came into existence in 1957, as one of the Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh state.

==College and Institute==
* Techno Global University, Sironj
* [https://www.glbscollegesironj.ac.in/ Laal Bahadur Shasti PG College, Sironj]
* [https://gpcsironj.in/ Govt Politecnic College, Sironj]

==Places of Attraction==
* Sironj Mahal
* Sironj Dam
* Mahamai mata Mandir

==Transportation==
Sironj is 115 km away from Bhopal and well connected with roads.

The nearest Railway Station is {{rws|Ganjbasoda}} 40km from Sironj.

The nearest airport is [[Bhopal Airport]] 110km From Sironj.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://vidisha.nic.in/ Vidisha District]

{{Bhopal Division}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Vidisha district]]

Samalkha (Delhi)

2026-02-14T08:43:46Z

ShaneraDeF:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Samalkha
| official_name = Samalka
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Signboard Samalka.jpg
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Delhi
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = South West Delhi
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vasant Vihar]]
| postal_code_type = PIN code
| postal_code = 110037
}}'''Samalkha''' is a village located in South-West [[Delhi]], [[India]]. It lies about 12 miles south-west of Delhi city on the Delhi-Gurgaon Road and is close to the [[Haryana]] border.

The village falls under the jurisdiction of Mehrauli Police Station and is part of a Community Development Block with its headquarters at [[Najafgarh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Baldev |first=Baldev |date=1964 |title=Socio-Economic Study of Village, Samalkha, Part VI- No-6, Vol-XIX, Delhi - Census 1961 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31977 |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Samalka Village, New Delhi-37 {{!}} Department of Urban Development (UD) |url=https://udd.delhi.gov.in/node/57215 |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=udd.delhi.gov.in}}</ref>

Samalkha is one of the fifteen historically recognised [[Gaur Brahmins|Gaur Brahmin]] villages of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gahalauta |first=Sūrata Siṃha |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Dill%C4%AB_gr%C4%81mi%E1%B9%87a_kshetra_ke_lokag%C4%ABto/7ccJAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 |title=Dillī grāmiṇa kshetra ke lokagītoṃ kā adhyayana |date=1996 |publisher=Ārya Buka Ḍipo |language=hi}}</ref>

== Geography and land use ==
Samalkha covers 736 acres, with 616 acres under cultivation. The land consists of both sandy (''bangar'') and stony (''pahari'') soil. The village has a hot climate in summers and is cold during winters.<ref name=":0" />

== Population ==
{{update section|date=April 2025}}
In the 1961 census, the village had a population of 621 people in 92 households. The majority were [[Gaur Brahmins|Gaur Brahmin]], making up about 75% of the population. Other communities include Julahas (weavers), Bairagis, Baniyas, [[Ahir|Ahirs]], Nais, and Kumhars.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in South West Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-stub}}

Sanjeev Galande

2026-02-11T07:07:57Z

ShaneraDeF: update citations to improve readability and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian biologist (born 1967)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sanjeev Galande
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1967|9|20}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Chromatin]] biology | [[Epigenetics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[National Centre for Cell Science]] | [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune]] | [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on higher-order chromatin architecture
| awards = {{ublist | 2006 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] | 2010 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2014 [[G. D. Birla Award for Scientific Research|G. D. Birla Award]] }}
}}

'''Sanjeev Anant Galande''' (born 20 September 1967) is an Indian cell biologist, [[epigeneticist]], academic, former chair of biology and the dean of research and development at the [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune]].<ref name="About Sanjeev Galande">{{cite web | url=http://www.iiti.ac.in/Seminars/Abstract/PSG.pdf | title=About Sanjeev Galande | publisher=Indian Institute of Technology Indore | date=2016 | access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> He heads the Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics (Sanjeev Galande Lab) at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune. He is the founder of the ''Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics'' at IISER Pune and is known for his studies on higher-order [[chromatin]] architecture and how it influences spatiotemporal changes in [[gene expression]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=128 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> He is an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref name="Indian fellow - Galande">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P12-1573 | title=Indian fellow - Galande | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=26 October 2016}}</ref> and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="Fellow Profile - Galande">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Galande,_Dr_Sanjeev | title=Fellow Profile - Galande | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref> and a recipient of the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] of the [[Department of Biotechnology]].<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{cite web | url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf | title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development | publisher=Department of Biotechnology | date=2016 | access-date=17 October 2016 | archive-date=4 March 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2010, for his contributions to biological sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Sanjeev Galande, born on 20 September 1967 in [[Pune]], in the western Indian state of [[Maharashtra]], did his master's degree in biochemistry (MSc) at the [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]<ref name="Message from Dr. Sanjeev Galande, highly decorated scientist and ex-alumnus of M.Sc. Biotechnology from University of Pune">{{cite web | url=https://sumangovil.wordpress.com/2015/08/12/message-from-dr-sanjeev-galande-highly-decorated-scientist-and-ex-alumnus-of-m-sc-biotechnology-from-university-of-pune/ | title=Message from Dr. Sanjeev Galande, highly decorated scientist and ex-alumnus of M.Sc. Biotechnology from University of Pune | publisher=Opportunities and Concerns in Biotechnology | date=12 August 2015 | access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> before obtaining his doctoral studies from the [[Indian Institute of Science]] in 1996.<ref name="Scientist Sanjeev Galande selected for GD Birla Award">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Scientist-Sanjeev-Galande-selected-for-GD-Birla-Award/articleshow/47949930.cms?gclid=CMO8rp2DgtACFUoWaAodp8kIrQ | title=Scientist Sanjeev Galande selected for GD Birla Award | work=The Hindu | date=15 July 2015 | access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> He moved to the US the same year to join the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] to complete his postdoctoral studies on the ''role of MAR-binding proteins in [[tumorigenesis]]'' in 2001 and on his return to India, he joined [[National Centre for Cell Science]] (NCCS) as a senior scientist.<ref name="SG Lab Members">{{cite web | url=http://sanjeevgalande.wixsite.com/sglab-coee/members | title=SG Lab Members | publisher=SG Lab | date=2016 | access-date=1 November 2016}}</ref> He headed the Sanjeev Galande Laboratory at the NCCS till 2010 when he shifted to the [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune]] as a professor<ref name="Faculty Details ">{{cite web | url=http://www.iiserpune.ac.in/people/faculty-details/21 | title=Faculty Details | publisher=Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune | date=2016 | access-date=1 November 2016}}</ref> and established the ''Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics'' (CoEE) there.<ref name="Sanjeev Galande on CoEE">{{cite web | url=http://www.iiserpune.ac.in/~coee/wiki/index.php/Sanjeev_Galande | title=Sanjeev Galande on CoEE | publisher=CoEE - IISER Pune | date=2016 | access-date=1 November 2016}}</ref> He heads the ''Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics'' where he hosts a number of researchers who focus their studies on ''evolution of epigenetic mechanisms using multiple model systems''.<ref name="Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics">{{cite web | url=http://sanjeevgalande.wixsite.com/sglab-coee | title=Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics | publisher=Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics | date=2016 | access-date=1 November 2016}}</ref> He also serves as an adjunct faculty at [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]].<ref name="Adjunct Faculty ">{{cite web | url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/dept/science/Biotechnology/Biotechnology_webfiles/faculty.htm | title=Adjunct Faculty | publisher=Savitribai Phule Pune University | date=2016 | access-date=1 November 2016}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Galande's early researches during his doctoral studies were on MAR-binding proteins and [[carcinogenesis]] but later he shifted his focus to cell-type specific patterns of [[gene expression]] and how [[chromatin]] levels influence them which was the theme of his research at NCCS.<ref name="SG Lab Members" /> His team demonstrated how cellular signaling pathways impact the chromatin levels. After his move to IISER, Pune, he started working on [[epigenetic regulation]] on various substrata viz. [[yeast]], [[Caenorhabditis elegans]] (round worm), [[Drosophila]] (fruit flies), [[Zebrafish]] and humans, using them as biological model systems.<ref name="Sanjeev Galande on CoEE" /> His team investigate biological processes such as [[Transcription (biology)|transcription]], [[gene regulation]], [[cell proliferation]], self-renewal and regeneration and their interrelations for which they employ genetic, biochemical, molecular and computational approaches. His studies are reported to have assisted in widening our understanding of the development and differentiation of [[T cell]]s and the impact of [[Wnt signaling pathway]]s in the process.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | pages=34}}</ref> He is involved in three running projects; ''Intergenerational programming of diabesity in offspring of women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (InDiaGDM)'', ''Role of chromatin organizer [[SATB1]] in T cell development and differentiation'' and ''The role of Chromatin reorganisers in X inactivation''.<ref name="Projects">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sanjeev_Galande | title=Projects | date=2016 | access-date=1 November 2016}}</ref>

Galande has detailed his research in a number of articles{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and [[ResearchGate]], an online article repository has listed 87 of them.<ref name="Sanjeev Galande on ResearchGate">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sanjeev_Galande/publications | title=Sanjeev Galande on ResearchGate | date=2016 | access-date=1 November 2016}}</ref> He has mentored several scholars at his laboratories in NCCS and IISER and coordinated the ''National Research Scholars Meet in Life Sciences'' in 2005.<ref name="National Research Scholars Meet in Life Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://graduatestudentsmeet.weebly.com/-hall-of-fame.html | title=National Research Scholars Meet in Life Sciences | publisher=Graduate Students Meet | date=2016 | access-date=1 November 2016}}</ref> He has also established a number of multidisciplinary academic programs at IISER which covers such topics as biochemistry, [[molecular biology]], [[bioinformatics]], cell biology, [[proteomics]], and [[genomics]] and has participated in several seminars on these topics.<ref name="About Sanjeev Galande" />

== Awards and honors ==
Galande's contributions to the biological sciences earned him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] of the [[Department of Biotechnology]] (DBT) in 2006.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development" /> The same year, DBT selected him for the ''Swarnajayanthi Fellowship'' for life sciences.<ref name="Swarnajayanthi Fellowship">{{cite web | url=http://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/sjaward06-07.pdf | title=Swarnajayanthi Fellowship | publisher=Department of Biotechnology | date=2006 | access-date=1 November 2016}}</ref> In 2010, he was awarded the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, by the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]<ref name="Scientist Sanjeev Galande gets G D Birla award">{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/scientist-sanjeev-galande-gets-g-d-birla-award-115070100612_1.html | title=Scientist Sanjeev Galande gets G D Birla award | publisher=Business Standard | date=1 July 2015 | access-date=1 November 2016}}</ref> and the [[Wellcome Trust]] chose him for the Senior Research Fellowships in Basic Biomedical Science.<ref name="About Sanjeev Galande" /> He received the 2014 [[G. D. Birla Award for Scientific Research]] of the [[K. K. Birla Foundation]] in 2015.<ref name="Scientist Sanjeev Galande selected for GD Birla Award 2">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Scientist-Sanjeev-Galande-selected-for-GD-Birla-Award/articleshow/47949930.cms | title=Scientist Sanjeev Galande selected for GD Birla Award | publisher=Times of India | date=5 July 2015 | access-date=1 November 2016}}</ref> He is an elected fellow of two major Indian science academies, [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (2010)<ref name="Fellow Profile - Galande" /> and [[Indian National Science Academy]] (2012).<ref name="Indian fellow - Galande" />

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{cite journal |title=Optogenetic Control of Nodal Signaling Reveals a Temporal Pattern of Nodal Signaling Regulating Cell Fate Specification during Gastrulation |author1=Keisuke Sako |author2=Saurabh J Pradhan |author3=Vanessa Barone |author4=Alvaro Inglés-Prieto |author5=Patrick Müller |author6=Verena Ruprecht |author7=Daniel Capek |author8=Sanjeev Galande |author9=Harald Janovjak |author10=Carl-Philipp Heisenberg |journal=[[Cell Reports]] |date=July 2016 |volume=16 |issue=3 |doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.036 |pages=866–877 |pmid=27396324 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |title=Clickable UTP Analog for the Posttranscriptional Chemical Labeling and Imaging of RNA |author1=Anupam Sawant |author2=Progya P Mukherjee |author3=Rahul Kumar Jangid |author4=Sanjeev Galande |author5=Seergazhi G Srivatsan |journal=[[Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry]] |date=May 2016 |volume=14 |issue=24 |doi=10.1039/C6OB00576D |pmid=27173127 |pages=5832–5842}}
* {{cite book |title=Pancreatic Islet Biology |author1=Satyajeet Khare |author2=Prachi Katre |author3=Sanjeev Galande |chapter=Epigenetic Regulation of Islet Development and Regeneration |date=January 2016 |pages=83–109 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-45307-1_4 |series=Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine |isbn=978-3-319-45305-7}}
* {{cite journal |title=Comparative sequence analyses of genome and transcriptome reveal novel transcripts and variants in the Asian elephant Elephas maximus |author1=Puli Chandramouli Reddy |author2=Ishani Sinha |author3=Ashwin Kelkar |author4=Farhat Habib |author5=Saurabh J Pradhan |author6=Raman Sukumar |author7=Sanjeev Galande |journal=[[Journal of Biosciences]] |date=December 2015 |volume=40 |issue=5 |doi=10.1007/s12038-015-9580-y |pages=891–907 |pmid=26648035 |s2cid=12472801}}
* {{cite journal |title=Early stress evokes dysregulation of histone modifiers in the medial prefrontal cortex across the life span |journal=[[Developmental Psychobiology (journal)|Developmental Psychobiology]] |date=September 2015 |volume=58 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/dev.21365 |pages=198–210 |pmid=26395029|last1= Pusalkar|first1= Madhavi|last2= Suri|first2= Deepika|last3= Kelkar|first3= Ashwin|last4= Bhattacharya|first4= Amrita|last5= Galande|first5= Sanjeev|last6= Vaidya|first6= Vidita A.}}
* {{cite journal |title=A versatile toolbox for posttranscriptional chemical labeling and imaging of RNA |author=Anupam A. Sawant |author2=Arun A. Tanpure1 |author3=Progya P. Mukherjee |author4=Soumitra Athavale |author5=Ashwin Kelkar |author6=Sanjeev Galande |author7=Seergazhi G. Srivatsan |journal=[[Nucleic Acids Research]] |date=September 2015 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkv903 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=e16 |pmid=26384420 |pmc=4737177}}
* {{cite journal |title=Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulated SATB1 promotes colorectal cancer tumorigenesis and progression |author1=Rafeeq Mir |author2=Saurabh J Pradhan |author3=P Patil |author4=R Mulherkar |author5=Sanjeev Galande |journal=[[Oncogene (journal)|Oncogene]] |date=July 2015 |doi=10.1038/onc.2015.232 |volume=35 |issue=13 |pages=1679–1691 |pmid=26165840 |s2cid=19966486 |doi-access=free}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Wnt signaling pathway]]
* [[Gene expression]]
* [[Epigenetic regulation]]
* [[T cell]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Biology}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLl8jVhVank | title=NASA SPACEWARD BOUND INDIA 2016 | publisher=Amity University | work=Valedictory address by Sanjeev Galande - [[YouTube]] video | date=8 September 2016 | access-date=1 November 2016}}
* {{cite web | url=https://vimeo.com/31173601 | title=Cellular Mechanisms for Encoding Information | publisher=Kavli Frontiers of Science | work=web video | date=2011 | access-date=1 November 2016}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}
{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Galande, Sanjeev}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Pune]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Epigeneticists]]
[[Category:Indian cell biologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune]]

Aviation Research Centre

2026-02-08T20:58:58Z

ShaneraDeF: quick expand structure for clarity also

{{Short description|Imagery intelligence organisation of India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Aviation Research Centre
| logo =
| formed = {{start date|1963|09|7}}
| parent_agency = [[Research and Analysis Wing]]
| parent_department =
| chief1_position = Special Secretary
| employees = [[Classified information|Classified]]
| budget = [[Classified information|Classified]]
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
The '''Aviation Research Centre''' ('''ARC''') is India's [[imagery intelligence]] organisation, under the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW).<ref name="IE1">{{cite news |title=RAW to shut down its covert air wing, assets will go to NTRO and IAF |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/raw-to-fold-its-covert-air-wing/ |work=[[Indian Express]] |date= 18 September 2015}}</ref> It started functioning in November 1962, in the wake of the [[Sino-Indian War]], as an extension of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]], but placed under the Ministry of External Affairs.

It was formally created on 7 September 1963, with [[R. N. Kao]] as Director and Acting Group Captain,<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/2337 Service Record for Air Marshal Lal Singh Grewal], ''Bharat Rakshak''</ref> Lal Singh Grewal (later, [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief]] of the [[Indian Air Force]]) as Operations Manager at the [[Charbatia Air Base]] (code named Oak Tree 1).<ref>''The CIA's Secret War in Tibet'', Chapter 14 (Oak Tree), by Kenneth Conboy and James Morrison, University Press of Kansas, excerpted in [http://www.combatreform.org/USARMYAVIATIONDIGEST/grasshoppersmustreturn.htm The Grasshoppers Must Return], U.S. Army Aviation Digest, 31 January 2009</ref> It was later moved to the Prime Minister's Secretariat, and in February 1965, along with [[Special Frontier Force]] and Special Service Bureau (now [[Sashastra Seema Bal]]), was brought under the Directorate General of Security in the Cabinet Secretariat (this organisation was created in late 1964 with [[Bhola Nath Mullik|B. N. Mullick]] as DG, Security;<ref>[https://harperbroadcast.com/2015/10/19/the-legacy-of-dibs/ ''The Legacy of DIBs''], extract from ''India: The Crucial Years'', T. V. Rajeswar</ref> the post was later shifted to the chief of R&AW upon its constitution in 1968).

One of its most influential Directors was Prof H.B. Mohanti. ARC was initially a temporary and ''ad hoc'' organisation, but was made permanent in 1971.<ref>[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/705959/ Court case involving ARC in Supreme Court of India, 1981]</ref> Over the years, ARC had grown into a large operation and flies a large and varied fleet that until recently included the high-flying Mach 3 capable [[MIG-25|Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25]].

==Inventory==
The ARC began operations in 1962 with a [[Helio Twin Courier]] loaned from the [[USAF]].<ref name="IE1"/> ARC operated fixed-wing transport aircraft like Russian [[IL-76]]s and [[Antonov An-32|AN-32]]s. It also had General Dynamics [[Gulfstream III]] and [[Global 5000]] jets. The [[helicopter]] inventory comprises Russian [[Mil Mi-17]]s and a mix of locally built Cheetahs (modified French [[Alouette II]]s) and Chetaks ([[Alouette III]]s). The [[MIG-25]] (also christened as ''[[Foxbat]]'' by [[NATO]]) was used for high altitude reconnaissance until being decommissioned in 2006. ARC was also believed to be the first department to induct the indigenously built [[Lakshya PTA|'Pilotless Target Aircraft' (PTA) Lakshya]].

Lakshya is equipped with advanced support system to help it perform tactful aerial exploration in the battlefield, including target acquisition. The {{convert|6|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} Lakshya is fitted with a digitally controlled engine that can be operated from the ground using a remote. Lakshya had been designed by [[Aeronautical Development Establishment]], [[Bangalore]]. Lakshya is a surface/ship launched high subsonic reusable aerial target system, remotely piloted from ground. It provides training to the gun and missile crew and to air defence pilots for weapon engagement.

As of 2024, ARC operates the Special Mission Aircraft fleet of the Indian Air Force like [[Boeing 707]]-337C Phalcon, [[Bombardier Global Express|Global 5000]] and [[Gulfstream III]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Mission Aircraft are cheaper to operate than older intelligence gathering assets |url=https://forceindia.net/civilaviation/businessjets/more-than-special/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2020-05-14 |title=India's oldest flying aircraft in spotlight after radar website shows it going to Pakistan |url=https://theprint.in/defence/indias-oldest-flying-aircraft-in-spotlight-after-radar-website-shows-it-going-to-pakistan/421757/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Bases==
According to a report from Globalsecurity.org, the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW) Aviation Research Centre operated bases at [[Charbatia Air Base]] in Choudwar, [[Cuttack]] district (largest base); [[Sarsawa Air Base]]<ref name="IE1"/> near [[Saharanpur]] on the [[Uttar Pradesh]]-[[Haryana]] border; [[Dum Duma Air Base]] near [[Tinsukia]] in [[Assam]]; [[Palam Air Base]] in [[Delhi]]; and the [[Farkhor Air Base]], the only Indian military airbase situated in a foreign country, at [[Farkhor]]/[[Ayni, Ayni District|Ayni]] in [[Tajikistan]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060819190609/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/HH12Df01.html Asia Times Online :: South Asia news - India's foray into Central Asia]</ref><ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/dum-duma.htm Dum Duma Air Station]</ref>

In 2018 the Duma Duma Air Base was identified as one of 15 disused airfields that could be transferred to other public agencies. At the time it was being looked after by the Defense Estate Organization.<ref name="notused">{{cite news |last1=Ray |first1=Kalyan |title=IAF to surrender 15 disused airfields |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/668150/iaf-surrender-15-disused-airfields.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=April 3, 2018}}</ref>

==Function==
[[File:Il76md10.jpg|thumb|An armoured personnel carrier (BMP) being loaded on an [[IL-76]] at [[Ladakh]]]]
[[File:MiG-25RB cams.jpg|thumb|Cameras of [[MiG-25RB]] for aerial surveillance]] [[Aerial surveillance]], [[SIGINT]] operations, [[photo reconnaissance]] flights (PHOTINT),<ref>[http://www.cvni.net/radio/nsnl/nsnl052/nsnl52in.html NSNL 52 - Intelligence profile : India]</ref> monitoring of borders, [[imagery intelligence]] (IMINT)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/sa/sa_nov00anv01.html|title=CIAO}}</ref> were the main functions of the Aviation Research Centre (ARC).

The aircraft were fitted with state-of-the-art electronic surveillance equipment and long range cameras capable of taking pictures of targets from very high altitudes. ARC also took the responsibility along with the [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] to transport [[Special Frontier Force]] (SFF) [[commandos]] from their trans-location at Sarsawa, 250 km north of [[New Delhi]], though the SFF's own base is in [[Chakrata]] in Uttarakhand.

== Project 596 ==
{{Main|Project 596}}
The United States supplied surveillance equipment to Aviation Research Centre to spy on China's nuclear programme and naval assets from 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Swami|first=Praveen|date=6 November 2021|title=Will India Be Joining The World's Most Exclusive Intelligence Club?|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/current-affairs-trends/will-india-be-joining-the-worlds-most-exclusive-intelligence-club-7684711.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-07|website=Moneycontrol|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106060552/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/current-affairs-trends/will-india-be-joining-the-worlds-most-exclusive-intelligence-club-7684711.html |archive-date=6 November 2021 }}</ref>

==Kargil War==
In 1999 during the [[Kargil War]], after the [[Pakistan]]i intrusion was detected, ARC was tasked to check if the Pakistanis had indeed crossed the Line of Control to the Indian side and violated the border agreement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://airmarshalashokgoel.blogspot.com/2010/05/secrets-of-raw.html|title=Air Marshal Ashok K Goel (Retd.) PVSM, AVSM, VM: Secrets of RAW|date=24 May 2010}}</ref> A number of missions were flown by the ARC on request from the [[Indian Army]] and the PMO.

Senior officials of the [[Indian armed forces]] including the Chief of Air Staff and Chief of Army staff highly commended the work done by ARC, quoting "The electronic and optical information provided by the ARC before and during the actual operations was of immense value to the conduct of air strikes."<ref name="airmarshalashokgoel.blogspot.com">[https://airmarshalashokgoel.blogspot.com/2010/05/secrets-of-raw.html Air Marshal Ashok Goel's blog post-Secrets of RAW]</ref> Also the [[K. Subrahmanyam]] committee report into the Kargil war observed that "No intelligence failures had been attributed on account of functioning of RAW and ARC. However, certain equipment inadequacies were highlighted such as satellite imagery and UAVs".<ref name="airmarshalashokgoel.blogspot.com"/>

== Proposal of dissolution ==
In 2012, the [[Naresh Chandra]] Committee on national security recommended merger of ARC with R&AW, in view of ARC's turf wars with NTRO and [[Defence Intelligence Agency (India)|DIA]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/panel-suggests-merging-aviation-research-centre-with-raw/articleshow/14813688.cms Panel suggests merging Aviation Research Centre with RAW], ''The Times of India'', 11 July 2012</ref> As a part of larger reforms, backed by [[National Security Advisor (India)|NSA]] [[Ajit Doval]], Aviation Research Centre (ARC) was proposed to be shut down in 2015<ref>{{cite news|date=18 September 2015|title=RAW to shut down its covert air wing, assets will go to NTRO and IAF|work=[[Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/raw-to-fold-its-covert-air-wing/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=20 September 2015|title=R&AW to close Aviation Research Centre|publisher=Odisha TV|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha-news/otherstories/raw-to-shutdown-arc-101098}}</ref> and ARC's assets were to be divided between the [[National Technical Research Organisation]] and the [[Indian Air Force]].

However, it was not carried out and the agency continues to exist.<ref>[https://crpf.gov.in/writereaddata/images/pdf/501052018.pdf Recruitment notice of ARC in 2018]</ref><ref>[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/43910335/ Court case involving ARC in CAT, Cuttack, 2019]</ref><ref>[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/18714447/ Court case involving ARC in Central Information Commission, 2020]</ref><ref>[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/82562327/ Court case involving ARC in Central Information Commission, 2020]</ref><ref>[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/155599416/ Court case involving ARC in CAT, Cuttack, 2021]</ref><ref>[https://www.iafpc.co.in/img/pdf/1280aa95_Deputy%20Fire%20Officer-ARC.pdf ARC recruitment notice, July 2021]</ref>

==Current status==
Previously, ARC was part of the Directorate General of Security, along with three other organisations, ''viz.'', Special Service Bureau, [[Special Frontier Force]] and Chief Inspectorate of Armaments.<ref>[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/18250953/ Court case in Supreme Court of India, 2010]</ref> Whereas R&AW is a wing of the Cabinet Secretariat, with secretariat-style rank structure at Headquarters (Secretary, Special Secretary, Additional Secretary etc.), DGS was an ''attached office''.<ref>see definition on page 4, [https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/CSMOP_0_0.pdf Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure], 14th Ed., 2015</ref> Secretary, R&AW, held, ''ex-officio'', the post of Director General of Security.{{refn|group=note|It is not always so. When S. E. Joshi became Secretary, R&AW in 1986, he superseded R. T. Nagrani, Principal Director, DGS, who was close to retirement. So Nagrani was made DG (Security). After Nagrani's retirement, the post came back to the R&AW chief.<ref>C. K. Kutty, [https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/feb/02spec3.htm A RAW Hand]</ref> Again, when [[Rajinder Khanna]] became Secretary, R&AW in December 2014, his batchmate, [[Arvind Saxena]] was laterally shifted as Special Secretary, ARC.

The post of DG (Security) was kept vacant and Saxena was put under the NSA.<ref>[https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/saxena-appointed-director-arc/450 Arvind Saxena appointed Director, ARC], ''Indian Mandarins'', 21 December 2014</ref> Khanna was made DG (Security) in May 2015<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/raw-chief-rajinder-khanna-to-hold-charge-of-dg-security/articleshow/46640678.cms RAW chief Rajinder Khanna to hold charge of DG Security], ''The Economic Times'', 21 May 2015</ref> and Saxena became Member, UPSC.}} Below him was the Principal Director, of Special DG or Special Secretary rank. SSB and ARC had their respective Directors (Additional DG or Additional Secretary rank), SFF had an Inspector General (Major General rank) and CIOA had a Chief Inspector (Lieutenant Colonel rank). In January 2001, DGS was split and SSB and CIOA were shifted to the Ministry of Home Affairs. The post of Principal Director, DGS, was also moved alongside as Director General, SSB. Thereafter, the post of Director, ARC was upgraded as Special Secretary, ARC{{refn|group=note|Ravinder Singh "Billy" Bedi, a former Army officer and Vir Chakra awardee in 1965<ref>[http://twdi.in/node/3569 Vir Chakra citation, 1965]</ref> and later a RAS officer of 1966 batch, headed ARC from 1997 to 2003,<ref>[http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/ntro-indias-technical-intelligence-agency/ NTRO: India’s Technical Intelligence Agency], R. S. Bedi VrC, ''Indian Defence Review'', January–March 2008</ref> first as Director and then as Special Secretary. He got superseded as Secretary, R&AW by Chandra Dev Sahay, an IPS (later RAS) officer of 1967 batch<ref>[https://www.svpnpa.gov.in/memories/alumni-gallery/363-1967-batch Alumni list of 1967 batch IPS], SVP National Police Academy</ref> and moved out, to become the founder chairman of NTRO.<ref>[https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/apr/02raw.htm New R&AW chief is first to be trained in Israel], Sheela Bhatt, ''Rediff News'', 2 April 2003</ref>}} and Head of department, SFF,<ref>[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/193280458/ Court case in CAT Delhi, 2010]</ref> but he continued to report to DG (Security) (except in case of [[Arvind Saxena]], who reported to the [[National Security Advisor (India)|NSA]]).

Subsequently, in 2021, ARC was removed as a separate organisation from the second schedule of the Right to Information Act and included with R&AW as its technical wing.<ref>[https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2021/226836.pdf Gazette of India notification]</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[Research and Analysis Wing]]
*[[Farkhor Air Base]]
*[[Indian Air Force]]
*[[National Technical Research Organisation]]
*[[List of Indian Intelligence agencies]]
*[[Intelligence Bureau (India)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links}}
* [http://indianairforce.nic.in/ Official website of The Indian Air Force]
* [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/ Indian Air Force on bharat-rakshak.com]
* [http://vayu-sena.tripod.com/other-spies-in-the-himalayas.html ARC's early days]

{{Indian intelligence agencies}}

[[Category:Indian intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Information sensitivity]]
[[Category:Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2015 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1962]]
[[Category:Government agencies disestablished in 2015]]

N. Gautham

2026-02-08T17:58:11Z

ShaneraDeF: Done

{{short description|Emeritus Professor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Namasivayam Gautham
| birth_name = Namasivayam Gautham
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|7|9}}
| birth_place =
| other_names =
| residence =
| fields = {{Plainlist|
* [[X-ray crystallography|DNA Crystallography]]
* [[Protein structure]]
* [[Protein structure prediction]]
* [[Bioinformatics]]}}
| workplaces = [[University of Madras]]
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[Madras Christian College]], University of Madras<ref>{{Cite web|title=News Letter – Madras Christian College Physics Alumni Society|url=https://mccpas.in/news-letter/|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref>
* [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
* [[Indian Institute of Science]]}}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Mysore A. Viswamitra]]
| doctoral_students = {{Plainlist|
*[[P. Karthe]]<ref>[https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/255058 PhD Thesis record guided by Prof. N. Gautham]</ref>}}
| known_for = Studies on DNA Crystallography and the application of [[Latin square|Mutually Orthogonal Latin squares]] technique to Protein structure prediction and [[Docking (molecular)|molecular docking]]
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| website =
| footnotes =
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| children =
}}

'''Namasivayam Gautham''' (born 1955) is a retired [[Professor Emeritus]] at the Centre of Advance Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, [[University of Madras]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faculty page|url=https://www.unom.ac.in/index.php?route=department/department/profile&deptid=23&facultyid=78}}</ref> He is known for his work on [[X-ray crystallography|DNA Crystallography]], [[protein structure prediction]] and [[Docking (molecular)|molecular docking]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Publications on ResearchGate|url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/39829904_N_Gautham|date=2020-05-08|website=ResearchGate}}</ref>

==Education==
In 1975, Gautham obtained his [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] degree in physics from the [[Madras Christian College]], [[University of Madras]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=News Letter – Madras Christian College Physics Alumni Society|url=https://mccpas.in/news-letter/|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref> Later, in 1979 he completed his [[Master of Science]] degree in physics from [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]. He was awarded a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in 1983 for research on the [[Structural biology]] of isopropylidene [[nucleoside]] derivatives under the supervision of [[Mysore A. Viswamitra]].<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Viswamitra MA, Gautham N|date=1984|title=Structures of isopropylidene nucleoside derivatives: implications for ribose ring flexibilty under external cyclic constraints|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02840518|journal=Journal of Chemical Sciences|volume=93|issue=3|pages=261–269|doi=10.1007/BF02840518|s2cid=82905540|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Career and research==
Gautham worked as a [[Research associate]] at the [[Indian Institute of Science]]. Following his [[Postdoctoral researcher|postdoctoral]] research, he was appointed as a lecturer at the [[University of Madras]] in 1985. He was promoted to a full Professor in 1997. He continued to work at the University of Madras until his retirement in 2016.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Gautham used [[X-ray crystallography|DNA Crystallography]] to study the impact of metal ions on the transition of right-handed [[A-DNA|B-DNA]] to left-handed [[Z-DNA]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thiyagarajan S, Rajan SS, Gautham N | title = Cobalt hexammine induced tautomeric shift in Z-DNA: the structure of d(CGCGCA)*d(TGCGCG) in two crystal forms | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 32 | issue = 19 | pages = 5945–53 | date = 2004 | pmid = 15534365 | pmc = 528804 | doi = 10.1093/nar/gkh919 }}</ref> as well as the self assembly of DNA decameric sequences into a four-way [[Holliday junction]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Venkadesh S, Mandal PK, Gautham N | title = The sequence d(CGGCGGCCGC) self-assembles into a two dimensional rhombic DNA lattice | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 407 | issue = 3 | pages = 548–51 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21419105 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.03.056 }}</ref> In the area of [[structural bioinformatics]], Gautham developed a novel ''[[Ab initio]]'' computational method using [[Latin square|Mutually Orthogonal Latin squares (MOLS)]] - a technique employed in the area of [[Design of experiments|experimental design]] - to efficiently sample the conformational space of polypeptides and proteins in order to identify global minimum energy conformations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vengadesan K, Gautham N | title = Enhanced sampling of the molecular potential energy surface using mutually orthogonal latin squares: application to peptide structures | journal = Biophysical Journal | volume = 84 | issue = 5 | pages = 2897–906 | date = May 2003 | pmid = 12719222 | pmc = 1302853 | doi = 10.1016/S0006-3495(03)70017-4 | bibcode = 2003BpJ....84.2897V }}</ref> Later, his laboratory applied the MOLS technique to the problem of molecular docking<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Arun Prasad P, Gautham N | title = A new peptide docking strategy using a mean field technique with mutually orthogonal Latin square sampling | journal = Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design | volume = 22 | issue = 11 | pages = 815–29 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 18465087 | doi = 10.1007/s10822-008-9216-5 | bibcode = 2008JCAMD..22..815A | s2cid = 189952889 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Viji SN, Prasad PA, Gautham N | title = Protein-ligand docking using mutually orthogonal Latin squares (MOLSDOCK) | journal = Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling | volume = 49 | issue = 12 | pages = 2687–94 | date = December 2009 | pmid = 19968302 | doi = 10.1021/ci900332a }}</ref> and produced an open source software package called MOLS.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sam Paul D, Gautham N | title = Protein-small molecule docking with receptor flexibility in iMOLSDOCK | journal = Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design | volume = 32 | issue = 9 | pages = 889–900 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 30128925 | doi = 10.1007/s10822-018-0152-8 | arxiv = 2010.05475 | bibcode = 2018JCAMD..32..889S | s2cid = 52051606 }}</ref>

Gautham has written two textbooks in the field of [[Biophysics]]<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Pattabhi|first1=Vasantha |first2 = N. |last2 = Gautham | name-list-style = vanc |title=Biophysics|publisher=Alpha Science International Ltd|date=2009-01-30|isbn=978-1842655177|edition=2|pages=260}}</ref> and [[Bioinformatics]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Gautham N |title=Bioinformatics: Databases and Algorithms|publisher=Alpha Science International Ltd|date=2006-01-03|isbn=1842653008|pages=260}}</ref> He holds two [[patent]]s for the development of computational methods for building optimal models of [[Molecular geometry|3-dimensional molecular structures]] particularly related to [[peptide]]s and [[protein]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Method and system to build optimal models of 3-dimensional molecular structures|url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7158891.PN.&OS=PN/7158891&RS=PN/7158891|website=United States Patent and Trademark Office}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Method for building optimal models of 3-dimensional molecular structures|url=http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=2002249545|website=IP Australia}}</ref>

Gautham's research has been funded by the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology (DST)]], the [[Department of Biotechnology]] and the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]].

===Awards and honours===
Gautham was elected a Fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (FNASc), India in 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=G | title = Record of Fellows | publisher = The National Academy of Sciences | location = India | access-date = 8 May 2020 | archive-date = 21 October 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141021102942/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=G | url-status = dead }}</ref> He was awarded the BOYSCAST Fellowship from DST, India in 1990. He received the Martin Foster Gold Medal in 1983 for Best Thesis in the Division of Physics and Mathematics from the [[Indian Institute of Science]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

== See also ==
* [[List of protein-ligand docking software]]
{{Portal|India|Biology}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gautham, Namasivayam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian crystallographers]]
[[Category:Indian bioinformaticians]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Tamil academics]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]

Raza Library

2026-01-30T12:37:12Z

ShaneraDeF: basic updated page per standard format additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Repository of Indo-Islamic cultural heritage in Rampur, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox library|
| name = Raza Library
| image = Front view of Rampur Raza Library.jpg
| caption = Front view of Rampur Raza Library
| country = [[India]]
| type = [[Public library]]
| established =
| location = [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.812327295199776|79.0233623495845}}
| num_branches =
| collection_size =
| legal_deposit = Yes
| annual_circulation =
| pop_served =
| budget =
| director =
| num_employees =
| website = {{URL|http://razalibrary.gov.in/}}
}}

The '''Rampur Raza Library''' (''Rāmpur Razā Kitāb Khāna'') located in [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] is a repository of Indo-Islamic cultural heritage established in the last decades of the 18th century. It was built up by successive [[Nawabs of Rampur]] and is now managed by the [[Government of India]]; the library is named after [[Raza Ali Khan Bahadur]].<ref name="partington-1968">{{cite journal |last1=Partington |first1=D. H. |title=Review of Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in Raza Library, Rampur, Imtiyāż 'Alī 'Arshī; A Descriptive Catalogue of the Fyzee Collection of Ismaili Manuscripts; Descriptive Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts in Nigeria |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=1968 |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=589–592 |doi=10.2307/596909 |jstor=596909 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/596909 |access-date=17 May 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

It contains a collection of manuscripts, historical documents, specimens of [[Islamic calligraphy]], miniature paintings, astronomical instruments and illustrated works in [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]. The Raza Library also contains printed works in [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]] (having the original manuscript of the first translation of the Qur'an in addition to other important books/documents), [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], and approximately 30,000 printed books (including periodicals) in various other languages.

==History==
Nawab [[Faizullah Khan]], who ruled Rampur from 1774 to 1794, established the library from his personal collection of ancient manuscripts and miniature specimens of Islamic calligraphy in 1774.<ref name = "2021-22MOCreport">{{cite report |author=[[Ministry of Culture (India)]] |date=2022 |title=Annual Report 2021-22 |url=https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/Mou%20Library/Rampur%20Raza%20Library0001.pdf |publisher=[[Government of India]] |page=229 |access-date=May 18, 2023 |quote="The world fame Rampur Raza Library was founded by Nawab Faizullah Khan in 1774. It was taken over by the Government of India in 1975 by an act of Parliament. It is functioning under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Honorable Governor of Uttar Pradesh is the Chairman of the Rampur Raza Library Board."}}</ref> The succeeding Nawabs were patrons of scholars, poets, painters, calligraphers and musicians, so the library grew rapidly.<ref name="partington-1968" />

Nawab [[Muhammad Said Khan]] (1840–1855) preceded his son, Nawab Yousuf Ali Khan Nazim, who was crowned on 1 April 1855. After the [[Sepoy Mutiny]] of 1857, many [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] book collections were destroyed, taken to [[United Kingdom|Britain]] or dispersed. On the Indian subcontinent, these collections were succeeded by those belonging to the Nawabs and Nizams of Rampur, [[Oudh State|Avadh]], [[Arcot State|Arcot]], [[Bhopal State|Bhopal]], [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] and [[Tonk State|Tonk]].<ref name="Khalidi-Guide-toLibraries-20023">{{cite journal |last1=Khalidi |first1=Omar |title=A Guide to Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Urdu Manuscript Libraries in India |journal=MELA Notes |date=2002–2003 |issue=75/76 |pages=1–5, 53–55 |jstor=29785767 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29785767}}</ref>

Nawab [[Kalb Ali Khan]] (1865–1887) was interested in the collection of rare manuscripts, paintings and specimens of Islamic calligraphy. He was a scholar and poet.

Nawab Mushtaq Ali Khan (1887–1889) preceded Nawab [[Hamid Ali Khan of Rampur|Hamid Ali Khan]] (1889–1930). Hamid Ali Khan was known for renovating the city's mosque, castle ramparts, and state buildings in Rampur.<ref name="Khan-case-of-falling-2014">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Razak |title=The Case of Falling Walls: Politics of Demolition and Preservation in Rampur |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=May 14, 2014 |volume=49 |issue=20 |pages=25–28 |jstor=24479700 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24479700 |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> He also contracted his Chief Engineer W.C. Wright to create a palace named Hamid Manzil<ref name="british-lib-gallery">{{cite web |title=Hamid Manzil - Fort [Rampur] 1 |url=https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/h/019pho000000036u00001000.html}}</ref> in the early 20th century, where he held court. The Raza Library was shifted to this building in 1957.<ref name="british-lib-gallery" />

[[Raza Ali Khan of Rampur]] ascended the throne on 21 June 1930. He was educated in India and abroad. He was a progressive from an early age and bolstered education in schools and colleges. He also invited educators to organize these academic institutions. Besides he was a great lover of Indian music for which he purchased several rare manuscripts and books on the subject.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

==Current status==
After [[Rampur State]] joined the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]], in 1949 the library was controlled by the management of a Trust which was created on 6 August 1951 by [[Raza Ali Khan Bahadur]]. The Trust management continued until July 1975, when the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] passed the Raza Library Act.<ref name = "Razalibact-1975">{{cite act |type=Act |date=May 9, 1975|index=22|article-type= |legislature=Parliament of India |title=THE RAMPUR RAZA LIBRARY ACT, 1975 |script-title= |url=https://indiaculture.gov.in/sites/default/files/acts_rules/THERAMPURRAZALIBRARYACT1975_12.03.2018.pdf}}</ref>

When the library was taken over by the Central Government, Nawab Syed Murtaza Ali Khan was nominated the vice-chairman of the newly created Board for life under sub-section 5 (1) of the Act.<ref name="Razalibact-1975" /> With his death on 8 February 1982, the post of vice-chairman was automatically abolished. Now the library occupies the position of an autonomous institution of national importance under Department of Culture, Government of India and is fully funded by Central Government.

The library is designated as a 'library of national importance' by the Ministry of Education.<ref name="Kumar-Ed-Cap-1983">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Girja |title=Education as Human Capital |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |date=December 1983 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=513–518 |jstor=23001391 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23001391}}</ref> It is also a designated 'Manuscript Conservation Centre' (MCC) under the [[National Mission for Manuscripts]] established in 2003.<ref>[http://www.namami.org/convervation.htm Manuscript Conservation Centres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506234603/http://www.namami.org/convervation.htm |date=2012-05-06 }} ''[[National Mission for Manuscripts]]''.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://razalibrary.gov.in/ Raza Library, official website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Libraries in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Architecture in India]]
[[Category:Rampur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:18th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Archives in India]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Libraries established in the 1790s]]

Mirwaiz

2026-01-15T20:51:30Z

ShaneraDeF: New

{{Short description|Religious title (position) for Islamic head preacher in Kashmir}}
{{See also|Mir (title)|Mir (clan)}}

'''Mirwaiz''' ({{langx|ur|{{nq|میر واعظ}}}}; from [[Persian language|Persian]] [[Mir (title)|''mir'']] 'chief' and {{Transliteration|fa|waiz}} 'preacher') is a hereditary religious title for the chief cleric or head preacher of the Muslim community in the [[Kashmir Valley]].{{Sfn|Tikoo|2012}}{{sfn|Hussain, Kashmir Profiles|2017|p=30}}{{sfn|Dar, Religious Institutes of Kashmir|2006|p=19}} The title unique to Kashmir, traditionally involved providing religious instructions and leading sermons in major [[Dargah|shrines]] and [[mosque]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reyaz |first=Huzaiful |title=Kashmir's top cleric was a fiery freedom advocate. Now he preaches patience |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/8/30/kashmirs-top-cleric-was-a-fiery-freedom-advocate-now-he-preaches-patience |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Over time, the holders of the title also assumed social, cultural and political roles within [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri society]].{{sfn|Dar, Religious Institutes of Kashmir|2006|p=19}}<ref>{{citation |title=Journal of Peace Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjaSAAAAMAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=Centre for Peace Studies|page=2}}</ref>

The title ''Mirwaiz of Kashmir'' is presently held by [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]], who succeeded his father, [[Mohammad Farooq Shah|Mirwaiz Mohammad Farooq]], in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elqabbany |first=Moustafa |date=2018-05-29 |title=Mohammad Umar Farooq - The Muslim 500 |url=https://themuslim500.com/profiles/mohammad-umar-farooq/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Lineages ==
Two principle Mirwaiz lineages exists in the region: '''Mirwaiz of Kashmir,''' based at the historic [[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar|Jamia Masjid]] in [[Srinagar]], and the '''Mirwaiz Hamadani''' associated with the [[Khanqah-e-Moula|Khanqah-e-Moula mosque]] and tracing its origins to followers of the 14th-century Persian saint [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]]. Each lineage has historically remained hereditary within a distinct clerical family. Rivalry between the two lineages, often intertwined in local politics, and have at times resulted in open confrontations.{{Sfn|Mridu Rai|2004}}{{Sfn|Zutshi|2004}}

The Mirwaiz office is traditionally hereditary within certain clerical families, tenure continues until death, resignation or displacement; there is no fixed term.

== Functions and significance ==
The Mirwaiz of Kashmir traditionally heads the main [[Friday prayer|Friday sermon]] ([[Khutbah]]) at the largest and historic [[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar|Jamia Masjid]] in [[Srinagar]], and leads congregational prayers on major occasions, such as [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-26 |title=At first Friday prayer in weeks, Mirwaiz slams Pahalgam carnage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/at-first-friday-prayer-in-weeks-mirwaiz-slams-pahalgam-carnage/articleshow/120629279.cms |access-date=2025-10-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-21 |title=Mirwaiz Umar Farooq Placed Under House Arrest (Clarion India) |url=https://www.hindutvawatch.org/mirwaiz-umar-farooq-placed-under-house-arrest-clarion-india/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Hindutva Watch |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Mirwaiz has often been a figure of political significance in Kashmir's socio-political context, addressing communal issues, conflict, and sometimes heading political formations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=Hurriyat Conference Mirwaiz Farooq urges India, Pakistan to ease rising tensions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hurriyat-conference-mirwaiz-farooq-urges-india-pakistan-to-ease-rising-tensions-101746784507427.html |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wani |first=Fayaz |date=2025-03-21 |title=In Friday prayers at Srinagar's Jamia Masjid, Mirwaiz demands revocation of ban on his party |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Mar/21/in-friday-prayers-at-srinagars-jamia-masjid-mirwaiz-demands-revocation-of-ban-on-his-party |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-18 |title=The Mirwaiz Kashmir Institution: Its importance as Socio-Religious Organization |url=https://countercurrents.org/2019/03/the-mirwaiz-kashmir-institution-its-importance-as-socio-religious-organization/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Countercurrents |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Notable holders of the title==

=== Mirwaiz-i-Kashmir ===
The Lineage of the Mirwaiz of Kashmir traces back to Maulvi Siddiq-Ullah (1075–1155 [[Hijri era|AH]]) and his son Akhund Maulvi Abdulsalam (1129–1209 [[Hijri era|AH]]), who preached [[Islam]] near [[Srinagar]]. Abdulsalam's son Hafiz Ghulam Rasool Shah (1161–1234 [[Hijri era|AH]]), known as Lassi baba, was the first to hold the title of ''Mirwaiz-i-Kashmir''. His brothers became associated with the parallel ''Mirwaiz Hamdani'' line.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Aslam |first=M J |date=2022-01-06 |title=Molvi Rasul Shah (1855-1909) |url=https://kashmirlife.net/molvi-rasul-shah-1855-1909-vol-13-issue-41-283644/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Subsequent holders included Muhammad Yahya (1201–1298 AH), who translated the 30th [[Juz']] of the [[Quran]] into [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], and his son Maulvi Rasool Shah (1855–1909 CE), a pioneer of modern education and founder of ''Anjuman-e-Nusrat-ul-Islam''.{{Sfn|Verma|Singh|1994}}<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=Mirwaiz Moulvi Rasool Shah (RA): The Visionary Architect Of Kashmir's Renaissance |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2025/01/09/mirwaiz-moulvi-rasool-shah-ra-the-visionary-architect-of-kashmirs-renaissance/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Kashmir Reader |language=en-US}}</ref> The title later passed through [[Atiq Ullah (Kashmiri leader)|Maulvi Atiq Ullah Shah]] (1872–1962 CE)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-23 |title=Anjuman Nusrat-Ul-Islam Remembers Mirwaiz Ateequllah |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2022/06/23/anjuman-nusrat-ul-islam-remembers-mirwaiz-ateequllah/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> and his brother Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prem Nath Bazaz |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofstruggl00prem |title=The History Of Struggle For Freedom In Kashmir |date=1954 |publisher=Kashmir Publishing Company |others=Public Resource |page=152}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rai |first=Mridu |url=http://archive.org/details/hindurulersmusli0000raim |title=Hindu rulers, Muslim subjects : Islam, rights, and the history of Kashmir |date=2004 |publisher=London : Hurst & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-85065-661-6 |page=127}}</ref>

[[Mirwaiz Yusuf Shah|Mirwaiz Muhammad Yusuf Shah]] (1894–1968), a graduate of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], succeeded them and produced a widely recognised [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] [[Quran]] translation published by King Fahd Printing Press in [[Medina]].{{Sfn|Singh|1990}}{{Sfn|Rizwi}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-09-08 |title=Mirwaiz Mohammad Yusuf Shah |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mirwaiz-mohammad-yusuf-shah/story-tWhoyJ5Qlsayihkftxk5XK.html |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In 1947, he went into exile and served twice as [[President of Azad Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirwaiz Yousuf Shah : His Life And Times - Lost Kashmiri History |url=https://lostkashmirihistory.com/mirwaiz-molvi-yousuf-shah/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128144201/https://lostkashmirihistory.com/mirwaiz-molvi-yousuf-shah/ |archive-date=2019-11-28 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=lostkashmirihistory.com |url-status=usurped |language=en-US}}</ref>

After [[Atiq Ullah (Kashmiri leader)|Atiq Ullah]]'s death in 1962, [[Mohammad Farooq Shah|Molvi Mohammad Farooq]] became Naib (deputy) Mirwaiz and later the Mirwaiz of Kashmir from 1968 until his assassination in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=KL News |date=2025-05-18 |title=On Mirwaiz Assassination Anniversary, Jamia Masjid Srinagar Witnesses Qur'an Recitation Competition |url=https://kashmirlife.net/on-mirwaiz-assassination-anniversary-jamia-masjid-srinagar-witnesses-quran-recitation-competition-391446/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-17 |title=33 years after Mirwaiz Farooq's killing, two absconding militants in police net |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/33-years-later-two-terrorists-arrested-for-assassination-of-former-mirwaiz-of-kashmir-molvi-farooq-101684306905494.html |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> His son [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]] (born 1973) succeeded him in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirwaiz Umar Farooq among 500 most influential Muslims of the world {{!}} Only Kashmir - Behind the News |url=http://onlykashmir.in/mirwaiz-umar-farooq-among-500-most-influential-muslims-of-the-world/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035002/http://onlykashmir.in/mirwaiz-umar-farooq-among-500-most-influential-muslims-of-the-world/ |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=onlykashmir.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Mirwaiz Hamdani ===
The Mirwaiz Hamdani lineage is traditionally based in [[Srinagar]], with its seat at the historic [[Khanqah-e-Moula]]. Notable holders of this lineage include Moulvi Sidique, followed by Molvi Salah, Molvi Ghulam, Moulvi Ahmadullah Hamdani,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-07 |title=Dr Farooq, Omar Abdullah offer tributes to Mirwaiz Mir Mujahid Ahmadullah Hamadani (RA) |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/dr-farooq-omar-abdullah-offer-tributes-to-mirwaiz-mir-mujahid-ahmadullah-hamadani-ra/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref> his son Ghulam Nabi Hamdani, Muhammad Yaseen Hamdani, and current holder, his son Riyaz Ahmad Hamdani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salam |first=Auqib |date=2022-07-06 |title=Urs of Shah-e-Hamdan (RA)observed with religious fervour {{!}} Biggest congregation held at Khanqah-e-Moula |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/srinagar/urs-of-shah-e-hamdan-raobserved-with-religious-fervour-biggest-congregation-held-at-khanqah-e-moula/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book |last=Tikoo |first=Colonel Tej K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuURFTHTU0EC |title=Kashmir: Its Aborigines and Their Exodus |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=978-1-935501-58-9 |publication-date=30 June 2012 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zutshi |first=Chitralekha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7Ptp4Iod8EC |title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir |date=2004 |publisher=Hurst & Company |isbn=978-1-85065-700-2 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book|author=Mridu Rai|title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzMx5mPJckkC&pg=PA268|year=2004|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-701-9|pages=268–269}}
* {{citation |last=Dar |first=Nazir Ahmad |title=Religious Institutes Of Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlMwAAAAYAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=Jay Kay Book Shop |isbn=978-81-87221-57-9 |ref={{sfnref|Dar, Religious Institutes of Kashmir|2006}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Verma |first1=Bharat |title=Kashmir: The Troubled Frontiers |last2=Singh |first2=Manvendra |publisher=Lancer International |year=1994 |location=New Delhi |page=62 |quote=In 1905, the Mir Waiz of Kashmir, Maulvi Rasul Shah founded the 'Anjuman-i-Nusrat-ul-Islam'.}}
* {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Jasjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXQcAAAAIAAJ |title=India and Pakistan: Crisis of Relationship |publisher=Lancer International |year=1990 |location=New Delhi |page=221 |isbn=978-81-7062-118-8 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |title=Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |edition=1981 |volume=2 |location=[[Deoband]] |pages=103–105 |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |trans-title=History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |chapter=Maulana Muhammad Yusuf Shah Kashmiri Mir Waiz |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi}}
* {{citation |first=Sheikh Showkat |last=Hussain |author-link=Sheikh Showkat Hussain |title=Kashmir Profiles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1x9LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |date=2017 |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah |isbn=978-2-7451-2195-0 |ref={{sfnref|Hussain, Kashmir Profiles|2017}}}}

[[Category:Kashmir]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Mirwaiz|*]]
[[Category:Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Muslim clergy]]
[[Category:Islam in Kashmir]]

List of international prime ministerial trips made by Atal Bihari Vajpayee

2026-01-07T14:39:06Z

ShaneraDeF: Revised content for better accuracy

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Atal Bihari Vajpayee series}}

This is a '''list of international prime ministerial trips''' made by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] during his tenure as the [[Prime Minister of India]] from March 1998 and May 2004. The first overseas visit was to Sri Lanka to attend the [[List of SAARC summits|10th SAARC Summit]] in July 1998.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Narayanan Kutty |first=Sumitha |last2=Ladwig III |first2=Walter C. |date=March 2025 |title=Nonresident Prime Ministers? Measuring India’s Foreign Policy Orientation via Leadership Travel |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqae144 |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=69 |issue=1}}</ref>

==Summary of international trips==
{{Further|Foreign relations of India}}

In his six-year long tenure as the Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee made 29 international trips, visiting 32 countries, including visits to the United States to attend the United Nations General Assembly.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee's visits by country
|-
!Number of visits
!Country
|-
|1 visit (20)
|[[Bangladesh]], [[China]], [[Iran]], [[Italy]], [[Jamaica]], [[Japan]], [[Laos]], [[Morocco]], [[Namibia]], [[Nepal]], [[Nigeria]], [[Oman]], [[Portugal]], [[Syria]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Thailand]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Vatican City]], [[Vietnam]]
|-
|2 visits (10)
|[[Cambodia]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mauritius]], [[Pakistan]], [[South Africa]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Turkey]]
|-
|3 visits (1)
|[[Russia]]
|-
|5 visits (1)
|[[United States]]
|}

==1998==
{|style="width: 100%;margin: 1em auto 1em auto" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!
!Country
!Areas visited
!Date(s)
!Purpose
!Notes
|-
!1
|{{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}
|[[Colombo]]
|28–31 July
|[[List of SAARC summits|10th SAARC summit]]
|<ref name="1998-99">{{cite web|url=http://mealib.nic.in/?1571?000|title=Annual Reports Prior to 1999 : Annual Report 1998-1999}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="4"|2
|{{flagcountry|Oman}}
|[[Salalah]]
|29–30 August
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="1998-99"/>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Namibia}}
|[[Windhoek]]
|30–31 August
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="1998-99" />
|-
|{{flagcountry|South Africa}}
|[[Durban]]
|1–2 September
|[[Non-Aligned Movement|12th NAM summit]]
|<ref name="1998-99" />
|-
|{{flagcountry|Mauritius}}
|[[Port Louis]]
|3–4 September
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="1998-99" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"|3
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|[[New York City]]
|22–28 September
|[[United Nations General Assembly]]
|<ref name="1998-99" />
|-
|{{flagcountry|France}}
|[[Paris]]
|29–30 September
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="1998-99" />
|}

==1999==
{|style="width: 100%;margin: 1em auto 1em auto" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!
!Country
!Areas visited
!Date(s)
!Purpose
!Notes
|-
!rowspan="3"|4
|{{flagcountry|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|[[Port of Spain]]
|8–9 February
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="1998-99" />
|-
|{{flagcountry|Jamaica}}
|[[Montego Bay]]
|9–12 February
|[[9th G-15 summit|9th G15 summit]]
|<ref name="1998-99" />
|-
|{{flagcountry|Morocco}}
|[[Rabat]]
|13–14 February 1999
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="1998-99" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!5
|{{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
|[[Lahore]]
|20–21 February
|[[State visit]]
|Inauguration of the [[Delhi–Lahore Bus|Delhi–Lahore bus service]].<ref name="1998-99" /><ref name="1999-2000">{{cite web| url=https://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2387?000 | title=Indiaís Neighbours}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!6
|{{flagcountry|Bangladesh}}
|[[Dhaka]]
|19–20 June
|[[State visit]]
|Inauguration of the [[Transport between India and Bangladesh|Kolkata–Dhaka bus service]].<ref name="1999-2000"/>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!7
|{{flagcountry|South Africa}}
|[[Durban]]
|12–15 November
|[[1999 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]]
|<ref name="1999-2000"/>
|}

==2000==
{|style="width: 100%;margin: 1em auto 1em auto" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!
!Country
!Areas visited
!Date(s)
!Purpose
!Notes
|-
!8
|{{flagcountry|Mauritius}}
|[[Port Louis]]
|10–13 March
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2000-01">{{cite web| url=http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2529?000 | title=Introduction and Synopsis}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!9
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
|[[Ankara]]
|March–April
|
|<ref name="2000-01"/>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="3"|10
|{{flagcountry|Italy}}
|[[Rome]]
|25–27 June
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2000-01" />
|-
|{{flagcountry|Vatican City}}
|[[Vatican City]]
|26 June
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2000-01" />
|-
|{{flagcountry|Portugal}}
|[[Lisbon]]
|28–29 June
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2000-01" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"|11
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|[[New York City]], [[Washington, D.C.]]
|5–17 September
|[[Millennium Summit]] [[State visit]]
|Vajpayee was the only foreign leader to have [[List of joint sessions of the United States Congress|addressed]] the [[Joint session of the United States Congress|joint session]] of the 106th [[United States Congress]].<ref name="state.gov">{{cite web|title = India - Visits by Foreign Leaders - Department History - Office of the Historian|url = https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/visits/india|website = history.state.gov|access-date = 2015-12-15}}</ref><ref name="2000-01" />
|-
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
|[[Berlin]]
|18–19 September
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2000-01" />
|}

==2001==
{|style="width: 100%;margin: 1em auto 1em auto" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!
!Country
!Areas visited
!Date(s)
!Purpose
!Notes
|-
!rowspan="2"|12
|{{flagcountry|Vietnam}}
|[[Hanoi]]
|7–10 January
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2000-01" />
|-
|{{flagcountry|Indonesia}}
|[[Jakarta]]
|10–14 January
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2000-01" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!13
|{{flagcountry|Iran}}
|[[Tehran]]
|10–13 April
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2001-02">{{cite web| url=http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2530?000 | title=India's Neighbours}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!14
|{{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
|[[Kuala Lumpur]]
|13–16 May
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2001-02"/>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="3"|15
|{{flagcountry|Russia}}
|[[Moscow]]
|4–7 November
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2001-02" />
|-
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|[[New York City]], [[Washington, D.C.]]
|7–11 November
|[[State visit]] and [[United Nations General Assembly]]
|Official working visit from 7-9 Nov. UNGA from 10 Nov.<ref name="state.gov"/><ref name="2001-02" />
|-
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|[[London]]
|12–13 November
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2001-02" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!16
|{{flagcountry|Japan}}
|[[Tokyo]]
|7–11 December
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2001-02" />
|}

==2002==
{|style="width: 100%;margin: 1em auto 1em auto" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!
!Country
!Areas visited
!Date(s)
!Purpose
!Notes
|-
!17
|{{flagcountry|Nepal}}
|[[Kathmandu]]
|3–6 January
|[[List of SAARC summits|11th SAARC summit]]
|<ref name="2001-02" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!18
|{{flagcountry|Cambodia}}
|[[Phnom Penh]]
|9–11 April
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2004-05">{{cite web| url=http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2532?000| title=Annual Report 2004–2005}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!19
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|[[New York City]]
|12 September
|[[United Nations General Assembly]]
|Met with President George W. Bush at the UN General Assembly in New York City.<ref name="state.gov" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"|20
|{{flagcountry|Cambodia}}
|[[Phnom Penh]]
|4–6 November
|1st India–ASEAN summit
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indembassyphnompenh.org/pages.php?id=19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502115154/http://www.indembassyphnompenh.org/pages.php?id=19|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2 May 2016|title=Bilateral Brief - India-Cambodia|website=www.indembassyphnompenh.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Laos}}
|[[Vientiane]]
|6–8 November
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2003-04" />
|}

==2003==
{|style="width: 100%;margin: 1em auto 1em auto" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!
!Country
!Areas visited
!Date(s)
!Purpose
!Notes
|-
!21
|{{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
|[[Kuala Lumpur]]
|22–25 February
|[[Non-Aligned Movement|13th NAM summit]]
|<ref name="2003-04">{{cite web| url=http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2531?000 | title=Annual Report (1 january 2003 - 31 march 2004)}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="3"|22
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
|[[Berlin]]
|27–28 May
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2003-04" />
|-
|{{flagcountry|Russia}}
|[[Saint Petersburg]]
|29 May–1 June
|Tercentenary celebrations of the city
|<ref name="2003-04" />
|-
|{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[France]]
|[[Évian-les-Bains]]
|1–3 June
|[[29th G8 summit]]
|<ref name="2003-04" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!23
|{{flagcountry|China}}
|[[Beijing]], [[Luoyang]]
|22–27 June
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2003-04" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"|24
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
|[[Ankara]], [[Istanbul]]
|16–19 September
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2003-04" />
|-
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|[[New York City]]
|20–28 September
|[[United Nations General Assembly]]
|Met with President George W. Bush at the United Nations General Assembly in New York City on 24 September.<ref name="state.gov" /><ref name="2003-04" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"|25
|{{flagcountry|Indonesia}}
|[[Denpasar]]
|5–8 October
|2nd India-ASEAN summit
|<ref name="2003-04" />
|-
|{{flagcountry|Thailand}}
|[[Bangkok]]
|8–12 October
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2003-04" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!26
|{{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}
|[[Colombo]]
|19–22 October
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2003-04" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="3"|27
|{{flagcountry|Russia}}
|[[Moscow]]
|11–13 November
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2003-04" />
|-
|{{flagcountry|Tajikistan}}
|[[Dushanbe]]
|13–14 November
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2003-04" />
|-
|{{flagcountry|Syria}}
|[[Damascus]]
|14–16 November
|[[State visit]]
|<ref name="2003-04" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!28
|{{flagcountry|Nigeria}}
|[[Abuja]]
|4–7 December
|[[2003 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]]
|<ref name="2003-04" />
|}

==2004==
{|style="width: 100%;margin: 1em auto 1em auto" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!
!Country
!Areas visited
!Date(s)
!Purpose
!Notes
|-
!29
|{{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
|[[Islamabad]]
|3–6 January 2004
|[[List of SAARC summits|12th SAARC summit]]
|<ref name="2003-04" />
|}

==See also==
* [[Premiership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
* [[List of international trips made by prime ministers of India]]
* [[History of Indian foreign relations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mea.gov.in/outgoing-visits.htm?2/outgoing_visits Outgoing Visits] – by [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
* [https://academic.oup.com/isq/article/69/1/sqae144/7921924 Nonresident Prime Ministers? Measuring India’s Foreign Policy Orientation via Leadership Travel] by Sumitha Narayanan Kutty and Walter C. Ladwig III

{{Foreign relations of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vajpayee, Atal Bihari}}
[[Category:Vajpayee administration]]
[[Category:Indian prime ministerial visits]]
[[Category:Lists of diplomatic visits by heads of government]]
[[Category:20th century in international relations]]
[[Category:21st century in international relations]]

Bara Gumbad

2025-12-11T20:37:41Z

ShaneraDeF: New stub

{{Short description|Monument and mosque in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Bara Gumbad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Bara Gumbad 2015.JPG
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = Bara Gumbad at [[Lodi Gardens]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| tradition =
| sect =
| district =
| prefecture =
| province =
| region =
| deity =
| rite =
| festival = 
| organisational_status = [[Historic monument]] and [[mosque]]
| ownership = [[Government of Delhi]]{{clarify|date=January 2025|reason=If [[waqf]], property should rest with the [[Delhi Waqf Board]] and not the government.}}
| governing_body =
| administration = {{ubl|[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|[[New Delhi Municipal Council]]}}
| leadership =
| bhattaraka =
| patron =
| consecration_year =
| functional_status = {{nowrap|Active {{small|(as a mosque)}}}}
| religious_features_label =
| religious_features =
| location = [[Lodi Gardens]], [[Central Delhi]], [[Delhi NCT]]
| locale =
| municipality =
| cercle =
| state =
| country = [[India]]
| map_type = India Delhi central
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the monument site in [[Central Delhi]]
| grid_name =
| grid_position =
| sector =
| territory =
| coordinates = {{coord|28|35|34.4|N|77|13|12.7|E|region:IN-DL_type:landmark|format=dms|display=it}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| heritage_designation =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = {{ubl|[[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]|[[Lodi dynasty|Lodi]]}}
| founded_by = [[Sikandar Lodi]] {{small|(attrib.)}}
| creator =
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| established =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = {{ubl|{{nowrap|1490 [[Common Era|CE]] {{small|(Bara Gumbad)}}}}|1494 CE {{small|(mosque)}}}}
| construction_cost =
| date_demolished = 
| facade_direction =
| capacity =
| length = {{nowrap|{{cvt|20|m}} {{small|(Bara Gumbad)}}}}
| width = {{cvt|20|m}} {{small|(Bara Gumbad)}}
| width_nave =
| interior_area = {{ubl|{{cvt|361|m2|ft2}} {{small|(Bara Gumbad)}}|{{cvt|20|m2|ft2}} {{small|(mosque)}}}}
| height_max = {{cvt|29|m}} {{small|(Bara Gumbad)}}
| dome_quantity = Multiple
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = Two
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| site_area = {{cvt|1050|m2}}
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| shrine_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| materials = [[Sandstone]]
| elevation_m = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| nrhp =
| designated =
| added =
| refnum =
| delisted1_date =
| website =
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed= yes
| designation1 = MANI
| designation1_offname = {{ubl|Mosque with the dalans and courtyard|Bara Gumbad {{small|(the domed entrance to the mosque)}}}}
| designation1_date = 9 April 1936
| designation1_number = N-DL-73 }}
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Bara Gumbad''' ({{Literal translation|big [[dome]]}}) is a medieval [[monument]] located in [[Lodi Gardens]] in [[Delhi]], India. It is part of a group of monuments that include a [[Friday mosque]] (Jama Masjid) and the "''mehman khana''" (guest house) of [[Sikandar Lodi]], the ruler of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. The Bara Gumbad was constructed in 1490 [[Common Era|CE]], during the reign of the [[Lodi dynasty]]. Its construction is generally attributed to Sikandar Lodi, and it is believed to have the earliest constructed full dome of any building in Delhi.

The monument is situated near the [[Tomb of Sikandar Lodi]] and [[Shisha Gumbad]]. Although the three structures, which share a common raised platform, were all built during the Lodi reign, they were not constructed at the same time. The intended purpose of the builders of Bara Gumbad is unclear: it may have been intended as a free-standing [[tomb]], but no tombstone has been identified, or as a gateway. The area in which Bara Gumbad is situated was formally called Khairpur village.

Bara Gumbad and the associated mosque are a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]],<ref name="ASI MNI">{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-delhi/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Delhi |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref> under the administration of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].

==History==

Bada Gumbad was constructed in 1490 CE, and is believed to have the earliest constructed full dome of any building in Delhi.<ref name=Golf>{{cite web |title=Lodi Garden and the Golf Club |url=https://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/article/pdfs/Lodi%20Garden%20and%20the%20Golf%20Club.pdf |website=Delhi Heritage |publisher=[[World Monuments Fund]] |date= |access-date=29 December 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052047/https://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/article/pdfs/Lodi%20Garden%20and%20the%20Golf%20Club.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Bara Gumbad Masjid description"/> Its construction is generally attributed to [[Sikandar Lodi]].<ref name="Bara Gumbad Masjid description">{{cite web |date= |title=Bara Gumbad Masjid description |work=archnet.org |access-date=29 December 2015 |url=http://archnet.org/sites/1562/media_contents/90678}}</ref><ref name="General view of the Bara Gumbad Masjid"/><ref name="The Delhi that No-one Knows (page 38)">{{cite news |title=The Delhi that No-one Knows |page=38 |year=2005 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=9788180280207 |access-date=29 December 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cN7-8ZwviRgC&q=%22bara+gumbad%22+not+a+tomb&pg=PA38}}</ref> A [[mihrab]] (prayer niche) in the adjacent [[Friday mosque]] (Jama Masjid) gives the mosque's date of construction as {{AH|900|link=y}}.<ref name="The Delhi that No-one Knows (page 38)"/>

Including the Bada Gumbad, there are four monuments in the [[Lodi Gardens]]; the other three being [[Tomb of Sikandar Lodi]], [[Shisha Gumbad]], and the tomb of Muhammad Shah (who belonged to the [[Sayyid dynasty]]).<ref name="Important gardens">{{cite news |title=Important gardens |publisher=[[New Delhi Municipal Council]] |access-date=29 December 2015 |url=https://www.ndmc.gov.in/Departments/Horticulture/Important%20Gardens%20of%20NDMC.pdf |date= }}</ref> The Bada Gumbad is situated approximately {{convert|400|m|ft}} southwest of the tomb and {{convert|75|m|ft}} south of Shisha Gumbad.<ref name="Bara Gumbad Masjid description"/> During the rule of Sikander Lodi, the Bara Gumbad, the adjacent mosque, and the "''mehman khana''" (guest house) were constructed. The Bara Gumbad is speculated to serve as a gateway to the Friday mosque. However owing to the constitutions date, placement and stylistic differences the theory of gateway is not supported. The purpose and significance of the Bara Gumbad is unknown and to date remains a mystery.<ref name="Bara Gumbad Masjid description"/><ref name="The Delhi that No-one Knows (page 38)"/> The Friday mosque was constructed in 1494 CE. It was the first mosque to be built in a style that first appeared during the [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi Dynasty]].<ref name="Bara Gumbad Masjid description"/><ref name=Bloom>{{cite book |last1=Bloom |first1=Jonathan M. |last2=Blair |first2=Sheila S. |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195373042 |page=139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PA139 |access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref>

Some historians suggest that the Bara Gumbad was built by an unidentified noble in 1490 CE, before being appropriated by Sikander Lodi in 1494 CE, to provide an entryway to his mosque.<ref name="General view of the Bara Gumbad Masjid">{{cite news |title=General view of the Bara Gumbad Masjid |publisher=[[British Library]] |access-date=29 December 2015 |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u00898000.html |date= }}</ref>

[[Simon Digby (oriental scholar)|Simon Digby]] argued, that the Bara Gumbad served as a gateway to a large walled enclosure, which included the [[Shisha Gumbad]], identified by the same scholar as the tomb of [[Bahlul Lodi]].
<ref>{{cite journal |author=Digby, Simon |author-link=Simon Digby (oriental scholar) |title=The Tomb of Buhlul Lodi |journal=The Bulletin of SOAS |volume=38 |number=3 |year=1975 |pages=550–61 |issn= |doi= }}</ref>

Initially, all the monuments were built independently, and were not in one confine. In the early twentieth century, a park was developed, bringing the four monuments in one confine. The park was inaugurated on 9 April 1936 by Lady Willingdon, the wife of [[Viceroy of India|Viceroy]] [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Lord Willingdon]].<ref name="Important gardens"/> The park was originally called the Lady Willingdon Park after her, but was renamed to Lodi Gardens after independence of India in 1947.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Heritage-walk-marks-75th-anniversary-of-Lodhi-Garden/articleshow/7928433.cms |title=Heritage walk marks 75th anniversary of Lodhi Garden |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 April 2011 |access-date= |author= }}</ref>

==Construction and architecture==
[[File:Bara Gumbad Tomb, Lodi Gardens - 1.jpg|thumb|right|Bara Gumbad interiors.]]
It is speculated that the Bara Gumbad was constructed to provide a gateway to the nearby mosque or a large walled enclosure. Although the structure does not house any tomb, there is a platform in the central courtyard that suggests the structure to be a burial place. The purpose of Bara Gumbad is unknown.<ref name="Bara Gumbad Masjid description"/><ref name="The Delhi that No-one Knows (page 38)"/> Bara Gumbad is grouped together with a mosque and "mehman khana" which is a smaller structure with five bays. All the structures are constructed on a {{convert|4|m|feet}} high platform, with a total area of {{Convert|1050|m2|ft2|0}}. The platform measures {{convert|30|m|feet}} (east-west) and {{convert|25|m|feet}} (north-south).<ref name="Bara Gumbad Masjid description"/>

[[File:Bara Gumbad Mosque.JPG|170px|thumb|Semi-circular [[turret (architecture)|turret]] of Mosque]]
Three out of five bays in the mosque have domes whereas the remaining two have [[Vault (architecture)|vaulted]] roofs (on mosque and "mehman khana"). The central bays feature low domes, while the end-bays feature flat roofs.<ref name="Bara Gumbad Masjid description"/><ref name="General view of the Bara Gumbad Masjid"/><ref name="Monument viewer">{{cite news|title=Monument viewer|publisher=competent authority Delhi|access-date=29 December 2015|url=http://competentauthoritydelhi.co.in/MonumentViewer.aspx?ID=243|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123422/http://competentauthoritydelhi.co.in/MonumentViewer.aspx?ID=243|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are [[oriel windows]] to the north and south. Both the oriel windows and the tapering [[minaret]]s appear to anticipate later architectural styles.

The Bara Gumbad is square type construction which sits on a [[plinth]]. The mosque measures {{convert|20|m|feet}} on each side. At the rear, the corners and sides of the mosque feature tall tapering semi-circular [[Minaret|minars]].<ref name="Monument viewer"/> The east, south, and west are decorated, and feature ogee arch openings, which are set into rectangular frames. The [[architecture]] combines [[Bracket (architecture)|bracket]] and [[lintel]] beams, blending [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]] and [[Hindu architecture]]s.<ref name="Bara Gumbad Masjid description"/><ref name="General view of the Bara Gumbad Masjid"/><ref name="Monument viewer"/>

Bara Gumbad is {{Convert|29|m|ft|0}} high, {{Convert|20|m|ft|0}} long and {{Convert|20|m|ft|0}} wide. The walls are {{Convert|12|m|ft|0}} tall. Like the Shisha Gumbad, the Bara Gumbad is also a single story structure but has an external semblance of spanning in two floors when viewed from outside. Total floor area of Bara Gumbad (excluding the mosque and the guest house) is {{Convert|361|m2|ft2|0}}.<ref name="Bara Gumbad Masjid description"/><ref name="General view of the Bara Gumbad Masjid"/><ref name="Monument viewer"/>

The dome, the mosque and the "mehman khana" are constructed of red, grey and black stone, including grey [[quartzite]] and red [[sandstone]]. The interior is elaborately [[Ornament (art)|ornamented]] with painted [[stucco]]. Colored tiles, [[Cutting|incised]] carvings, and painted plaster on the mosque are decorated with [[foliage]], flowers, geometric patterns, and [[Quranic]] [[inscriptions]].<ref name="Bara Gumbad Masjid description"/><ref name="General view of the Bara Gumbad Masjid"/><ref name="Monument viewer"/>

==Location==

The Bara Gumbad is located in and is a part of the Lodi Gardens in [[Delhi]], India. The village where the monument stands was earlier called Khairpur.<ref name="Lodi Tomb">{{cite news|title=Lodi Tomb|publisher=[[Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation|Delhi Tourism department]] website|access-date=29 December 2015|url=http://www.delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/tourist_place/lodi_tomb.jsp}}</ref><ref name="Alphabetical List of Monuments in Delhi">{{cite news|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments in Delhi|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|access-date=29 December 2015|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_delhi.asp}}</ref> The garden is bounded by [[Amrita Shergill Marg]] in the west, northwest and north, Max MuellerMarg on the east and [[Lodi Road]] on the south side. Safdarjang Tomb is situated on southwest corner of the Lodi Garden.<ref name="Location">{{cite news|title=Location|publisher=[[Google Maps]]|access-date=29 December 2015 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Bara+Gumbad/@28.5928903,77.2181655,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x390ce2ecf88df77d:0xc75ddb0b9f8919ec}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Bara Gumbad Mosque, Lodi Gardens - Interiors - 1.jpg|Bada Gumbad mosque interior
Bara Gumbad Mosque, Lodi Gardens - Exteriors - 1.jpg|Carvings on the exterior of the mosque
Bada Gumbad mosque central dome (3549018884).jpg|Bara Gumbad mosque central dome
Bara Gumbad Mosque front view.JPG|Bara Gumbad mosque
Side balcony of Bada Gumbad mosque (3548926886).jpg|Side balcony of the mosque
Bara Gumbad and Bara Gumbad Masjid.JPG|Bara Gumbad and mosque front view
Lodhi Gardens mosque inside view.jpg|Interior view of the mosque
Sheesh Gumbad and Bara Gumbad.jpg|Bara Gumbad and mosque at back; Shisha Gumbad in front

</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Bara Gumbad}}

{{Mosques in India|state=collapsed}}
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Bara Gumbad
|North = [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] (5.5 km) [[Shisha Gumbad]] (100 meters)
|Northeast = [[India Gate]] (3 km)
|East = [[Delhi Golf Club]] (1 km)
|Southeast = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] (3 km)
|South = [[Lodi Road]] (500 meters)
|Southwest = [[Jor Bagh metro station|Jor Bagh]] (1 km)
|West = [[Chanakyapuri]] (5 km)
|Northwest = [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] (3.5 km)
}}
{{Delhi landmarks}}
{{Delhi}}

[[Category:15th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Lodi dynasty]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1490]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1490s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Delhi]]
[[Category:Sandstone buildings in India]]

2007 Sony Ericsson International – Singles

2025-11-29T19:56:13Z

ShaneraDeF: New new entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Tennis events|2007|Sony Ericsson International|
| defchamp =
| champ = {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Yaroslava Shvedova]]
| runner = {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Mara Santangelo]]
| score = 6–4, 6–4
| draw = 32
| seeds = 8
| edition =
| type = singles doubles
| after_name = Canara Bank Bangalore Open
| before_name = Sony Ericsson Bangalore Open
| main_name = WTA Indian Open
}}

{{Main|2007 Sony Ericsson International}}

[[Yaroslava Shvedova]] won the title, beating defending champion [[Mara Santangelo]] 6–4, 6–4 in the final.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/bangalore/ind/2007/w-t3-ind-01a-2007/draws-and-results/ |title=ITF – tournament draws | publisher=International Tennis Federation (ITF) }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shvedova captures Bangalore title |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/6374227.stm |website=BBC Sport |date=18 February 2007}}</ref>

==Singles results==

===Seeds===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Mara Santangelo]] ''(final)''
# {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza]] ''(quarterfinals)''
# {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vasilisa Bardina]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Jelena Kostanić Tošić]] ''(quarterfinals)''
# {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yuliana Fedak]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chan Yung-jan]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|THA}} [[Tamarine Tanasugarn]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Alberta Brianti]] ''(first round)''
}}

===Draw===
{{Draw key}}

===Finals===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| team-width=150
| RD1=Semifinals
| RD2=Finals
| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Mara Santangelo]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2= 
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|UKR}} [[Olga Savchuk]]
| RD1-score2-1=1
| RD1-score2-2=0
| RD1-score2-3=
| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|ISR}} [[Tzipora Obziler]]
| RD1-score3-1=5
| RD1-score3-2=2
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4= 
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Yaroslava Shvedova]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''7'''
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3=
| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Mara Santangelo]]
| RD2-score1-1=4
| RD2-score1-2=4
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2= 
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Yaroslava Shvedova]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''6'''
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

===Top half===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| RD4=Semifinals
| RD1-seed01=1
| RD1-team01={{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Mara Santangelo|M Santangelo]]'''
| RD1-score01-1='''6'''
| RD1-score01-2='''77'''
| RD1-score01-3=
| RD1-seed02=Q
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Shengnan|S Sun]]
| RD1-score02-1=2
| RD1-score02-2=64
| RD1-score02-3=
| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|UZB}} '''[[Akgul Amanmuradova|A Amanmuradova]]'''
| RD1-score03-1='''6'''
| RD1-score03-2='''6'''
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-team04={{flagicon|SVK}} [[Jarmila Gajdošová|J Gajdošová]]
| RD1-score04-1=3
| RD1-score04-2=3
| RD1-score04-3=
| RD1-seed05=
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|UKR}} '''[[Yulia Beygelzimer|Y Beygelzimer]]'''
| RD1-score05-1='''6'''
| RD1-score05-2='''6'''
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=Q
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|THA}} [[Nudnida Luangnam|N Luangnam]]
| RD1-score06-1=2
| RD1-score06-2=1
| RD1-score06-3=
| RD1-seed07=Q
| RD1-team07={{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Yurika Sema|Y Sema]]'''
| RD1-score07-1=1
| RD1-score07-2='''6'''
| RD1-score07-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed08=5
| RD1-team08={{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yuliana Fedak|Y Fedak]]
| RD1-score08-1='''6'''
| RD1-score08-2=3
| RD1-score08-3=4
| RD1-seed09=4
| RD1-team09={{flagicon|CRO}} '''[[Jelena Kostanić Tošić|J Kostanić Tošić]]'''
| RD1-score09-1=2
| RD1-score09-2='''6'''
| RD1-score09-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed10=WC
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sophie Ferguson|S Ferguson]]
| RD1-score10-1='''6'''
| RD1-score10-2=3
| RD1-score10-3=4
| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|SVK}} '''[[Dominika Cibulková|D Cibulková]]'''
| RD1-score11-1='''6'''
| RD1-score11-2='''6'''
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=WC
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|IND}} [[Tara Iyer|T Iyer]]
| RD1-score12-1=0
| RD1-score12-2=2
| RD1-score12-3=
| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|UKR}} '''[[Olga Savchuk|O Savchuk]]'''
| RD1-score13-1='''6'''
| RD1-score13-2='''6'''
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|UKR}} [[Mariya Koryttseva|M Koryttseva]]
| RD1-score14-1=4
| RD1-score14-2=3
| RD1-score14-3=
| RD1-seed15=
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Alicia Molik|A Molik]]'''
| RD1-score15-1='''6'''
| RD1-score15-2='''6'''
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=8
| RD1-team16={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Alberta Brianti|A Brianti]]
| RD1-score16-1=4
| RD1-score16-2=3
| RD1-score16-3=
| RD2-seed01=1
| RD2-team01={{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Mara Santangelo|M Santangelo]]'''
| RD2-score01-1=3
| RD2-score01-2='''7'''
| RD2-score01-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|UZB}} [[Akgul Amanmuradova|A Amanmuradova]]
| RD2-score02-1='''6'''
| RD2-score02-2=5
| RD2-score02-3=2
| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yulia Beygelzimer|Y Beygelzimer]]
| RD2-score03-1='''6'''
| RD2-score03-2=4
| RD2-score03-3=1
| RD2-seed04=Q
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Yurika Sema|Y Sema]]'''
| RD2-score04-1=1
| RD2-score04-2='''6'''
| RD2-score04-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed05=4
| RD2-team05={{flagicon|CRO}} '''[[Jelena Kostanić Tošić|J Kostanić Tošić]]'''
| RD2-score05-1='''6'''
| RD2-score05-2='''6'''
| RD2-score05-3=
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|SVK}} [[Dominika Cibulková|D Cibulková]]
| RD2-score06-1=4
| RD2-score06-2=1
| RD2-score06-3=
| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|UKR}} '''[[Olga Savchuk|O Savchuk]]'''
| RD2-score07-1='''6'''
| RD2-score07-2=4
| RD2-score07-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed08=
| RD2-team08={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Alicia Molik|A Molik]]
| RD2-score08-1=4
| RD2-score08-2='''6'''
| RD2-score08-3=4
| RD3-seed01=1
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Mara Santangelo|M Santangelo]]'''
| RD3-score01-1='''6'''
| RD3-score01-2='''6'''
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02=Q
| RD3-team02={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yurika Sema|Y Sema]]
| RD3-score02-1=1
| RD3-score02-2=4
| RD3-score02-3=
| RD3-seed03=4
| RD3-team03={{flagicon|CRO}} [[Jelena Kostanić Tošić|J Kostanić Tošić]]
| RD3-score03-1=3
| RD3-score03-2=4
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|UKR}} '''[[Olga Savchuk|O Savchuk]]'''
| RD3-score04-1='''6'''
| RD3-score04-2='''6'''
| RD3-score04-3=
| RD4-seed01=1
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Mara Santangelo|M Santangelo]]'''
| RD4-score01-1='''6'''
| RD4-score01-2='''6'''
| RD4-score01-3=
| RD4-seed02=
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|UKR}} [[Olga Savchuk|O Savchuk]]
| RD4-score02-1=1
| RD4-score02-2=0
| RD4-score02-3=
}}

===Bottom half===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| RD4=Semifinals
| RD1-seed01=6
| RD1-team01={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chan Yung-jan|Y-j Chan]]
| RD1-score01-1='''6'''
| RD1-score01-2=5
| RD1-score01-3=2
| RD1-seed02=
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|HUN}} '''[[Melinda Czink|M Czink]]'''
| RD1-score02-1=1
| RD1-score02-2='''7'''
| RD1-score02-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|GER}} [[Sandra Klösel|S Klösel]]
| RD1-score03-1=2
| RD1-score03-2=4
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-team04={{flagicon|TPE}} '''[[Hsieh Su-wei|S-w Hsieh]]'''
| RD1-score04-1='''6'''
| RD1-score04-2='''6'''
| RD1-score04-3=
| RD1-seed05=
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Alla Kudryavtseva|A Kudryavtseva]]
| RD1-score05-1='''6'''
| RD1-score05-2=3
| RD1-score05-3=3
| RD1-seed06=
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|ISR}} '''[[Tzipora Obziler|T Obziler]]'''
| RD1-score06-1=4
| RD1-score06-2='''6'''
| RD1-score06-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed07=
| RD1-team07={{flagicon|GER}} [[Kristina Barrois|K Barrois]]
| RD1-score07-1='''77'''
| RD1-score07-2=4
| RD1-score07-3=63
| RD1-seed08=3
| RD1-team08={{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Vasilisa Bardina|V Bardina]]'''
| RD1-score08-1=64
| RD1-score08-2='''6'''
| RD1-score08-3='''77'''
| RD1-seed09=7
| RD1-team09={{flagicon|THA}} '''[[Tamarine Tanasugarn|T Tanasugarn]]'''
| RD1-score09-1='''6'''
| RD1-score09-2='''6'''
| RD1-score09-3=
| RD1-seed10=Q
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chan Chin-wei|C-w Chan]]
| RD1-score10-1=3
| RD1-score10-2=3
| RD1-score10-3=
| RD1-seed11=WC
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|IND}} [[Shikha Uberoi|S Uberoi]]
| RD1-score11-1=3
| RD1-score11-2='''77'''
| RD1-score11-3=3
| RD1-seed12=
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Yaroslava Shvedova|Y Shvedova]]'''
| RD1-score12-1='''6'''
| RD1-score12-2=63
| RD1-score12-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Yuan Meng|M Yuan]]
| RD1-score13-1=2
| RD1-score13-2=0
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|BLR}} '''[[Tatiana Poutchek|T Poutchek]]'''
| RD1-score14-1='''6'''
| RD1-score14-2='''6'''
| RD1-score14-3=
| RD1-seed15=
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|SVK}} [[Martina Suchá|M Suchá]]
| RD1-score15-1=4
| RD1-score15-2='''6'''
| RD1-score15-3=3
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16={{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Sania Mirza|S Mirza]]'''
| RD1-score16-1='''6'''
| RD1-score16-2=4
| RD1-score16-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed01=
| RD2-team01={{flagicon|HUN}} '''[[Melinda Czink|M Czink]]'''
| RD2-score01-1=4
| RD2-score01-2='''77'''
| RD2-score01-3='''7'''
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsieh Su-wei|S-w Hsieh]]
| RD2-score02-1='''6'''
| RD2-score02-2=62
| RD2-score02-3=5
| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|ISR}} '''[[Tzipora Obziler|T Obziler]]'''
| RD2-score03-1='''6'''
| RD2-score03-2='''6'''
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04=3
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vasilisa Bardina|V Bardina]]
| RD2-score04-1=1
| RD2-score04-2=2
| RD2-score04-3=
| RD2-seed05=7
| RD2-team05={{flagicon|THA}} [[Tamarine Tanasugarn|T Tanasugarn]]
| RD2-score05-1=4
| RD2-score05-2='''6'''
| RD2-score05-3=4
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Yaroslava Shvedova|Y Shvedova]]'''
| RD2-score06-1='''6'''
| RD2-score06-2=3
| RD2-score06-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|BLR}} [[Tatiana Poutchek|T Poutchek]]
| RD2-score07-1='''6'''
| RD2-score07-2=5
| RD2-score07-3=2
| RD2-seed08=2
| RD2-team08={{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Sania Mirza|S Mirza]]'''
| RD2-score08-1=3
| RD2-score08-2='''7'''
| RD2-score08-3='''6'''
| RD3-seed01=
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|HUN}} [[Melinda Czink|M Czink]]
| RD3-score01-1=4
| RD3-score01-2=63
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02=
| RD3-team02={{flagicon|ISR}} '''[[Tzipora Obziler|T Obziler]]'''
| RD3-score02-1='''6'''
| RD3-score02-2='''77'''
| RD3-score02-3=
| RD3-seed03=
| RD3-team03={{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Yaroslava Shvedova|Y Shvedova]]'''
| RD3-score03-1=62
| RD3-score03-2='''6'''
| RD3-score03-3='''6'''
| RD3-seed04=2
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza|S Mirza]]
| RD3-score04-1='''77'''
| RD3-score04-2=4
| RD3-score04-3=4
| RD4-seed01=
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|ISR}} [[Tzipora Obziler|T Obziler]]
| RD4-score01-1=5
| RD4-score01-2=2
| RD4-score01-3=
| RD4-seed02=
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Yaroslava Shvedova|Y Shvedova]]'''
| RD4-score02-1='''7'''
| RD4-score02-2='''6'''
| RD4-score02-3=
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://wtafiles.blob.core.windows.net/pdf/draws/archive/2007/1033.pdf WTA tournament draws]

{{2007 WTA Tour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2007 Sony Ericsson International - Singles}}
[[Category:2007 WTA Tour]]
[[Category:Bangalore Open]]

M. S. Valiathan

2025-11-07T17:50:47Z

ShaneraDeF: Stub

{{Short description|Indian cardiac surgeon (1934–2024)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. S. Valiathan
| birth_name = Marthanda Varma Sankaran Valiathan
| image = Dr.M.S.Valiathan.jpg
| caption = Valiathan in 2006
| native_name_lang = Malayalam
| birth_date = {{birth date|1934|5|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mavelikara]], [[Travancore]], [[British Raj|India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|7|17|1934|5|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Manipal]], [[Karnataka]], India
| alma_mater = [[University of Kerala]] [[University of Liverpool]] [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]]
| occupation = Cardio-thoracic surgeon
| spouse = Ashima
| children = 2
}}

'''Marthanda Varma Sankaran Valiathan''' (24 May 1934 – 17 July 2024) was an Indian [[cardiac surgeon]]. He was a president of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] and a [[National Research Professor]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref name="VCmanipalAyur">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi|first=Kalpana|date=2012|title=Insights into Ayurvedic biology—sA conversation with Professor M.S. Valiathan|journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine|volume=3|issue=4|pages=226–229|doi=10.4103/0975-9476.104450|issn=0975-9476|pmc=3545245|pmid=23326096 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valiathan |first=MS |year=2008 |journal=J Biosci |volume=33 |issue=–000 |title=A Surgeon's Quest|pages=313–326 |doi=10.1007/s12038-008-0050-7 |pmid=19005230 |s2cid=43804903 }}</ref>

Valiathan was awarded the [[Padma Vibushan]] in 2005 for his contributions to health technology in India. He was made a [[:Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques|Chevalier]] in the [[Ordre des Palmes académiques]], an honour bestowed by [[France]], in 1999. He received the Dr. Samuel P. Asper International Award from the [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]] in 2009 for his contributions to international medical education.<ref name="JohnHpknAwrd">{{cite web |last1=Khakhar |first1=Prof. Devang |title=DIRECTOR'S REPORT, IIT MUMBAI |url=http://www.cdeep.iitb.ac.in/convocation/speech/DIR-REPORT2011Session-I.pdf |website=deep.iitb.ac.in |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615014712/https://www.cdeep.iitb.ac.in/convocation/speech/DIR-REPORT2011Session-I.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
He was born on 24 May 1934 at [[Mavelikkara]], [[Travancore]] (in present-day [[Alappuzha district]]),<ref>{{cite news |title=Renowned cardiac surgeon Dr M S Valiathan passes away |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/renowned-cardiac-surgeon-dr-m-s-valiathan-passes-away-1503321890.html |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=The Statesman |date=18 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="DeccanHerald-3110240">{{cite news |author1=Harsha |title=Eminent cardiac surgeon and MAHE's first Vice-Chancellor Dr M S Valiathan passes away |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/eminent-cardiac-surgeon-dr-m-s-valiathan-passes-away-3110240 |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=18 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref> to Marthanda Varma and Janaki Varma. His early education was at a government school in Mavelikkara, followed by the [[University College Thiruvananthapuram|University College, Thiruvananthapuram]]. Valiathan's medical education took place at the [[Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram]], where he obtained his [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] (1951–56).<ref name="doctor.ndtv.com">{{Cite web|last=doctor.ndtv.com|title=Cardiac Surgery|url=https://doctor.ndtv.com/expert/dr-ms-valiathan-20|access-date=15 June 2021|website=Doctor.ndtv.com}}</ref> He later went to the [[University of Liverpool]] as a surgical trainee and received his [[fellow]]ship from the [[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]] and [[Royal College of Surgeons of England|England]] in 1960 and master's degree in surgery from the University of Liverpool.<ref name="doctor.ndtv.com"/> After a brief stint as a faculty member at the [[Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research|PGIMER Chandigarh]], he underwent further training in [[cardiac surgery]] at the [[Johns Hopkins Hospital|Johns Hopkins]], [[George Washington University Hospital|George Washington]], and [[MedStar Georgetown University Hospital|Georgetown University]] Hospitals and became a Fellow of the [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada]] in 1970. He worked as a Fellow of Doctors Vincent L. Gott at the Hopkins and [[Charles A. Hufnagel]] at the Georgetown University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Every Morning Brings a Noble Chance- An interview with Dr. M.S. Valiathan |url=https://www.agappe.com/swiss_en/blog-details/every-morning-brings-a-noble-chance-an-interview-with-dr-m-s-valiathan.html |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=www.agappe.com |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Picture of Dr Charles Hufnagel and Prof. M. S. Valiathan.jpg|thumb|Valiathan with his mentor Charles A. Hufnagel]]

==Academic career==
Valiathan served on the faculty of the [[Georgetown University Hospital]],<ref name="IndMedJrnl">{{cite web |url=http://archive.nmji.in/approval/archive/Volume-8/issue-2/eminent-indians-in-medicine.pdf |title=Eminent Indians in Medicine |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> [[Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research|PGIMER]],<ref name="pgimer">{{cite news |title=Birth centenary of PGI co-founder observed {{!}} Chandigarh News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/birth-centenary-of-pgi-co-founder-observed/articleshow/5207989.cms |access-date=15 June 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=8 November 2009 |language=en}}</ref> [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras|IIT Madras]]<ref name="IndMedJrnl" /> and as director of [[Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology|SCTIMST]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Former Directors|url=https://www.sctimst.ac.in/About%20SCTIMST/Former%20Directors/|publisher=SCTIMST|access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> Subsequently, Valiathan became the first Vice-Chancellor of [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education|Manipal University]] in 1994.<ref name="VCmanipalAyur" />

===Chitra valve development===
In the first model, the major and minor struts were [[electron-beam welding|electron-beam welded]] and the valve was expected to withstand 360 million cycles of disc movement. Unfortunately, the major strut fractured at the weld after a mere 100,000 cycles due to [[hydrogen embrittlement|weld embrittlement]]. In the second model, the disk was made of single crystal of [[sapphire]] which was inert and blood-compatible. The housing was carved out of a block of [[titanium]]. This model failed as well because of extensive wear of titanium struts and the escape of the disc. The third model had a housing made of a highly wear-resistant [[superalloy]], "[[alacrite|Haynes-25]]", a cobalt-based alloy of [[chromium]], [[nickel]] and [[tungsten]]. This model went through all the tests successfully and several sheep with the implanted valve were alive and well for months until the death of one animal at 3 months after valve implantation. [[Necropsy]] showed that the sapphire disc had fractured and caused the death of the animal. This was a major setback in the quest for a cheap, locally made heart valve.<ref name="chitraVlv">{{Cite news |last=Raj |first=N. Gopal |date=23 December 2009 |title=Indigenous heart valve makes a difference |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Indigenous-heart-valve-makes-a-difference/article16855006.ece |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="chitraVlvSetbk">{{Cite journal |last=Valiathan |first=Marthanda Varma Sankaran |date=5 March 2018 |title=Frugal innovation in cardiac surgery |journal=Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=439–448 |doi=10.1007/s12055-018-0652-0 |issn=0970-9134 |pmc=7525930 |pmid=33060913}}</ref>[[File:Cartoons 2.jpg|thumb|Chitra valve development- changing perception of intelligentsia]] However the fourth model was a success and more than 100,000 valves have been implanted in patients (until 2016).The multidisciplinary team at the [[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum|Sree Chitra Institute]] led by Valiathan also developed a [[vascular bypass|vascular graft]] and a series of disposable devices such as [[blood bag]]s, [[oxygenator]]s and [[cardiotomy]] reservoirs, which are in commercial production in industrial units in Kerala and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="yadugiri">{{Cite journal |last=Yadugiri |first=VT |journal=Current Science |volume=99 |issue=7 |year=2010 |title=The evolution of a surgeon and innovator: M.S.Valiathan}}</ref>

===Vice Chancellor===
After about twenty years at Sri Chitra, Valiathan became the vice-chancellor of the newly set up Manipal University (then MAHE, Manipal Academy of Higher Education).<ref name="VCmanipalAyur" /><ref name="IndMedJrnl" /> He held this office until 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chellappan |first=Kumar |date=19 July 2024 |title=Noted cardio surgeon Valiathan passes away |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2024/india/noted-cardio-surgeon-valiathan-passes-away.html |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

===Books on Ayurvedia pioneers===
In the year 1999, he was awarded a Senior Fellowship by the Homi Bhabha Council<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Senior Awardees |url=http://homibhabhafellowships.com/SeniorAwardList.aspx |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=homibhabhafellowships.com}}</ref> to pursue a study of [[Caraka]], which culminated in the publication of the book "The Legacy of Caraka".<ref name="Chrk1">{{Cite book |last=Valiathan |first=M. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocOktxn-u28C |title=The Legacy of Caraka |date=2003 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-2505-4 |language=en}}</ref> Later on, as a National Research Professor, he carried out a study of [[Sushruta]] and [[Vagbhata]] and completed the series of Legacy volumes on the 'Great Three' of [[Ayurveda]].<ref name="gr83bks">{{Cite web |last=Balaji M |first=Potbhare |title=A HISTORICAL APPROACH FOR UNDERSTANDING AYURVEDA |url=https://ijapr.in/index.php/ijapr/article/download/312/326 |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research |type=PDF}}</ref><ref name="wrldct">{{cite web |title=Valiathan, M. S. |url=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n94041310/ |website=worldcat.org |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref>

In an interview, Valiathan had observed, "At this time there is no common ground where physicists, chemists, immunologists and molecular biologists can interact with Ayurvedic physicians. Ayurveda is not only the mother of medicine but also of all life sciences in India. In spite of it, science has been completely divorced from Ayurveda... But these are the interdisciplinary areas where advances will take place".<ref name="yadugiri"/> Earlier in another article, he had written, "To ignore the testimony of thousands of patients over many decades is reminiscent of the derisive attitude of Edward Jenner's contemporaries in Gloucestershire who despised the claim of milkmaids that cow pox gave them protection from small pox! When Jenner wrote to his mentor John Hunter on the observed facts and the arguments against it, Hunter gave his reply, "Why think? Why not experiment?". That applies to Ayurveda whose time to experiment has arrived.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valiathan |first=MS |editor-last=Thatte |editor-first=U |journal=Int J Ayurveda Res |year=2010 |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |title=Ayurveda: The time to experiment|doi=10.4103/0974-7788.59935 |pmid=20532089 |pmc=2876927 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Research in basic sciences===
Based on ideas and practices from Ayurveda, Valiathan promoted study in the basic sciences. The government is financing in "A Science Initiative in Ayurveda" (ASIIA) for research at eminent institutes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holla |first=Anand |date=6 April 2016 |title=Noted Indian cardiac surgeon speaks at Shastrayaan 2016 inauguration |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/story/487624/noted-indian-cardiac-surgeon-speaks-at-shastrayaan-2016-inauguration |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=Gulf Times |language=en}}</ref> In his report, during the seventeenth meeting of the Scientific Advisory Committee to the Cabinet (SAC-C) in 2009, under the Chairmanship of [[Rajagopala Chidambaram|R. Chidambaram]], Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India, Valiathan lauded the support of the Indian government while presenting an update on ongoing projects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Summary Record of Discussion of the Seventeenth Meeting of Scientific Advisory Committee to the Cabinet (SAC-C) held on 22 April 2009, at New Delhi |url=http://psa.gov.in/SACC_17meeting.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001104926/http://psa.gov.in/SACC_17meeting.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2011 }}</ref> ASIIA made good progress and has been taken over by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, for sustained support under a "Task Force in Ayurvedic Biology", which appears on the SERB website. He also gave a course of video lectures on The Ayurvedic Inheritance of India under the NPTEL programme of the IITs of India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2015|title=NPTEL|url=http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028200338/http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/|archive-date=28 October 2015}}</ref> These lectures provided the material for his book Ayurvedic Inheritance; A Reader's Companion published by Manipal University Press in 2017.<ref name="ayurBookNPTEL">{{cite journal |last1=B. |first1=Barapatre Nishant |last2=P. |first2=Joglekar Vishnu |title=Ayurvedic inheritance – a reader's companion |journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine |pages=276–278 |doi=10.1016/j.jaim.2017.09.004 |date=2017|volume=8 |issue=4 |pmc=5747513 }}</ref><ref name="ayurbookggl">{{cite book |last1=Valiathan |first1=M. S. |title=Ayurvedic Inheritance: A Reader's Companion, published by Manipal Universal Press |date=1 May 2017 |publisher=Manipal Universal Press |isbn=978-93-82460-58-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XObmDwAAQBAJ |access-date=15 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Death==
Valiathan died at a hospital in [[Manipal]], India on 17 July 2024, at the age of 90.<ref name="DeccanHerald-3110240" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-condoles-death-of-renowned-cardiac-surgeon-valiathan/article68416708.ece|title=Kerala CM Pinarayi Vijayan condoles death of renowned cardiac surgeon Valiathan|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=18 July 2024|date=18 July 2024}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Valiathan's contributions to medical sciences and technology brought him many honours and awards such as the Fellowships of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences|IAS]], [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA New Delhi]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India|NAS India]], [[National Academy of Medical Sciences|NAMS]], [[Indian National Academy of Engineering|INAE]], [[The World Academy of Sciences]], [[American College of Cardiology]], the [[Royal College of Physicians|Royal College of Physicians of London]] and the International Union of Societies of Biomaterials and Engineering. He was a "'''Hunterian Professor'''" of the Royal College of Surgeons of England and a Senior Member of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons of the United States and the Society of Cardiothoracic Surgeons of Great Britain.<ref name="insaawrdlst= name=:0" /> The French Government honoured him by making him a '''Chevalier''' in the order of '''Palmes Académiques'''.<ref name="insaawrdlst= name=:0">{{Cite web|title=INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail|url=https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N84-0859|access-date=15 June 2021|website=insaindia.res.in}}</ref> He was a recipient of many Awards for Science, Technology and Education, which include the R.D. Birla Award, O.P. Bhasin Award, Jawaharlal Nehru Award, Dhanwantari Prize, Aryabhata medal, Basanti Devi Amirchand Prize, J.C. Bose medal, Kerala State Science and Technology Award, B.C. Guha Award, Pinnamaneni Foundation Award, Sat Pal Mittal Award, G.M. Modi Award, M. V. Pylee Award, H.K. Firodia Award and the Sastra Puraskaram of the Kerala Government.<ref name="insaawrdlst= name=:0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prasanna|first=Laxmi Ajai|date=11 October 2013|title=Dr M S Valiathan has been chosen for this year's prestigious Kerala Sasthra Puraskaram.|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/renowned-medical-scientist-and-cardiac-surgeon-dr-m-s-valiathan-has-been-chosen-for-this-yearrsquos-prestigious-kerala-sasthra-puraskaram-given-by-the-state-government-to-honour-the-outstanding-scientists-of-kerala-he-was-selected-unanimously-by-a-seven-member-jury-headed-by-dr-r-chidambaram-former-chairman-of-atomic-energy-commission-and-currently-chairman-of-scientific-advisory-committee-to-the-centre-/articleshow/23988067.cms|access-date=15 June 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He received the '''Dr. Samuel P. Asper International Award''' from the Johns Hopkins University<ref name="JohnHpknAwrd" /> for his contributions to medical education. [[File:Dr M. S. Valiathan.jpeg|thumb|M.S.Valiathan]]The SASTRA-Mahamana Award in recognition for his contributions to Indian Knowledge Systems was presented on 28 February 2023 as part of SASTRA National Science Day Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=SASTRA Alumni |title=National Science Day – AWARDS – Newsroom – SASTRA Alumni Network |url=https://alumni.sastra.edu/newsroom/news/National-Science-Day---AWARDS |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=alumni.sastra.edu |language=en}}</ref>

Valiathan served on numerous Government committees and academic councils which pertain to education, medicine, science and technology. These include, among many others, the University Grants Commission,<ref name="UGC">{{cite web |title=UGC Annual Report 1997-1998 |url=http://14.139.60.153/bitstream/123456789/871/1/UGC-Annual%20Report%201997-98_D-10765.pdf |website=N.I.E.P.A |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> Indian Council of Medical Research,<ref name="icmr">{{cite web |title=XII PLAN DOCUMENT (2012–2017) |url=https://dhr.gov.in/sites/default/files/ICMR-12Plan-2012-2017_1_0.pdf |website=dhr.gov.in/ |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> Science and Engineering Research Council of the DST,<ref name="dst">{{cite web |title=Report of The Steering Committee on Science and Technology for Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007–12) |url=http://www.dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/rep-s-t.pdf |website=dst.gov.in |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> Atomic Energy Regulatory Board and the Science Advisory Committee to the Cabinet.<ref name="atmcenrgy">{{cite web |title=Atomic Energy Regulatory Board ANNUAL REPORT 2001-2002 |url=https://media.nti.org/pdfs/28_6.pdf |website=nti.org |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> He was the Chairman of the Committee on Bioethics of the Indian Council of Medical Research and was previously the Chairman of the State Committee for Science, Technology and Environment of the Government of Kerala. He was a past President of the Association of Indian Universities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PRESIDENT |url=https://www.aiu.ac.in/PRESIDENT.php |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=aiu.ac.in}}</ref>

Valiathan received numerous honorary degrees, [[Fellowship (medicine)|fellowship]]s and awards:

*Honorary Fellow, Kerala Academy of Sciences<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. M.S. Valiathan|url=https://kas.org.in/indexphp/membership/honorary-fellows1398.html?id=87|access-date=22 December 2021|website=kas.org.in}}</ref>
* [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/26/stories/2005012609050100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207104016/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/26/stories/2005012609050100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 February 2005 |title=Padma Vibhushan for J.N. Dixit, R*K. Laxman |access-date=17 July 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 January 2006}}</ref>
* [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1990<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute|JNTBGRI]], Trivandrum named a new hybrid in their Orchid Breeding Programme ''Paphiopedilum M S Valiathan'' in his honour. Paphiopedilum M S Valiathan is registered with the International Register of Orchid Hybrids ( Sander's list ) 114:1270 ( July — Aug 2006)<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2014 |title=Orchid to be named after M. S. Valiathan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/orchid-to-be-named-after-m-s-valiathan/article5713893.ece |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>
*A new R & D facility named ''M S Valiathan Medical Devices Engineering Block'' was inaugurated by Union Minister [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Dr Harsh Vardhan]] at the Sree Chitra Institute, Trivandrum on 16 May 2015<ref>{{cite news |title=Union Minister Dr Harsh Vardhan unveils TiMED, e-payment at Chitra |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150517/nation-current-affairs/article/union-minister-dr-harsh-vardhan-unveils-timed-e-payment-chitra |access-date=15 June 2021 |work=Deccan Chronicle |agency=Deccan Chronicle |date=17 May 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*{{cite journal |last=Valiathan |first=M. S.|title=Endomyocardial Fibrosis |journal=The National Medical Journal of India|year= 1993|volume=6|issue=5|pages=212–216|publisher= Oxford University Press|pmid=7694719}}
*{{cite book |last=Valiathan |first=M. S.|title=The Legacy of Caraka |year= 2003|publisher= Orient Longman|isbn=81-250-2505-7}}
*{{cite book |last=Valiathan |first=M. S.|title=Charakapaithrikam. (Tr. into Malayalam of Legacy of Caraka)|year= 2005|publisher= DC Books|isbn= 81-264-1072-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Valiathan |first=M. S.|title=The Legacy of Susruta (Tr. into Malayalam of Legacy of Susruta by Dr. K. Muthulakshmy)|year= 2007|publisher= Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-3150-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Valiathan |first=M. S.|title=Susrutha Paithrukam.(Tr. into Malayalam of Legacy of Susruta) |year= 2010|publisher= DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-2527-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Valiathan |first=M. S.|title=The Legacy of Vagbhata |year= 2010|publisher= Universities Press|isbn=978-81-737-1668-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Valiathan |first=M. S.|title=An Introduction to Ayurveda |year= 2012|publisher= Universities Press|isbn=978-81-7371-827-4}}
*Valiathan, M. S. (2012) ''Vagbhata Paithrukam''. (Tr. into Malayalam of Legacy of Vagbhata). DC Books. {{ISBN|978-81-264-3890-7}}, {{OL|41448298M}}
*Valiathan, M. S. (2017) ''Ayurvedic Inheritance-A Reader's Companion''. Manipal University Press. {{ISBN|978-93-82460-58-9}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Valiathan, M. S.}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Liverpool]]
[[Category:Manipal Academy of Higher Education alumni]]
[[Category:Indian cardiac surgeons]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Konijerla, NTR district

2025-11-02T04:11:51Z

ShaneraDeF: put up place

{{Short description|Village in NTR district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Konijerla
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.0478|80.4052}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gampalagudem mandal|Gampalagudem]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook, Krishna - Page 260 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/124/download/146/DH_2011_2816_PART_A_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 11.38
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3652
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627290 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=14 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924131005/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627290 |archivedate=24 September 2015 }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Elavarapu Nagamani<ref>{{Cite web |title= Panchayat Development Plan Campaign|url=https://gpdp.nic.in/sarpanchWithDetailsReport.html?OWASP_CSRFTOKEN=TC4A-AQKL-1UJO-6PGR-6EIK-KTOP-7RDM-5J81 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=gpdp.nic.in}}</ref>
}}

'''Konijerla''' is a village located in the [[Gampalagudem mandal]], [[NTR district]] of the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of [[Tiruvuru revenue division]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandal wise Villages {{!}} NTR District {{!}} India |url=https://ntr.ap.gov.in/mandal-wise-villages/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to [[2011 census of India]], in Konijerla village, there are 1,047 households with a total population of 3,652 with 1,838 males and 1,814 females. There are 1,375 individuals belonging to Scheduled Castes and 158 to Scheduled Tribes. Out of the population, 1,820 are literate, and the village has 2,081 workers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh, Krishna District, Gampalagudem Sub-District, Rural Area|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}
{{NTR district}}
[[Category:Villages in NTR district]]

Senior Nehru Hockey Tournament

2025-10-30T07:40:14Z

ShaneraDeF:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox sports league
| name = Senior Nehru Hockey Tournament
| image =
| pixels =
| country = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| administrator = Jawaharlal Nehru Hockey Tournament Society
| headquarters = [[Delhi]]
| sport = [[Field hockey]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1964}}
| tournament_format =
| folded =
| teams =
| champion = Indian Navy (2nd title)
| most_champs = Indian Airlines (10 titles)
| tv =
| website = {{URL|http://nehruhockey.com/|nehruhockey.com}}
| current =
}}
'''Senior Nehru Hockey Tournament''' is a [[field hockey]] tournament organized by the Jawaharlal Nehru Hockey Tournament Society (JNHTS). Instituted in 1964 by the Society, the All India Hockey Tournament is held as an annual feature at [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gooncha NSHT |url=https://gnsht.in/ |publisher=Gooncha Group |access-date=23 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jawaharlal Nehru Hockey Tournament Society |url=http://nehruhockey.com/ |publisher=JNHTS |access-date=23 October 2022 }}</ref>

==History==
The tournament was instituted by the Jawaharlal Nehru Hockey Tournament Society which was founded in 1964, in memorial of India's first Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. The All India Tournament was co-founded by H.C. Sarin, Shri Sayed Hamid and Inder Mohan Kapur to organize a top-class domestic hockey tournament in the capital.<ref name="spk">{{cite web |title=The iconic Nehru Hockey Tournament is struggling to stay afloat |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/hockey/nehru-hockey-tournament-iconic-event |date=27 November 2015 |publisher=Sportskeeda |last=Kapadia |first=Novy |access-date=23 October 2022 }}</ref>

The first edition was held in December 1964, where Northern Railway defeated South Eastern Railway 2–0 in the final.{{fact|date=January 2023}}

The Society also started tournaments for other age groups such as Junior Tournament in 1972 for under-17 youth, Sub-Junior Tournament in 1983 for under-15 youth, Girls’ Tournament in 1993 for under-17 girls and the Champion College/Universities Tournament in 1993 which is now known as Inter-University Tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://gnsht.in/about-the-tournament/ |publisher=Gooncha Group |access-date=23 October 2022 }}</ref>

The early decade of the tournament during the 1960–1970s was dominated by the Railway teams, especially Northern Railway (Delhi), Western Railway (Mumbai) and South Eastern Railway (Secunderabad).<ref>{{cite web |title=The rise and fall of Railway teams in the Nehru Hockey tournament |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/hockey/rise-fall-railway-teams-nehru-hockey-tournament |date=28 November 2013 |publisher=Sportskeeda |last=Kapadia |first=Novy |access-date=26 October 2022 }}</ref>

==Venue==
The matches are held at [[Shivaji Hockey Stadium]], [[New Delhi]].<ref name="spk"/> The 2021 edition was held at [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad to host 57th Nehru Senior Hockey Tournament |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/sports/hyderabad-to-host-57th-nehru-senior-hockey-tournament-702476 |publisher=The Hans India |date=20 August 2021 }}</ref>

==Teams==
The teams which participates in the tournament consists of public sector teams from across the country. The teams in the 57th edition includes CAG XI Indian Audit & Accounts Service, Indian Air Force, Indian Navy, Indian Oil, Indian Railways, Mumbai XI, PNB, Telangana XI, South Central Railway, ADGPI, Indian Army, Delhi XI, Punjab & Sind Bank, RCF and Tamil Nadu XI.<ref>{{cite web |title=57th edition of GNSHT |url=https://gnsht.in/57th-edition-of-gnsht/teams/ |publisher=Gooncha Group |access-date=23 October 2022 }}</ref>

==Results==
The results of the Senior Nehru Hockey Tournament:<ref>{{cite web |title=Roll of Honour — Senior Nehru Hockey Tournament |url=https://gnsht.in/roll-of-honour-senior-nehru-hockey-tournament/ |website=gnsht.in |publisher=Gooncha Group |date=2022 |access-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022230236/https://gnsht.in/roll-of-honour-senior-nehru-hockey-tournament/ |archive-date=22 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Roll of Honour — SENIOR NEHRU HOCKEY TOURNAMENT |url=http://nehruhockey.com/tournament_roll_of_honour.htm |publisher=nehruhockey.com |location=New Delhi |access-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022230235/http://nehruhockey.com/tournament_roll_of_honour.htm |archive-date=22 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Senior Nehru Hockey Tournament — All Winners|url=https://hockeypassion.in/indian-domestic-hockey-buzz/senior-nehru-hockey-tournament-all-winners/|website=hockeypassion.in|date=19 November 2021 |publisher=Hockey Passion|access-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022230235/https://hockeypassion.in/indian-domestic-hockey-buzz/senior-nehru-hockey-tournament-all-winners/|archive-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Winner
!Runner-up
|-
|1964
|Northern Railway
|South Eastern Railway
|-
|1965
|Sikh R.C. Meerut
|Bombay XI
|-
|1966
|colspan=2|''I.H.F. (Blue) and I.H.F. (Red) were declared joint winners''
|-
|1967
|colspan=2|''Indian Navy and Northern Railway were declared joint winners''
|-
|1968
|colspan=2|''Indian Airlines and All India Police were declared joint winners''
|-
|1969
|Corps of Signals
|Northern Railway
|-
|1970
|All India Police
|Northern Railway
|-
|1971
|Indian Airlines
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Great Britain
|-
|1972
|Corps of Signals
|Northern Railway
|-
|1973
|Northern Railway
|Sikh R.C. Meerut
|-
|1974
|Northern Railway
|Western Railway
|-
|1975
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|B.S.F. Jalandhar]]
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|-
|1976
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|A.S.C. Jalandhar
|-
|1977
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|B.S.F. Jalandhar]]
|{{flagicon|ENG}} England XI
|-
|1978
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|B.S.F. Jalandhar]]
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|-
|1979
|C.R.P. Force
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|B.S.F. Jalandhar]]
|-
|1980
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|E.M.E. Jalandhar
|-
|1981
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|B.S.F. Jalandhar]]
|A.S.C. Jalandhar
|-
|1982
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|A.S.C. Jalandhar
|-
|1983
|E.M.E. Jalandhar
|C.R.P. Force
|-
|1984
|Indian Airlines
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|B.S.F. Jalandhar]]
|-
|1985
|Indian Airlines
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|-
|1986
|Indian Airlines
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|-
|1987
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|B.S.F. Jalandhar]]
|Indian Airlines
|-
|1988
|Indian Airlines
|R.C.F. Kapurthala
|-
|1989
|I.H.F. (Red)
|I.H.F. (White)
|-
|1990
|Indian Airlines
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|-
|1991
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|I.H.F. Junior A.S.
|-
|1992
|Indian Airlines
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|B.S.F. Jalandhar]]
|-
|1993
|Indian Airlines
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|B.S.F. Jalandhar]]
|-
|1994
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|Air India Bombay
|-
|1995
|Air India Bombay
|Army XI
|-
|1996
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|B.S.F. Jalandhar]]
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|-
|1997
|Air India Mumbais
|Indian Airlines
|-
|1998
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|B.S.F. Jalandhar]]
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|-
|1999
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|B.S.F. Jalandhar]]
|-
|2000
|Indian Oil
|Bharat Petroleum
|-
|2001
|Air India, Mumbai
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|-
|2002
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|Indian Airlines
|-
|2003
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|Indian Airlines
|-
|2004
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|B. S. F.]]
|-
|2005
|Indian Airlines
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|-
|2006
|Indian Oil
|Namdhari XI
|-
|2007
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|Bharat Petroleum
|-
|2008
|Indian Colts
|Bharat Petroleum
|-
|2009
|colspan=2|''Indian Oil and Namdhari XI were declared joint winners''
|-
|2010
|Air India
|ONGC
|-
|2011
|ONGC
|Punjab National Bank
|-
|2012
|Indian Oil
|Bharat Petroleum
|-
|2013
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|Bharat Petroleum
|-
|2014
|Indian Oil
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|-
|2015
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|Punjab National Bank
|-
|2016
|[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Indian Railways]]
|Punjab National Bank
|-
|2017
|Punjab National Bank
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|-
|2018
|[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Indian Railways]]
|Punjab National Bank
|-
|2019
|Punjab National Bank
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|-
|2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Oil emerge champions in Nehru Cup hockey tournament |url=https://telanganatoday.com/indian-oil-emerge-champions-in-nehru-cup-hockey-tournament |date=23 November 2021 |publisher=Telangana Today |access-date=23 October 2022 }}</ref>
|Indian Oil
|[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Indian Railways]]
|-
|2023<ref>{{cite web |title=GOONCHA-58th NEHRU SENIOR MEN HOCKEY TOURNAMENT |url=https://nehruhockey.com/result_Gooncha-58th-nehru_senior_men_hockey_tournament.htm |date=12 January 2023 |website=nehruhockey.com |access-date=16 February 2023 }}</ref>
|Indian Navy
|CAG XI
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://gnsht.in/ Gooncha Jawaharlal Nehru Hockey Tournament]
*[http://nehruhockey.com/ Jawaharlal Nehru Hockey Tournament Society]

{{Field Hockey in India}}

[[Category:Sports competitions in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Field hockey in Delhi]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1964]]
[[Category:Field hockey cup competitions in India]]

Andy Pirki

2025-10-30T03:29:20Z

ShaneraDeF: minor cleanup

{{short description|Animated television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Andy_&_Pirki.jpg
| caption = Characters of the show, ''Andy'' (left) and ''Pirki'' (right).
| genre = [[Slapstick comedy]]
| country = India
| company = AUM Animation Studios
| network = [[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|12|3}}
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 80
}}

'''''Andy Pirki''''' is an Indian animated [[slapstick comedy]] television series produced by AUM Animation Studios (formerly Bluepixels Animation Studios). It premiered on 3 December 2017 on [[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo]].<ref name=aaa>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-shows/animation/pogo-launches-indigenous-slapstick-comedy-andy-pirki-171125?amp|title=Pogo launches indigenous slapstick comedy Andy Pirki|date=25 November 2017|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211104944/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-shows/animation/pogo-launches-indigenous-slapstick-comedy-andy-pirki-171125?amp|archivedate=11 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/turner-to-launch-aum-animations-slapstick-comedy-andy-pirki|title=Turner to launch AUM Animation's slapstick comedy 'Andy Pirki'|website=AnimationXpress|date=30 November 2017|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502212031/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/turner-to-launch-aum-animations-slapstick-comedy-andy-pirki|archivedate=2 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/andy-pirki/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550404428/channelid-10000000000860000/starttime-201804210930 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423182905/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/andy-pirki/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550404428/channelid-10000000000860000/starttime-201804210930 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |title=ANDY PIRKI|website=Times of India|url-status=live |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://starofmysore.com/andy-pirki-tickle-funny-bone-pogo-tomorrow/|title=Andy Pirki To Tickle Your Funny Bone On POGO From Tomorrow|date=2 December 2017|website=Star of Mysore|access-date=27 April 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502211822/https://starofmysore.com/andy-pirki-tickle-funny-bone-pogo-tomorrow/|archivedate=2 May 2018}}</ref>

It showcases the story of a pink dinosaur and a caveman, who are best friends.

==Characters==
===Andy===
Andy is a pink dinosaur who is the only remaining member of his species that became extinct when he was very young. He was feeling lonely and cast-out. But then he found Pirki and they became friends.

===Pirki===
Pirki is a human who was separated from the human world when he was a child in a sailing mishap. Andy found him and they became friends.

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Result
! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |2015
|Digicon6 India Awards
|NextGen India
|{{Won}}
|<ref name=aaa/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turner.com/pressroom/turner%E2%80%99s-pogo-channel-launches-new-slapstick-comedy-series-%E2%80%98andy-pirki%E2%80%99|title=Turner's POGO Channel Launches New Slapstick Comedy Series 'Andy Pirki'|date=27 November 2017|website=turner.com|accessdate=8 May 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508120625/http://www.turner.com/pressroom/turner%E2%80%99s-pogo-channel-launches-new-slapstick-comedy-series-%E2%80%98andy-pirki%E2%80%99|archivedate=8 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | Best Animated Frames
|Best Animated TV Episode [International]
|{{won}}
|<ref name="baf2015">{{cite web|url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2015/03/12th-baf-awards-winners-announced/|title=12th BAF Awards winners announced|website=Best Media Info|date=30 March 2015|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211184939/http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2015/03/12th-baf-awards-winners-announced/|archivedate=11 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | Best Animated TV Episode [Indian]
|{{won}}
|<ref name="baf2015"/>
|-
! 2016
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/the-winners-of-the-baf-awards-at-ficci-frames-2016-are|title=The winners of BAF Awards at FICCI Frames 2016 are…|date=30 March 2016|website=AnimationXpress|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728124453/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/the-winners-of-the-baf-awards-at-ficci-frames-2016-are|archivedate=28 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2017
| {{won}}
|<ref name="baf2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/event/live-baf-awards-2017-winners|title=LIVE: BAF Awards 2017 winners|date=22 March 2017|website=AnimationXpress|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022042344/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/event/live-baf-awards-2017-winners|archivedate=22 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|Best Animated TV Episode [International]
|{{won}}
|<ref name="baf2017"/>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Children television series in India}}

[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:Pogo (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Animated television series about dinosaurs]]
[[Category:Animated television series set in the Stone Age]]

Arawalli

2025-10-24T15:26:11Z

ShaneraDeF: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Arawalli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =
}}

''' Arawalli''' is a village in [[Belgaum district]] in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].

==Demographics==
There are a total of 200 families residing in the Village. According to the 2011 Census, its population is 1,011 of which 510 are males while 501 are females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arawalli Village Population - Sampgaon - Belgaum, Karnataka |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/598137-arawalli-karnataka.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Settlements in Belgaum district}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Belgaum-geo-stub}}

KPY Bala

2025-10-16T04:01:02Z

ShaneraDeF: put up new pg

{{Short description|Indian actor and comedian (born 1995)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = KPY Bala
| birth_name = Balan Aakash Balaiyan Jaganathan
| birth_place = [[Karaikal]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|06|30|df=y}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*Actor
*comedian
}}
| known_for = ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Champions]], [[Cooku With Comali]]''
}}

'''KPY Bala''' (born 30 June 1995) is an Indian actor and comedian, who works in Tamil-language films and television. He rose to fame after appearing on [[Star Vijay]]'s ''[[Cooku with Comali]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2019-11-13 |title=New show Cooku with Comalis to premiere this week |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-show-cooku-with-comalis-to-premiere-this-week/articleshow/72035247.cms |access-date=2023-06-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2022-01-10 |title=Cook With Comali 3: Confirmed Cast and Contestants to Appear |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cook-with-comali-3-confirmed-cast-and-contestants-to-appear/articleshow/88804795.cms |access-date=2023-06-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Bala was born on 30th June 1995 in [[Karaikal, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=Do u know how much Cooku with Comali Bala scored in 10th? - Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/do-u-know-how-much-cooku-with-comali-bala-scored-in-10th-tamil-news-288853 |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
He received support from Amuthavaanan whilst coming to Chennai and started looking for opportunities in Vijay TV shows such as ''[[Athu Ithu Ethu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Winters |first=Bryce J. |date=2020-02-25 |title=KPY Bala Biography: Unknown Facts About Cooku With Comali and KPY Star Bala Revealed! How Did Bala Join KPY and Vijay TV? |url=https://thenewscrunch.com/kpy-bala-biography-unknown-facts-about-cooku-with-comali-and-kpy-star-bala-revealed-how-did-bala-join-kpy-and-vijay-tv/16759/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=TheNewsCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2017, he competed in ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? (season 6)|Kalakka Povadhu Yaaru? Season 6]]'' and won the show, after having been eliminated and saved by [[Priyanka Deshpande]], who advocated for him to continue on the show.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Tv Show Kalakka Povathu Yaaru Season 6 Synopsis Aired On Star Vijay Channel |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-shows/kalakka-povathu-yaaru-season-6 |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref> He was seen occasionally on [[Super Singer 7]], providing comedic relief, this led to him being roped into a ''Comali'' for ''[[Cooku with Comali]]''.

His first notable role was in [[Vijay Sethupathi]]'s ''[[Junga (film)|Junga]]'', directed by Gokul.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-31 |title=Tamil Comedian Bj Bala Shares Video of Having Dinner at Bus Stop |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamil-comedian-bj-bala-shares-video-of-having-dinner-at-bus-stop-5284621.html |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/133443-kalakka-povathu-yaaru-bala-shares-his-junga-experience|title=’’எனக்குனு ஒரு என்ட்ரி சீன், ஒரு பாட்டு... நினைச்சாலே செம கெத்தா இருக்கு..!’’ - கலக்கப்போவது யாரு பாலா|work=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|language=ta|date=9 August 2018}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
During the audio launch of ''[[Rudhran]]'', which Bala was anchoring, [[Raghava Lawrence]] had given Bala 10 lakhs to help with his welfare fund.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kollywood |first=Only |date=2023-04-07 |title=Rudhran Audio/Trialer Launch: Raghava Lawrence donates 10 lakh to KPY Bala's welfare trust! |url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/rudhran-audio-trialer-launch-raghava-lawrence-donates-10-lakh-to-kpy-balas-welfare-trust/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=Only Kollywood |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2023, Bala bought an ambulance for the hill dwellers of Kadambur near Erode. Earlier, on his birthday, he donated an ambulance to an old-age home.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-19 |title=Tamil TV Star KPY Bala Gifts Ambulance To Villagers In Erode |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-tv-star-kpy-bala-gifts-ambulance-to-villagers-in-erode-8542631.html |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of Bala film credits
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018
|''[[Sometimes (film)|Sila Samayangalil]]'' || Card betting game player ||
|-
|''[[Junga (film)|Junga]]''
|Poetu Dinesh
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
|''[[Thumbaa]]''
| Suresh
|
|-
|''[[Sixer (2019 film)|Sixer]]'' || Dokku ||
|-
|2020
|''[[Cocktail (2020 film)|Cocktail]]''
| Pandi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
|''[[Pulikkuthi Pandi]]''
|Pandi's friend
|
|-
|''[[Laabam]]'' || Tabla player ||
|-
|''[[Friendship (2021 film)|Friendship]]''
|Vettukili
|
|-
|''[[Anti Indian]]'' || Shamiana Boy ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2022
|''[[Naai Sekar]]''
|Colour Sattai
|
|-
| ''[[Dejavu (2022 film)|Dejavu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kanam (2022 film)|Kanam]]'' || Paandi's assistant ||
|-
| ''[[Repeat Shoe]]'' || Maari's sidekick ||
|-
|''[[Naai Sekar Returns]]''
|Singadurai
|
|-
| ''[[Oh My Ghost (film)|Oh My Ghost]]''|| Witchcraft ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2023
|''[[Beginning (2023 film)|Beginning]]''
|Bruce Lee
|
|-
| ''[[Ghosty (film)|Ghosty]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Run Baby Run (2023 film)|Run Baby Run]]''
|Drunkard
|
|-
|''[[Single Shankarum Smartphone Simranum]]''
|Raja
|
|-
| ''[[Dhillu Irundha Poradu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ra Ra Sarasukku Ra Ra]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Paatti Sollai Thattathe'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2024 || ''[[Boomer Uncle]]'' || Billu || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/boomer-uncle-review-an-insipid-comedy-drama-that-miserably-fails-in-its-mission-to-entertain-review-108866133|title=Boomer Uncle Review: An Insipid Comedy Drama That Miserably Fails In Its Mission To Entertain|date=March 29, 2024|website=Times Now}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nanban Oruvan Vantha Piragu]]'' || Karthi ||
|-
| ''[[Dhil Raja]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thiru.Manickam]]'' || Himself || Cameo appearance
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Gandhi Kannadi]]'' || Kathir || Debut film as leading actor<ref>url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/director-sheriefs-film-with-kpy-bala-titled-gandhi-kannadi//</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Bala Television credits
!Year
!Title
!Season
!Role
!Platform
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2017
|''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?|Kalakka Povadhu Yaaru?]]''
|[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? (season 6)|Season 6]]
|Contestant
| rowspan="14" |[[Star Vijay]]
|Winner along with KPY Vinoth
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Super Singer (Tamil reality show)|Super Singer]]''
|[[Super Singer 7|Season 7]]
|Self/Guest
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019-22
| rowspan="3" |''[[Cooku with Comali]]''
|[[Cooku with Comali|Season 1]]
| rowspan="3" |Self/Comali
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Cooku with Comali (season 2)|Season 2]]
|
|
|-
|[[Cooku with Comali (season 3)|Season 3]]
|Won ₹1,00,000 as co-Comali for Winner ([[Shrutika]]), whom donated ₹1,00,000 of her winnings, as did his co-Comali [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]].
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2020
|''Morattu Single''
|Season 1
|Self/Guest
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Super Singer (Tamil reality show)|Super Singer]]''
|[[Super Singer 8|Season 8]]
|Self/Guest
|
|
|-
|''[[Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai]]''
|Season 3
|Self
|Participated with Sunitha for dance performance.
|
|-
|''[[Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani]]''
|Season 1
|Contestant
|Paired with [[Rithika Tamil Selvi|Rithika]], came second.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Winters |first=Bryce J. |date=2021-11-12 |title=Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani Winner Grand Finale Runner-Up Special Guests Exclusive Updates! |url=https://thenewscrunch.com/comedy-raja-kalakkal-rani-winner-grand-finale-runner-up-special-guests-exclusive-updates/39915/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=TheNewsCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2022-2023
|''Anda Ka Kasam''
|Season 1
|Contestant
|Episode 2 and Episode 25
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya]]''
|Season 1
|Contestant
|Episode 5
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya All Latest Episodes on Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/oo-solriya-oo-oohm-solriya/1260111916/list/episodes/t-1_2_4181 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Disney+ Hotstar |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Champions]]''
|Season 3
|Contestant
|Doubles Season - Paired with KPY Vinoth
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Nithya |date=2022-08-10 |title=Kalakka Povathu Yaaru Champions Doubles Grand Finale: Winner, Runner Up of KPY 2022 Revealed! |url=https://thenewscrunch.com/kalakka-povathu-yaaru-champions-doubles-grand-finale-winner-runner-up-of-kpy-2022-revealed/42614/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=TheNewsCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Season 4
|Co-Host
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-08 |title=Reality show ‘KPY Champion 4’ set to launch soon; deets inside |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/reality-show-kpy-champion-4-set-to-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/97722061.cms |access-date=2023-06-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kadhanayagi]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-25 |title=KPY Bala and Kuraishi hosted talent hunt show Kathanayaki to premiere soon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kpy-bala-and-kuraishi-hosted-talent-hunt-show-kathanayaki-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/102104250.cms |access-date=2023-08-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|Season 1
|Co-Host
|Episodes 1-4
|
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Bala Music Video credits
!Year
!Song
!Artists
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|"Kannamma Eannamma"
|[[Sam Vishal]]
|-
|"No No No"
|[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2022
|[[Vijay Television Awards]]
|Best Comedian
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Winters |first=Bryce J. |date=2022-04-03 |title=Vijay Television Awards 2022 Winners List: Complete List of Vijay Television Award Winners Revealed! |url=https://thenewscrunch.com/vijay-television-awards-2022-winners-list-complete-list-of-vijay-television-award-winners-revealed/41702/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=TheNewsCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|10833355}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:KPY Bala}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Cooku with Comali|+]]
[[Category:1995 births]]

2022 Shivamogga riots

2025-10-10T01:35:28Z

ShaneraDeF: New stub.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
The '''2022 Shivamoga riots''' took place in the city of [[Shivamoga]], [[India]], due to the murder of [[Bajrang Dal]] activist Harsha Jingade.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Prasanna |first=Pooja |date=2022-02-27 |title=Let down by govt and cops during riot, Muslims in Shivamogga live in anxiety |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/let-down-govt-and-cops-during-riot-muslims-shivamogga-live-anxiety-161391 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

==Causes==
The 26-year-old [[Hindu]] activist was murdered by six [[Muslim]]s. He was defending the [[Karnataka]] government's regulation on uniforms that barred students from wearing any religious attire inside educational institutions. He was primarily involved in the [[hijab]] protest. Six Muslims saw a message related to this on Jingade's [[Facebook]] page and decided to kill him on 23 February. However, police suspect that his past criminal record was the motive.<ref name=":0" />

==Riot==
The riot happened during the funeral procession for 26-year-old Hindutva activist Harsha Jingade.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Video {{!}} Tension In Shivamogga After Bajrang Dal Activist's Murder |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/news/shivamogga-murder-tension-in-shivamogga-after-bajrang-dal-activist-s-murder-621522 |access-date=2023-04-05}}</ref> The procession was led by senior [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leaders. It violated section 144 of the [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|criminal code]]. Eyewitnesses and police sources estimate the number of attendees at around 600. Despite the law, violence took place in Muslim-dominated areas like Azad Nagar, OT Road, Gandhi Bazar, Seegehatti, Siddaiah Nagar, Urdu Bazar and Clarke Pete. Bajrang Dal members were among the 5,000 people who participated, defying prohibitions. The crowds indulged in violence, vandalism and arson and chanted religious slogans and death threats to the Muslim community.<ref name=":0" /> The protestors attacked Muslim shops and establishments. Private property in local Muslim residential areas was attacked. Stones were thrown at garment stores and other commercial establishments.{{fact|date=December 2022}}

The violence that began in the Segehatti area spread quickly across Gandhi Bazar, Nehru Road, Ramanna Shetty Park and finally was brought under control at the Shivappa Nayaka Circle. Police fired tear gas and performed latti charges on protestors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka: Protests Over Shivamogga Bajrang Dal Man's Murder Turn Violent |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/karnataka-protests-over-shivamogga-bajrang-dal-mans-murder-turns-violent |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=The Wire}}</ref> At least 10 people were injured in the stone-throwing incidents and around 8 vehicles were damaged by arson.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title=Bajrang Dal man's killing sparks Shivamogga riots |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/bajrang-dal-mans-killing-sparks-shivamogga-riots-1083885.html |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Two photojournalists, a policeman and a woman were among the injured.<ref name=":1" />

==Violence against Muslims==

During the riots, violence and hate crimes against Muslims took place. Hindu supporters allegedly vandalized and set fire to at least four vehicles belonging to Muslims, attacked Muslim houses, and vandalized and burned their shops, garment shops and commercial establishments. They shouted religious slogans, death threats and threw stones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police Complicit : Shivamogga Muslims Recount Carnage After Bajrang Dal Man s Murder |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/shivamogga-muslim-violence-bajrang-dal |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=thewire.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivamogga riots, 2022}}
[[Category:Shimoga]]
[[Category:February 2022 in India]]
[[Category:2022 riots]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim riots in India]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2020s in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hate crimes in India]]
[[Category:Stone pelting in India]]
[[Category:2022 crimes in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on residential buildings in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on shops in India]]
[[Category:Building and structure arson attacks in India]]
[[Category:Arson attacks on vehicles in India]]
[[Category:Arson in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2022]]
[[Category:February 2022 crimes in Asia]]

Inkulab

2025-10-09T16:53:45Z

ShaneraDeF: revise

{{Short description|Indian writer (1944–2016)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Inkulab
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Shahul Hameed
| birth_date = {{circa|1944}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2016|12|1|72|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Urappakkam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = [[Author]], [[poet]], [[Playwright|dramatist]], [[columnist]]
| genre =
| movement =
| notableworks = Avvai, Kaandhal Naatkal
| website =
| honorific_prefix = Makkal Pavalar
}}

'''Makkal Pavalar Inkulab''' (also spelt '''Inquilab''', '''Inkulab''' or '''Ingulab''') (c. 1944 – 1 December 2016) was an Indian rationalist [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[poet]]/[[writer]], [[activist]], and [[Communist]] with [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist Leninist]] inclination.<ref name="Padma">{{cite journal | last = Padma | first = V. | title = Re-presenting protest and resistance on stage: Avvai | journal = [[Indian Journal of Gender Studies]] | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 217–230 | doi = 10.1177/097152150000700205 | date = September 2000 | s2cid = 145735247 }}</ref> He retired as a [[professor]] of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] at [[The New College, Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. His birth name is Shahul Hameed<ref name=Padma /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ingulab.blogspot.com/|title=மக்கள் பாவலர் இன்குலாப்|work=ingulab.blogspot.com|access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref> and a known follower of [[E. V. Ramasami Naicker|Periyar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/dec/01/makkal-kavignar-inquilab-passes-away-1544651.html|title='Makkal Kavignar' Inquilab passes away|work=newindianexpress.com|access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

== Career ==
His poems espousing rationality have been critically acclaimed.<ref name=Padma /> ''Kanmani Rajam'', his most famous poem, criticizes the [[moral bankruptcy]] of [[politician]]s.

His song/poem ''Naanga Manushangada (We are human beings)'' is a famous [[dalit (outcaste)|Dalit]]-freedom song that is still played in many Dalit gatherings. ''Avvai'', his [[drama]] is considered to be the first modern Tamil drama,<ref name=Padma /> and a prescribed textbook for many colleges. In this revisionist account, the historical/mythic [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvai]], contrary to the prevalent image of her as an old, wise, celibate woman, is rendered as a young, sensuous, creative, 'free' person, a wandering bard.<ref name=Padma /> The play also challenges the patriarchal view which has marginalized the female voice.<ref>[http://www.mssrf.org/iec/603/vc.htm MSSRF | Voicing Silence | Video Catalogue] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814011707/http://mssrf.org/iec/603/vc.htm |date=2007-08-14 }}</ref>

His other famous literary works include modern versions of ''[[Manimekalai]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/02/03/stories/2002020300470800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031110011643/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/02/03/stories/2002020300470800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2003|title=For, of and by women|first=Giving traditional performers a platform while highlighting women's issues and concerns is not easy But, writes Kausalya Santhanam, `Mouna Kural' (Voicing Silence), a Chennai-based group, shows how the two can be combined effectively Theatre from a woman's perspective a scene from|last=Manimegalai|date=30 January 2002|pages=08|access-date=5 December 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=The Hindu (old)}}</ref> and ''[[Kuṟiñcippāṭṭu]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002630400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115134931/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002630400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 November 2006|title=Ode to the Parambu hills|first=Kausalya|last=Santhanam|date=29 December 2005|pages=04|access-date=5 December 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=The Hindu (old)}}</ref>

He was also involved in vocal expression of discontent of removal of statue of a Tamil legendary icon [[Kannagi]] in 2002 by the then [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]-led [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20050326190916/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1901/19010320.htm Controversy over a statue]}}</ref> He died at the age of 72 on 1 December 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Poet-Inquilab-is-no-more/article16741502.ece|title=Poet Inquilab is no more|first=B.|last=Kolappan|date=2 December 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
He has been selected posthumously for the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Tamil|Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his book ''Kaandhal Naatkal'' in 2017. However, his family declined the award, saying he did not write expecting awards and felicitations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/inquilab-gets-sahitya-akademi-award/article22201557.ece|title=Inquilab gets Sahitya Akademi award|first=B.|last=Kolappan|date=22 December 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Tamil}}

[[Category:1940s births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian atheism activists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Writers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Tamil]]

{{India-poet-stub}}

Calcutta Swimming Club

2025-09-24T03:53:16Z

ShaneraDeF: Made some pg and citations - done

{{Short description|Swim club in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox swim team
| clubname = Calcutta Swimming Club
| fullname = The Calcutta Swimming Club
| short name = CSC
| image = Calcutta Swimming Club (14652809420).jpg
| imagesize = 175px
| founded = 1887 (as the Calcutta Swimming Bath); 1923 (as the Calcutta Swimming Club)
| city = [[Kolkata]]
| home pool = 1, Strand Rd, B.B.D. Bagh, Kolkata, West Bengal 700001
}}
'''The Calcutta Swimming Club''' (often known by the abbreviation '''CSC'''), is a [[social club]] in [[Kolkata]] (formerly Calcutta), India. The club is located on the [[Strand Road, Kolkata|Strand Road]] near [[Babughat]]. The club is the oldest swimming club in India.<ref>{{cite book |year=2000 |title=Students' Britannica India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&pg=PA94 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica (India) |volume=Five (S to Z) |pages=94– |isbn=978-0-85229-760-5}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Bajpai|first=Lopamudra Maitra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rg40EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123|title=Stories of the Colonial Architecture: Kolkata-Colombo|year=2019|publisher=Doshor Publication|isbn=978-81-939544-0-9|pages=123|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Myer|first=Hanna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_BtAAAAMAAJ|title=India 2001: Reference Encyclopedia|date=1995|publisher=South Asia Publications|isbn=978-0-945921-42-4|pages=23|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Swimming bath, Calcutta, a photo by Bourne, c.1870's.jpg|left|thumb|The Calcutta Swimming Bath]]In 1886, the ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'' reproduced a report from ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' the on a meeting held by a group of Englishmen to establish a "Swimming Bath" in Kolkata. The report stated that a site "at the extreme north-easterly end of the Eden Gardens" had been finalised. The report identified the merchants GWF Buckland and AH Wallis as the key movers behind the initiative.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 October 1886|title=Bengal|work=Times of india|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/234594182|id={{ProQuest|234594182}} |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Buckland and Wallis intended to provide amenities for their junior assistants, who lacked the social standing and financial means to gain admission to older and more expensive clubs.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=The Calcutta Swimming Club|url=https://www.calcuttaswimmingclub.com/club_history/|access-date=2021-11-21|website=www.calcuttaswimmingclub.com}}</ref> Accordingly, the Calcutta Swimming Bath was established in 1887, by order of the [[List of governors of Bengal#Lieutenant-Governors, 1854–1912|Lieutenant Governor of Bengal]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":12" /> An editorial in ''The Statesman'' welcomed its establishment.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":12" /> In 1897, as a result of a [[1897 Assam earthquake|a major earthquake]], the club's pool suffered serious damage in the form of a large crack.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Doyle|first=Patrick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzPnAAAAMAAJ|title=Indian Engineering|date=1898|pages=133|language=en}}</ref> The club, in its present form was founded in 1923 by Walter Davis, a partner of Hamilton & Company, who was also the first secretary of the club <ref name=":12"/> The Lieutenant Governor of Bengal was the head of the club from its inception until 1923 when N. Hamilton was elected as its first president.<ref name=":12" />

The Calcutta Swimming Bath initially comprised only an indoor pool, while an outdoor pool was constructed in the 1930s. From the mid-1920, ladies were permitted to use the pool during specified periods and mixed bathing was allowed once a week.<ref name=":12"/> In 1941, in appreciation of the club's contribution to the war effort, a fighter aircraft was renamed the"Calcutta Swimming Club".<ref name=":12"/> The club's membership today is predominantly drawn from the [[Marwari people|Marwari]] and [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] communities of Calcutta.<ref name=":23">{{Citation|last1=Gupta|first1=Nilanjana|title=Just for Fun: Changing Notions of Social Forms of Leisure|date=2011|url=https://sk.sagepub.com/books/locating-cultural-change/n10.xml|work=Locating Cultural Change: Theory Method Process|pages=243–269|place=New Delhi|publisher=Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd|access-date=2021-11-21|last2=Gopalan|first2=Devlina|doi=10.4135/9788132107637 |isbn=9788132105763 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Swapan Seth clubs them all together|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/swapan-seth-clubs-them-all-together/cid/1498517|access-date=2021-11-21|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Calcutta Swimming Club (32511952932).jpg|Old photograph of the Calcutta Swimming Club
File:The Swimming Pool at a British Club (BOND 0029).jpeg|The Calcutta Swimming Club during the Second World War, used by Allied soldiers
File:Calcutta Swimming Club, Kolkata - panoramio.jpg|Outdoor pool of the Calcutta Swimming Club
File:Indoor Pool (14859634373).jpg|Indoor pool of the Calcutta Swimming Club
</gallery>

Writer A. Frank Thompson has described the Calcutta Swimming Club as "an unlikely oasis of beauty and comfort in the centre of old Calcutta".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thompson|first=A. Frank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvDYAAAAMAAJ|title=The Bairagi Madonna: Leaves from a Calcutta Notebook|date=1997|publisher=ISPCK|isbn=978-81-7214-372-5|pages=30|language=en}}</ref>

== Events and Activities ==
[[File:Mussuck Race at the Calcutta Swimming Bath.png|thumb|Mussuck Race at the Calcutta Swimming Bath (1894)]]
In 1894, the ''[[Scientific American]]'' reproduced an article from the British publication ''[[The Graphic]]'' about a "mussuck race" taking place at the Calcutta Swimming Bath, involving a mussuck ("a tanned goat skin, which, when used by water carriers, has all the openings sewed up except at the neck").<ref name=":1" /> The race required participants to ride a mussuck (inflated with air) in the water "in full costume, with boots and tall hats, any competitor being counted out who arrives at the goal-one hundred feet from the starting point-with head uncovered".<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=A Mussuck Race|volume=LXXI|page=297|work=Scientific American|issue=19|publication-date=10 November 1894|url=http://chesswanks.com/SAW/1894-11-10.pdf}}</ref> In 1927, the Calcutta Swimming Club organised a "Calcutta vs Rangoon" water polo match, where a team from the club played against a team from the Kokine Swimming Club in [[Yangon]] (both teams comprising British and Europeans). The match reportedly attracted a large audience.<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 Oct 1927|title=Water Polo Match: Rangoon Beaten Again by Calcutta |work=The Times of India|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/750627306|id={{ProQuest|750627306}} |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Today, the club organises colourful Christmas and New Year parties every year.<ref>{{Cite web|title= 31st Nite at the Calcutta Swimming Club |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-telegraph-31st-nite-at-the-calcutta-swimming-club/cid/1390077|access-date=2021-11-22|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Telegraph 31st nite at the Calcutta Swimming Club|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-telegraph-31st-nite-at-the-calcutta-swimming-club/cid/1413527|access-date=2021-11-22|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> Another tradition is a ''hasya'' (humorous) ''[[kavi sammelan]],'' where prominent Hindi poets and satirists such as [[Chirag Jain]] and [[Arun Gemini]] have participated.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Club sandwich - A laughathon with humour poets|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/club-sandwich-a-laughathon-with-humour-poets/cid/1564406|access-date=2021-11-21|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hasy Kavi Sammelan is back at the Calcutta Swimming Club this Sunday|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/events/kolkata/2019/mar/02/hasy-kavi-sammelan-is-back-at-the-calcutta-swimming-club-this-sunday-13146.html|access-date=2021-11-21|website=www.indulgexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Notable guests and patrons ==
Famous Indian guests and patrons of the club have included the famous Olympian swimmer D.D. Mulji<ref>{{cite web|title=Swimming in Kolkata|url=http://swimminginkolkata.weebly.com/college-square-swimming-club.html#/|access-date=4 January 2018|website=swimminginkolkata.weebly.com}}</ref> and swimming champion and actress [[Nafisa Ali]].<ref name=":23"/> Among notable overseas guests, the legendary British wartime singer [[Vera Lynn]] visited the club while touring India in 1944.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Warner|first=Guy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cLLNDwAAQBAJ|title=From Auster to Apache: The History of 656 Squadron RAF/ACC 1942–2012|date=2013-05-10|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-2246-7|language=en}}</ref>

== Racial discrimination ==
[[File:Chester Bowles, Ambassador of the Unites States of America to India, in 1951.jpg|thumb|181x181px|US Ambassador to India [[Chester Bowles]] objected to the club's racial admission policies]]
[[File:Jagaddipendra_Narayan_at_his_coronation,_c._1936.jpg|thumb|158x158px|The [[Jagaddipendra Narayan|Maharaja of Cooch Behar]] was the club's first Indian member|left]]
Like many British social clubs established in colonial India, the Calcutta Swimming Club historically had a whites-only admission policy. Along with Indians, African-Americans were also denied admission to the club.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Leggatt|first=Tim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJE7WdTE8dgC|title=Connecting with E. M. Forster: A Memoir|year=2013|publisher=Hesperus Press|isbn=978-1-78094-034-2|language=en}}</ref> The club would not accept Indians as members even after independence. In 1959, the Calcutta Municipal Corporation passed a resolution condemning racial discrimination practised by the club.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wuYmAQAAIAAJ|title=Civic Affairs|date=1958|publisher=P. C. Kapoor at the Citizen Press|pages=110|language=en}}</ref> A few years later, to protest against such discrimination, the then American Ambassador to India, [[Chester Bowles]], directed American diplomats to withdraw their membership of the club.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA53|title=Jet|date=1964-05-28|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|pages=53|language=en}}</ref> According to the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]],'' the Soviet Ambassador refused to follow suit and "at least a dozen Communist diplomats, including Soviet Consul Rogov, were conspicuous users of the Olympic-sized pool."<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 June 1965|title=Exclusive|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/116900805|id={{ProQuest|116900805}} |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The situation changed in 1964 (around the time of Bowles' directive), when the [[Jagaddipendra Narayan|Maharaja of Cooch Behar]] was inducted as the club's first Indian member. In 1976, PT Basu was elected as the first Indian president of the club.<ref name="a">[http://www.calcuttaswimmingclub.com/index.php/pages/club_history The Calcutta Swimming Club-History]</ref> A controversial event in connection with the club's racial policies was an incident involving the Marxist politician (and five-time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]) [[Ram Chatterjee]] in 1969. Although the club had by then admitted Indian members, it was still dominated by British and Europeans. To protest against this, Chatterjee brought a busload of [[Santal people|Santhal]] village men, wearing loincloths and armed with bows and arrows, to the club. Chatterjee, together with the village men, barged into the club and jumped into the pool.<ref>{{Cite web|title=559 Swapan Dasgupta, An exile's view|url=https://www.india-seminar.com/2006/559/559%20swapan%20dasgupta.htm|access-date=2021-11-21|website=www.india-seminar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hruska|first=Miki|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EDHeDwAAQBAJ|title=No Way Back Home: The Unexpected Life of a Czech Family in India (1938-1977)|date=2020-04-22|publisher=FriesenPress|isbn=978-1-5255-6029-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Akbar|first=M. J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t95lAAAAMAAJ|title=Blood Brothers: A Family Saga|date=2006|publisher=Lotus Collection, Roli Books|isbn=978-81-7436-439-5|pages=310|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ray|first1=Rajat Kanta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3PobAAAAIAAJ|title=Entrepreneurship and Industry in India, 1800-1947|last2=Ray|first2=Professor and Head of the Department of History Rajat Kanta|date=1992|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-562806-7|pages=213|language=en}}</ref>

== Dress code controversies ==
In independent India, the Calcutta Swimming Club has occasionally attracted public controversy over its dress code. In 1987, the musician [[Ananda Shankar]] was denied admission to the club for being dressed in a [[kurta-pyjama]] and [[Flip-flops|''chappals'']] (the dress code permitting a [[dhoti]] or a [[sherwani]] but not a kurta-pyjama). Shankar complained to the press and then attempted to enter the club yet again, dressed in the same attire. This time, a group of around 500 workers of the [[Indian National Congress]] party, led by [[Paresh Paul]] (now a member of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]]), followed Shankar and forcibly entered the club. Paul and his group broke vases, furniture and flower pots, and then jumped into the pool fully clothed.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=16 Oct 1987|title=Fracas at Calcutta Swimming Club|work=The Times of India|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/616812910|id={{ProQuest|616812910}} |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Aslam|first=Mohammed|date=1 Nov 1987|title=Centre-Stage|work=Times of India|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/614161410|id={{ProQuest|614161410}} |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Kamaljeet Rattan David Devadas |date=November 15, 1987 |title=Western bias in dress rules still persists in Indian clubs|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/living/story/19871115-western-bias-in-dress-rules-still-persists-in-indian-clubs-799523-1987-11-15|access-date=2021-11-21|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last1=Hazarika|first1=Sanjoy|date=1987-10-25|title=Furor in Calcutta Over a Dress Code |language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/25/world/furor-in-calcutta-over-a-dress-code.html|access-date=2021-11-21|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Shankar distanced himself from the violence and Paul was subsequently arrested.<ref name=":4" /> The club's then president, Mahabir Prasad Jalan, later clarified that no insult was intended to Shankar and that he was welcome to attend in his "usual clothes".<ref name=":3" /> In 2017, various news outlets reported that [[Art of Living Foundation|Art of Living]] instructor Khurshed Batliwala had been denied entry into the club for being dressed in a kurta-pyjama.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-16|title=Author Khurshed Batliwala allegedly denied entry to Calcutta Swimming Club for 'wearing kurta-pyjama'|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/author-khurshed-batliwala-allegedly-denied-entry-to-calcutta-swimming-club-for-wearing-kurta-pyjama-4262095.html|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Writer cries foul over denial of entry to Calcutta Swimming Club for wearing kurta-pajama|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/dec/17/writer-cries-foul-over-denial-of-entry-to-calcutta-swimming-club-for-wearing-kurta-pajama-1729824.html|access-date=2021-11-21|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-16|title=Author dressed in kurta-pyjama denied entry to Calcutta Swimming Club|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/author-dressed-in-kurta-pyjama-denied-entry-to-calcutta-swimming-club/story-Nw8ZNrmJdP0OmRsfGMV64N.html|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=Dec 16, 2017|title=Kolkata: Author Khurshed Batliwala allegedly denied entry to Calcutta Swimming Club for wearing kurta|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/kolkata-author-khurshed-batliwala-allegedly-denied-entry-to-calcutta-swimming-club-for-wearing-kurta/articleshow/62095917.cms|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref> However, in 2014, the club had invited the then sports minister of West Bengal [[Madan Mitra]] to inaugurate a swimming competition and allowed him in wearing a kurta-pyjama (although Mitra apologised if he had inadvertently broken the dress code).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madan sorry for club dress|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/madan-sorry-for-club-dress/cid/1289930|access-date=2021-11-21|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== The Calcutta Swimming Club in film ==

The Calcutta Swimming Club has served as a shooting location for various Bengali films. Notable among them are [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ''[[Seemabaddha]]'' (in a scene where the protagonists discuss the club's erstwhile racial admission policies)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sanyal|first=Devapriya|title=Camera and action: The Soumendu Roy-Satyajit Ray teamwork that produced some of our greatest films|url=https://scroll.in/reel/852490/camera-and-action-the-soumendu-roy-satyajit-ray-teamwork-that-produced-some-of-our-greatest-films|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Scroll.in|date=3 October 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Salil Dutta]]'s ''[[Ogo Bodhu Shundori]],''<ref>{{Citation|title=Ogo Bodhu Sundori Part 3 {{!}} ওগো বধূ সুন্দরী ভাগ ৩ {{!}} Comedy Jukebox {{!}} Echo Bengali Movies|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MiufsvYGkgM|language=en|access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref> during whose shooting the renowned Bengali actor [[Uttam Kumar]] died.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|22.5675|88.3416|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Calcutta Swimming Club, The}}
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Swimming clubs in India]]
[[Category:1887 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1887 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Swimming venues in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1887]]

Khuded

2025-09-20T08:06:56Z

ShaneraDeF: put up a post

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khuded
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.8425169|N|73.1526623|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vikramgad]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 129
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1994
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551795
| footnotes =
}}
'''Khuded''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Vikramgad]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Khuded has 436 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 60.65%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1994 || 971 || 1023
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 365 || 178 || 187
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 1986 || 967 || 1019
|-
| Literates || 988 || 545 || 443
|-
| Workers (all) || 1148 || 562 || 586
|-
| Main workers (total) || 534 || 261 || 273
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 157 || 132 || 25
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 333 || 97 || 236
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 8 || 5 || 3
|-
| Main workers: Other || 36 || 27 || 9
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 614 || 301 || 313
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 509 || 244 || 265
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 80 || 41 || 39
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 11 || 7 || 4
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 14 || 9 || 5
|-
| Non-workers || 846 || 409 || 437
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikramgad taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikramgad taluka]]

List of Monuments of National Importance in Kalaburagi district

2025-09-16T07:51:55Z

ShaneraDeF:

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
The following structures in [[Kalaburagi district]] have been designated as [[Monuments of National Importance]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka_dharwad.asp |title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Karnataka (Dharwad Circle) |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India |accessdate=15 October 2016 }}</ref>
{{GeoGroupTemplate}}

== List of monuments ==
{{ASI Monument header|state_iso=IN-KA|Circle=Dharwad}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D256
| description = Pre-historic site
| location = Evathalli
| address =
| district = Gulbarga
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D257
| description = Gulbarga fort and great mosque in it
| location = [[Gulbarga]]
| address =
| district = Gulbarga
| lat = 17.34089
| lon = 76.83043
| image = View of Masjid from top of fort.JPG
|commonscat=Gulbarga Jama Masjid
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D258
| description = Haft Gumbad (Tombs of Firozshah)
| location = [[Gulbarga]]
| address =
| district = Gulbarga
| lat = 17.3421
| lon = 76.84477
|image=Haft Gumbad.jpg
|commonscat=Haft Gumbad (Tombs of Firozshah)
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D259
| description = Pre-historic site
| location = Rajankullur
| address =
| district = Gulbarga
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D260
| description = Ancient site
| location = Udchan
| address =
| district = Gulbarga
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D261
| description = Ancient excavated site remains of Buddhist Stupa
| location = [[Kanaganahalli]]
| address =
| district = Gulbarga
| lat = 16.83545
| lon = 76.93369
| image =Ashoka with his Queens at Sannati-Kanaganahalli Stupa.jpg
|commonscat=Sannati
}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Bangalore circle]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Belgaum district]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Bidar district]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Bijapur district]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Dharwad district]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in North Kanara district]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Raichur district]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in India]] for other Monuments of National Importance in India
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Karnataka]]

== References ==
{{Commons category|Monuments of National Importance in Karnataka}}
{{reflist}}
{{Monuments in India}}
[[Category:Lists of Monuments of National Importance in Karnataka|Gulbarga]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kalaburagi district|Monuments of National Importance]]

Spruha Joshi

2025-09-15T01:50:14Z

ShaneraDeF: adding a entry

{{short description|Marathi actress and poet (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Spruha Joshi
| image = Spruha Joshi.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|10|13|df=y}}{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress| host|lyricist|anchor}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Varad Laghate|2014}}
| father =
| mother =
| relatives = [[Kshipra Joshi]] (sister)
| website = {{URL|www.spruhaniya.com}}
}}

'''Spruha Joshi''' (born 13 October 1989)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spruha Joshi: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Spruha-Joshi |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian television, film, and theatre actress,<ref>{{Cite web |title="किती जाड झालीये…", स्पृहा जोशीने सांगितला होता बॉडीशेमिंगचा धक्कादायक अनुभव |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/amruta-khanvilkar-shares-her-take-on-life-and-more-50992.html |access-date=30 September 2021 |website=Filmfare |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028171527/https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/amruta-khanvilkar-shares-her-take-on-life-and-more-50992.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spruha Joshi Birthday: अभिनयाची छाप सोडत कवितेने प्रेक्षकांची मनं जिंकणारी स्पृहा जोशी |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/spriha-joshi-who-won-the-hearts-of-the-audience-with-her-poetry-leaving-an-impression-of-acting-1007566 |access-date=13 October 2021 |website=Abp Live |date=13 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013132610/https://marathi.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/spriha-joshi-who-won-the-hearts-of-the-audience-with-her-poetry-leaving-an-impression-of-acting-1007566 |url-status=live }}</ref> the television anchor who works in the [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]] and television industry. She is also a poet and lyricist for films.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/Eka-Lagnachi-Dusari-Goshta-Unch-Maaza-Zoka-Spruha-Joshi-Marathi-TV/articleshow/36815556.cms |title=Spruha plans to tie the knot with fiancé by end of the year |newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 August 2014 |access-date=17 June 2017 |archive-date=6 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206192141/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/Eka-Lagnachi-Dusari-Goshta-Unch-Maaza-Zoka-Spruha-Joshi-Marathi-TV/articleshow/36815556.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Spruha Joshi was born in [[Dadar, Mumbai]], on 13 October 1989, the first child of Shirish Madhusudan Joshi and Shreeya Shirish Joshi (''née'' Alaka Arvind Terdalkar). She completed her schooling from Balmohan Vidyamandir, Dadar, and then graduated from [[Ramnarain Ruia College|Ruia College]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spruha Joshi graduated from Ramnarain Ruia Autonomous College |url=https://www.ruiacollege.edu/Department/DisplayDeptPage.aspx?page=gsq&ItemID=kgk&nDeptID=cc}}</ref>

==Career==
She made her film acting debut in the 2004 drama movie ''Maay Baap''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spruha Joshi Returns To Television With New Serial Sukh Kalale |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/spruha-joshi-returns-to-television-with-new-serial-sukh-kalale-8830181.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> She played the role of a teenage classical music student. After her debut, she took a break from films to complete her graduation. While she was in [[Ramnarain Ruia College]], she acted in many plays like ''GaMaBhaNa'', ''Yugmak'', ''Ek Aur Maiyyat'', ''Santa'', ''Ek Ashi Vyakti'', ''Koi Aisa'', ''Canvas'' and ''Ananyaa''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meetkalakar.com/Artist/402-Spruha-Joshi |title=Spruha Joshi |work=meetkalakar.com |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-date=10 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710201200/http://meetkalakar.com/Artist/402-Spruha-Joshi |url-status=live }}</ref> Her first noticeable role on TV was of Uma Band in ''Agnihotra''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spruha Joshi Returns To Television With New Serial Sukh Kalale |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/spruha-joshi-returns-to-television-with-new-serial-sukh-kalale-8830181.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In 2011, she was seen in the film ''[[Morya (film)|Morya]]'' directed by [[Avadhoot Gupte]]. In the same year, she was seen in the TV show ''[[Eka Lagnachi Dusri Goshta]]'' as Kuhu starring [[Mukta Barve]] and [[Swapnil Joshi]] in lead roles.<ref name="pop" /> In 2012, she performed the lead role of [[Ramabai Ranade]] in ''[[Unch Majha Zoka]]'', which was directed by Viren Pradhan. She also played child artist role in Marathi serial ''De Dhamal'' on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Friendship Day Special: These Marathi TV shows taught the real meaning of friendship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/friendship-day-special-these-marathi-tv-shows-taught-the-real-meaning-of-friendship/photostory/70520541.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 August 2019 |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804060017/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/friendship-day-special-these-marathi-tv-shows-taught-the-real-meaning-of-friendship/photostory/70520541.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2013, Spruha was seen in the show ''[[Eka Lagnachi Tisri Goshta]]'' as a lead character Advocate Isha Deshmukh.<ref name=ELTG>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/Tejashree-Pradhan-Honar-Sun-Mi-Ya-Gharchi-Mrunal-Dusanis-Tu-Tithe-Mee-Dhanashree-kadgaonakar-Gandha-Fulancha-Sangun-Gela-Spruha-Joshi-Eka-Lagnachi-Tisari-Gosht-Swarada-Thigale-Majhe-Mann-Tujhe-Zale-Rujuta-Deshmukh-Savar-Re-Nirmiti-Sawant-1760-sasubaaii-Mayuri-Wagh-Asmita/articleshow/31616972.cms |title=Women power in Marathi television shows Movie Review |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 May 2014 |access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> Spruha's next film was ''[[A Paying Ghost]]'' alongside [[Umesh Kamat]]. The film received positive reviews from critics and audience. Spruha's next film ''Bioscope'' was released on 17 July 2015. It incorporates four short films directed by four different directors [[Ravi Jadhav]], [[Gajendra Ahire]], [[Girish Mohite]], and [[Viju Mane]] – all based on four poems by well-known poets. Spruha will be seen in Viju Mane's ''Ek Hota Kau'', based on poet [[Kishor Kadam]]'s poem by same name.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Four-directors-on-one-quail/articleshow/47720832.cms |title=Four directors on one quail |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-date=19 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819000001/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Four-directors-on-one-quail/articleshow/47720832.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to acting in films, Spruha also writes poems and lyrics for Marathi albums and movies.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/Spruha-Joshi-debuts-as-a-lyricist/articleshow/33597262.cms |title=Spruha Joshi debuts as a lyricist |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 April 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |archive-date=19 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819003101/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/Spruha-Joshi-debuts-as-a-lyricist/articleshow/33597262.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Spruha's next film ''[[Lost and Found (2016 Indian film)|Lost and Found]]'' will be releasing on 29 July. The film produced by Golden Gate Motion Pictures is a love story and has [[Siddharth Chandekar]] as the male lead. She starred in series Prem He on Zee Yuva in 2017 opposite Siddharth Chandekar, a series that depicted various situations among the journey of various loving couples. She also starred opposite Gashmeer Mahajani in Mala Kahich Problem Nahi in 2017. She also starred opposite Ankush Choudhary in Deva in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar promotes Ankush Chaudhari's Marathi film 'Deva – Ek Atrangi'; watch video |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/akshay-kumar-promotes-ankush-chaudhari-starrer-marathi-film-deva-ek-atrangi-watch-video |work=[[Free Press Journal]] |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217151816/https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/akshay-kumar-promotes-ankush-chaudhari-starrer-marathi-film-deva-ek-atrangi-watch-video |url-status=live }}</ref>

She was the anchor of [[Colors Marathi]] musical program ''[[Sur Nava Dhyas Nava]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Spruha Joshi aces her retro avatar in Sur Nava Dhyas Nava |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/spruha-joshi-aces-her-retro-avatar-in-sur-nava-dhyas-nava/articleshow/66361811.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217155609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/spruha-joshi-aces-her-retro-avatar-in-sur-nava-dhyas-nava/articleshow/66361811.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, she appeared in a Marathi thriller film ''[[Vicky Velingkar]]'' as Vidya. [[Sonalee Kulkarni]] is appearing in the film in titular role.<ref name="toi:VV" />

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2004
|''Maybaap''
| Manjiri
|Child Artist
|
|-
| 2011
|''[[Morya (film)|Morya]]''
| Bar Singer
|Supporting Role
|<ref name=morya>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/I-am-in-no-hurry-to-do-films-Spruha-Joshi/articleshow/16528237.cms |title=I am in no hurry to do films: Spruha Joshi |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 September 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506161755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/I-am-in-no-hurry-to-do-films-Spruha-Joshi/articleshow/16528237.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2012
|''Sur Rahu De''
| Sonali
|Lead Role
|<ref name=pop>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/Popularity-of-TV-stars-help-Box-Office-success/articleshow/30952854.cms |title=Popularity of TV stars help Box Office success |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 March 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217152612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/Popularity-of-TV-stars-help-Box-Office-success/articleshow/30952854.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|-
| 2015
|''[[A Paying Ghost]]''
| Madhavi Mirajkar
| Lead Role
|<ref name="P.G">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Umesh-Spruha-team-up-for-PG-after-ELTG/articleshow/39419799.cms |title=Umesh-Spruha team up for PG after ELTG |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 August 2014 |access-date=20 March 2015 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424053954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Umesh-Spruha-team-up-for-PG-after-ELTG/articleshow/39419799.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''Bioscope''
| Pakli
|Lead Role
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/Spruhas-poetic-connect-with-Bioscope/articleshow/30159593.cms |title=Spruha's poetic connect with Bioscope |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/Spruha-shoots-despite-being-unwell/articleshow/32486322.cms |title=Spruha shoots despite being unwell |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 March 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403035510/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/Spruha-shoots-despite-being-unwell/articleshow/32486322.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2016
|''[[Paisa Paisa (2016 film)|Paisa Paisa]]''
| Janhavi
|Cameo role
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/Spruha-to-do-an-emotional-thriller/articleshow/45731989.cms |title=Spruha to do an emotional thriller |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 January 2015 |access-date=20 March 2015 |archive-date=9 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409093407/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/Spruha-to-do-an-emotional-thriller/articleshow/45731989.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Spruha-and-Sachit-team-up-for-their-next/articleshow/45730377.cms |title=Spruha and Sachit team up for their next |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 July 2015 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129220837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Spruha-and-Sachit-team-up-for-their-next/articleshow/45730377.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2016
|''[[Lost and Found (2016 Indian film)|Lost and Found]]''
| Naina
|Lead Role
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/323-spruha-joshi-and-siddharth-chandekar-lost-found-each-other |title=Spruha Joshi and Siddharth Chandekar 'Lost & Found' Each Other - MarathiCineyug.com - Marathi Movie News - TV Serials - Theatre |website=Marathi Cineyug |access-date=17 June 2017 |archive-date=16 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216025021/http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/323-spruha-joshi-and-siddharth-chandekar-lost-found-each-other |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
|-
| 2017
|''[[Mala Kahich Problem Nahi]]''
| Ketaki
|Lead Role
|
|-
| 2017
|''[[Deva (2017 film)|Deva Ek Atrangee]]''
| Meera
|Supporting Role
|
|-
| 2018
|''Home Sweet Home''
| Devika
|Cameo role
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Vicky Velingkar]]''
|Vidya||
Supporting role
||<ref name="toi:VV">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/vicky-velingkar-sonalee-kulkarni-gives-us-a-glimpse-of-her-character-from-the-film/articleshow/71180453.cms |title='Vicky Velingkar': Sonalee Kulkarni gives us a glimpse of her character from the film |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016005002/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/vicky-velingkar-sonalee-kulkarni-gives-us-a-glimpse-of-her-character-from-the-film/articleshow/71180453.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Atkan Chatkan]]''
|Mohi; Guddu's Mother
|Supporting role
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Coffee (2022 film)|Coffee]]''
|Renuka
|Lead Role
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Shaktiman (2024 film)|Shaktimaan]]''
|Seema
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Shaktimaan Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} Shaktiman Marathi Movie {{!}} शक्तिमान {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/shaktimaan-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=16 May 2024 |date=15 May 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Television and web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel/Platform
! Ref.
|-
|2008–2010
|''[[Agnihotra (TV series)|Agnihotra]]''
|Uma Band
|[[Star Pravah]]
|<ref name="morya" />
|-
|2011–2012
|''[[Eka Lagnachi Dusri Goshta]]''
|Kuhu Kale
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|<ref name="pop" />
|-
|2012–2013
|''[[Unch Majha Zoka]]''
|[[Ramabai Ranade]]
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|<ref name="ELTG" />
|-
|2013–2014
|''[[Eka Lagnachi Tisri Goshta]]''
|Isha Deshmukh
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|<ref name="ELTG" />
|-
|2015
|''Kitchenchi Superstar''
|Host
|[[Star Pravah]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/actress-spruha-joshi-gears-up-for-her-new-show-1149549/ |title=स्पृहा जोशी बनणार 'किचनची सुपरस्टार….' |date=12 October 2015 |access-date=17 June 2017 |archive-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103061805/http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/actress-spruha-joshi-gears-up-for-her-new-show-1149549/ |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''Prem He''
|Shweta Pathak
|[[Zee Yuva]]
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/prem-he-siddharth-chandekar-spruha/articleshow/57493319.cms |title=Watch Siddharth Chandekar and Spruha Joshi in this 'opposties-attract' story |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 March 2017 |access-date=17 June 2017 |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405200547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/prem-he-siddharth-chandekar-spruha/articleshow/57493319.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2018–2022
|''[[Sur Nava Dhyas Nava]]''
|Host
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='Sur Nava Dhyas Nava' host Spruha Joshi shows-off her black obsession in her latest pic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sur-nava-dhyas-nava-host-spruha-joshi-shows-off-her-black-obsession-in-her-latest-pic/articleshow/73806964.cms |access-date=28 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 January 2020 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504170328/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sur-nava-dhyas-nava-host-spruha-joshi-shows-off-her-black-obsession-in-her-latest-pic/articleshow/73806964.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[Rangbaaz (web series)|''Rangbaaz Phirse'']]
|Rukmini Amarpal Singh
|Supporting role
[[List of ZEE5 original web series|ZEE5 originals web series]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2019 |title=Marathi TV & Film Actress Spruha Joshi Joins ZEE5's Flagship Show Rangbaaz Phirse |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/marathi-tv-film-actress-spruha-joshi-joins-zee5s-flagship-show-rangbaaz-phirse |access-date=26 March 2021 |website=[[ZEE5]] |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425230359/https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/marathi-tv-film-actress-spruha-joshi-joins-zee5s-flagship-show-rangbaaz-phirse |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2019–present
|[[The Office (Indian TV series)|''The Office'']]
|Geeta (Chaddha's Broker)
|short role
[[Hotstar]]'s new label [[Hotstar Specials]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2019 |title=Marathi actress Spruha Joshi roped in for the web series, The Office |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/Marathi-actress-Spruha-Joshi-roped-in-for-the-web-series-The-Office-21316156 |access-date=9 July 2019 |website=[[Mid-Day]] |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731075549/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/Marathi-actress-Spruha-Joshi-roped-in-for-the-web-series-The-Office-21316156 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2022–2023
|''[[Lokmanya (TV series)|Lokmanya]]''
|Satyabhama (Tapi) Tilak
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|-
|2024
|''Sukh Kalale''
|Mithila
|[[Colors Marathi]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Sukh Kalale Serial {{!}} सुख कळले {{!}} Cast, Spruha Joshi, Sagar Deshmukh {{!}} Colors Marathi {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/sukh-kalale-serial/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=16 May 2024 |date=15 March 2024}}</ref>
|}

===Theatre===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
|2011
|''Lahanpan Dega Deva''
|
|
|-
|2012
|''Never Mind''
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/unwind/Light-take-on-Romance/articleshow/31925587.cms |title=Light take on Romance |date=8 January 2012 |website=Pune Mirror |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-date=10 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110160733/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/unwind/light-take-on-romance/articleshow/31925587.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''Nandi''
| Madhavi
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/Nandi-inches-towards-century/articleshow/44837690.cms |title=Nandi inches towards century |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 October 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018235117/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/Nandi-inches-towards-century/articleshow/44837690.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''Samudra''
| Nandini
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/Chinmay-and-Spruha-together/articleshow/45562324.cms |title=Chinmay and Spruha together |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |archive-date=5 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705012607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/Chinmay-and-Spruha-together/articleshow/45562324.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Don't Worry Be Happy (play)|Don't Worry Be Happy]]''
| Pranoti
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/Spruha-Joshi-Umesh-Kamat-play/articleshow/50354093.cms |title=Spruha-Umesh team up again |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 December 2015 |access-date=24 January 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303091949/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/Spruha-Joshi-Umesh-Kamat-play/articleshow/50354093.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Sankarshan Via Spruha''
|
Spruha
|<ref>[https://veryfirsttale.in/sankarshan-via-spruha-now-listen-to-evergreen-marathi-poems-and-entertaining-stories/ Sankarshan Via Spruha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731195736/https://veryfirsttale.in/sankarshan-via-spruha-now-listen-to-evergreen-marathi-poems-and-entertaining-stories/ |date=31 July 2023 }} - VeryFirstTale July 2023</ref>
|}

===Commercial===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Brand
|-
|2019
|''Indeed''
|-
| 2019
| ''Wakefit''
|-
|2019
|''Rio Fusion Drink''
|-
|2019
|''Jeevansathi.com''
|-
|2019
|''Maruti Suzuki''
|}

=== Songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%"
|+ As a Lyricist
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Song
! Film
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
|2014
| "Baavre Prem He"
|''Baavre Prem He''
|<ref name=lyricist>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/Spruha-Joshi-debuts-as-a-lyricist/articleshow/33597262.cms |title=Spruha Joshi debuts as a lyricist |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 April 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |archive-date=19 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819003101/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/Spruha-Joshi-debuts-as-a-lyricist/articleshow/33597262.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/marathi/Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai-2/Saad-Hi-Preetichi/KB8,HAJAW30 |title=Saad Hi Preetichi |date=13 October 2015 |access-date=24 January 2016 |archive-date=18 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218051821/http://www.saavn.com/s/song/marathi/Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai-2/Saad-Hi-Preetichi/KB8,HAJAW30 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- Double seat kiti sangaychay mala 2015
|rowspan="2"|2016
|"Aas Hi Navi"
|rowspan="2"|''[[Lost and Found (2016 Indian film)|Lost and Found]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.saavn.com/s/song/marathi/Lost-And-Found/Aas-Hi-Navi/EyMzeA1CQnA |title=Aas Hi Navi by Swapnaja Lele, Hrishikesh Ranade, Shubhankar |date=6 July 2016 |access-date=17 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
|"Saang Na"
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.saavn.com/s/song/marathi/Lost-And-Found/Saang-Na/RVsYHDpJW2E |title=Saang Na by Preeti Pillai, Shubhankar |date=6 July 2016 |access-date=17 June 2017}}</ref>
|}

==Personal life==
Her father works in a Trimax Company and her mother is a housewife. Her younger sister [[Kshipra Joshi]] is a sportswoman. She is married to Varad Laghate on 28 November 2014.
They were in a romantic relationship for five years prior to their marriage.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Spruha-fed-up-of-husbands-OCD/articleshow/46783235.cms |title=Spruha fed up of husband's OCD? |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=17 June 2017}}</ref>

==Books written==
# Lopamudra {{langx|mr|लोपामुद्रा}}
# Chandanchura {{langx|mr|चांदणचुरा}} - A collection of poems

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{IMDb name|6135703}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Spruha}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Indian women singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian songwriters]]