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Kayilan

2026-05-06T13:16:42Z

Shai0778:

{{Short description|2025 Tamil film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kayilan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Arul Ajit
| producer = BT Arasakumar
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Sshivada]]
*[[Ramya Pandian]]
*[[Prajin]]
}}
| cinematography = Ameen
| editing = Ignatious Aswin
| music = Karthik Harsha
| studio = BTK Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|10|10}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kayilan''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Thriller film|investigative thriller film]] directed by Arul Ajit in his directorial debut, starring [[Sshivada]], [[Ramya Pandian]] and [[Prajin]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayilan - Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/kayilan-official-trailer/videoshow/122170864.cms |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film is produced by BT Arasakumar under his BTK Films banner and the technical team consists of cinematography by Ameen, editing by Ignatious Aswin, background scored by Hari SR and songs composed by Karthik Harsha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தாரா |first=ராகேஷ் |date=2025-06-30 |title=ஷிவதா, ரம்யா பாண்டியன் நடிக்கும் 'கயிலன்' படத்தின் முன்னோட்டம் வெளியீடு |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/sshivadha-ramya-pandian-prajin-starring-kayilan-movie-trailer-release-event-speech-227616 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=ABP Nadu |language=ta}}</ref> ''Kayilan'' released in theatres on 10 October 2025.

== Cast ==

* [[Sshivada]] as Aathirai
* [[Ramya Pandian]] as Shangunthala
* [[Prajin]] as Kandhsamy
* [[Manobala]]
* [[G. Gnanasambandan]]
* Abishek Joseph George as Keeran
* [[Anupama Kumar]] as Chellai Varadharajan
* [[Gopinath Chandran]]

== Production ==
The film was previously titled ''Idumbankaari'', having [[Sshivada]] playing the role of an [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] officer, and [[Ramya Pandian]] as a news channel's editor in the lead roles. The director, Arul Ajit revealed to have changed to the current title ''Kayilan'', meaning, a person with zero errors, for its easier pronunciation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-31 |title=Today, audiences don't have patience to sit through a film with a long runtime: Arul Ajit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/today-audiences-dont-have-patience-to-sit-through-a-lm-with-a-long-runtime-arul-ajit/articleshow/121530327.cms |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Apart from the lead cast, the film also stars [[Prajin]], [[Manobala]], [[G. Gnanasambandan]], Abishek Joseph and [[Anupama Kumar]] in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-01 |title=ரம்யா பாண்டியன் நடிக்கும் புதிய படம்.. இன்னொரு ஹீரோயினும் இருக்காங்க.. யார் தெரியுமா? |url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/ramya-pandian-new-movie-kayilan-gets-apprectiation-article-152192189 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Times Now Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
''Kayilan'' released in theatres on 10 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayilan (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/kayilan/ET00465925?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref> Earlier it was scheduled for 25 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2025 |title='கயிலன்' என்றால் தவறு செய்யாதவன்: இயக்குநர் அருள் அஜித் விளக்கம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1367797-kayilan-means-one-who-does-not-make-mistakes.html |access-date=8 October 2025 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' reviewed the film by praising the performances of Sshivada and Prajin, the screenplay, while criticising the cinematography, music and the background score.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2025-10-11 |title=கயிலன்- திரைவிமர்சனம் {{!}} Kailan - Movie Review |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/kailan-movie-review-792459 |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|38573571}}

{{Improve categories|date=December 2025}}
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller films]]

Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-05T18:11:50Z

Shai0778: creating a post w/ sources

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Barpeta {{Small|AS-3}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Assam/Barpeta.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| state = [[Assam]]
| mp = [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
| party = {{Party index link|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| assembly_cons = [[Abhayapuri Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri]] [[Bongaigaon Assembly constituency|Bongaigaon]] [[Bhowanipur–Sorbhog Assembly constituency|Bhowanipur–Sorbhog]] [[Barpeta Assembly constituency|Barpeta]] [[Pakabetbari Assembly constituency|Pakabetbari]] [[Bajali Assembly constituency|Bajali]] [[Hajo Assembly constituency|Hajo–Sualkuchi]] [[Barkhetri Assembly constituency|Barkhetri]] [[Nalbari Assembly constituency|Nalbari]] [[Tihu Assembly constituency|Tihu]]
| electors = 19,66,956 (as of 2024)
}}

'''Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 14 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Assam]] state in north-eastern India.

==Assembly segments==
Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-05
|work=Assam
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504181808/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date=2006-05-04
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MEMBERS OF 14th ASSAM LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-2016.html|access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/files/file/15221-delimitation-of-parliamentary-and-assembly-constituencies-in-state-of-assam-%E2%80%93-final-notification-%E2%80%93-regarding/?do=download|title=Assam delimitation 2023|date=2023-08-11}}</ref>

===Current assembly segments===
{|class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="150px" |District
! width="200px" |Members
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|16
|[[Abhayapuri Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]]
|Bhupen Roy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad|rowspan=4}}
|-
|18
|[[Bongaigaon Assembly constituency|Bongaigaon]]
|[[Diptimayee Choudhury]]
|{{party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|21
|[[Bhowanipur–Sorbhog Assembly constituency|Bhowanipur–Sorbhog]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]
|[[Ranjeet Kumar Dass]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|24
|[[Barpeta Assembly constituency|Barpeta]] (SC)
|[[Kumar Deepak Das]]
|{{party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|25
|[[Pakabetbari Assembly constituency|Pakabetbari]]
|[[Jakir Hussain Sikdar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|26
|[[Bajali Assembly constituency|Bajali]]
|Dharmeshwar Roy
|{{party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad|rowspan=5}}
|-
|30
|[[Hajo Assembly constituency|Hajo–Sualkuchi]] (SC)
|[[Kamrup district|Kamrup]]
|Prakash Chandra Das
|-
|38
|[[Barkhetri Assembly constituency|Barkhetri]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
|[[Narayan Deka]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|39
|[[Nalbari Assembly constituency|Nalbari]]
|[[Jayanta Malla Baruah]]
|-
|40
|[[Tihu Assembly constituency|Tihu]]
|[[Chandra Mohan Patowary]]
|}

===Previous assembly segments===
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="150px" |District
|-
|32
|[[Bongaigaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bongaigaon]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]]
|-
|34
|[[Abhayapuri North (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Abhayapuri North]]
|-
|35
|[[Abhayapuri South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Abhayapuri South]] (SC)
|-
|42
|[[Patacharkuchi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patacharkuchi]]
|rowspan="6"|[[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]
|-
|43
|[[Barpeta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barpeta]]
|-
|44
|[[Jania (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jania]]
|-
|45
|[[Baghbar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baghbar]]
|-
|46
|[[Sarukhetri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarukhetri]]
|-
|47
|[[Chenga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chenga]]
|-
|61
|[[Dharmapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dharmapur]]
|[[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
!Lok Sabha
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Barpeta Lok Sabha Constituency (1952-1957)'''
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[1st Lok Sabha|1st]]
|[[Beli Ram Das]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Goalpara Lok Sabha Constituency (1957-1962)'''
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|2nd]]
|[[Rani Manjula Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Barpeta Lok Sabha Constituency (1962 till date)'''
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|3rd]]
|[[Renuka Devi Barkataki]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[4th Lok Sabha|4th]]
|[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[5th Lok Sabha|5th]]
|[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[6th Lok Sabha|6th]]
|[[Ismail Hossain Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[7th Lok Sabha|7th]]
|Elections not held in Assam
|{{Full party name with color|N/A}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[8th Lok Sabha|8th]]
|Ataur Rahman
|{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[9th Lok Sabha|9th]]
|Elections not held in Assam
|{{Full party name with color|N/A}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[10th Lok Sabha|10th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Uddhab Barman]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]
| rowspan="3" |[[A.F. Golam Osmani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
|[[Ismail Hussain]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|[[Sirajuddin Ajmal]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|[[Abdul Khaleque (Assamese politician)|Abdul Khaleque]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|[[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
|{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|}

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Barpeta]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]|party=Asom Gana Parishad|votes=860,113|percentage=51.02|change={{up}}16.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Deep Bayan|party=Indian National Congress|votes=637,762|percentage=37.83|change={{down}}6.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Manoranjan Talukdar]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=96,138|percentage=5.70|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=17,117|percentage=1.02|change=N/A}}
{{Election box majority||votes=222,351|percentage=13.19|change={{up}}3.57}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,690,051|percentage=85.40|change={{decrease}}1.17}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
'''*Major delimitation aka. boundary changes'''

===2019===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: Barpeta}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Abdul Khaleque (Assamese politician)|Abdul Khaleque]]
|votes = 645,173
|percentage = 44.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = [[Kumar Deepak Das]]
|votes = 504,866
|percentage = 34.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = [[Rafiqul Islam (Indian politician)|Rafiqul Islam]]
|votes = 248,667
|percentage = 17.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Ashahak Ali Dewan
|votes = 20,466
|percentage = 1.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 140,307
|percentage = 9.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,458,808
|percentage = 86.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors =1,685,149
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India United Democratic Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Barpeta]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=[[Sirajuddin Ajmal|Siraj Uddin Ajmal]]|votes=394,702|percentage=32.70|change=+8.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Chandra Mohan Patowary]]|votes=352,361|percentage=29.19|change=+29.19}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ismail Hussain]]|votes=277,802|percentage=23.02|change=-12.73}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Asom Gana Parishad|candidate=[[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]|votes=73,733|percentage=6.11|change=-26.26}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Uddhab Barman|votes=27,575|percentage=2.28|change=-1.72}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Samsul Hoque|votes=24,444|percentage=2.03|change=+2.03}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Dilir Khan|votes=20,135|percentage=1.67|change=+1.67}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Dr. Parvez Ali Ahmed|votes=10,944|percentage=0.91|change=+0.91}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Khurshida Anowara Begum|votes=5,710|percentage=0.47|change=+0.47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Kamal Uddin|votes=3,433|percentage=0.28|change=+0.28}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Abul Awal|votes=3,099|percentage=0.26|change=-0.02}}{{Election box candidate|party=Lok Bharati|candidate=Entaz Ali|votes=1,937|percentage=0.16|change=+0.16}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Gautam Kumar Sarma|votes=1,859|percentage=0.15|change=+0.15}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Bhadreswar Barman|votes=1,695|percentage=0.14|change=+0.14}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Barun Karmakar|votes=1,649|percentage=0.14|change=+0.14}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=4,785|percentage=0.40|change=---}}

{{Election box majority||votes=42,341|percentage=3.51|change=+0.13}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,207,044|percentage=84.40|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India United Democratic Front
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +10.73
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Barpeta district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Assam}}

{{coord|26.32|91.00|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam]]
[[Category:Barpeta district]]

Raju Narayanaswamy

2026-04-25T17:41:14Z

Shai0778: Stub - done

{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service officer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=October 2021}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=September 2024}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raju Narayana Swamy
|honorific_suffix = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|05|24|df=y}} 
| birth_place = {{nobr|[[Changanassery]]}}, [[Kottayam district]], Kerala
| death_date = 
| death_place =
|alma_mater = [[IIT Madras]] ([[Bachelor of Technology|B. Tech.]])
| employer = [[Government of Kerala]]
| organization = [[Indian Administrative Service]]
| known_for = Actions as [[district collector]] widening five roads of Thrissur city and action against illegal encroachments in [[Idukki district]], leading to the resignation of a minister
}}

'''Raju Narayana Swamy''' (born 24 May 1968) is an [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service officer]], anticorruption crusader and [[whistleblower]]. He is the topper of [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] [[Civil Services Examination]] held in 1991 and is a [[Sahitya Academy Award]] winning writer. A district collector for five [[Kerala]] districts during his career, Narayanaswamy was one among the three IAS officers chosen by the then chief minister to investigate corruption in the state. He was transferred many times during his career, and has been compared to fellow [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer and whistleblower [[Ashok Khemka]]. He is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer of 1991 batch from [[Kerala]] Cadre.

== Early life and education ==
Narayanaswamy was born in a [[Brahmin]] family at [[Changanassery]] in the [[Kottayam district]] of [[Kerala]]. His parents were college teachers. He studied at [[Sacred Heart High School, Changanacherry]], and secured first rank in the SSLC examination in 1983. He thereafter studied at [[St. Berchmans College]],<ref>{{cite news |title=SB College @ 100: Kerala's premier college celebrates a century of academic and cultural legacy |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/career-and-campus/top-news/2021/06/22/sb-college-100-years-celebration-r-bindu-inauguration.html |work=SB College @ 100: Kerala’s premier college celebrates a century of academic and cultural legacy |language=en}}</ref> [[Changanassery]], and secured first rank in the pre-degree exam. Later, he did his [[B. Tech.]] in Computer Science at [[IIT Madras]].

Narayanaswamy passed the [[Civil Services Examination|Civil Services Exam]] with first rank in 1991 and retained the first rank while passing out of LBSNAA, Mussoorie, in 1993. He has two Ph.D.s: a Ph.D. in political science from Amrita University (2011) and a Ph.D. in law from the [[Gujarat National Law University]], [[Gandhinagar]] (2022). He was a bright student and was always a topper in examinations.

== Career ==
A 1991 Kerala-cadre officer Narayanaswamy has held a number of posts and has been repeatedly penalised for exposing corruption. His anti-corruption campaign began early in his career, attracting criticism from political bosses and accolades from the public leading to 31 transfers in 33 years. Narayanaswamy was forced to go on leave as managing director of MarketFed and work for junior officers.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

As district collector of [[Thrissur]], he single-handedly widened five roads including the Pattalom Road and the Inner Ring Road changing the face of the town. Narayanaswamy refused permission to a real-estate developer to fill a large [[Rice|paddy]] farm, because it would have flooded about 50 poor village homes nearby with waste from an adjacent government hospital.<ref name=express>{{cite web |last1=Rajeev |first1=P. I. |title=Raju Narayanaswamy, IIT, IAS, Kerala's clean-up officer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/raju-narayanaswamy-iit-ias-keralas-clean-up-officer/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=14 August 2022|date=4 September 2007}}</ref>

After the [[V. S. Achuthanandan]]-led [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]] government came into power in Kerala, Narayanaswamy was appointed collector for [[Idukki district]]. When Kerala [[Chief minister (India)|chief minister]] {{nobr|V. S. Achuthanandan}} wanted encroachers in [[Munnar]] driven out, Narayanaswamy was one of his three handpicked men. Although [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]] leaders objected to his choice, Achuthanandan stood his ground.

In 2007, Narayanaswamy inquired into a proposed land deal by the son and daughter of [[Kerala Public Works Department|Kerala Public Works]] minister [[T. U. Kuruvilla]]; Kuruvilla was forced to resign after an investigation.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} Kuruvilla's children had taken ₹65 million from an [[Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India|NRI]] businessman, promising to sell him land suspected of encroaching. The sale fell through, and the businessman went public; Kuruvilla maintained his innocence. Narayanaswamy, Idukki District Collector, surveyed the land; much was government land, suggesting a violation of the [[Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988]], and Kuruvilla resigned.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ramesh Babu |title=Minister quits over Munnar land scam |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=82874709-38b9-4d47-99b1-73ad1061cbf7&&Headline=Minister+quits+over+Munnar+land+scam |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033334/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=82874709-38b9-4d47-99b1-73ad1061cbf7&&Headline=Minister+quits+over+Munnar+land+scam |archive-date=30 September 2007 |date=3 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Narayanaswamy has also proceeded against former minister [[P. J. Joseph]] and his family about alleged illegal landholdings. "In my service life, I have always fought against corruption. We could be sidelined but officers should not get demoralized. The public applause we get for taking a strong stand on issues is what keeps us going", he said. Since 2007, he has been transferred a number of times and been tapped by the [[Election Commission of India]] for 37 election positions in 17 states across the country. During the [[2012 Uttar Pradesh elections]], Narayanaswamy was a roll observer for all six districts in [[Kanpur division]]. Swamy was removed from his post as civil supplies commissioner in Thiruvananthapuram early the following year after he launched an investigation into corruption charges against civil supplies minister [[Anoop Jacob]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Following vigilance probe against minister, Raju Narayanaswami loses chair |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news/kerala/following-vigilance-probe-against-minister-raju-narayanaswami-loses-chair-132495.html |website=Mathrubhumi.com |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019145457/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news/kerala/following-vigilance-probe-against-minister-raju-narayanaswami-loses-chair-132495.html |archive-date=19 October 2014 |date=24 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Appointed chairman of the [[Coconut Development Board]] in August 2018, he unearthed corruption involving the CDB's Bangalore regional director and technical officer. Both were investigated and suspended, based on Narayanaswamy's findings.
He has been [[District magistrate|district magistrate and collector]] of five districts in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Raju Narayanaswamy IAS {{!}} Kottayam District, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |url=https://kottayam.nic.in/en/dm-profile/dr-raju-narayanaswamy-ias/ |access-date=2022-07-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> Narayanaswamy, who has been compared to fellow whistleblower [[Ashok Khemka]], has been transferred over 32 times in 34 years and presently works as Principal Secretary to the Government of Kerala.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

== Literary career and awards ==
Narayanaswamy has written thirty six books, including the popular-science book ''Nano Muthal Nakshatram Vare''. He received the 2003 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Travelogue]] for ''Santhimantram Muzhangunna Thazvarayil''. Narayanaswamy received the [[Satyendra K. Dubey Memorial Award]] from [[IIT Kanpur]] in 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/dora/sda|title=SDA|website=www.iitk.ac.in|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref> for professional integrity in upholding human values, and was an international observer of the [[2018 Zimbabwean general election]]. He has authored more than 300 research papers and is a recognized guide in several prestigious universities in various disciplines including technology and law (particularly cyber law, intellectual property rights law and maritime law). He is also a recipient of the prestigious Homi Bhabha Fellowship - which brought him into the elite company of stalwarts like Thanu Padmanabhan.<ref name="fellowship">{{cite web |title=Raju Narayana Swamy Leonardo da Vinci Fellowship for IAS |url=https://morningexpress.in/raju-narayana-swamy-leonardo-da-vinci-fellowship-for-ias/ |website=Morningexpress.in |access-date=16 August 2022 |date=7 December 2021}}</ref> In December 2021, he received a Leonardo da Vinci Fellowship from [[George Mason University]] to research the prevention of corruption in intellectual property-rights offices with science and technology, including [[artificial intelligence]] and [[blockchain]].<ref name="fellowship" />

== See also ==

* [[Satyendra Dubey|Sateyendra Dubey]]
* [[Shanmugam Manjunath]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120110102603/http://persmin.nic.in/ersheet/MultipleERS.asp?HiddenStr=01KL019100 Executive record sheet]


{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayanaswamy, Raju}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:District magistrate]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Vazhappally]]
[[Category:Homi Bhabha Fellows]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]

Law Society, Aligarh Muslim University

2026-04-25T16:37:47Z

Shai0778: creating biography!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox university
| name = The Law Society Aligarh Muslim University
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| shield =
| image = Bab-e-Sayyad.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption = Aligarh Muslim University
| latin_name =
| other_name =
| former_name = 
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| top_free_label =
| top_free =
| type = Student-run [[law society]]
| established = {{Start date and age|1894|df=yes|p=yes}}
| closed = 
| founder = [[Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University]]
| parent =
| affiliation =
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| endowment =
| budget =
| provost =
| rector =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label = Honorary President
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students = 1000 (estd.)
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address = 
| city = [[Aligarh]]
| state =
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| postcode =
| coordinates = 
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''The Law Society''' is a student body of the Faculty of Law at Aligarh Muslim University. The society has produced numerous lawyers, judges and politicians over the years. It functions as both an educational and representative body and has an estimated 1,000 active members. The Law Society is involved in training and preparing students for various competitive and academic activities of the faculty, including moot court, legal debate, quizzes, and judgment writing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latestlaws.com/campus-buzz/debate-competitions/professor-hafeezul-rahman-national-law-debate-competition-aligarh-muslim-university-up-march-30-apply-by-march-25/|title=Professor Hafeezul Rahman National Law Debate Competition @Aligarh Muslim University, UP [March 30]: Apply by March 25|website=Latest Laws}}</ref>

The Society was founded in 1894 as a non-profit student organization and has a long-standing tradition of encouraging student participation and performance in legal affairs across different arenas. The Dean of the [[Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University]], serves as the President of the Society. For the academic year 2025-26, Ms. Princi Bharadwaj is serving as the Honorable Secretary of the Law Society.

==President==
The Dean of the [[Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University]], Aligarh, serves as the President of the Law Society. Prof. Shakeel Ahmad is currently serving in this role.<ref name="auto">https://www.amu.ac.in/about3.jsp?did=2683 {{dead link|date=April 2021 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==Previous officers==
[[Mohammad Shafi Qureshi]], subsequently Governor of Uttar Pradesh, served as Secretary of the Law Society in 1953.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://upgovernor.gov.in/upgovernor.gov.in/qureshibio1.htm |title=About Shri Mohammad Shafi Qureshi |access-date=2019-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712100731/http://upgovernor.gov.in/upgovernor.gov.in/qureshibio1.htm |archive-date=2016-07-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Arif Jwadder held the position of Secretary for the 2013–14 session.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amu.ac.in/about3.jsp?did=9124|title=Aligarh Muslim University || AMU News|website=www.amu.ac.in}}</ref> Mr. Aqa Raza served as the Vice-President of the Law Society during the 2015-2016 academic session and as Editor of the Aligarh Law Society Review during the 2014-15 academic session.<ref>{{cite web |title=AMU NEWS |url=https://old.amu.ac.in/about3.jsp?did=6950 |website=AMU NEWS |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |access-date=10 February 2022 |ref=AMU}}</ref>

Mr. Ali Faran Gulrez served as Editor of the ''Aligarh Law Society Review'' for the 2017–18 session; the journal was published after a gap of approximately 45 years, following its last issue in 1971. Mr. Piyush Chawla served as Vice-President for 2018–19 session, while Mr. Faham Ahmad Khan served as Secretary during the same period.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Aligarh Muslim University || AMU News|url=https://www.amu.ac.in/about3.jsp?did=3911|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=www.amu.ac.in}}</ref> Mr. Abdullah Samdani served as the Secretary for the 2019-20 session.

Mr. Akash Varshney served as the Vice-President for the 2022-23 session, and Mr. Shoaib Akhtar served as Secretary during the same academic year. Mr. Hammad Khan served as Secretary for the 2024-25 session.<ref name="auto" /> For the 2025-26 session, Mr. Shahid Ali Siddiqui is serving as Vice-President of the Law Society, and Ms. Princi Bharadwaj is serving as Secretary.

==Publications and activities==

[[File:SAVE 20210202 141833.jpg|thumb|Prof. [[Tariq Mansoor]] (VC, AMU) releasing the AMU Law Society Newsletter 2020 along with Prof. [[Shakeel Ahmed Samdani]] (Dean and President), Abdullah Samdani (Secretary and Chief Editor) and Ilsa Israil (Joint Editor)]]

The ''AMU Law Society Review'', a wholly student-reviewed Journal, is published every academic session.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://search.library.utoronto.ca/details?5271418&uuid=ea470ca0-6c8f-4754-8057-ffdd386a7ce6/|title= Aligarh Law Society review, University of Toronto Libraries}}""</ref>

''AMU Law Society Newsletter'' is also published, providing a detailed report of all the events which were held throughout the year in the faculty. It also gives a platform to the students to express their experiences and opinions. The main objective behind the newsletter is to disseminate knowledge relating to contemporary legal issues. The newsletter was started in the year 2018 by Faran Gulrez and Abdullah Samdani. Since 2019, Prof. Tariq Mansoor, Honourable Vice Chancellor approved the publication of this Newsletter annually.

In the year 2020, the Newsletter was published under the guidance of Prof. [[Shakeel Ahmed Samdani]], Dean, Faculty of Law and President, Law Society, Chief Editorship of Abdullah Samdani, Secretary, Law Society and Amber Tanweer, Editor, AMU Law Society Review.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianmuslimobserver.com/2021/02/aligarh-amu-vice-chancellor-releases.html|title=Aligarh: AMU Vice Chancellor releases Law Society News Letter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/aligarh-muslim-university-vice-chancellor-released-eight-scholarly-books/|title=Aligarh Muslim University Vice Chancellor released eight scholarly books|date=4 February 2021}}</ref>

The Society organises various events, including the law festival "Gavel's Buzz"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://htsyndication.com/htsportal/article/The-Law-Society,-Faculty-of-Law,-AMU-organised-three-day-Law-Fest,--Gavel-s-Buzz-/4480865|title=Stock Photos, Editorial Images, Mobile Content Services, News Aggregation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amu.ac.in/about3.jsp?did=8707|title=Aligarh Muslim University || AMU News|website=www.amu.ac.in}}{{dead link|date=April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiaeducationdiary.in/Uttar_Pradesh/shownews.asp?newsid=29306 |title=Educational News, Uttar Pradesh, the Law Society, Faculty of Law, AMU organised three-day Law Fest, 'Gavel's Buzz' |access-date=16 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090141/http://indiaeducationdiary.in/Uttar_Pradesh/shownews.asp?newsid=29306 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amu.ac.in/about3.jsp?did=6950|title=Aligarh Muslim University {{!}}{{!}} AMU News|website=www.amu.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2018-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229042702/http://twocircles.net/2014dec16/1418751542.html|url=http://twocircles.net/2014dec16/1418751542.html|title=Justice Katju interacts with law students at AMU|newspaper=Twocircles.net |date=16 December 2014|archive-date=29 December 2024}}</ref>, international conferences<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/aligarh-muslim-university-faculty-of-law-organises-online-international-conference/|title=Aligarh Muslim University: Faculty of Law organises online International conference|date=13 July 2020}}</ref>, symposia on topics including health laws during the [[COVID-19]] pandemic<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawof.in/international-virtual-conference-by-law-society-aligarh-muslim-university/|title=International Virtual Conference on" International Health Laws During COVID-19" by The Law Society, Aligarh Muslim University [12th Aug 02:00 pm]: Registrations open|first=The|last=Admin|date=10 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kanooniyat.com/2020/08/international-virtual-conference-international-health-laws-during-covid-19-aligarh-muslim-university/|title=International Virtual Conference Topic - " International Health Laws During COVID-19- A Perspective" Organized By The Law Society, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh - Kanooniyat}}</ref>, and moot courts.

==See also==
*[[Aligarh Muslim University]]
*[[Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Aligarh Muslim University}}

[[Category:Clubs and societies of the Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:1894 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1894]]

Budda Rajasekhar Reddy

2026-04-19T01:06:23Z

Shai0778: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Budda Rajasekhar Reddy
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Srisailam Assembly constituency|Srisailam]]
| predecessor = [[Silpa Chakrapani Reddy]]
| successor =
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 2019
| predecessor1 = Earasu Prathap Reddy
| successor1 = [[Silpa Chakrapani Reddy]]
| constituency1 = [[Srisailam Assembly constituency|Srisailam]]
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| other_party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
}}

'''Budda Rajasekhar Reddy''' is an Indian politician belonging to [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He is the current Member of the Legislative Assembly for the state of Andhra Pradesh representing [[Srisailam Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2024 |title=Assembly Constituency 135 - Srisailam (Andhra Pradesh) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01135.htm }}</ref>
He won for the first time in [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[YSR Congress Party]]. He later joined the Telugu Desam Party in 2016.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/two-more-ysrc-mlas-join-tdp-taking-to-16-the-total-who-left-party/articleshow/52023479.cms?from=mdr | title=Two more YSRC MLAs join TDP taking to 16 the total who left party | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=28 April 2016 }}</ref>

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srisailam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Budda Raja Sekhara Reddy
|votes = 81,699
|percentage = 49.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = SILPA CHAKRAPANI REDDY
|votes = 75,314
|percentage = 45.76

|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[ISMAIL.A.S]]
|votes = 3,429
|percentage = 2.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,385
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,64,580
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srisailam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Silpa Chakrapani Reddy
|votes = 92,236
|percentage = 60.41
|change = +10.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Budda Raja Sekhara Reddy
|votes = 53,538
|percentage = 35.07
|change = -11.74
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 38,698
|percentage = 25.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 152,510
|percentage = 82.53
|change = +1.82
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srisailam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Budda Raja Sekhara Reddy
|votes = 74,249
|percentage = 50.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Silpa Chakrapani Reddy]]
|votes = 69,388
|percentage = 46.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,861
|percentage = 3.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 148,223
|percentage = 80.71
|change = +2.69
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Eurico da Silva

2026-04-14T20:47:48Z

Shai0778: Entry.

{{Short description|Indian judge (1933–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Eurico da Silva
| image = Justice Eurico da Silva, Goa.jpg
| alt =
| caption = da Silva in 2014
| birth_name = Eurico Das Dores Santana da Silva
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|5|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Margao]], [[Portuguese Goa]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|3|28|1933|5|10|df=y}}
| death_place = Margao, [[Goa]], India
| alma_mater = [[University of Coimbra]]
| other_names =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = Justice of The High Court of Bombay, Goa Bench
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| awards =
}}

'''Eurico Das Dores Santana da Silva''' (10 May 1933 – 28 March 2025) was an Indian judge of the [[Bombay High Court]] Bench at [[Goa]].

==Early life==
Eurico Das Dores Santana da Silva<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Eurico Das Dores Santana Da Silva And Anot vs Mr. Camilo Fernandes And Others {{!}} Civil and Criminal Courts, Margao |url=https://ecourtsindia.com/cnr/GASG020024022014 |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=eCourtsIndia |language=en}}</ref> was born on 10 May 1933 in [[Margao]], [[Portuguese Goa]].<ref name="GoanSilva25">{{Cite web |title=Retd Judge Eurico Santana Da Silva passes away |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/%EF%BB%BFretd-judge-eurico-santana-da-silva-passes-away/128161.html |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref> He graduated in Law and post graduated in historical and juridical sciences at the [[University of Coimbra]] in 1957.<ref name="ToIStalwart25">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-28 |title=Goa's legal stalwart Justice Silva passes away in Margao |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goas-legal-stalwart-justice-silva-passes-away-in-margao/articleshow/119667387.cms |access-date=2025-04-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=29 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250329111727/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goas-legal-stalwart-justice-silva-passes-away-in-margao/articleshow/119667387.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
On 6 December 1957, he was appointed as "Julgado Municipal Especial" at [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]].<ref name="GoanSilva25" />

On 20 April 1964, he was promoted to Civil Judge, Senior Division and Judicial Magistrate First Class. On 18 April 1974, he was promoted to be the Chief Judicial Magistrate of [[Goa, Daman and Diu]]. He progressed in his career and was appointed the first District and Sessions Judge of South Goa upon its creation on 4 February 1981. On 30 July 1990, he was elevated as an additional judge of the [[Bombay High Court]] at Goa in 1990 and appointed Puisne (Permanent) Judge in 1991.<ref name="GoanSilva25" /><ref name="ToIStalwart25" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barbosa |first=Alexandre Moniz |author-link=Alexandre Moniz Barbosa |date=2025-03-28 |title=Justice Eurico Santana da Silva Remembered for Integrity and Legal Acumen Following His Passing |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/goa/eurico-da-silva-a-veritable-pillar-of-justice/421023 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>

==Death==
Justice Da Silva died at his residence in Margaon, on 28 March 2025, at the age of 91.<ref name="ToIStalwart25" />

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Law}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Da Silva, Eurico}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Margao]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Bombay High Court]]

Ayn al-Mulk Mahru

2026-04-12T09:17:34Z

Shai0778: creating some details w/ refs

{{Short description|Delhi Sultanate official (died 1362)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| office1 = Governor of [[Awadh]]
| image =
| caption =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| term_start1 = {{circa|1338}}
| term_end1 = 1341
| predecessor2 = Imad-ul-Mulk Sartez
| monarch1 = [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]]
| 2blankname =
| 2namedata =
| monarch2 = [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]]
| office2 = Governor of [[Multan]] and [[Siwistan]]
| successor2 = Malik Mardan Daulat
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1362
| death_place = [[Multan]], Delhi Sultanate
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| allegiance =
| branch =
| rank =
| battles =
| awards =
| term_start2 = 1350 {{en dash}} 1351; 1352
| term_end2 = 1362
| service_years =
}}'''‘Ayn al-Din Abdullah bin Mahru''' (died 1362), better known by his title '''‘Ayn al-Mulk''', was an official of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] serving during the reign of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] and [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]]. He is perhaps best known for the collection of his letters known as ''Insha-i-Mähru''.

Ayn al-Mulk was an [[Indian Muslim]]. His father Mahru was a convert to Islam; Ayn al-Mulk himself was probably born in [[Multan]], Punjab.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=329}}{{Sfn|Rashid|1964|p=83}} He first gained prominence under Muhammad ibn Tughlaq (1325–1351) who appointed him to the governorship ([[Iqta'#Mamluk sultanate of Delhi|Iqta']]) of [[Awadh]], where he put down a rebellion at [[Kara, Uttar Pradesh|Kara]] in 1338. According to [[Ibn Battuta]], the [[Khurasani|Khurasanis]] and the [[Emir|Amirs]] of foreign extraction feared him greatly since he was a [[Hindustan|Hindi]] (Indian) and able Hindis were displeased with the foreigners.{{Sfn|Rashid|1964|p=83}}

Ayn al-Mulk brought stability in Awadh with remarkable ability, and soon a number of nobles discontented with Sultan fled to him from [[Delhi]], attracted by Awadh's prosperity and Ayn al-Mulk's mild government. This displeased the Sultan who decided to transfer him to [[Deccan]], as well as demanded to hand over the rebel nobles. Ayn al-Mulk considered this an attempt to dispose him from power and rebelled in 1341. Hearing the news Sultan hurriedly went with his army to [[Kannauj|Qannauj]] where he defeated and captured Ayn al-Mulk when one of Ayn al-Mulk's amirs betrayed him. He was brought to Delhi and was subjected to humiliation for two and half a year, before being pardoned and appointed the superintendent of the royal gardens.{{Sfn|Saksena|Nizami|Habib|1970|pp=534–536}}

In 1350 Ayn al-Mulk was appointed to Multan.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|pp=270–271}} He was recalled to Delhi by Firuz Shah (1351–1388) after the death of Muhammad bin Tughlaq and given the post of ''Mushrif'', who was in charge of collecting taxes.{{Sfn|Saksena|Nizami|Habib|1970|pp=615–616}} Soon however he came in conflict with the vizier [[Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul Telangani|Khan-i-Jahan]] and the relations between the two deteriorated to such an extent that Firuz Shah dismissed Ayn al-Mulk and sent him to govern the provinces of Multan, [[Siwistan]] and [[Bukkur|Bhakkar]] in 1352. As Ayn al-Mulk refused to work under Khan-i-Jahan, the provinces handed to him were made directly accountable to sultan.{{Sfn|Saksena|Nizami|Habib|1970|pp=615–616}} He remained there until his death in about 1362.{{Sfn|Rashid|1964|pp=100–102}}

Ayn al-Mulk's life and events have been frequently confused by both medieval and modern writers with that of [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]]; modern research holds both to be different individuals belonging to the different generations.{{Sfn|Siddiqui|2012|pp=105–106}} Ayn al-Mulk has left a collection of his 133 private letters and official documents compiled sometimes before 1360, which are a valuable source for the cultural history and administrative structure of the Delhi Sultanate during the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq period]].{{Sfn|Saksena|Nizami|Habib|1970|p=1177}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}
=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{Cite journal |title= Insha-i-Mähru or Tarassul-i-'Ain ul-Mulk of 'Ain ul-Mulk Mähru|last=Rashid |first=Sheikh Abdur |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_Research_Society_of_Pakis/dWE8AAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gl=PK |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |date=1964 |language=en |volume= 1|issue= 1|pages=79–109 |oclc=1641070}}
* {{cite book |first=Peter |last=Jackson |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA174 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Siddiqui |first=I. H. |title=ʿAyn al-Mulk Multānī |date=2012|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_8372 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8372|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |author-first1=Banarsi Prasad |author-last1= Saksena |author-link1=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-first2= Khaliq Ahmad |author-last2=Nizami |author-link2= Khaliq Ahmad Nizami|author-first3=Mohammad |author-last3=Habib |author-link3=Mohammad Habib|chapter=The Tughluqs |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |series=A Comprehensive History of India|title=The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12483/page/n6/mode/1up?q=Mahru|oclc=31870180 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Surinder |chapter=4. Administrative Consolidation in the Delhi Sultanate: Evidence from a Collection of Letters |date=2023 |title=Situating Medieval India: Polity, Society and Culture |pages=84–109 |url= |access-date= |publisher=Boydell and Brewer |language=en |doi=10.1515/9781805431473-006 |isbn=978-1-80543-147-3}}
{{ref end}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=Insha-yi Mahru, musshi'at-i "Ayn al-Din "Ayn al-Mulk" Abd Allah bin Mahru|editor=Prof. Sh. ‘Abdur Rashid|publisher=Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan, University of the Punjab|date=1965|url= https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/insha-e-mahru-ebooks|language=Persian|via= [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]|oclc=844529945}}
[[Category:1362 deaths]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian Muslims]]

Gulu Gulu

2026-04-03T14:46:44Z

Shai0778: Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gulu Gulu
| image = Gulu Gulu.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[Rathna Kumar]]
| writer = [[Rathna Kumar]]
| producer = S. Raj Narayanan
| starring = [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] Namita Krishnamurthy
| cinematography = [[Vijay Kartik Kannan]]
| editing = [[Philomin Raj]]
| music = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| studio = Circle Box Entertainment
| distributor = [[Red Giant Movies]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-13 |title=Red Giant Movies Acquires Theatrical Rights of Santhanam's Gulu Gulu |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/red-giant-movies-acquires-theatrical-rights-of-santhanams-gulu-gulu-5546503.html |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714110501/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/red-giant-movies-acquires-theatrical-rights-of-santhanams-gulu-gulu-5546503.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| released = {{film date|2022|07|29|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| runtime = 149 minutes
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Gulu Gulu''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Road movie|road]] [[action comedy film]] written and directed by [[Rathna Kumar]] and produced by Raj Narayanan's banner Circle Box Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santhanam's Gulu Gulu to release in theatres on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jul/08/santhanams-gulu-gulu-to-release-in-theatres-on-this-date-32625.html |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709114036/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jul/08/santhanams-gulu-gulu-to-release-in-theatres-on-this-date-32625.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was distributed by [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] under his banner [[Red Giant Movies]].<ref name=":2"/> The film stars [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] and Namita Krishnamurthy. The music is composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]] with cinematography handled by [[Vijay Kartik Kannan]] and editing by [[Philomin Raj]]. The film was released theatrically on 29 July 2022 to mixed reviews from critics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=9 July 2022 |title=Santhanam's 'Gulu Gulu' to release this month! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanams-gulu-gulu-to-release-this-month/articleshow/92765099.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709114036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanams-gulu-gulu-to-release-this-month/articleshow/92765099.cms |archive-date=9 July 2022 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-09 |title=Santhanam-Starrer 'Gulu Gulu' To Hit Screens On July 29 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/santhanam-starrer-gulu-gulu-to-hit-screens-on-july-29-news-208010 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Outlook |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709113935/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/santhanam-starrer-gulu-gulu-to-hit-screens-on-july-29-news-208010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=September 2022}}
Google alias Gulu Gulu does every odd job for survival. He is approached for help by a group of youngsters who want to rescue one of their friends from a kidnapping. But that kidnapping had happened due to mistaken identity.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Google aka Gulu Gulu/Mario
* Namita Krishnamurthy as Vadivukarasi
* Athulya Chandra as Matilda Christopher
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as David
* [[George Maryan]] as a kidnapper
* [[Sai Dheena]] as Police
* Bipin as Robert
* Harish Kumar as Mathimaaran
* Kavi Sundaram as Kumar, Mathi's friend
* Yuvaraj as Rajkumar, Mathi's friend
* Maurish Dass as Bhavani Shankar, Mathi's friend
* [[Mahanadi Shankar]]
* [[Lollu Sabha Maaran]] as a drunkard
* [[Lollu Sabha Seshu]] as the neighbour
* [[TSR Srinivasan]] as Lankaiyan
* Jeeva Subramanian
}}

== Production ==
The shooting of the film was wrapped up in April 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanams-gulu-gulu-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/90955892.cms|title= Santhanam's Gulu Gulu shooting wrapped up|website= [[The Times of India]]|date= 20 April 2022|access-date= 2 August 2022|archive-date= 11 July 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220711191756/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanams-gulu-gulu-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/90955892.cms|url-status= live}}</ref> The film features Santhanam in a more serious and mature role, the first in his career, with the humor elements handled by his costars.

== Music ==
The film's [[soundtrack]] was composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]]<ref name=":0" /> while lyrics are written by [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]], Asal Kolaar, and [[Rathna Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=With the loving team of @MrRathna bro n @Music_Santhosh sir |url=https://twitter.com/lyricist_vivek/status/1545411460305604608 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Twitter |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709113935/https://twitter.com/lyricist_vivek/status/1545411460305604608 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Maatna Gaali
| length1 = 3:25
| lyrics1 = [[Rathna Kumar]]
| extra1 = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| title2 = Anbarey
| length2 = 3:46
| lyrics2 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| extra2 = [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]]
| title3 = Inner Peace
| length3 = 3:19
| lyrics3 = Asal Kolaar
| extra3 = Santhosh Narayanan
| title4 = Amma Nah Nah
| length4 = 2:09
| lyrics4 = Rathna Kumar
| extra4 = Santhosh Narayanan
}}

== Release ==
The film had its theatrical release on 29 July 2022.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The [[Tamil Nadu]] distribution rights of the film was bought by [[Red Giant Movies]].<ref name=":2" /> The film satellite and digital has acquired by [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and [[Sun NXT]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-13 |title=Sun TV Acquires Satellite Rights Of Santhanam-Starrer 'Gulu Gulu' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/sun-tv-acquires-satellite-rights-of-santhanam-starrer-gulu-gulu--news-208899 |access-date=2022-07-14 |language=en |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714110501/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/sun-tv-acquires-satellite-rights-of-santhanam-starrer-gulu-gulu--news-208899 |url-status=live }}</ref> The television premier took place on Sunday 2 October 2022 for Gandhi Jayanthi at 3:00pm.

==Reception==
''Gulu Gulu'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Streaming date of Santhanam's Gulu Gulu is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/aug/25/streaming-date-of-santhanams-gulu-gulu-is-out-34106.html |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

Lokesh Balachandran of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "The one-liners of Lollu Sabha Maaran and performance of Mariyam George, who plays one of the kidnappers keeps the audience engaged then and there. Gulu Gulu has all elements to become a good film but Rathnakumar misses out on something similar to the search engines on internet."<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/gulu-gulu/movie-review/93206243.cms|title= Gulu Gulu Movie Review : Inventive plot let down by inconsistent writing|website= [[The Times of India]]|access-date= 29 July 2022|archive-date= 29 July 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220729112120/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/gulu-gulu/movie-review/93206243.cms|url-status= live}}</ref> Srinivasa Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Director Rathna Kumar, who made Meyadha Maan and Aadai earlier and has contributed to Lokesh Kanagaraj's projects as well, has taken a new path with Gulu Gulu. While that is appreciable, the result isn't exactly the laugh riot that it ought to have been, thanks to the writing being all over the place. They named their lead character Google, but did not search enough for a coherent screenplay."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gulu-gulu-movie-review-santhanams-black-comedy-dishes-a-few-laughs-but-nothing-more/article65698113.ece |title='Gulu Gulu' movie review: Santhanam's black comedy dishes a few laughs but nothing more |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 July 2022 |last1=Ramanujam |first1=Srinivasa |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729141919/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gulu-gulu-movie-review-santhanams-black-comedy-dishes-a-few-laughs-but-nothing-more/article65698113.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Ranjani Krishnakumar of ''News9Live'' gave the film 5 out of 5 stars and stated "Gulu Gulu never weighs you down with its melancholy but never lets you relax in its humour either. Rathna Kumar packs the film with existential dread, the underlying horror of it never once losing its depth in the cloak of dark comedy it wears. In that sense, it's an almost tough film to watch, it's certainly not intended as a regular film — a relief from real life. It is a complex, imperfect, sometimes restless ode to its cruelty of it."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/movie-review/gulu-gulu-movie-review-rathna-kumar-films-ode-to-cruelty-of-life-with-kindness-185911|title= Gulu Gulu movie review: Rathna Kumar films ode to cruelty of life with kindness|date= 29 July 2022|access-date= 29 July 2022|archive-date= 29 July 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220729131050/https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/movie-review/gulu-gulu-movie-review-rathna-kumar-films-ode-to-cruelty-of-life-with-kindness-185911|url-status= live}}</ref>

However, ''[[OTTplay]]'' critic gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and noted that "A black comedy let down by inconsistent writing.".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulu Gulu Review: Santhanam's black comedy is a passable entertainer that's hilarious only in parts |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/gulu-gulu-review-santhanams-black-comedy-is-a-passable-entertainer-thats-hilarious-only-in-parts/56ea3b1d59632 |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321120739/https://www.ottplay.com/review/gulu-gulu-review-santhanams-black-comedy-is-a-passable-entertainer-thats-hilarious-only-in-parts/56ea3b1d59632 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sudhir Srinivasan of [[Cinema Express]] stated that " The problem with ''Gulu Gulu'' isn’t one of ideology" and gave 2 stars out of stars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulu Gulu Movie Review: Excessive quirk marks this exhausting film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/jul/29/gulu-gulu-movie-review-excessive-quirk-marks-this-exhausting-film-33221.html |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321120947/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/jul/29/gulu-gulu-movie-review-excessive-quirk-marks-this-exhausting-film-33221.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|21272402}}

[[Category:2022 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Santhosh Narayanan]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2020s road movies]]
[[Category:Indian comedy road movies]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rathna Kumar]]

SVGV Higher Secondary School, Kidangannoor

2026-04-03T03:33:46Z

Shai0778:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = SVGV Higher Secondary School
| native_name = SVGVHSS Kidangannoor
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| logo = SVGVHSS Kidanganoor official logo.png
| logo_size = 170
| coordinates = {{coord|9.3066|76.6846|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| motto =
| established = 1942
| closed =
| type =
| status = Active
| category_label =
| category =
| gender_label =
| gender =
| affiliation = [[Kerala State Education Board]]
| affiliations =
| administrator = Sree Vijayananda Asramam
| assst_admin =
| president =
| chairman_label =
| chairman =
| rector =
| principal = Sreeja
(Present)
| asst principal =
| campus_director =
| headmaster = Susan Mathai (2026-Present)
| head_label =
| head =
| head_name2 =
| head2 =
| dean =
| founder = Sree Vijananda Swamikal
| chaplain =
| officer_in_charge =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff =
| enrollment =
| grades_label =
| grades = 5th to 12th Standard
| address =
| city = [[Kidangannoor]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| province = [[Aranmula]]
| country = [[India]]
| district = [[Pathanamthitta]]
| oversight =
| accreditation =
| campus =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| houses =
| student_union =
| nickname = SVGVHSS
| mascot =
| free_label =
| free_text =
| rival =
| yearbook =
| newspaper =
| free_label1 = School codes
| free_text1 = {{plainlist| * 37002
* 03049}}
| free_label2 = Phone Number
| free_text2 = 0468 228 7040
| test_name =
| test_average =
| national_ranking =
| website = {{URL|https://www.facebook.com/SVGVHSSchool}} on [[Facebook]]
| footnotes =
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| picture2 =
| picture_caption2 =
| lastupdate = 03/04/2026
}}

'''SVGV Higher Secondary School''', also known as '''Sree Vijayananda Gurukula Vidyalaya Higher Secondary School or SVGVHSS Kidangannoor''', is a secondary school in [[Kidangannoor]], near [[Aranmula]], [[Pathanamthitta]], [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{cite news|title=SVGV HSS steals the show at arts fete|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/svgv-hss-steals-the-show-at-arts-fete/article5561381.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=6 October 2017}}</ref> The school was founded in 1942. The school is known through [[Kerala School Kalolsavam]].

==Achievements==

SVGVHSS Kidanganoor was the champions in both the sections of high school and higher secondary school at the 2015 [[Pathanamthitta District]] [[Kerala School Kalolsavam|School Arts Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|title=SVGV school emerges champions|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/svgv-school-emerges-champions/article6770200.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=6 October 2017}}</ref>

In 2024, SVGVHSS Kidangannoor achieved third position in Kerala School Kalolsavam 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-07 |title=School Kalolsavam: Kannur continues its dominant show on Day 3 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/school-kalolsavam-kannur-continues-its-dominant-show-1.9219203 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==Affiliation==
The school is affiliated to the Kerala State syllabus.

==See also==
* [[Education in Pathanamthitta district]]
* [[List of schools in Pathanamthitta district]]

==References==
<references />

{{Education in Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:SVGVHSS Kidangannoor}}
[[Category:Aranmula]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Schools in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Education in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1942]]

{{Kerala-school-stub}}

Sangharakshita

2026-03-25T11:14:26Z

Shai0778: small fixed structure for clarity and improved wording

{{Short description|British spiritual teacher and writer (1925–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sangharakshita
| image = Sangharakshita2002.jpg
| birth_name = Dennis Philip Edward Lingwood
| birth_date = {{birth date|1925|8|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tooting]], London, England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|10|30|1925|8|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hereford]], Herefordshire, England
| occupation = {{hlist|Spiritual teacher|writer}}
| organization = [[Friends of the Western Buddhist Order]] (now Triratna Buddhist Community)
| website = {{url|http://www.sangharakshita.org/|sangharakshita.org}}
}}
'''Dennis Philip Edward Lingwood''' (26 August 1925{{snd}}30 October 2018), known more commonly as '''Sangharakshita''', was a British spiritual teacher and writer. In 1967, he founded the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order (FWBO), which was renamed the [[Triratna Buddhist Community]] in 2010.<ref name="Times">{{cite web|title=Sangharakshita obituary|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/sangharakshita-obituary-r0ghw72tg|website=[[The Times]]|date=9 November 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220626083527/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sangharakshita-obituary-r0ghw72tg|archive-date=26 June 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sangharakshita was and remains a highly controversial figure. For his supporters, he was a spiritual pioneer who introduced [[Eastern religions|Eastern religious teachings]] to the West. For his detractors, he was a sexual predator who used his position to abuse vulnerable young men.<ref name="Doward2019">{{cite web|last=Doward|first=Jamie|date=21 July 2019|title=Buddhist, teacher, predator: dark secrets of the Triratna guru|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/21/sangharakshita-guru-triratna-buddhist-dark-secrets|website=[[The Observer]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721100437/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/21/sangharakshita-guru-triratna-buddhist-dark-secrets|archive-date=21 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Doward2017">{{cite web|last=Doward|first=Jamie|date=19 February 2017|title=Fears mount over scale of Buddhist sect sexual abuse|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/19/buddhist-sexual-abuse-triratna-dennis-lingwood|website=[[The Observer]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219024542/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/19/buddhist-sexual-abuse-triratna-dennis-lingwood|archive-date=19 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Taylor2016">{{cite web|last=Taylor|first=Jo|date=26 September 2016|title=Apology sought over 'abuse' at Buddhist retreat|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-37432719|website=[[BBC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929200852/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-37432719|archive-date=29 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bunting1997">{{cite web|last=Bunting|first=Madeleine|author-link=Madeleine Bunting|date=27 October 1997|title=The dark side of enlightenment|url=http://www.ex-cult.org/fwbo/Guardian.htm|website=[[The Guardian]]|via=ex-cult.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205092815/http://www.ex-cult.org/fwbo/Guardian.htm|archive-date=5 February 2005|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Life==
===Early life===
Sangharakshita was born Dennis Philip Edward Lingwood on 26 August 1925 in [[Tooting]], London.<ref name="Times"/> After being diagnosed with a heart condition he spent much of his childhood confined to bed, and used the opportunity to read widely.<ref name="Chryssides2006p47">{{citation | first1 = George D. | last1 = Chryssides | first2 = Margaret Z. | last2 = Wilkins | year = 2006 | title = A Reader in New Religious Movements | publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group | isbn = 978-0-8264-6168-1 | page = 47 }}</ref> His first encounter with non-Christian thought was with Madame [[Helena Blavatsky]]'s ''[[Isis Unveiled]]'',<ref name="Lopez2002">{{citation | first = Donald S | last = Lopez Jr | year = 2002 | title = A Modern Buddhist Bible: Essential Readings from East and West | publisher = Beacon Press | isbn = 978-0-8070-1243-7 | page = 186 }}</ref> upon reading which, he later said, he realised that he had never been a Christian.<ref name="Batchelor1994">{{citation | first = Stephen | last = Batchelor | year = 1994 | author-link = Stephen Batchelor (author) | title = The Awakening of the West: The Encounter of Buddhism and Western Culture | publisher = Parallax Press | isbn = 978-0-938077-69-5 | page = 323 }}</ref> The following year he came across two Buddhist texts, the ''[[Diamond Sutra]]'' and the ''[[Platform Sutra]]'', and concluded that he had always been a Buddhist.<ref name="Batchelor1994" />

As Dennis Lingwood, he joined the [[Buddhist Society]] at the age of 18,<ref name="Snelling1999">{{citation | first = John | last = Snelling | year = 1999 | title = The Buddhist Handbook: A Complete Guide to Buddhist Schools, Teaching, Practice, and History | publisher = Inner Traditions | isbn = 978-0-89281-761-0 | page = 230 }}</ref> and formally became a Buddhist in May 1949 by taking the [[Three Refuges]] and [[Five Precepts]] from the Burmese monk, [[Thittila|U Thittila]].<ref name="Chryssides2006p47" />

He was conscripted into the army in 1943, and served in [[India]], Ceylon, now known as [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Singapore]] as a radio engineer<ref name="Chryssides1999p225">{{citation | first = George D. | last = Chryssides | year = 1999 | title = Exploring New Religions | publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group | isbn = 978-0-8264-5959-6 | page = 225 }}</ref> in the [[Royal Corps of Signals]].<ref name="Prebish1999">{{citation | first = Charles S. | last = Prebish | year = 1999 | title = Luminous passage: the practice and study of Buddhism in America | publisher = University of California Press | isbn = 978-0-520-21697-6 | page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520216976/page/47 47] | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520216976/page/47 }}</ref>
It was in Ceylon, while in contact with the [[Swami | swamis]] in the (Hindu) [[Ramakrishna Mission]], that he developed the desire to become a monk.<ref>{{citation | first1 = George D. | last1 = Chryssides | first2 = Margaret Z. | last2 = Wilkins | year = 2006 | title = A Reader in New Religious Movements |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group | isbn = 978-0-8264-6168-1 | pages = 47–48 }}</ref> In 1946, after the cessation of hostilities, he was transferred to Singapore, where he made contact with Buddhists and learned to meditate.<ref name="Chryssides2006p48" />

===India===
Having been conscripted into the [[British Army]] and posted to India, at the end of the war Sangharakshita handed in his rifle, left the camp where he was stationed and deserted.<ref name="Chryssides2006p48">{{citation | first1 = George D. | last1 = Chryssides | first2 = Margaret Z. | last2 = Wilkins | year = 2006 | title = A Reader in New Religious Movements | publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group | isbn = 978-0-8264-6168-1 | page = 48 }}</ref> He moved about in India for a few years, with a Bengali novice Buddhist, the future Buddharakshita, as his companion, meditating and experiencing for himself the company of eminent spiritual personalities of the times, like [[Mata Anandamayi]], [[Ramana Maharishi]] and Swamis of [[Ramakrishna Mission]]. They spent fifteen months in 1947–48, in the [[Ramakrishna Mission]] centre at [[Muvattupuzha]] with the consent of [[Swami Tapasyananda]] and [[Swami Agamananda]]. In May 1949 he became a novice monk, or [[sramanera]], in a ceremony conducted by the Burmese monk, [[U Chandramani]], who was then the most senior monk in India. It was then that he was given the name Sangharakshita ([[Pali]]: Sangharakkhita), which means "protected by the spiritual community."<ref name="Chryssides2006p48" /> Sangharakshita took full [[bhikkhu]] ordination the following year,<ref name="Prebish1999" /> with another Burmese bhikkhu, U Kawinda, as his preceptor (''upādhyāya''), and with the Ven. [[Jagdish Kashyap]] as his teacher (''ācārya'').<ref name="Chryssides2006p48" /> He studied Pali, Abhidhamma, and Logic with Jagdish Kashyap at Benares (Varanasi) University.<ref name="Snelling1999" /> In 1950, at Kashyap's suggestion, Sangharakshita moved to the hill town of [[Kalimpong]]<ref name="Lopez2002" /> close to the borders of [[India]], [[Bhutan]], [[Nepal]]. and [[Sikkim]], and only a few miles from [[Tibet]]. Kalimpong was his base for 14 years until his return to England in 1966.<ref name="Chryssides1999p225" />

During his time in Kalimpong, Sangharakshita formed a young men's Buddhist association and established an ecumenical centre for the practice of Buddhism (the ''Triyana Vardhana Vihara'').<ref name="Chryssides1999p225" /> He also edited the ''[[Maha Bodhi Society|Maha Bodhi Journal]]'' and established a magazine, ''Stepping Stones''.<ref>{{citation | first = Harry | last = Oldmeadow | year = 1999 | title = Journeys East: 20th century Western encounters with Eastern religious traditions | publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group | isbn = 978-0-8264-5959-6 | page = 280 }}</ref> In 1951, Sangharakshita met the German-born [[Lama Govinda]], who was the first Buddhist Sangharakshita had known "to declare openly the compatibility of art with the spiritual life", and who gave Sangharakshita a greater appreciation for Tibetan Buddhism.<ref>{{citation | first = Stephen | last = Batchelor | author-link = Stephen Batchelor (author) | year = 1994 | title = The Awakening of the West: The Encounter of Buddhism and Western Culture | publisher = Parallax Press | isbn = 978-0-938077-69-5 | pages = 328–329 }}</ref> Govinda had begun his explorations of Buddhism in the Theravada tradition, studying briefly under the German-born bhikkhu, [[Nyanatiloka|Nyanatiloka Mahathera]] (who gave him the name Govinda), but after meeting the [[Gelug]] Lama, Tomo [[Geshe]] Rinpoche, in 1931, he turned towards Tibetan Buddhism.<ref>{{citation | first = Donald | last = Lopez |year=2002 | title = A Modern Buddhist Bible: Essential Readings from East and West | publisher = Beacon Press | isbn = 978-0-8070-1243-7 | page = 98 }}</ref> Sangharakshita's spiritual explorations were to follow a similar trajectory.

Sangharakshita was ordained in the [[Theravada]] school, but said he became disillusioned by what he felt was the dogmatism, formalism, and nationalism of many of the Theravadin bhikkhus he met<ref name="Batchelor1994a">{{citation | first = Stephen | last = Batchelor | author-link = Stephen Batchelor (author) | year = 1994 | title = The Awakening of the West: The Encounter of Buddhism and Western Culture | publisher = Parallax Press | isbn = 978-0-938077-69-5 | page = 329 }}</ref> and became increasingly influenced by [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] teachers who had fled [[Tibet]] after the [[Battle of Chamdo|Chinese invasion in the 1950s]]. Two years after his meeting with Lama Govinda he began studying with the Gelug Lama, [[Dhardo Rinpoche]].<ref name="Batchelor1994a" /> Sangharakshita also received initiations and teachings from teachers who included [[Jamyang Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö|Jamyang Khyentse]], [[Dudjom Rinpoche]], as well as [[Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche]].<ref name="Batchelor1994a" /> It was Dhardo Rinpoche who was to give Sangharakshita Mayahana ordination.<ref name="Snelling1999" /> Later, Sangharakshita also studied with a [[Ch'an]] teacher, [[Yogi Chen]] (Chen Chien-Ming), along with another English monk, Bhikkhu Khantipalo.<ref>{{citation | first = Laurence | last = Khantipalo | year = 2002 | title = Noble Friendship: Travels of a Buddhist Monk | publisher = Windhorse Publications | isbn = 978-1-899579-46-4 | pages = 140–142 }}</ref> Together, the three men turned their ongoing seminar on Buddhist theory and practice into a book, ''Buddhist Meditation, Systematic and Practical''.<ref>{{citation | first = C.M. | last = Chen | year = 1983 | title = Buddhist Meditation, Systematic and Practical (Volume 42 of Hsientai fohsüeh tahsi) | publisher = Mile ch'upanshe | isbn = | page = xiii }}</ref>

Sangharakshita was an associate of [[B. R. Ambedkar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lionsroar.com/sangharakshita-founder-of-triratna-buddhism-dead-at-93/|title=Sangharakshita, founder of Triratna Buddhism, dead at 93 - Lion's Roar|first=Sam|last=Littlefair|access-date=30 October 2018|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222151534/https://www.lionsroar.com/sangharakshita-founder-of-triratna-buddhism-dead-at-93/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@eiselmazard/a-fragment-of-the-sangharakshita-scandal-from-india-65ed24df006d|title=A Fragment of the Sangharakshita Scandal from India|first=Eisel|last=Mazard|date=25 February 2014|website=Medium.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buddhistdoor.net/features/an-ambedkarite-buddhist-today/|title=An Ambedkarite Buddhist Today|website=Buddhistdoor.net|access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adlibris.com/no/bok/dr-ambedkar-and-the-revival-of-buddhism-9781909314788|title=Dr Ambedkar and the Revival of Buddhism - Sangharakshita - heftet(9781909314788) | Adlibris Bokhandel|website=www.adlibris.com}}</ref> In 1952, Sangharakshita met [[Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar]]<ref name="Batchelor1994b">{{citation | first = Stephen | last = Batchelor | author-link = Stephen Batchelor (author) | year = 1994 | title = The Awakening of the West: The Encounter of Buddhism and Western Culture | publisher = Parallax Press | isbn = 978-0-938077-69-5 | page = 331 }}</ref> (1891–1956), the chief architect of the Indian constitution and India's first law minister. Ambedkar, who had been a so-called [[Untouchable caste|Untouchable]], converted to Buddhism, along with 380,000 other Untouchables (now known as "[[dalits]]") on 14 October 1956.<ref name="Chryssides1999p226">{{citation | first = George D. | last = Chryssides | year = 1999 | title = Exploring New Religions | publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group | isbn = 978-0-8264-5959-6 | page = 226 }}</ref> Ambedkar and Sangharakshita had been in correspondence since 1950, and the Indian politician had encouraged the young monk to expand his Buddhist activities.<ref>{{citation | first = debjani | last = Ganguly | year = 2005 | title = Caste, Colonialism, and Counter-Modernity: Notes on a Postcolonial Hermeneutics of Caste | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-34294-0 | pages = 167–168 }}</ref> Ambedkar appreciated Sangharakshita's "commitment to a more critically [[engaged Buddhism]] that did not at the same time dilute the cardinal precepts of Buddhist thought".<ref name="Ganguly2005">{{citation | first = debjani | last = Ganguly | year = 2005 | title = Caste, Colonialism, and Counter-Modernity: Notes on a Postcolonial Hermeneutics of Caste | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-34294-0 | page = 168 }}</ref> Ambedkar initially invited Sangharakshita to perform his conversion ceremony, but the latter refused, arguing that U Chandramani should preside.<ref name="Ganguly2005" /> Ambedkar died six weeks later, leaving his conversion movement leaderless, and Sangharakshita, who had just arrived in Nagpur to visit dalit Buddhists,<ref name="Ganguly2005" /> continued what he felt was Ambedkar's work by lecturing to former Untouchables,<ref name="Batchelor1994b" /> and presiding over a ceremony in which a further 200,000 Untouchables converted.<ref name="Chryssides1999p226" /> For the next decade, Sangharakshita spent much of his time visiting dalit Buddhist communities in western India.<ref>{{citation | first = debjani | last = Ganguly | year = 2005 | title = Caste, Colonialism, and Counter-Modernity: Notes on a Postcolonial Hermeneutics of Caste | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-34294-0 | page = 169 }}</ref>

===Return to the West===
In 1964, Sangharakshita was invited to help with a dispute at the [[Hampstead Buddhist Vihara]] in north London,<ref name="Chryssides2006p49" /> where he proved to be a popular teacher.<ref name="Chryssides2006p46">{{citation | first1 = George D. | last1 = Chryssides | first2 = Margaret Z. | last2 = Wilkins | year = 2006 | title = A Reader in New Religious Movements | publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group | isbn = 978-0-8264-6168-1 | page = 46 }}</ref> His ecumenical approach and failure to conform to some of the trustees' expectations was said to contrast with the strict Theravadin-style Buddhism at the vihara.<ref name="Chryssides2006p46" /> Although originally planning to stay only six months, he decided to settle in England, but after he returned to India for a farewell tour, the Vihara's trustees voted to expel him.<ref name="Chryssides2006p46" />

Sangharakshita returned to England and in April 1967 founded the [[Friends of the Western Buddhist Order]].<ref name="Chryssides2006p46" /> The Western Buddhist Order was founded a year later, when he ordained the first dozen men and women. The first ordinations were attended by a Zen monk, a Shin priest and two Theravadin monks.<ref name="Rawlinson1997">{{citation | first = Andrew | last = Rawlinson | year = 1997 | title = The Book of Enlightened Masters | publisher = Open Court | isbn = 978-0-8126-9310-2 | page = [https://archive.org/details/bookofenlightene00rawl/page/503 503] | url = https://archive.org/details/bookofenlightene00rawl/page/503 }}</ref>

Satisfied neither with the lay-Buddhist approach of the [[Buddhist Society]], nor the monastic approach of the Hampstead vihara—the two dominant Buddhist organisations in Britain at that time—he created what he said was a new form of Buddhism. The order would be neither lay nor monastic,<ref>{{citation | first1 = Christopher S. | last1 = Queen | first2 = Sallie B. | last2 = King | year = 1996 | title = Engaged Buddhism | publisher = SUNY Press | isbn = 978-0-7914-2844-3 | page = 86 }}</ref> and members take a set of ten precepts<ref name="Rawlinson1997" /> that are a traditional part of [[Mahayana]] Buddhism.<ref>{{citation | first = Damien | last = Keown | year = 2003 | title = A Dictionary of Buddhism | publisher = Oxford University Press US | isbn = 978-0-8126-9310-2 | page = [https://archive.org/details/bookofenlightene00rawl/page/70 70] | url = https://archive.org/details/bookofenlightene00rawl/page/70 }}</ref>

Initially, Sangharakshita led all classes and conducted all ordinations.<ref name="Rawlinson1997" /> He gave lectures drawing on what he felt were the essential teachings of all the major Buddhist schools.<ref name="Chryssides2006p49">{{citation | first1 = George D. | last1 = Chryssides | first2 = Margaret Z. | last2 = Wilkins | year = 2006 | title = A Reader in New Religious Movements | publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group | isbn = 978-0-8264-6168-1 | page = 49 }}</ref> He led major retreats twice a year and frequent day and weekend events.<ref name="Chryssides2006p49" /> As the order grew, and centres became established across Britain and in other countries, order members took more responsibility until, in August 2000, he devolved his responsibilities as the head of the Western Buddhist Order to eight men and women who formed what was called the "College of Public Preceptors."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dharmalife.com/issue19/unravelmap.html |title=Have Map, Can Unravel |publisher=Dharmalife.com |access-date=2011-06-23 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923214210/http://www.dharmalife.com/issue19/unravelmap.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2005 Sangharakshita donated all of his books and artefacts, with an insurance value of £314,400, to the charitable trust dedicated to his 'support and assistance' as well as enabling his office to 'maintain contact with his disciples and friends worldwide' and to 'support them in activities'.<ref>[http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Accounts/Ends98/0001046398_AC_20151231_E_C.PDF ADM of Triratna Buddhist Community (Uddiyana), 2015], Charity Commission for England and Wales. Retrieved 14 April 2017.</ref> In 2015 this trust had an income of £140K, and for 2016 it was £73K.<ref>{{cite web|title=Triratna Buddhist Community (Uddiyana)|url=http://beta.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regid=1046398&subid=0|publisher=Charity Commission for England and Wales|access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Triratna Buddhist Community (Uddiyana)|url=http://beta.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regid=1046398&subid=0|publisher=Charity Commission for England and Wales|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>

Sangharakshita died of pneumonia and sepsis on 30 October 2018, at the age of 93.<ref name="Times"/>

==Allegations of sexual coercion and abuse==
{{Main|Triratna Buddhist Community}}
In 1997, Sangharakshita became the focus of controversy when ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper published complaints concerning some of his sexual relationships with FWBO members during the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="Bunting1997"/><ref name="Doward2019"/><ref name="Doward2017"/><ref>{{citation | first = Karma Lekshe | last = Tsomo | year = 2000 | title = Innovative Buddhist Women: Swimming Against the Stream | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-7007-1219-9 | pages = 266–267 }}</ref> For a decade following these public revelations, he declined to give any response to concerns from within the movement that he had misused his position as a Buddhist teacher to exploit young men sexually. In 2010, it was reported that he had addressed the controversy, stressing that his sexual partners were, or appeared to be, willing, and he expressed regret for any mistakes.<ref>{{citation | last = Vajragupta | year = 2010 | title = The Triratna Story: Behind the Scenes of a New Buddhist Movement | publisher = Windhorse | isbn = 978-1-899579-92-1 }}</ref>

In 2016 a local BBC channel showed a report based on interviews with three men, one under the [[age of consent]] for sex between men at the time (21), who claimed they had been pressured into having sex with Sangharakshita. They were reportedly told it would help them "make spiritual progress" to have same-sex relations despite being heterosexual.<ref name="Taylor2016"/> In 2017 the Triratna Buddhist Order hired an accredited facilitator to work directly with any individuals feeling harmed as a result of past sexual involvement with Sangharakshita.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.interkula.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Interkula-survey-report-final.pdf|format=PDF|title=Triratna: How are We Doing Now? A Triratna Interkula survey to assess how the Triratna Community feels now about allegations of past misconduct. Survey results and report|website=Interkula.net|access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref>

In 2020, a group within the Order published a report resulting from investigations into these allegations aiming to "establish the facts related to Sangharakshita's sexual behaviour". The report included acknowledgements that Sangharakshita did "not always recognise the power imbalance between student and teacher" and that he "was not always willing or able to have meaningful dialogue after the sexual involvement had ended".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebuddhistcentre.com/triratna-safeguarding/adhisthana-kula-report-addressing-ethical-issues-triratna|title = The Adhisthana Kula Report: Addressing Ethical Issues in Triratna}}</ref>

==Contributions and legacy==
Sangharakshita has been described as "among the first Westerners who devoted their life to the practice as well as the spreading of Buddhism" and also as a "prolific writer, translator, and practitioner of Buddhism".<ref>{{citation | first = Francis | last = Brassard | year = 2000 | title = The Concept of Bodhicitta in Santideva's Bodhicaryavatara | publisher = SUNY Press | isbn = 978-0-7914-4575-4 | pages = 22–23 }}</ref> As a Westerner seeking to use Western concepts to communicate Buddhism, he has been compared to [[Teilhard de Chardin]],<ref>{{citation | first = Francis | last = Brassard | year = 2000 | title = The Concept of Bodhicitta in Santideva's Bodhicaryavatara | publisher = SUNY Press | isbn = 978-0-7914-4575-4 | page = 23 }}</ref> termed "the founding father of Western Buddhism,"<ref name="autogenerated303">{{citation | first = Stephen C | last = Berkwitz | year = 2006 | title = Buddhism in world cultures: comparative perspectives | publisher = ABC-CLIO | isbn = 978-1-85109-782-1 | page = 303 }}</ref> and noted as "a skilled innovator in his efforts to translate Buddhism to the West."<ref name="autogenerated105">{{Citation | last = Doyle | first = Anita | title = Women, Men, and Angels (review) | journal = Tricycle: The Buddhist Review | volume = 5 | page = 105 | date = Summer 1996 }}</ref>

For Sangharakshita, as with other Buddhists, the factor that unites all Buddhist schools is not any particular teaching but the act of "going for refuge" (''sarana-gamana''), which he regards "not simply as a formula but as a life-changing event"<ref name="Lopez2002" /> and as an ongoing "reorientation of one's life away from mundane concerns to the values embodied in the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha."<ref>{{citation | first = Stephen | last = Batchelor | author-link = Stephen Batchelor (author) | year = 1994 | title = The Awakening of the West: The Encounter of Buddhism and Western Culture | publisher = Parallax Press | isbn = 978-0-938077-69-5 | page = 334 }}</ref> Any decisive act upon the spiritual path—renunciation, ordination, initiation, the attainment of Stream Entry, and the arising of the bodhicitta—are manifestations or examples of Going for Refuge.<ref name="Batchelor1994c">{{citation | first = Stephen | last = Batchelor | author-link = Stephen Batchelor (author) | year = 1994 | title = The Awakening of the West: The Encounter of Buddhism and Western Culture | publisher = Parallax Press | isbn = 978-0-938077-69-5 | page = 335 }}</ref>

Buddhist teachers are traditionally authorised through a lineage traced back to [[the Buddha]]. Although Sangharakshita studied under various eminent Buddhist teachers during his two decades in [[India]],<ref>{{citation | first=Stephen | last=Batchelor | year=1994 | title=The Awakening of the West | publisher=Aquarian | isbn=978-0-938077-69-5 | pages=323–332}}</ref> author James William Coleman has said that "he never worked closely enough with any teacher to be recognized as a dharma-heir".<ref name="Coleman 2001 81">{{citation | first=James William | last=Coleman | year=2001 | title=The New Buddhism: The Western Transformation of an Ancient Tradition | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-515241-8 | page=81}}</ref>

Sangharakshita has acknowledged that “Triratna sometimes bears the mark not of the dharma but of my own particular personality”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.interkula.net/about/|title=About|website=interkula.net|access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref> Among his distinctive views is his use of the scientific theory of evolution as a metaphor for spiritual development, referring to biological evolution as the "lower evolution" and spiritual growth as being a form of self-directed "higher evolution".{{cn|date=March 2021}} Sangharakshita has also drawn parallels between Buddhism and the spirit of the [[Romanticism|Romantics]], who believed that what art reveals has great moral and spiritual significance, and has written of "the religion of art."<ref>{{citation |last=McMahan |first=David L. |title=The Making of Buddhist Modernism |page=334 |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press US |isbn=978-0-19-518327-6}}</ref>

Sangharakshita has sometimes been criticised for his views on sex and gender. Though he considers women and men equally capable of Enlightenment and ordained them equally right from the start, he has also said he had "tentatively reached the conclusion that the spiritual life is more difficult for women because they are less able than men to envisage...something purely transcendental..."<ref>Transforming Self and World, 1995, p117</ref>

Sangharakshita and the FWBO were known for questioning traditional family structures, including encouraging members to join same-sex communities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Batchelor |first=Stephen |title=The awakening of the west: the encounter of Buddhism and Western culture |date=1994 |publisher=Parallax Press |isbn=978-0-938077-69-5 |location=Berkeley, Calif |pages=339}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Munt |first=Sally |last2=Smith |first2=Sharon |date=2010-02-20 |title=Angels and the Dragon King's Daughter: Gender, Sexuality in Western Buddhist New Religious Movements |url=https://doi.org/10.1558/tse.v16i3.229 |journal=Theology & Sexuality |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=229–258 |doi=10.1558/tse.v16i3.229 |issn=1355-8358|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Irons |first=Edward A. |title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism |last2=Melton |first2=J. Gordon |date=2008 |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-0-8160-5459-6 |series=Encyclopedia of world religions |location=New York |pages=206}}</ref> Sangharakshita also criticised heterosexual nuclear relationships for causing neuroticism and being overly restrictive.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Batchelor1994c" /> The FWBO has been accused of encouraging heterosexual men to engage in sexual relationships with other men in the 1970s and 1980s, in order to get over their fear of intimacy with their male peers and obtain spiritual growth.<ref name="Batchelor1994c" /><ref name=":0" /> The organisation has sometimes been described as a cult.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Testing Articles of Faith |url=http://dharmalife.com/issue17/testingfaith.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102210855/http://dharmalife.com/issue17/testingfaith.html |archive-date=2017-01-02 |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=dharmalife.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Crook |first=John |date=1998-01-10 |title=Dangers in Devotion: Buddhist Cults and the Tasks of a Guru |url=https://westernchanfellowship.org/dharma/library/article/dangers-in-devotion-buddhist-cults-and-the-tasks-of-a-guru/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Western Chan Fellowship |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Including compilations of his talks, Sangharakshita has authored more than 60 books. Meanwhile, the [[Triratna Buddhist Community]], which he founded as the FWBO, has been described as "perhaps the most successful attempt to create an ecumenical international Buddhist organization".<ref>{{citation | first = Harry L. | last = Oldmeadow | year = 2004 | title = Journeys East: 20th century Western encounters with Eastern religious traditions | publisher = World Wisdom, Inc | isbn = 978-0-941532-57-0 | page = 280 }}</ref> The community is one of the three largest Buddhist movements in Britain,<ref>{{citation | first = Gwilym | last = Beckerlegge | year = 2001 | title = From Sacred Text to Internet | publisher = Ashgate | isbn = 978-0-7546-0748-9 | page = 147 }}</ref> and has a presence in Europe, the Americas, Asia, and Africa. More than a fifth of all Order members, as of 2006, were in India,<ref>{{citation | first = Sally | last = McAra | year = 2007 | title = Land of Beautiful Vision: Making a Buddhist Sacred Place in New Zealand | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | isbn = 978-0-8248-2996-4 | page = 18 }}</ref> where Dr. Ambedkar's mission to convert Dalits to Buddhism continues.<ref name="King2005">{{citation | first = Sally B. | last = King | year = 2005 | title = Being Benevolence: The Social Ethics of Engaged Buddhism | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | isbn = 978-0-8248-2935-3 | page = 79 }}</ref> Martin Baumann, a scholar of Buddhism, has estimated that there are 100,000 people worldwide who are affiliated with the Triratna Buddhist Community.<ref name="King2005" />

For [[Buddhologist]] Francis Brassard, Sangharakshita's major contribution is "without doubt his attempt to translate the ideas and practices of [Buddhism] into Western languages."<ref>{{citation | first = Francis | last = Brassard | year = 2000 | title = The Concept of Bodhicitta in Śāntideva's Bodhícaryāvatāra | publisher = SUNY Press | isbn = 978-0-7914-4575-4 | pages = 22–23 }}</ref> The non-denominational nature of the Triratna Buddhist Community,<ref name="Rawlinson1997" /> its equal ordination for both men and women,<ref>{{citation | first = Sally | last = McAra | year = 2007 | title = Land of Beautiful Vision: Making a Buddhist Sacred Place in New Zealand | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | isbn = 978-0-8248-2996-4 | page = 60 }}</ref> and its evolution of new forms of shared practice, such as what it calls "team-based right livelihood projects", have been cited as examples of such translation, and also as the creation of a "Buddhist society in miniature within the Western, industrialized world".<ref name="Workingin1998">{{Citation | last = Baumann | first = Martin | title = Working in the Right Spirit: The Application of Buddhist Right Livelihood in the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order | journal = Journal of Buddhist Ethics | volume = 5 | url = http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/124/1/Working_in_the_right_spirit.pdf | date = May 1998 | page = 132 | postscript = . | access-date = 3 September 2016 | archive-date = 19 August 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190819124753/http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/124/1/Working_in_the_right_spirit.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> For Martin Baumann, the Triratna Buddhist Community serves as proof that "Western concepts, such as a capitalistic work ethos, ecological considerations, and a social-reformist perspective, can be integrated into the Buddhist tradition".<ref>{{Citation | last = Baumann | first = Martin | title = Working in the Right Spirit: The Application of Buddhist Right Livelihood in the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order | journal = Journal of Buddhist Ethics | volume = 5 | page = 135 | date = May 1998 | postscript = . }}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Biography===
* ''Anagarika Dharmapala: A Biographical Sketch''
* ''Great Buddhists of the Twentieth Century''

===Books on Buddhism===
* ''The Eternal Legacy: An Introduction to the Canonical Literature of Buddhism''
* ''A Survey of Buddhism: Its Doctrines and Methods Through the Ages''
* ''The Ten Pillars of Buddhism''
* ''The Three Jewels: The Central Ideals of Buddhism''

===Edited seminars and lectures on Buddhism===
* ''The Bodhisattva Ideal''
* ''Buddha Mind''
* ''The Buddha's Victory''
* ''Buddhism for Today – and Tomorrow''
* ''Creative Symbols of Tantric Buddhism''
* ''The Drama of Cosmic Enlightenment''
* ''The Essence of Zen''
* ''A Guide to the Buddhist Path''
* ''Human Enlightenment''
* ''The Inconceivable Emancipation''
* ''Know Your Mind''
* ''Living with Awareness''
* ''Living with Kindness''
* ''The Meaning of Conversion in Buddhism''
* ''New Currents in Western Buddhism''
* ''Ritual and Devotion in Buddhism''
* ''The Taste of Freedom''
* ''The Yogi's Joy: Songs of Milarepa''
* ''Tibetan Buddhism: An Introduction''
* ''Transforming Self and World''
* ''Vision and Transformation'' (also known as ''The Buddha’s Noble Eightfold Path'')
* ''Who Is the Buddha?''
* ''What Is the Dharma?''
* ''What Is the Sangha?''
* ''Wisdom Beyond Words''

===Essays and papers===
* ''Alternative Traditions''
* ''Crossing the Stream''
* ''Going For Refuge''
* ''The Priceless Jewel''
* ''Aspects of Buddhist Morality''
* ''Dialogue between Buddhism and Christianity''
* ''The Journey to Il Covento''
* ''St Jerome Revisited''
* ''Buddhism and Blasphemy''
* ''Buddhism, World Peace, and Nuclear War''
* ''The Bodhisattva Principle''
* ''The Glory of the Literary World''
* ''A Note on The Burial of Count Orgaz''
* ''Criticism East and West''
* ''Dharmapala: The Spiritual Dimension''
* ''With Allen Ginsburg in Kalimpong (1962)''
* ''Indian Buddhists''
* ''Ambedkar and Buddhism''

===Memoirs, autobiography and letters===
* ''Facing Mount Kanchenjunga: An English Buddhist in the Eastern Himalayas''
* ''From Genesis to the Diamond Sutra: A Western Buddhist's Encounters with Christianity''
* ''In the Sign of the Golden Wheel: Indian Memoirs of an English Buddhist''
* ''Moving Against the Stream: The Birth of a New Buddhist Movement''
* ''The Rainbow Road: From Tooting Broadway to Kalimpong''
* ''The History of My Going for Refuge''
* ''Precious Teachers''
* ''Travel Letters''
* ''Through Buddhist Eyes''

===Poetry and art===
* ''The Call of the Forest and Other Poems''
* ''Complete Poems 1941–1994''
* ''Conquering New Worlds: Selected Poems''
* ''Hercules and the Birds''
* ''In the Realm of the Lotus''
* ''The Religion of Art''

===Polemic===
* ''Forty Three Years Ago: Reflections on My Bhikkhu Ordination''
* ''The FWBO and 'Protestant Buddhism': An Affirmation and a Protest''
* ''The Meaning of Orthodoxy in Buddhism''
* ''Was the Buddha a Bhikkhu? A Rejoinder to a Reply to 'Forty Three Years Ago'.''

===Translation===
* ''The [[Dhammapada]]''

==See also==
* [[Dharmachari Subhuti]] – Senior associate of Sangharakshita

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Sangharakshita}}
* {{Official website|http://www.sangharakshita.org/}}
* [http://www.ex-cult.org/fwbo/fwbofiles.htm The FWBO Files]{{snd}}criticism of Sangharakshita
* {{gutenberg author| id=1390| name=Sangharakshita}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:British male writers]]
[[Category:British spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Friends of the Western Buddhist Order]]
[[Category:Writers from London]]
[[Category:Educators from London]]
[[Category:Royal Corps of Signals soldiers]]
[[Category:Buddhists involved in controversies]]

Francis Xavier Engineering College

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Shai0778: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Palayamkottai#Colleges]]

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Odor

2026-03-11T02:56:40Z

Shai0778: general adjust content based on references and added references

{{Short description|Volatile chemical compounds perceived by the sense of smell}}
{{other uses}}
{{hatnote group|
{{Redirect|Aroma}}
{{redirect|Scent|the film|The Scent}}
{{redirect|Stench|the gas|Ethanethiol}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Odour|ODEUR}}
}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2025}}
[[File:Jan Brueghel d. O. - Allegorie van de geur.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|"Smell", from ''Allegory of the Senses'' by [[Jan Brueghel the Elder]], [[Museo del Prado]] ]]

An '''odor''' ([[American English]]) or '''odour''' ([[English in the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth English]]; [[American and British English spelling differences#-our, -or|see spelling differences]]) is a '''smell''' or a '''scent''' caused by one or more volatilized [[chemical compound]]s generally found in low concentrations that humans and many animals can perceive via their [[olfactory system]]. While ''smell'' can refer to pleasant and unpleasant odors, the terms ''scent'', ''aroma'', and ''fragrance'' are usually reserved for pleasant-smelling odors and are frequently used in the food and cosmetic industry to describe [[floral scent]]s or to refer to [[perfume]]s.

== Odor physiology ==
[[File:ALCOSAN Odor Control Covers (6926400399).jpg|thumb|Odor control covers at a [[sewage treatment plant]]: Under these covers, grit and gravel are settled out of the wastewater.]]

=== Sense of smell ===
The perception of odors, or sense of smell, is mediated by the [[olfactory nerve]]. The olfactory receptor (OR) cells are [[neuron]]s present in the [[olfactory epithelium]], which is a small patch of tissue at the back of the [[nasal cavity]]. There are millions of [[olfactory receptor neuron]]s that act as sensory signaling cells. Each neuron has [[cilia]] in direct contact with the air. [[Aroma compound|Odorous molecules]] bind to receptor proteins extending from cilia and act as a chemical stimulus, initiating electric signals that travel along the olfactory nerve's [[axon]]s to the brain.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de march |first1=Claire A. |last2=Ryu |first2=sangEun |last3=Sicard |first3=Gilles |last4=Moon |first4=Cheil |last5=Golebiowski |first5=Jérôme |title=Structure–odour relationships reviewed in the postgenomic era |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |date=September 2015 |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=342–61 |doi=10.1002/ffj.3249}}</ref>

When an electrical signal reaches a threshold, the neuron fires, which sends a signal traveling along the axon to the [[olfactory bulb]], a part of the [[limbic system]] of the brain. Interpretation of the smell begins there, relating the smell to past experiences and in relation to the substance(s) inhaled. The olfactory bulb acts as a relay station connecting the nose to the olfactory cortex in the brain. Olfactory information is further processed and forwarded to the [[central nervous system]] (CNS), which controls emotions and behavior as well as basic thought processes.

Odor sensation usually depends on the concentration (number of molecules) available to the olfactory receptors. A single [[Aroma compound|odorant]] is usually recognized by many receptors. Different odorants are recognized by combinations of receptors. The patterns of neuron signals help to identify the smell. The olfactory system does not interpret a single compound, but instead the whole odorous mix. This does not correspond to the concentration or intensity of any single constituent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Axel |first1=Richard |year=1995 |title=The molecular logic of smell |journal=Scientific American |volume=273 |issue=4 |pages=154–59 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1095-154 |pmid=7481719 |bibcode=1995SciAm.273d.154A}}</ref><ref name="p.492">[[#Spengler|Spengler]], p. 492</ref>

Most odors consist of [[organic compound]]s, although some simple compounds not containing carbon, such as [[hydrogen sulfide]] and [[ammonia]], are also odorants. The perception of an odor effect is a two-step process. First, there is the physiological part. This is the detection of [[Stimulus (physiology)|stimuli]] by receptors in the nose. The stimuli are recognized by the region of the human brain which handles olfaction. Because of this, an [[Objectivity (science)|objective]] and [[analytical technique|analytical]] measure of odor is impossible. While odor feelings are personal [[perceptions]], individual reactions are usually related. They relate to things such as [[gender]], age, state of health, and personal history.

=== Smell acuity by age and gender ===
The ability to identify odor varies among people and decreases with age. Studies claim that there are sex differences in odor discrimination, and that women usually outperform men.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0028-3932(85)90067-3|pmid=4058710|title=Sex differences in odor identification ability: A cross-cultural analysis|journal=Neuropsychologia|volume=23|issue=5|pages=667–72|year=1985|last1=Doty|first1=Richard L.|last2=Applebaum|first2=Steven|last3=Zusho|first3=Hiroyuki|last4=Settle|first4=R.Gregg|s2cid=43729693}}</ref> Conversely, there are some studies claiming a male advantage.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bailey|first1=E. H. S.|last2=Powell|first2=L. M.|date=1883|title=Some Special Tests in Regard to the Delicacy of the Sense of Smell|journal=Transactions of the Annual Meetings of the Kansas Academy of Science|volume=9|pages=100–101|doi=10.2307/3623630|jstor=3623630|issn=1933-0545}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=AMOORE|first1=JOHN E.|last2=VENSTROM|first2=DELPHA|date=January 1966|title=Sensory Analysis of Odor Qualities in Terms of the Stereochemical Theory|journal=Journal of Food Science|volume=31|issue=1|pages=118–128|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.1966.tb15424.x|issn=0022-1147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=VENSTROM|first1=DELPHA|last2=AMOORE|first2=JOHN E.|date=May 1968|title=Olfactory Threshold, in Relation to Age, Sex or Smoking|journal=Journal of Food Science|volume=33|issue=3|pages=264–265|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.1968.tb01364.x|issn=0022-1147}}</ref> A 2019 [[meta-analysis]] claimed that the differences in olfaction are extremely small, but confirmed a small advantage for women.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sorokowski|first1=Piotr|last2=Karwowski|first2=Maciej|last3=Misiak|first3=Michał|last4=Marczak|first4=Michalina Konstancja|last5=Dziekan|first5=Martyna|last6=Hummel|first6=Thomas|last7=Sorokowska|first7=Agnieszka|date=2019|title=Sex Differences in Human Olfaction: A Meta-Analysis|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|language=English|volume=10|article-number=242|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00242|pmid=30814965|pmc=6381007|issn=1664-1078|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Pregnant women have increased smell sensitivity, sometimes resulting in abnormal taste and smell perceptions, leading to [[food craving]]s or aversions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nordin |first1=Steven |last2=Broman |first2=Daniel A. |last3=Olofsson |first3=Jonas K. |last4=Wulff |first4=Marianne |year=2004 |title=A Longitudinal Descriptive Study of Self-reported Abnormal Smell and Taste Perception |journal=Pregnant Women Chem. Senses |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=391–402 |doi=10.1093/chemse/bjh040 |pmid=15201206|doi-access=free }}</ref> The ability to taste also decreases with age as the sense of smell tends to dominate the sense of taste. Chronic smell problems are reported in small numbers for those in their mid-twenties, with numbers increasing steadily, with overall sensitivity beginning to decline in the second decade of life, and then deteriorating appreciably as age increases, especially once over 70 years of age.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=19686188|pmc=2760342|year=2009|last1=Hoffman|first1=H. J.|title=Perspectives on population-based epidemiological studies of olfactory and taste impairment|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume=1170|pages=514–30|last2=Cruickshanks|first2=K. J.|last3=Davis|first3=B|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04597.x|bibcode=2009NYASA1170..514H|issue=1}}</ref>

=== Smell acuity compared to other animals ===
[[File:Beagle sniffing another dog.jpg|thumb|Two dogs [[Dog sense of smell|sniffing each other]]]]

For most untrained individuals, the act of smelling acquires little information concerning the specific [[ingredient]]s of an odor. Their smell perception primarily offers information that elicits an emotional response.{{citation needed|date=November 2010}} Experienced individuals, however, such as [[flavorist]]s and [[perfumer]]s, can identify discrete chemicals in complex mixtures using only their sense of smell.

Odor perception is a primary evolutionary [[sense]]. The sense of smell can induce pleasure or subconsciously warn of danger, which may, for example, help to locate mates, find food, or detect predators. Humans have an unusually good sense of smell considering they have only 350 functional olfactory receptor genes compared to the 1,300 found in mice, for example. This is despite an apparent evolutionary decline in the sense of smell.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rouquier |first1=S |last2=Blancher |first2=A |last3=Giorgi |first3=D |title=The olfactory receptor gene repertoire in primates and mouse: Evidence for reduction of the functional fraction in primates. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=2000 |volume=97 |issue=6 |pages=2870–2874 |publisher=PNAS |doi=10.1073/pnas.040580197 |pmid=10706615 |pmc=16022 |bibcode=2000PNAS...97.2870R |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gilad |first1=Y |last2=Przeworski |first2=M |last3=Lancet |first3=D |title=Loss of olfactory receptor genes coincides with the acquisition of full trichromatic vision in primates. |journal=PLOS Biology |year=2004 |volume=2 |issue=1 |article-number=e5 |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020005 |pmid=14737185 |doi-access=free |pmc=314465 }}</ref> The human sense of smell is comparable with many animals, able to distinguish between a diverse range of odors. Studies have reported that humans can distinguish in the region of one trillion unique aromas.<ref name=odor>{{cite journal |last1=Bushdid |first1=C. |last2=Magnasco |first2=M. O. |last3=Vosshall |first3=L. B. |last4=Keller |first4=A. |title=Humans Can Discriminate More than 1 Trillion Olfactory Stimuli |date=March 21, 2014 |journal=Science |volume=343 |issue=6177 |pages=1370–72 |doi=10.1126/science.1249168 |pmid=24653035 |bibcode=2014Sci...343.1370B |pmc=4483192}}</ref><ref name="Distillations">{{cite journal |last1=Kean |first1=Sam |title=The Scent of a Molecule |journal=Distillations |date=2017 |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=5 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/the-scent-of-a-molecule |access-date=May 16, 2018}}</ref>

=== Habituation or adaptation ===
Odors that a person is used to, such as their own [[body odor]], are less noticeable than uncommon odors. This is due to "habituation." After continuous odor exposure, the sense of smell is fatigued, but recovers if the stimulus is removed for a time.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=20695648 |pmc=2919830 |year=2010 |last1=Chaudhury |first1=D |title=Olfactory bulb habituation to odor stimuli |journal=Behavioral Neuroscience |volume=124 |issue=4 |pages=490–99 |last2=Manella |first2=L |last3=Arellanos |first3=A |last4=Escanilla |first4=O |last5=Cleland |first5=T. A. |last6=Linster |first6=C |doi=10.1037/a0020293}}</ref> Odors can change due to environmental conditions: for example, odors tend to be more distinguishable in cool dry air.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/clen.200900015 |title=Occurrence, Dynamics and Reactions of Organic Pollutants in the Indoor Environment |journal=CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=417–35 |year=2009 |last1=Salthammer |first1=Tunga |last2=Bahadir |first2=Müfit |bibcode=2009CSAW...37..417S }}</ref>

Habituation affects the ability to distinguish odors after continuous exposure. The sensitivity and ability to discriminate odors diminishes with exposure, and the brain tends to ignore continuous stimulus and focus on differences and changes in a particular sensation. When odorants are mixed, a habitual odorant is blocked. This depends on the strength of the odorants in the mixture, which can change the perception and processing of an odor. This process helps classify similar odors as well as adjust sensitivity to differences in complex stimuli.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Devriese |first1=S |last2=Winters |first2=W |last3=Stegen |first3=K |last4=Diest |first4=I Van |last5=Veulemans |first5=H |last6=Nemery |first6=B |last7=Eelen |first7=P |date= 2000 |title=Generalization of acquired somatic symptoms in response to odors: a pavlovian perspective on multiple chemical sensitivity|pmid=11138993 |journal=Psychosom. Med. |volume=62 |issue=6|pages=751–59 |doi=10.1097/00006842-200011000-00003|citeseerx=10.1.1.320.169 |s2cid=12093019 }}</ref>

=== Genetic component ===
The primary gene sequences for thousands of olfactory receptors are known for the genomes of more than a dozen organisms. They are [[Heptad repeat|seven-helix-turn]] transmembrane proteins. But there are no known structures for any olfactory receptor. There is a conserved sequence in roughly three quarters of all ORs. This is a tripodal metal-ion binding site,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1= J. |last2=Luthey-Schulten |first2=Z. |last3=Suslick |first3=K. S. |title=Is the Olfactory Receptor A Metalloprotein? |doi=10.1073/pnas.262792899 | journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=100 |issue= 6 |pages=3035–39 |year= 2003 |bibcode=2003PNAS..100.3035W |pmid=12610211 |pmc=152240|doi-access= free }}</ref> and [[Kenneth S. Suslick|Suslick]] has proposed that the ORs are in fact metalloproteins (most likely with zinc, copper, and manganese ions) that serve as a [[Lewis acids and bases|Lewis Acid]] site for the binding of many odorant molecules. In 1978, [[Robert H. Crabtree|Crabtree]] suggested that Cu(I) is "the most likely candidate for a metallo-receptor site in olfaction" of strong-smelling volatiles. These are also good metal-coordinating ligands, such as thiols.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crabtree |first1=R.H. |title=Copper(I) – Possible Olfactory Binding-Site |journal=J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. |volume=1978 |issue=40 |page=1453 |doi=10.1016/0022-1902(78)80071-2 |year=1978}}</ref> In 2012, Zhuang, Matsunami, and Block confirmed the Crabtree/Suslick proposal for the specific case of a mouse OR, MOR244-3, showing that copper is essential for detection of certain thiols and other sulfur-containing compounds. Thus, by using a chemical that binds to copper in the mouse nose, so that copper was not available to the receptors, the authors showed that the mice could not detect the thiols without the copper. However, these authors also found that MOR244-3 lacks the specific metal ion binding site suggested by Suslick, instead showing a different motif in the EC2 domain.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duan |first1=Xufang |last2= Block |first2=Eric |last3=Li |first3=Zhen |last4=Connelly |first4=Timothy |last5=Zhang |first5=Jian |last6=Huang |first6=Zhimin |last7=Su |first7=Xubo |last8=Pan |first8=Yi |last9=Wu |first9=Lifang |last10=Chi |first10=Qiuyi |last11=Thomas |first11=Siji |last12=Zhang |first12=Shaozhong |last13=Ma |first13=Minghong |last14=Matsunami |first14=Hiroaki |last15=Chen |first15=Guo-Qiang |last16=Zhuang |first16= Hanyi |title=Crucial role of copper in detection of metal-coordinating odorants |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=109 |issue=9 |pages=3492–97 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1111297109 |bibcode=2012PNAS..109.3492D |pmid=22328155 |pmc=3295281 |year=2012|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Evolutionary impact ===
[[Gordon M. Shepherd|Gordon Shepherd]] proposed that the retro-nasal route of olfaction (odorants introduced to the olfactory mucosa through the oral cavity often as food) was partially responsible for the development of human olfactory acuity. He suggested the evolutionary pressure of diversification of food sources and increased complexity of food preparation presented humans with a broader range of odorants, ultimately leading to a "richer repertoire of smells". Animals such as dogs show a greater sensitivity to odors than humans, especially in studies using short-chain compounds. Higher cognitive brain mechanisms and more olfactory brain regions enable humans to discriminate odors better than other mammals despite fewer olfactory receptor genes.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020146 |pmc=406401 |title=The Human Sense of Smell: Are We Better Than We Think? |year=2004 |last1=Shepherd |first1=Gordon M. |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=2 |issue=5 |article-number=e146 |pmid=15138509 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Measuring techniques ==

=== Concentration ===
Odor concentration refers to an odor's pervasiveness. To measure odor sensation, an odor is diluted to a [[odor threshold|detection or recognition threshold]]. The detection threshold is the concentration of an odor in air when 50% of a population can distinguish between the odorous sample and an odor-free reference sample. The recognition odor threshold is usually a factor of two to five higher than the detection threshold.<ref name="p.483"/>

The measurement of odor concentration is the most widespread method to quantify odors. It is standardized in [[European Committee for Standardization|CEN EN]] 13725:2003.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150505060914/http://www.sipe-rtd.info/directive/air-quality-determination-odour-concentration-dynamic-olfactometry CEN EN 13725:2003, Air quality – Determination of odour concentration by dynamic olfactometry]}}. sipe-rtd.info</ref> The method is based on dilution of an odor sample to the odor threshold. The numerical value of the odor concentration is equal to the dilution factor that is necessary to reach the odor threshold. Its unit is the "European Odour Unit", OUE. Therefore, the odor concentration at the odor threshold is 1 OUE by definition.

=== Olfactometer ===
To establish odor concentration, an olfactometer is used which employs a group of human panelists. A diluted odorous mixture and an odor-free gas—[[n-Butanol]]—as a reference are presented from sniffing ports to a group of panelists who are sensitive in odor perception. To collect an odor sample, the samples are collected using specialized sample bags, which are made from an odor free material, e.g., [[Teflon]]. The most accepted technique for collecting odor samples is the lung technique, where the sample bag is placed in a sealed drum, where a vacuum is created outside the bag, which fills under expansion, and draws into itself the sample from the source. Critically, all components which touch the odor sample, must be odor free, which includes lines and fittings.

In comparing the odor emitted from each port, the panelists are asked to report if they can detect a difference between the ports. The gas-diluting ratio is then decreased by a factor of 1.4 or two (i.e., the concentration is increased accordingly). The panelists are asked to repeat the test. This continues until the panelists respond with certainty and correctly twice in a row. These responses are used to calculate the concentration of the odor in terms of European odor units (OUE/m3, where 1 OUE/m3≡40 ppb/v n-butanol).<ref name="hierarchical">{{cite journal |author1=Van Harreveld, A. P. |author2=Heeres, P. |author3=Harssema, H. |title=A review of 20 years of standardization of odor concentration measurement by dynamic olfactometry in Europe |year=1999 |journal=Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=705–15 |doi=10.1080/10473289.1999.11499900 |pmid=29073832 |bibcode=1999JAWMA..49..705V |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Humans can discriminate between two odorants that differ in concentration by as little as 7%.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cain |first1=WS. |year=1977 |title=Differential sensitivity for smell: "noise" at the nose |journal=Science |volume=195 |issue=4280 |pages=796–98 |doi=10.1126/science.836592 |pmid=836592 |bibcode=1977Sci...195..796C }}</ref> A human's odor detection threshold is variable. Repeated exposure to an odorant leads to enhanced olfactory sensitivity and decreased detection thresholds for a number of different odorants.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=1830082|year=1991|last1=Cain|first1=W. S.|title=Olfactory sensitivity: Reliability, generality, and association with aging|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=382–91 |last2=Gent |first2=J. F. |doi=10.1037/0096-1523.17.2.382}}</ref> It was found in a study that humans who were unable to detect the odor of [[androstenone]] developed the ability to detect it after repeated exposure.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wysocki |first1=C.J. |last2=Dorries |first2=K.M. |last3=Beauchamp |first3=G.K. |year=1989 |title=Ability to perceive androstenone can be acquired by ostensibly anosmic people |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA |volume=86 |issue=20 |pages=7976–78 |doi=10.1073/pnas.86.20.7976 |pmid=2813372 |pmc=298195 |bibcode=1989PNAS...86.7976W |doi-access=free }}</ref> People who cannot smell are said to be [[anosmia|anosmic]].

There are a number of issues which have to be overcome with sampling, these include:
# If the source is under vacuum
# if the source is at a high temperature
# If the source has high humidity

Issues such as temperature and humidity are best overcome using either pre-dilution or dynamic dilution techniques.

=== Other analytical methods ===
Other analytic methods can be subdivided into the physical, the [[gas chromatography|gas chromatographical]], and the chemosensory method.

When measuring odor, there is a difference between [[wikt:emission|emission]] and [[wikt:immission|immission]] measurements. Emission measurement can be taken by olfactometry using an [[olfactometer]] to dilute the odor sample. Olfactometry is rarely used for immission measurement because of low odor concentrations involved. The same measuring principles are used, but the judgment of the air-assay happens without diluting the samples.

Odor measurement is essential for odor regulation and control.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=19380999 |url=http://wbia2.zut.edu.pl/%5BTYPO3%5D/typo3_current/fileadmin/pliki/odory/pdf/IWA2008_odour_oral_Ueno_et_al.pdf |title=Difference in the odor concentrations measured by the triangle odor bag method and dynamic olfactometry |journal=Water Science & Technology |volume=59 |issue=7 |pages=1339–42 |year=2009 |last1=Ueno |first1=H |last2=Amano |first2=S |last3=Merecka |first3=B |last4=Kośmider |first4=J |doi=10.2166/wst.2009.112 |bibcode=2009WSTec..59.1339U |access-date=June 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105225010/http://wbia2.zut.edu.pl/%5BTYPO3%5D/typo3_current/fileadmin/pliki/odory/pdf/IWA2008_odour_oral_Ueno_et_al.pdf |archive-date=November 5, 2016 }}</ref>
An odor emission often consists of a complex mixture of many odorous compounds. Analytical monitoring of individual chemical compounds present in such an odor is usually not practical. As a result, odor sensory methods, instead of instrumental methods, are normally used to measure such odor. Odor sensory methods are available to monitor odor both from source emissions and in the ambient air. These two contexts require different approaches for measuring odor. The collection of odor samples is more easily accomplished for a source emission than for odor in the ambient air.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cpcb.nic.in/divisionsofheadoffice/pci2/package_odourreport_2.12.08.pdf |title=Guidelines on Odour Pollution & Its Control |publisher=Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India |date=May 2008 |access-date=June 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409230750/http://cpcb.nic.in/divisionsofheadoffice/pci2/package_odourreport_2.12.08.pdf |archive-date=April 9, 2009 }}</ref>

Field measurement with portable [[Olfactometer|field olfactometers]] can seem more effective, but olfactometer use is not regulated in Europe, while it is popular in the U.S. and Canada, where several states set limits at the receptor sites or along the perimeter of odor-emitting plants, expressed in units of dilution-to-threshold (D/T).<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.aidic.it/cet/12/30/018.pdf |title=Measurement of Odour Concentration of Immissions using a New Field Olfactometer and Markers' Chemical Analysis|journal=Chemical Engineering Transactions|volume=30|year=2012|page=103|author1= Benzo, Maurizio|author2=Mantovani, Alice |author3=Pittarello, Alberto }}</ref>

=== Intensity ===
Odor intensity refers to the perceived strength of an odor sensation. This intensity property is used to locate the source of odors and perhaps most directly related to odor nuisance.<ref name="p.492"/>

The perceived strength of an odor is measured alongside its concentration and can be mathematically modeled using the '''Weber-Fechner law''': I = a × log(c) + b,<ref name="Jiang, J. 2006">{{cite journal|pmid=16739805|year=2006|last1=Jiang|first1=J|title=Improvement of odor intensity measurement using dynamic olfactometry|journal=Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)|volume=56|issue=5|pages=675–83|last2=Coffey|first2=P|last3=Toohey|first3=B|doi=10.1080/10473289.2006.10464474|bibcode=2006JAWMA..56..675J |doi-access=free}}</ref> where:
* ''I'' represents the perceived psychological intensity at a given dilution step on the butanol scale,
* ''a'' is the Weber-Fechner coefficient,
* ''C'' is the chemical concentration, and
* ''b'' is [[The Intercept|the intercept]] constant (0.5 by definition).<ref name="Jiang, J. 2006"/>

Odor intensity can be expressed using an odor intensity scale, which is a verbal description of an odor sensation to which a numerical value is assigned.<ref name="Jiang, J. 2006"/>

Odor intensity can be divided into the following categories according to intensity:

:0 – no odor
:1 – very weak (odor threshold)
:2 – weak
:3 – distinct
:4 – strong
:5 – very strong
:6 – intolerable

Odor intensity is determined in a laboratory by specialists who have been trained to accurately define intensity.

=== Hedonic tone assessment ===
[[Hedonic]] assessment is the process of rating odors according to a scale ranging from extremely unpleasant to extremely pleasant. Intensity and hedonic tone, whilst similar, refer to different things: that is, the strength of the odor (intensity) and the pleasantness of an odor (hedonic tone). The perception of an odor may change from pleasant to unpleasant with increasing concentration, intensity, time, frequency, or previous experience with a specific odor—all factors in determining a response.<ref>[[#Spengler|Spengler]], p. 486</ref>

=== FIDOL factors ===
The overall set of qualities are sometimes identified as the "FIDOL (Frequency, Intensity, Duration, Offensiveness, Location) factors".<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.odorimpact.com/en/fidol.shtml |website=OdorImpact|title= F.i.d.o.l. |access-date= February 1, 2021 }}</ref>

The character of an odor is a critical element in assessing an odor. This property is the ability to distinguish different odors and is only descriptive. First, a basic description is used—such as sweet, pungent, acrid, fragrant, warm, dry, or sour. The odor is then referenced to a source such as sewage or apple which can then be followed by a reference to a specific chemical such as acids or gasoline.<ref name="p.492"/>

Most commonly, a set of standard descriptors is used, which may range from "fragrant" to "sewer odor".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/air/odour-guidelines-jun03/html/page6.html |title=Odour Assessment |publisher=MFE.govt.nz |access-date=December 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122072859/http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/air/odour-guidelines-jun03/html/page6.html |archive-date=November 22, 2012 }}</ref> Although the method is fairly simplistic, it is important for the FIDOL factors to be understood by the person rating the smell. This method is most commonly used to define the character of an odor which can then be compared to other odors. It is common for olfactometry laboratories to report character as an additional factor post sample-analysis.

==== Categorization ====
Different categorizations of primary odors have been proposed, including the following, which identifies 7 primary odors:<ref name="p.483">[[#Spengler|Spengler]], p. 483</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Oracle Education Foundation |title=Your Sense of Smell – The Senses |publisher=ThinkQuest Library |date=August 25, 2010 |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/3750/smell/smell.html |access-date=November 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808182250/http://library.thinkquest.org/3750/smell/smell.html |archive-date=August 8, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="understanding">{{cite journal | author=Auffarth, B. | year=2013 | title=Understanding smell – the olfactory stimulus problem | journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews | volume=37 | issue=8 | pages=1667–79 | doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.009| pmid=23806440 | s2cid=207090474 | url=https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-124607 }}</ref>

# [[Musk]]y – perfumes
# [[Putrid]] – rotten eggs
# [[Pungent]] – vinegar
# [[Camphoraceous]] – [[mothball]]s
# [[Essential oil|Ethereal]] – [[Tetrachloroethylene|dry cleaning fluid]]
# [[Floral]] – roses (see also [[floral scent]])
# [[Peppermint]]y – mint gum

However, the concept of primary odors is not universally accepted.<ref name="understanding"/>

=== Interpretive dispersion modeling ===
In many countries odor modeling is used to determine the extent of an impact from an odor source. These are a function of modeled concentration, averaging time (over what time period the model steps are run over, typically hourly), and a percentile. Percentiles refer to a statistical representation of how many hours per year the concentration C may be exceeded based on the averaging period.

=== Sampling from area sources ===
There are two main odor sampling techniques: direct and indirect odor sampling techniques.

==== Direct sampling ====
Direct refers to the placement of an enclosure on or over an emitting surface from which samples are collected, and an odor emission rate is determined.

The most commonly used direct methods include the flux chamber<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceschmidt.com/flux4hra.htm |title=Flux Chamber Measurements: Defensible Analytical Data for Evaluating Human Health Risk |publisher=Ceschmidt.com |access-date=December 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208030440/http://ceschmidt.com/flux4hra.htm |archive-date=February 8, 2013 }}</ref> and [[wind tunnel]]s such as the one at the [[University of New South Wales]] (UNSW).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120320101812/http://www.odour.unsw.edu.au/wind-tunnel-design.html UNSW wind tunnel dimensions]. Odour.unsw.edu.au</ref> There are many other available techniques, and consideration should be given to a number of factors before selecting a suitable method.

A source which has implications for this method are sources, such as bark bed [[biofilter]]s, that have a vertical velocity component. For such sources, consideration must be given as to the most appropriate method. A commonly used technique is to measure the odor concentration at the emitting surface, and combine this with the volumetric flow rate of air entering the biofilter to produce an emission rate.

==== Indirect sampling ====
Indirect sampling is often referred to as back calculation. It involves the use of a mathematical formula to predict an emission rate.

Many methods are used, but all make use of the same inputs which include surface roughness, upwind and downwind concentrations, stability class (or other similar factor), wind speed, and wind direction.

== Health risks ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=December 2019}}
The human sense of smell is a primary factor in the sensation of comfort. Olfaction as a sensory system brings awareness of the presence of airborne chemicals. Some inhaled chemicals are volatile compounds that act as a stimulus, triggering unwanted reactions such as nose, eye, and [[throat irritation]]. Perception of odor and of irritation is unique to each person, and varies because of physical conditions or memory of past exposures to similar chemicals. A person's specific threshold, before an odor becomes a nuisance, depends also on the frequency, concentration, and duration of an odor.

The perception of irritation from odor sensation is hard to investigate because exposure to a volatile chemical elicits a different response based on sensory and physiological signals, and interpretation of these signals is influenced by experience, expectations, personality, or situational factors. [[Volatile organic compounds]] (VOCs) may have higher concentrations in confined indoor environments, due to restricted infiltration of fresh air, as compared to the outdoor environment, leading to greater potential for toxic health exposures from a variety of chemical compounds. Health effects of odor are traced to the sensation of an odor or the odorant itself. Health effects and symptoms vary—including eye, nose, or throat irritation, cough, chest tightness, drowsiness, and mood change—all of which decrease as an odor ceases. Odors may also trigger illnesses such as asthma, depression, stress-induced illness, or hypersensitivity. The ability to perform tasks may decrease, and other social/behavioral changes may occur.

Occupants should expect remediation from disturbing and unexpected odors that disturb concentration, diminish productivity, evoke symptoms, and generally increase the dislike for a particular environment. It is important to set occupational exposure limits (OELs) to ensure the health and safety of workers, as well as comfort, because exposure to chemicals can elicit physiological and biochemical changes in the upper respiratory system. Standards are hard to set when exposures are not reported and can also be hard to measure. Workforce populations vary in terms of discomfort from odors because of exposure history or habituation, and they may not realize possible risks of exposure to chemicals that produce specific odors.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Young, Christopher A. |title=What Smells?|journal= Pollution Engineering|volume= 42|issue=5 |year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=11981666|year=2002|last1=Dalton|first1=P|title=Odor, irritation and perception of health risk|journal=International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health|volume=75|issue=5|pages=283–90|doi=10.1007/s00420-002-0312-x|bibcode=2002IAOEH..75..283D |s2cid=9073422}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Types of odors}}Types==

{{more citations needed|section|date=December 2019}}

Some odors are sought after, such as from perfumes and flowers, some of which command high prices. Whole industries have developed around products that remove or mask unpleasant odors, such as [[deodorant]].

Odor molecules transmit messages to the [[limbic system]], the area of the brain that governs emotional responses. Some believe that these messages have the power to alter moods, evoke distant memories, raise spirits, and boost self-confidence. This belief has led to "[[aromatherapy]]", wherein fragrances are claimed to cure a wide range of psychological and physical problems. Aromatherapy claims that fragrances can positively affect sleep, stress, alertness, social interaction, and general feelings of well-being. Evidence for the effectiveness of aromatherapy is mostly [[Anecdotal evidence|anecdotal]] and controlled [[science|scientific]] studies to substantiate its claims are lacking.

Some people are allergic to the fragrances found in perfume, scented shampoo, scented deodorant, or similar products. Reactions, as with other chemical allergies, can range from slight headaches to [[anaphylactic shock]], which can result in death.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

Unpleasant odors play various roles in nature, often to warn of danger, though this may not be known to the subject who smells it.<ref name="Trygg"/> The natural gas industry uses odor to enable consumers to identify leaks. [[Natural gas#Added odor|Natural gas]] in its native state is colorless and almost odorless. To help users detect [[leak]]s, an [[odorizer]] with the scent of rotten eggs, [[tert-Butylthiol]] (t-butyl mercaptan), is added. Sometimes a related compound, [[tetrahydrothiophene|thiophane]], may be used in the mixture.

An odor that is viewed as unpleasant by some people or cultures can be viewed as attractive by others where it is more familiar or has a better reputation.<ref name="Trygg"/> It is commonly thought that those exuding an unpleasant [[body odor]] are unattractive to others. But studies have shown that a person who is exposed to a particular unpleasant odor can be attracted to others who have been exposed to the same unpleasant odor.<ref name="Trygg">{{Cite book |last1=Engen |first1=Trygg |title=Odor sensation and memory |year=1991 |publisher=Praeger |location=New York |isbn=978-0-275-94111-6 }}</ref> This includes odors associated with pollution.<ref name="Trygg"/>

What causes a substance to smell unpleasant may be different from what one perceives. For example, [[perspiration]] is often viewed as having an unpleasant odor, but it is odorless. It is bacteria in the perspiration that causes the odor.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0eixKqC0SgC&q=%22unpleasant+odor%22stink&pg=PA104 |title=What's Happening to My Body? Book for Boys |edition=Revised |via= Google Boeken |access-date=December 30, 2012|isbn=978-1-55704-769-4 |date=2007|last1=Madaras |first1=Lynda |last2=Madaras |first2=Area|last3=Sullivan|first3=Simon |publisher=HarperCollins }}</ref>

Unpleasant odors can arise from specific industrial processes, adversely affecting workers and even residents downwind of the source. The most common sources of industrial odor arise from [[sewage treatment]] plants, [[Refining|refineries]], animal rendering factories, and industries processing chemicals (such as sulfur) which have odorous characteristics. Sometimes industrial odor sources are the subject of community controversy and scientific analysis.

[[Body odor]] is present both in animals and humans and its intensity can be influenced by many factors (behavioral patterns, survival strategies). Body odor has a strong genetic basis both in animals and humans, but it can be also strongly influenced by various diseases and psychological conditions.

===Study===
The study of odors is a growing field but is a complex and difficult one. The human [[olfactory system]] can detect many thousands of scents based on only minute airborne concentrations of a chemical. The sense of smell of many animals is even better. Some fragrant flowers give off ''[[Bee learning and communication|odor plumes]]'' that move downwind and are detectable by [[bee]]s more than a kilometer away.

The study of odors is complicated by the complex chemistry taking place at the moment of a smell sensation. For example, iron-containing metallic objects are perceived to have a distinctive odor when touched, although iron's [[vapor pressure]] is negligible. According to a 2006 study, this smell is the result of [[aldehyde]]s (for example, [[nonanal]]) and [[ketone]]s: [[Oct-1-en-3-one|oct-1-en-3-one]]) released from the human skin on contact with [[ferrous]] ions that are formed in the sweat-mediated corrosion of iron. The same chemicals are also associated with the smell of blood, as ferrous iron in blood on skin produces the same reaction.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Glindemann |first1=Dietmar |last2=Dietrich |first2=Andrea |last3=Staerk |first3=Hans-Joachim |last4=Kuschk |first4=Peter |year=2006 |title=Communication The Two Odors of Iron when Touched or Pickled: (Skin) Carbonyl Compounds and Organophosphines |journal=[[Angewandte Chemie International Edition]] |volume= 45 |issue=42 |pages= 7006–09 |doi=10.1002/anie.200602100 |pmid=17009284 |doi-access= }}</ref>

===Pheromones===
[[Pheromone]]s are odors that are used for communication, and are sometimes called "airborne hormones". A female [[moth]] may release a pheromone that can entice a male moth that is several kilometers downwind. [[Honeybee]] queens constantly release pheromones that regulate the activity of the [[Beehive|hive]]. Worker bees can release such smells to call other bees into an appropriate cavity when a swarm moves into new quarters, or to "sound" an alarm when the hive is threatened.

===Advanced technology===
Most artificial or [[electronic nose]] instruments work by combining output from an array of non-specific [[chemical sensors]] to produce a fingerprint of whatever volatile chemicals in the local environment.<ref>{{cite AV media | date = November 21, 2016 | title = Science in 1 minute: How does an electronic nose work | type = Web | language = English | url = https://www.sensigent.com/img/videos/How%20eNose%20works.mp4 | access-date = July 26, 2023 | format = mp4 | publisher = Universitat Rovira i Virgili }}</ref> Most electronic noses need to be "trained" to recognize chemicals of interest before it can be used.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Odour Impact Assessment Handbook: Belgiorno/Odour|date=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|isbn=978-1-118-48126-4|editor-last=Belgiorno|editor-first=Vincenzo|location=Hoboken, NJ|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781118481264|editor2-last=Naddeo|editor2-first=Vincenzo|editor3-last=Zarra|editor3-first=Tiziano}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Zarra|first1=T.|title=Instruments and Methods for Odour Sampling and Measurement|date=2012|work=Odour Impact Assessment Handbook|pages=31–83|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781118481264.ch3|isbn=978-1-118-48126-4|last2=Naddeo|first2=V.|last3=Belgiorno|first3=V.|last4=Higuchi|first4=T.|last5=Dutta|first5=N.|last6=Bhuyan|first6=M.}}</ref> Many current electronic-nose instruments suffer from problems with reproducibility subject to varying ambient [[temperature]] and [[humidity]]. An example of this type of technology is the [[Kenneth S. Suslick|colorimetric sensor array]], which visualizes odor through color change and creates a "picture" of it.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Suslick |first1=B. A. |last2=Feng |first2=L. |last3=Suslick |first3=K. S. |title=Discrimination of Complex Mixtures by a Colorimetric Sensor Array: Coffee Aromas |journal=Anal. Chem. |volume=82|issue=5 |pages=2067–73 |doi=10.1021/ac902823w|year=2010 |pmid=20143838 |pmc=2947826 |bibcode=2010AnaCh..82.2067S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Feng |first1=L. |last2=Musto |first2=C.J. |last3=Suslick |first3=K. S. |title=A Simple and Highly Sensitive Colorimetric Detection Method for Gaseous Formaldehyde|doi=10.1021/ja910366p|pmid=20218682 |pmc=2854577 |journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc. |volume=132|issue=12 |pages=4046–47 |year=2010 |bibcode=2010JAChS.132.4046F }}</ref>

==Behavioral cues==
Odor perception is a complex process involving the central nervous system and can evoke psychological and physiological responses. Because the olfactory signal terminates in or near the amygdala, odors are strongly linked to memories and can evoke emotions. The amygdala participates in the hedonic or emotional processing of olfactory stimuli.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zald |first1=David H. |last2=Pardo |first2=J. V. |year=1997 |title=Emotion, olfaction, and the human amygdala: Amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation |journal=PNAS |volume=94 |issue=8|pages=4119–24 |doi=10.1073/pnas.94.8.4119 |pmid=9108115 |pmc=20578|bibcode=1997PNAS...94.4119Z |doi-access=free }}</ref> Odors can disturb our concentration, diminish productivity, evoke symptoms, and in general increase a dislike for an environment. Odors can impact the liking for a person, place, food, or product as a form of conditioning.<ref>{{cite journal|author-link1=Amy Wrzesniewski |last1=Wrzesniewski |first1=Amy |last2=McCauley |first2=Clark |last3=Rozin |first3=Paul |year=1999 |title=Odor and Affect: Individual Differences in the Impact of Odor on Liking for Places, Things and People |journal=Chem. Senses |volume=24 |issue=6|pages=713–21 |doi=10.1093/chemse/24.6.713|pmid=10587506 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Memories recalled by odors are significantly more emotional and evocative than those recalled by the same cue presented visually or auditorily.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herz |first1=Rachel S. |year=2004 |title=A Naturalistic Analysis of Autobiographical Memories Triggered by Olfactory Visual and Auditory Stimuli |journal=Chem. Senses |volume=29 |issue=3|pages=217–24 |doi=10.1093/chemse/bjh025|pmid=15047596 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Odors can become conditioned to experiential states and when later encountered have directional influences on behavior. Doing a frustrating task in a scented room decreases performance of other cognitive tasks in the presence of the same odor.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Epple |first1=Gisela |last2=Herz |first2=Rachel S. |year=1999 |title=Ambient odors associated to failure influence cognitive performance in children |journal=Developmental Psychobiology |volume=35 |issue=2|pages=103–07 |doi=10.1002/(sici)1098-2302(199909)35:2<103::aid-dev3>3.0.co;2-4|pmid=10461124 }}</ref> Nonhuman animals communicate their emotional states through changes in body odor, and human body odors are indicative of emotional state.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=D |last2=Haviland-Jones |first2=J. |date=2000 |title=Human olfactory communication of emotion |pmid=11153847 |url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~baljones/Human%20Olfactory.pdf |journal=Perceptual and Motor Skills |volume=91 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=771–81 |doi=10.2466/pms.2000.91.3.771 |s2cid=1086223 |access-date=January 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073307/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~baljones/Human%20Olfactory.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref>

Human [[body odor]]s influence interpersonal relationships and are involved in adaptive behaviors, such as parental attachment in infants or partner choice in adults. "Mothers can discriminate the odor of their own child, and infants recognize and prefer the body odor of their mother over that of another woman. This maternal odor appears to guide infants toward the breast and to have a calming effect."{{citation needed|date=September 2018|reason=Why is this quoted? Any references?}} Body odor is involved in the development of infant–mother attachment and is essential to a child's social and emotional development and evokes feelings of security. Reassurance created by familiar parental body odors may contribute significantly to the attachment process.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferdenzi |first1=Camille |last2=Schaal |first2=Benoist |last3=Roberts |first3=S. Craig |title=Family Scents: Developmental Changes in the Perception of Kin Body Odor? |journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology |volume=36 |issue=8|pages=847–54 |doi=10.1007/s10886-010-9827-x|pmid=20640943 |year=2010 |bibcode=2010JCEco..36..847F |s2cid=20084675 |url=https://doc.rero.ch/record/311359/files/10886_2010_Article_9827.pdf }}</ref> Human body odors [[Body odour and sexual attraction|can also affect mate choice]]. Fragrances are commonly used to raise sexual attractiveness and induce [[sexual arousal]]. Researchers found that people choose perfume that interacts well with their body odor.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Psychology of Fragrance Use: Perception of Individual Odor and Perfume Blends Reveals a Mechanism for Idiosyncratic Effects on Fragrance Choice |journal=PLOS ONE |date=March 28, 2012 |pmc=3314678 |pmid=22470479 |article-number=e33810 |volume=7 |issue=3 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0033810 |first1=Pavlína |last1=Lenochová |first2=Pavla |last2=Vohnoutová |first3=S. Craig |last3=Roberts |first4=Elisabeth|last4=Oberzaucher |first5=Karl |last5=Grammer |first6=Jan |last6=Havlíček |bibcode=2012PLoSO...733810L|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Body odor is a sensory cue critical for mate selection in humans because it is a signal of immunological health. Women prefer men with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotypes and odor different from themselves especially during ovulation. Different MHC alleles are favorable because different allele combinations would maximize disease protection and minimize recessive mutations in offspring. Biologically females tend to select mates "who are most likely to secure offspring survival and thus increase the likelihood that her genetic contribution will be reproductively viable."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herz |first1=Rachel S. |last2=Inzlicht |first2=Michael |year=2002 |title=Sex differences in response to physical and social factors involved in human mate selection: The importance of smell for women |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=23 |issue=5|pages=359–64 |doi=10.1016/s1090-5138(02)00095-8 |bibcode=2002EHumB..23..359H }}</ref>

Studies have suggested that people might be using odor cues associated with the immune system to select mates. Using a brain-imaging technique, Swedish researchers have shown that [[homosexuality|gay]] and [[heterosexuality|straight]] males' brains respond in different ways to two odors that may be involved in sexual arousal, and that the gay men respond in the same way as straight women, though it could not be determined whether this was cause or effect. The study was expanded to include lesbian women; the results were consistent with previous findings that lesbian women were not as responsive to male-identified odors, while their response to female cues was similar to that of straight males.<ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1073/pnas.0600331103 |title=Brain response to putative pheromones in lesbian women |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=103 |issue=21 |pages=8269–74 |year=2006 |last1=Berglund |first1=H. |last2=Lindstrom |first2=P. |last3=Savic |first3=I. |bibcode=2006PNAS..103.8269B |pmid=16705035 |pmc=1570103|doi-access=free }}</ref> According to the researchers, this research suggests a possible role for human pheromones in the biological basis of [[sexual orientation]].<ref>Wade, Nicholas (May 9, 2005) [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/09/science/09cnd-smell.html "Gay Men are found to have Different Scent of Attraction"]. ''NY Times''</ref>

An odor can cue recall of a distant memory. Most memories that pertain to odor come from the first decade of life, compared to verbal and visual memories which usually come from the 10th to 30th years of life.<ref name=Larsson2009>{{cite journal |last1=Larsson |first1=M. |last2=Willander |first2=J. |year=2009 |title=Autobiographical odor memory |journal=Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=1170 |issue=1|pages=318–23 |bibcode=2009NYASA1170..318L |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03934.x |pmid=19686154 |citeseerx=10.1.1.656.6053 |s2cid=40423777 }}</ref> Odor-evoked memories are more emotional, associated with stronger feelings of being brought back in time, and have been thought of less often as compared to memories evoked by other cues.<ref name=Larsson2009/>

===Use in design===
{{further|Visual merchandising#Scent}}

The sense of smell is not overlooked as a way of marketing products. The deliberate and controlled application of scent is used by designers, scientists, artists, perfumers, architects, and chefs. Some applications of scents in environments are in casinos, hotels, private clubs, and new automobiles. For example, "technicians at New York City's Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center disperse vanilla-scented oil into the air to help patients cope with the claustrophobic effects of MRI testing. Scents are used at the Chicago Board of Trade to lower the decibel level on the trading floor."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tabithamiller.com/learning/smell.htm |title=Miller, Tabitha M.A. Smell |publisher=Tabithamiller.com |access-date=December 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231134838/http://www.tabithamiller.com/learning/smell.htm |archive-date=December 31, 2012 }}</ref>

If ingredients are listed on a product, the term "fragrance" can be used in a general sense.

== Scent preferences ==
=== Effect of perfume on sexual attractiveness ===
Both men and women use perfume to boost their [[sexual attraction|sexual attractiveness]] to members of the opposite, or same, sex. When people find that a particular perfume or aftershave is perceived positively, they may be hard-pressed to change it. [[olfactic communication|Olfactory communication]] is natural in humans. Without perfume or aftershave, humans unconsciously detect people's natural scents: in the form of pheromones. Pheromones are usually detected unconsciously, and it is believed that they have an important influence on human's social and sexual behavior.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grammer |first=Karl |date=2005 |title=Human pheromones and sexual attraction |url=http://evolution.anthro.univie.ac.at/institutes/urbanethology/resources/articles/articles/publications/226-2005-humanPheromones-sexAttraction.pdf |journal=European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology |volume=118 |issue=2 |pages=135–42 |doi= 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.08.010|pmid= 15653193}}</ref> There are a number of hypotheses concerning why humans wear perfume or aftershave, and whether it amplifies or reduces their natural scents.

In 2001, a study found that the [[Major histocompatibility complex and sexual selection|major histocompatibility complex (MHC)]] (a polymorphic set of genes which is important for immune-function in humans) is correlated with the ingredients found in perfume. This suggests that humans do, in fact, choose perfumes that complement or enhance their natural scents (their pheromones). This evidence offers support for the hypothesis that perfume is chosen by individuals to advertise their physical health. Research suggests that this advertisement of good health will, in fact, enhance females' attractiveness to the opposite sex as health markers have been shown to do.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weeden |first=Jason |date=2005 |title=Physical Attractiveness and Health in Western Societies: A Review |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=131 |issue=5 |pages=635–53 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.635 |pmid=16187849|s2cid=24782931 }}</ref> While strong evidence has been found to support the hypothesis that wearing perfume enhances females' attractiveness to males, little research has been done into the effect of fragrance on males' attractiveness to females. Considerably more research has covered the effect of males' natural odor and females' ratings of attractiveness. Many studies<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=Joshua |date=2008 |title=Beauty Is Mostly in the Eye of the Beholder: Olfactory Versus Visual Cues of Attractiveness |journal=The Journal of Social Psychology |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=765–74 |doi=10.3200/socp.148.6.765-774|pmid=19058662 |citeseerx=10.1.1.616.6443 |s2cid=12985026 }}</ref> found that odor predicted attractiveness when female raters were not on any form of contraceptive pill. For those who were, there was no relation between attractiveness and body odor.

A person's odor can increase or decrease ratings of attractiveness because the olfactory receptors in the brain are directly linked with the limbic system, the part of the brain that is thought to be most involved with emotion. This link is important, because if an individual associates positive affect (elicited by pheromones<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jacob |first1=Suma|last2=McClintock |first2=Martha K. |date=February 1, 2000 |title=Psychological State and Mood Effects of Steroidal Chemosignals in Women and Men |journal=Hormones and Behavior |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=57–78 |doi=10.1006/hbeh.1999.1559 |pmid=10712859|s2cid=8218903}}</ref>), with a potential mate, their liking for, and attraction to, that potential mate will be increased.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kohl|first=James|date=2001|title=Human Pheromones: Integrating Neuroendocrinology and Ethology|journal=Neuroendocrinology Letters|volume=22|issue=5|pages=309–21|pmid=11600881}}</ref> Although not a typically evolutionary hypothesis, this hypothesis is one that acknowledges how humans have adapted their mating strategies to modern-day societal norms.

=== Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and body odor preferences ===
[[Major histocompatibility complex]] (MHC) is a genotype found in vertebrates, including humans. MHC is thought to contribute to [[mate choice]] in animals and humans. In [[sexual selection]], females opt for mates with an MHC which differs from their own, optimizing genes for their offspring.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grammer |first1=Karl |last2=Fink |first2=Bernhard |last3=Neave |first3=Nick |title=Human pheromones and sexual attraction |journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology |date=February 2005 |volume=118 |issue=2 |pages=135–42 |doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.08.010 |pmid=15653193}}</ref> The "[[heterozygote advantage]]" and "[[Red Queen hypothesis|Red Queen]]" explanations for these findings fall under the "pathogen hypothesis". Due to differences in MHC [[alleles]]' resistance to [[pathogens]], a preference for mates with a dissimilar MHC composition has been argued to act as a mechanism to avoid infectious diseases. According to the [[wikt:heterozygote#English|heterozygotes]]-advantage hypothesis, diversity within the MHC genotype is beneficial for the immune system due to a greater range of [[antigens]] available to the host. Therefore, the hypothesis proposes that MHC heterozygotes will be superior to MHC [[wikt:homozygote#English|homozygotes]] in fighting off pathogens. Experimental research has shown mixed findings for this idea.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Penn |first1=D. J. |last2=Potts |first2=W. K. |title=The evolution of mating preferences and major histocompatibility complex genes. |journal=The American Naturalist |date=1999 |volume=153 |issue=2 |pages=145–64 |jstor=10.1086/303166 |doi=10.1086/303166|pmid=29578757 |bibcode=1999ANat..153..145P |s2cid=4398891 }}</ref> The "Red Queen" or "rare-allele" hypothesis suggests that diversity in the MHC gene provides a moving target for pathogens, making it more difficult for them to adapt to MHC [[genotypes]] in the host.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wedekind |first1=C. |last2=Penn |first2=D. |title=MHC genes, body odours, and odour preferences |journal=Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation |date=2000 |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=1269–71 |doi=10.1093/ndt/15.9.1269|pmid=10978373 |doi-access= }}</ref> Another hypothesis suggests that preferences for MHC-dissimilar mates could serve to avoid [[inbreeding]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Potts |first1=W. K |last2=Manning |first2=C. J. |last3=Wakeland |first3=E. K. |last4=Hughes |first4=A. L. |title=The role of infectious disease, inbreeding and mating preferences in maintaining MHC genetic diversity: an experimental test |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences |date=1994 |volume=346 |issue=1317 |pages=369–78 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/15490016 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1994.0154|pmid=7708831 }}</ref>

Body odor can provide MHC information. Although less is known about how odor is influenced by MHC genes, possible explanations have been that [[Microbiota|microbial flora]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=P. B. |last2=Herbert |first2=J. |last3=Roser |first3=B. |last4=Arnott |first4=L. |last5=Tucker |first5=D. K. |last6=Brown |first6=R. E. |title=Rearing rats in a germ-free environment eliminates their odors of individuality |journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology |date=1990 |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=1667–82 |doi=10.1007/bf01014099|pmid=24263836 |bibcode=1990JCEco..16.1667S |s2cid=23968912 }}</ref> or [[volatile acids]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singer |first1=A. G. |last2=Beauchamp |first2=G. K. |last3=Yamazaki |first3=K. |title=Volatile signals of the major histocompatibility complex in male mouse urine |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=1997 |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=2210–14 |doi=10.1073/pnas.94.6.2210 |pmid=9122173 |bibcode=1997PNAS...94.2210S |pmc=20066|doi-access=free }}</ref> are affected by the gene, which can be detected in body odor. Female mice and humans have both shown odor preferences for males with MHC-dissimilarity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dunbar |first1=Robin Ian MacDonald |last2=Barrett |first2=Louise |title=Oxford handbook of evolutionary psychology |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-856830-8 |page=317 |edition=1}}</ref> Research has shown that women prefer the scent of men with dissimilar MHC genes. In a study, women rated the scent of T-shirts, worn over two nights by men, as more pleasant when smelling those of MHC-dissimilar men.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wedekind |first1=C. |last2=Seebeck |first2=T. |last3=Bettens |first3=F. |last4=Paepke |first4=A. J. |title=MHC-Dependent Mate Preferences in Humans |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=June 22, 1995 |volume=260 |issue=1359 |pages=245–49 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1995.0087 |url=http://www.drjoebio.com/uploads/1/8/1/3/1813500/mhc_mate_preference_smell_t_shirts.pdf |pmid=7630893 |bibcode=1995RSPSB.260..245W|s2cid=34971350 }}</ref> It has also been found that women were reminded more of current or prior partners when smelling odors from men whose MHC was dissimilar to their own. A study of married couples found that MHC [[haplotypes]] differed between spouses more than chance would dictate.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ober |first1=Carole |last2=Weitkamp |first2=Lowell R. |last3=Cox |first3=Nancy |last4=Dytch |first4=Harvey |last5=Kostyu |first5=Donna |last6=Elias |first6=Sherman |title=HLA and Mate Choice in Humans |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=September 1997 |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=497–504 |doi=10.1086/515511 |pmid=9326314 |pmc=1715964 |bibcode=1997AmJHG..61..497O }}</ref> Taking [[oral contraceptives]] has been found to reverse the MHC-dissimilarity odor preference.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thorne, Frances |first1=Fink, Bernhard |title=Effects of putative male pheromones on female ratings of male attractiveness: influence of oral contraceptives and the menstrual cycle. |journal=Neuroendocrinology Letters |date=2002 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=291–97|pmid=12195229 }}</ref>

=== Women's scent preferences and the menstrual cycle ===
Women's preferences for body odor change with their [[menstrual cycle]]s.<ref name="Thornhill, R. 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Thornhill |first1=R. |last2=Chapman |first2=J. F. |last3=Gangestad |first3=S. W. |year=2013 |title=Women's preferences for men's scents associated with testosterone and cortisol levels: Pattens across the ovulatory cycle |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=216–21 |doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.01.003 |bibcode=2013EHumB..34..216T }}</ref> The ovulatory-shift hypothesis argues that women experience elevated immediate sexual attraction, relative to low-fertile days of the cycle, to men with characteristics that reflect good genetic quality.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Glidersleeve |first1=K. |last2=Haselton |first2=M. G. |last3=Fales |first3=M. R. |year=2014 |title=Do women's mate preferences change across the ovulatory cycle? A meta-analytic review |doi=10.1037/a0035438 |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=140 |issue=5 |pages=1205–59 |pmid=24564172 |bibcode=2014PsycB.140.1205G }}</ref> As certain body odors can reflect good genetic quality, woman are more likely to prefer these scents when they are fertile, as this is when they are most likely to produce offspring with any potential mates, with conception-risk being related to a preference for the scent of male symmetry.<ref name="Thornhill, R. 2013"/> Men also prefer the scent of women at their fertile cycle points.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thornhill |first1=R. |last2=Gangastad |first2=S. W. |last3=Miller |first3=R. |last4=Scheyd |first4=G. |last5=McCollongh |first5=J. K. |last6=Franklin |first6=M. |year=2003 |title=Major histocompatibility complex genes, symmetry, and body scent attractiveness in men and women |journal=Behavioral Ecology |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=668–78 |doi=10.1093/beheco/arg043|doi-access=free }}</ref>

There are several scents that reflect good genetic quality that females prefer during the most fertile phase of their cycles. Women prefer the scent of symmetrical men more during the fertile phases of their menstrual cycle than during their infertile phases,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |last1=Gangestad |first1=S. W. |last2=Simpson |first2=J. A. |last3=Cousins |first3=A. J. |last4=Garver- Apgar |first4=C. E. |last5=Christensen |first5=P. N. |year=2004 |title=Women's preferences for male behavioural displays change across the menstrual cycle |journal=Psychological Science |volume=15 |issue=3|pages=203–07 |doi=10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.01503010.x |pmid=15016293|citeseerx=10.1.1.371.3266 |s2cid=9820539 }}</ref> with estrogen positively predicting women's preferences for the scent of symmetry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garver- Aprgar |first1=C. E. |last2=Gangestad |first2=S. W. |last3=Thornhill |first3=R. |year=2008 |title=Hormonal correlates of women's mid-cycle preference for the scent of symmetry |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=223–32|doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.12.007 |bibcode=2008EHumB..29..223G }}</ref> Women's preferences for masculine faces is greatest when their fertility is at its highest,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> and so is the preference for attractive faces.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thornhill |first1=R. |last2=Gangestad |first2=S. W. |year=1999 |title=The scent of symmetry: A human sex pheromone that signals fitness? |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=175–201 |doi=10.1016/s1090-5138(99)00005-7 |bibcode=1999EHumB..20..175T }}</ref> Other scents found to be preferred by women in the most fertile phase of their cycle are the scent for developmental stability.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rikowski |first1=K. Grammer |year=1999 |title=Human body odour, symmetry and attractiveness |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B |volume=266 |issue=1422 |pages=869–74 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1999.0717 |pmid=10380676 |pmc=1689917 |bibcode=1999PBioS.266..869R }}</ref>

If women are taking a contraceptive pill the changes in mate scent preferences over the menstrual cycle are not expressed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alvergne |first1=A. |last2=Lummaa |first2=V. |year=2010 |title=Does the contraceptive pill alter mate choice in humans? |journal=Trends in Ecology and Evolution |volume=25 |issue=3|pages=171–79 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2009.08.003|pmid=19818527 |bibcode=2010TEcoE..25..171A |doi-access=free }}</ref> If odor plays a role in human mate choice then the contraceptive pill could disrupt [[Assortative mating|disassortative mate]] preferences.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=C. S. |last2=Gosling |first2=L. M. |last3=Carter |first3=V. |last4=Petrie |first4=M. |year=2008 |title=MHC-correlated odour preferences in humans and the use of oral contraceptives |journal=Biological Sciences |volume=275 |issue=1652 |pages=2715–22 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2008.0825 |pmid=18700206 |pmc=2605820 |bibcode=2008PBioS.275.2715R }}</ref> Those taking a contraceptive pill show no significant preference for the scent of either symmetrical or asymmetrical men, whereas normally cycling women prefer the scent of shirts worn by symmetrical men.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gangestad |first1=S. W. |last2=Thornhill |first2=R. |year=1998 |title=Menstrual cycle variation in women's preferences for the scent of symmetrical men |journal=Biological Sciences |volume=265 |issue=1399|pages=927–33 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1998.0380 |pmid=9633114 |pmc=1689051 |bibcode=1998PBioS.265..927G }}</ref> Males' preferences for women's scent may also change if the woman is taking oral contraceptives. When women take a contraceptive pill, this has been found to demolish the cycle attractiveness of odors that men find attractive in normally ovulating women.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kuukasjarvi |first1=S. |last2=Eriksson |first2=P. C. J. |last3=Koskela |first3=E. |last4=Mappes |first4=T. |last5=Nissinen |first5=K. |last6=Rantala |first6=M. J. |year=2004 |title=Attractiveness of women's body odours over the menstrual cycle: the role of oral contraceptives and receiver sex |journal=Behavioral Ecology |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=579–84 |doi=10.1093/beheco/arh050|doi-access=free }}</ref> Therefore, a contraceptive pill affects both women's preferences for scent and also affects their own scents, making their scent less attractive to males than the scent of normally cycling women.

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|Fragrance compound}}
* {{annotated link|Chemoreceptor}}
* {{annotated link|Flavor (taste)|Flavor}}
* {{Annotated link|Geosmin}}
* {{Annotated link|Machine olfaction}}
* {{Annotated link|Olfaction}}
* {{Annotated link|Olfactometer}}
* {{Annotated link|Olfactory fatigue}}
* {{Annotated link|Perfume}}
* {{Annotated link|Petrichor}}
* {{Annotated link|Phantosmia}}
* {{annotated link|Scented water}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news |last1=Jarvis |first1=Brooke |title=What Can Covid-19 Teach Us About the Mysteries of Smell? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/28/magazine/covid-smell-science.html |access-date=January 31, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 28, 2021}}

{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons category|Odors}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Odor| ]]
[[Category:Olfaction]]

Arunachal Congress

2026-03-06T14:23:33Z

Shai0778: brief adjust content to improve readability and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}

{{Infobox Indian Political Party
| party_name = Arunachal Congress
| party_logo =
| colorcode = {{party color|Arunachal Congress}}
| founder = [[Gegong Apang]]
| leader = [[Kamen Ringu]]
| secretary =
| loksabha_leader =
| rajyasabha_leader =
| foundation = 1996
| dissolution = 2009
| merged = [[Indian National Congress]]
| split = [[Indian National Congress]]
| eci =
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (1998-99)
| position =
| loksabha_seats =
| rajyasabha_seats =
| youth =
| ideology = [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalist]]
|colours = [[Black]] {{Colorsample|#blue}}
| headquarters = G-Extension, [[Naharlagun]]
| publication =
| symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Two Daos.png|150px]]
| website =
}}
'''Arunachal Congress''' ('''AC''') was a regional [[political party]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].

It was founded in 1996 as a splinter group of the [[Indian National Congress]], when the local party leader and Chief Minister [[Gegong Apang]] revolted against the then Congress leader [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/oct/11aruna1.htm | title=Congress retains Arunachal Pradesh | date=11 October 2004 | publisher=Rediff | accessdate=2 February 2020 }}</ref>

== History ==

Apang took with him 54 members of the legislative assembly of a total of 60 of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] to his new party. In the [[Lok Sabha]] elections in 1998 AC won both seats of Arunachal Pradesh.

The party received 172 496 votes (52,47% of the votes in the state). AC allied itself with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and was a founding member of the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]. [[Omak Apang]] the son of [[Gegong Apang]], who had been elected from the constituency Arunachal West was appointed a minister in the Centre government.

== Split ==

The successes of AC didn't last long. Directly after the 1998 elections there was a revolt within the party. [[Wangcha Rajkumar]], who had been elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from the constituency Arunachal East in both 1996 and 1998, accused Apang of resorting to nepotism when his son was appointed minister. Five state ministers that had sided with Rajkumar were fired by Apang.

One of the ex-ministers, [[Mukut Mithi]], split and formed the [[Arunachal Congress (Mithi)]]. AC(M) was able to gather 40 members of the legislative assembly and Mithi formed a government. Initially both AC and AC(M) supported the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]] government, but since Rajkumar wasn't allotted a ministerial post AC(M) merged with the [[Indian National Congress]] ahead of the 1999 elections.

Ahead of the [[Lok Sabha]] elections of 1999 AC ran in alliance with BJP. [[Omak Apang]] stood in Arunachal West (came second with 70 760 votes, 30,07% in that constituency). In Arunachal East Rajkumar now back in INC defeated the BJP candidate.

One reason, it claimed, that the AC-BJP combine fared so badly was that several armed factions especially the powerful [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] in the area worked against them.

The legislative assembly elections the same year gave even worse results. AC launched 38 candidates, but only one (Gegong Apang) was elected. In total the party got 68 645 votes (16,68% of the votes in the state).

Ahead of the [[2004 Lok Sabha elections]] the political map of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] had been redrawn yet again. 25 July 2003 there was a new split in the INC, and a new party [[Congress (Dolo)]] was formed.

Apang formed a front called the United Democratic Front consisting of himself, Congress (D), an expelled Congress MLA and two independents. In total Apang was able to gather 41 MLAs around gum, and on 3 August Apang was again sworn in as Chief Minister of the state.

On 30 August Apang joined BJP] and took with his 41 MLAs. Thus BJP controlled a state government in the North-East for the first time.

Arunachal Congress did however continue to exist as a party even after that the founder Apang had joined BJP.

Ahead of the 2004 Lok Sabha elections AC talked about calling for a boycott, as a protest against that [[Chakma people|Chakma]] and [[Hajong people|Hajong]] refugees had been given the right to vote in the state. In the end the party did however decide to contest, this time allied with Indian National Congress. AC launched its new party president, [[Kamen Ringu]], in Arunachal West. Ringu came second and got 76 527 votes (34,54% in that constituency). In Arunachal East INC had launched a candidate, who also came second.

In the legislative assembly elections in 2004 AC had put up 11 candidates, out of whom two were elected.

The leadership of the party is called Arunachal Congress Working Committee (ACWC).

The organization Arunachal Congress Volunteer Force is probably related to the party.

Just before the 2009 Assembly election, Arunachal Congress merged with Indian National Congress.

== List of Chief & Union Ministers ==
'''Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="5" |Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh
!
|-
!Constituency
!Portrait
!Name
!Term
!Period
!Governor
|-
![[Tuting–Yingkiong Assembly constituency|Tuting–Yingkiong]]
|[[File:Gegong Apang.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Gegong Apang]]
|
|
|[[File:Governor of Arunachal Pradesh Mata Prasad.jpg|thumb|Mata Prasad ]]
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="7" |Union Minister of State
|-
!Constituency
!Portrait
!Name
!Ministry
!Term
!period
!Prime Minister
|-
![[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]
|[[File:Omak Apang Lok Sabha photo.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Omak Apang]]
|[[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of State for Tourism]] in [[Second Vajpayee ministry]]
|20 March 1998-13 October 1999
|'''1 year 207 days'''
|[[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee tribute image (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]]]
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
|-

|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
|-

|-

|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="6" |Members of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
|-
!Year
!Lok Sabha
!Sr.
no.
!Name
!Constituency
!Margin
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[File:Indian General Election 1998.svg|thumb]][[1998 Indian general election]]
| rowspan="2" |[[12th Lok Sabha]]
|'''1.'''
|[[File:Omak Apang Lok Sabha photo.jpg|thumb|[[Omak Apang]]]]
|[[File:Arunachal West Lok Sabha 2008.svg|thumb|[[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]]]
|
|-
|'''2.'''
|[[Wangcha Rajkumar]]
|[[File:Arunachal East Lok Sabha 2008.svg|thumb|[[Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal East]]]]
|
|}

== Elected Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="5" |Members of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
|-
!Year
!Sr.
no.
!Name
!Constituency
!Margin
|-
![[File:India Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly 1999.svg|thumb]][[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
|'''1.'''
|[[Gegong Apang]]
|[[Tuting–Yingkiong Assembly constituency|Tuting–Yingkiong]]
|
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="5" |Members of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
|-
!Year
!Sr.
no.
!Name
!Constituency
!Margin
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[File:2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election results.jpg|thumb]][[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
|'''1.'''
|[[Daklo Nidak]]
|[[Daporijo Assembly constituency|Daporijo]]
|
|-
|'''2.'''
|[[J.K. Panggeng]]
|[[Mariyang-Geku Assembly constituency|Mariyang-Geku]]
|
|}

== See also ==
*[[Indian National Congress breakaway parties]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:Defunct political parties in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress breakaway groups]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1996]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Political parties in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Zail Singh

2026-03-05T13:31:08Z

Shai0778:

{{Short description|President of India from 1982 to 1987}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = 
| image = President Giani Zail Singh (cropped).jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 1982
| order = 
| office = [[President of India]]
| primeminister = {{ubl|[[Indira Gandhi]]|[[Rajiv Gandhi]]}}
| vicepresident = {{ubl|[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]] (1982–1984)|Ramaswamy Venkataraman (1984–1987)}}
| term_start = 25 July 1982
| term_end = 25 July 1987
| predecessor = [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
| successor = [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
| office2 = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister of Home Affairs]]
| primeminister2 = Indira Gandhi
| term_start2 = 14 January 1980
| term_end2 = 22 June 1982
| predecessor2 = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| successor2 = Ramaswamy Venkataraman
| order3 = 
| office3 = [[List of chief ministers of Punjab, India|Chief Minister of Punjab]]
| governor3 = [[D. C. Pavate]] [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry]]
| term_start3 = 17 March 1972
| term_end3 = 30 April 1977
| predecessor3 = [[Prakash Singh Badal]]
| successor3 = Prakash Singh Badal
| birth_name = Jarnail Singh
| native_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1916|5|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sandhwan]], [[Faridkot State]], British Raj
| death_date = {{death date and age|1994|12|25|1916|5|5|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Pardhan Kaur]]|1934}}
| children = 4
| nationality = Indian
| order2 = 
| order1 = 
}}

'''Giani Zail Singh''' ({{audio|Zail singh.ogg|pronunciation}}, born '''Jarnail Singh'''; 5 May 1916 – 25 December 1994)<ref name="Obituary: Zail Singh">{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Kuldip|date=29 December 1994|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-zail-singh-1388722.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-zail-singh-1388722.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Obituary: Zail Singh|work=The Independent|access-date=22 June 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> was an Indian politician who served as  [[President of India]] from 1982 to 1987 and  [[List of chief ministers of Punjab, India|chief minister of Punjab]] in the 1970s. He was the first [[Sikhs|Sikh]] to become president.

Born in [[Sandhwan]] in the [[princely state]] of [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]], Singh trained to be a [[granthi]] and was given the title of [[Gyani|giani]], meaning a learned man, while training at the Sikh Missionary School in [[Amritsar]]. Singh was associated with peasant agitations and the movement seeking a representative government in Faridkot. His political activism in the [[All India States Peoples' Conference|Praja Mandal]], an organisation allied with the [[Indian National Congress]], saw him sentenced to [[solitary confinement]] between 1938 and 1943. He led a [[Flag Satyagraha|flag satyagraha]] and formed a [[Parallel state|parallel government]] in Faridkot State which were called off only after the intervention of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Vallabhbhai Patel]]. The stints in jail inspired him to change his name to Zail Singh.

After [[Indian independence movement|independence]], Faridkot was merged with the [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] and Singh served as its minister of revenue and agriculture during 1949–51 and oversaw the introduction of [[land reform]]s in Punjab. Singh was a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] during 1956–62 and member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] during 1962–67 during which time he served briefly as a minister under [[Partap Singh Kairon]]. He had served as president of PEPSU Pradesh Congress Committee during 1955–56 and became president of [[Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee]] in 1966 serving in that post until his election as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|chief minister of Punjab]] in 1972.

As chief minister, Singh is credited with having established India’s first semiconductor manufacturing unit in [[Mohali]], legislating the Punjab Land Reforms Act of 1972, ensuring reservation for [[Mazhabi Sikh]]s and [[Balmikism|Valmikis]] in education and public employment and repatriating the remains of [[Udham Singh]] which were then cremated in Punjab with state honours. Singh’s policies aimed to undercut the influence of the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] party by championing Sikh religious causes. Following the defeat of the Congress party in the elections of 1977, Singh and [[Sanjay Gandhi]] extended political and financial support to [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]], a radical Sikh preacher.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sidhu |first=G.B.S |title=The Khalistan Conspiracy |publisher=Harper Collins India |year=2020 |isbn=9789390327720 |location=New Delhi |publication-date=October 2020}}</ref> Bhindranwale soon became the flagbearer of Sikh separatism and an [[Insurgency in Punjab, India|insurgency]] seeking the establishment of [[Khalistan movement|Khalistan]] broke out in Punjab.

Elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] in 1980, Singh was appointed [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|India’s home minister]] by Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]. His tenure witnessed the worsening of the [[Insurgency in Punjab, India|insurgency in Punjab]] where his rivalry with the state's [[Darbara Singh|new chief minister]] and support for Bhindranwale prevented resolute action against the insurgents. In 1982, he was elected [[president of India]], succeeding [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]. The initial years of his presidency saw the [[Operation Blue Star]], the [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]], and the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]]. After [[Rajiv Gandhi]] became prime minister, relations with Singh turned frosty as Gandhi refused to meet with or inform Singh on matters of policy and placing curbs on his foreign and domestic travels. Singh hit back by questioning government policy and subjecting proposals sent to him to minute scrutiny. In 1986, he employed a [[pocket veto]] on the Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill passed by Parliament. [[Bofors scandal|Allegations of corruption]] in the procurement of [[howitzer]]s from [[Bofors]], the government’s refusal to furnish the documents sought for by President Singh and his much-publicized reproach to the government led to speculation that Singh intended to dismiss the government of Rajiv Gandhi. Singh however retired at the end of his tenure in 1987 and was succeeded as president by [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman|R. Venkataraman]].

Singh died in 1994 of injuries sustained in a road accident. His [[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]] is at the [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Ekta Sthal]] in [[Delhi]]. Singh’s memoirs were published in 1997. His birth centenary was celebrated in 2016 when a documentary film and a book on his life were released.

==Early life==
Jarnail Singh was born in [[Sandhwan]], [[Faridkot district]] on 5 May 1916 to Kishan Singh and Ind Kaur, as the youngest of their five children.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Sardar Harjeet |title=Faith & Philosophy of Sikhism |date=2009 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-721-8 |page=75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fleka3YEE8sC&dq=Ind+Kaur+and+Kishen+Singh+zail+singh&pg=PA75 |access-date=5 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He was a [[Ramgarhia]] Sikh, belonging to a [[Other Backward Class|caste]] associated with [[carpentry]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Harmeet |title=Understanding the Dalit demography of Punjab, caste by caste |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/punjab-assembly-polls-2022/story/understanding-dalit-demography-of-punjab-scheduled-caste-channi-ravidasias-ad-dharmis-valmikis-1914965-2022-02-18 |access-date=5 October 2022 |work=India Today |date=18 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Although his formal education ended with matriculation, Singh trained to be a [[granthi]] and studied at the Shaheed Sikh Missionary College in Amritsar where he was given the title of [[Gyani|giani]] as a mark of his knowledge of the scriptures. Although his grasp of English was less than fluent, he was known for his earthy speeches in the [[Urdu]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] languages.<ref>{{cite news |title=ZAIL SINGH DIES AFTER CRASH |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1994/12/26/zail-singh-dies-after-crash/6c59e7d6-1cb1-481a-a1bd-d3491380cb44/ |access-date=7 October 2022 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=26 December 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=30 September 2021 |title=Punjab's dalit conundrum: A look into Sikhs' caste identity |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjabs-dalit-conundrum-a-look-into-sikhs-caste-identity/articleshow/86607310.cms |access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref> He married Pardhan Kaur with whom he had three daughters and a son.<ref>{{cite news |title=Giani Zail Singh's widow dead |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020512/main4.htm |access-date=5 October 2022 |work=The Tribune |date=11 May 2002}}</ref><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |last=Hazarika |first=Sanjoy |date=26 December 1994 |title=Zail Singh, 78, First Sikh To Hold India's Presidency |work=[[New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/26/obituaries/zail-singh-78-first-sikh-to-hold-india-s-presidency.html |access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref> His nephew, [[Kultar Singh Sandhwan]], became [[Speaker (politics)|speaker]] of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab Speaker Sandhwan, whose guards thrashed truck driver, a Kejriwal admirer and AAP's farm face |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/punjab-speaker-sandhwan-kejriwal-admirer-aap-farm-face-8088263/ |access-date=5 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=13 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kultar Sandhwan: Of humble beginnings and strong political legacy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/kultar-sandhwan-of-humble-beginnings-and-strong-political-legacy-101647719152970.html |access-date=5 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Praja Mandal ==
In 1936, Singh was imprisoned for a year for his participation in the Kisan Morcha.<ref name="lsd_10_13_13-02-1995">{{cite book |title=LOK SABHA DEBATES (English Version) |date=1995 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |location=New Delhi |pages=9–10 |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/3042/1/lsd_10_13_13-02-1995.pdf |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref> In 1938, he founded the Praja Mandal, a political organisation allied to the [[All India States Peoples' Conference]], in Faridkot. The Mandal sought the establishment of an elected government in the [[princely state]] – a demand rejected by its ruler, Sir Harinder Singh Brar. Singh was jailed between 1938 and 1943, spending time in solitary confinement in a Faridkot prison. Upon his release in 1943, he was forced to leave Faridkot but took up the cause of the people's movement in Faridkot outside the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Govt to preserve Zail jail cell |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/govt-to-preserve-zail-jail-cell/cid/689388 |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |date=20 December 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Faridkot jail cell where ex-President Giani Zail Singh spent five years in a shambles |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/faridkot-jail-cell-where-ex-president-giani-zail-singh-spent-five-years-in-a-shambles/story-PA6nwZwrmBBDKeDNwvzHgK.html |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It is during his time in prison that Singh changed his name from Jarnail Singh to Zail Singh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zail Singh, President of India |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zail-Singh |website=www.britannica.com |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=29 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1946, he launched a [[satyagraha]] against the Faridkot government and was involved in the Flag agitation of that year for which he was imprisoned.<ref name="lsd_10_13_13-02-1995"/><ref name=":00_1">{{cite web |title=Special Postage Stamp On Giani Zail Singh |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/COMMUNICATION/1998-JAN-DEC-COMMUNICATIONS-II/COM-1995-12-23_069.pdf |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref> The flag agitation ended with the Nehru-Harinder Pact by which the [[maharaja]] agreed to the formation of political associations in the state and revoked the ban on hoisting the Congress flag in Faridkot.{{efn| In April 1946, government authorities of the [[Faridkot State]] beat up satyagrahis who had hoisted the [[Flag of India|national flag]] there and arrested others from outside the state at the state's border and [[torture]]d them in jail. A [[hartal]] was launched in the state on 29 April 1946 which continued for several days. Extending his support to the Praja Mandal activists, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] visited [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]] on 27 May 1946 and hoisted the Congress' flag in defiance of the [[curfew]] and restrictions imposed by the Maharaja of Faridkot. The same day, he met with the maharaja and they came to an agreement known as the Nehru-Harinder Pact. The maharaja agreed to lift restrictions on political activity in the state and to a public enquiry under the Chief Justice of Faridkot into the excesses committed against the satyagrahis besides agreeing to release the imprisoned Praja Mandal activists.<ref>{{cite book |title=Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru : Volume Fifteen |date=1982 |publisher=Orient Longman |location=New Delhi |pages=184, 426–430 |url=https://archive.org/stream/HindSwaraj-Nehru-SW-15/nehru.sw.vol.15_djvu.txt |access-date=29 September 2022 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Making of India |url=https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/the-making-of-india/ |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=Open The Magazine |date=14 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=27 मई 1946 को पंडित नेहरू ने फरीदकोट रियासत के विरूद्ध फहराया था तिरंगा |url=https://www.jagran.com/punjab/faridkot-in-1946-national-flag-on-faridkot-empire-20315630.html |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=Dainik Jagran |date=27 May 2020 |language=hi}}</ref>}} The maharaja's failure to fully implement the pact led to a renewed agitation in the state in 1948 when Praja Mandal activists besieged the state's secretariat and Singh declared the formation of a [[Parallel state|parallel government]] in Faridkot. The agitation ended only after the intervention of [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] with the maharaja agreeing to free Singh and three other ministers of the parallel government from prison besides Praja Mandal activists arrested for their participation in the agitation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahluwalia |first1=M L |title=Punjab's Role in National Freedom Struggle (Special Reference to Parja Mandal Movement in Erstwhile Princely States) |url=https://docslib.org/doc/12135038/punjabs-role-in-national-freedom-struggle-special-reference-to-parja-mandal-movement-in-erstwhile-princely-states |website=Docslib |publisher=D of Arch—Govt. Press, U.T., Chandigarh. |access-date=29 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gyani Zail Singh: The Symbol of Nationalism |url=https://avenuemail.in/gyani-zail-singh-the-symbol-of-nationalism/ |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=The Avenue Mail |date=5 May 2022}}</ref> In 1948, the [[States Department|States Ministry of India]] merged Faridkot with the other [[Phulkian sardars|Phulkian states of Punjab]] to form the [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]].<ref>{{cite news |title=How a Rs 20,000 crore dispute over the property of Faridkot's Maharaja drew to a close |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/faridkot-maharaja-property-dispute-8139120/ |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=8 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career in independent India (1947–72)==
In January 1949, Singh became minister for revenue in the government of PEPSU under Chief Minister [[Gian Singh Rarewala]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chum |first1=B. K. |title=Behind Closed Doors: Politics of Punjab, Haryana and the Emergency |date=1 December 2013 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-81398-62-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXxABAAAQBAJ&dq=rarewala+zail+singh&pg=PT171 |access-date=4 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The Rarewala ministry, however, was replaced with a caretaker government within ten months of its formation owing to political dissension. In 1951, [[Raghbir Singh (chief minister)|Col. Raghbir Singh]] became the chief minister and Zail Singh was appointed minister for agriculture. His actions as minister include the repeal of the Criminal Tribes Act, the promulgation of the Political Sufferers ordinance and changes introduced to land laws that abolished the right of the Raja of Faridkot to seize lands of the peasants and removing the privileges enjoyed by landlords under existing land laws. He piloted the Biswedar Abolition Ordinance that provided for the appropriation without compensation of land owned by the landlords and tenancy rights to the cultivators.{{efn|The movement for [[Land law|land rights]] in the Punjab began in the 1930s and was known as the ''muzara'' movement after the Punjabi term for [[Landlessness|landless farmers]] working as [[tenant farmer]]s. The movement sought tenancy rights for the cultivators who worked on big and [[Absentee landlord|absentee landholdings]] owned by landlords known as ''biswedars''. The PEPSU Occupancy Tenants Act, 1953 abolished the ''biswedari'' system, giving ownership of [[Land to the tiller|land to the cultivators]] and provided for a one-time payment of compensation for the landlords. The ''muzara'' movement and the influx of displaced persons following the [[Partition of India|partition of Punjab]] triggered land reforms in [[East Punjab]] and PEPSU. Other provisions in these reforms include security of land tenure to the [[Leasehold estate|tenants-at-will]], establishment of land ceilings and the consolidation of landholdings. Zail Singh played a key role in both the farmers movement and in legislating land reform during his terms as minister in the PEPSU government and as Chief Minister of Punjab.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamal |first1=Neel |title=Movement of '40s in focus in Mansa {{!}} Amritsar News - Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/81557811.cms |access-date=6 October 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=18 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Remembering Pepsu Muzara movement: 'Govt should study our past, our history…we never gave in even during British rule' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/remembering-pepsu-muzara-movement-govt-should-study-our-past-our-history-we-never-gave-in-even-during-british-rule-7239246/ |access-date=6 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=22 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Time to scrap land ceiling laws in Punjab? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/time-to-scrap-land-ceiling-laws-in-punjab-101639393928216.html |access-date=6 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Personalities: A Comprehensive and Authentic Biographical Dictionary of Men who Matter in India [Northern India and Parliament] |date=1950 |publisher=Arunam & Sheel |location=New Delhi |pages= 1–26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y40MAAAAYAAJ&dq=rarewala+zail+singh&pg=RA5-PA1 |access-date=4 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In the [[1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|elections of 1952]], Singh lost from the [[Kotkapura]] [[Jaitu|Jaito]] constituency.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jai |first1=Janak Raj |title=Presidents of India, 1950-2003 |date=2003 |publisher=Regency Publications |isbn=978-81-87498-65-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&dq=rarewala+zail+singh&pg=PA161 |access-date=4 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He became president of PEPSU Pradesh Congress Committee during 1955–56 when it was merged with Punjab.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Aastha |title=Giani Zail Singh, the Indira Gandhi loyalist who remains India's only Sikh president |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/giani-zail-singh-the-indira-gandhi-loyalist-who-remains-indias-only-sikh-president/168649/ |access-date=4 October 2022 |work=ThePrint |date=25 December 2018}}</ref>

During 1956 to 1962, he served as [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha]]. He resigned his membership in March 1962 to contest the [[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Legislative Assembly elections]] and won from the [[Faridkot Assembly constituency|Faridkot constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952 |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/Members/AlphabeticalFormerMember# |publisher=Rajya Sabha, Parliament of India |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF PUNJAB |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |page=86 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3444-punjab-1962/ |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> He briefly served as a minister in the [[Partap Singh Kairon]] ministry but resigned in the wake of the [[Sino-Indian War|1962 war with China]] and the reduction in size of the ministry.<ref>{{cite web |title=First Citizens in the Corridors of Power |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/07sld07.htm |website=www.rediff.com |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> In 1966, he became president of the Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee, a post he held until his appointment as chief minister in 1972.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biodata: Giani Zail Singh |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/HOME%20AFFAIR/1980-JAN-JULY-HOME-AFFAIRS/PDF/HOM-1980-01-18_011.pdf |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> Although he did not contest the [[1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|election of 1967]], he was re-elected to the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab Assembly]] from [[Anandpur Sahib]] through a by-election in 1970.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Spectacular Election Victories |journal=Socialist India |date=1970 |volume=II |issue=1 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAmr6rR9hfoC&dq=punjab+pcc+chief+zail+singh+1967&pg=RA10-PA3 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=Indian National Congress. All India Congress Committee. |language=en}}</ref>

==Chief Minister of Punjab (1972–77)==
In the [[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972 elections]] to the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]], Singh was elected from [[Anandpur Sahib Assembly constituency|Anandpur Sahib constituency]].<ref>{{cite book |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1972 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF PUNJAB |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |page=81 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3447-punjab-1972/?do=download |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> The Congress party won a majority and formed the government with Singh as [[Chief minister (India)|chief minister]]. He and a ten member ministry were sworn in on 17 March 1972.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zail Singh ministry sworn in |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/arts/zail-singh-ministry-sworn-in-331924 |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=The Tribune |date=4 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Singh was the first [[Other Backward Class]] leader and the only non-Jat Sikh to be elected [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|chief minister of Punjab]] since its reorganisation in 1966 until 2021 when [[Charanjit Singh Channi]], a [[Dalit|Dalit Sikh]], became chief minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab Assembly Elections 2022: Dalit votes matter, but what about their issues |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/governance/punjab-assembly-elections-2022-dalit-votes-matter-but-what-about-their-issues-81326 |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=Down To Earth |date=31 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Congress Will Win More Than 80 Seats In Punjab: Charanjit Singh Channi |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/congress-will-win-more-than-80-seats-says-punjab-chief-minister-interview-183075 |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=Outlook |date=19 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

From the outset Singh projected himself as a champion of the [[Sikhism|Sikh religion]], in part, because he did not belong to the dominant [[Jats|Jat caste]] and also to counter the [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akali Dal party]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Narang |first1=A. S. |title=Akalis' Secular Turn |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1999 |volume=34 |issue=12 |pages=664–665 |jstor=4407754 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4407754 |access-date=2 October 2022 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> As part of this policy, he inaugurated the [[Guru Gobind Singh Marg]] – a highway linking Punjab’s most prominent [[Gurdwara|gurudwaras]], renamed several government hospitals after [[Sikh gurus]], started the [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] in Amritsar and renamed a town near [[Chandigarh]] after one of [[Guru Gobind Singh]]’s sons.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sethi |first1=Sunil |last2=Thukral |first2=Govind |title=Giani Zail Singh: India's most colourful and sartorially elegant President |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19820715-giani-zail-singh-indias-most-colourful-and-sartorially-elegant-president-771967-2013-10-18 |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=India Today |date=15 July 1982 |language=en}}</ref> In response to their electoral setbacks, Akali Dal politicians gathered at [[Anandpur Sahib]] in October 1972 and passed a [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution|resolution]] demanding greater autonomy to Punjab and self-determination for the Sikhs.<ref name="10.1017_S0026749X02004031">{{cite journal |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |title=Contested Nationalisms; Negotiated Terrains: The Way Sikhs Remember Udham Singh 'Shahid' (1899-1940) |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=2002 |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=827–870 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X02004031 |jstor=3876476 |s2cid=145405222 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3876476 |access-date=2 October 2022 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Singh’s government enacted the Punjab Land Reforms Act, 1972, which fixed [[Land reform|land ceilings]] at {{Convert|18|acre}} per family. Several key provisions of the Act were struck down the following year by the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] prompting a further appeal by the state government in India's [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Judiciary's Blow against Land Reform |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1974 |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=473–474 |jstor=4363513 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4363513 |access-date=2 October 2022 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A Year of Disillusionment |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1973 |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=377–378 |jstor=4362326 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4362326 |access-date=2 October 2022 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> The Act, which also provided for redistribution of surplus land, failed in its implementation and consequently there was little change in [[Land tenure|land ownership]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dalit women seek implementation of Land Ceiling Act in Punjab |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/dalit-women-seek-implementation-of-land-ceiling-act-in-punjab-101632239593917.html |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Time to scrap land ceiling laws in Punjab? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/time-to-scrap-land-ceiling-laws-in-punjab-101639393928216.html |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chachra |first1=Sandeep |title=Towards a socially just, ecological agriculture |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/towards-a-socially-just-ecological-agriculture/article65546563.ece |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=20 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Singh introduced a scheme for life-long [[pension]] for participants in [[Indian independence movement|India’s independence movement]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Know Your State Punjab |date=2019 |publisher=Arihant Publications India limited |isbn=978-93-131-6766-2 |page=225 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhrzDwAAQBAJ&dq=freedom+fighters+pension+zail+singh&pg=PA225 |access-date=2 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In 1974, he repatriated the remains of [[Udham Singh]] from the [[United Kingdom]] which were then taken in a procession to Punjab, cleverly utilising the media attention and popular interest in it to burnish his credentials. The remains were cremated in [[Sunam]] with full [[State funeral|state honours]] and Singh himself lit the [[Pyre|funeral pyre]].<ref name="10.1017_S0026749X02004031"/> He also took to honouring the legacy of [[Bhagat Singh]], declaring a gazetted holiday on his birthday, converting his ancestral home at [[Khatkar Kalan]] into a museum and honouring his mother with the title of ‘Punjab Mata’.<ref>{{cite news |title=Declare Mar 23 as gazetted holiday or cancel restricted status: Activists |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/ludhiana/news-detail-746451 |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=The Tribune |date=21 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab: House resolves to install statues of Bhagat Singh, Ambedkar, Ranjit Singh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-house-resolves-to-install-statues-of-bhagat-singh-ambedkar-ranjit-singh-7831970/ |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=23 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

He was also responsible for getting the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Department of Electronics]] to establish the Semiconductor Complex Limited at [[Mohali]] in 1974 overriding their preferred choice of [[Chennai|Madras]] (now Chennai). This was India’s first [[semiconductor]] fabricating unit. It became operational in 1983 and manufactured [[integrated chips]] using American know-how.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Maharashtra lost out, once again, in its bid to become a semiconductor manufacturing hub |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/story/how-maharashtra-lost-out-once-again-in-its-bid-to-become-a-semiconductor-manufacturing-hub-347124-2022-09-13 |access-date=7 October 2022 |work=Business Today |date=13 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India's semiconductor journey |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/indias-semiconductor-journey-434029 |access-date=7 October 2022 |work=The Tribune |date=22 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In 1975, Singh introduced a [[Reservation in India|reservation]] of fifty per cent of jobs for [[Balmikism|Valmikis]] and [[Mazhabi Sikh]]s under the quota of jobs reserved for the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled castes]]. The move aimed to consolidate the dalit vote behind the Congress party and enhanced his own standing among them.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jodhka |first1=Surinder S. |last2=Kumar |first2=Avinash |title=Internal Classification of Scheduled Castes: The Punjab Story |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=2007 |volume=42 |issue=43 |pages=20–23 |jstor=40276592 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40276592 |access-date=2 October 2022 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab: Amarinder Singh asks CM Channi to defend reservation rights of Valmikis, Mazhabi Sikhs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-amarinder-singh-asks-cm-channi-to-defend-reservation-rights-of-valmikis-mazhabi-sikhs-7626819/ |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=17 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Following the imposition of [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] of 1975, Singh zealously implemented the policies of [[Sanjay Gandhi]]’s five point program. The national population policy with its focus on compulsory [[Sterilization (medicine)|sterilisation]] was implemented often through coercive steps of the police and administration. Singh was forced to implement the policy, in part, to retain favour with Sanjay Gandhi, whom he had once described as his saviour, and to stave off the challenge to his leadership from other Congress leaders of Punjab, notably [[Mohinder Singh Gill]] who was the party’s president.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Baljit |title=A Report from Punjab |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1977 |volume=12 |issue=32 |pages=1255–1257 |jstor=4365836 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4365836 |access-date=2 October 2022 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref name="00_2"/>

In the [[1977 Indian general election|general elections of 1977]] that followed the Emergency, the Congress party for the first time failed to win even a single seat from Punjab.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Dalip |title=Sixth Lok Sabha Elections in Punjab— A New Dimension in State Politics |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |date=1978 |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=210–227 |jstor=41854842 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854842 |access-date=2 October 2022 |issn=0019-5510}}</ref> Singh’s tenure as chief minister ended on 30 April 1977 when Punjab was placed under [[President's rule]]. In the [[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|elections to the state Assembly held in June 1977]], the Shiromani Akali Dal was elected to office winning 58 out of 104 seats in the Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite web |title=48. India/Punjab (1947-present) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/indiapunjab-1947-present/ |website=uca.edu |publisher=University of Central Arkansas |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chief Ministers of Punjab |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/members/showcm.asp |publisher=Punjab Legislative Assembly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213075808/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/members/showcm.asp |access-date=2 October 2022|archive-date=13 February 2007 }}</ref>

The defeat of the Congress party in the elections of 1977 led Sanjay Gandhi and Singh to look for a Sikh leader who would weaken the Akali Dal by espousing a strident stand on matters of Sikh faith thus undercutting the Akalis.<ref name="10.1017_S0026749X13000255">{{cite journal |last1=Maiorano |first1=Diego |title=Indian Institutions in the Early 1980s: The pre-history of the great transformation |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=2014 |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=1389–1434 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X13000255 |jstor=24494680 |s2cid=145550794 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24494680 |access-date=2 October 2022 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The tactic was inspired partly by Partap Singh Kairon who, as chief minister, had propped up [[Fateh Singh (Sikh leader)|Fateh Singh]] as a counter to the Akali leader [[Tara Singh (activist)|Tara Singh]] during the 1960s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayar |first1=Kuldip |title=Operation Blue Star: How Congress invented a saint |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/jarnail-singh-bhindranwale-congress-sanjay-gandhi-zail-singh-108455-2012-07-08 |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=India Today |date=8 July 2012 |language=en}}</ref> Their choice was [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] who was then a little known Sikh preacher but would go on to be a [[Frankenstein's monster]] for his patrons. Bhindranwale came to limelight in 1978 when a clash between his followers and [[Sant Nirankari Mission|Nirankari Sikhs]] led to the death of a dozen people. The Congress party lionised Bhindranwale and helped him establish the [[Dal Khalsa (organization)|Dal Khalsa]] party. In the general elections of 1980, Bhindranwale even campaigned for Congress candidates.<ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal |last1=Kundu |first1=Apurba |title=The Indian Armed Forces' Sikh and Non-Sikh Officers' Opinions of Operation Blue Star |journal=Pacific Affairs |date=1994 |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=46–69 |doi=10.2307/2760119 |jstor=2760119 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2760119 |access-date=2 October 2022 |issn=0030-851X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Union Minister of Home Affairs (1980–82)==
In the [[1980 Indian general election|general election of 1980]], which the Congress party under Indira Gandhi won, Singh was elected to [[7th Lok Sabha|Parliament]] from [[Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshiarpur]].<ref>{{cite book |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1980 TO THE SEVENTH LOK SABHA VOL: II |date=1981 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |page=318 |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/LOKSABHA-HISTORY/1980-LS.pdf |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lok Sabha Election, January 1980 |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/Genral%20Election/1980-JAN-DEC-GENERAL-ELECTIONS-PART-2/New%20folder/GEN-1980-01-07_006.pdf |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> He was inducted into the [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|government]] as [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] on 14 January 1980 continuing in that post till 22 June 1982.<ref>{{cite web |title=Notification dated 14 January 1980 |url=https://cabsec.gov.in/writereaddata/initial_compositions_of_council_of_ministers/english/1_Upload_1988.pdf |publisher=Cabinet Secretariat |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=No.55/1/1/82-Cab dated 23 June 1982 |url=https://www.cabsec.gov.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_2423.pdf |publisher=Cabinet Secretariat |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> The Punjab government under [[Parkash Singh Badal]] was dismissed and the state brought under President’s rule in February 1980. In the [[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|elections held in June]], the Congress party won a majority in the Assembly and [[Darbara Singh]], a political rival of Zail Singh, was appointed chief minister. The out of power Akali Dal now revived the demands in the Anandpur Sahib resolution and allied with pro-Khalistan forces abroad.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Punjab Scenario |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/punjab-assembly-elections-1980-338296 |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=The Tribune |date=5 June 1980 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="jstor_41855652">{{cite journal |last1=Paroha |first1=Uma |title=Terrorism in Punjab: Origins and Dimensions |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |date=1993 |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=238–250 |jstor=41855652 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41855652 |access-date=2 October 2022 |issn=0019-5510}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Zail Singh and Sanjay Gandhi responsible for Punjab mess in 80s : Book |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/165399/zail-singh-sanjay-gandhi-responsible.html |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=31 May 2011 |language=en}}</ref>

The factionalism in the Congress and the political feuding between Zail Singh and Darbara Singh further complicated the situation in Punjab and prevented resolute administrative action against the insurgents.<ref name="jstor_41855652" /><ref name="10.1017_S0026749X13000255" /> Bhindranwale was able to use the discord between the central and state governments to his advantage. He was suspected of involvement in the murders of the Nirankari [[guru]] [[Gurbachan Singh]] in April 1980 and of the newspaper magnate [[Lala Jagat Narain]] in September 1981. Even though arrest warrants were issued against him, who was then in the state of [[Haryana]], Bhindranwale was able to escape to his gurudwara in the Punjab in an official car provided to him by the [[Haryana Chief Minister]] [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]] on the instructions of Singh. Bhindranwale gave himself up for arrest later that month but was released from jail in October following widespread unrest in the Punjab and after Singh declared in Parliament that Bhindranwale was not involved in Narain’s murder.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupte |first1=Pranay |title=Mother India: A Political Biography of Indira Gandhi |date=20 June 2011 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-548-0 |pages=315–319 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLrgzlclZKoC&dq=jarnail+singh+jail+zail+singh+parliament&pg=PT365 |access-date=7 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dhillon |first1=Kirpal |title=Identity and Survival: Sikh Militancy in India 1978-1993 |date=22 December 2006 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-85890-38-3 |page=85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PU6CwAAQBAJ&dq=jarnail+singh+jail+zail+singh+parliament&pg=PT129 |access-date=7 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In each of these instances even as Darbara Singh wanted to crack down on Bhindranwale, Zail Singh intervened on his behalf in the hope of using him as a pawn in his political battle against Darbara Singh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chima |first1=Jugdep S. |title=The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements |date=1 August 2008 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-81-321-0538-1 |page=63 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJaHAwAAQBAJ&dq=jarnail+singh+jail+zail+singh+parliament&pg=PA65 |access-date=7 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bal |first1=Hartosh Singh |title=How the Congress propped up Bhindranwale |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/conflict/how-the-congress-propped-up-bhindranwale |access-date=7 October 2022 |work=The Caravan |date=8 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Bhindranwale's release served to demoralise the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] as they now became targets for Sikh extremists and furthered emboldened Bhindranwale.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kohli |first1=David K. E. Bruce Professor of International Affairsy and Professor of Politics Atul |last2=Kohli |first2=Atul |last3=Breman |first3=Jan |last4=Hawthorn |first4=G. P. |title=The Success of India's Democracy |date=6 September 2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80530-8 |page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Io0NsnlRT6sC&dq=jarnail+singh+jail+zail+singh+parliament&pg=PA92 |access-date=7 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Similarly, requests to ban the Dal Khalsa by the state government were stonewalled by the [[Union Home Ministry]] before the prime minister intervened to have the ban imposed.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Congress(I)'s Dangerous Game |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1982 |volume=17 |issue=19 |pages=750 |jstor=4370872 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4370872 |access-date=2 October 2022 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref name="jstor.org"/> Singh’s tenure as India’s home minister has generally been viewed unfavourably. He was seen as a weak and inept minister who was appointed to prevent him from developing strong base in Punjab and as someone who mishandled crises in the Punjab, [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmir]] and the [[Northeast India|North East]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sardesai |first=Rajdeep |author-link=Rajdeep Sardesai |date=21 February 2013 |title=Trouble with home minister Shinde |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/trouble-with-home-minister-shinde/story-gzx30uSpga9Av4AMFifvAP.html |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shekhar |title=Giani Zail Singh: An earthy, politician with a rustic demeanour |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/obituary/story/19950115-giani-zail-singh-an-earthy-politician-with-a-rustic-demeanour-806839-1995-01-15 |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=India Today |date=15 January 1995 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Alvaro Joseph |title=Political bargaining and the Punjab crisis : the Punjab Accord of 1985 |date=1987 |publisher=The University of British Columbia |pages=30–33 |doi=10.14288/1.0097796 |url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0097796 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref>

== President of India (1982–87) ==
[[File:Chief_Justice_of_India_Y._V._Chandrachud_administering_the_oath_of_President_of_India_to_Giani_Zail_Singh,_1982.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chief Justice of India]] [[Y. V. Chandrachud]] administering the [[oath of office]] of the President of India to Zail Singh, 1982]]
In June 1982, Singh was chosen by the Congress party to be its candidate for the [[1982 Indian presidential election|presidential election]] to succeed [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]], rejecting a proposal by the opposition to have a consensus candidate. A group of ten opposition parties decided to field the Communist politician [[Hirendranath Mukherjee|Hiren Mukherjee]] as their candidate.<ref>{{cite news |title=June 22, 1982, Forty Years Ago: Presidential Polls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/june-22-1982-forty-years-ago-presidential-polls-7983044/ |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=22 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Singh’s nomination was seen as a gesture to the Sikhs at a time when the separatist agitation for Khalistan was gaining popularity. However, it was also aimed at keeping Singh out of active politics allowing Singh’s bête noire Darbara Singh to run the Punjab government without interference from the Centre. Singh’s loyalty to the prime minister was another reason for his nomination as the Congress party was unsure of its prospects in the general elections scheduled for 1985.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Prime Minister's Choice |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1982 |volume=17 |issue=26 |pages=1046–1047 |jstor=4371051 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4371051 |access-date=27 September 2022 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref name="00_2">{{cite magazine |last1=Dubey |first1=Suman |last2=Bobb |first2=Dilip |title=Giani Zail Singh poised to become the seventh President of India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19820715-giani-zail-singh-poised-to-become-the-seventh-president-of-india-771992-2013-10-18 |access-date=27 September 2022 |magazine=India Today |date=15 July 1982}}</ref>

The opposition’s original candidate was dropped as Mukherjee was not a registered voter, which is a prerequisite for any person contesting a presidential election. [[Hans Raj Khanna]], a former judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] who had defended [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]] and championed the inviolability of the [[Basic structure doctrine|basic structure]] of the constitution during [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] and was subsequently overlooked for appointment as [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice]], became the opposition candidate.<ref name="00_2"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Stories in the story of presidential poll losers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/stories-in-the-story-of-presidential-poll-losers-8033894/ |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=17 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The election was held on 12 July 1982 with the [[Electoral College (India)|electoral college]] comprising 756 [[Member of Parliament (India)|members of Parliament]] and 3827 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members of legislative assemblies]]. When the votes were counted on 15 July, Singh emerged the winner with 754,113 votes, or 72.7 per cent, against Khanna’s 282,685 votes and was declared elected the same day by the [[returning officer]]. Singh won a majority in each of India’s state assemblies except for [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]] and [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Background material related to Election to the office of President of India 2017 |date=2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |page=25 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6925-background-material-related-to-election-to-the-office-of-president-of-india-2017/ |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=July 16, 1982, Forty Years Ago: President Zail Singh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/40-years-ago/forty-years-ago-president-zail-singh-8032143/ |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=16 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He was sworn in the seventh president of India on 25 July 1982. He was the first Sikh as also the first person from a [[Other Backward Class|backward caste]] to become president.<ref>{{cite news |title=Neelam Sanjiva Reddy: 109th birth anniversary of India's sixth President |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/neelam-sanjiva-reddy-109th-birth-anniversary-of-indias-sixth-president |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=Free Press Journal |date=18 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=July 26, 1982, Forty Years Ago: President Zail Singh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/july-26-1982-forty-years-ago-president-zail-singh-plo-palestine-indira-gandhi-8051196/ |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=26 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chawla |first1=Prabhu |title=I would certainly like to play the rightful role assigned to me: Giani Zail Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19820715-i-would-certainly-like-to-play-the-rightful-role-assigned-to-me-giani-zail-singh-771972-2013-10-18 |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=India Today |date=15 July 1982 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Indira Gandhi ministry (1982–84) ===
[[File:President Giani Zail Singh hosting Banquet in honour of Queen Elizabeth II.jpg|thumb|[[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]] visited India in 1983 and were hosted at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] by President Zail Singh.|left]]
Singh was known for his loyalty to Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] and had remarked that he would pick up a broom and become a sweeper if she were to ask him to do so.<ref>{{cite news |title=Time for a non-sycophant |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/243605/time-non-sycophant.html |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=20 April 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Not a luxury suite |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/not-a-luxury-suite/story-CAvvm3blSFTRbboFBcy42L.html |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 April 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=10 stories that changed in our lifetime |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20081229-10-stories-that-changed-in-our-lifetime-738583-2008-12-19 |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=India Today |date=19 December 2008 |language=en}}</ref> It was reported that Singh would walk down to the South Court of [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] to receive her when she called on him, even opening her car door in breach of all protocol.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thakur |first1=Sankarshan |title=Hollow voice |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/hollow-voice-silence-has-been-a-virtue-for-indian-presidents/cid/1873381 |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |date=6 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the great Indian chamchas of politics |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/meet-the-great-indian-chamchas-of-politics/articleshow/46239925.cms?from=mdr |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=The Economic Times |date=14 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Lt Gen (Retd) Bhopinder |title=India's Next President: Being a Fearless 'Constitutionalist' Is What Matters |url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/india-president-next-droupadi-murmu-yashwant-sinha#read-more |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=TheQuint |date=15 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In 1983, [[New Delhi]] hosted both the [[7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|seventh summit of the Non-Aligned Movement]] and the [[1983 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]]. [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]] arrived on a [[state visit]] in November 1983, as the guests of President Singh and stayed at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=When the Queen came calling: Elizabeth's three visits to India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/when-the-queen-came-calling-elizabeths-three-visits-to-india-8141090/ |access-date=7 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=9 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Inbound State Visit from India announced |url=https://www.royal.uk/inbound-state-visit-india-announced?page=20 |website=The Royal Family |access-date=7 October 2022 |language=en |date=26 June 2009}}</ref>

As president, he spoke out against the Akali Dal’s assertion that Sikhs were being discriminated against in India, challenged the rule of [[jathedar]]s and the role of religious leaders in the separatist movement in Punjab, and criticised the use of [[Gurdwara|Sikh shrines]] as sanctuaries by criminals.<ref>{{cite news |title=President Zail Singh: The most colourful and controversial of Indian Presidents |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19840415-president-zail-singh-the-most-colourful-and-controversial-of-indian-presidents-802956-1984-04-15 |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=India Today |date=15 April 1984 |language=en}}</ref> In June 1984, the [[Indian Army]] launched [[Operation Blue Star]] to neutralise Sikh militants based in the [[Golden Temple]] complex in [[Amritsar]]. Singh was not appraised of these plans neither when Punjab was brought under [[President's rule|President’s rule]] nor when Prime Minister Gandhi met him for a routine briefing the day before the operation was launched.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Khushwant |title=Operation Blue Star 'was a well-calculated and deliberate slap in the face of an entire community': Khushwant Singh |url=https://scroll.in/article/732469/operation-blue-star-was-a-well-calculated-and-deliberate-slap-in-the-face-of-an-entire-community-khushwant-singh |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=6 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The President who used 'pocket veto' to stall legislation he didn't agree with |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/president-used-pocket-veto-stall-legislation-didnt-agree |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=Sunday Guardian Live |date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001060435/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/president-used-pocket-veto-stall-legislation-didnt-agree |url-status=dead }}</ref> When Singh visited the Golden Temple complex on 8 June, he was shot at by a [[sniper]]. Although he was not hit, his security officer was seriously injured. Singh was deeply upset at the damage done to the temple complex.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news |title=India has done well to speak in one voice against Sikh separatism |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/india-has-done-well-to-speak-in-one-voice-against-sikh-separatism/story-dYtdeH0XwnH13uNNsT494H.html |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pande |first1=B. D. |title=Operation Bluestar: A Governor Reveals All |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/operation-bluestar-a-governor-reveals-al/20211123.htm |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=Rediff |date=23 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rahul |title=Of faith and force |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/of-faith-and-force/article6069856.ece |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=31 May 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Singh later justified the military operation saying bloodshed could have been avoided had militants surrendered and urging all Sikhs to ensure that their temples would not in the future be used to house arms and material not sanctioned by Sikh tradition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Syracuse Post Standard June 18, 1984 Page 3 |url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/new-york/syracuse/syracuse-post-standard/1984/06-18/page-3/ |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=Newspaper Archives}}</ref> In September, the [[Akal Takht]], the highest temporal body in Sikhism, condemned Singh for his alleged role in the military operation and held him guilty of religious misconduct. He was exonerated 24 days later by the Sikh high priests after he expressed contrition and sought forgiveness before the Akal Takht for the ‘unfortunate incidents’ that had happened there.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chawla |first1=Prabhu |title=President Zail Singh participates actively to find a solution for Punjab problem |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19841015-president-zail-singh-participates-actively-to-find-a-solution-for-punjab-problem-803354-1984-10-15 |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=India Today |date=15 October 1984 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab speaker seeks pardon at Akal Takht after video of priest touching a cow's tail to his turban goes viral |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/amritsar/punjab-speaker-kultar-singh-sandhwan-apology-akal-takht-video-priest-cow-tail-7837916/ |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=27 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Zail Singh President of India with Bhim Singh.jpg|thumb|President Zail Singh with [[Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party|Panthers Party]] founder [[Bhim Singh (politician)|Bhim Singh]] at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]]]]
In August 1984, Rashtrapati Bhavan became the venue of an unusual political gathering when [[N. T. Rama Rao]], who had been dismissed as [[chief minister of Andhra Pradesh]] by the [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|governor]], met Singh with over [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|160 members of the Legislative Assembly]]. The Governor [[Thakur Ram Lal]] had appointed [[N. Bhaskara Rao]] as the new chief minister and provided him a month’s time to prove his majority in the assembly despite the ousted chief minister’s claim of being able to prove his own majority in two days’ time and evidence that he was supported by a majority of legislators. Following widespread protests, the governor was recalled and Rama Rao returned as chief minister following a vote of confidence. The Singh presidency saw similar dismissal of state governments and imposition of President’s rule in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and in [[Sikkim]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dismissal of NTR ministry planned, Nadendla Bhaskara Rao nurtured with care of an assassin |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19840915-dismissal-of-ntr-ministry-planned-nadendla-bhaskara-rao-nurtured-with-care-of-an-assassin-803240-1984-09-15 |access-date=6 October 2022 |work=India Today |date=15 September 1984 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Claiborne |first1=William |title=Rama Rao Appeals To President |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/08/22/rama-rao-appeals-to-president/1fa0e3df-46d7-4eda-aef8-a6e88480ef93/ |access-date=6 October 2022 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=22 August 1984}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Problem Of Adversarial Governors And Lieutenant Governors – The Leaflet |url=https://theleaflet.in/the-problem-of-adversarial-governors-and-lieutenant-governors/ |access-date=6 October 2022 |work=theleaflet.in |date=26 June 2021}}</ref>

Prime Minister [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|Indira Gandhi was assassinated]] on 31 October 1984 by her Sikh bodyguards.<ref>{{cite news |title=Operation Blue Star: India's first tryst with militant extremism |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-operation-blue-star-india-s-first-tryst-with-militant-extremism-2270293 |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=DNA India |date=5 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi 1984: Memories of a massacre |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=BBC News |date=1 November 2009}}</ref> Her son [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] were in [[West Bengal]] campaigning for upcoming [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] elections while Singh was on a [[state visit]] to [[Yemen Arab Republic|North Yemen]]. He returned to Delhi the same evening and visited the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] where Indira Gandhi had been admitted. The presidential cavalcade was pelted with stones en route and violence against Sikhs began in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 1984 |title=Assassination in India: Violence ripples through the nation; Sikhs attacked by Hindus in at least 8 Indian cities |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/01/world/assassination-india-violence-ripples-through-nation-sikhs-attacked-hindus-least.html |access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ashraf |first1=Ajaz |title=Lest we forget: What five eminent Sikhs and a former prime minister witnessed during the 1984 riots |url=https://scroll.in/article/820242/lest-we-forget-what-five-eminent-sikhs-and-a-former-prime-minister-witnessed-during-the-1984-riots |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=31 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Prelude To The Violence |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/prelude-to-the-violence/228236 |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=Outlook |date=3 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> After the deaths of prime ministers [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] in 1964 and [[Lal Bahadur Shastri|Shastri]] in 1966, the president had appointed the senior most Cabinet minister, [[Gulzarilal Nanda]], as the [[acting prime minister]] while the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Parliamentary Party]] went about electing a new leader who would then become prime minister. That convention would have required Singh to appoint [[Pranab Mukherjee]] as the acting prime minister. However, the Congress Parliamentary Board, the executive committee of the parliamentary party, nominated Rajiv Gandhi for appointment as prime minister. Accordingly, Singh swore Rajiv Gandhi in as prime minister the same evening (31 October). The choice of Rajiv Gandhi was unanimously approved by the Congress Parliamentary Party three days later.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hardgrave |first1=Robert L. |title=India in 1984: Confrontation, Assassination, and Succession |journal=Asian Survey |date=1985 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=131–144 |doi=10.2307/2644297 |jstor=2644297 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644297 |access-date=1 October 2022 |issn=0004-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pranab Mukherjee recalls how Rajiv Gandhi became PM after Indira's death |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/pranab-mukherjee-recalls-how-rajiv-gandhi-became-pm-denies-he-tried-to-clinch-post/story-nLtDpvKNPXir0OUNBCFliN.html |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 January 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Rajiv Gandhi ministry (1984–87) ===
[[File:President Zail Singh administering oath of the office of Prime Minister of India to Rajiv Gandhi.jpg|thumb|President Zail Singh administering oath of office of the [[Prime Minister of India]] to Rajiv Gandhi in December 1984|left]]
Indira Gandhi’s assassination was followed by [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|anti-Sikh rioting]] across India which lasted for four days till 3 November 1984.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pillalamarri |first1=Akhilesh |title=India's Anti-Sikh Riots, 30 Years On |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/indias-anti-sikh-riots-30-years-on/ |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=thediplomat.com |date=31 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Dhirendra K. |title=1984 anti-Sikh riots were an organised massacre, says 'Caravan' article |url=https://scroll.in/article/682059/1984-anti-sikh-riots-were-an-organised-massacre-says-caravan-article |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=3 October 2014}}</ref> Although constitutionally the supreme commander of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], Singh was unable to act to stop the violence.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report: JUSTICE NANAVATI COMMISSION OF INQUIRY (1984 Anti-Sikh Riots) : Volume 1 |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Nanavati-I_eng_0.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rubbing salt into Sikhs' wounds |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2018/sep/11/rubbing-salt-into-sikhs-wounds-1870264.html |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=11 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Khushwant |title=Oh, That Other Hindu Riot Of Passage By Khushwant Singh |url=https://countercurrents.org/comm-khushwantsing071104.htm |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=countercurrents.org |date=7 November 2004}}</ref> [[Tarlochan Singh]], President Singh’s [[press secretary]], later alleged that although the president had tried to talk to the prime minister regarding the rioting in Delhi, Rajiv Gandhi never got back to him whereas [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] told him that the government was busy arranging [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|Indira Gandhi’s funeral]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajiv Gandhi didnt take calls from Prez after 84 riots broke out |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/rajiv-gandhi-didnt-take-calls-from-prez-after-84-riots-broke-out/1221759/ |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=30 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=1984 riots: When silence spoke so unmistakably (Comment: Special to IANS) |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/1984-riots-when-silence-spoke-so-unmistakably-comment-special-to-ians-115071400164_1.html |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=Business Standard India |date=14 July 2015}}</ref> Singh later admitted that his commitment to the Congress party and to the [[Indian Constitution]] were severely tested by these events but he chose to remain in his post.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shekhar |title=Giani Zail Singh: An earthy, politician with a rustic demeanour |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/obituary/story/19950115-giani-zail-singh-an-earthy-politician-with-a-rustic-demeanour-806839-1995-01-15 |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=India Today |date=15 January 1995 |language=en}}</ref> Rajiv Gandhi soon called for [[General election|parliamentary elections]] which were held between [[1984 Indian general election|24 and 28 December 1984]]. The Congress party won 404 out of the 514 seats, the highest number ever won by a party in India’s general elections. A forty member council of ministers with Gandhi as the prime minister were sworn in on 31 December 1984.<ref>{{cite web |title=India |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/INDIA_1984_E.PDF |publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union |access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rajiv Gandhi: Youngest Prime Minister at 40, who won the largest mandate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajiv-gandhi-youngest-prime-minister-largest-mandate-7932411/ |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=23 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The relationship between President Singh and Prime Minister Gandhi quickly turned sour. Gandhi viewed Singh as a rustic parvenu whose actions were partly responsible for the imbroglio in the Punjab that had led to his mother’s assassination.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=K. C. |title=The President's Man |url=https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/the-presidents-man/ |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=Open The Magazine |date=21 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sanghvi |first1=Vir |title=Excerpt: Rajiv Gandhi's Strong Dislike For Zail Singh As President |url=https://www.ndtv.com/book-excerpts/excerpt-does-he-sound-like-a-president-rajiv-gandhi-on-zail-singh-2490423 |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=NDTV.com |date=24 July 2021}}</ref> As prime minister, Gandhi called on Singh only once before the elections and dispensed with the practice of calling on the president to discuss matters of state entirely. Following his cue, union ministers too stopped calling on Singh, a situation that lasted for almost two years before Gandhi gave-in and called on Singh in March 1987.<ref name="00_3"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Gandhi eats humble pie with President |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-gandhi-eats-humble-pie-with/183389580/ |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=The Guardian |pages=8 |language=en |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Singh was known for also attending political iftars, offering Muslim prayers even though he was Sikh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Yashraj |title=India's 'political iftars' once stopped riots. Are they corrupt stunts now? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/3/22/indias-political-iftars-peace-forays-or-corrupt-vote-seeking-stunts |access-date=23 March 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Gandhi stopped briefing Singh about matters of domestic and [[Foreign relations of India|foreign policy]] and refused to sanction official visits abroad for Singh and Congress governments in the states began to put off visits by the president.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chawla |first1=Prabhu |title=Rift between President Zail Singh and PM Rajiv Gandhi 'amicably settled' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19870415-rift-between-president-zail-singh-and-pm-rajiv-gandhi-amicably-settled-798768-1987-04-15 |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=India Today |date=15 April 1987 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="00_3"/> Singh retaliated by subjecting all proposals sent to him to minute scrutiny, seeking explanations from the government on not formulating a policy on judicial appointments, questioning its television coverage policy and cautioning the [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|governor of Andhra Pradesh]], [[Kumudben Joshi]], to desist from interfering in the state’s politics besides seeking an explanation from the [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]] about the delay in holding scheduled elections in the state of [[Haryana]]. These interventions caused the government considerable embarrassment.<ref name="00_3">{{cite news |last1=Chawla |first1=Prabhu |title=President Zail Singh questions govt's decisions, much to PM Rajiv Gandhi's embarrassment |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19870228-president-zail-singh-questions-govt-decisions-much-to-pm-rajiv-gandhi-embarrassment-798591-1987-02-27 |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=India Today |date=28 February 1987 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Rajiv Gandhi with Giani Zail Singh.jpg|thumb|right|Zail Singh with Rajiv Gandhi]]
Singh is also remembered for his stance on the Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill, 1986. The bill, passed by both houses of Parliament, empowered central and state governments to intercept, inspect and detain any items in the post perceived to be a threat to [[national security]]. In effect, the bill gave the government unbridled powers to surveil postal communication and violated [[Civil and political rights|citizens’ rights]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Manor |first1=James |title=The Office of the President @75 |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-office-of-the-president-75/ |website=ORF |publisher=Observer Research Foundation |access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> Singh, instead of returning the bill to Parliament for its reconsideration, decided to withhold his assent to it. If the bill were to be sent back to Parliament, in which the Congress party held an overwhelming majority, it could have reiterated its support for the bill which would have forced Singh to give it his assent. As the Constitution places no time limit within which presidential assent is to be given to legislation sent to him, Singh decided to keep it in abeyance – thus effecting a [[pocket veto]]. The bill remained unsigned even by his successor who returned it to the Rajya Sabha for its reconsideration.{{efn|Article 111 of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] stipulates that when a bill has been passed by the Houses of Parliament, it shall be presented to the President, who shall either assent to the bill, or withhold his assent or return it to Parliament requesting that it reconsider the Bill or any specified provisions thereof. “''When a Bill is so returned, the Houses shall reconsider the Bill accordingly, and if the Bill is passed again by the Houses with or without amendment and presented to the President for assent, the President shall not withhold assent therefrom''”.<ref>{{cite web |title=Article 111 in The Constitution Of India 1949 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/158646/ |publisher=Indian Kanoon |access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref> As the bill was returned to the Rajya Sabha, it would not lapse on the dissolution of the Lok Sabha. It was never taken up for consideration during the next twelve years and was finally withdrawn in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |title=Motion To Withdraw The Indian Post Office (Amentment) Bill, 1986 on 16 March, 2002 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/472575/ |publisher=Indian Kanoon |access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Govt withdraws Post Office bill |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/govt-withdraws-post-office-bill/articleshow/3954527.cms |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=The Economic Times |date=16 March 2002}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite news |title=From Irwin to Murmu: The house of political stability |url=https://www.theweek.in/columns/prasannan/2022/07/23/legacy-of-the-president-from-irwin-to-murmu.html |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=The Week |date=31 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Remembering Giani Zail Singh in the week of his 100th birth anniversary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-different-president-giani-zail-singh-2788090/ |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=7 May 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

During 1986–87, as [[Bofors scandal|allegations of corruption]] began to surface in the procurement of [[Bofors]] [[howitzer]]s by the Indian government; Singh sought information regarding the matter from the government. Gandhi took the stance that the president did not have the right to know every classified matter made available to the prime minister or the [[Union Council of Ministers|Council of Ministers]] and the Cabinet passed a resolution rejecting Singh’s demand. In Parliament, however, Gandhi stated that the "president was being fully informed", a patently false statement. Singh responded by writing to the prime minister narrating specific instances where no information had been furnished despite repeated demands. A copy of the letter was leaked to the press. This allegation by the [[head of state]] against the [[head of government]] served to further reduce the government’s credibility.<ref>{{cite news |title=The President who used 'pocket veto' to stall legislation he didn't agree with |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/president-used-pocket-veto-stall-legislation-didnt-agree |access-date=6 October 2022 |work=The Sunday Guardian Live |date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001060435/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/president-used-pocket-veto-stall-legislation-didnt-agree |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rear View: How Rajiv had a great fall |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/rear-view-how-rajiv-had-a-great-fall/ |access-date=6 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=5 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Malik |first1=Lokendra |title=President's Right to Seek Information Under Article 78 of the Constitution of India |journal=Journal of the Indian Law Institute |date=2015 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=174–196 |jstor=44782500 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44782500 |access-date=6 October 2022 |issn=0019-5731}}</ref>

By 1987, it was widely speculated that Singh intended to dismiss the [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv Gandhi ministry]] and appoint in its place a caretaker ministry under either R. Venkataraman or P. V. Narasimha Rao.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Neerja |author-link=Neerja Chowdhury |title=Presidential Poll: Choosing a president for our time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/presidential-poll-choosing-a-president-for-our-time-7975764/ |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=17 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The President cannot be a rubber stamp |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/president-cannot-rubber-stamp |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=The Sunday Guardian Live |date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002132722/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/president-cannot-rubber-stamp |url-status=dead }}</ref> As Singh’s tenure was drawing to a close, it was thought that such a move would lead to a second term in office for him with support from the opposition and members of the Congress party opposed to Gandhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Los Angeles Times 17 Jul 1987, page 15 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/405038762/?terms=%22zail%20singh%22&match=1 |access-date=3 October 2022 |work=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> Gandhi, who had strained relations with the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] [[Krishnaswamy Sundarji|General Sundarji]] and his Defence Minister [[Arun Singh (politician, born 1944)|Arun Singh]], was opposed to giving Singh a further term in office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Army plotted to overthrow Rajiv govt in 1987: Lt gen Hoon |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/army-plotted-to-overthrow-rajiv-govt-in-1987-lt-gen-hoon/story-JhUTT96mv9tqOqL12QJR0O.html |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 October 2015 |language=en}}</ref> Singh, however, never acted on the plan and decided not to seek a second term as he failed to get the open support of the opposition and feared it could lead to an [[Coup d'état|army takeover]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Los Angeles Times 13 Jul 1987, page 10 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/404867984/?terms=%22zail%20singh%22&match=1 |access-date=3 October 2022 |work=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why BJP still needs to make the right choice for next president |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/why-bjp-still-needs-to-make-the-right-choice-for-next-president-10778891.html |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=10 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chawla |first1=Prabhu |title=A tantalising tit-bit from former President Giani Zail Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880331-a-tantalising-tit-bit-from-former-president-giani-zail-singh-797077-1988-03-31 |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=India Today |date=31 March 1988 |language=en}}</ref>

=== State visits ===
Singh led state visits to [[Bahrain–India relations|Bahrain]], [[Czechoslovakia]], and [[India–Qatar relations|Qatar]] in 1983; to [[Argentina–India relations|Argentina]], [[India–Mauritius relations|Mauritius]], [[India–Mexico relations|Mexico]], [[Yemen Arab Republic|North]] and [[South Yemen]] in 1984. Singh was in [[Aden, Yemen]] when Indira Gandhi was assassinated. He also made visits to [[Greece–India relations|Greece]], [[India–Nepal relations|Nepal]], [[India–Poland relations|Poland]], and [[India–Yugoslavia relations|Yugoslavia]] 1986.<ref>{{cite web |title=भारत गणराज्य के राष्ट्रपतत ज्ञानी जैल स िंह की राजकीय यात्रा |url=https://rashtrapatisachivalaya.gov.in/sites/default/files/formerpresident_visit/gzs_statevisit.pdf |publisher=Rashtrapati Sachivalaya |access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> As the relationship between Rajiv Gandhi and Singh soured, the government began sending [[Vice President of India|Vice-President]] [[R. Venkataraman]] on trips abroad in place of Singh. Even visits to nations which were customarily made by the [[head of state]] began to be made by the vice-president or the prime minister and some, such as a visit to [[India–Zimbabwe relations|Zimbabwe]], which had been finalised were cancelled. Consequently, Singh became one of the least travelled presidents of India.<ref>{{cite news |title=The President who used 'pocket veto' to stall legislation he didn't agree with |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/president-used-pocket-veto-stall-legislation-didnt-agree |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=The Sunday Guardian Live |date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001060435/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/president-used-pocket-veto-stall-legislation-didnt-agree |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chawla |first1=Prabhu |title=President Zail Singh may end up being the least travelled head of state |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19860131-president-zail-singh-may-end-up-being-the-least-travelled-head-of-state-800530-1986-01-31 |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=India Today |date=31 January 1986 |language=en}}</ref>

==Later life and death==
Singh was succeeded to the presidency by [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]], who was sworn in on 25 July 1987.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Los Angeles Times 26 Jul 1987, page 5 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/403942686/?terms=%22zail%20singh%22&match=1 |access-date=3 October 2022 |work=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> Singh chose to spend his retirement in Delhi where the government provided him with a bungalow on Circular Road.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aneja |first1=Rajendra K. |title=Big is not beautiful |url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/0FTaHfnWZNxB7DEaZMZqNO/Big-is-not-beautiful.html |access-date=7 October 2022 |work=mint |date=16 August 2007 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Government looks for a suitable residence for outgoing President Zail Singh in New Delhi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19870715-government-looks-for-a-suitable-residence-for-outgoing-president-zail-singh-in-new-delhi-799062-1987-07-14 |access-date=7 October 2022 |work=India Today |date=15 July 1987 |language=en}}</ref>

Singh was severely injured in a [[Traffic collisions in India|road accident]] when his car collided with a truck at [[Kiratpur Sahib]] in the [[Rupnagar district|Ropar district]] of Punjab on 29 November 1994.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zail Singh's death: RI for truck driver |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/12/07/stories/0207000n.htm |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=3 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203070243/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/12/07/stories/0207000n.htm |archive-date=3 December 2014 }}</ref> He was admitted to the [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]] in [[Chandigarh]] where he died on 25 December 1994, aged 78.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cyrus Mistry death: Here's a list of other high-profile accidents |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cyrus-mistry-death-here-s-a-list-of-other-high-profile-accidents-101662374309994.html |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] declared 7 days of [[National day of mourning|national mourning]].<ref>{{cite web |title=SHRI GIANI ZAIL SINGH PASSES AWAY - GOVERNMENT DECLARES SEVEN DAYS MOURNING FROM TODAY |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/HOME%20AFFAIR/1994-JAN-DEC-HOME-AFFAIRS/PDF/HOM-1994-12-25_240.pdf |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> His [[cremation]] was held on 26 December in Delhi where his [[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]] is located at [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Ekta Sthal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Zail Singh dies after car crash |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/zail-singh-dies-after-car-crash-1388541.html |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=The Independent |date=26 December 1994 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Crematoriums and samadhi sthals or memorials of famous people in India and the world |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/crematoriums-and-samadhi-sthals-or-memorials-of-famous-people-in-india-and-the-world-1580118-2019-08-12 |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=India Today |date=12 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Nation |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000506/nation.htm |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=www.tribuneindia.com |date=6 May 2000}}</ref>

Singh's autobiography, ''The Memoirs of Giani Zail Singh'', was published in 1996.<ref>{{cite news |title=Book extract: The Memoirs of Giani Zail Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19961115-book-extract-the-memoirs-of-giani-zail-singh-834108-1996-11-15 |access-date=7 October 2022 |work=India Today |date=15 November 1996 |language=en}}</ref>

== Commemoration ==
[[File:Stamp of India - 1995 - Colnect 163737 - Giani Zail Singh former President - Commemoration.jpeg|thumb|Zail Singh on 100 [[paise]] Indian stamp issued in 1995]]
A commemorative [[postage stamp]] was issued by India's [[India Posts|Department of Posts]] on the occasion of Singh's first death anniversary in 1995.<ref name=":00_1"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The President of India, Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma paying floral tributes to late Giani Zail Singh, former President of India on his first death anniversary and releasing a commemorative stamp on him, in New Delhi on December 25, 1995. |url=https://dpl.presidentofindia.nic.in/handle/123456789/3379?viewItem=search |publisher=Digital Photo Library, Rashtrapati Bhavan |access-date=7 October 2022 |date=13 September 2017}}</ref> The [[Giani Zail Singh Campus College of Engineering and Technology]], [[Bathinda|Bhatinda]] is named after him.<ref>{{cite news |title=No takers for engineering courses: Only 76 students apply for Bathinda college with 639 seats |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/at-bathinda-college-that-houses-new-ptu-76-students-for-639-engg-seats/story-JJRhwfKGuZoxlme511B0AN.html |access-date=7 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref> The birth [[Centennial|centenary]] of Singh was celebrated in 2016 at which a documentary film on his life and a book were released in his honour.<ref>{{cite web |title=President of India paid homage to Giani Zail Singh on his 100th Birth Anniversary |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=144895 |website=pib.gov.in |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Giani Zail Singh remembered |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/giani-zail-singh-remembered-232845 |access-date=7 October 2022 |work=The Tribune |date=6 May 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Gyani]]
* [[Giani Dhanwant Singh Sital]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/dli.MoI.NewsMag271_ZailSinghpassesaway_Eng Zail Singh Passes Away: A film from the Government of India, Ministry of Information, Films Division]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Zail}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
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[[Category:Chief ministers of Punjab, India]]
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[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
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Komatha En Kulamatha

2026-03-04T04:52:39Z

Shai0778: improve citations further and improved wording based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Komatha En Kulamatha.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[M. A. Thirumugam]]
| producer = [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]
| starring = [[Prameela]] [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]]
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = [[Dhandayudhapani Films]]
| released = {{film date|1973|7|27|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Komatha En Kulamatha''''' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|oʊ|m|ɑː|θ|ɑː}} or {{IPAc-en|k|oʊ|m|ɑː|θ|ɑː}} {{translation|Mother cow is our family deity}}) is a 1973 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], directed by [[M. A. Thirumugam]] and produced by [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]. The film stars [[Prameela]] and [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], with a cow in a major role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=15 August 2022 |title=Myths, a metaphors, and much meaning |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/aug/15/myths-a-metaphors-and-much-meaning-2487568.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816223326/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/aug/15/myths-a-metaphors-and-much-meaning-2487568.html |archive-date=16 August 2022 |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[M. Bhanumathi]], [[Nagesh]], [[S. N. Lakshmi]], [[Major Sundarrajan]] and [[S. A. Ashokan]] play supporting roles. It was released on 27 July 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கோமாதா என் குலமாதா / Komatha En Kulamatha (1973) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/komatha-en-kulamatha |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118162929/https://screen4screen.com/movies/komatha-en-kulamatha |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Palle Paduchu'' (1974), in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Seethe Alla Savithri]]'' (1973) and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Gaai Aur Gori]]'' in (1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2020 |title=Filmfare recommends: Bollywood movies where pets were the real heroes |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-bollywood-movies-where-pets-were-the-real-heroes-39984.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406181422/https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-bollywood-movies-where-pets-were-the-real-heroes-39984.html |archive-date=6 April 2020 |access-date=5 April 2020 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=June 2021}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Prameela]] as Vijaya
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Arun
* [[Nagesh]] as Ramu
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Vasu
* [[M. Bhanumathi]] as Mohana
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Arun's Mother
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as Sengotan
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Nattamai
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Soma Sundaram
* Baby Sumathi as Valli
* Cow as Lakshmi
* Dog as Tommy
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]]. [[P. Susheela]] is the only playback singer in the soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goumatha En Kulamatha Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Shankar Ganesh |url=https://mossymart.com/product/goumatha-en-kulamatha-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512063710/https://mossymart.com/product/goumatha-en-kulamatha-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Songs !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Anbu Deivam Nee" || [[P. Susheela]] || 03:26
|-
| "Pozhuthukku Munne" || P. Susheela || 04:07
|-
| "Dirty Dance" || Instrumental || 01:44
|-
| "Manakolam Parkka Vanthen" || P. Susheela || 03:25
|-
| "Varuga Varuga Thalaivaa" || P. Susheela || 03:35
|}

== Critical reception ==
''Navamani'' appreciated the performances of Srikanth, Prameela and the cow Lakshmi, adding that the film was better titled "Vaa" (come) Matha rather than "Go" Matha.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 August 1973 |title=கோமாதா என் குலமாதா |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_1_59/4.jp2/full/1000,1476/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008125223/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_1_59/4.jp2/full/1000,1476/0/default.jpg |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{M. A. Thirumugam}}
{{Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar}}
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:1973 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1973 drama films]]
[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:Films about cattle]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. A. Thirumugam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]

Oru Kochu Swapnam

2026-03-03T21:07:55Z

Shai0778: slightly rework article to improve readability and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oru Kochu Swapnam
| image = Oru Kochu Swapnam.jpg
| caption =
| director = Vipin Das
| producer = A. M. Shareef
| writer = Joseph Madappally
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Ilavarasi]] [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] [[Unnimary]]
| music = [[M. B. Sreenivasan]]
| cinematography = Vipin Das
| editing = Ravi
| studio = Ramees Movies
| distributor = Dinny Films
| released = {{Film date|1984|03|02|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Oru Kochu Swapnam''''' ({{Translation|One small dream}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[family drama]] film directed and shot by [[Vipindas|Vipin Das]] and written by Joseph Madappally. The film stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Ilavarasi]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]], and [[Unnimary]]. The [[film score]] was composed by [[M. B. Sreenivasan]]. The story is about a teenage girl lacking proper [[sex education]] exploring [[Human female sexuality|her sexuality]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1577|title=Oru Kochu Swapnam|accessdate=2014-10-20|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1099|title=Oru Kochu Swapnam|accessdate=2014-10-20|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/oru-kochu-swapnam-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021010208/http://spicyonion.com/title/oru-kochu-swapnam-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 October 2014|title=Oru Kochu Swapnam|accessdate=2014-10-20|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sulu and her younger sister Sindhu has no family and lives alone by their own. Sulu is a [[co-operative bank]] employee and Sindhu is a school-going teenager. Sulu is in a secret romantic relationship with her co-worker in the bank, Venu. Sulu is several years elder than Sindhu, so she treats her as a child as if they were mother and daughter. Sulu is concerned about Sindhu's growth, she advises her to limit her physical interaction with boys, Sindhu becomes ambivalent. As their life goes on, Sindhu reaches [[menarche]], despite knowing that she has reached [[puberty]], other than being overprotective, Sulu is too embarrassed to give her proper [[sex education]].

One day, Sindhu finds out about the relationship between Sulu and Venu by chance. Sulu is embarrassed. Sulu and Venu decide to make their relationship public, they marries at a short ceremony and moves to Venu's house, taking along Sindhu with them. Sindhu has good results in her higher secondary exams and has now admitted to a college. Sindhu's neighbour Jaya also studies in their college and she has had multiple romantic relationship with boys. Jaya teaches her more about romantic relationships with [[Heterosexuality|opposite-sex]], at one time, she also hands her over an adult [[pornographic magazine]].

Sulu reduces her over-caring for Sindhu and spares more time for spending time with Venu. Sindhu begins to feel it, one day, they have an open confrontation regarding that, while having dinner, Sulu scolds her for depending on her for serving her food. Sindhu gradually cope up with the new situation. Meanwhile, she becomes increasingly curious about [[Intimate relationship|male-female intimacy]] of her age groups as well as [[Human sexual activity|sexual relationship]] of her sister and brother-in-law. Sulu and Venu have caught her at multiple occasions for [[eavesdropping]] and [[voyeurism]] when they were having their husband and wife moments. Finally, they decides to move her to a hostel near her college.

==Cast==
* [[Mohanlal]] as Gilbert, a [[video shop]] owner
* [[Ilavarasi]] as Sindhu, Sulu's sister
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Venugopal / Venu, co-operative bank employee
* [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Sulu, Co-operative bank employee
* [[Unnimary]] as Sophia, Sindhu's roommate
* [[Ravi Menon]] as Damu, hostel gate keeper
* [[Lalithasree]] as Sreedevi, house maid
* [[Achankunju]] as Rickshawaala
* [[Kottayam Santha]] as Hostel matron
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Co-operative bank manager
* [[Sabitha Anand]] as Maggie, video shop staff ([[bit part]])

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] with lyrics by [[O. N. V. Kurup]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Maaril Chaarthiya" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[O. N. V. Kurup]] || 04:16
|-
| 2 || "Udyaanadevi Than" || K. J. Yesudas || O. N. V. Kurup || 05:03
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0292164|Oru Kochu Swapnam}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. B. Sreenivasan]]
[[Category:Films about casual sex]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Alluri Seetarama Raju (film)

2026-03-03T20:22:04Z

Shai0778: updated details as per guidelines and added references

{{short description|1974 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Alluri Seetarama Raju film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = V. Ramachandra Rao
| producer = G. Hanumantha Rao [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] '''(presenter)'''
| writer = [[Tripuraneni Maharadhi]]
| starring = [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] [[Vijaya Nirmala]] [[Jaggayya]]
| music = [[P. Adinarayana Rao]]
| cinematography = [[V. S. R. Swamy]]
| studio = [[Padmalaya Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1974|05|01}}
| runtime = 187 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
}}

'''''Alluri Seetarama Raju''''' is a 1974 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[action film]] directed by V. Ramachandra Rao and written by [[Tripuraneni Maharadhi]]. The film stars [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Vijaya Nirmala]], and [[Jaggayya]] and was produced by [[Padmalaya Studios]]. Notably, it was Krishna's 100th film as an actor and the first Telugu film to be entirely made in [[CinemaScope|Cinemascope]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=5 Technological firsts introduced by Superstar Krishna to Telugu cinema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/5-technological-firsts-superstar-krishna-introduced-to-telugu-cinema/photostory/95528732.cms?picid=95529317 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526161716/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/5-technological-firsts-superstar-krishna-introduced-to-telugu-cinema/photostory/95528732.cms?picid=95529317 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=Times of India}}</ref>

The film portrays the life of [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]], a prominent Indian revolutionary who led the [[Rampa Rebellion of 1922|Rampa Rebellion]] against British colonial rule from 1922 until his capture and execution in 1924. The narrative highlights Raju’s leadership and the rebellion's impact against repressive British legislation.<ref name="cinegoer.com">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2007 |title=Krishna's 100th Film Alluri Seetarama Raju |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/alluriseetaramaraju.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608162320/http://www.cinegoer.com/alluriseetaramaraju.htm |archive-date=8 June 2007 |access-date=11 June 2007 |website=CineGoer}}</ref>

''Alluri Seetarama Raju'' received critical acclaim, winning the [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics]] for the song "Telugu Veera Levara," written by the Telugu poet [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]. It also won the [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]] and was showcased at the [[International Film Festival of India]] and the Tashkent Film Festival. The film was an industry hit, running for 175 days, and became the first Telugu film to collect a [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributor share]] of {{Indian Rupee}}1 [[crore]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Pecheti |first=Prakash |date=12 May 2019 |title=A tribute to 'Manyam Veerudu' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/a-tribute-to-manyam-veerudu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326100645/https://telanganatoday.com/a-tribute-to-manyam-veerudu |archive-date=26 March 2021 |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film depicts the life of Alluri Rama Raju, a staunch opponent of British rule from a young age. Rejecting British education, Rama Raju immerses himself in traditional Indian yogic practices. As he travels across the country, he becomes aware of the suffering and issues faced by the people under British rule and renounces non-violence.

Rama Raju and Sita fall in love and obtain the consent of their elders for marriage. However, Rama Raju, determined to fight for national freedom, informs Sita that he will return to celibacy and dedicate himself to the cause of India's liberation. Unable to accept this, Sita commits suicide. Following this, Rama Raju adopts the name Sitarama Raju.

Moved by the exploitation and plundering of natural resources in the forest regions, Sitarama Raju incites rebellion among the local people. With the help of leaders like Ganta Dora and Mallu Dora, he organizes a resistance against the British authorities. He attacks police stations, destroys false case documents, and seizes weapons.

Despite several attempts by the British government to capture Sitarama Raju, the revolutionary forces achieve victories. However, internal conflicts weaken the movement. British Collector Rutherford escalates his attacks on villages in the forest region, torturing the people and ultimately lures Sitarama Raju out of hiding. Though Rutherford and other officials are personally impressed by Sitarama Raju's sincerity and integrity, they execute him as part of their duty.

As Sitarama Raju’s death is announced, he proclaims that killing one Sitarama Raju will only give rise to thousands more. The film concludes with his martyrdom, emphasizing the enduring spirit of the freedom struggle.

== Cast ==
Source<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alluri Sitaramaraju |url=https://indiancine.ma/QBM/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240527104917/https://indiancine.ma/QBM/info |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{{Cast listing|
* [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]]
**[[Ramesh Babu]] as Young Alluri Sitarama Raju
* [[Jaggayya]] as Rutherford Scott Coward
* [[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as Major Goodall
* [[Vijaya Nirmala]] as Seeta
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Govindu
* [[Sreedhar]] as Tirupathayya
* [[M. Balayya]] as Aggi Raju
* [[Kanta Rao]] as Padalu
* [[Pandari Bai]]
* [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as Seetha's father
* [[Dr. Prabhakar Reddy]] as [[Gam Malludora]]
* [[Raja Babu (actor)|Rajababu]]
* [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]]
* [[Rajasree]]
* K. V. Chalam
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Gamgantam Dhora
* Tyagaraaju as Sebastian
* [[Ram Mohan (actor)|Ram Mohan]] as Venkatapathi, Sitarama Raju's brother-in-law
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]]
* [[Allu Ramalingiah]]
}}

== Production ==
=== Development and casting ===
D. L. Narayana, producer of [[Devadasu (1953 film)|''Devadasu'']] (1953), initially sought to make a film based on [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]] featuring [[Sobhan Babu]] as the title character. However, as the film failed to take off, Narayana had given the story to [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] who was willing to produce it thus becoming actor's 100th film as an actor. Incidentally it was Tripuraneni Maharadhi who wrote the script for producer D.L. Narayana too.<ref name=":0" /> [[N. T. Rama Rao]] also planned to make a film on it but dropped after he felt the subject was too dry and would not work commercially.<ref name="asr">{{Cite web |date=Sep 18, 2006 |title=Maharadhi on ASR |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/movies/retro_alluriseetharamaraju_maharadhi.php?show_comments=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119111035/http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/movies/retro_alluriseetharamaraju_maharadhi.php?show_comments=true#comments |archive-date=19 November 2006 |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref>

According to Maharadhi, the casting was done thorough discussions that involved everyone concerned with the project. [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] was originally for the role of Ghantam Dora but he got hospitalised before the film went to sets, he was replaced by [[M. Balayya]].<ref name="asr" />
=== Filming ===
Filming took place around [[Chintapalli, Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Chintapalli forest]] and Krishnadevi Peta forest of [[Andhra Pradesh]] around 60 days with 15 days being shot in [[Chennai|Madras]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=1 May 2014 |title=Krishna's best movie till date |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140430/entertainment-tollywood/article/krishna%E2%80%99s-best-movie-till-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502040622/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140430/entertainment-tollywood/article/krishna%E2%80%99s-best-movie-till-date |archive-date=2 May 2014 |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Ramachandra Rao died after completing one third of the film. The rest of the film was directed by Krishna; [[K. S. R. Das]] handled the war and fight scenes.<ref name="asr" /> The film's cinematographer V. S. R. Swamy who "managed the whole movie with just two lenses, one for closeups and another for long shots". Since this technique was absolutely untested before, the makers had to import the necessary equipment like Aeriflax and Michell cameras, 45 mm & 70 mm lenses from [[Kamal Amrohi]] who used them to can ''[[Pakeezah]]'' (1972).<ref name="asr" />

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[P. Adinarayana Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alluri Seetharama Raju |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/alluri-seetharama-raju/1930430/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804032233/https://www.hungama.com/album/alluri-seetharama-raju/1930430/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alluri Sitaramaraju (1974)-Song_Booklet. |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CBP/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240527110455/https://indiancine.ma/documents/CBP/info |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=27 May 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
*"Viplavam Maraninchadu" – [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
*"Jamaira Jaru" – S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[L. R. Eswari]]
*"Vasthadu Naa Raju" – P. Suseela
*"Padmalayam" – S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
*"Telugu Veera" – [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[V. Ramakrishna]]

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
The film received critical acclaim and became a cult classic of Telugu cinema. The film received a positive review from ''[[Andhra Patrika]]'' dated 5 May 1974.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 1974 |title=చిత్ర సమీక్ష: అల్లూరి సీత రామ రాజు |trans-title=Film review: Alluri Seetharama Raju |url=http://pressacademyarchives.ap.nic.in/newspaperframe.aspx?bookid=65182 |work=[[Andhra Patrika]] |pages=4 |language=te}}{{dead link|date=May 2024}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film ran for 200 days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Independence Day Special: Most patriotic films in Telugu cinema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/independence-day-special-most-patriotic-films-in-telugu-cinema/photostory/65403917.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729073546/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/independence-day-special-most-patriotic-films-in-telugu-cinema/photostory/65403917.cms |archive-date=29 July 2020 |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was the first film to collect a distributor share of {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on|year=1974}}.<ref name=":1" />

== Awards ==
;[[National Film Awards]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics]] – [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] for ''"Telugu Veera Levara"''<ref name=":0" />

;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=21 August 2020 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film – Gold]] – G. Hanumantha Rao

== Legacy ==
The film was screened at the ''Patriotic Film Festival'' held at [[Coimbatore]] in 2017, jointly presented by the Indian [[Directorate of Film Festivals]] and [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], commemorating the 70th [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Series of Patriotic Film Festivals |url=https://www.dff.nfdcindia.com/IDFF.aspx |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625134811/https://www.dff.nfdcindia.com/IDFF.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
*''[[RRR]]'' (2022), a fictional film depicting Alluri Sitarama Raju and his contemporary [[Komaram Bheem]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0262223}}

[[Category:1970s historical action films]]
[[Category:1970s biographical films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:1974 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:Biographical action films]]
[[Category:Films about Alluri Sitarama Raju]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Ramachandra Rao]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1920s]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films set in the Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Padmalaya Studios films]]

Hausata

2026-02-25T15:19:16Z

Shai0778: created new data...

{{one source|date=September 2025}}
{{Short description|Southern Mizo chief (c.1849-c.1888)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Hausata
| image =
| title = Chief of Lungtian {{lang|lus|Lungtian Lal}}
| caption =
| succession =
| reign =
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = Taihmunga
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor = Dokulha
| suc-type =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1849
| birth_place = Khuanglum
| death_date = {{death date and age|1888|1849}}
| death_place = Lungtian
| spouse = Ngundawngi
| spouse-type = Spouse
| consort =
| issue =
| issue-link =
| regnal name =
| house = Chinzah
| father = Taihmunga
| mother =
| religion = [[Mizo religion|Sakhua]]
| type = chieftain
| burial_date = 1888
| burial_place = Lungtian
| signature =
| native_lang1 = [[Duhlien]]
}}
'''Hausata''' (1849-1888; {{langx|en|'''Howsatta'''}}) was a [[Mizo people|Mizo]] chief of the [[Lai people|Lai]] clan. Hausata was the chief responsible for the killing of Lieutenant [[John Fraser Stewart]] and the beginning of the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]], which annexed the Mizo chiefs into the British Empire.

==Early life==
Hausata was born in 1849 in Khuanglum to Taihmunga. Hausata was born in the [[Lai people|Lai]] subclan of Chinzah. Taihmunga would die on the next village migration to Cherhlun and Hausata would inherit chieftainship. His early chieftainship oversaw advice and regency by his uncles Ngulhmunga and Taithaia. In 1868, Hausata and his followers left Cherhlun and migrated south towards Thlandungpui and permanently settled at Lungtian. Lungtian was established in the Blue mountain ({{lang|lus|Phawngpui}} in 1872. During this time, Hausata married Ngundawngi, the daughter of Thlantlang chief Zahuata. Zahuata was a powerful chief with 24 satellite villages.{{sfn|Bawitlung|2011|p=152}}

==Chieftainship==
Hausata settled in Lungtian and conducted a raid on Thangluah chief Lalchheuva's village Lungsen in January 1883. His father-in-law Zahuata aided him in the raid and this allowed him to take significant loot and 92 captives. Hausata had targeted Lalchheuva as he was on bad terms with Sailo chiefs and that raiding him would not incur revenge or penalties.{{sfn|Bawitlung|2011|p=153}}

During chieftainship, Hausata succeeded in making his brother Dokulha chief of Fungkah and united with him and his brother Vantura for raids such as on Lalchheuva. Hausata's growing power and his guarantee of sovereignty with his powerful father-in-law allowed him to collect tributes and taxes from neighbouring chiefdoms such as the [[Reang]], [[Mara people|Mara]] and Pangs.{{sfn|Bawitlung|2011|p=156}}

===Chin-Lushai Expedition===
{{main|Chin-Lushai Expedition}}

Hausata, however, had a dispute with his wife, Ngundawngi, who returned to Zahuata. To amend the relationship, Zahauta demanded the head of a white man for her to return to him. To protect his sovereignty with Zahuata's powerful chieftainship, Hausata was obliged to his demands.{{sfn|Bawitlung|2011|p=153}} Hausata attacked Lieutenant [[John Fraser Stewart]], who was leading a survey party in the Saichal range. He was ambushed at Belaisury Tom, which was 18km away from Rangamati on 3 February 1888. The survey party was attacked, and Stewart was killed. Further reasons for the attack on the party detailed that British individuals had been encroaching upon the territories of the Chinzah chiefs. This attack incurred the response of the British who launched the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]].{{sfn|Bawitlung|2011|p=154}}

General Tregear led the southern Lushai campaign against Hausata to bring to justice the killing of J.F. Stewart. A force of 1250 soldiers under Tregear moved towards Hausata's village of Lungtian.{{sfn|Bawitlung|2011|p=154}} Captain [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]] worked in intelligence and cooperated with chieftainess [[Darbilhi]]. Darbilhi revealed that with the beginning of the expedition, Hausata had already died. General Tregear regardless began to march on 15 March 1888 and reached Lungtian 5 days later. Hausata's followers deserted the village but the force with Darbilhi's guides located Hausta's grave. They unearthed Hausata and found Stewart's gun and confirmed Hausata's death.{{sfn|Bawitlung|2011|p=155}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=98}}{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=32-33}}

Hausata's health had suddenly declined with the beginning of the Chin-Lushai Expedition. His followers attributed this sickness to the bad omen of killing white men.{{sfn|Bawitlung|2011|p=155}} Following his death, Hausata had no heirs and his chiefdom was inherited by his brother Dokulha.{{sfn|Bawitlung|2011|p=156}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite journal |last1=Bawitlung |first1=Vanlalringa |title=Hausata - Founder of Chinzah Chietainship in the Lai Autonomous District Council, Mizoram |journal=Historical Journal of Mizoram |date=2011 |volume=XII |issue=1 |url=https://historicaljournalmizoram.in/2011/11/ |access-date=4 September 2025}}
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1995 |title=Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=81-85880-72-7}}
*{{cite book |last=Zorema |first=J. |date=2007 |title=Indirect Rule in Mizoram: 1890-1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYwpt38dYIIC&dq=bawi+lushai&pg=PR7 |location=New Delhi |oclc=271837683 |ol=48056042M |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-229-5}}

{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:Southern Lushai chiefs]]
[[Category:1849 births]]
[[Category:1888 deaths]]

Prakash Raj

2026-02-25T13:53:19Z

Shai0778: typo fix

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1965)}}
{{distinguish|Prakash Raj (footballer)}}
{{redirect|Prakash Rai|the Indian politician|Prakash Rai (politician)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prakash Raj
| image = Prakash Raj at KLF 18 kozhikode.jpg
| landscape =
| caption = Raj at the 2018 [[Kerala Literature Festival]]
| birth_name = Prakash Rai
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1965|03|26}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore district|Bangalore]], [[Mysore State]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|film producer|director|television presenter|politician}}
| years_active = 1986–present
| works = [[Prakash Raj filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|[[Lalitha Kumari]]|1994|2009|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Pony Verma]]|2010}}}}
| children = 4
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Prakash Raj|Full list]]
}}

'''Prakash Raj''' (born '''Prakash Rai'''; 26 March 1965) is an Indian actor, film director, producer, television presenter, and politician. Known for his works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]]-language films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-10 |title=I stopped taking life for granted after my son's death: Prakash Raj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-stopped-taking-life-for-granted-after-my-sons-death-prakash-raj/articleshow/20987660.cms |access-date=2024-12-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-12-06 |title=dinakaran |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/01-07-00/prakas.htm |access-date=2024-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001206120300/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/01-07-00/prakas.htm |archive-date=6 December 2000 }}</ref> he is the recipient of [[List of awards and nominations received by Prakash Raj|several accolades]], including five [[National Film Awards]], eight [[Nandi Awards]], eight [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]], six [[Filmfare Awards South]], four [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]], three [[CineMAA Awards]], and three [[Vijay Awards]]. Apart from his native language Kannada, Raj's fluency in Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, and English has placed him among the most sought after actors in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/prakash-rai-responds-to-detractors/articleshow/62213495.cms |title=Prakash Rai responds to detractors |website=The Times of India |date=23 December 2017 |access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=24 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224120758/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/prakash-rai-responds-to-detractors/articleshow/62213495.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

After working in stage shows and television in Kannada for a few years, Raj ventured into films. He made his debut in [[Tamil cinema]] through ''[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]]'' (1994), by [[K. Balachander]], and has since been a commercially successful film star in Tamil. In remembrance, he named his production company [[Duet Movies]].<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/08/stories/2004060800210100.htm 'I cannot allow love to rule my thoughts'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927234958/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/08/stories/2004060800210100.htm |date=27 September 2013 }}, hindu.com, 8 June 2004.</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article582088.ece Catching them young!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026004110/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article582088.ece |date=26 October 2012 }}, Malathi Rangarajan, 19 August 2010 ''The Hindu''</ref>

A [[polyglot]], he played a variety of roles, most notably as the antagonist and, of late, as a character actor. Prakash, as an actor has won a [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] in 1997 for [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Iruvar]]'', a [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Mention]] for the Telugu film ''[[Antahpuram]]'', directed by [[Krishna Vamsi]] in 1998<ref>{{cite web |title=46th National Film Festival 1999, pg 82 |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf |publisher=nic.in|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310180429/http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and a [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] in 2007 for his role in ''[[Kanchivaram]]'', a Tamil film directed by [[Priyadarshan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2009/sep/r2009090707.pdf |title=55th National Film Awards for the Year 2007 |publisher=Press Information Bureau ([[Govt. of India]])|access-date=9 September 2009|archive-date=7 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007125534/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2009/sep/r2009090707.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

As a producer, he has won a [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]] for ''[[Puttakkana Highway]]'', directed by his long-time theatre friend [[B. Suresha]] in 2011. Prakash was also the host of ''[[Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi]]'' during the show's second season.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=14 February 2013 |title=The game changer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-game-changer/article4414954.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 February 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126150704/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-game-changer/article4414954.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Prakash Raj was born as Prakash Rai on 26 March 1965 to a [[Tulu people|Tuluva]] father and a [[Kannada people|Kannadiga]] mother in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2019 |title=Actor Prakash Raj | Open Heart with RK | Full Episode | ABN Telugu – YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5w1TamfyaiY&t=107 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011181856/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5w1TamfyaiY&t=107 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=2 March 2020 |website=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="hindu.com">{{cite news |date=8 June 2004 |title=I cannot allow love to rule my thoughts |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/08/stories/2004060800210100.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=6 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927234958/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/08/stories/2004060800210100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=Openheart>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVhfzqkk3Ho |title=Prakash Raj Openheart with RK ABN Andhrajyothy |publisher=YouTube |date=6 November 2011 |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=5 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205203529/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVhfzqkk3Ho |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dinakaran">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/01-07-00/prakas.htm |title=Actor Prakashraj |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20001206120300/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/01-07-00/prakas.htm |website=dinakaran.com |archivedate=6 December 2000 |accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> His brother is Prasad Raj, who is also an actor.<ref name="Openheart" /><ref>[https://www.indiaglitz.com/prakash-raj-s-brother-debuts-in-kollywood-tamil-news-60295 Prakash Raj's brother debuts in Kollywood – Tamil Movie News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006215859/http://www.indiaglitz.com/prakash-raj-s-brother-debuts-in-kollywood-tamil-news-60295 |date=6 October 2014 }}. Indiaglitz.com (23 September 2010). Retrieved on 10 June 2014.</ref> He completed schooling at [[St. Joseph's Indian High School]] and joined [[St. Joseph's College of Commerce]], Bangalore.

Actress [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] introduced Prakash Raj to prominent Tamil film director [[K. Balachander]]. Prakash Raj changed his surname from 'Rai' to 'Raj' upon [[K. Balachander]]'s advice;<ref name="rai">{{Cite news |title=I stopped taking life for granted after my son's death: Prakash Raj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-stopped-taking-life-for-granted-after-my-sons-death-prakash-raj/articleshow/20987660.cms|access-date=14 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |last1=Gupta |first1=Priya|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231001757/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-stopped-taking-life-for-granted-after-my-sons-death-Prakash-Raj/articleshow/20987660.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> he is still called Prakash Rai in his home state, [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/not-getting-hindi-film-offers-after-criticising-modi-prakash-rai/articleshow/64035135.cms |title=Prakash Raj: Not getting Hindi film offers after criticising Modi |website=The Times of India |date=5 May 2018 |access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=7 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507190759/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/not-getting-hindi-film-offers-after-criticising-modi-prakash-rai/articleshow/64035135.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prakash Raj married actress [[Lalitha Kumari]] in 1994. They had two daughters, Meghana and Pooja, and a son, Sidhu who died in 2004 when he was five years old after sustaining injuries from a fall while kite flying.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/prakashraj-and-pony-verma-get-married_100418359.html |title=Prakashraj and Pony Verma get married |work=Thaindian News|access-date=27 August 2010|archive-date=6 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006162737/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/prakashraj-and-pony-verma-get-married_100418359.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Actor-Prakash-Rajs-son-dies/articleshow/572556.cms |title=Actor Prakash Raj's son dies |date=21 March 2004 |access-date=25 July 2011 |archive-date=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701131932/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-03-21/hyderabad/28342135_1_sidhu-actor-prakash-raj-chennai |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> The couple divorced in 2009.<ref name="Prakash Raj Granted Divorce">{{cite news |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/71841/Prakashraj-granted-divorce.html |title=Prakash Raj Granted Divorce |date=19 November 2009 |publisher=Yahoo! India | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123082954/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/71841/Prakashraj-granted-divorce.html | archive-date=23 November 2009 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Later, he married choreographer [[Pony Verma]] on 24 August 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prakash Raj marriage with Pony Verma |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/8001/tollywood/prakash-raj-marriage-with-pony-verma-news-details |publisher=www.supergoodmovies.com|access-date=20 January 2013|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227021833/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/8001/tollywood/prakash-raj-marriage-with-pony-verma-news-details|archive-date=27 February 2013}}</ref> They have a son, Vedhanth born in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/little-hero-vedhanth-big-villain-prakash-raj-telugu-news-169056.html |title=Little hero Vedhanth, big villain Prakash Raj – Telugu News |date=13 October 2016 |website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409184921/https://www.indiaglitz.com/little-hero-vedhanth-big-villain-prakash-raj-telugu-news-169056.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.andhraheadlines.com/news/movies/163060/sunday-spl-cute-vedanths-picture |title=Cute Vedanth's picture – Andhra Headlines|access-date=11 July 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032019/http://www.andhraheadlines.com/news/movies/163060/sunday-spl-cute-vedanths-picture|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Prakash Raj's father is a Hindu and his mother a Roman Catholic, but he identifies himself as a non-believer.<ref name="forgranted">{{cite news |date=10 July 2013 |title=I stopped taking life for granted after my son's death: Prakash Raj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/I-stopped-taking-life-for-granted-after-my-sons-death-Prakash-Raj/articleshow/20988027.cms|url-status=live|access-date=6 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109082909/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-10/news-interviews/40491192_1_negative-roles-prakash-rai-prakash-raj |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=9 January 2014}}</ref>

==Film career==
{{main|Prakash Raj filmography}}

Prakash Raj acted in back-to-back stage shows for {{INR}}300 a month in the initial stages of his career, when he joined [[Ravindra Kalakshetra|Kalakshetra, Bengaluru]], and he has 2,000 street theatre performances to his credit.<ref name="hindu.com" />

Prakash began his television career with [[Doordarshan]] serials such as ''Bisilu Kudure'' (Kannada) and ''[[Guddada Bhootha]]'' ([[Tulu language|Tulu]] and Kannada). He later took up supporting roles in [[Kannada]] films such as ''[[Ranadheera]]'', ''[[Ramachaari]]'' and ''[[Nishkarsha]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Prakash Raj began his acting career with DD serials |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/prakash-raj-began-his-acting-career-with-dd-serials/articleshow/48853184.cms |access-date=2015-09-07 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> He was noticed for his dialogue delivery and histrionics. His breakthrough role came in ''[[Harakeya Kuri]]'' (1992), directed by [[K. S. L. Swamy]] starring [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], with whom he had acted in other films such as ''[[Mithileya Seetheyaru]]'', ''[[Muthina Haara]]'' and ''[[Nishkarsha]]''. His performance was noticed by [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], the lead heroine of the film, who introduced Prakash to her mentor [[K. Balachander]], a Tamil director. He acted under the screen name "Prakash Rai" in Kannada films and was given the name "Prakash Raj" by [[K. Balachander]] for his debut Tamil film ''[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]]'' (1994), which saw him playing his first major role.<ref name="forgranted" /> Under his direction, he won [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Villain]] in the film ''[[Kalki (1996 film)|Kalki]]'' (1996).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, India |url=https://www.imdb.com/it/event/ev0002955/1996/1/ |work=Imdb}}</ref>

Having started his career as a villain, the actor followed this up with a bunch of movies where he played the bad guy you love to hate across multiple film industries. Prakash Raj's acceptance across languages was also helped greatly by the fact that he is a polyglot. The actor, born as Prakash Rai in Karnataka, is fluent in Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Marathi, Hindi, and English.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Everything You Want To Know About Prakash Raj, Cinema's Most Wanted Baddie |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/everything-you-want-to-know-about-prakash-raj-cinemas-most-wanted-baddie-2518249 |access-date=2021-08-25 |work=Ndtv}}</ref>

In Tamil cinema, Prakash Raj played the role of Tamilselvan based on the late [[M. Karunanidhi]] in the 1997 film ''[[Iruvar]]'' directed by [[Mani Ratnam]]. It stars [[Mohanlal]] and Prakash Raj as friends turned political opponents. Prakash Raj won the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] in this film. Prakash Raj played the antagonist for the first time in ''[[Ghilli]]'' (2004), which is the Tamil remake of Telugu film ''[[Okkadu]]''. He played the role of (Muthu Pandi) a villain with the essence of humour and brutality, and his dialogues in the film are a favourite among his fans. The multitalented actor proved through ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' (2004) that a villain does not need to do big fights. Prakash Raj played the role of a hospital dean and gave a one-of-a-kind performance in this film. ''Vasool Raja MBBS'' also marks Prakash Raj's first collaboration with [[Kamal Haasan]]. Prakash Raj played the role of a father in the romantic drama ''[[Santosh Subramaniam]]'' (2008). The [[Mohan Raja]], directed by Mohan Raja, turned out to be one of the biggest hits in Tamil. He is known for his effective performances as a dangerous villain in ''[[Singam]]'' (2010) where he played a corrupt politician. The action drama written and directed by [[Hari (director)|Hari]], was a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |title=From Iruvar to Singam: 5 best performances of Prakash Raj in Tamil cinema |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/article/from-iruvar-to-singam-5-best-performances-of-prakash-raj-in-tamil-cinema/756252 |access-date=2021-05-13 |work=Times Now News}}</ref>

He acted in many Telugu films, including ''[[Antahpuram]]'' (1998), which earned him a [[National Film Award – Special Mention (Feature Film)|National Film Award – Special Jury Award / Special Mention]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Birthday Special! Prakash Raj: Six films that define the versatile actor’s acting prowess |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/birthday-special-prakash-raj-six-films-that-define-the-versatile-actors-acting-prowess/articleshow/68576959.cms |access-date=2019-03-26 |work= The Times of India}}</ref> He has played in lead role in ''[[Kanchivaram]]'' set in the pre-independence era, has bagged top honours - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Film]] as well as [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor]] award for Prakash Raj at the [[55th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=I loved to act in'Kanchivaram': Prakash Raj |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2009/Sep/08/i-loved-to-act-inkanchivaram-prakash-raj-84533.html|access-date=2012-05-16 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Prakash Raj won [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for the films ''[[Khadgam]]'' (2002), ''[[Bommarillu]]'' (2006), ''[[Dookudu]]'' (2011) and ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'' (2013).

Prakash became a film producer beginning with the Tamil film ''[[Dhaya (film)|Dhaya]]'' (2002), in which he starred with actress [[Meena (actress)|Meena]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dhaya |url=https://www.imdb.com/fr/title/tt6801812/fullcredits/ |work=Imdb}}</ref> It earned him a [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Jury Award]] for his performance. He later produced films in Tamil such as ''[[Naam (2003 film)|Naam]]'' (2003), ''[[Azhagiya Theeye]]'' (2004), ''[[Kanda Naal Mudhal]]'' (2005), ''[[Poi (film)|Poi]]'' (2006), ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' (2007), ''[[Velli Thirai]]'' (2008) and ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]'' (2008) and ''[[Inidhu Inidhu]]'' (2010).

Prakash took on the mantle of director with ''[[Naanu Nanna Kanasu]]'' (2010) in Kannada, for which he was the joint producer. The film completed 125 days successfully in the theatres across [[Karnataka]], becoming the biggest hit of the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/104809/naanu-nanna-kanasu-hindi.html |title='Naanu Nanna Kanasu' in Hindi |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=21 May 2013 |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016143643/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/104809/naanu-nanna-kanasu-hindi.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The first non-Tamil film that he produced was his directorial debut in Kannada, ''[[Naanu Nanna Kanasu]]'', a remake of his own Tamil production ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]'', for which he was the joint producer, along with his long-time Bengaluru theatre friend, Kannada director-producer [[B. Suresha]].<ref name="Prakash Raj to direct">{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/nov-09-02/prakash-raj-abhiyum-naanum-11-11-09.html |title=Prakash Raj finalizes |date=11 November 2009 |website=Behindwoods | access-date=11 November 2009 | archive-date=14 November 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114060445/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/nov-09-02/prakash-raj-abhiyum-naanum-11-11-09.html | url-status=live}}</ref>

He produced the Tamil version of the Tamil-Telugu bilingual ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]'' (2011), starring [[Nagarjuna Akkineni]] and himself. In 2011, he acted and jointly produced the Kannada film ''[[Puttakkana Highway]]'', again with Suresh, who directed the film. It was a milestone in Prakash's production career since ''Puttakkana Highway'' won him the [[National Film Awards|National Award]] for Best Regional Film for the year 2010–2011,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/574259/on-my-pinboard-prakash-raj.html|title=On my pinboard - Prakash Raj|date=5 October 2016|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> and an award in the fourth Bengaluru International Film Festival of 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lucky-wins-the-golden-bherunda-award-at-biff/215058-62-132.html |title='Lucky' wins the Golden Bherunda award at BIFF – IBN South – IBN Bangalore – ibnlive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=26 December 2011 |access-date=6 August 2012 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203220408/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lucky-wins-the-golden-bherunda-award-at-biff/215058-62-132.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2012, he produced two Tamil films; ''[[Mayilu]]'' and ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]''. In 2013, he produced a Telugu-Tamil bilingual film; ''[[Gouravam (2013 film)|Gouravam]]''..<ref name="ibnlive.in.com"/>

In 2014, he directed the multilingual film ''[[Oggarane (film)|Oggarane]]'' (in Kannada), ''[[Ulavacharu Biryani]]'' (in Telugu) and ''[[Un Samayal Arayil]]'' (in Tamil).<ref name="ibnlive.in.com">{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/prakash-raj-set-to-take-kannada-film-industry-by-storm/422738-71-205.html |title=Prakash Raj set to take Kannada film industry by storm |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=17 September 2013 |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016214800/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/prakash-raj-set-to-take-kannada-film-industry-by-storm/422738-71-205.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Prakash-Raj-in-Kannada-version-of-Salt-and-Pepper/articleshow/22625298.cms |title=Prakash Raj in Kannada version of Salt and Pepper |date=16 September 2013 |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034457/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-16/news-interviews/42113380_1_prakash-raj-salt-pepper |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> Although the Tamil and Telugu versions did not do any miracles at the box office, the Kannada version became the runaway blockbuster hit of the year.<ref name="rediff.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/prakash-rajs-oggarane-is-a-huge-success-at-the-box-office-south/20140616.htm |title=Prakash Raj's Oggarane is a huge success at the Box Office |date=16 June 2014 |work=Rediff|access-date=25 June 2014|archive-date=20 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620010102/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/prakash-rajs-oggarane-is-a-huge-success-at-the-box-office-south/20140616.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

While he is a superstar in the South film industry, he has also made a different identity for himself by acting in Bollywood films. Prakash entered Bollywood in 2009 with the film ''[[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted]]''. He acted in films like ''[[Singham]]'' (2011), ''[[Dabangg 2]]'' (2012), ''[[Mumbai Mirror (film)|Mumbai Mirror]]'' (2013), ''[[Policegiri]]'' (2013), ''[[Zanjeer (2013 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (2013) and ''[[Heropanti]]'' (2014). He has played the villain in most of the films.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prakash Raj Birthday Special: 9 lesser known facts related to the Tamil actor that might surprise you |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/prakash-raj-birthday-special-9-lesser-known-facts-related-to-tamil-actor-that-might-surprise-you-2025-03-26-982377 |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=India TV News}}</ref>

He won the Best Actor in a Supporting Role at the [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award]] in the Tamil films, ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'' (2015), ''[[Manithan (2016 film)|Manithan]]'' (2016) and ''[[60 Vayadu Maaniram]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA 2016: Nayanthara, Vikram win top awards|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/siima-2016-nayanthara-vikram-win-top-awards/20160702.htm#:~:text=Actor%2Dturned%2Dfilmmaker%20Prakash,in%20Tamil%20film%20Ok%20Kanmani.|access-date=2016-07-02 |work=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA 2017 winners: Mohanlal, Nayanthara, Sivakarthikeyan, Trisha Krishnan win big at the prestigious award ceremony!|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/siima-2017-winners-mohanlal-nayanthara-sivakarthikeyan-trisha-krishnan-win-big-at-the-prestigious-award-ceremony-2288368/|access-date=2017-07-02 |work=India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA 2019: Dhanush to Trisha, here is the list of winners from Tamil cinema|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2019-dhanush-to-trisha-here-is-the-list-of-winners-from-tamil-cinema-1581690-2019-08-17|access-date=2019-08-17 |work=India Today}}</ref> Prakash Raj won the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Critics]] for his Telugu film ''[[Ranga Maarthaanda]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news |title=When 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South 2024|url=https://manastars.com/69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-2024 |access-date=2024-08-05 |work=Mana Stars}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
Prakash Raj adopted the villages of Kondareddypalle in [[Mahabubnagar District]], [[Telangana]] state<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telangananewspaper.com/actor-prakash-raj-follows-srimanthudu/ |location=Hyderabad, India |work=TNP |title=Humanity of Prakash Raj Makes tollywood industry proud |date=7 September 2015 | access-date=7 September 2015 | archive-date=7 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907231939/http://www.telangananewspaper.com/actor-prakash-raj-follows-srimanthudu/ | url-status=live}}</ref>
and Bandlarahatti in [[Chitradurga district]], Karnataka state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prakash Raj vows to make Chitradurga village fluoride-free |url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/news/prakash-raj-vows-make-chitradurga-village-fluoride-free |website=Coastaldigest.com – The Trusted News Portal of India, Coastal Karnataka|access-date=9 February 2018 |language=en |date=27 January 2018|archive-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209182451/http://www.coastaldigest.com/news/prakash-raj-vows-make-chitradurga-village-fluoride-free|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards==

{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Prakash Raj}}
[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Best Actor Award to Shri Prakash Raj for Tamil Film Kanchivaram, at the 55th National Film Awards function, in New Delhi on October 21, 2009.jpg|thumb|right|President presenting the Best Actor Award to Prakash Raj for the film Kanchivaram, at the [[55th National Film Awards]]]]

==Political career==
Prakash Raj started his active political movement with the hashtag #justasking on social media after his friend [[Gauri Lankesh]]'s assassination incident in September 2017. He was very close to the family, including Mr. [[P. Lankesh|Lankesh]], whose advice to be the 'eternal opposition' he mentioned at the WLF as being his political moto.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIdcl4i_FH8 |title=WLF 2024 {{!}} Prakash Raj in Conversation with Dhanya Rajendran {{!}} Art and Politics |date=2025-01-10 |last=WLF {{!}} Wayanad Literature Festival |access-date=2025-12-10 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

He contested in the [[2019 Indian general election]] as an [[Independent (politician)|independent]] candidate for the [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bengaluru Central Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="pol">{{citation |title=Prakash Raj gets 'whistle' symbol from Bengaluru Central, urges citizens to be 'whistleblowers' |date=29 March 2019 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/amp/elections/article/2019-lok-sabha-elections-prakash-raj-whistle-bengaluru-central-karnataka-narendra-modi-gauri-lankesh-congress-bjp/391220 |work=Times Now|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401161209/https://www.timesnownews.com/amp/elections/article/2019-lok-sabha-elections-prakash-raj-whistle-bengaluru-central-karnataka-narendra-modi-gauri-lankesh-congress-bjp/391220|access-date=1 April 2019|archive-date=1 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prakash Rai files nomination from Bengaluru Central |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mohan-prakash-raj-file-papers-from-bangalore-central-724622.html |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=22 March 2019|access-date= 5 April 2019|archive-date= 11 October 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201011181859/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mohan-prakash-raj-file-papers-from-bangalore-central-724622.html|url-status= live}}</ref> Raj lost the election, securing around 28,906 Votes (2.41%) in the election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election results: Prakash Raj calls defeat in Bangalore Central a "solid slap on my face" |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019/news/election-results-prakash-raj-calls-defeat-a-solid-slap/story/349602.html|access-date=13 January 2021 |website=www.businesstoday.in |date=23 May 2019|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603065653/https://www.businesstoday.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019/news/election-results-prakash-raj-calls-defeat-a-solid-slap/story/349602.html|url-status=live}}</ref> At the [[Wayanad Literature Festival]], in conversation with Dhanya ajendran he explained that he had not taken part in the election to win, but instead to learn what the process was like firsthand.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIdcl4i_FH8 |title=WLF 2024 {{!}} Prakash Raj in Conversation with Dhanya Rajendran {{!}} Art and Politics |date=2025-01-10 |last=WLF {{!}} Wayanad Literature Festival |access-date=2025-12-10 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==Controversies==

He was banned by Telugu film producers six times in the past. Prakash reacted to this by saying:
<blockquote>"If people who work with me say that I play hide and seek, why do they repeat me? Why am I in [[Mahesh Babu|Mahesh]]'s nine films out of his ten. Why don't you judge me with my work? How I go about it is not important. I don't go by the rules. I put my foot down, I don't take mediocrity. There are certain locations where I can come only at 12 in the morning. I don't go by the rules."<ref>{{cite web |title=An Interview With Prakash Raj – Interviews |url=http://www.cinegoer.net/telugu-cinema/interviews/interview-with-prakash-raj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715002234/http://www.cinegoer.net/telugu-cinema/interviews/interview-with-prakash-raj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2013 |publisher=CineGoer.com|access-date=3 April 2009}}</ref></blockquote> It was the first time that an actor was banned by the Telugu industry.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tollywood-bans-Prakash-Raj/articleshow/3087361.cms |title=Tollywood bans Prakash Raj |date=31 May 2008 |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001142708/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-31/hyderabad/27771601_1_prakash-raj-film-industry-ban |archive-date=1 October 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> Telugu film industry insiders interpret the ban as a conspiracy by several big heroes and producers. Problems started during the shooting of the Telugu films [[Pawan Kalyan]]'s ''[[Jalsa]]'', [[NTR Jr]]'s ''[[Kantri]]'', and [[Allu Arjun]]'s ''[[Parugu]]''.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/multifaceted-actor-prakash-raj-banned-in-tollywood/ |title=Multifaceted actor Prakash Raj banned in Tollywood |publisher=Kollywood Today |date=2 June 2008 |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017210504/http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/multifaceted-actor-prakash-raj-banned-in-tollywood/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prakash-raj-banned-in-tollywood-news-tamil-kkft0idfbhg.html |title=Prakash Raj banned in Tollywood! |website=[[Sify]] |date=1 June 2008 |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213125944/http://www.sify.com/movies/prakash-raj-banned-in-tollywood-news-tamil-kkft0idfbhg.html |archive-date=13 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/38946.html |title=Ban on Prakash Raj – Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=31 May 2008 |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017152646/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/38946.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/sep-06-02/11-09-06-prakashraj.html |title=Tamil movies : Prakashraj banished from acting |website=Behindwoods.com |date=11 September 2006 |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017194045/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/sep-06-02/11-09-06-prakashraj.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

There was controversy for his naked appearance in a sequence in his latest Telugu release ''[[Ongole Githa]]''. The film got an "A Certificate" from the Censor Board. Prakash reacted by saying: "I did not shed my clothes for creating sensation, I had no plans to star in that sequence. The script demanded it; as an actor, I have to abide by the script. Director [[Bommarillu Bhaskar|Bhaskar]] told me that it would be an 'important' sequence in the context of the film and I just carried out his instructions."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/videos/39550.html |title=Videos – Prakash Raj Defends nude scenes in 'Ongolu Gittha' |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=27 March 2009 |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017152643/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/videos/39550.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/prakash-raj-defend-nudeact-scenes-ongole-gitta-103221.html |title=Prakash Raj defends his nude act scenes in Ongole Gitta – Oneindia Entertainment |publisher=Oneindia |date=5 February 2013 |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011182038/https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/prakash-raj-defend-nudeact-scenes-ongole-gitta-103221.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Several Kannada organisations staged protests in front of theatres since they felt that some of the dialogue in a scene in the Hindi film ''[[Singham]]'', starring [[Ajay Devgan]] and Prakash were derogatory against the Kannadigas. The [[Karnataka]] Film Chamber of Commerce (KFCC) had demanded the deletion of all "objectionable" dialogue from the movie. The screening was stopped in major centres of Karnataka. The controversial scene starts off with Prakash threatening Ajay that he would bring 1,000 people from the Karnataka border to thrash him. Ajay (who plays Bajirao Singham, a Maratha), retorts that one lion would suffice to shoo away a thousand dogs. The controversy assumes significance in the backdrop of the decades-old border dispute between Karnataka and [[Maharashtra]]. Kannada protesters also felt that Prakash, being a [[Kannada people|Kannadiga]] should have told the team that it is not right. Prakash reacted to it to the [[Kannada]] and the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] media by saying: "I am a Kannadiga myself and I love my mother tongue Kannada. I'm very proud of my community and would never deliberately do anything to hurt my people. How would I allow conversations that provide pain to people of Karnataka in any movie in which I am cast? There is nothing controversial about the dialogue. I am a Maratha in the movie, the controversy has started just because I am a Kannadiga and I used the word 'Karnataka border' in the film because the villain in the film stays in [[Goa]], the Karnataka border."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1568545/report-singham-dialogue-offends-kannadigas |title=Singham dialogue offends Kannadigas – Entertainment – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017214517/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1568545/report-singham-dialogue-offends-kannadigas |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/remove-derogatory-remarks-from-all-prints-of-singham/article2288183.ece |title=Remove derogatory remarks from all prints of Singham |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 July 2011 |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011181901/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/remove-derogatory-remarks-from-all-prints-of-singham/article2288183.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://andhravilas.net/movienews/224041/2/PrakashRajsdialoguesinSinghambecomecontroversial.html |title=Prakash Raj's dialogues in Singham become controversial |publisher=Andhravilas |access-date=6 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018015750/http://andhravilas.net/movienews/224041/2/PrakashRajsdialoguesinSinghambecomecontroversial.html |archive-date=18 October 2013}}</ref> Finally the dialogue was removed, and the whole team of ''Singham'' including the director [[Rohit Shetty]], the production house "Reliance Big Entertainment", and Prakash apologized to all the Kannadigas; the issue was resolved.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Were-sorry-says-Singham-team-/articleshow/9341327.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131017210840/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-24/bangalore/29809306_1_reliance-big-entertainment-apology-singham |url-status=live |archive-date=17 October 2013 |title=We're sorry, says Singham team |date=24 July 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2011/singham-team-apology-kannadigas-240711-aid0062.html |title=Singham team tenders apology to Kannadigas – Oneindia Entertainment |publisher=Oneindia |date=24 July 2011 |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011181911/https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2011/singham-team-apology-kannadigas-240711-aid0062.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bLPln8PeIM |title=Tv9 – Prakash Raj's dialogues in Singham become controversial |publisher=YouTube |date=25 July 2011 |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=30 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130071046/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bLPln8PeIM |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EWoXfkwOJg |title=TV9 – "Prakash Raj" Apologizes Kannadigas |publisher=YouTube |date=23 July 2011 |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=30 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130071007/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EWoXfkwOJg |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Prakash Raj}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0695177|name=Prakash Raj}}

{{National Film Award Best Actor}}
{{National Film Award Best Supporting Actor}}
{{National Film Award Special Jury Award Feature Film}}
{{National Film Award Special Mention feature film}}{{Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor}}{{IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu}}{{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu}}{{Nandi Award for Best Character Actor}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role}}{{SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu}}
{{Template:Prakash Raj}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Prakash}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tulu male actors]]
[[Category:Mangaloreans]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Film producers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:Tamil television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Best Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:International Tamil Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
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Siege of Ramsej

2026-02-21T03:58:05Z

Shai0778: adding the details basic info

{{Short description|Part of the Maratha-Mughal Wars (1682–1688)}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Sieges of Ramsej
| place = [[Ramsej]], [[Nashik district]], [[Maharashtra]]
| width =
| partof = [[Mughal-Maratha Wars]], [[Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]
| date = April 1682–1688
| territory = [[Ramsej|Ramsej Fort]] is captured by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]].
| result = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] victory
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Suryaji Jedhe [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Manaji More{{Surrender}} [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Rupaji Bhosale{{WIA}}{{Surrender}}
| commander2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Shahabuddin Khan [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Bahadur Khan (Moghul General)|Bahadur Khan Kokaltash]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Kasim Khan Kirmani
| strength1 = '''In the First attack''' 600 '''At Ganeshgaon''' 600 with 8,000 reinforcements under Rupaji Bhosale and Manaji More '''In the final attack''' Roughly 600
| strength2 = '''In the First attack''' 40,000 '''At Ganeshgaon''' Roughly 40,000 '''In the final attack''' 36,500
| casualties1 = 550
| casualties2 = 7000-10000
| image = Ramshej Fort.jpg
| caption = Ramsej fort
| coordinates = {{coord|20.112195|73.767354|type:landmark_region:IN-MH|display=inline}}
| map_type = Maharashtra#India
}}

'''The Sieges of Ramsej''' (1682 – 1688) were a series of military confrontations between the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Kingdom]] headed by [[Sambhaji]] and the [[Mughal Empire]] led by [[Aurangzeb]] regarding the control of [[Ramsej|Ramsej Fort]] in the [[Nashik district|Nashik region]]. [[Aurangzeb]] arrived in the Deccan in late 1681 with a strong army to destroy the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Kingdom]] and the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] Sultanates of [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]] and [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda.]] He wanted to capture the forts held by the [[Marathas]] in the Nashik and [[Baglana]] regions. Hence he decided to begin his Deccan campaign with an attack on [[Ramsej|Ramsej Fort]] which is near [[Nashik]]. The Mughal forces under Kasim Khan Kirmani captured Ramsej from the Marathas. The defending Maratha forces evacuated the fort.

== Before the siege ==
[[Shivaji]]'s general [[Peshwa]] [[Moropant Trimbak Pingle|Moropant Pingle]] had captured [[Ramsej]] in the year 1671–72. Since then, it had been a part of the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Kingdom]]. Ramsej was a fort lying in open lands without excessive forest cover. So, [[Aurangzeb]] decided that it would be a good idea to capture an easy fort like Ramsej right at the beginning to increase the morale of his troops. [[Ramsej]] Fort saw the war against the [[Mughal Empire]] for six and a half years. The first [[Kiladar|killedar]] (fort commander) was Suryaji Jedhe, but after six and a half years, he was transferred and a new killedar was appointed as per the rotation of posts policy of the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Kingdom]]. In April of 1682, [[Aurangzeb]] sent Shahabuddin Khan who attacked the fort with an army of 40,000.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kolarkar|first=S.G|title=History of Marathas|publisher=Mangesh Publishers|year=1995|isbn=|location=Nagpur|pages=332}}</ref>

==First attack on Ramsej==
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = First Siege of Ramsej
| date = 1682-1683
| place = [[Ramsej]], [[Nashik district]], [[Maharashtra]]
| result = [[Maratha]] victory
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]][[Maratha Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Suryaji Jedhe
| commander2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Shahabuddin Khan
| strength1 = 600
| strength2 = 40,000
| casualties1 = Minimum
| casualties2 = Heavy
}}

Shahbuddin Khan had vowed to capture the fort with his 40,000 army and strong artillery within a few hours. The [[Marathas]] did not succumb to this onslaught.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Howard |title=''Mogul Empire and the Marathas'', The Development of the British Empire |last2=Shotwell |first2=James Thomson |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1922 |isbn= |location= |pages=106–132 |author-link2=James T. Shotwell}}</ref> The 600 Maratha soldiers on the fort kept his forces at bay for many months by fierce array of slingshots, lit haystack and huge stones even though they did not have cannons on the fort. Once the Mughal artillery managed to break the fort walls in the evening and they assumed that the fort will be captured easily. But all 600 Marathas on the fort worked for a full night and rebuilt the entire broken section of the wall, much to the despair and awe of the Mughals. Such fierce resistance made the Mughal soldiers believed that the Marathas on the fort knew black magic. The inability of the Mughal Sardar to capture the fort started frustrating [[Aurangzeb]]. He raised a wooden platform to storm the fort. [[Shivaji]] and his son [[Sambhaji]] had a policy of keeping enough ammunition even on the forts having no cannons or guns. Ramshej was no exception and even though it did not have cannons it had sufficient ammunition. The fort commander had an idea and utilised amply available animal skin and wood on the fort to make wooden cannons. Coupled with the ammunition already present on the fort, these wooden cannons started inflicting heavy losses on the Mughal Army.

==The second attack on Ramsej==
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Ganeshgoan
| date = 1683
| place = [[Ramsej]], [[Maharashtra]]
| result = [[Maratha]] victory 
*[[Bahadur Khan Kokaltash]] flees the battle after being ambushed
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]][[Maratha Empire|Maratha Kingdom]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Rupaji Bhosale{{WIA}} [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Manaji More
| commander2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Bahadur Khan Kokaltash]]
| strength1 = 600 8,000 reinforcements under Rupaji Bhosale and Manaji More
| strength2 = close to 40,000
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 700 soldiers killed •500 horsemen killed<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Howard |title=''Mogul Empire and the Marathas'', The Development of the British Empire |last2=Shotwell |first2=James Thomson |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1922 |isbn= |location= |pages=106–132 |author-link2=James T. Shotwell}}</ref>
}}

The retaliation from the [[Marathas]] was so strong that he left the responsibility to Bahadur Khan Kokaltash and went to [[Junnar]]. Bahadur Khan Kokaltash also tried to capture the fort by fooling [[Marathas]] into believing that the Mughals were preparing for a full-fledged frontal assault, while his real plan was to send 200 of his best troops from the rear side of the fort by climbing the steep cliff. The Maratha commander was aware of the plan and allowed these 200 soldiers to climb the rope. Once they had climbed up the rope, he cut the rope as a result of which 200 of the best Mughal soldiers fell and died in the valley. Bahadur Khan Kokaltash was distraught and found that [[Marathas]] were receiving secret supplies from the nearby forts. He carefully blocked all the paths to nearby [[Maratha]] forts. There was dire shortage of food on the fort. Seeing this situation, Maratha King [[Sambhaji]] acted quickly by sending his sardars Rupaji Bhosale and Manaji More with an 8,000 strong army and supplies. The two forces clashed at Ganeshgaon. They tried to break through the Mughal line but were unable to supply the fort. Rupaji Bhosale was wounded in the battle. [[Sambhaji]] was in great worry that his fiercely brave warriors were fighting without food. One day, due to severe bad weather Bahadur Khan Kokaltash relaxed his encirclement for one day enabling Rupaji Bhosale and Manaji More to supply the fort with supplies enough for 6 more months. Bahadur Khan Kokaltash then tried to win the fort with the help of a '[[mantrik]]' as he believed that the [[Marathas]] had ghosts under their control. The [[Marathas]] again fooled him as the [[mantrik]] was himself a [[Maratha]] soldier in disguise who led the Mughal Army in a deadly ambush of the [[Marathas]]. Bahadur Khan Kokaltash and Mughals fled the deadly ambush and several Mughals were killed in this surprise attack. Bahadur Khan Kokaltash was also unable to siege the fort, finally, he burnt the wooden platform and left the battle.

==Final attack==
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Second Siege of Ramsej (1683-1688)
| date = 1683-1688
| place = [[Ramsej]], [[Maharashtra]]
| result = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] victory
| territory =
Ramsej fort is captured by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]][[Maratha Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = '''1683-1686''' [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]]Rupaji Bhosale [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Manaji More [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]]Suryaji Jedhe
| commander1a = '''1686-1688''' [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]]Rupaji Bhosale [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Manaji More
| commander2 = '''1683-1686''' [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Kasim Khan Kirmani
| commander2a = '''1686-1688''' [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Kasim Khan Kirmani
| strength1 = 600
| strength2 = 36,500
| casualties1 = Many Maratha soldiers killed.
| casualties2 = Heavy
}}
The frustrated [[Aurangzeb]] then sent Kasim Khan Kirmani to lead the battle and Kasim Khan finally decided to lead the 36,500 strong Mughal soldiers right into the fort with an all-out assault. During the battle, the kiledar, Suryaji Jedhe was transferred from the fort per Maratha policy. During the battle, the Mughal soldiers finally stormed Ramsej Fort and killed many [[Maratha]] soldiers. However, some of the [[Marathas]] escaped capture and death by using a rope which had been set by Rupaji Bhosale from the back of the fort. Thus, many [[Marathas]] managed to escape before the Mughals finally took control of the fort. Finally, the Mughals hoisted their imperial flag atop the fort and the fort was finally taken after a long, hard, and tiring 7 years.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sawant|first=Indrajit|title=Marathyanche Swatantrayuddha Bhag - 1 Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj|publisher=Sahyadri Publishers|year=|isbn=|location=Islampur|pages=}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Despite the Mughal victory in capturing the fort, it proved to be a strategic failure. [[Aurangzeb]] as well as the other commanders, had anticipated the fort falling to Mughal hands in weeks, yet it took ample resources and effort. Shortly after the siege, the Mughals captured [[Execution of Sambhaji|Sambhaji]] in 1689 and most of the Maratha territories would come under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] dominion shortly after.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== See also ==
* [[Sambhaji]]
* [[Aurangzeb]]
* [[Ramsej]]
* [[Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]
* [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sieges involving the Maratha Empire|Ramsej]]
[[Category:Battles fought by Marathas under Sambhaji|Ramsej]]
[[Category:1680s conflicts|Ramsej]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Mughal Empire|Ramsej]]
[[Category:1680s in the Mughal Empire]]

Vasundhara Tewari Broota

2026-02-12T03:24:20Z

Shai0778: adding basic entry needs work

{{short description|Indian painter (born 1955)}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox artist
| bgcolour =
| name = Vasundhara Tewari Broota
| image = VasundharaTewariBroota.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Vasundhara Tewari Broota
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1955
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| field = Visual Art
| training =
| movement =
| works =
| patrons =
| influenced by =
| influenced =
| awards =
}}
'''Vasundhara Tewari Broota''' (born 1955)<ref name="KaminskyLong2011">{{cite book|author1=Arnold P. Kaminsky|author2=Roger D. Long|title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C&pg=PA52|date=30 September 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-37462-3|pages=52–}}</ref> is an Indian painter who does figurative paintings<ref name="KaminskyLong2011" /> based on the perception of a woman and the psycho-political existence of the female body,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://jnaf.org/artist/vasundhara-tewari/|title=Vasundhara Tewari Broota - JNAF|access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vadehraart.com/vasundhara-tewari-broota|title=Vasundhara Tewari Broota|website=Vadehra Art Gallery|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-06|archive-date=2019-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406070538/http://www.vadehraart.com/vasundhara-tewari-broota|url-status=dead}}</ref> traditional landscapes, still life with exquisite meaning.<ref name="KaminskyLong2011" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tripathi|first=Shailja|date=2010-01-06|title=Stoking a stroke|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/Stoking-a-stroke/article16836216.ece|access-date=2020-12-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nair|first=Uma|title=The feminine spirit|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/vivacity/the-feminine-spirit.html|access-date=2020-12-09|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref> She worked on a cultural scholarship awarded by the Department of Culture, Government of India during 1982-84.<ref name=":2" /> She, [[Jatin Das (painter)|Jatin Das]] and other 298 artists had donated art work for [[2018 Kerala floods]] through an exhibition cum sale held in [[National Gallery of Modern Art|The National Gallery of Modern Art]].<ref>{{cite news|date=September 22, 2018|title=Art for Kerala Flood Disaster 2018: Indian artists donate art works to raise funds|work=SNS|agency=The statesman|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/art-kerala-flood-disaster-2018-indian-artists-donate-works-raise-funds-1502687980.html|access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Tewari was born in [[Kolkata]] in 1955 and moved to [[New Delhi]] when she was fifteen.<ref name=":0" /> She graduated in literature from the University of Delhi and studied art at [[Triveni Kala Sangam]], New Delhi.<ref name=":1" /> At [[Triveni Kala Sangam]], she trained under painter and artist [[Rameshwar Broota]] who is also her husband.

== Exhibitions and work ==

* First solo show in Shridharani Gallery, Delhi, 1980.
* Group exhibition with other 20 artists organized by Raza foundation in memory of painter [[S. H. Raza]] and to celebrate his 97th birth anniversary, February 2019<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/exhibition-to-celebrate-razas-plural-vision-of-art/1478741 | title=Exhibition to celebrate Raza's plural vision of art | publisher=outlookindia | date=14 February 2019 | access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref>
*Individual Palettes, Group Exhibition, March 2019<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-15|title=Artistic voices find space on vibrant canvases at this exhibition in the Capital|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/artistic-voices-find-space-on-vibrant-canvases-at-this-exhibition-in-the-capital/story-nzJNKrj11dbPAVQfVwsa1K.html|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
*Woman Speak/Child Song, January 2007<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=January 15, 2007 |title=Vasundhara Tewari Broota's art exhibition in Delhi|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20070115-vasundhara-tewari-broota-exhibition-titled-woman-speak-child-song-2007-749322-2007-01-15|access-date=2020-12-09|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Tewari has won multiple awards including a silver medal at 1st International Biennale Algiers, Sanskriti Award, annual awards at All India Fine Arts and Crafts society, Sahitya Kala Parishad and [[B. C. Sanyal]] award.<ref>{{cite web |title=Artists honoured with BC Sanyal Award |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/artists-honoured-with-bc-sanyal-award-117011701389_1.html |website=business-standard |date=17 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sanchitart.in/Vasundhara-Tewari-Broota-56.html|title=Vasundhara Tewari Broota Artist, Painter {{!}} Vasundhara Tewari Broota Painting Gallery {{!}} Sanchit Art|website=www.sanchitart.in|access-date=2019-04-06|archive-date=2019-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406070538/http://www.sanchitart.in/Vasundhara-Tewari-Broota-56.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Navneet Mendiratta at Business Standard remarked about her work, "Tewari is one of the few artists who likes to explore the potential of figurative painting, particularly the psycho-political existence of the female body. What makes her work stand out is the inherent feminism that translates into women empowerment."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mendiratta|first=Navneet|date=2007-01-13|title=Images of assertion|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/images-of-assertion-107011301017_1.html|access-date=2020-12-09}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Tewari married Indian painter Rameshwar Broota in 1995 and lives and works in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/live-and-let-live/cid/1538530|title=Live and let live|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tewari Broota, Vasundhara}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]

Sakhi Gokhale

2026-02-10T03:16:34Z

Shai0778: cleaned up citations after review for consistency

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sakhi Gokhale
| image = Sakhi Gokhale.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Gokhale in 2017
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|07|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], Maharashtra
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor| photographer}}
| years_active = 2013–present
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[Royal College of Art]]}}
| height = 5 ft 4 in
| parents = [[Mohan Gokhale]] [[Shubhangi Gokhale]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Suvrat Joshi]]|2019}}
}}

'''Sakhi Gokhale''' (born 27 July 1993)<ref name="divyaBday"/><ref name="MTAward">{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/editorial/manasa/sakhi-gokhale-is-the-fresh-face-of-mata-sanman/articleshow/57944947.cms|title=सखी गोखले|date=1 April 2017|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr|access-date=19 May 2019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> is a Marathi television and theatre actress. She is known for her portrayal in ''[[Dil Dosti Duniyadari]]'' as Reshma Inamdar and ''[[Dil Dosti Dobara]]'' as Pari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dil Dosti Duniyadari fame Sakhi Gokhale acted in Rangrezz |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/dil-dosti-duniyadaari-fame-sakhi-gokhale-acted-rangrezz-movie/}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Gokhale attended Sahyadri School until grade 10.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/events/pune/life-in-hostel-and-staying-with-friends-are-very-different-phases-in-life-sakhi-gokhale/videoshow/66006912.cms|title=Life in hostel and staying with Friends are very different phases in life: Sakhi Gokhale|date=29 September 2018|website=The Times of India|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref> She later pursued a Bachelor of Arts at Ruparel College. She also has an interest in dancing and has attended workshops by [[Shiamak Davar]].<ref name="MTAward"/> Her mother gifted her a [[DSLR]] after she finished her school education, which cultivated in her an interest in still photography. She then pursued a degree in Fashion and Fine Arts Photography from Bharti Vidyapeeth's School of Photography, [[Pune]], going on to intern as a photographer under the guidance of Jaideep Oberoi, before getting into acting.<ref name="MTCareer18">{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/video/entertainment/marathi-actress-sakhi-gokhale-interview-confessed-about-carrier/videoshow/66167709.cms|title=अभिनयात करिअर करण्याचा विचार नव्हता: सखी|date=12 October 2018|website=The Maharashtra Times|language=mr|access-date=4 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044627/https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/video/entertainment/marathi-actress-sakhi-gokhale-interview-confessed-about-carrier/videoshow/66167709.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="MTInterview15">{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/interview/sakhi-gokhale/articleshow/48531761.cms|title=मी सखी कॅमेऱ्याची|date=19 August 2015|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr|access-date=4 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044254/https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/interview/sakhi-gokhale/articleshow/48531761.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As of July 2018, she was pursuing a master's degree in Art Curation in the UK<ref name="ToIBreak18">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sakhee-gokhale-to-take-a-break-from-acting-for-higher-studies/articleshow/65071221.cms|title=Sakhee Gokhale to take a break from acting for higher studies|website=The Times of India|date=20 July 2018|first=Anushri|last=Pawar|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref> at the [[Royal College of Art]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sakhi Gokhale |url=https://2020.rca.ac.uk/students/sakhi-gokhale |website=RCA2020 |publisher=Royal College of Art |access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
Gokhale began her television career by appearing in a few Hindi advertisements. She played a small role, Venu, in the Hindi movie, ''[[Rangrezz]]'' in 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Rangrezz (2013) – IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2706264/fullcredits|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref> She was also part of a one-act play before being cast as Reshma Inamdar in ''[[Dil Dosti Duniyadari]]''.<ref name="divyaBday">{{Cite web|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-GOS-IFTM-marathi-actress-sakhi-gokhale-birthday-special-5925396-PHO.html|title=B'day: आईवडिलांच्या पावलावर पाऊल ठेवत अभिनय क्षेत्रात आली सखी, उच्च शिक्षणासाठी सोडले 'हे' नाटक|date=27 July 2018|website=divyamarathi|language=mr|access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref> After the show ended, she was also seen in the theatrical play, ''[[Amar Photo Studio]]''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Rajshri Marathi|title=Sakhi Gokhale Talks About AMAR PHOTO STUDIO|date=29 July 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZUa3fpxvyU|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref> She was awarded Fresh Face of the Year by Maharashtra Times in 2017. She was also part of the reboot sequel to ''[[Dil Dosti Duniyadari]]'', ''[[Dil Dosti Dobara]]'' as Pari, along with the old cast. She also played the role of Seema in ''Pimpal'' (2017).<ref name=":1">{{Citation|title=Pimpal|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt7734662/|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref> She has also written articles in Maitrin for the newspaper ''[[Sakal]] Pune''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/london-calling-article-sakhee-gokhale-maitrin-sakal-pune-today-170603|title=गुडबाय (सखी गोखले)|website=esakal.com|language=mr|access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esakal.com/saptarang/london-calling-column-sakhee-gokhale-maitrin-supplement-sakal-pune-today-174403|title=संदेसे आते हैं... (सखी गोखले)|website=esakal.com|language=mr|access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esakal.com/saptarang/article-sakhee-gokhale-maitrin-supplement-sakal-pune-today-178827|title=झिरो (फिगर)|website=esakal.com|language=mr|access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref> She has also done still photography for the poster of the play ''Laginghai''.<ref name="divyaBday"/>

In 2020, she was appointed as Creative Director at Aayaam, a concept alternative arts venue in Pune.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Pune News |title=Pune gets a new arts, culture and performance space |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-gets-a-new-arts-culture-and-performance-space/story-Sh5wtpmyqbSjn7UBXU9rsM.html |publisher=Hindistan Times |date=3 January 2021}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sakhi Gokhale is the daughter of actors [[Mohan Gokhale]] and [[Shubhangi Gokhale]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/events/pune/i-was-not-in-a-phase-to-do-carrier-in-acting-sakhi-gokhale/videoshow/66164568.cms|title=I was not in a phase to do carrier in acting : Sakhi Gokhale |website=The Times of India|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref> She is very close to her mother.<ref name="ToIBreak18" /> She married her ''[[Dil Dosti Duniyadari]]'' co-star, [[Suvrat Joshi]], on 11 April 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/im-blessed-to-have-sakhi-in-my-life-suvrat-joshi/articleshow/67975588.cms|title=I'm blessed to have Sakhi in my life: Suvrat Joshi|website=The Times of India|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-sakhee-gokhale-and-suvrat-joshi-to-get-married-in-april-all-the-details-inside/articleshow/68687918.cms|title=Sakhi Gokhale and Suvrat Joshi to get married in April, all the details inside|last=Pawar|first=Anushri|date=2 April 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Ref.
|-
|2013
|''[[Rangrezz]]''
|Venu
|Hindi
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2017
|''Pimpal''
|Seema
|Marathi
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Befaam]]''
|RJ Nandita
|Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Befaam Movie Review: The movie is not preachy, but subtly establishes their message through the protagonist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/befaam-movie-review/amp_movie_review/81230495.cms |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Godavari]]''
|Nishikant's Sister
|Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Godavari Movie Review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/godavari/movie-review/95451654.cms |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|''Shantit Kranti''
|Rupali
|Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=दिल दिमाग और बत्ती |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/dil-dimag-aur-batti/moviereview/91412500.cms |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Dil Dimaag Aur Batti''
|Laxmi
|Marathi
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
!Ref.
|-
|2015-2016
|''[[Dil Dosti Duniyadari]]''
|Reshma Inamdar
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Marathi]]
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2017
|''[[Dil Dosti Dobara]]''
|Pari
|
|-
|2020
|''Aaathshe Khidkya Naushe Daare''
|Paree Saave
|[[Sony Marathi]]
|
|}

===plays===
*'''Varvarche vadhu var'''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gokhale, Sakhi}}
[[Category:Actresses from Pune]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]

Chamu Krishna Shastry

2026-02-06T06:15:09Z

Shai0778: cleanup article as per guidelines and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Indian educationist (born 1956)}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| pre-nominals = [[Padmashri]]
| name = Chamu Krishna Shastry
| post-nominals =
| image = C.M._Krishna_Shastry.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = चमू कृष्ण शास्त्री
| pronunciation =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|01|23}}
| birth_place = Kedila, [[Bantwal taluk]], [[Dakshina Kannada district]], [[Karnataka]].
| disappeared_date = 
| disappeared_place =
| disappeared_status =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| burial_place = 
| burial_coordinates = 
| monuments =
| other_names =
| citizenship = Indian
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha]], [[Tirupati]]
| occupation = Sanskrit language activist.
| years_active = 1981–present
| era =
| employer =
| organization =
| known_for = Revival of Sanskrit
| notable_works = 
| style =
| height = 
| television =
| title = {{Unbulleted list|Co-Founder & former General Secretary of [[Samskrita Bharati]]|[[Trustee]] secretary of Samskrit Promotion Foundation}}
| term =
| predecessor =
| party =
| movement = Speak Samskritam Movement (1981)
| opponents =
| boards = '''Chairman''', High Powered Committee for the Promotion of Indian Languages, [[Ministry of Education (India)]], [[Government of India]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/HPC.pdf | title=Constitution of High Powered Committee for the Promotion of Indian Languages | access-date=2024-02-24}}</ref> '''Member''' of Constitution of Mission High Level committee (MHLC) of Indian Knowledge System (IKS).
| criminal_charge = 
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
| spouse = Sarita Shastry<ref name="sastryhindu">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/With-a-vision-for-Sanskrit/article17281133.ece |title=With a vision for Sanskrit |last=Subrahmanya |first=Sudhee |date=10 February 2017 |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref>
| partner = 
| children = Chamu Shiva Shastry<ref name="classiccase" />
| parents = 
| mother =
| father = Chamu Ishwara Shastry<ref name="revolutionary">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/revolutionary-educationists-get-padma-shri/articleshow/56799612.cms |title=Revolutionary educationists get Padma Shri |date=27 January 2017 |work=The Hindu |access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref>
| relatives =
| family =
| callsign =
| awards = [[Padmashri]] (2017)
| website = 
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
| module4 =
| module5 =
| module6 =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chamu Krishna Shastry'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://vijayavani.net/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8-9-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86-%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE-%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B6/ |title=vijayavani, ನಾಡಿನ 9 ಸಾಧಕರಿಗೆ ಪದ್ಮ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಕಿರೀಟ, 26.01.2017 |access-date=27 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202065009/http://vijayavani.net/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8-9-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86-%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE-%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B6/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (born 23 January 1956) is an Indian [[Educationist]] who has been working for the revival of the [[Sanskrit language]]. He is the [[trustee]] and [[Secretary]] of [[:sa:संस्कृतसंवर्धनप्रतिष्ठानम्|Samskrit Promotion Foundation]]. He is also the co-founder of [[Samskrita Bharati]]. Now he is spearheading a movement to teach ''Sanskrit Through Sanskrit'' On 25 January 2017, [[Government of India]] announced "[[Padma Shri]]" award in the category ''Literature and education'' for his contribution towards the promotion of Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/PadmaAwards-2017_25012017.pdf|title=PadmaAwards-2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129231739/http://www.padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/PadmaAwards-2017_25012017.pdf|archive-date=2017-01-29}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Shastry was born on 23 January 1956 in Kedila village near [[Mangalore]] ([[Bantwal taluk]]).<ref name="revolutionary" /> He learnt Sanskrit from the [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha]] at [[Tirupati]].<ref name="classiccase" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OBoSDAAAQBAJ&q=%22Chamu+Krishna+Shastry%22&pg=PA226|title=Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity:The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts (Volume 2): The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts ({{!}})|last1=Fishman|first1=Joshua|last2=Garcia|first2=Ofelia|date=2010-01-01|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=9780195392456|language=en}}</ref> As a teenaged Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh worker Shastry was imprisoned during the Emergency. Alone in his cell, he took to reading biographies. In the writings of [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] and [[Swami Vivekananda]] he learnt how Sanskrit could unlock scientific, mathematical and medical knowledge buried in ancient Sanskrit texts.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mahurkar|first1=Uday|title=The Right Word|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991206/offtrack.html|publisher=India Today|access-date=21 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811071623/http://india-today.com/itoday/19991206/offtrack.html|archive-date=11 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==

===Speak Samskrit movement ===
Krishna Shastry, along with some of his friends, went on to start the ‘''Speak Samskrit''’ Movement in 1981 from [[Bangalore]].<ref name="classiccase" /> His method of teaching Sanskrit is to let the student learn it in the same language rather than through another language by translation.<ref name="Shastry- DNA June 2013">{{cite news|title=A man's bid to revive deva vani, Sanskrit|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-a-mans-bid-to-revive-deva-vani-sanskrit-1843587|access-date=2 February 2015|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=4 June 2013}}</ref> Learning Sanskrit can be a forbidding exercise because it is being taught through translation. To make it easier for the students, Shastry's method is not to learn the language through grammar, but to teach Sanskrit as it is spoken.<ref name="csm">{{Cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0705/p14s02-lihc.html|title=Sanskrit echoes around the world|last=Venkatraman|first=Vijaysree|date=2007-07-05|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|issn=0882-7729|access-date=2016-12-21}}</ref> Students thus do not have to wrestle with the nuances of an arcane syntactics. It's then easier to master the language, so much so that even semi-literate people can opt for the course.

=== Samskrita Bharati ===
{{main|Samskrita Bharati}}
The movement eventually evolved into the not-for-profit organisation Samskrita Bharati, a voluntary body committed to the cause of Sanskrit.<ref name="classiccase">{{cite news|last1=Unni|first1=Aparna|title=A classic case of Chamu Sastry|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article582540.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202162836/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article582540.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2015|access-date=2 February 2015|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=4 August 2012}}</ref> Shastry's efforts led to the development of the very popular "''Ten-day Sanskrit Speaking Course''" of Samskrita Bharati. He has inspired a dedicated work force for Sanskrit across the country which is leading the propagation work at various states. Samskrita Bharati and Shastry have been implementing the ''10 day course'' through a network of 250 full-time workers and 5,000<ref name="csm" /> [[Samskrita Bharati|Sanskrit Bharati]] volunteers. It also helps that the course is offered for free.<ref name="Mahurkar - The Right Word" /> Samskrita Bharati claims to have enabled nearly ten million people to learn and converse in Sanskrit the language, one hundred thousand of whom have decided to use Sanskrit at home in true ancient style.<ref name="Mahurkar - The Right Word">{{cite news|last1=Mahurkar|first1=Uday|title=The Right Word|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991206/offtrack.html|access-date=2 February 2015|publisher=[[India Today]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034416/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991206/offtrack.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Shastry's efforts have also led many universities and colleges to adopt the communicative teaching method for Sanskrit. In the US, SAFL (Samskrit as a Foreign Language) is a popular course among the children of Indian origin. Samskrita Bharati is active all over India and in 13 countries including USA, Canada, UK and the UAE.<ref name="classiccase" /> The organisation is also credited with the revival of Sanskrit in [[Gujarat]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vEEWAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Chamu+Krishna+Shastry%22|title=India Today International|date=1999-01-01|publisher=Living Media India Limited|language=en}}</ref>

A few unique experiments like "''Samskrit Homes''" and "''Samskrit mother tongue Children''" are popular. "''Saraswati Seva''" is a project through which hundreds of books from other Indian and foreign Languages are translated into Sanskrit. To promote young authors and modern books in Sanskrit he has organised events such as "''Samskrit Book Fair''", and "''Sahityotsava''".{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

=== Vision ===
Shastry sees Sanskrit as being India's [[lingua franca]].<ref name=":1" /> He says, ''"Till now Samskrit has only been seen from a spiritual or religious perspective; it is high time Samskrit is approached from a scientific point of view as well."''<ref name="classiccase" /> He opines that Sanskrit would be a unifying factor in India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X29DAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Chamu+Krishna+Shastry%22|title=India Today|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Thomson Living Media India Limited|language=en}}</ref>

Shastry believes in taking Sanskrit to the under-privileged. He echoes [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. Ambedkar's]] support<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ambedkar-wanted-Sanskrit-as-national-language-Murli-Manohar-Joshi/articleshow/51971974.cms |title=Ambedkar wanted Sanskrit as national language: Murli Manohar |last=Manohar Joshi |first=Murli |date=25 April 2016 |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref> for Sanskrit as a platform for enabling social upliftment and equality.<ref name="sastryhindu" />

===Samskrit Promotion Foundation===

Krishna shastry has helped to start the ''[[Samskrit Promotion Foundation]]'', which is an institution in developing Sanskrit Tutorials for students and in producing various new course materials for "Sanskrit for Special Purposes"<ref name="samskrit for special purpose">{{cite web| url=https://www.learnsamskrit.online | title=Learn Samskrit Online}}</ref> a not for profit trust, that aims to "popularise Samskrit" in India again and among other objectives leverage Samskrit as an "effective tool" to socially and economically "empower the weaker sections" of the society. The trustees include eminent citizens like former [[Chief Justice of India]] [[R. C. Lahoti]], for [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|Chief Election Commissioner]] [[N. Gopalaswami]], Justice [[Rama Jois]], [[S. Gurumurthy]], among others. Shastry is a key trustee and secretary<ref name="sastryhindu" /> of this trust.<ref name="padmaawardhindu">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Padma-award-winners-from-Karnataka-are-an-eclectic-mix/article17094103.ece |title=Padma award winners from Karnataka are an eclectic mix |date= 25 January 2017 |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref>

=== Influencing policy ===

Shastry spends most of his time on teacher training, workshops, making of learning material and discussing Sanskrit education with policy makers. He believes that not just Sanskrit as language, but modern subjects like chemistry, maths, history etc. should also be taught through Sanskrit.<ref name="classiccase" />

He was also a member of the Central Government constituted Sanskrit Committee that developed the "''Road Map for the Development of Sanskrit – Ten Year Perspective Plan''" document in 2016.<ref name="libtards">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/sanskrit-will-flourish-despite-prejudices-of-left-libtards-chamu-krishna-shastry/article9503302.ece |title=Sanskrit will flourish despite Prejudices of Left, Libtards: Chamu Krishna Shastry |date=26 January 2017 |work=THe Hindu Business Line |access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref>

===Others===

His extensive experience in education and teaching methods has led to his being on the Board of [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan]]<ref name="sastryhindu" /> and many other universities.

Shastry is a much renowned speaker and he is highly regarded for his fluent and fiery oratory in Sanskrit.<ref name="libtards" /> He believes in the dictum of the [[Bhagavad Gita]] to work towards a goal without expectations and has taken a personal vow of not accepting honors and awards.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} He is a prolific writer and has written a dozen books and numerous articles in Sanskrit.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

==Books==

He has authored 13 books in the [[Sanskrit language]].

* ''Savdhana Syaam'' {{ISBN|978-8187276487}}
* ''Utthistatha Ma Svapthaha'' (''Get up! Don't Sleep!!'') {{ISBN|8188220469}}
* ''Parishkaaraha'' (''Essays in Sanskrit'') {{ISBN|8188220493}}

== Awards ==

* ''Saraswata Sudhakara'' in 1984 from Kashi Pandit Parishat
* ''Rashtriya Yuva Puraskar'' in 1985 from ABVP
* ''Padma Shri Award'' in 2017<ref name="padmaawardhindu" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shastry, Chamu Krishna}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh members]]
[[Category:Sanskrit revival]]
[[Category:Language activists]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

List of Indian journalists

2026-02-04T21:09:53Z

Shai0778: quick expand section per standard format also and fixed typos

{{Short description|none}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
This '''list of Indian journalists''' includes notable journalists working in India who write and speak in one of many [[official languages of India]].
{{TOC right}}

==A==


* [[Javed Anand]], (born ca. 1950), alternative journalist, co-founder of [[Sabrang Communications]], and co-editor of [[Communalism Combat]], who is married to journalist Teesta Setalvad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nürnberger Menschenrechtspreisträger 2003 |access-date=2 August 2013 |url=http://www.exilclub.de/groups/menschenrechte/_hpgen_content10.htm |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308184841/http://www.exilclub.de/groups/menschenrechte/_hpgen_content10.htm |archive-date= 8 March 2012 }}</ref>
* [[Afshan Anjum]], journalist and anchor. She worked as a senior news editor with [[NDTV]] India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://khabar.ndtv.com/topic/afshan-anjum|title=Afshan anjum|work=ndtv.com}}</ref>
* [[Shiv Aroor]] (born 25 September 1980), specializes in defence news on India Today television and is an author.
* [[Vishal Arora]], journalist covering life and politics and a founding editor of StoriesAsia.<ref>https://www.storiesasia.org/ {{Dead link|date=August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/authors/vishal-arora/|title=Vishal Arora – the Diplomat}}</ref>

==B ==


* [[Punya Prasun Bajpai]], former journalist at [[Aaj Tak]], [[ABP News]]. Winner of two [[Ramnath Goenka]] awards.
* [[Kaveree Bamzai]], the only woman to have been the editor of ''[[India Today]]'' magazine.
* [[Shereen Bhan]] (born 20 August 1976), an executive editor who was named as a 2009 [[World Economic Forum]] Young Global Leader<ref name=chillibreeze1 /><ref name=chillibreeze2 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weforum.org/en/media/Latest%20Press%20Releases/PR_YGL2009 |title=The Forum of Young Global Leaders | World Economic Forum – The Forum of Young Global Leaders |publisher=Weforum.org |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816003250/http://www.weforum.org/en/media/Latest%20Press%20Releases/PR_YGL2009 |archive-date=16 August 2010 }}</ref>
* [[Pradeep Bhandari]], Indian TV journalist, author, worked for [[ITV Network (India)|India News]] and [[Republic TV]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Senior journalist Pradeep Bhandari has been appointed as the News Director for India News |url=https://www.samachar4media.com/industry-briefing-news/senior-journalist-pradeep-bhandari-gets-the-role-of-news-director-in-india-news-national-58134.html |publisher=Samachar4media |date=August 22, 2022 |language=Hindi}}</ref>
* [[Raju Bharatan]] (1934 – 7 February 2020), former cricket and music journalist with 'The Illustrated Weekly of India' and 'Screen' and author on several books on cricket and Hindi music personalities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/there-was-a-ruthlessness-in-the-relationship-between-the-sisters-raju-bharatan-3048559/|title=There was a ruthlessness in the relationship between the sisters|date=25 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/-this-kishore-lad-is-no-singer-i-tell-you-110101600033_1.html|title=This Kishore lad is no singer, I tell you|first=Suveen K.|last=Sinha|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=16 October 2010|via=Business Standard}}</ref>
* [[Harsha Bhogle]] (born 19 July 1961), Indian [[cricket]] [[Sportscaster|Commentator]] and journalist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/tag/harsha-bhogle/|title = Harsha Bhogle}}</ref> He was born in a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] speaking family in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].
* [[Anubha Bhonsle]] (born 3 April 1978), television and print journalist, a winner of the [[Ramnath Goenka Award]] for Best Political Reporter, 2012 and the [[Chameli Devi Jain Award for Outstanding Women Mediapersons|Chameli Devi Award for Woman Media Person]] of the Year, 2014.<ref>{{cite news |author=Somi Das |title=In Conversation With Anubha Bhonsle |url=http://www.newslaundry.com/2014/03/21/in-conversation-with-anubha-bhonsle/ |work=News Laundry |date=21 March 2014 |access-date=2014-08-25 }}</ref>
*[[Bhupendra Chandra Datta Bhowmik]] (19 February 1940 – 9 September 1997), founder of [[Bengali language]] daily newspaper [[Dainik Sambad]]
* [[Praful Bidwai]] (12 June 1949 – 23 June 2015), journalist and activist against nuclear armaments, a past recipient of the C H Mohammed Koya National Journalism Award,<ref name=webindia123>{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20120823/2049463.html |title=CH awards to be conferred on Karan Thapar, Gopikrishnan, Rajendran |publisher=News.webindia123.com |date=23 August 2012 |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> who along with [[Achin Vanaik]]Achin Vanaik won the 2000 [[Seán MacBride]] Peace Prize.
* [[Mihir Bose]] (born 12 January 1947<ref>Who's Who 2008</ref>), journalist and author. He writes a weekly "Big Sports Interview" for the ''[[London Evening Standard]]'', and also writes and broadcasts on sport and social and historical issues for several outlets including the [[BBC]], the ''[[Financial Times]]'' and ''[[Sunday Times]]''. He was the [[BBC Sports Editor]] until 4 August 2009.<ref name="Bose quits">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8184378.stm|title=Sports editor Bose quits the BBC|date=4 August 2009|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 August 2009}}</ref>
*[[Shujaat Bukhari]] (25 February 1968 – 14 June 2018), founding editor of [[Rising Kashmir]], killed by gunmen.
*[[Dionne Bunsha]], worked for [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]. Winner of various journalism awards including a [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards|Ramnath Goenka award]].

==C==


* [[Vikram Chandra (journalist)|Vikram Chandra]] (born 7 January 1967), journalist, anchor, and group CEO at NDTV. His mother is former journalist Nandini Chandra<ref name=chillibreeze1/>
* [[Ramananda Chatterjee]] (29 May 1865 – 30 September 1943), founder, editor, and owner of the Calcutta based magazine, the Modern Review. He has been described as the father of Indian journalism.
* [[Devyani Chaubal]] (1942 – 13 July 1995), Indian film journalist and columnist of 60s and 70s.<ref name=independentDC>{{cite news|title=Obituary: Devyani Chaubal|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|last=Singh|first=Kuldip|date=28 July 1995|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-devyani-chaubal-1593533.html|access-date=13 May 2015}}</ref>
* [[Shoma Chaudhury]], managing editor of the Indian daily ''Tehelka''. She has won [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards]] for print journalism in 2007,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramnath Goenka Award Winners |newspaper=The Indian Express |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ramnath-goenka-foundation/2007_winners.html |access-date=25 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624120717/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ramnath-goenka-foundation/2007_winners.html |archive-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the [[Chameli Devi Jain Award for Outstanding Women Mediapersons|Chameli Devi Award]] in 2009,<ref>{{cite web|title=Chameli Devi Jain award conferred on Journalists|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1360182/report-chameli-devi-jain-awards-confered-on-journalists|date=17 March 2010|access-date=25 May 2013}}</ref> and the Mumbai Press Club Award for Political Writing in 2012 on Soni Sori titled, 'The Inconvenient Truth of Soni Sori'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai Press Club Award|url=http://www.pressclubmumbai.com/awards/winners/The-Inconvenient-Truth-of-Soni-Sori|date=31 May 2012 |access-date=25 May 2013}}</ref>
* [[Sudhir Chaudhary (journalist)|Sudhir Chaudhary]], senior editor and business head of [[Zee News]] and editor-in-chief and CEO of [[WION (TV channel)|WION]], [[Zee Business]] and [[DNA]], an English news publication<ref name="zeenews.com">{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/BBV/sudhir_chaudhary.aspx|title=Zee News senior editor Sudhir Chaudhary Editor & Business Head|work=zee news|access-date=4 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007102009/http://zeenews.india.com/BBV/sudhir_chaudhary.aspx|archive-date=7 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Zafar Choudhary]] journalist from Jammu and Kashmir. He is founder and editor of The Dispatch, a news and knowledge media startup in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why I wrote a book on Jammu Muslims|url=https://www.dailyo.in/user/7978/zafar-choudhary|publisher=LinkedIn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.epw.in/author/zafar-choudhary| title= Author -Zafar Choudhary|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref>
* [[Prabhu Chawla]] (born 2 October 1946), recipient of [[Padma Bhushan]] and Editorial Director of The New Indian Express Group as of 2016.

==D==



* [[Sucheta Dalal]] (born ca 1962), female columnist, who is the winner of the civilian award Padma Shri in 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/sucheta-dalals-byline-now-has-a-padma-shri/60796 |title=Sucheta Dalal's byline now has a Padma Shri |work=The Financial Express |date=27 January 2006 |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>
* [[Swapan Dasgupta]] (born 3 September 1955), a senior editor at multiple major newspapers in India and TV personality
* [[Amish Devgan]], journalist and managing editor of [[News18 India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 July 2019|title=News18 Network elevates top-level editors|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2019/07/news18-network-elevates-top-level-editors/|access-date=27 August 2020|website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 March 2020|title=What Is 'B and D Media ' and Why Should I Care?|url=https://dubeat.com/2020/03/what-is-b-and-d-media-and-why-should-i-care/|access-date=2021-02-12|website=DU Beat|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Jyotirmoy Dey]] (1955 – 11 June 2011), investigative journalist who was murdered 11 June 2011<ref>{{cite news|title=Senior crime journalist shot dead in Mumbai |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |date=11 June 2011 |access-date=2 August 2013 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/article2096247.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Oil mafia killed J Dey, suspect cops |newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 June 2011 |access-date=2 August 2013 |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/oil-mafia-killed-j-dey-suspect-cops/articleshow/8832194.cms}}</ref> and posthumously awarded the Prem Bhatia Award in 2011 for political reporter of the year, which he shared with Josy Joseph<ref>{{cite news|title=J.Dey, Josy Joseph get Prem Bhatia Award |newspaper=Mathrubhumi News |date=12 August 2011 |access-date=2 August 2013 |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=112795 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929031532/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=112795 |archive-date=29 September 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Subal Kumar Dey]], founder and chief editor of [[Bengali language]] daily newspaper [[Syandan Patrika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=All Bangla Newspaper List – Syandan Patrika|url=http://onlinebanglanewspaperlist.com/details.php?id=53|access-date=2020-09-14|website=onlinebanglanewspaperlist.com}}</ref>
* [[Dibang]], senior journalist and member of a debate panel with the news channel [[ABP News]], is rated among the best Hindi anchors in the industry today. He is also hosting prime-time show ''Jana Mana'' on ABP news.
* [[Vaishali Dinakaran]], a motorsports journalist with Overdrive,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Author: Vaishali Dinakaran |url=https://www.overdrive.in/author/vaishali-dinakaran-31/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Overdrive |language=en}}</ref> is currently with [[Deutsche Welle]]. She received the ‘ProDrive Motorsports Award’ for the years 2018 and 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our motorsport editor Vaishali Dinakaran wins second consecutive Peugeot Motorsport Cup awarded by the Guild of Motoring Writers |url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/our-motorsport-editor-vaishali-dinakaran-wins-second-consecutive-peugeot-motorsport-cup-awarded-by-the-guild-of-motoring-writers/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=www.overdrive.in}}</ref> presented by The Guild of Motoring Writers, a prestigious organization of automotive editorial professionals in the world.
* [[Neha Dixit]], multiple award-winning journalist. 2019 CPJ International Press Freedom Award, 2017, Chameli Devi Jain Award for Outstanding Woman Journalist, 2015 Press Institute of India-Red Cross award
* [[Vinod Dua]] (11 March 1954 – 4 December 2021), journalist, news anchor, political commentator, election analyst who was called the face of Indian television due to his decades of television journalism. He is a recipient of [[Padma Shri]] (2008).
* [[Bahar Dutt]] (born c. 1975), environmental and wildlife journalist and editor for [[CNN-News18]] and winner of multiple awards, including the 2006 Ramnath Goenka Award for excellence in [[Environmental journalism|environmental reporting]],<ref>{{cite news|title=TV 18 shines at the Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards 2006 |publisher=Indian Television |date=17 July 2007 |access-date=18 June 2013 |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k7/july/july220.php}}</ref>
* [[Barkha Dutt]] (born 18 December 1971) of [[NDTV]],<ref name=chillibreeze1 /><ref name=chillibreeze2 /> past recipient of the C H Mohammed Koya National Journalism Award,<ref>{{cite news|title=Burkha Dutt, Noorani given C H Mohammed Koya journalism award |publisher=Mathrubhumi.com |date=4 November 2009 |access-date=18 June 2013 |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=25665 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808041302/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=25665 |archive-date= 8 August 2014 }}</ref> gained notoriety in the [[Radia tapes controversy]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/explainers/what-are-niira-radia-tapes-explained|title=Radia Tapes: How One Woman's Influence Peddling Led to a Snake Pit |date=2 February 2018 }}</ref>
*

==F==


* [[George Francis (motorsports photographer)|George Francis (photographer)]] Popular as the Father of Indian Motorsports Photography, Francis was an Indian Express journalist who quit his regular journalism job to focus on Motorsports.



* [[T. J. S. George]] (born 7 May 1928), past recipient of the C H Mohammed Koya National Journalism Award,<ref name="webindia123" />
* [[Gour Kishore Ghosh]] (20 June 1923 – 15 December 2000),<ref name="CitationGhoshGou">{{cite web|url=http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationGhoshGou.htm |title=1981 Ramon Magsaysay Awardee for Journalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts – Gour Kishore Ghosh |publisher=Rmaf.org.ph |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> winner of the 1981 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts
* [[Santosh Kumar Ghosh]] (9 September 1920 – 26 February 1985), award-winning Bengali journalist and editor of [[Anandabazar Patrika]] (The namesake of the "Santosh Kumar Ghosh Memorial Award")<ref name="etawards">{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-08-31/news/27513225_1_memorial-award-silver-jubilee-veteran-journalist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812235143/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-08-31/news/27513225_1_memorial-award-silver-jubilee-veteran-journalist |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 August 2014 |title=Sikdar calls for shunning yellow journalism – Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |date=31 August 2003 |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>
* [[Pushpa Girimaji]], consumer rights journalist
* [[Ramnath Goenka]] (22 April 1904 – 5 October 1991)<ref name="wan-ifra">{{cite web|url=http://www.wan-press.org/3may/2000/profiles/IndiaGoenka.html |title=India |publisher=WAN-IFRA |access-date=30 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410095734/http://www.wan-press.org/3may/2000/profiles/IndiaGoenka.html |archive-date=10 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/goenka.html|title=THOUGHT & ACTION: The Baron|last=Naqvi|first=Saeed|year=2000|publisher=Indian Today|access-date=16 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042427/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/goenka.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Founder of [[Indian Express Limited|India Express Group]] and publisher of the English-language ''[[The Indian Express]]'', Hindi-language ''[[Jansatta]]'', and Marathi-language ''[[Loksatta]]''
* [[Gopikrishnan|J. Gopikrishnan]] (born 10 April 1971), cartoonist
* [[Arnab Goswami]] (born 7 March 1973), managing director and editor-in-chief of Republic Media Network ([[Republic TV]], [[Republic Bharat TV]])
* [[Biju Govind]] (born 14 June 1972), senior journalist of ''[[The Hindu]]'' based in Kerala
* [[Deshbandhu Gupta]] (14 June 1901 – 21 November 1951), Indian journalist, independence activist, founder and editor of ''Daily Tej''.<ref name="Tribune">Bhardwaj, Rakesh. [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030717/ncr1.htm "Desh Bandhu Gupta: Too illustrious a son to be forgotten in hometown"], ''The Tribune''. 16 July 2003</ref>
* [[Shekhar Gupta]] (born 26 August 1957), editor-in-chief ''[[ThePrint]]''.

==H==


* [[Sajjad Haider]], (born 21 October 1966), media personality of Indian administered Kashmir, Editor-in-Chief Trans Asia News Service and Founder of Kashmir Observer
* [[Barjinder Singh Hamdard]], editor-in-chief of the Punjabi-language newspaper, ''Daily Ajit'', from Jalandhar.

== J ==


* [[Muzamil Jaleel]] (born 17 November 1972), a deputy editor of Indian Express.
* [[Manoj Joshi (commentator)|Manoj Joshi, Sports]] journalist, author and tv commentator. He is the only Indian TV commentator to do 550 hours of live TV commentary on wrestling. He has been named in the [[Limca Book of Records]] 2021. He currently serves as the Digital Sports Head for [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] network group.

==K==


* [[Brahm Kanchibhotla]] (1953–6 April 2020), writer on the developing Telugu community in America.
*[[Raj Kanwar (journalist)|Raj Kanwar]] (born 1930), journalist and author based in Dehradun.
* [[Anjana Om Kashyap]], Indian journalist and anchor. She is an executive editor of the Hindi news channel Aaj Tak.
* [[B. K. Karanjia]] (21 December 1919 – 25 June 2012), Indian film journalist and editor, ''Filmfare'' and ''Screen'', chairman NFDC.
* [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]] (9 September 1899 – 5 December 1954),<ref name="wan-ifra"/> Tamil editor, columnist, and the founder of ''Kalki'' magazine.
* [[Ravish Kumar]], news anchor, winner of Ramon Magsaysay Award (2019). He is a two-time recipient of the Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Award (2013, 2017) for the broadcast category in the Hindi language. He is a published author. He was also the executive editor of [[NDTV India]]. He also runs his own Youtube channel "Ravish Kumar Official".
* [[Rahul Kanwal]], journalist and News Director at [[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/anchor/rahul-kanwal|title=Rahul Kanwal|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref> Kanwal also hosts prime-time show Newstrack<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/programme/newstrack-with-rahul-kanwal|title=Newstrack with Rahul Kanwal|website=www.indiatoday.in|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref> on weekdays and interview based show, Jab We Met, on India Today.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/programmes/jab-we-met|title=Jab We Met|website=www.indiatoday.in|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref>

==L==


* [[R. K. Laxman]] (24 October 1921 – 26 January 2015),<ref name=CitationLaxmanRas>{{cite web|url=http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationLaxmanRas.htm |title=1984 Ramon Magsaysay Awardee for Journalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts – Rasipuram Krishnaswamy Laxman |publisher=Rmaf.org.ph |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> winner of the 1984 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts

==M==


* [[Boria Majumdar]], Indian sports journalist on [[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]] and [[Aaj Tak]]. Majumdar is married to Sharmistha Gupta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwhoswho.com/public/views/entry.html?id=sl2170547|title=Majumdar Boria : World Who's Who|website=www.worldwhoswho.com|access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref>
* [[Inder Malhotra]] (1 February 1930 – 11 June 2016), received the Ramnath Goenka Lifetime Achievement Award in 2013<ref name=Ramnath2013>{{cite news|newspaper=The Indian Express |title=Sixth Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards: The Winners |date=24 July 2013 |access-date=2 August 2013 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ramnath-goenka-excellence-in-journalism-awards-the-winners/1145960/}}</ref>
* [[Ashok Malik]], former senior editor for English-language newspaper ''Indian Express'' and current columnist for ''The Times of India'', ''Economic Times'', ''The Pioneer'' and other publications
* [[Annamma Mathew]] (22 March 1922 – 10 July 2003), chief editor of the Malayalam-language ''[[Vanitha]]'' women's magazine for ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' and wife of K. M. Mathew
* [[K. M. Mathew]] (2 January 1917 – 1 August 2010), known as the chief editor of ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'', which has the largest circulation of any Malayalam-language newspaper, and husband of Annamma Mathew
* [[Chandan Mitra]] (born 12 December 1954 – 1 September 2021), present editor and managing director of ''[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]'' newspaper
* [[Udayan Mukherjee]]<ref name=chillibreeze1 /> 2012, Ramnath Goenka Awards, managing editor for CNBC-TV18.
* [[Satyendra Murli]] (born 14 February 1983), journalist, media researcher, socio-political activist, popularly known as an Ambedkarite journalist, Dr.B.R. Ambedkar National Awardee, presently associated with Doordarshan Samachar (DD NEWS), public broadcaster of India.
* [[Vipul Mudgal]] (born June 1960), journalist, media scholar and activist, known for his on policing, political violence and coynter terrorism, also heads a rights-based NGO Common Cause in Delhi.
* [[Saiyed Zegham Murtaza]], journalist,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/en/author/syed-z-m/|title = Saiyed Zegham Murtaza सैयद ज़ैग़म मुर्तज़ा}}</ref> columnist,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/author/1635946/saiyed-zegham-murtaza|title=Saiyed Zegham Murtaza Latest Stories, Exclusive News Articles and Opinions}}</ref> author, blogger.

==N==


* [[Kusum Nair]] (1919–1993), journalist and writer on agricultural policy
* [[A. G. Noorani]] (born 16 September 1930), columnist, as well as a historian and lawyer, who is a past recipient of the C H Mohammed Koya National Journalism Award,<ref name=webindia123 />
* [[Saeed Naqvi]] (born 1940), journalist, columnist, interviewer and have interviews global leaders like Fidel Castro, Gaddafi, Ezer Weizman and otherz.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-12-05 |title=Muslim hopes and fears |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2540181.stm |access-date=2024-09-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==P==


* [[Karma Paljor]], Indian television news anchor and journalist.
* [[Malini Parthasarathy]], former editor and executive editor of ''The Hindu'', she also founded The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy.
* [[Rajalakshmi Parthasarathy]], or Mrs. Y. G. P., (8 November 1925 – 6 August 2019), 2010 Padma Shri civilian award recipient<ref>{{cite news|author=Malathi Rangarajan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/trumpeting-the-triumph/article2698080.ece |title=Trumpeting the triumph |work=The Hindu |date=8 December 2011 |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/26/stories/2010012655131300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130164844/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/26/stories/2010012655131300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 January 2010 |title=National : List of Padma award winners 2010 |date=26 January 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>
* [[Nanasaheb Parulekar]] (20 September 1898 – 8 January 1973), a founder of Marathi-language newspaper [[Sakal]] and chairman of the [[Press Trust of India]], a news agency.
* [[Aamir Peerzada]], award winning journalist and documentary filmmaker.
* [[Jagdish Piyush]] (1950–2021), editor of Amethi Samachar.
* [[Sanjay Pugalia]], veteran political and business journalist with print and broadcast experience. Pugalia was former editor-in-chief of [[CNBC Awaaz]] in [[Mumbai]], India.
* [[Aroon Purie]] (born 1944), Indian businessman who is the founder-publisher and editor-in-chief of ''[[India Today]]'' and the chief executive of the [[India Today Group]]. He is the managing director of Thomson Press (India) Limited and the chairman and managing director of ''[[TV Today]]'' and also the editor-in-chief of ''[[Reader's Digest]] India''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rd-india.com/newsite/contactus/contactus.asp|title=Reader's Digest India – Articles on Health, Finance, Personal Struggles and Triumphs|website=www.rd-india.com|access-date=7 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040708055331/http://www.rd-india.com/newsite/contactus/contactus.asp|archive-date=8 July 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Q==


* [[Sayyid Ahmedullah Qadri]] (9 August 1909 – 5 October 1985), recipient of PadmaShri Awardee in 1966, MLC, Member of State Library Hyderabad, Chairman of Hajj Committee, Andhra Pradesh.

==R==


* [[N. P. Rajendran]] (born 6 November 1954), award-winning editor of ''Mathrubhumi'' and Malayalam-language journalist<ref name=CHAWARDS>{{cite news|title=Mohammed Koya awards presented|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article3821803.ece|access-date=20 January 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Karan Thapar, Gopi Krishnan, Rajendran bag CH awards|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/08/23/karan-thapar-gopi-krishnan-rajendran-bag-ch-awards.html|access-date=20 January 2013|newspaper=OneIndia}}</ref>
* [[Nidhi Razdan]] (born 11 April 1977), recipient of the 2007 Ramnath Goenka Award for Excellence in Journalism<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/rngf/awards/2007_categories.html |title=Award Categories – Winners and the Jury of The Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards 2007–08 |access-date=4 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828235750/http://www.expressindia.com/news/rngf/awards/2007_categories.html |archive-date=28 August 2010 }}</ref>
* [[Sai Reddy]] (ca. 1962 – 6 December 2013), reporter for the Hindi-language ''Deshandhu'', was killed by [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoists]] 6 December 2013, in Basaguda, [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur district]], Chhattisgarh.<ref name=cpj>{{cite web|url=http://cpj.org/killed/2013/sai-reddy.php |title=Sai Reddy – Journalists Killed |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists |date=6 December 2013 |access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref>
* [[Prannoy Roy]], (born 15 October 1949), Indian journalist and media personality. He is the co-founder and executive co-chairperson of [[NDTV|New Delhi Television (NDTV)]]<ref name=chillibreeze2>{{cite web|url=http://www.chillibreeze.com/articles_various/Indian-Journalists.asp |title=Top Five Journalists in India |publisher=Chillibreeze.com |access-date=28 September 2012}}</ref>

== S ==


* [[Afroz Alam Sahil]], Indian journalist and author who covers topics pertaining to Indian politics, history and society. Currently, he is an editor at BeyondHeadlines.<ref>{{cite web|title=Afroz Alam Sahil|work=beyondheadlines.in|url=https://beyondheadlines.in/contribtuors}}</ref>
* [[Palagummi Sainath]] (born 1957),<ref name="CitationSainathPal">{{cite web |url=http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationSainathPal.htm |title=2007 Ramon Magsaysay Awardee for Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts – Palagummi Sainath |publisher=Rmaf.org.ph |date=31 August 2007 |access-date=16 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119114704/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationSainathPal.htm |archive-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> winner of the 2007 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts
* [[Rohit Sardana]] (22 September 1979 – 30 April 2021), editor, columnist, news anchor. He was associated with [[Aaj Tak]] where he hosted his popular debate program ''Dangal''.
* [[Rajdeep Sardesai]] (born 24 May 1965), editor-in-chief at India Today television<ref name=chillibreeze1>{{cite web |url=http://www.chillibreeze.com/articles/Topfivejournalists.asp |title=Top Five Journalists in India |publisher=Chillibreeze.com |access-date=28 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015090514/http://www.chillibreeze.com/articles/Topfivejournalists.asp |archive-date=15 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=chillibreeze2 /> who is a past recipient of the C H Mohammed Koya National Journalism Award,<ref name=webindia123 />
* [[A Saye Sekhar]], editor at MeraEvents and author at Firstpost ([[Network 18|Network18]] Group).
* [[Abhinandan Sekhri]], journalist, co-founder and CEO of ''[[Newslaundry]]'', a media critique, news and current affairs website.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/the-journey-of-bjps-sambit-patra-from-a-trained-surgeon-to-a-nasty-tv-star/167544/|title=The journey of BJP's Sambit Patra from a trained surgeon to a nasty TV star|first=Kaveree|last=Bamzai|date=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/wezx5YVSz0kIE6EOxU5ZhL/The-big-digital-paywall-question.html|title=The big digital paywall question|first=Shuchi|last=Bansal|date=27 October 2016|website=Livemint}}</ref>
* [[Niranjan Sengupta]] (26 July 1903 – 4 September 1969), former president of the National Union of Journalist (India) (Namesake of the "Niranjan Sengupta Memorial Award")<ref name=etawards />
* [[Teesta Setalvad]] (born 9 February 1962), award-winning alternative journalist and human rights activist,<ref name="exilclub.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.exilclub.de/groups/menschenrechte/_hpgen_content10.htm |title=Nürnberger Menschenrechtspreisträger 2003 |publisher=Das Deutsche Zentrum für Verfolgte Künste |access-date=11 February 2013 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308184841/http://www.exilclub.de/groups/menschenrechte/_hpgen_content10.htm |archive-date= 8 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pgaction.org/news/press_releases/pga-announces-recipients-of-the-17th-annual-dda.html |title=PGA Announces Recipients of the 17th Annual DDA – Press Releases – Parliamentarians for Global Action (PGA) |publisher=Pgaction.org |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> co-founder of [[Sabrang Communications]], and co-editor of [[Communalism Combat]]
* [[Marya Shakil]] (born 1983), anchor and political editor at [[CNN-News18]]
* [[Rajat Sharma]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rajatsharma.in/my-life/|title=Rajat SharmaRajat Sharma personal life – rajatsharma.in|work=Rajat Sharma}}</ref>(born 18 February 1957), chairman and editor-in-chief of an Indian [[Hindi]] news channel, [[India TV]]. He is a recipient of [[Padma Bhushan]] (2015).
* [[Lalit Shastri]], is founder of Newsroom24x7. He has headed the Madhya Pradesh Bureau of [[The Hindu]] and [[The Asian Age]] - two of [[India]]'s leading English newspapers - for more than two decades.
* [[Arun Shourie]] (born 2 November 1941),<ref name=freemedia>{{cite web|url=http://www.freemedia.at/awards/world-press-freedom-heroes.html |title=IPI International Press Institute: World Press Freedom Heroes |publisher=Freemedia.at |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102195257/http://www.freemedia.at/awards/world-press-freedom-heroes.html |archive-date=2 November 2012 }}</ref><ref name=CitationShourieAru>{{cite web |url=http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationShourieAru.htm |title=1982 Ramon Magsaysay Awardee for Journalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts – Arun Shourie |publisher=Rmaf.org.ph |access-date=16 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117020141/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationShourieAru.htm |archive-date=17 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a World Press Freedom hero and winner of the 1982 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts
* [[Aarti Tikoo Singh]] (born 12 October 1978), assistant editor at The Times of India, conflict and international affairs writer and reporter.
* [[S Nihal Singh]] (1929 - 2018), editor of ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'', ''[[The Indian Express]]'', ''Indian Post'' and ''[[Khaleej Times]]''. Awarded the [[International Editor of the Year Award]] in 1978 for opposing the Emergency. <ref name="c541">{{cite web | title=Veteran journalist S Nihal Singh dies at 88 | website=Hindustan Times | date=16 April 2018 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/veteran-journalist-s-nihal-singh-dies-at-88/story-5VsqbNxewL9KpBTmwIYmXN.html | access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Aditya Sinha]], Indian journalist and author; former editor-in-chief of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' and [[Daily News and Analysis|''DNA'']].
* [[Puripanda Appala Swamy]] (13 November 1904 – 18 November 1982), Telugu writer, journalist and editor

==T==


* [[Paranjoy Guha Thakurta]] (born 5 October 1955), independent journalist and writer.
* [[Janardan Thakur]] (1936 - 1999), editor, political reporter and columnist. Editor of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' and most known for his book on Emergency, ''All The Prime Minister’s Men'' (1977).<ref name="s519">{{cite web | last=Roy | first=Biswajit | title=Shri Mahajan Condoles The Death Of Shri Janardhan Thakur| website= Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting| date=31 December 2002 |quote= a highly respected journalist whose contribution to the growth of journalism is commendable. | url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr99/l0799/r120799.html | access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Karan Thapar]] (born 5 November 1955), award-winning news commentator<ref name=chillibreeze2 /><ref name=CHAWARDS />
* [[Anshuman Tiwari]] (born 25 March 1974), journalist and editor of [[India Today]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/author/Anshuman-Tiwari/1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303065742/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/author/Anshuman-Tiwari/1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 March 2015|title=Anshuman Tiwari Editor of India Today Hindi}}</ref> at [[India Today Group]] in New Delhi. He is a multimedia economic/political ''journalist'', ''analyst'', ''researcher'' & ''columnist'' in multi languages(English & Hindi). Honored with Ramnath Goenka Award 2009 for investigative Journalism.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ramnath-goenka-awards-express-group-honours-the-best-in-indian-journalism/900305/|title=Anshuman Tiwari Awarded with Ramnath Goenka Award for Investigative Journalism}}</ref>
* [[Madhu Trehan]], co-founder of [[India Today]]

==V==


* [[Manikchandra Vajpayee]] (7 October 1919 – 25 December 2005), journalist, founder editor of multi-edition Hindi daily Swadesh<ref>{{cite news |title=RSS veteran Manikchand Vajpayee passes away |url=https://haindavakeralam.com/rss-veteran-manikchand-hk19742 |agency=[[United News of India]] |publisher=Haindava Keralam |date=27 December 2005}}</ref>
* [[B. G. Verghese|Boobli George Verghese]] (21 June 1927 – 30 December 2014),<ref name=CitationVergheseBoo>{{cite web|url=http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationVergheseBoo.htm |title=1975 Ramon Magsaysay Awardee for Journalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts – Boobli George Verghese |publisher=Rmaf.org.ph |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> winner of the 1975 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts
* [[Syed Vicaruddin]] (30 April 1942 – 10 December 2021), chief editor of Rahnuma-e-Deccan and also served as Chairman of Indo-Arab League
* [[Govindlal Vora]] (12 March 1932 – 13 May 2018), veteran journalist and chief editor of Amrit Sandesh<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=14 May 2018|title=Veteran Chhattisgarh journalist Govind Lal Vora dies|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/veteran-chhattisgarh-journalist-govind-lal-vora-dies-118051401315_1.html|access-date=2020-12-19}}</ref>

==Z==


* [[Sahar Zaman (journalist)|Sahar Zaman]], journalist, newscaster, news anchor, art curator, media entrepreneur, jewelry designer, guest lecturer

==See also==
* [[Media of India]]
* [[List of journalists killed in India]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language newspapers]]
* [[List of newspapers in India]]
* [[List of newspapers in India by readership]]
* [[List of television stations in India]]
* [[Malayalam journalism]]
* [[Television in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=Role of press and Indian freedom struggle |first=A. S. |last=Iyengar |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-7648-256-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAJDpBQhBlcC}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.imcfj.org.in/index.php Indian Media Centre for Journalists]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130620090429/http://www.pressacademyarchives.ap.nic.in/Newspaper.asp Press Academy of Andhra Pradesh Archives (Telugu)] (archived 20 June 2013)

{{Newspapers in India}}

[[Category:Indian journalists|*]]
[[Category:Lists of journalists|Indian]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian writers|Journalists]]

Aadujeevitham

2026-02-04T08:22:02Z

Shai0778:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{short description|2007 novel by Benyamin}}
{{for|the film|The Goat Life}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Aadujeevitham
| title_orig = Aadujeevitham
| title_working = Aadujeevitham The Goat Life
| translator = Joseph Koyippally<ref name="biblio1">{{cite web|author=AllTimeBooks.com or Indianbooks.co.in |url=http://biblio.co.uk/books/509775462.html |title=Goat Days By Benyamin (translated by Joseph Koyipally) - Second Hand Books - from AllTimeBooks.com or Indianbooks.co.in and |publisher=Biblio.co.uk |access-date=2012-07-26}}</ref>
| image = Adujivitam.jpg
| author = [[Benyamin (writer)|Benyamin]]
| illustrator = K Shereef
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| series =
| subject =
| genre = Novel, survival, based on true events
| publisher = Green Books (Malayalam) [[Penguin Books]] (English)<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news|author=Saraswathy Nagarajan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article3888796.ece |title=Arts / Books : 'I write for my satisfaction' |work=The Hindu|date=12 September 2012 |access-date=2012-10-18 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> 
| pub_date = 15 July 2008
| english_pub_date = 1 July 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/Story/1433/Goat-Days.html |title=Goat Days |publisher=Caravanmagazine.in |access-date=2012-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806061723/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/Story/1433/Goat-Days.html |archive-date=6 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| media_type =
| pages = 255
| isbn = 978-01-4341-633-3
| isbn_note = (English), 978-81-8423-117-5 (Malayalam)
| oclc =
| preceded_by = Abeesagin (Malayalam)
| followed_by = Manjaveyil Maranangal (Malayalam)
| cover_artist = K Shereef
}}

'''''Aadujeevitham''''' (English: '''''The Goat Life''''') is a 2008 [[Malayalam]]-language novel by Indian author [[Benyamin (writer)|Benyamin]]. Its English version is marketed under the title '''''Goat Days'''''.<ref name=PenguinIndia/> It is about an abused [[Malayali]] migrant worker [[Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia|employed in Saudi Arabia]] as a goatherd against his will.<ref name="Anandan">{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/three-malayalis-on-the-man-asian-longlist/article4169108.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=S. | last=Anandan | title=Three Malayalis on the Man Asian longlist | date=6 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=aadujeevitham|url=http://www.indulekha.com/aadujeevitham-benyamin|website=Indulekha.com|access-date=14 January 2016|archive-date=14 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414135356/https://www.indulekha.com/aadujeevitham-benyamin|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The novel is based on real-life events and was a best seller in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?278550 |title=Words in Migration |publisher=outlookindia.com |date=17 October 2011 |access-date=2012-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011123912/http://outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?278550 |archive-date=11 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to media, Benyamin became an "overnight sensation" with the publication of this "hard-hitting story" and is currently one of the top sellers in Malayalam.<ref name="thehindu1"/> The original Malayalam version of ''Goat Days'' has gone through over 100 reprints.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/POMekzI7Lf7gwH8FmLfJ4O/Jaipur-Literature-Festival--Beastly-tales-A-conversation-w.html|title=Beastly tales: A conversation with Benyamin|first=Somak|last=Ghoshal|date=27 January 2013|website=livemint.com|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref>

The novel depicts the life of [[Najeeb Muhammad]], an Indian emigrant going missing in [[Saudi Arabia]]. [[Najeeb Muhammad|Najeeb's]] dream was to work in the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf region]] and earn enough money to send back home. But, he achieves his dream only to be propelled by a series of incidents into herding goats in the middle of the desert. In the end, [[Najeeb Muhammad|Najeeb]] contrives a hazardous scheme to escape his desert prison. [[Penguin Books|Penguin Books India]]'s introduction describes the novel as "the strange and bitter comedy of Najeeb's life in the desert" and "a universal tale of loneliness and alienation".<ref name="biblio1"/><ref name=PenguinIndia>{{cite web|url=http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/goat-days |title=Goat Days |publisher=Penguin Books India |date=15 July 2012 |access-date=2012-10-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822105621/http://penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/goat-days |archive-date=22 August 2012 }}</ref>

The English translation of the novel appeared in the long list of [[Man Asian Literary Prize]] 2012 and in the [[short list]] of the [[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature]] 2013. It won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]] for Benyamin in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3065:aboutkerala-literary-awards&catid=271:about-kerala&Itemid=2379 |publisher=Government of Kerala |title=Literary Awards |access-date=18 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701184347/http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3065:aboutkerala-literary-awards&catid=271:about-kerala&Itemid=2379 |archive-date=1 July 2014}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The book is divided into four parts ([[Prison]], [[Desert]], Escape and [[Refugee|Refuge]]).

Najeeb Muhammad, a young man from Arattupuzha in [[Haripad]] of the [[Kerala]] state, is newly married and dreams of a better work in any of the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]]. After several endeavors, he finally gets an opportunity to work in [[Saudi Arabia]]. However, at the [[King Khalid International Airport]], [[Riyadh]] he is clueless as what to do next and is taken away by an Arab man who he believes to be his work sponsor. The work sponsor takes him to a cattle farm in the middle of a desert, confirming Najeeb's worst nightmare. The work sponsor hands Najeeb over to the farm supervisor.

Najeeb is then used as a shepherd and is assigned to tend goats, [[sheep]] and camels for almost {{frac|3|1|2}} years in the remote deserts of Saudi Arabia. He is forced to do backbreaking work, kept half-hungry and is denied water to wash and suffers unimaginably. The farm's brutal supervisor keeps Najeeb in control with a gun and binoculars and frequently beats him with a belt. And now Najeeb had to manage this new fate without the bare human essentials.

In a country where he doesn't know the language, places or people, he is far away from any human interaction. Najeeb steadily starts to identify himself with the goats. He considers himself as one of them. His dreams, desires, avenges and hopes starts to fade away as his mindset has now become similar to that of the goats. He talks to them, eats with them, sleeps with them and virtually lives the life of a goat. Although he has tried absconding multiple times, the supervisor catches him every time and punishes him by denying him food and water. He stops absconding when he finds the skeleton of the previous shepherd buried in the sand, who he thought had escaped. Even then, he keeps a ray of hope which will bring freedom and end to his sufferings some day.

Finally one night with the help of Ibrahim Khadiri, a [[Somali people|Somali]] worker in the neighboring farm, [[Najeeb Muhammad]] and his friend Hakeem escapes from the horrible life to freedom. But, the trio fumbles across the desert for days, and young Hakeem dies of thirst and fatigue. But Ibrahim Khadiri and Najeeb keep moving on and the stumble across an Oasis where they manage to take rest for a few days. In the day they had planned to start moving again, Ibrahim disappears leaving Najeeb alone. Initially devastated, Najeeb somehow manages to find his way to a nearby highway, where after a day of trying, a kind Arab stops for him and rides him to [[Al Batha, Riyadh|Al-Bathaa]].

Over there, he meets Kunjikka, a fellow malayali who helps refugees. Kunjikka nurses him back to health and finally calls back to his hometown. Once Najeeb started feeling better, he gets himself arrested by the [[Legal system of Saudi Arabia#Law enforcement|civil police]] in order to get deported to India with Hameed, who he had met while being with Kunjikka.

In a few weeks, he gets to know that he is being [[deported]] to India by the authorities. Feeling ecstatic he bids his goodbye's to his fellow inmates and as he boards the plane.

== Main characters ==
[[File:Benyamin speech.ogv|right|thumb|290px|Benyamin about his novel ''Goat Days'']]
*[[Najeeb Muhammad]], the protagonist of the novel, spent nearly {{frac|3|1|2}} years (4 April 1992 – 13 August 1995) in a remote farm in the Saudi Arabian desert. Originally a [[Sand mining|sand miner]] from Arattupuzha in [[Haripad]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenewsminute.com/article/saudi-slave-inspiration-meet-najeeb-real-life-hero-aadujeevitham-74701|title=From Saudi slave to inspiration: Meet Najeeb, the real life hero of 'Aadujeevitham'|date=13 January 2018|website=thenewsminute.com|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref> he is given the visa by a [[Karuvatta]]-based friend for {{INRConvert|30|k|year=1992}} as a helper in a construction company in [[Saudi Arabia]]. [[Najeeb Muhammad]] is a real life character.
* ''Hakeem'' is a young man, who lives a life similar to Najeeb. He joins Najeeb to elope from the desert, however, surrenders before death due to hunger and thirst in their perilous journey through the desert.
* ''Ibrahim Khadiri''
* ''Arab owner''
* ''Hameed''
* ''Kunjikka''
* ''Sainu''[ wife ]

== Inspiration==
Recounting his meeting with the real-life Najeeb, Benyamin reminisces:
:: {{cquote|But when I heard his tale, I knew this was the story I was waiting to tell the world and I knew this had to be told. Usually we only hear of stories of success from the Gulf. But I wanted to talk about the many who lead lives of suffering and pain.}}

The reluctant Najeeb who wanted to forget his past had to be coaxed to recount his story.<ref name="thehindu1"/>

== Translations ==
The original book was published by Green Books Private Limited, [[Thrissur]] on 15 July 2008. The English translation of the novel for Penguin Books was carried out by Joseph Koyippally, a literature professor in the Central University of Kerala.<ref name="thehindu1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review_book-review-goat-days_1738590 |title=Book review: Goat Days - Lifestyle - DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=2012-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://ibnlive.in.com/news/goat-days-an-intelligent-translation-by-koyippally/282279-40.html |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130126042743/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/goat-days-an-intelligent-translation-by-koyippally/282279-40.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 26 January 2013 |title= Koyippally's Benyamin, an intelligent work of translation- IBN Live|publisher= ibnlive.in.com |date= 14 August 2012|access-date=2012-10-26}}</ref>

;Other translations
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Language
! Title
! Translator
! Year
! Publisher
! ISBN
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| ايام الماعز ''Ayyāmu l-māʻiz'' 
| Suhail Wafy
| 2015
| Maktabat Afāq
| 9789996659812
|-
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| खबुज ''Khabuja'' 
| Dinesh Kaafle
| 2015
| FinePrint Books
| 9789937893169
|-
| [[Odiya language|Odiya]]
| ଛ୍ହେଳି ଚରେଇବାର ଦିନ ''Chhēḷi carē'ibāra dina'' 
| [[Gourahari Das]]
| 2015
| Friend's Publication
| 9789937893169
|-
| [[Thai language|Thai]]
| มนุษย์แพะ ''Manut phæ'' 
| Nawara
| 2012
| Bō̜risat Sansakrit Čhamkat
| 9786167356501
|-
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ஆடு ஜீவிதம் ''Aadu Jeevitham'' 
| Vilasini
| 2020
| Ethir Veliyeedu
| 9788194734055
|-
|}

The translations into [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and [[Hindi]] are due for release.<ref name="Anandan"/>

== Film adaptation ==
{{Main|The Goat Life}}

Director [[Blessy]] had announced that he would be making a film based on the book, titled ''[[Aadujeevitham (film)|Aadujeevitham]]''. However, the author noted, "We are still in the discussion stage. Our plans for a film had to be postponed when we realised that its production cost would not be feasible for a Malayalam film. Now we are planning something on a larger scale and [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] will play Najeeb's role."<ref name="thehindu1"/> However, in late 2017, Blessy had confirmed the eponymous film adaptation of the book as a [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]]. After months of speculation, in January 2018 composer [[A. R. Rahman]] confirmed in a press conference that he is making a comeback to Malayalam cinema as a composer with the film.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/ar-rahman-to-return-to-malayalam-film-industry-with-prithviraj-aadujeevitham-5028303/|title=After 25 years, AR Rahman to return to Malayalam film industry with Prithviraj's Aadujeevitham|date=17 January 2018|website=indianexpress.com|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/jan/17/confirmed-a-r-rahman-to-compose-for-aadujeevitham-1756945.html|title=Confirmed! A R Rahman to compose for Aadujeevitham|website=newindianexpress.com|date=18 January 2018 |access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref> The film released on 28 March 2024.

'''<big>Tamil film adaptation</big>'''

The 2013 Indian Tamil-language film ''[[Maryan (film)|Maryan]]'', starring [[Dhanush]], is said to have been inspired by ''Aadujeevitham''.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://greenbooksindia.com/novels/aatujeevitham-benyamin-aadujeevitham Aatujeevitham ആടുജീവിതം To Buy Online from '''''Green Books''''']
* [https://www.amazon.in/dp/8184231172 Aatujeevitham ആടുജീവിതം To buy online via Amazon]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120822105621/http://penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/goat-days ''Goat Days''] at [[Penguin Books]] official website

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Human rights abuses in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Novels about slavery]]
[[Category:Malayalam novels]]
[[Category:2008 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award–winning works]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Novels about immigration]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Saudi Arabian people]]

Darshan Singh (field hockey)

2026-01-05T08:29:02Z

Shai0778: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{MedalTableTop}}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Olympic Games]]}} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{MedalGold|[[1964 Summer Olympics|1964 Tokyo]]|[[Field hockey at the 1964 Summer Olympics|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] }}
{{MedalSilver|[[Field hockey at the 1962 Asian Games|1962 Jakarta]]|[[Field hockey at the 1962 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}

'''Darshan Singh Kular''' (born 15 April 1938 in [[Sansarpur]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]) is a former Indian [[field hockey]] player who now lives in [[Telford, Shropshire]], [[United Kingdom]]. In 1961, he played for India in the international hockey tournament at [[Ahmedabad]] and scored 22 goals. In the semi-final, he scored a double hat-trick against Holland. He was part of the Indian Hockey team that won the gold medal in the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] at [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20120913011318/http://www.thesportscampus.com/200807016/beijing-2008/india-olympic-history India's Olympic History]</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081204195812/http://www.sikhhockeyolympians.com/Player%20Profiles/DarshanSingh.html Darshan Singh profile]}} at sikhhockeyolympians.com </ref> He was then serving in the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]].<ref>{{Olympedia}}</ref> He emigrated to the UK from India in the late 1960s. In November 2025 he and his wife celebrated their 70th wedding anniversary.<ref name=shropstar>{{cite news|title=Watch as Telford couple arrive in Rolls-Royce style to celebrate 70 years of marriage|work=Shropshire Star|url=https://www.shropshirestar.com/news/local-hubs/telford/2025/11/26/watch-as-telford-couple-arrive-in-rolls-royce-style-to-celebrate-70-years-of-marriage/|access-date=5 January 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Sports reference}}
*{{Olympedia}}

{{India FH Squad 1962 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 1964 Summer Olympics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Darshan}}
[[Category:Field hockey players from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1964 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian male field hockey players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Telford]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1962 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1962 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in field hockey]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}
{{India-Olympic-medalist-stub}}

Shubh Shagun

2025-12-29T13:48:17Z

Shai0778: adding initial info basic info

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Shubh-Shagun.jpg
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| developer = Kundan Singh and Smita Thackeray
| writer = Manasvi Arya (Dialogue)
| story = Mahesh Pandey, [[S. Manasvi]] (concept)
| starring = {{ubl|[[Krishna Mukherjee]]|[[Shehzada Dhami]]}}
| open_theme = ''Shubh Shagun''
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 157
| producer = Kundan Singh and Smita Thackeray
| location = Mumbai
| runtime = 20 to 21 min approx.
| company = Rahul Media and Productions
| first_aired = {{start date|2022|05|02|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2022|10|31|df=yes}}
}}
'''''Shubh Shagun'''''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mayapuri.com/hi/gupshup/dangal-tvs-original-show-shubh-shagun-to-be-aired-from-april-25 | title=दंगल टीवी का ओरिजिनल शो "शुभ शगुन" 25 अप्रैल से प्रसारित किया जाएगा }}</ref> is an Indian drama series produced by [[Smita Thackeray]], Swati Thanawala and Kundan Singh. launched under Rahul Media And Production LLP, broadcast on [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=Shubh Shagun: New Promo out now! |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/shubh-shagun-new-promo-out-now-1523038 |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dangal TV's Shubh Shagun will air on April 25, the program examines family ties and relationships |url=https://worldnationnews.com/dangal-tvs-shubh-shagun-will-air-on-april-25-the-program-examines-family-ties-and-relationships/| work=By World Nation News Desk|date=19 April 2022 |accessdate=April 19, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dangal TV's Shubh Shagun to go on air from April 25, the show explores family ties and relationships|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/dangal-tvs-shubh-shagun-to-go-on-air-from-april-25-the-show-explores-family-ties-and-relationships_186375?mode=amp|work=India Forums|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Shubh-Shagun' to air at a new time slot- 7:30 PM Monday to Saturday on Dangal TV|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/shubh-shagun-to-air-at-a-new-time-slot-730-pm-monday-to-saturday-on-dangal-tv20220526185821/?amp=1|work=ANINews|accessdate=26 May 2022}}</ref> It premiered on 2 May 2022 and ended abruptly on 31 October 2022 after completing 157 episodes and starred [[Krishna Mukherjee]] and [[Shehzada Dhami]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Third time lucky! Shehzada Dhami finally fulfills his dream of playing the male lead in a TV show - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/third-time-lucky-shehzada-dhami-finally-fulfills-his-dream-of-playing-the-male-lead-in-a-tv-show/articleshow/90536087.cms |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=The Times of India |date=30 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Shubh-Shagun set for a captivating turn as suspense clouds Shagun's wedding|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/spoiler-alert/shubh-shagun-set-captivating-turn-suspense-clouds-shagun-s-wedding-220602?amp|work=Tellychakkar|accessdate=2 June 2022}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Shubh Jaiswal is an arrogant, greedy businessman in [[Mumbai]] and Shagun Shinde is a devotee of [[Lord Ganesha]] who values her family more than anything. Shagun works in Shubh's factory.

The situation worsens when Shubh's younger sister Navya falls in love with Shagun's younger brother Yug. Due to their social differences Shagun dislikes her while Shubh tries to have Yug marry Navya and make him home-husband as he cannot deny his sister's wish. Shagun tries to have Yug marry Ria, younger sister of her fiancé, Ashok. Shubh later learns about it and kidnaps Shagun into the godown and tries to burn her but she narrowly escapes. Shagun tells Yug about this and he calls off his marriage with Navya and both Shagun and Yug set off to marry Ashok and Ria respectively. As the preparation begins Shubh and Navya replace the Ashok and Ria and Shagun marries Shubh and Yug marries Navya unknowingly. Yug comes as home-husband while Shagun comes there for her brother. Shubh locks Shagun in a room and tries to kill her by bursting the air conditioner but later saves her.

Kanika's husband Brijesh Jaiswal tries to kill Shubh but Shubh is saved by Shagun. Shagun shows Brijesh's real face to the family. Naina, Shubh's mentally challenged first wife enters the house and creates many problems inside the family. She also tries to separate Shubh from Shagun along with Navya and Bindiya but fails. Later, Shubh discovers her sister's plans and slaps her and blames her for trying to separate him from Shagun. Shagun realises her husband's sister's evil games, blames herself and tries to kill herself by jumping off the building but Shubh saves her and confesses his love for Shagun.

==Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Krishna Mukherjee]] as Shagun Shinde Jaiswal: Yug's sister; Shubh's wife (2022)<ref>{{cite web|title=Shubh Shagun: मुंबई में मिले लुधियाना के बिट्टू उस्ताद के शागिर्द, रातोंरात किस्मत चमक जाने की फिल्मी सी कहानी|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/television/know-about-actors-shehzada-dhami-and-krishna-mukherjee-of-shubh-shagun-tv-serial|work=Amarujala|accessdate=18 April 2022}}</ref>
* [[Shehzada Dhami]] as Shubh Jaiswal: Navya and Mahi's cousin; Shagun's husband (2022)<ref>{{cite web|title=Superb! Shehzada Dhami roped in as the male lead for new show titled Shubh Shagun|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/superb-shehzada-dhami-roped-the-male-lead-new-show-titled-shubh-shagun-220330?amp|work=Tellychakkar|accessdate=30 March 2022}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
* Muohit Joushi<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actor Muohit Joushi turns groom for TV show Shubh Shagun - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/actor-muohit-joushi-turns-groom-for-tv-show-shubh-shagun/articleshow/91831066.cms |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=The Times of India |date=27 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Muohit Joushi opens up on quitting job for acting |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/calling-it-quits-393801 |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> as Yug Shinde: Shagun's brother; Navya's ex-husband; Mahi's love interest (2022)
* Kajol Srivastav as Navya Jaiswal: Brijesh and Kanika's daughter; Shubh and Mahi's cousin; Yug's ex-wife (2022)<ref>{{cite web|title=दंगल टीवी के अपकमिंग शो "शुभ शागुन" में नव्या के बर्थडे सेलिब्रेशन के दौरान बड़ा ट्विस्ट, जोर शोर से शूटिंग जारी|url=https://www.mayapuri.com/hi/gupshup/big-twist-during-navyas-birthday-celebration-in-dangal-tvs-upcoming-show-shubh-shagun-shooting-continues-in-full-swing|work=Mayapuri|accessdate=9 April 2022}}</ref>
* [[Vivana Singh]] as Bindiya Jaiswal: Vanraj's wife; Mahi's mother (2022)
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] as Brijesh Jaiswal; Kanika's husband and Navya's father (2022)
* [[Papiya Sengupta]] as Kanika Jaiswal; Brijesh's wife and Navya's mother (2022)
* [[Vandana Vithlani]] as Archana Shinde (2022)
* Jaydeep Singh as Vanraj Jaiswal; Bindiya's husband and Mahi's father (2022)
* Smita Dongre as Radha Shinde (2022)
* Anuradha Kanabar as Mrs. Jaiswal: Shubh and Navya's grandmother; Vanraj and Kanika's mother (2022)
* [[Ishita Ganguly]] as Naina Jaiswal: Shubh's first wife (2022)
* [[Mehul Kajaria]] as Dr. Ajay Khurana: Naina's doctor and partner in crime (2022)
* [[Khushwant Walia]] as Akash: Navya's boyfriend (2022)
* Mithil Jain as Dr. Karan: Shagun's psycho lover (2022)
* Syed Zafar Ali as Shekhar: Shubh's uncle; Kajal's husband (2022)
* Preeti Singhania as Mahi Jaiswal: Bindiya and Vanraj's daughter; Shubh's cousin; Yug's love interest (2022)
* Srushti Tare as Kajal: Shekhar's wife; Shubh's one-sided lover (2022)

==Controversies==
In April 2024, [[Krishna Mukherjee]] made harassment allegations against show producer Kundan Singh and claimed that he had not cleared her dues.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-30 |title=Krishna Mukherjee alleges harassment by the production team of Shubh Shagun; the producer claims they will take legal action against the actress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/krishna-mukherjee-alleges-harassment-by-the-production-team-of-shubh-shagun-the-producer-claims-they-will-take-legal-action-against-the-actress/articleshow/109712353.cms |access-date=2024-05-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Following her allegations, [[Chetan Hansraj]], another actor from the same show, also revealed that the producer had not cleared his payments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-01 |title=Chetan Hansraj Supports Krishna Mukherjee's Claims: 'I Haven't Been Paid My Dues, CINTAA Tried But...' - Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/chetan-hansraj-supports-krishna-mukherjees-claims-i-havent-been-paid-my-dues-cintaa-tried-but-exclusive-article-109744267 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=2135772}}
* [https://www.dangalplay.com/shows/shubh-shagun ''Shubh Shagun''] on Dangal Play

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Dangal TV original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]

Shiradi

2025-12-08T13:33:32Z

Shai0778: adding first entry added tags

{{distinguish|Shirdi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shiradi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Shirady
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.8441|N|75.5431|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|Districts]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]] & [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Shiradi''' is a village on the [[Mangaluru]] to [[Bengaluru]] section of [[National Highway 75 (India)|National Highway 75]]. The village is situated in [[Puttur taluk]] of [[Dakshina Kannada]] district. The nearest town is [[Nelliyadi]] which is at a distance of approximately 15 km.

== Geography ==
The Shiradi Ghats, a section of the [[Western Ghats]] near Shiradi, are popular destinations for trekking.<ref>{{cite news |title=Head for the hills during weekend |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/head-for-the-hills-during-weekend/article1079742.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215124018/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Head-for-the-hills-during-weekend/article15514921.ece |archive-date=15 December 2024 |access-date= |publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The Shiradi Ghats are situated in an ecologically sensitive region. The area has undergone [[Environmental issues in India|environmental degradation]] due to [[Deforestation in India|deforestation]] and the submergence of rainforest areas, largely associated with [[Hydroelectric power in India|hydroelectric project]] development. These activities have drawn criticism from [[Environmentalism|environmental organisations]]. In December 2009, a lone elephant was sighted crossing the National Highway in the region.<ref name="tuskernh">{{cite news |date=8 December 2009 |title=Tusker found crossing NH in Shiradi Ghat stretch |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/40251/tusker-found-crossing-nh-shiradi.html |access-date= |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref name="tuskersighted">{{cite news |last=Belgaumkar |first=Govind |date=15 December 2009 |title=Lone tusker sighted in Shiradi ghats |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/article65670.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116221556/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/article65670.ece |archive-date=16 January 2011 |access-date= |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
The [[National Highway 75 (India)|National Highway 75]] runs through Shiradi. It has been reported to be in poor condition. It was previously upgraded by the [[National Highways Authority of India]] at a cost of {{INR}}260 million.<ref name="260 million">{{cite news |date=19 November 2006 |title=Rs. 26 crore for Shiradi Ghat road |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/19/stories/2006111910210400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521091253/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/19/stories/2006111910210400.htm |archive-date=21 May 2011 |access-date= |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In 2012, the [[Government of Karnataka]] got assistance from the [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA) to construct a tunnel bypass through the Shiradi Ghats.<ref name="boring">{{cite news |date=27 April 2012 |title=Karnataka govt seeks a boring solution to the Shiradi Ghat problem |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_karnataka-govt-seeks-a-boring-solution-to-the-shiradi-ghat-problem_1681306 |access-date= |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 December 2015 |title=Tunnel bypass road project at Shiradi Ghat to begin in a year |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/tunnel-bypass-road-project-at-shiradi-ghat-to-begin-in-a-year/article7993942.ece |access-date= |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> The state government subsequently allocated funds to maintain road accessibility during the [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon season]].<ref name="addfund">{{cite news |date=11 June 2012 |title=More funds promised for Shiradi Ghat road repair |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article3513869.ece |access-date=13 June 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="shipshape">{{cite news |date=10 June 2012 |title=Shirady Ghat will be shipshare during monsoon: CM |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-10/bangalore/32155656_1_cm-dv-sadananda-gowda-laning-dakshina-kannada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103081718/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-10/bangalore/32155656_1_cm-dv-sadananda-gowda-laning-dakshina-kannada |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date= |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Settlements in Dakshina Kannada district}}
{{Mountain passes of India}}

[[Category:Villages in Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Villages in Hassan district]]

{{DakshinaKannada-geo-stub}}

Paramjeet Kaur

2025-11-25T07:02:46Z

Shai0778: small improved references to improve readability and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian athletics competitor (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Paramjeet Kaur
| image=
| imagesize = 120px
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1976|04|02}}
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2000 Asian Athletics Championships|2000 Jakarta]]|[[2000 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4×400 m]]}}
}}
'''Paramjeet Kaur''' (born 2 April 1976, in [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]) is an Indian former athlete. She won a gold medal in the women's 4X400m relay in the [[2000 Asian Athletics Championships]] held in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]. She represented India in the [[Sydney Olympics 2000]]<ref>{{cite news | title=Paramjeet Kaur| url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/paramjit-kaur-1.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418031621/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/paramjit-kaur-1.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=2020-04-18| work =sports-reference.com| access-date = 2014-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Olympic Games: Indian contingent travels to Sydney with a fistful of dreams| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/20000911-olympic-games-indian-contingent-travels-to-sydney-with-a-fistful-of-dreams-778014-2000-09-10| work =[[India Today]]/1/244693.html| access-date = 2014-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Twenty four member team for Sydney Olympics| url= http://www.thehindu.com/2000/09/06/stories/07060756.htm| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181013190654/https://www.thehindu.com/2000/09/06/stories/07060756.htm| url-status= dead| archive-date= 2018-10-13| work =[[The Hindu]]| date=2000-09-06| access-date = 2014-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Indian Contingent announced| url= https://www.rediff.com/sports/2000/aug/26ind.htm| work =[[Rediff]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=India and the Olympics| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=E3ONAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA391 | work = Book "India and the Olympics"| isbn=978-1-135-27575-4 | access-date = 2014-12-29 | last1=Majumdar | first1=Boria | last2=Mehta | first2=Nalin | date=7 May 2009 }}</ref> in the women's 4X400 relay event. She is the first woman athlete from Rajasthan to represent India in Olympics until 2000. She is also the first woman Olympian from the [[Indian Revenue Service]].

Her moment of glory and pride came when she along with [[K. M. Beenamol]], [[Jincy Philips]], and [[Manjula Kuriakose]] broke a 13-year-old national record in the women's 4x400 relay event in the Inter State Senior Athletics Championships held in Chennai. They also clocked the world's sixth fastest time in the long relay in 2000. These quarter milers recorded a time of 3:28.11 sec, smashing the previous national record of 3:31.55 sec set in Rome in 1987 by one of Indian athletics' best relay squads, P.T. Usha, Shiny Abraham, Vandana Shanbagh, and Vandana Rao. Their time was better than the Asian Games record of 3:29.11 sec created by China in Hiroshima.

She was awarded "Best Athlete of the Meet" for various championships during her career including three consecutive years in Inter-University meet.

==Awards and honours==
* Maharana Pratap Award from Government of Rajasthan (1993–97)
* Aravali Award from Maharaja of Udaipur (1993)
* Nahar Sanman Puruskar from Rajasthani Welfare Association (1997)

==Achievements==
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
!colspan="6"|Representing {{IND}}
|-
|2000
|[[2000 Asian Championships in Athletics|Asian Championships]]
|[[Jakarta, Indonesia]]
|bgcolor="Gold" | 1st
|[[Athletics at the 2000 Asian Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]
|3:31.54 '''[[New Asian Championship record|NR]]'''
|-
|2000
|[[Olympic Games]]
|[[Sydney]], Australia
|bgcolor="white" |
|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]
|3:31.46
|-
|1999
|[[South Asian Federation Games]]
|[[Kathmandu, Nepal]]
|bgcolor="Gold" |1st
|[[Athletics at South Asia Federation Games – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|4 × 100 m relay]]
|
|-
|1998
|[[South Asian Athletic Federation]]
|[[Colombo, Sri Lanka]]
|bgcolor="Silver" |2nd
|[[Athletics at South Asian Athletic Federation Championship – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]
|
|-

|rowspan=2|1996
|rowspan=2|[[Asian Junior Athletic Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[New Delhi, India]]
|bgcolor="Gold" | 1st
|[[Asian Junior Athletic Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]
|
|-
|bgcolor="silver" | 2nd
|400 m
|
|-
|rowspan=2|1992
|rowspan=2|[[Singapore Open Track & Field Championship]]
|rowspan=2|[[Singapore]]
|bgcolor="Gold" | 1st
|[[Athletics at the Singapore Open Track & Field – Women's 4x400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]
|
|-
|bgcolor="Silver" | 2nd
|[[Athletics at the Singapore Open Track & Field – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|4 × 100 m relay]]
|
|-
|1992
|[[Asian Junior Athletic Championships]]
|[[New Delhi, India]]
|bgcolor="Gold" |1st
|[[Athletics at Asian Junior Athletic Championship – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]
|3:41.27
|}

==Personal life==
Paramjeet Kaur is married to Vijay Kumar Chaudhary, a sports enthusiast. They have two children, Yash and Mansi.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Paramjeet}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Meerut]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian women middle-distance runners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in athletics]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

Hasratein

2025-11-25T06:07:11Z

Shai0778: add information for accuracy and corrected details based on references

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| alt_name = Desires
| music = [[Sudhir Moghe]]
| director = Ajai Sinha
| starring = [[Hasratein#Cast|See below]]
| opentheme = Hasratein hi hasratein hai aur kya hai
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 4
| num_episodes = 208
| producer = [[Sangeeta Sinha]], [[Raakesh Shah]]
| runtime = 23 minutes (approx.)
| channel = [[Zee TV]]
}}

'''''Hasratein''''' (transl. ''Desires'') is an Indian Hindi-language [[soap opera]] that originally aired on [[Zee TV]] in the mid-1990s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Steamy scene in 'Hasratein' takes serial to top slot |work=India Today |date=11 August 1997 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19970811-steamy-scene-in-hasratein-takes-serial-to-top-slot-831878-1997-08-10 |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Harsh Chhaya's wife Shefali to replace Seema Kapoor in Hasratein |work=India Today |date=25 August 1997 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19970825-harsh-chhayas-wife-shefali-to-replace-seema-kapoor-in-hasratein-831980-1997-08-24 |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Directed by Ajai Sinha and produced by Sangeeta Sinha and Raakesh Shah, the show was based on the Marathi novel ''Adhantari'' by Jaywant Dalvi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hasratein: A 90s TV Show That Portrayed Extra-Marital Affairs Differently |work=ZEE5 |date=23 June 2020 |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/hasratein-a-90s-tv-show-that-portrayed-extra-marital-affairs-differently |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref> The series is currently available for streaming on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hasratein |url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/hasratein/0-6-119 |work=ZEE5 |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref>

The drama became notable for its bold depiction of extra-marital relationships and women’s agency, centering on the character of Savi who leaves her husband to live with another married man while both their spouses are aware of the situation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |title=In India we place women on a pedestal |work=The Indian Express |date=16 June 1998 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980616/16751644.html |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Its success made it one of the most talked-about Indian television dramas of the decade, sparking discussions on marital discord and the evolving roles of women in Indian society.<ref>{{cite news |title=Introductory Presentation by CFAR – WHY Monitor the Media? |url=http://www.mediasouthasia.org/cfarworkshopdelhiforwebsite010604.htm |publisher=CFAR |access-date=25 July 2008 |archive-date=8 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808162639/http://mediasouthasia.org/cfarworkshopdelhiforwebsite010604.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
''Hasratein'' focuses on the complexities of extra-marital relationships. One of the main storylines follows Savi, a woman who leaves her husband and maintains a relationship with another married man, with both their spouses being aware of the situation. Her actions are partly shaped by her childhood, when her mother left her father for another man. The show emphasizes the societal strain placed on marriages in Indian culture, especially the roles expected of women and the dissatisfaction sometimes felt by men.

==Production==
''Hasratein'' was one of the most popular television shows of the mid and late 1990s.<ref>{{cite news |title=In India we place women on a pedestal |work=The Indian Express |date=16 June 1998 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980616/16751644.html |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> According to critic Shubhra Gupta, the serial’s popularity "had made it a catalyst for the discussion of issues of marital discord, in spite of the embarrassment the serial generated for many people."<ref>{{cite web |title=Introductory Presentation by CFAR – WHY Monitor the Media? |url=http://www.mediasouthasia.org/cfarworkshopdelhiforwebsite010604.htm |publisher=CFAR |access-date=25 July 2008 |archive-date=8 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808162639/http://mediasouthasia.org/cfarworkshopdelhiforwebsite010604.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Seema Kapoor played the character of Savi for the first 125 episodes. She was later replaced by Shefali Chhaya (now Shefali Shah), whose performance earned her the Zee Woman of the Year award in 1997.<ref>{{cite news |title=She's dynamite! |work=Rediff |date=5 August 1998 |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/aug/05she.htm |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Seema Kapoor]] as Savi (episodes 45–126)
* [[Shefali Shah]] (credited as Shefali Chhaya) as Savi (episodes 126–209)
* [[Harsh Chhaya]] as Krishnakant Trivedi (KT)
* [[Mrinal Kulkarni]] as Asmita Krishnakant Trivedi
* [[Ajit Vachhani]] as Govind Sahai
* [[Rita Bhaduri]] as Madhvi Sahai
* [[Dharmesh Vyas]] as Professor Shyam Verma
* [[Himani Shivpuri]] as Sulakshana (Savi’s mother)
* [[Neha Pendse]] as Urja, daughter of Savi and KT
* [[Cezanne Khan]] as Yogesh, son of KT and Asmita

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990506/ile06128.html Interview with cast and crew]
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/hasratein/0-6-119 ''Hasratein''] streaming on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

Chandralekha (dancer)

2025-11-10T23:28:20Z

Shai0778: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Indian dancer and choreographer (1928–2006)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox dancer
| name = Chandralekha
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1928|12|06}}
| birth_place = [[Vada, Palghar|Vada]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2006|12|30|1928|12|06}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[India]]
}}

'''Chandralekha Prabhudas Patel''' (6 December 1928 – 30 December 2006), commonly known as '''Chandralekha''', was a dancer and choreographer from [[India]]. The niece of [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], India's first deputy Prime Minister, she was an exponent of performances fusing [[Bharatanatyam]] with [[Yoga]] and martial arts like [[Kalarippayattu]].

She was conferred the highest award of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama, the [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] in 2004.

==Early life and education==
She was born to an [[agnostic]] doctor father and a devout [[Hindu]] mother in [[Vada, Palghar|Vada]], [[Maharashtra]]. She spent her childhood in her native [[Gujarat]] and in Maharashtra.<ref name="Guardian obit">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/feb/09/guardianobituaries.india|title=Chandralekha: Controversial Indian dancer whose ideas challenged convention|date=9 February 2007|work=The Guardian|access-date=30 November 2009 | location=London}}</ref>

==Career==
After completing high school, Chandralekha studied law, but quit her studies midway to learn dance instead. She started with [[Dasi Attam]], a form of dance practiced by temple dancers in southern India, under the tutelage of [[Ellappa Pillai]]. She was also influenced by [[Balasaraswati]] and [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]] in her dance education, but her choreography shows that she was more influenced by the former.<ref name="Guardian obit" /><ref>{{Cite web|orig-date=May 15, 1985|date=March 13, 2014|first1=Sunil |last1=Kothari |first2=Coomi |last2=Kapoor|author-link2=Coomi Kapoor|title=Danseuse-feminist Chandralekha: The doyenne of thinkers in Indian dance|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19850515-danseuse-feminist-chandralekha-the-doyenne-of-thinkers-in-indian-dance-770024-2013-12-09|access-date=2020-11-05|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Although Chandralekha received her early training in [[Bharatanatyam]], she went on to change her focus to postmodern fusion dances that incorporated elements from other dances, martial arts like [[Kalarippayattu]], and performing arts.<ref name="NYT Obit">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/07/arts/07chandralekha.html|title=Chandralekha, 79, Dancer Who Blended Indian Forms, Dies|date=7 January 2007|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=30 November 2009 | first=Jennifer | last=Dunning}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/nypost/access/68457787.html?dids=68457787:68457787&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+21%2C+1998&author=Clive+Barnes&pub=New+York+Post&desc=HANDSOME+%27RAGA%27-BAG+OF+THESES&pqatl=google|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721070127/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/nypost/access/68457787.html?dids=68457787:68457787&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+21,+1998&author=Clive+Barnes&pub=New+York+Post&desc=HANDSOME+'RAGA'-BAG+OF+THESES&pqatl=google|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2012|title=Handsome 'Raga'-Bag of Theses|date=21 November 1998|newspaper=[[New York Post]]|access-date=30 November 2009 | first=Clive | last=Barnes}}</ref> Her essay 'Militant Origins of Indian Dance', originally published in ''Social Scientist'' in 1979,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chandralekha |title=Militant Origins of Indian Dance |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/socialscientist/pager.html?objectid=HN681.S597_98-99_003.gif |journal=Social Scientist |date=1980 |volume=9 |issue=98–99 |pages=80–86 |doi=10.2307/3516927 |jstor=3516927 |via=Digital South Asia Library|url-access=subscription }}</ref> was later reprinted in the volume ''Improvised Futures: Encountering the Body in Performance'', part of the India Since the 90s series published by [[Tulika Books]].

==Awards and recognition==
* 1991: [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]: Creative Dance
* 2003-2004: [[Kalidas Samman]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/10/19/stories/2003101900711100.htm|title='Kalidas Samman' for Chandralekha|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 October 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204084001/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/10/19/stories/2003101900711100.htm|archive-date=4 February 2008|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
* 2004: [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]<ref>{{cite web|title= Sangeet Natak Akademi Ratna Sadasya (Fellowship)|url= http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/fellowslist.htm|publisher= [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]|access-date= 1 December 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110727235210/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/fellowslist.htm|archive-date= 27 July 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Rustom Barucha. ''Chandralekha: Woman, Dance, Resistance.'' Indus. New Delhi: 1995. {{ISBN|81-7223-168-7}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120406070204/http://danceinteractive.jacobspillow.org/dance/chandralekha-group?ref=artist&refcar=%2Fartist%2Fc-d Archive film of Chandralekha performing Yanta in 1994 at Jacob's Pillow]

{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandralekha (Dancer)}}
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Performers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Kalarippayattu practitioners]]
[[Category:Indian female martial artists]]
[[Category:Dancers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]

{{India-dance-stub}}
[[Category:Experiments in Art and Technology collaborating artists]]

Halolli

2025-11-05T09:24:30Z

Shai0778:

{{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Halolli
| other_name = ಕಲ್ಯಾಣ್ ನಗರ
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Ramdurg]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 950
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 800
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Ramdurg
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 50% (approximately)%
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Halolli''' is a village in [[Belgaum district]] in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/ Village Directory], 2001 Census of India</ref>

The [[Malaprabha River|Malaprabha]] river is very near to the village.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Settlements in Belgaum district}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Ramdurg-geo-stub}}

Nirendranath Chakravarty

2025-10-29T02:25:28Z

Shai0778: brief updated article to improve readability and corrected details

{{Short description|Bengali poet (1924–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nirendranath Chakravarty
| image = File:Nirendranath Chakraborty in 2014.jpeg
| caption = Nirendranath in 2012
| native_name = নীরেন্দ্রনাথ চক্রবর্তী
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1924|10|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Faridpur, Bangladesh|Faridpur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in Bangladesh)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|12|25|1924|10|19|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], India
| occupation = Writer, poet, author
| awards = [[Sahitya Academy Award]](1974), [[Banga Bibhushan]] (2017)
}}
'''Nirendranath Chakravarty''' or '''Chakroborty''' ({{IPA|bn|/niɾend̪ɾonat̪ʰ/}}; 19 October 1924 – 25 December 2018) was an Indian Bengali poet, novelist, and essayist.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=2006 |isbn=9788126018031 |volume=1 |pages=613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=শ্রীনীরেন্দ্রনাথ চক্রবর্তী (১৯২৪-২০১৮) |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/eminent-bengali-poet-niendra-nath-chakraborty-dies-at-94-1.921304 |access-date=April 5, 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> He's known for use of expressive clarity and sharp [[diction]] in his poems.<ref name=":1" /> He taught Bengali poetics in books like ''Kobitar Class'', and created the [[List of fictional detectives|fictional detective]] Mr. Bhaduri. In addition, he translated Hergé's ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'' in Bengali. He was long time editor of ''[[Anandamela]],'' a children's magazine.<ref name=":1" /> In 1974, he received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for the poetry collection ''[[Ulanga Raja (poetry collection)|Ulanga Raja]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Binayak |date=2019-01-06 |title=The death of Bengali poet Nirendranath Chakrabarty (1924-2018) ends the era of a gentle colossus |url=https://scroll.in/article/908153/the-death-of-bengali-poet-nirendranath-chakrabarty-1924-2018-ends-the-era-of-a-gentle-colossus |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1974 |title=The Poets |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40871925 |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=177–181 |jstor=40871925 |issn=0091-5637}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1985 |title=Our Contributors |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24158038 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=28 |issue=4 (108) |pages=139–144 |jstor=24158038 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sen |first=Aditya |date=1976 |title=Bengali—a Sense of Alienation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24157246 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=52–64 |jstor=24157246 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

His best-known poems include ''Ulanga Raja'' (The Naked King), ''Kolkatar Jishu'' (The Jesus of Kolkata), and ''Kolghore Chiler Kanna'' (A Hawk’s Wailing in the Bathroom). According to [[Subodh Sarkar]] in ''[[Desh (magazine)|Desh]]'', ''Ulanga Raja'' has entered the [[collective memory]] of Bengalis, alongside Tagore’s "''Africa''" and [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]]'s "''Bidrohi''" ("The Rebel").<ref>{{Cite journal |last=সরকার |first=সুবোধ |date=January 2, 2019 |title=কলম দিয়ে নয়, চাবুক দিয়ে লিখেছেন কবিতা |journal=[[Desh (magazine)|Desh]] |issue=5 |pages=20–22}}</ref> He lived in [[Bangur Avenue]], [[Kolkata]].

== Biography ==
[[File:Pranab Mukherjee with noted Bengali poet Shri Nirendranath Chakraborty after presenting him Sunil Gangopadhyay Memorial Award 2012, at a function, organized by ‘The Bengal’.jpg|thumb|Nirendranath Chakraborty receiving Sunil Gangopadhyay Memorial Award 2012 (Kolkata, 2014)]]
He was born in Faridpur district of undivided Bengal in 1924. After graduating from the [[University of Calcutta]], he started journalism in the daily "Raiyah". He won the [[Sahitya Academy Award]] in 1974 for the book of poems ''Ulanga Raja'' (The Naked King). In 2007, the [[University of Calcutta]] awarded him an honorary Doctor of Literature degree. He participated in the Festival of India in France and the USSR for literature translation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/culture/every-generation-owes-their-love-quotes-to-these-7-legendary-bengali-poets_1971077.html|title=Every generation owes their love quotes to these 7 legendary Bengali poets|website=zeenews.india.com|access-date=7 February 2018}}</ref> Nirendranath wrote several detective novels with [[Bhaduri Moshai]] as the central character and participated in the International Conference of Poets in [[Liège|Liege]] in 1990.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XSirCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT57|title=QuijjhoTika: A Quiz Book|author=Prabirendra Chattopadhyay|publisher=Sristisukh Prokashan LLP|isbn=978-1-63415-360-7|page=57|access-date=7 February 2018}}</ref> He was the president of [[Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi]].

==Notable works==
===Poetry collections===
*Neel Nirjan, 1954
*Andhokar Baranda, 1961
*Prothom Nayok, 1961
*Nirokto Karabi, 1965
*kobitar bodole kobita, 1976
*Somoy borho kom, 1984
*Jabotiyo Valobasi, 1987
*{{transliteration|bn|italic=no|Ghumiye porar aage}}
*Ghumiye porar age, 1987
*Cholliser dinguli, 1994
*Shotyo Shelukash, 1995
*Onno Gopal, 1999
*Bhalobasa Mondobasha, 2003
*Shrestho Kobita
*Kobita Samagro 1
*Kobita Samagro 2

===Juvenile literature===
*Saada Bagh
*Bibir Chora
*Baaro Maser Chora
*Pitri Purush
*Amalkanti(baje poem)

===Some of his popular poems are-===
*Amalkanti Roddur Hotay Cheyachilo
*Kolkatar Jisu, 1969
*[[The Emperor's New Clothes|Ulanga Raja]], 1971
*Pahari bichhe

=== His popular Translation-===
He also translated [[Hergé]]'s [[The Adventures of Tintin]] in Bengali.

==Death==
Nirendranath had long suffered from age-related ailments,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-26 |title=Nirendranath Chakraborty dead at 94 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/nirendranath-chakraborty-dead-at-94-5509451/ |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> including respiratory issues. On 25 December 2018, at 12:25 p.m.,<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2018-12-25 |title=Bengali poet Nirendranath Chakraborty dead |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/bengali-poet-nirendranath-chakraborty-dead/article25826797.ece |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> he died following a [[cardiac arrest]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=2018-12-25 |title=Bengali writer Nirendranath Chakrabarty passes away |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bengali-writer-nirendranath-chakrabarty-passes-away-118122500395_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128200901/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bengali-writer-nirendranath-chakrabarty-passes-away-118122500395_1.html |archive-date=2023-01-28 |access-date=2025-04-06 |work=[[Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref> at a private hospital in [[Mukundapur, Kolkata|Mukundapur]]. He was 94.<ref>{{Cite news |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=রোদ্দুর হয়ে গেলেন অমলকান্তির কবি নীরেন্দ্রনাথ (১৯২৪-২০১৮) |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/bengali-poet-nirendranath-chakraborty-passes-away-dgtl-1.920462 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009074417/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/bengali-poet-nirendranath-chakraborty-passes-away-dgtl-1.920462 |archive-date=2024-10-09 |access-date=2025-04-06 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/poet-nirendranath-chakravarty-is-no-more_238115.html|title=প্রয়াত কবি নীরেন্দ্রনাথ চক্রবর্তী|date=25 December 2018|website=[[Zee 24 Ghanta]]|language=bn|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref>

His body was placed at [[Rabindra Sadan]] for public tribute, then brought to his [[Bangur Avenue]] residence. He was cremated with full state honours at [[Nimtala Crematorium|Nimtala Burning Ghat]].<ref name=":0" />

==Awards==
*[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1974 for Ulongo Raja
*''Ananda Purashkar '' in 1974 for Ulongo Raja
*Received a literary scholarship to Brussels in 1989
*The [[University of Calcutta]] awarded him an honorary Doctor of Literature degree In 2007

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{SahityaAkademiFellowship}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakravarty, Nirendranath}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali detective fiction writers]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali]]
[[Category:St. Paul's Cathedral Mission College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]

Thiruvananthapuram–Veraval Express

2025-10-17T17:26:54Z

Shai0778:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Thiruvananthapuram–Veraval Express
| image= Thiruvananthapuram Veraval Express.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1984|01|26}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram Central}} (TVC)
| stops = 57
| end = {{stnlnk|Veraval Junction}} (VRL)
| distance = {{convert|2709|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 49 hours 00 minutes as 16334 Thiruvananthapuram Central–Veraval Junction Express, 46 hours 40 minutes as 16333 Veraval Junction–Thiruvananthapuram Central Express.
| frequency = Weekly. 16334 Thiruvananthapuram Central–Veraval Junction Express – Monday. 16333 Veraval Junction–Thiruvananthapuram Central Express – Thursday.
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Unreserved/General]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = [[Pantry car]] attached
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 16333 / 16334
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum {{convert|56.67|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 16333/34 '''Thiruvananthapuram–Veraval Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram Central}} and {{stnlnk|Veraval Junction}} in India.

It operates as train number 16333 from Veraval Junction to Thiruvananthapuram Central and as train number 16334 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], [[Goa]], [[Maharashtra]] & [[Gujarat]].

Originally the train began operations in 1984 as Ahmedabad–Trivandrum Express which later on was extended to Rajkot as Trivandrum–Rajkot Express. Now this train has been extended up to Veraval. Since 25 July, this train runs with LHB coach.

==Coach composition==

The train has [[LHB coach]] with max speed of {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. The train consists of 22 coaches:

* 2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]]
* 7 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]]
* 6 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper class]]
* 1 [[Pantry car]]
* 4 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Unreserved/General]]
* 2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Seating cum Luggage Rake]]

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

*16333/Veraval–Thiruvananthapuram Express has average speed of {{convert|58.05|km/h|0|abbr=on}} and covers {{convert|2709|km|0|abbr=on}} in 46 hrs 40 mins.
*16334/Thiruvananthapuram–Veraval Express has average speed of {{convert|55.29|km/h|0|abbr=on}} and covers {{convert|2709|km|0|abbr=on}} in 49 hrs 00 mins.

Despite the average speed of the train being higher than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare doesn't includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Routes==

Originally as Trivandrum Rajkot Express train ran on routes via Palakkad–Krishnarajapuram–Guntakal–Solapur–Pune–Vasai–Vadodara. In the early 1990s with opening the Konkan Railway the train routes were changed. Now the 16333/34 Thiruvananthapuram–Veraval Express runs from Thiruvananthapuram Central via {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}},
{{stnlnk|Tiruvalla}},
{{stnlnk|Kottayam}},
{{stnlnk|Ernakulam Town}}, {{stnlnk|Shoranur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Mangalore Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Madgaon Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ratnagiri}}, {{stnlnk|Panvel}}, {{stnlnk|Vasai Road}},{{stnlnk|Valsad}}, {{stnlnk|Navsari}}, {{stnlnk|Surat}}, {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Rajkot Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Junagadh Junction}} to Veraval Junction and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 12697/12698 [[Chennai–Thiruvananthapuram Superfast Express]].

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] or [[WAP-7]] from Thiruvananthapuram Central to {{stnlnk|Veraval Junction}} and vice versa.

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in|title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry|publisher=indianrail.gov.in|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-05-30}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/veraval-express-to-leave-today/article5212400.ece|title=Veraval Express to leave today|accessdate=2014-05-30|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2013-10-07}}
*{{cite web|url=http://asianetindia.com/thiruvananthapuram-veravel-express-rescheduled/|title=Thiruvananthapuram–Veraval express rescheduled|publisher=asianetindia.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.railnews.co.in/haj-pilgrims-railways-facilitate-temporary-stoppage-for-trains-at-feroke-station/|title=Haj Pilgrims: Railways facilitate temporary stoppage for trains at Feroke Station | RailNews|publisher=railnews.co.in|accessdate=2014-05-30}}

{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}
{{Express trains running through Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thiruvananthapuram-Veraval Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Veraval]]
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Goa]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1984]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Handball Association of Maharashtra

2025-09-23T03:50:45Z

Shai0778:

{{Short description|Handball governing body in Maharashtra}}

'''Handball Association of Maharashtra''' ('''HAM''', '''हैंडबाल एसोसिएशन ऑफ महाराष्ट्र''') is the governing body for [[handball]] in [[Maharashtra]]. The organisation is an affiliated member of the [[Handball Association of India]]
(HAI). HAM started the first ever handball league in [[India]], known as the [[Maha Handball Super League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatoday.in/story/handball-association-to-launch-msl/1/578169.html |title=Handball Association of Maharashtra to launch Handball League in India for promotion of Handball |date= 23 January 2016|work=www.Indiatoday.in }}</ref>

==HAM tournaments==
===State===
*[[Maharashtra Senior Men's State Handball Championship]]
*[[Maharashtra Senior Women's State Handball Championship]]
*[[Maharashtra Junior Boy's State Handball Championship]]
*[[Maharashtra Junior Girl's State Handball Championship]]
*[[Maharashtra Sub-Junior Boy's State Handball Championship]]
*[[Maharashtra Sub-Junior Girl's State Handball Championship]]

===Club===
*[[Maha Handball Super League]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160310101645/http://maharashtrahandball.com/ Official website (archived)]

{{Affiliated members of the Handball Federation of India}}

[[Category:Handball in India]]
[[Category:Handball governing bodies in India|Maharashtra]]

Gold Award for Debut in a Lead Role (Female)

2025-09-21T06:24:17Z

Shai0778: Put up.

{{short description|Annual Indian television awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Gold Awards|Gold Award]] for Best Debut in a Lead Role (Female)
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Reem Shaikh at Gul Makai Premiere.png
| photo1b = Avneet Kaur at Tiku Weds Sheru wrap up party.jpg
| spacing = 2
| position = centre
| size = 280
| border = 0
| color = #FFFFFF
| foot_montage =
}}
| image_upright =
| caption = The 2019 recipient: [[Reem Shaikh]] and [[Avneet Kaur]]
| awarded_for = Best Performance by a Debut Female Actor in a Lead Role on Television
| presenter = White Leaf Entertainment
| country = [[India]]
| year = 2007 (for performances in TV shows in [[2006 in television|2006]])
| holder =
* [[Reem Shaikh]] for ''[[Tujhse Hai Raabta]]'' and
* [[Avneet Kaur]] for ''[[Aladdin - Naam Toh Suna Hoga]]''
| website = [https://www.goldawards.in/ Gold Awards]
}}

'''Gold Award for Best Debut Actor in a Lead Role - Female''' is an [[award]] given as part of its annual [[Gold Awards]] for TV serials, to recognize a debut actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role.

==List of winners==
===2000s===
*'''2007''' '''[[Divyanka Tripathi]]''' - '''''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]''''' as '''Vidya Sagar Singh'''
**[[Twinkle Bajpai]] - ''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyaan]]'' as Lakshmi
**[[Pallavi Subhash]] - ''[[Karam Apnaa Apnaa]]'' as Gauri Shiv Kapoor
**[[Shalini Chandran]] - ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Ki]]'' as Maithili
**[[Suhasi Goradia Dhami]] - ''Aek Chabhi Hai Padoss Mein'' as Urmi
**[[Shubhangi Atre Poorey]] - ''[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]]'' as Kasturi
*'''2008''' '''[[Parul Chauhan]]''' - '''''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]''''' as '''Ragini'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-01-03|title=Boroplus Gold Awards on Zee TV - Sunday, 4th January 2008 at 8.00 P.M|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/boroplus-gold-awards-zee-tv/|access-date=2022-02-25|website=Indiantvinfo.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
**[[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]] - ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]'' as Sadhna
**[[Parul Chauhan]] - ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]'' as Ragini
**[[Additi Gupta]] - ''[[Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil]]'' as Heer
**[[Abigail Jain]] - ''[[Kya Dill Mein Hai]]'' as Kakoon
**[[Avika Gor]] - ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' as Anandi
*'''2009''' '''Not Awarded'''

=== 2010s===
*'''2010''' '''[[Ankita Lokhande]]''' - '''''[[Pavitra Rishta]]''''' as '''Archana Manav Deshmukh'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Divyanka Tripathi at the ' 2010 Boro Plus Gold Awards' in Mumbai|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/awards-and-honours/boro-plus-gold-awards-10/articleshow/6070450.cms|access-date=2022-02-25|website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
**[[Smriti Kalra]] - ''[[12/24 Karol Bagh]]'' as Simran
**[[Neha Jhulka]] - ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]'' as Dr. Naina Mehta
**[[Rubina Dilaik]] - ''[[Choti Bahu]]'' as Radhika
**[[Shivshakti Sachdev]] - ''[[Sabki Laadli Bebo]]'' as Bebo
*'''2011''' '''[[Pratyusha Banerjee]]''' - '''''[[Balika Vadhu]]''''' as '''Anandi Jagdish Singh'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/336764/photos-4th-boroplus-gold-awards-2011 |title=4th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2011 |access-date=2019-11-09 |archive-date=2018-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911083719/http://www.gomolo.com/336764/photos-4th-boroplus-gold-awards-2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=indiantelevisionawards|url=https://indiantelevisionawards.webs.com/|access-date=2022-02-25|website=indiantelevisionawards}}</ref>
**[[Anupriya Kapoor]] - ''[[Tere Liye (TV series)|Tere Liye]]'' as Taani Banerjee
**[[Neha Sargam]] - ''[[Chand Chupa Badal Mein]]'' as Nivedita
**[[Giaa Manek]] - ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]'' as Gopi Aham Modi
**[[Rucha Hasabnis]] - ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]'' as Rashi Jigar Modi
*'''2012''' '''[[Deepika Singh]]''' - '''''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''''' as '''Sandhya Sooraj Rathi'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiascanner.com/5th-boroplus-gold-awards-2012-winners-71716 |title=Ram Kapoor, Sakshi Tanwar, Samir Soni wins top awards at 5th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2012 |access-date=2019-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707115758/http://indiascanner.com/5th-boroplus-gold-awards-2012-winners-71716 |archive-date=2018-07-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
**[[Aakanksha Singh]] - ''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha]]'' as Megha Mohan Bhatnagar
**[[Mitali Nag]] - ''[[Afsar Bitiya]]'' as Krishna Raj
**[[Aishwarya Sakhuja]] - ''[[Saas Bina Sasural]]'' as Tanya Tej Prakash Chaturvedi (Toasty)
**[[Soumya Seth]] - ''[[Navya (TV series)|Navya]]'' as Navya Anant Bajpai
**[[Kirti Nagpure]] - ''[[Parichay (TV series)|Parichay—Nayee Zindagi Kay Sapno Ka]]'' as Siddhi Kunal Chopra
*'''2013''' '''[[Surbhi Jyoti]]''' - '''''[[Qubool Hai]]''''' as '''Zoya Siddiqui'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Narayan|first=Girija|date=2013-07-22|title=Photos: 2013 Boroplus Gold Awards Winners List!|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2013/2013-boroplus-gold-awards-2013-winners-list-115204.html|access-date=2022-02-25|website=filmibeat.com|language=en}}</ref>
**[[Disha Parmar]] - ''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]]'' as Pankhuri Aditya Kumar
**[[Ekta Kaul]] - ''[[Rab Se Sohna Isshq]]'' as Sahiba Ranveer Singh
**[[Roopal Tyagi]] - ''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]'' as Gunjan
**[[Shamin Mannan]] - ''[[Sanskaar – Dharohar Apnon Ki]]'' as Bhoomi Jaikishan Vaishnav
*'''2014''' '''[[Paridhi Sharma]]''' - '''''[[Jodha Akbar (TV series)|Jodha Akbar]]''''' as '''[[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Jodha]]''' (tied with) '''[[Preetika Rao]]''' - '''''[[Beintehaa]]''''' as '''Aaliya Zain Abdullah'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Narayan|first=Girija|date=2014-05-20|title=Zee Gold Awards 2014 Complete List Of Winners|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/zee-gold-awards-2014-list-of-winners-list-jodha-akbar-beintehaa-diya-baati-140309.html|access-date=2022-02-25|website=filmibeat.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ZEE5 - Watch TV Shows, 100+ Originals, Movies, News & Live TV Online|url=https://www.zee5.com/global|access-date=2022-02-25|website=ZEE5|language=en}}</ref>
**[[Pooja Sharma (Indian actress)|Pooja Sharma]] - ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' as [[Draupadi]]
**[[Digangana Suryavanshi]] - ''[[Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera]]'' as Veera
**[[Farnaz Shetty]] - ''[[Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera]]'' as Gunjan
**[[Harshita Gaur]] - ''[[Sadda Haq (TV series)|Sadda Haq]]'' as Sanyukta Agarwal
*'''2015''' '''[[Radhika Madan]]''' - '''''[[Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi]]''''' as '''Ishani Ranveer Waghela'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Narayan|first=Girija|date=2015-06-05|title=Gold Awards 2015 Winners List: Karan Patel, Divyanka, Karanvir, Surbhi, Gautam Gulati Win!|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2015/gold-awards-2015-winners-list-kaan-patel-divyanka-karanir-gautam-gulati-surbhi-photos-185737.html|access-date=2022-02-25|website=filmibeat.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Prarthna|date=2015-06-22|title=Zee Gold Awards 2015 Highlights, Complete Winners' List: 'Yeh Hai Mohabbatein' Bags Most Honours; Karan-Divyanka's Romance Steals the Show|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zee-gold-awards-2015-highlights-complete-winners-list-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-bags-most-honours-636621|access-date=2022-02-25|website=IBTimes India|language=en}}</ref>
*'''2016''' '''[[Jasmin Bhasin]]''' - '''''[[Tashan-e-Ishq]]''''' as '''Twinkle''' (tied with) '''[[Ridhima Pandit]]''' - '''''[[Bahu Hamari Rajni Kant]]''''' as '''Rajni'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winner List: Gold Awards 2016|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/winner-list-gold-awards-2016-160610|access-date=2022-02-25|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-10|title=Gold Awards 2016: Check Out Complete List Of Winners - Filmibeat|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2016/gold-awards-2016-naagin-yhm-yrkkh-shine-complete-winners-list-pics-229563.html|access-date=2022-02-25|website=www.filmibeat.com|language=en}}</ref>
*'''2017''' '''[[Shivangi Joshi]]''' - '''''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''''' as '''Naira Singhania'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gold Awards 2017: Complete winners list and red carpet pictures|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/gold-awards-2017-complete-winners-list-and-red-carpet-pictures|access-date=2022-02-25|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Baddhan|first=Raj|date=2017-07-05|title=ZEE Gold Awards 2017: Winners list|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-gold-awards-2017-winners-list/|access-date=2022-02-25|website=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Brit, Events and Music|language=en-GB}}</ref>
*'''2018''' '''[[Jannat Zubair Rahmani]]''' - '''''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''''' as '''Pankti''' (tied with) '''Bhumika Gurung''' - '''''[[Nimki Mukhiya]]''''' as '''Nimki'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Correspondent|first=BizAsia|date=2018-06-19|title=ZEE Gold Awards 2018: Winners list|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-gold-awards-2018-winners-list/|access-date=2022-02-25|website=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Brit, Events and Music|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=In Pics: Zee Gold Awards 2018 Full Winners List: Jennifer Winget, Nakuul Mehta, Mouni Roy walk away with the trophies|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-in-pics-zee-gold-awards-2018-full-winners-list-jennifer-winget-nakuul-mehta-mouni-roy-walk-away-with-the-trophies-2627274/amp|access-date=2022-02-25|website=www.dnaindia.com}}</ref>
*'''2019 [[Avneet Kaur]] - ''[[Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga|Aladdin - Naam Toh Suna Hoga]]''''' as '''Princess Yasmine''' (tied with) '''[[Reem Shaikh]]''' - '''''[[Tujhse Hai Raabta]]''''' as '''Kalyani'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 November 2019|title=Best Debutante Female - Gold Awards 2019 - ZEE5|url=https://www.zee5.com/global/tvshows/details/gold-awards-2019/0-6-2183/gold-awards-2019/0-1-290302|access-date=|website=ZEE5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Correspondent|first=BizAsia|date=2019-10-11|title=Gold Awards 2019: Winners list|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/gold-awards-2019-winners-list/|access-date=2022-02-25|website=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Brit, Events and Music|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Best Debut Actress in a Lead Role}}
[[Category:Gold Awards]]
[[Category:Film awards for debut actress|Gold Award]]

Panar

2025-09-18T19:49:42Z

Shai0778: brief enhance layout per standard format also and added references to improve readability

{{Other uses}}
{{ethnic group|
|group= Panar
|popplace = • India • Pakistan
|langs = • [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] • [[Hindi language|Hindi]] • [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|rels= Islam
|related=
}}

The '''Panar''' are a Muslim community{{Clarify|reason=What is it that makes them a distinct community among all the other Muslim communities of Gujarat. Is Panar the name of a caste/tribe/clan/sub-clan? Are they distinct on account of the language they use? Is it that they have a particular vocation? Or something else?|date=September 2025}} found in the state of [[Gujarat]] in India.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

==References==

{{reflist}}
{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

The Indian Ladies' Magazine

2025-09-09T19:41:12Z

Shai0778: adding first pg from scratch

{{Short description|Indian women's periodical }}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

'''''The Indian Ladies' Magazine''''', established by [[Kamala Satthianadhan]] in 1901 in [[Madras]], was the first English-language Indian women's magazine created and edited by a woman.<ref name="Mobeen">{{cite journal |last1=Hussain |first1=Mobeen |title=The Indian Ladies' Magazine, 1901–1938: From Raj to Swaraj |journal=Women's History Review |date=2019 |volume=28 |issue=1 |page=178 |doi=10.1080/09612025.2018.1539633}}</ref> Satthianadhan was encouraged by her husband, Dr. [[Samuel Satthianadhan]], a prominent educationist and reformer, to start a journal for women at the dawn of the twentieth century.<ref name=":0" />

The magazine appeared in two publishing phases: monthly from 1901 to 1918, and bimonthly from 1927 to 1938.<ref name="Mobeen" /> A hiatus occurred between these two periods due to financial and personal circumstances that prevented Satthianadhan from continuing publication.<ref name="Puri">{{cite journal |last1=Puri |first1=T. K. |title=Kamala Satthianadhan and The Indian Ladies' Magazine: Women's Editorship and Transnational Print Networks in Late Colonial India |journal=Victorian Periodicals Review |date=2023 |volume=55 |issue=3–4 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1353/vpr.2022.0028 |hdl=1983/7f92cf7a-0d6c-4edd-8b25-0385b5bde1e4 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> During the second phase, Satthianadhan's daughter, [[Padmini Satthianadhan Sengupta]], served as Assistant Editor and played a significant role in managing the publication.<ref name="Logan2024">{{cite book |last=Logan |first=Deborah |chapter=Indian Women's Pre-Independence Periodicals in English: ''The Indian Ladies' Magazine'', ''Stri-Dharma'' and the Indian New Woman |title=The Edinburgh Companion to British Colonial Periodicals |editor1-last=Finkelstein |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Johnson |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Davis |editor3-first=Caroline |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |date=2024 |doi=10.1515/9781399500647 |isbn=978-1-3995-0064-7}}</ref>{{rp|231}}

The magazine promoted dialogue on religion, gender, society, and culture, emphasising cooperation rather than political divisiveness. It provided a platform to examine women's roles in both private and public spheres, as well as their progress in society, at a time when colonial norms and patriarchal ideas of gender were increasingly being questioned.<ref name="Puri" />{{rp|1}}

== Readership and reception ==
The magazine primarily catered to English-educated South Asian women.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mukhopadhyay |first1=Priyasha |title=Required Reading: The Life of Everyday Texts in the British Empire |date=2024 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-26154-6 |page=129}}</ref> Subscriptions in India, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and Burma (now Myanmar) were priced at ₹4, while it was available in the United States for $1.50 and in Britain for 6 shillings.<ref name="Logan2024"></ref>{{rp|231}} To reach a wider readership and to make the contents more accessible to women unfamiliar with English, the magazine included a section in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and also facilitated translations into vernacular languages such as [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Malayalam]].

The magazine received a favourable response at its inception and was noted positively in press reviews by publications such as the ''Bombay Guardian'', ''[[The Daily Telegraph|Daily Telegraph]]'', ''The Indian Daily News'', and the ''[[The Madras Standard|Madras Standard]]''.<ref name="Deborah">{{cite book |last1=Logan |first1=Deborah |title=The Indian Ladies' Magazine, 1901–1938: From Raj to Swaraj |date=2017 |publisher=Lehigh University Press |isbn=9781611462227}}</ref>{{rp|247–251}} ''The London Times'' described it as "bright and interesting," while ''The Voice of India'' considered it a "valuable accession" to Indian journalism.<ref name="Deborah" />{{rp|247–251}} However, its finances were affected by the economic strains of the First World War and the approach of the Second World War. In 1915, Kamala Satthianadhan appealed to readers through the magazine to secure new subscriptions, presenting it as an important medium for advancing the cause of Indian women.<ref name="Deborah" />{{rp|242}} She also organised a concert at [[Victoria Public Hall|Victoria Hall]] to raise funds both for the war effort and to sustain the ''Indian Ladies' Magazine''.

Shifts in readership preferences and a changing socio-political climate also affected the magazine’s relevance. When it first ceased publication, new and more politically conscious journals such as ''[[Stri-Dharma]]'' emerged, moving away from the image of the genteel woman and fostering that of the socially responsible modern woman.<ref name="Deborah" />{{rp|18}} The declining influence of the ''Indian Ladies' Magazine'' was reflected in its subscriber base during its second run. While the magazine ''Camd'' recorded an average of 15,000 subscribers in [[1930]], the ''Indian Ladies' Magazine'' had only about 300.<ref name="Deborah" />{{rp|33}}

== Contents ==
The magazine addressed Indian concerns on subjects such as women's work, education, and the upbringing of children. It published original creative writing in the form of poetry, short plays, and serial fiction, along with instructive articles on needlework, cooking, and health remedies.{{r|Logan2024|p=232}} Regular columns included fashion advice, reviews, news, and discussions on moral and ethical issues.{{r|Logan2024|p=232}} The column "Ourselves" outlined the magazine's self-representation and editorial policy.<ref name="Deborah" />{{rp|xvii}}

Articles also profiled pioneering women such as [[Pandita Ramabai]], [[Cornelia Sorabji]], [[Josephine Butler]], and [[Helen Keller]], presenting them as role models for readers. Proceedings of women's conferences, lectures, and congress speeches were published to promote public speaking skills, which were considered an important aspect of women's development.{{r|Logan2024|p=232}}
[[File:Indian Ladies Magazine.jpg|center|thumb|519x519px|Contents page of the ''Indian Ladies' Magazine'', August 1901]]
To generate financial support, the magazine carried advertisements for Indian-made products and businesses in its front and back sections, aligning with the [[Swadeshi movement]]'s promotion of local goods. Frequent advertisements included Robina Hair Oil, [[Amrutanjan (balm)|Amrutanjan]] balm, Silk Pitamber Co. Benarasi saris, Batliwala's tonic pills, and Ayurvedic medicines marketed as solutions to women's health concerns.<ref>{{cite journal |date=1917 |editor-last=Satthianadhan |editor-first=Kamala |title=The Indian Ladies' Magazine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.24284990 |journal=The Indian Ladies' Magazine |language=English |volume=16 |issue=6 |jstor=saoa.crl.24284990 |last1=Satthianadhan |first1=Kamala}}</ref>

== Contributors ==
The contributors to the magazine were largely women, with both Indian and Anglo writers represented in significant numbers. The publication sought to provide a platform for both established authors and "young inexperienced writers".<ref name="Deborah" />{{rp|63}} It also offered women the opportunity to write and publish anonymously, meeting a widespread aspiration of the time.

=== Notable writers ===
Among the prominent women who contributed to the magazine were political activist and poet [[Sarojini Naidu]], whose early poems were first published in the ''Indian Ladies' Magazine''; social reformer [[Begum Rokeya|Begum Rokeya Hossain]], whose story ''[[Sultana's Dream]]'', published in [[1905]], remains one of the most recognised works of [[utopian and dystopian fiction]]; and author [[Atiya Fyzee|Atiya Fyzee-Rahmin]], who wrote under the pseudonym "Shahinda" and represented the Muslim socialite voice of the magazine.<ref name="Deborah" />

== Critique ==
During its second run, the magazine was criticised for not sufficiently engaging with women's political activities, for giving limited attention to the events of the national movement, and for attempting to balance the interests of the [[British Raj|Raj]] and ''[[Swaraj]]''. In response, Satthianadhan defended her position in the "Ourselves" column in 1930, arguing that other journals already focused on women's political participation, while her magazine concentrated on the broader aspects of women's development and their inward progress, which she considered equally significant.<ref name="Deborah" />{{rp|xxiii}}

Satthianadhan also expressed certain conservative views, such as her belief that a woman's proper sphere was the home, a perspective reflected in several of her writings for the magazine.<ref name="Deborah" />{{rp|xvii}} [[Sarojini Naidu]], once a close associate of Satthianadhan, distanced herself from the magazine during its second run, partly due to its limited political engagement.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Padmini |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.96595/page/n62/mode/1up?q=naidu |title=The Portrait of an Indian Woman |date=1956}}</ref>{{rp|42}}

== References ==
<references />
__FORCETOC__

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Ladies' Magazine}}
[[Category:Women's magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Indian popular culture]]
[[Category:1901 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1901]]
[[Category:English-language magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Defunct women's magazines]]
[[Category:Mass media in Chennai]]
[[Category:1938 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Magazines disestablished in 1938]]
[[Category:Defunct magazines published in India]]

Bal Krishna Kaul

2025-08-15T17:02:46Z

Shai0778: creating a entry and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician (1903–1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''Bal Krishna Kaul''' (18 June 1903 – 1979) was an Indian politician, an [[Indian National Congress]] worker, and an active participant of the struggle for Indian independence. He spent almost six years in jails during the struggle against British rule in India. After independence, he served as the Home and Finance Minister of [[Ajmer State]] 1952–1956 and later as Finance, Excise and Taxation Minister in the [[Rajasthan]] state government 1962–1967. He was a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] (upper chamber of the [[Parliament of India]]) 1968–1974.

==Childhood==
Kaul was born in [[Moradabad]] on 18 June 1903.<ref name=rsbio/><ref name=glance/><ref name=rswho71/> Kaul was the son of Iqbal Krishna Kaul.<ref name=rsbio/><ref name=rswho71/>

==Political work in UP, Punjab and Ajmer==
Bal Krishna Kaul entered politics in 1920, becoming a disciple of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]].<ref name=who2/><ref name=rswho71/> He was politically active in [[Ferozpur]], in the organization led by Mahatma Nandgopal.<ref name=who2/> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], in his capacity as [[Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee|UPCC]] general secretary, requested Kaul move to the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]].<ref name=who2/> In December 1921 Kaul was arrested at [[Sikandrabad]].<ref name=who2/> He would spend more than a year in jail, being held in [[Bulandshahar]], [[Aligarh]], [[Agra]] and [[Lucknow]].<ref name=who2/> He went on hunger strike in jail for 22 days.<ref name=rswho71/> After his release from jail, he was an active [[Indian National Congress]] worker in [[Allahabad]] and [[Meerut]].<ref name=who2>''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Rajasthan_Year_Book_Who_s_who/PoceAQAAIAAJ Rajasthan Year Book & Who's who, Vol. 8]''. 1969. p. 9</ref> Kaul studied up to [[Bachelor of Arts]] in [[Meerut]].<ref name=glance/><ref>Sir Stanley Reed. ''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=G5AjAQAAMAAJ Indian and Pakistan Year Book and Who's who]''. Times of India Press, 1956. p. 1052</ref>

Kaul moved to [[Ajmer]] in 1930.<ref name=who2/><ref name=rswho71/> There he was employed at the Branch Manager of the Lakshmi Insurance Company Ltd.<ref name=who2/><ref name=rswho71/> Kaul was imprisoned during the [[Salt March|1930–1931 civil disobedience movement]].<ref name=who2/> He was a member of the [[All India Congress Committee]] (1930–1941) and the Rajputana and Central India Provincial Congress Committee.<ref name=who2/> He married Vishnumaya Kaul on 24 January 1935, the couple would go on to have two sons and two daughters.<ref name=rsbio/><ref name=rswho71/>

==Satyagraha, Quit India movement and years in jail==
In 1940, he undertook individual [[satyagraha]], the first Congress leader in Ajmer to do so.<ref name=who2/> He was arrested.<ref name=glance/> He was again arrested during the [[Quit India]] movement of 1942, and held at Ajmer Jail for nearly 3 years (bringing his total time in jails to around six years).<ref name=who2/><ref name=rswho71/> Kaul was sentenced to three months of hard labour for non-compliance with the rule for getting finger prints of political prisoners.<ref name=rswho71/> In protest, he undertook a hunger strike.<ref name=kssa>{{cite book | first=K. S. | last=Saxena | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUoMAAAAIAAJ | title=The Political Movements and Awakening in Rajasthan, 1857 to 1947 | publisher=S. Chand | date=1971 | page=235}}</ref> The Chief Commissioner, Ajmer refused Kaul's wife permission to see her husband during the hunger strike.<ref name=kssa/> After 22 days Kaul abandoned the hunger strike at the advice of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], after which the authorities allowed his wife and family members to see him.<ref name=who2/>

In 1945, Kaul was elected as a member of the Ajmer Municipal Board.<ref name=who3/><ref name=rswho71/> He was nominated to serve on the Advisory Committee of the Chief Commissioner of Ajmer 1946–1947.<ref name=glance/><ref name=rswho71/> Kaul was a member of the Ajmer Provincial Congress Committee.<ref name=glance/> In 1950, he became a member of the [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]] Local Advisory Committee.<ref name=glance/>

==Ajmer State minister==
He was elected to the [[Ajmer Legislative Assembly]] from the Ajmer-II (East) constituency in the [[1952 Ajmer Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=who3/><ref name=rsbio/><ref name=glance/> He obtained 5,251 votes, standing as one of the Indian National Congress candidates for the two-member seat.<ref name="AjmerECI1951">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_AJMER.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Ajmer |publisher= [[Election Commission of India]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150504034157/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_AJMER.pdf |access-date= 16 June 2025|archive-date= 4 May 2015 }}</ref> Kaul served as the Home and Finance Minister of Ajmer State, until the merger of Ajmer State with [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=who3/><ref name=rsbio/> He also held the ministerial portfolios of Planning and Development, Public Works, Excise and Registration and Stamps in the Ajmer State government.<ref name=glance>{{cite book | first1=T. V. | last1=Rama Rao | first2=G. D. | last2=Binani | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2b9NOnb8WigC | title=India at a Glance: A Comprehensive Reference Book on India | publisher=Orient Longmans | date=1954 | page=578}}</ref>

==In Rajasthan politics==
Kaul contested the Ajmer City East seat in the [[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]. He was defeated by independent candidate Mahendra Singh, finishing in second place with 8,211 votes (31.89%).<ref name="RajasthanECI1957">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Rajasthan_1957.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan |publisher= [[Election Commission of India]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150509072325/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Rajasthan_1957.pdf |access-date= 16 June 2025|archive-date= 9 May 2015 }}</ref> In 1957–1958 he led protests for Ajmer employees (arguing that former Ajmer State employees were discriminated against in the integration in to the Rajasthan state bureaucracy), and on 1 October 1958 he initiated conducted a 15-day hunger strike.<ref name=who3/><ref name=rswho71/><ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=TOYmAQAAIAAJ Civic Affairs, November 1958]''. C. Kapoor at the Citizen Press, 1958. p. 45</ref> Kaul was elected to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the 1962 election, obtaining 22,961 votes (68.14%) in Ajmer City East.<ref name=rsbio/><ref name="RajasthanECI1962">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Rajasthan_1962.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan |publisher= [[Election Commission of India]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150508184900/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Rajasthan_1962.pdf |access-date= 16 June 2025|archive-date= 8 May 2015 }}</ref> Subsequently he was named Finance, Excise and Taxation Minister in the Rajasthan state government.<ref name=who3/><ref name=rsbio/> Kaul contested the [[Nasirabad Assembly constituency|Nasirabad seat]] in the [[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], finishing in second place with 11,774 votes (35.21%).<ref name="RajasthanECI1967">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Rajasthan%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan |publisher= [[Election Commission of India]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150428144412/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Rajasthan%201967.pdf |access-date= 16 June 2025|archive-date= 28 April 2015 }}</ref>

==Rajya Sabha parliamentarian==
In September 1968, he was [[1968 Rajya Sabha elections|elected to the Rajya Sabha]].<ref name=who3>{{cite book | first=Milap Chand | last=Dandia | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eZE2AQAAIAAJ | title=Rajasthan Year Book & Who's who | volume=14 | date=1976 | page=34}}</ref><ref name=rswho71/> Kaul's Rajya Sabha term lasted from 4 October 1968 to 2 April 1974.<ref name=rsbio/> Kaul sided with the [[Congress (O)]] in the split in the party.<ref name=rsbio/><ref name=rswho71>''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=Qt1FAQAAIAAJ Who's who, Vol. 11]''. Rajya Sabha Secretariat, 1972. pp. 114–115</ref> In 1971, he became a member of the Public Accounts Committee of Parliament.<ref name=rswho71/>

Bal Krishna Kaul died in 1979.<ref name=rsbio>Rajya Sabha. ''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Rajya_Sabha_Members/VtpFJucR0foC Rajya Sabha Members - Biographical Sketches, 1952-2003]''. 2003. p. 159</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaul, Balkrishna}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ajmer]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Members of the Ajmer Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian hunger strikers]]

Karimpur I

2025-08-14T23:35:09Z

Shai0778: minor cleanup

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karimpur I
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Karimpur-I in Nadia (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|58|46|N|88|37|19|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 215.78
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 22
| population_total = 183,556
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy (2011)
| demographics2_title2 = Total literates
| demographics2_info2 = 111,716 (67.70%)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 741152 (Karimpur) 741158 (Shikarpur) 741158(kechuadanga)
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 03471
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-51, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-52
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Karimpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karimpur]]
| website = {{URL|nadia.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Karimpur I''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Tehatta subdivision]] of [[Nadia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Karimpur is located at {{coord|23|58|46|N|88|37|19|E}}.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wikimapia.org/11919298/Karimpur-PS-CI-Office-Karimpur-Nadia | title= Karimpur PS and CI office, Karimpur, Nadia | work= Nadia District| publisher= Wikimapia | access-date = 24 February 2016}}</ref>

Karimpur I CD Block is bounded by [[Jalangi (community development block)|Jalangi]] and [[Domkal (community development block)|Domkal]] CD Blocks, in [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] district, in the north, [[Daulatpur Upazila, Kushtia|Daulatpur Upazila]] in [[Kushtia District]] of Bangladesh in the east, [[Karimpur II]] CD Block in the south and [[Naoda (community development block)|Naoda]] CD Block, in Murshidabad district, in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/nadia.html |title = Tehsil Map of Nadia |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 15 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Daulatpur_Upazila_(Kushtia_District) |title = Daulatpur Upazila (Kushtia District)|publisher= Banglapedia | access-date = 15 November 2018 }}</ref>

Nadia district is mostly alluvial plains lying to the east of [[Hooghly River]], locally known as Bhagirathi. The alluvial plains are cut across by such distributaries as Jalangi, Churni and Ichhamati. With these rivers getting silted up, floods are a recurring feature.<ref>Gangopadhyay, Basudev, ''Paschimbanga Parichay'', 2001, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 70, Sishu Sahitya Sansad</ref>

Karimpur I CD Block has an area of 215.78 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 8 [[gram panchayat]]s, 144 gram sansads (village councils), 73 [[mouza]]s and 65 inhabited villages. [[Karimpur#Police station|Karimpur]] and [[Hogalbaria#Police station|Hogalbaria]] police stations serve this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 7 October 2020 }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Baruipara, Nadia|Baruipara]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook: Nadia, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Nadia with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 2 May 2017 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Karimpur I block/ panchayat samiti are: Harekrishnapur, Hogalbaria, Jamsherpur, Karimpur I, Karimpur II, Madhugari, Pipulbaria and Shikarpur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Nadia - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 7 May 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Karimpur I CD Block had a total population of 183,556, of which 160.895 were rural and 5,867 were urban. There were 94,571 (52%) males and 88,985 (48%) females. The population below 6 years was 18,539. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 32,054 (17.46%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 5,867 (3.20%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 25 February 2016}}</ref>

As per the 2001 census, Karimpur I block had a total population 166,763, out of which 86,260 were males and 80,503 were females. Karimpur I block registered a population growth of 15.97 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 19.51 per cent. Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_10.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table 4 |publisher=Census Commissioner of India |work=Census of India 2001, Nadia district (10) |access-date=2011-03-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041622/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_10.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2012-04-12 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

There were two [[census towns]] in Karimpur CD Block (2011 census population in brackets): [[Karimpur]] (9,661), [[Uttampur, Nadia|Uttampur]] (13,000).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Karimpur CD Block (2011 census population figures in brackets): Durlabhpur (4,182), Madhugari (5,356), Andhar Kotha (15,244), Sundalpur (5,303), Jamsherpur (6,689), Gabrudanga (4,365), Senpara (5,432), Pakabutahuda (8,933), Baruipara (9,942), Kechuadanga (7,191) and Anandpur (4,081).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Karimpur I CD Block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Harekrishnapur (3,295) and Pipulbaria (3,574).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Karimpur I CD Block was 111,716 (67.70% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 59,368 (69.82% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 52,348 (65.44% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 4.38%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Nadia district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Karimpur I CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|67.77}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|31.95}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.28}}
}}

In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 124,403 and formed 67.77% of the population in Karimpur I CD Block. Muslims numbered 58,646 and formed 31.95% of the population. Christians numbered 370 and formed 0.21% of the population. Others numbered 137 and formed 0.07% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In the 2001 census, Hindus numbered 195,736 and formed 54.57% of the combined population of Karimpur I and Karimpur II CD Blocks. Muslims numbered 162,357 and formed 45.27% of the combined population. In the 1991 census, Hindus numbered 173,914 and formed 56.65% of the combined population of Karimpur I and Karimpur II CD Blocks. Muslims numbered 132,729 and formed 43.24% of the combined population.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/download.php?v=13 |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia |work = Table 17.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2017 |url-status = usurped |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170302072706/http://dospiwb.org.in/download.php?v=13 |archive-date = 2 March 2017 }}</ref>

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 98.51% of the population.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
The District [[Human Development Report]] for Nadia has provided a CD Block-wise data table for [[Human Poverty Index|Modified Human Vulnerability Index]] of the district. Karimpur I CD Block registered 36.56 on the MHPI scale. The CD Block-wise mean MHVI was estimated at 33.92. A total of 8 out of the 17 CD Blocks in Nadia district were found to be severely deprived when measured against the CD Block mean MHVI - Karimpur I and Karimpur II (under Tehatta subdivision), Kaliganj, Nakashipara, Chapra, Krishnanagar I and Nabadwip (under Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision) and Santipur (under Ranaghat subdivision) appear to be backward.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Nadia | work = June 2012. Pages: 211-212 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 4 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316112838/http://wbplan.gov.in/humandev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | archive-date = 16 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

As per the Human Development Report 2004 for West Bengal, the rural poverty ratio in Nadia district was 28.35%. The estimate was based on Central Sample data of NSS 55th round 1999–2000.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| title = West Bengal Human Development Report 2004| work = Page 80: Table 4.5 Per capita consumption in rural and urban areas by district| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 20 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120501201321/http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| archive-date = 1 May 2012| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
In Karimpur I CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 23.26%, agricultural labourers 48.38%, household industry workers 3.53% and other workers 24.84%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Tables 2.7, 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 7 October 2020}}</ref>
The southern part of Nadia district starting from Krishnanagar I down to Chakdaha and Haringhata has some urban pockets specialising in either manufacturing or service related economic activity and has reflected a comparatively higher concentration of population but the urban population has generally stagnated. Nadia district still has a large chunk of people living in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Nadia| work = Chapter IV: Livelihood and occupational structure, pages 63-73| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 6 May 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316112838/http://wbplan.gov.in/humandev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf| archive-date = 16 March 2016| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 65 inhabited villages in Karimpur I CD Block. 100% villages have power supply and drinking water supply. 15 Villages (23.08%) have post offices All 65 villages have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 43 villages (66.15%) have a pucca approach road and 45 villages (69.23%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 15 villages (23.08%) have agricultural credit societies and 7 villages (10.77%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 91-92 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 May 2017}}</ref> It should, however, be noted that although 100% villages in Nadia district had power supply in 2011, a survey in 2007-08 revealed that less than 50% of households had electricity connection. In rural areas of the country, the tube well was for many years considered to be the provider of safe drinking water, but with arsenic contamination of ground water claiming public attention it is no longer so. Piped water supply is still a distant dream. In 2007–08, the availability of piped drinking water in Nadia district was as low as 8.6%, well below the state average of around 20%.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | title = District Human Development Report, Nadia | work = Pages 54-55, published in 2012, Infrastructure development across the district | publisher = Department of Planning, Government of West Bengal. | access-date = 4 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316112838/http://wbplan.gov.in/humandev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | archive-date = 16 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Agriculture===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture in Karimpur I CD Block'''
|value1 = 8.55
|label1 = Bargadars
|value2 = 8.93
|label2 = Patta holders
|value3 = 4.61
|label3 = Small farmers
|value4 = 19.88
|label4 = Marginal farmers
|value5 = 58.03
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}

Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Karimpur I CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 8.55%, patta (document) holders 8.93%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 4.61%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 19.88% and agricultural labourers 58.03%.<ref name=handbook2014/> As the proportion of agricultural labourers is very high, the real wage in the agricultural sector has been a matter of concern.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | title = District Human Development Report, Nadia | work = Pages 71-72, published in 2012, Infrastructure development across the district | publisher = Department of Planning, Government of West Bengal. | access-date = 4 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316112838/http://wbplan.gov.in/humandev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | archive-date = 16 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Karimpur I CD Block had 230 fertiliser depots, 27 seed stores and 45 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013–14.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, Karimpur I CD Block produced 7,578 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 2,902 hectares, 1,021 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 276 hectares, 1,528 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 752 hectares, 25,592 tonnes of wheat from 8,268 hectares and 321,672 tonnes of jute from 14,127 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Karimpur I CD Block was 784 hectares, out of which 102 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation and 682 hectares by deep tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Karimpur I CD Block had offices of 5 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
Karimpur I CD Block has 2 ferry services and 4 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 58 km from CD Block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[State Highway 11 (West Bengal)|SH 11]], running from Mahammad Bazar (in Birbhum district) to Ranaghat (in Nadia district) passes through this CD Block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 5 May 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Karimpur I CD Block had 96 primary schools with 8,467 students, 9 middle schools with 1,280 students, 2 high school with 1,342 students and 12 higher secondary schools with 18,635 students. Karimpur I CD Block had 1 general college with 4,254 students, 4 technical/ professional institutions with 400 students and 329 institutions for special and non-formal education with 9,765 students.<ref name="handbook2014" />

In Karimpur I CD Block, amongst the 65 inhabited villages, 5 had no school, 29 had more than 1 primary school, 33 had at least 1 primary school, 27 had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 13 had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 591, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 May 2017}}</ref>

[[Karimpur Pannadevi College]] was established at [[Karimpur]] in 1968. The establishment of the college was possible with the zeal of [[Nalinaksha Sanyal|Dr. Nalinaksha Sanyal]], a scholar and politician, and the generous contribution of Durga Prasad Agrawal, a local businessman. It is affiliated to the [[University of Kalyani]]. It offers honours courses in English, Bengali, history, political science, philosophy, geography, physics, chemistry, mathematics and accountancy. Some of the courses are self-financing.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://karimpurpannadevicollege.in/index | title = Karimpur Pannadevi College | publisher = KPC | access-date = 26 May 2017 | archive-date = 4 June 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170604030644/http://karimpurpannadevicollege.in/index | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/KarimpurPannaDeviCollege/Karimpur_Pannadevi_College.shtml | title = Karimpur Pannadevi College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 26 May 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Karimpur I CD Block had 1 rural hospital, 2 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] and 2 private nursing home with total 75 beds and 7 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 27 family welfare subcentres. 12,317 patients were treated indoor and 345,329 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Karimpur Rural Hospital, with 50 beds at [[Karimpur]], is the major government medical facility in the Karimpur I CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Sikarpur (with 10 beds) and Bagchi Jamsherpur (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 October 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 4 October 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Karimpur I CD Block is one of the areas of Nadia district where ground water is affected by high level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. All the 17 blocks of Nadia district have arsenic contamination above this level. The maximum concentration in Karimpur I CD Block is 1,363 mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb3.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Nadia| access-date = 6 May 2017| archive-date = 10 May 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170510002934/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb3.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Nadia topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Nadia district]]

Rasulpur railway station

2025-08-14T12:06:12Z

Shai0778: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Rasulpur
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| image = Rasulpur Rly Station.jpg
| image_caption = Rasulpur railway station platform
| address = Baidyadanga, [[Rasulpur, Bardhaman|Rasulpur]], [[Purba Bardhaman district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.187509|88.040742|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|30|m|ft}}
| line = [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 3
| tracks = 3
| entrances =
| parking = No
| bicycle =
| opened = 1855
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1958
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = RSLR
| zone =
| division = {{rwd|Howrah}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system = India
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Rasulpur
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|line=Eastern|left=Nimo|right=Palsit|to-left=Howrah Junction|to-right=Barddhaman Junction|type=[[Howrah–Bardhaman main line]]}}
| route_map = {{Howrah–Bardhaman main line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
'''Rasulpur railway station''' is a [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station on the [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line]] operated by [[Eastern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]]. It is situated beside Rasulpur – Kuchut Road at Baidyadanga, [[Rasulpur, Bardhaman|Rasulpur]], [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/rasulpur-rslr-station|title=RASULPUR (RSLR) Railway Station|publisher=NDTV|access-date=May 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/rasulpur-rslr/8994|title=RSLR/Rasulpur|access-date=May 11, 2019}}</ref>

==History==
The [[East Indian Railway Company]] was formed on 1 June 1845, The first passenger train in the eastern section was operated up to {{stnlnk|Hooghly}}, on 15 August 1854. On 1 February 1855 the first train ran from [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] to {{stnlnk|Raniganj}} through [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line]]. [[Bandel Junction railway station|Bandel]] to [[Barddhaman Junction railway station|Bardhaman]] rout was opened for traffic on 1 January 1885. Electrification of the Howrah–Bardhaman main line was initiated up to Bandel in 1957, with the 3000V DC system, and the entire Howrah–Bardhaman route including Rasulpur railway station completed with AC system, along with conversion of earlier DC portions to 25 kV AC, in 1958.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,441,737|title=HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE – THE FIRST JOURNEY|website=er.indianrailways.gov.in|access-date=May 11, 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Rasulpur railway station}}

{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Eastern}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1855]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Howrah railway division]]

{{PurbaBardhaman-railstation-stub}}

Vikramadityan

2025-08-11T05:50:17Z

Shai0778: adding some stub basic info

{{Short description|Tamil poet and writer}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
[[File:Lyricist Vikiramathithyan.png|thumb|right|The poet Vikramadityan]]
'''Vikramadityan''' (born 25 September 1947) is a [[Tamils|Tamil]] poet from the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He has published 16 volumes of poetry, two short-story collections, and 7 anthologies of essays. He is the recipient of the 2021 [[Vishnupuram Award]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Biswas |first1=Tunir |title='Wanderer' poet Vikramadityan wins Vishnupuram Award |url=https://thefederal.com/news/wanderer-poet-vikramadityan-wins-vishnupuram-award/ |website=The Federal |access-date=14 December 2021 |date=28 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=டிச.26-ல் கவிஞர் விக்ரமாதித்யனுக்கு விஷ்ணுபுரம் விருது: கோவை விழாவில் கவுரவம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/749138-in-dec-26-vishnupuram-award-for-poet-vikramaditya-on-the-26th-honor-at-the-coimbatore-festival.html |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Vikramadityan's given name is Nambirajan. He was born and brought up in the Kallathi Mudukku street area of [[Tirunelveli]] town. He adopted an itinerant lifestyle early on and has lived in [[Kutralam]],[[Tenkasi]] and [[Chennai]]. He is married and has two sons.

Vikramadityan took up various kinds of jobs as he grew up. One of his first jobs was with the literary journal ''Sodhanai'' run by the poet [[Na. Kamarasan]]. Later he worked for a series of magazines including ''Visitor'', ''Aswini'', ''Mayan'', ''Idhayam Pesukiradhu'', ''Thaai'', ''[[Tharasu]]'' and [[Nakkheeran]].

He has published 16 poetry collections including ''Aakaasam neela niram'', ''Oorum Kaalam'' and ''Ulvaangum Ulagam''. He has also published two short story collections and 7 collections of articles on literature and other topics.

Vikramadityan has acted in small roles in the movies ''[[Angadi Theru]]'' and ''[[Naan Kadavul]]''. He was awarded the 2008 Vilakku virudhu award and the 2021 [[Vishnupuram Award]].

==Works==
'''Poetry Collections'''
* Aakaasam neela niram (1982)
* Oorum kaalam (1984)
* Ulvaangum ulagam (1987)
* Ezhutthu sol porul (1988)
* Thiru-uttharakosamangai (1991)
* Gragayuddham (1993)
* Aadhi (1997)
* Kal thoongum neram (2001)
* Nooru ennuvadharkul (2001)
* Veedu thirumbudhal (2001)
* Vikramadityan kavidhaigal (2001)
* Paadhi iruttu paadhi velicham (2002)
* Sudalaimaadan varai (2003)
* Dhevadhaigal - Perunthevi - Mohini pisaasu (2004)
* Sekar cycle shop (2007)
* Vikramadityan kavidhaigal - II

'''Short story collections'''
* Thiribu (1993)
* Avan aval (2003)

'''Articles & Essay collections'''
* Kavimoolam (1999)
* Kavidhai rasanai (2001)
* Iruveru ulagam (2001)
* Tamil kavidhai - marabum naveenamum (2004)
* Thanmai munnilai padarkkai (2005)
* Enakkum en dheivathukkum idaiyeyana vazhakku (2007)
* Ellaach chollum (2008)
* Tharkaala sirandha kavidhaigal
* Gangothri
* Sollidil ellai illai
* Saayal enappaduvadhu yaadhenin
* Summaa irukkavidaadha kaatru
* Kavidhaiyum katthirikkayum
* Oozh
* Mahakavigal rathotsavam

==Awards==
* Vilakku virudhu (2008)<ref>{{cite web |title=விக்கிரமாதித்யனுக்கு விளக்கு {{!}} எழுத்தாளர் ஜெயமோகன் |url=https://www.jeyamohan.in/6353/ |website=www.jeyamohan.in |access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref>
* Saaral virudhu (2014)<ref>{{cite web |title=கவிஞர் விக்கிரமாதித்யனுக்கு சாரல் விருது |url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/awards/poet-vikramathityan-gets-saaral-award-192314.html |website=tamil.filmibeat.com |language=ta |date=29 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tamilonline - Thendral Tamil Magazine - பொது - விருதுகள் |url=http://tamilonline.com/thendral/article.aspx?aid=9127 |website=tamilonline.com |accessdate=14 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=விக்ரமாதித்யனுக்கு சாரல் விருது {{!}} எழுத்தாளர் ஜெயமோகன் |url=http://www.jeyamohan.in/?p=45202 |website=www.jeyamohan.in}}</ref>
* [[Vishnupuram Award]] (2021)<ref>{{cite web |title=2021-12: விஷ்ணுபுரம் இலக்கிய விருது விழா – விக்கிரமாதித்யன் – விஷ்ணுபுரம் இலக்கிய வட்டம் |url=https://vishnupuramvattam.in/content/3529 |website=Vishnupuram Ilakkiya Vattam |access-date=14 December 2021 |archive-date=14 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214100135/https://vishnupuramvattam.in/content/3529 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=விஷ்ணுபுரம் விருது {{!}} எழுத்தாளர் ஜெயமோகன் |url=https://www.jeyamohan.in/152054/ |website=www.jeyamohan.in |access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://sites.google.com/site/nambiraajan/home Vikramadityan's website]
*[http://www.uyirmmai.com/Uyirosai/ContentDetails.aspx?cid=2623 Uyirmmai magazine, interview with Poet Vikramadityan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313192200/http://uyirmmai.com/Uyirosai/ContentDetails.aspx?cid=2623 |date=2010-03-13 }}
*[http://www.uyirmmai.com/Uyirosai/ContentDetails.aspx?cid=51 Writer S Ramakrishnan's article in Uyrimmai magazine about Vikramadityan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114050/http://www.uyirmmai.com/Uyirosai/ContentDetails.aspx?cid=51 |date=2016-03-04 }}
*[http://www.sramakrishnan.com/?p=612 Writer S Ramakrishnan about Vikramadityan]
*[http://azhiyasudargal.blogspot.com/search/label/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF Azhiyasudargal.com - some of Vikramadityan's works]
* [https://vishnupuramvattam.in/content/3529 Literary criticism of Vikramadityan's works by Jeyamohan and members of Vishnupuram Ilakkiya Vattam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214100148/https://vishnupuramvattam.in/content/3529 |date=14 December 2021 }}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:People from Tirunelveli]]

Dolanji

2025-08-10T16:00:07Z

Shai0778:

{{Short description|Locality in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
[[File:The Bon Monastery Entrance, Dolanji.jpg|thumb|right|Bon monastery entrance, Dolanji]]
{{Bon}}
'''Dolanji''' is an area near [[Solan]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. It is famous for its [[Bon]] Monastery, which one of the main tourist attractions in the [[Sirmour district]].<ref>[http://hptdc.gov.in/cir0101.htm Places of Interest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707004711/http://hptdc.gov.in/cir0101.htm |date=7 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}, HP Tourism Development Corporation</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Joke van de Belt |title=Ani-la: The Nuns from Redna Menling |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qQ46sDmLIkC&pg=PA30 |year=2010 |publisher=Sidestone Press |isbn=978-90-8890-046-4 |pages=30–31}}</ref>

Dolanji is an offshoot of the [[Menri Monastery]], the second oldest monastery in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ybmcs.org/|title=Yungdrung Bon Monastic Centre Society|website=ybmcs.org}}</ref> It is located at a distance of 24–25 km from Kumarhatti, on the Narag-Sarahan road and is run by the Yungdrung Bon Monastic Centre. Constructed in 1969, it was founded by Abbot Lungtok Tenpai Nyima. The place is considered to be the best place to witness Tibetan culture. This monastery has recreated the Geshe training program and is home to over 200 monks. Menri in India and Triten Norbutse Monastery in Nepal now host the only two Geshe programs in the Bon lineage.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|30|50|45|N|77|08|54|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Bon]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Solan district]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sirmaur district]]

{{HimachalPradesh-stub}}
{{shamanism-stub}}
{{India-Tibetan-Buddhism-monastery-stub}}

List of Telugu-language newspapers

2025-03-10T06:33:47Z

Shai0778: creating a post

{{short description|none}}
{{multiple issues|{{Sources exist|date=July 2023}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2023}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}

The language of '''[[Telugu language|Telugu]]''' is spoken in the Indian states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], in the southeast region of the country. The following are '''newspapers''' which are written primarily or entirely in the language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-09 |title=Telugu language {{!}} Origin, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Telugu-language |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
{{Indian newspaper topics}}

== India ==
{{incomplete list|date=June 2023}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Newspaper
! rowspan="2" |Founded
! rowspan="2" |Headquarters
! rowspan="2" |Owner
! rowspan="2" |Interval of publication
! rowspan="2" |[[Nameplate (publishing)|Nameplate]]
|-
!English
![[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|''[[Andhra Bhoomi]]''
|''ఆంధ్రభూమి''
|1960
|
|
| rowspan="12" |[[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
|
|-
|''[[Andhra Jyothi]]''
|''ఆంధ్రజ్యోతి''
|1960
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Andhra Prabha]]''
|''ఆంధ్రప్రభ''
|{{dts|1938}}
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Eenadu]]''
|''ఈనాడు''
|{{dts|1974}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Janam Sakshi]]''
|''జనంసాక్షి''
|2002
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Mana Telangana]]''
|''మన తెలంగాణ''
|2015
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Namasthe Telangana]]''
|''నమస్తే తెలంగాణ''
|{{dts|2011}}
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Nava Telangana]]''
|''నవ తెలంగాణ''
|2015
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Prajasakti]]''
|''ప్రజాశక్తి''
|{{dts|1942}}
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]''
|''సాక్షి''
|{{dts|2008}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Suryaa (newspaper)|Suryaa]]''
|''సూర్య''
|{{dts|2007}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Vaartha]]''
|''వార్త''
|{{dts|1996}}
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Visalaandhra]]''
|''విశాలాంధ్ర''
|1952
|[[Vijayawada]]
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Zamin Ryot]]''
|''జమీన్ రైతు''
|1930
|
|
|[[Weekly newspaper|Weekly]]
|
|-
| colspan="7" |Defunct
|-
|''[[Andhra Patrika]]''
|''ఆంధ్ర పత్రిక''
|1908
|
|
|[[Weekly newspaper|Weekly]]
|
|}

<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Telugu-language newspapers}}
[[Category:Telugu-language newspapers|*]]
[[Category:Lists of newspapers published in India]]

Meenakshi Singh

2025-03-09T08:46:07Z

Shai0778:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Meenakshi Singh
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2022
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Khurja (Assembly constituency)|Khurja]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|01|26}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Meenakshi Singh''' (born 26 January 1989) is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She is a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Khurja Assembly constituency]]. She is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Over 100 people convert to Hinduism in UP's Khurja: BJP MLA |newspaper=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/people-convert-hinduism-uttar-pradesh-khurja-bjp-mla-8343760/ | agency=PTI | date=25 December 2022 | accessdate=1 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Khurrja Election Result: खुर्जा सीट पर पहली बार महिला का कब्‍जा, BJP की मीनाक्षी सिंह ने हासिल की बड़ी जीत |work=News18 |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/bulandshahr-khurrja-assembly-seat-result-update-bjp-meenakshi-singh-wins-over-bsp-vinod-kumar-jatav-tukki-mal-khatik-banshi-singh-dlpg-4039288.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Uttar Pradesh Election Results 2022: Full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-polls-2022/story/uttar-pradesh-election-2022-latest-result-full-list-leading-trailing-candidates-winners-party-wise-1922724-2022-03-10 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh is from Khurja. She married Anubhav Singh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Minakshi Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KHURJA (SC)(BULANDSAHAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=239 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> She completed law from [[M. J. P. Rohilkhand University]], Bareilly in 2012, and is a practicing advocate.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election/khurja-440027972</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bulandshahr: राइफल पर कलावा, पिस्टल पर तिलक, जानिए कौन हैं बीजेपी MLA मीनाक्षी सिंह, जिनकी शस्त्रपूजा की फोटो हुई वायरल |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/bulandshahr/bjp-mla-meenakshi-singh-photo-of-weapon-worship-on-dussehra-goes-viral/articleshow/94676474.cms |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Khurja Assembly constituency|Khurja Assembly Constituency]], a seat reserved for SC community in [[Bulandshahr district]], representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She defeated [[Banshi Singh]] of [[Samajwadi Party|Samajvadi Party]] by a huge margin of 67,084 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Khurja Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Minakshi Singh of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/khurja-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4850231.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-16 |title=UP Election 2022: Full list of BJP candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/up-elections-2022-full-list-of-bjp-candidates/2407223/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Meenakshi}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Bulandshahr district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}

Exhibition, Bulandshahr

2025-01-18T05:15:13Z

Shai0778: Put up.

{{Infobox recurring event
|name = 
|native_name = Numaish, Bulandshahr
|native_name_lang =
|nickname =
|logo =
|logo_alt =
|logo_caption =
|logo_size =
|image = Bulandshahr exhibition 2023.jpg
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption = Bulandshahr exhibition 2023
|status = 
|genre = 
|date = 
|begins = 
|ends = 
|frequency = 
|venue =
|location = [[Bulandshahr]], Uttar Pradesh
|coordinates = 
|country = India
|years_active = 
|first = 1873
|founder_name = Willock
|last = 
|prev =
|next =
|participants =
|attendance =
|capacity =
|area =
|budget =
|activity =
|leader_name =
|patron =
|organised = 
|filing =
|people =
|member =
|sponsor = 
|website = [https://numaishbsr.com/en/ Official website]
|current =
|footnotes =
}}
The annual '''exhibition at Bulandshahr''', also known as '''Numaish ka mela''',<ref name=ASI2005>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkkK6SZOo_gC&pg=PA91244 |title=People of India: Uttar Pradesh |date=2005 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=81-7304-114-8 |page=1244 |language=en |chapter=Saifi}}</ref> and '''Bulandshahr's Numaish''',<ref name=Sharma1989>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Ramesh Chand |title=Regional Planning for Social Development |date=1989 |publisher=Criterion Publications |page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlxPAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> held around [[Holi]],<ref name=UPDG1980>{{cite book |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Bulandshahr |date=1980 |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXUbAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA91 |language=en}}</ref> was founded as a [[horse fair]] in 1873 in the town of [[Bulandshahr]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, by the British Civil Servant Willock, the then collector of [[Bulandshahr district|the district]].<ref name=Growse1884>{{cite book |last1=Growse |first1=Frederic Salmon |title=Bulandshahr: Or, Sketches of an Indian District: Social, Historical and Architectural |date=1884 |publisher=Medical Hall Press |location=Benares |page=19 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zNKVY1WkfCIC&pg=PA19 |language=en |chapter=1. Bulandshahr}}</ref>{{efn|[[Kuar Lachman Singh]] lists a H. D. Willock as a collector and magistarte at Bulandshahr from 17 April 1865 to at least 1874.<ref name=Singh1874>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kuar Lachman|title=Historical and Statistical Memoir of Zila Bulandshahar |date=1874 |publisher=North-Western Provinces Government Press|isbn=978-3-382-50031-3|location=Allahabad |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.11477/page/45/mode/2up?q=willock|language=en|chapter=1. Memoir of Bulandshahr|pages=45-52}}</ref>}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{India-stub}}

[[Category:1873 establishments]]
[[Category:Trade fairs in India]]

Kurra Jarawan

2024-12-24T20:29:21Z

Shai0778: created post...

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kurra Jarawan
| other_name = Kurra
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27|01|05|N|79|05|49|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 16.891
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9014
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 205268
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kurra Jarawan''' ({{IAST|Kurrā Jarāwan}}) is a village in [[Karhal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The village technically encompasses some 25 separate hamlets, which are grouped together for administrative purposes. A market is held in the village twice per week. As of 2011, Kurra Jarawan has a total population of 9,014, in 1,568 households.

== Name ==
The village is called both "Kurra Jarawan" and just "Kurra".<ref name="Gazetteer 1910">{{cite book |editor1-last=Neave|editor1-first=E. R. |title=Mainpuri: A Gazetteer, Being Volume X of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |date=1910 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48097 |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|227}}

== Geography ==
Kurra Jarawan is located on the main road between [[Kishni]] and [[Karhal]], about 16 km from Karhal. A branch of the [[Etawah Canal]] passes by the village; there is also a prominent ''[[jhil]]'' on village lands.<ref name="Gazetteer 1910"/>{{rp|227, 251}} The village lands cover 4,109 [[acre]]s, or about 16.6 square kilometres. 25 distinct settlements of various sizes exist within this area; they are all grouped together into a single village unit (or ''[[mauza]]'') for administrative purposes.<ref name="Census 1961"/>{{rp|lx}}

=== Land use ===
According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Kurra Jarawan has a total area of 1,689.1 [[hectare]]s, of which 1,249.1 were currently farmland and 112.0 were under non-agricultural use. 120.0 hectares were occupied by [[orchard]]s, 0 by [[pasture]]s, 10.7 were classified as cultivable but not currently under any agricultural use, and 0 were classified as non-cultivable. No forests existed on village lands.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|130}}

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Kurra Jarawan had a population of 9,014, in 1,568 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|149}} This population was 53.7% male (4,842) and 46.3% female (4,172). The 0-6 age group numbered 1,435 (754 male and 681 female), or 15.9% of the total population. 2,043 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 22.7% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619230426/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|118-9}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Kurra Jarawan as comprising 25 hamlets, with a total population of 3,511 people (1,733 male and 1,778 female), in 638 households and 267 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 4,109 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619230422/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|lx}}

As of 1901, Kurra Jarawan had a population of 2,850, with a plurality belonging to the [[Ahir]], [[Brahman]], and [[Thakur (caste)|Thakur]] groups. The village comprised "two ''[[mahallah|mahal]]s'' and 23 hamlets, and it had a police station by that point.<ref name="Gazetteer 1910"/>{{rp|227}}

== Economy ==
Kurra Jarawan hosts a market twice per week, on Thursdays and Saturdays. Cattle and grain are among the main commodities bought and sold here.<ref name="Gazetteer 1910"/>{{rp|227}} There are not any commercial or [[cooperative banking#India|cooperative banks]] in Kurra Jarawan, nor any [[Primary Agricultural Credit Society|agricultural credit societies]].<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|153}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Kurra Jarawan had 7 primary schools and 1 veterinary hospital. Drinking water was provided by hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131054726/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|149-54}} There is also a police station in Kurra Jarawan.<ref name="Census 1961"/>{{rp|131}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Kasi Khandamu

2024-11-12T06:59:55Z

Shai0778:

{{Short description|15th century Telugu literary work by Srinatha}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}

{{Infobox book
| name = Kasi Khandamu
| image = Kasikhandamu (Telugu, 1888) Cover page (page 7 crop).jpg
| caption = 1888 edition cover
| author = [[Srinatha]]
| title_orig = కాశీఖండము
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| series =
| subject =
| genre = [[Prabandha]]
| publisher =
| pub_date = 15th century
| english_pub_date =
| media_type =
| pages =
| isbn =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''Kasi Khandamu''''' ({{langx|te|కాశీఖండము|Kāśī Khanḍamu}}) is a Telugu literary work by 15th century poet [[Srinatha]]. It is composed in a poetic form of [[Prabandha (Telugu)|Prabandha]] style with strict metre. The main subject is the profile of Kasi or [[Varanasi]], extracted mostly from Kasi Khanda of [[Skanda Purana]].

According to the researcher Nidudavolu Venkata Rao, the author most probably wrote this work in 1440 CE and dedicated his work to Sri Veerabhadra Reddy (1423{{En dash}}1448) of [[Reddi kingdom]], under whom he was the court-poet. Srinatha was the first poet to take up this translation into [[Telugu language]]. Subsequent to him, two other poets Kancherla Sarabhakavi and Mocherla Annaya translated Kasi Khanda in 1500 and 1650 respectively.

== Summary ==
''Kasi Khandam'' narrates the dialogue between the sage Sootudu and the sages Sounaka regarding the significance of [[Varanasi|Kasi]]. The [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] mountain requests [[Narada]] to explain the distinction between itself and [[Mount Meru|Meru]]. However, Narada mistakenly believes that Meru has also expressed a similar thought. As a result of the Vindhya mountain's upheaval, the three worlds face great danger. In response, the gods beseech [[Agastya]], a resident of Kasi, for assistance, following the guidance of [[Brahma]].

In deep contemplation about the separation from Kasi, Agastya travels southward and performs a penance to appease the Vindhya mountain. He visits the [[Daksharamam|Draksharama temple]] and obeys the commands of Sri Mahalakshmi in Kollapur. Agastya narrates the significance of Kasi as a place of liberation for Lopamudra. According to the account given to [[Parvati]] by Visveswara, he explains the greatness of the Kasi Kshetra to Agastya.[[File:Varanasi Munshi Ghat3.jpg|thumb|''Kasi at Munshi Ghat.''|left]]The text elaborates on the etymology of Varanasi, the arrival of the nature-purusha forms known as [[Ardhanarishvara|Ardhanarisvara]] in Kasi, the sanctity of various holy waters such as the Tirtha Vapika and Kundika rivers, and the significance of the Linga. It describes the importance of the Shiva Tirtha, with the story of Susila highlighted in the Kalavatyu narrative.

To alleviate Brahma's drought, a grand coronation of the divine servant Divodasa is performed, along with his subsequent downfall due to his actions. The narrative also describes Divodasa’s attainment of liberation through the bond of life, the trials faced by the sage [[Vyasa]] who could not withstand the test from Visveswara, the curse he casts upon Kasi, and the eventual withdrawal of Visveswara into his inner essence.

Furthermore, the text details the procedures for the divine pilgrimage and the significance of these sacred rites.

==Publications==
The book was published in 1888 in Madras by Gnana Suryodaya Printing press of Chennakesavulu Shetti.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Srinatha |editor1-first=Kandada|editor1-last= Rangacharya |title=Kasikhandamu : Padyakavyamu |date=1888 |publisher=Chennakesavulu Shetti |location=Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/kasikhandamu00srinsher/mode/2up |accessdate=10 September 2020 |language=Telugu}}</ref> Subsequently [[Vavilla Ramaswamy Sastrulu and Sons]], Madras published it in 1917 with foreword by Nidudavolu Venkata Rao.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Srinatha |title=Kasikhandamu |date=1917 |publisher=Vavilla Ramaswamy Sastrulu and Sons |location=Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.329251/mode/2up |accessdate=10 September 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Telugu poetry]]
[[Category:Books about Varanasi]]
[[Category:1888 books]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian literature]]

Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa

2024-04-06T18:23:43Z

Shai0778: small edit

{{Short description|Large stone slab discovered in Kankali}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox artifact
|name = Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa
|image = [[File:Amohini relief, Mathura, circa 15 CE.jpg|250px]][[File:Kankali Tila plate of Sodasa.jpg|250px]]
|image_caption = The [[Kankali Tila]] tablet of Sodasa (photograph and drawing), with an inscription mentioning the year 42 of the reign of [[Northern Satraps]] ruler [[Sodasa]].<ref name="Smith">The Jain stûpa and other antiquities of Mathurâ by Smith, Vincent Arthur [https://archive.org/details/cu31924012251140 Plate XIV]</ref>
|material = Red sandstone
|size =
|writing =
|created =
|period = 1st century CE
|place = [[Kankali Tila]], [[Mathura]], [[India]].
|discovered_coords =27°36′00″N 77°39′00″E
|location = [[State Museum Lucknow]]
| map =
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| width = 300px
| float = center
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| label = [[Kankali Tila]], [[Mathura]], (Discovery)
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| lat_deg = 27.491389
| lon_deg = 77.673889
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{{coord|27.491389|N|77.673889|E|display=title}}
The '''Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa''', also called the '''Iryavati stone tablet''',<ref name="SP">Cultural Contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume, Vijai Shankar Śrivastava - 1981, p.98</ref> or '''Amohini ayagapata''',<ref>Orientalia Rheno-traiectina by Hendrik Willem Obbink, Brill Archive [https://books.google.com/books?id=0t8UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA65 p.65]</ref> is a large stone slab discovered in [[Kankali Tila|Kankali]] (area of [[Mathura]]) which mentions the rule of the [[Northern Satraps]] ruler [[Sodasa]] in Mathura.<ref name="Smith"/> The tablet in the [[State Museum Lucknow]] (room J.1).<ref name="SP"/> It is an important example of [[Mathura art]].

==Description==
This votive tablet, which is essentially an [[ayagapata]], though not so called, represents a royal lady attended by three women and a child. The attendant women, in accordance with the ancient Indian fashion, are naked to the waist. One holds an umbrella over her mistress, whom another fans. The third holds a wreath ready for presentation. The execution is bold, and quite artistic.<ref name="Smith"/>

==Inscription==
The tablet bears a three line epigraph mentioning that in the year 42 of "the Lord, the Great [[Satrap]] [[ Sodasa]]" ([[File:Gupta ashoka svaa.jpg|16px]][[File:Gupta ashoka mi.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka s.svg|15px]] [[File:Gupta ashoka m.svg|13px]][[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg|15px]][[File:Gupta ashoka kss.jpg|15px]][[File:Gupta ashoka tr.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka p.svg|13px]][[File:Gupta ashoka s.svg|15px]] [[File:Gupta ashoka sho.jpg|20px]][[File:Gupta gujarat daa.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_s.svg|16px]] ''Svamisa Mahakṣatrapasa Śodasa'') a monument for worship was set up by a certain Amohini.<ref name="Smith"/> The text is as follows :

{{quote|
[[File:Kankali Tila inscription of Sodasa.jpg|center|500px]]
L1. ''Nama arahato Vardhamanasa'' 
2. ''Sv[a]misa mahakshatrapasa Sodasasa savatsare XL(?)II hemantamase II divase IX Haritiputrasa Palasa bhayaye samasavikaye'' 
3. ''Kochhiye Amohiniye saha putrehi Palaghoshena Pothaghoshena Dhanaghoshena Ayavati pratihapita praya[bha]'' 
4. ''Aryavati arahatapujaye.'' 

"Adoration to the Arhat [[Vardhamana]]! In the year 42 of the Lord, the [[Mahakshatrapa]] [[Sodasa]], in the second month of winter, on the 9th day, an Ayavati (Aryavati) was set up by Amohini (Amohint), the Kochhi (Kautsi), a female lay-disciple of the ascetics (and) wife of Pala, son of a Hariti (Hariti or Hariti mother), together with her sons Palaghosha, Pothaghosha and Dhanaghosha .... the Aryavati (is) for the worship of the Arhat."
|Inscription of the Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa (Translation by Buhler)<ref name="Smith"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Ramaprasad |title=Memoirs of the archaeological survey of India no.1-5 |date=1919 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.59235/page/n26 22] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.59235}}</ref>
}}

==Question of the date==
The inscription shows that the tablet was presented to the Jain shrine by a lady named Amohini in the year 42 or 72, in the reign of the Great Satrap Sodasa. The first numerals for the date may be read as 40, or possibly 70 (according to Buhler), so that the regnal date could be either 42 or 72 (with 72 being favoured by most).<ref name="Smith"/><ref name="AK2014">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Ajit |title=Bharhut Sculptures and their untenable Sunga Association |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |date=2014 |volume=2 |pages=223‐241 |url=https://www.academia.edu/10237709 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Kankali Tila inscription of Sodasa date portion.jpg|thumb|left|100px|The date in [[Brahmi numerals]] appears clearly (𑁞𑁓, 40+2), but interpretations diverge between 42 and 72.]]
[[File:Mathura archaeological sites.jpg|thumb|300px|The tablet was found in [[Kankali Tila]], right outside [[Mathura]].]]
According to Smith, the initial year of the era used by the great Satrap Sodasa is not known, but the inscription may be considered as dating a few years earlier than the Christian era or the 1st century.<ref name="Smith"/> According to others, it is not known if the date 42/72 is a regnal year of Sodasa, or an era founded by his father or another ruler.<ref>From Persepolis to the Punjab, Elizabeth Errington, Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis - 2007</ref>

According to some authors, the regnal date for Sodasa was 80 CE, so that the tablet would have been dedicated in 152 CE (50+72).<ref>Chhotelal Jain's Jaina Bibliography - Volume 1 - Chhotelal Jain, Satya Ranjan Banerjee - 1982, Page 809</ref> A recent date for Sodasa's reign was given as 15 CE, meaning that the regnal date of the inscription would start from the [[Vikrama era]] started by [[Indo-Scythian]] king [[Azes I]] ([[Bikrami calendar]] (starting in 57 BCE)+72=15 CE).<ref>Image Problems: The Origin and Development of the Buddha's Image in Early South Asia Robert Daniel DeCaroli, University of Washington Press, 2015 [https://books.google.com/books?id=K8MECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA205 p.205]</ref><ref name="Maitra"/> This would put the long reign of his father [[Rajuvula]] in the last quarter of the 1st century BCE, which is probable.<ref name="Maitra">Indian Studies, Volume 7, Ramakrishna Maitra, 1966 p.67</ref>

Another inscription of the Satrap Sodasa was found by [[Alexander Cunningham]] in the Jail mound at Mathura. His coins also are found in the neighborhood.<ref name="Smith"/>

==Design==
[[File:Splayed pillar with recumbent lions and central palmette on the Amohini ayagapata Mathura, 15 CE.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Splayed pillar with recumbent lions and central palmette on the Amohini ayagapata Mathura (mirrored half portion), 15 CE]]
The Amohini tablet being quite securely dated to circa 15 CE under the reign of Sodasa, the design elements function as artistic markers for many other works of art in northern Indian. Particularly, the splayed pillar with recumbent lions and central palmette is considered as derived from [[Hellenistic influence on Indian arts|Hellenistic]] [[Indo-Greek]] designs, and similar pillars are depicted in [[Bharhut]], [[Sanchi]] or [[Bodhgaya]], suggesting similar dates.<ref name="AK2014">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Ajit |title=Bharhut Sculptures and their untenable Sunga Association |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |date=2014 |volume=2 |pages=223‐241 |url=https://www.academia.edu/10237709 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Parsvanatha ayagapata]]
* [[Jain stupa]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mathura art]]
[[Category:Jain art]]

Khan Muhammad Shah

2024-03-26T05:32:57Z

Shai0778: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Malerkotla State#List of rulers]]

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