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List of Assamese films of the 2020s

2026-05-24T21:07:12Z

Shahidkumar: started a post!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

A list of films produced by the [[Cinema of Assam|film industry of Assam]] based in [[Guwahati]], [[India]] and publicly released in the decade of the 2020s. Premiere shows and film festival screenings are not considered as releases for this list.

== 2020s ==

=== 2020 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
!Opening
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|3 January
|''Janaknandini''
|Amitav Borah
|[[Gunjan Bhardwaj]], Nandinee Kashyap, Arun Nath, Madhurima Chaudury, Rupam Baruah, Goutam Bora, Gauranga Bordoloi
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-27 |title=পৰিচালক অমিতাভ বৰাৰ সৈতে হেঁতালি খেলিছে "জনকনন্দিনী" ৰ প্ৰযোজকে |url=https://rupaliparda.com/archives/8323 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=rupaliparda.com |language=as}}</ref>
|-
|24 January
|''Goru''
|Himanshu Prasad Das
|Chandan Das, Lonishri Das, Kamal Lochan, Pranjal Saikia, Arun Nath, [[Baharul Islam (actor)|Baharul Islam]], Pakeeza Begum
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-10-31 |title=আহি আছে নতুন অসমীয়া ছবি 'গৰু' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/assamese/assam/sitara/cinema/goru-assamese-movie-title-logo-released/assam20191031215007574 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=ETV Bharat |language=as}}</ref>
|-
|21 August
|''Avataran''
|Tarunabh Dutta
|[[Pranjal Saikia]], Purnima Saikia, Rimpi Das, Saurabh Hazarika, Samir Ranjan, Reema Begam, Devyam Seal, Govinda Malakar, Jyoti Thakuria, Rittick Sharma Tamuli, Nilakshi Deka, Jyoti Shankar Sharma, Ronit Raj, Sangeeta Pachani, Vishal Pratim Chaliha
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-17 |title="অৱতৰণ"- প্ৰথম অসমীয়া কল্পবিজ্ঞান ভিত্তিক চলচিত্ৰ |url=https://rupaliparda.com/archives/8704 |access-date=2019-12-17 |website=rupaliparda.com |language=as}}</ref>
|-
|23 October
|''AVR''
|Arindam Sharma
|Arnab Ayan, Ajay Barman, Niha Rani Das, Bikash Borah, Nilutpal Borah, etc
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |title="Assamese superhero sci-fi 'AVR' to hit cinemas on 23 October 2020 |url=https://www.jollywoodlife.com/post/assamese-superhero-film-avr-advik-vs-ray-is-reportedly-to-hit-cinemas-on-23rd-october |website=www.jollywoodlife.com}}</ref>
|}

=== 2021 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Producer / Studio
!Certification date
!Release format
|-
|''Commando''
|Rekha Chamuah / R.C. Films Production
|2 March 2021
|Digital
|-
|''Deuta''
|Dishan Dholua
|29 April 2021
|Digital
|-
|''Kranti''
|Rajeeb Kumar Lahkar / Jai Maa Kamakhya Film
|23 June 2021
|Digital
|-
|''Boroxun: Songs for Rain''
|Saj Entertainment
|2 August 2021
|Digital
|-
|''Chandrawali''
|Bolin Sarmah / A B Production
|30 August 2021
|Theatrical
|-
|''Deuta... I Miss You''
|Bachchu Roy / Gouri Films
|3 September 2021
|Theatrical
|-
|''Avataran''
|Tarunabh Dutta / TD Film Studio
|8 September 2021
|Theatrical
|-
|''Chandra Surjya Aadi''
|Ramen Gogoi / R G Production
|13 September 2021
|Theatrical
|-
|''Tamaswini''
|Anamika Kalita
|24 September 2021
|Theatrical
|-
|''Bogi the Warrior''
|Pranab Jyoti Sarmah / Kuhi Production
|6 October 2021
|Theatrical
|-
|''Khyonachar''
|Sourav Baishya / Frame In Studio
|8 November 2021
|Theatrical
|-
|''Xobdo Nixobdo Kolahol (Soul of Silence)''
|Monita Borgohain / Visionext
|10 December 2021
|Theatrical
|-
|''Ekalavya''
|Ritwik Saikia / Rivan Productions LLP
|16 December 2021
|Theatrical
|}

=== 2022 ===
In 2022, the romantic drama ''[[Emuthi Puthi]]'' attracted significant attention and saw success across Assam, marking a strong post-pandemic recovery for Assamese cinema.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emuthi Puthi sees strong turnout in Assam theatres|url=https://www.pratidintime.com/entertainment/emuthi-puthi-box-office-report|publisher=Pratidin Time|date=27 June 2022|access-date=2025-11-14}}</ref>

=== 2023 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Release date
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Director
! scope="col" |Cast
! scope="col" |Studio
(Production Company)
!Ref.
|-
|27 January
|''Anur: Eyes on the sunshine''
|Monjul Boruah
|Dr. Jahanara Begum, [[Rajat Kapoor]], Udayan Duarah, Bibhuti Bhushan Hazarika, Boloram Das
|Shivam Creations
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Anur: Eyes on the sunshine |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt22696258/ |website=imdb}}</ref>
|-
|3 February
|''[[Dr. Bezbaruah 2]]''
|[[Nipon Goswami]]
|[[Adil Hussain]], [[Nipon Goswami]], [[Zubeen Garg]], Siddhartha Nipon Goswami, Kingkini Goswami, Madhurima Chowdhury, Papori Saikia
|AM Television
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr. Bezbaruah 2 review: A gripping sequel with plenty of twists, turns, and drama |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/dr-bezbaruah-2-review-a-gripping-sequel-with-plenty-of-twists-turns-and-drama-507615-2023-02-04 |website=indiatodayne.in}}</ref>
|-
|24 February
|''Black N White''
|Dhanjit Das
|[[Ravi Sarma]], Swagata Bharali, Himangshu Gogoi, Atanu Mahanta
|ClockNDail Film Productions
|
|-
|7 April
|''Advitya''
|Arindam Sharma
|Ayan, Niha Rani Das, Pranjal Saikia, Atanu Kashyap, Bolin Sharma, Geetika Nanda
|Krishna Kraft Productions
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Advitya on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/advitya |website=moviebuff.com}}</ref>
|-
|28 April
|''Ki Kowa, Dosti..!!''
|Kenny Basumatary
|Rupashree Phukan, Shruti Hussain, Saju Ahmed, Kaushik Nath, Jatin Das, Dipjyoti Dutta, Rimi Deori
|Kenny DB Films
|<ref>{{cite news |date=14 March 2023 |title=Kenny Basumatary's latest Assamese comedy film 'Ki Kowa, Dosti' to release on April 28 |url=https://nenow.in/entertainment/assam-kenny-basumatarys-latest-assamese-comedy-film-ki-kowa-dosti-to-release-on-april-28.html |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=nenow}}</ref>
|-
|26 May
|''The Consequence''
|Chandra Sekhar Das
|Shabnam Bargoyari, Mrinal Das
|AM Television
|<ref>{{cite news |date=1 June 2023 |title='The Consequence': A Missed Opportunity in Execution and Engagement |url=https://nenow.in/entertainment/assam-the-consequence-a-missed-opportunity-in-execution-and-engagement.html |website=nenow.in}}</ref>
|-
|5 June
|''[[Sri Raghupati]]''
|Suvrat Kakoti
|[[Ravi Sarma]], Preety Kongona, Arun Nath, Priyam Pallabi, Rina Bora, Arun Hazarika, Siddhartha Sharma, Bornali Pujari, Manujit Sharma, Raj Sharma, Kukil Saikia, Luna Devi
|Maniratna Entertainment
|<ref>{{cite news |date=9 June 2023 |title=ASSAMESE FILM 'SRI RAGHUPATI' HITS THE BULL'S EYE |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/assamese-film-sri-raghupati-hits-the-bulls-eye-9-june-2023/ |access-date=11 June 2023 |website=filminformation.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Sri Raghupati' review: Action entertainer with potential to repeat success of 'Ratnakar', 'Mission China' |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2023/06/sri-raghupati-review-action-entertainer-with-potential-to-repeat-success-of-ratnakar-mission-china/ |access-date=11 June 2023 |website=thenewsmill.com}}</ref>
|-
|30 June
|''The Slam Book''
|Pranjal Gayari
|Bibhuti Bhushan Hazarika, Nirupom Saikia, Shrestha B. Chowdhury, Papori Saikia
|NK Production
|<ref>{{cite news |date=12 March 2023 |title=দীর্ঘবিৰতিৰ অন্তত NK Production ৰ বেনাৰত পুনৰ অসমীয়া ছবি |url=https://assam.news18.com/news/assam/guwahati/new-assamese-film-slambook-by-nk-production-280320.html |access-date=11 June 2023 |website=news18.com}}</ref>
|-
|22 September
|''[[Tora's Husband]]''
|[[Rima Das]]
|Abhijit Das, Tarali Kalita Das, Bhuman Bhargav Das, Purbanchali Das
|Flying River Films
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |6 October
|''Mamatar Sithi''
|Nirmal Das
|[[Gunjan Bhardwaj]], Geetanjali Saikia, [[Chetana Das]], Rina Bora, Bhargav Kakati, Biplob Borkakati, Kabindra Das, Mallika Sharma
|Mukha
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Zubeen Garg and Tarali Sharma create enchanting musical landscape in Nirmal Das's debut film 'Mamtar Sithi' |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/zubeen-garg-and-tarali-sharma-create-enchanting-musical-landscape-in-nirmal-dass-debut-film-mamtar-sithi-565790-2023-05-26 |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=indiatodayne.in}}</ref>
|-
|''Eti Nakhyatra''
|Rudrajit Mazumder
|Rina Bora, Suren Mahanta, [[Bishnu Kharghoria]], Gitawali Rajkumari, Mintu Baruah, Rudrajit Mazumder
|Hype Entertainment
|
|-
|13 October
|''Veer''
|Narayan Seal
|Raj Islam, Babli Bora, Pal Phukan, Lonishree Das, Saju Ahmed, Raktim Raj, Om Kashyap
|Champawati Films
|
|-
|27 October
|''[[Raghav (2023 film)|Raghav]]''
|[[Jatin Bora]]
|[[Jatin Bora]], [[Nishita Goswami]], [[Mridula Baruah]], Hiranya Deka, Manmath Boruah, Bibhuti Bhushan Hazarika, Chinmay Kataki, Pabitra Boruah
|JB Productions
|<ref>{{cite web |date=26 October 2023 |title=Assamese Film 'Raghav' all set to hit cinemas on October 27 |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/assamese-film-raghav-all-set-to-hit-cinemas-on-october-27-700721-2023-10-26 |website=indiatodayne.in}}</ref>
|-
|24 November
|''Rongatapu 1982''
|Adityam Saikia
|[[Aimee Baruah]], [[Gunjan Bhardwaj]], [[Rimpi Das]], Vivek Bora, Kalpana Kalita, Alishmita Goswami
|BRC Cine Production
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rongatapu 1982: শীঘ্ৰেই আহি আছে সত্য ঘটনাৰ আলমত নিৰ্মিত অসমীয়া ছবি ৰঙাটাপু 1982 |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/assamese/assam/state/kamrup-metropolitan/assamese-film-rongatapu-1983-based-on-a-true-story-will-be-released-on-november/assam20231030104627251251464#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16990814991326&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etvbharat.com%2Fassamese%2Fassam%2Fstate%2Fkamrup-metropolitan%2Fassamese-film-rongatapu-1983-based-on-a-true-story-will-be-released-on-november%2Fassam20231030104627251251464 |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=etvbharat.in}}</ref>
|-
|8 December
|''Nellier Kotha''
|Parthajit Baruah
|Arghadeep Baruah, Mintu Baruah, Swagata Bharali, Bhoisnavi Bora, Sanjivani Bora
|Sunlit Studio
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Assamese film: Nellier Kotha (The Nellie Story) |url=https://northeastfilmjournal.com/assamese-film-nellier-kotha-the-nellie-story |access-date=27 November 2023 |website=northeastfilmjournal.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Nellie Story: শীঘ্ৰেই মুকলি হ'ব নেলীৰ গণহত্যাৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত ছবি 'নেলীৰ কথা' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/assamese/assam/state/kamrup-metropolitan/new-assamese-film-the-nellie-story-will-be-released-on-december/assam20231102163711943943060 |access-date=27 November 2023 |website=etvbharat.com}}</ref>
|}

=== 2024 ===
In 2024, ''[[Local Utpaat]]'', directed by [[Kenny Basumatary]], continued its strong run at the box office and entered the ₹1-crore-plus club, becoming the fifth Assamese film to achieve this milestone.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indigenousherald.com/TripuraNews/local-utpaat-enters-exclusive-rs-1-crore-plus-club-19162.html/|title=Local Utpaat enters exclusive Rs 1 crore-plus club|publisher=Indigenous Herald|date=2024|access-date=2025-11-14}}</ref>

=== 2025 ===
In 2025, ''[[Roi Roi Binale]]'', the final film of [[Zubeen Garg]], became the highest-grossing [[Assamese film]] of all time.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-11-11 |title='Roi Roi Binale' becomes highest-grossing Assamese film amid probe into Zubeen Garg's death |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/roi-roi-binale-becomes-highest-grossing-assamese-film-amid-probe-into-zubeen-gargs-death/cid/2132358 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=The Telegraph India}}</ref> The film broke all previous records of the Assamese film Industry (Jollywood).
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Release date
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Director
! scope="col" |Cast
! scope="col" |Studio
(Production Company)
!Ref.
|-
|}
=== 2026 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Release date
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Director
! scope="col" |Cast
! scope="col" |Studio
(Production Company)
!Ref.
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{Cinema of Assam}}

[[Category:Lists of 2020s films|Assamese]]
[[Category:Lists of Assamese films by decade|2020s]]
[[Category:2020s in Indian cinema|Assamese]]

Tony Chammany

2026-05-08T16:40:51Z

Shahidkumar: done...

{{AI-generated|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tony Chammany
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly
| term_start = May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Vypen (State Assembly constituency)|Vypen]]
| predecessor = [[K. N. Unnikrishnan]]
| successor =
| birth_name = Tony Chammany
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1969}}
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| father = Thomas
| occupation = Politician, Social Worker
| education = Graduate
}}

'''Tony Chammany''' (born 1969) is an Indian politician serving as the member of the legislative assembly (MLA) for the [[Vypen (State Assembly constituency)|Vypen]] constituency in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="Express_Win" /> A leader of the [[Indian National Congress]], he was elected in the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], wresting the seat from the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]].<ref name="TOI_Vypen" /> He previously served as the mayor of the [[Kochi Municipal Corporation]] from 2010 to 2015.

== Early life and education ==
Tony Chammany was born to Thomas in [[Kochi]], Ernakulam district In a Latin Catholic Family.<ref name="Affidavit_ECI" /> He has been a long-time political activist, rising through the ranks of the [[Kerala Students Union]] (KSU) and the [[Indian Youth Congress]]. He is a graduate and has been a prominent face of the Congress party in Kochi's urban and coastal politics for over two decades.<ref name="MyNeta" /><ref name="Hindu_Profile" />

== Political career ==
Chammany's political career is highlighted by his tenure as the mayor of Kochi (2010–2015), during which he oversaw significant infrastructure projects, including the initial phases of the [[Kochi Metro]]. After a narrow defeat in the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] in the Kochi constituency, he continued his organizational work within the party.<ref name="TOI_Vypen" />

In the 2026 Kerala Assembly elections, he was fielded from the Vypen constituency. In a result that marked a major gain for the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] in Ernakulam district, Chammany polled 66,112 votes, defeating his nearest rival, Adv. M. B. Shyni of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], by a margin of 15,648 votes.<ref name="BT_Result" /><ref name="ECI_Result" />

== Election results ==
=== 2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:130px" | Party
! scope="col" style="width:220px" | Candidate
! scope="col" style="width:80px" | Votes
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | %
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | ±%
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | '''[[Indian National Congress|INC]]'''
| style="text-align:left" | '''Tony Chammany'''
| '''66,112'''
| '''49.52'''
| '''+15.22'''
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[CPI(M)]]
| style="text-align:left" | Adv. M. B. Shyni
| 50,464
| 37.80
| -11.04
|-
| style="background-color: #f7df10" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Twenty20 Kizhakkambalam|Twenty20]]
| style="text-align:left" | Anitha Thomas
| 14,210
| 10.64
| -
|-
| style="background-color: #00008b" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
| style="text-align:left" | Mohandas
| 1,220
| 0.91
| -
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Margin of victory
! 15,648
! 11.72
!
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Total valid votes
! 1,33,512
!
!
|-
| colspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}; text-align:left" | '''[[Indian National Congress|INC]] gain''' from [[CPI(M)]]
| '''[[Swing (politics)|Swing]]'''
| +13.13
|
|}
<ref name="ECI_Result" />

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="ECI_Result">{{cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results May-2026 - Vypen (S1179) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/ConstituencywiseS1179.htm |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Express_Win">{{cite news |title=Vypen (Kerala) Assembly Election Result 2026: Tony Chammany of INC Wins |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/vypen-election-result-live-updates-kerala-assembly-election-results-winner-10669352/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="TOI_Vypen">{{cite news |title=Vypin Assembly Election Results 2026 Highlights: Tony Chammany of Congress wins Vypen by 15,648 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/kerala/vypen-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates/liveblog/130694589.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="BT_Result">{{cite news |title=Vypen Election Results 2026 Highlights: Tony Chammany of INC wins Vypen with 66,112 votes |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/elections/kerala/story/vypen-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-kerala-election-polls-results-2026-kaelb-529256-2026-05-04 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="MyNeta">{{cite web |title=Tony Chammany (Indian National Congress): Constituency - VYPEN (ERNAKULAM) - Affidavit Information |url=https://www.myneta.info/Kerala2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=330 |publisher=Association for Democratic Reforms |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Hindu_Profile">{{cite news |title=Tony Chammany, VYPEN constituency, INC, Kerala Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Kerala2026/tony-chammany-330/ |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Affidavit_ECI">{{cite web |title=Candidate Affidavit: Tony Chammany |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/Tony_Chammany_2026 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=22 March 2026}}</ref>
}}

[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Kochi]]

Sapne Vs Everyone

2026-05-05T01:30:55Z

Shahidkumar: post

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sapne vs Everyone.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| director = Ambrish Verma
| music = Akaash Mukherjee
| writer = Ambrish Verma
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 10
| producer = [[Arunabh Kumar]]
| cinematography = Georgy John
| company = [[The Viral Fever]]
| network = [[YouTube]]<br> [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|12|08|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
}}
'''''Sapne Vs Everyone''''' is an Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[drama (film and television)|drama]] television series produced by [[The Viral Fever]] (TVF). Written and directed by Ambrish Verma, it premiered on December 8, 2023, on TVF's [[YouTube channel]] and later on [[Amazon Prime Video]]. The series follows two dreamers, Prashant Narula (Paramvir) and Jimmy Mehta (Ambrish Verma), as they navigate societal expectations, morality, and personal ambitions in pursuit of their dreams in acting and real estate, respectively.

== Cast ==
* Paramvir Singh Cheema as Prashant Narula<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-01 |title=Not Sacred Games or Mirzapur, this Indian show is ruling the globe with highest IMDB rating |url=https://www.mensxp.com/ampstories/buzz-on-web/latest/153608-tvf-sapne-vs-everyone-highest-rated-imdb-indian-show-ruling-the-globe-top-250.html |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=www.mensxp.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Ambrish Verma as Rajkumar "Jimmy" Mehta<ref name=":0" />
* [[Naveen Kasturia]] as Sumit Sir<ref name=":0" />
* Vijayant Kohli as Kukreja<ref name=":0" />
* Kirandeep Kaur<ref name=":0" />
* Eklavey Kashyap as Samarth<ref name=":0" />
* Jairoop Jeevan as Pandit Ji<ref name=":0" />

== Production ==
The series, consisting of five episodes in its first season, is produced by [[Arunabh Kumar]], with music by Akaash Mukherjee and cinematography by Georgy John. It marks TVF’s venture into darker, more experimental storytelling, focusing on emotional struggles and complex characters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azeem |first=Eba Fatima |title=TVF's Sapne Vs Everyone Wins Prestigious Asian Academy Creative Award; Makers Elated |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/tvfs-sapne-vs-everyone-wins-prestigious-asian-academy-creative-award-makers-elated/412452/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paramvir Singh Cheema says playing Prashant in Sapne v/s Everyone helped him disengage from the emotional turmoil he internalised while portraying dark and aggressive |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/paramvir-singh-cheema-says-playing-prashant-in-sapne-v-s-everyone-helped-him-disengage-from-the-emotional-turmoil-he-internalised-while-portraying-dark-and-aggressive-592374/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sapne Vs Everyone received critical acclaim for its screenplay, performances, and emotional depth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vir Das At The Emmys,TVF's Sapne Vs Everyone At Asian Academy Creative Awards To All We Imagine As Light At Cannes, Golden Globes: Indian Content On Global Platforms |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vir-das-at-the-emmys-to-all-we-imagine-as-light-at-cannes-golden-globes-indian-content-on-global-platforms-7350434 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Toleti |first=Siddartha |date=2024-02-12 |title=Sapne Vs Everyone Review - Emotionally Charged Drama |url=https://www.m9.news/ott-review/sapne-vs-everyone-web-series-review/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=M9.news |language=en-US}}</ref>

The series entered IMDb’s Top 250 TV Shows list globally and won the Best Branded Program at the [[Asian Academy Creative Awards]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-29 |title=From TVF's Sapne Vs Everyone Winning at the Asian Academy, Vir Das at the Emmys, & All We Imagine as Light at Cannes, how Indian content made waves on the global stage in 2024 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/from-tvfs-sapne-vs-everyone-winning-at-the-asian-academy-vir-das-at-the-emmys-all-we-imagine-as-light-at-cannes-how-indian-content-made-waves-on-the-global-stage-in-2024-13848301.html |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sapne Vs Everyone, Chamak And Indian Police Force Rise To The Top Of IMDb Ratings |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/sapne-vs-everyone-chamak-and-indian-police-force-rise-to-the-top-of-imdb-ratings-2726550.html |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== Future ==
Following its global success, a second season was announced in February 2024, with interest from multiple OTT platforms for distribution. Prime video released the first look of second season in march 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 February 2024 |title=Is TVF's Sapne Vs Everyone season 2 on cards? Deets inside |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/is-tvfs-sapne-vs-everyone-season-2-on-cards-deets-inside20240206173353 |work=[[ANI News]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt30263074}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

Salig Ram (politician)

2026-04-21T03:06:37Z

Shahidkumar: done...

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter and politician (1909–1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Salig Ram
| image = Dr. Salig Ram.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 15 August 1909
| birth_place = Ustehr village, [[Kangra district]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1986|11|4|1909|8|15}}
| death_place =
| constituency =
| occupation = Politician<br>Physician
| profession =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
| office2 = Member of Parliament in the [[Rajya Sabha]],<br>1966-72<br>Minister in the Govt. of Himachal Pradesh,<br>1972-77<br>Minister in the Govt. of Himachal Pradesh,<br>28 January 1977 – 30 April 1977
| governor2 =
| governor3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| 1blankname1 =
| 1namedata1 =
| signature =
| Awards =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| education = King Edward Medical School, Indore<br>D.A.V. College, Lahore<br>G.A.V. School, Kangra
}}

'''Dr. Salig Ram''' (15 August 1909 – 4 November 1986; also written as '''Dr. Saligram''')<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=India Parliament Rajya Sabha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtpFJucR0foC&q=dr+salig+ram+rajya+sabha |title=Rajya Sabha Members: Biographical Sketches, 1952-2003 |date=2003 |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat |pages=309 |language=en}}</ref> was a medical doctor, [[Indian freedom fighter|freedom fighter]], and politician from [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. He belonged to the [[Indian National Congress]]. Over 1966–72, he served as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from Himachal Pradesh in the [[Rajya Sabha]]. Over 1972–77, he served as a Minister with various portfolios in the [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]], principally under the Chief Ministership of [[Yashwant Singh Parmar|Y.S. Parmar]] and later for a brief period under [[Thakur Ram Lal]]. He was known as a dissident of Y.S. Parmar.

== Personal life ==
Salig Ram was born in a [[Brahmin]] family to Purusottam Ram, at Ustehr in [[Kangra district]], which was back then a part of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]]. He was educated at the G.A.V. School in Kangra, the [[D.A.V. College (Lahore), Ambala City|D.A.V. College]] in [[Lahore]], and the [[Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Indore|King Edward Medical School]], [[Indore]]. He was married twice, the second time to Vidya Devi. He had four sons and four daughters.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=India Parliament Lok Sabha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VLH4FUXLMEC&q=dr+salig+ram+rajya+sabha |title=Who's who |date=1966 |publisher=Parliament Secretariat |pages=264 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grover |first1=Verinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPVtAAAAMAAJ&q=dr+salig+ram+himachal |title=Encyclopaedia of India and Her States: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab |last2=Arora |first2=Ranjana |date=1996 |publisher=Deep & Deep |isbn=978-81-7100-730-1 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emxmAAAAMAAJ&q=Salig+Ram+ustehr |title=India Who's who |date=1982 |publisher=INFA Publications |pages=49 |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==

=== Pre-Independence years ===
In 1922, Salig Ram participated in the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-Cooperation Movement]] against [[British rule in India]]. His association with the Indian National Congress, which remained his political party throughout his later political career, started in 1937.<ref name=":2" />

=== Early post-Independence years ===
Dr. Salig Ram was a member of the [[All India Congress Committee]] over 1948–51.<ref name=":2" /> He was active involved in the early efforts for enlarging the then emerging state of Himachal Pradesh, as the President of the District Congress Committee, Kangra.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpWloqN5LTAC&dq=dr+salig+ram+himachal&pg=PA254 |title=The Emergence of Himachal Pradesh: A Survey of Constitutional Developments |date=1995 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-035-4 |pages=254 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Rajya Sabha ===
Dr. Salig Ram served as a member of the Rajya Sabha from Himachal Pradesh, from 3 April 1966 till 19 March 1972.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Himachal Pradesh Vidhan Sabha ===
Dr. Salig Ram was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) to the [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Himachal Pradesh Vidhan Sabha in 1972]], from the [[Jaswan Assembly constituency|Jaswan assembly constituency]]. He was made the Minister of Agriculture. In March 1973, he, along with another minister Sarla Sharma, failed to oust the then Chief Minister Y.S. Parmar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Dharam Chand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mpQlAAAAMAAJ&q=dr+saligram+minister |title=Indian Government and Politics |date=1978 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7069-0521-2 |pages=106 |language=en}}</ref> On the advice of the Chief Minister, Dr. Salig Ram was dismissed from his ministership by the Lt. Governor of Himachal Pradesh on 18 October 1973, under Article 164(1) of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=De |first=Jatindra Ranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3mKAAAAMAAJ&q=dr+saligram+minister |title=The Growth of Parliamentary Government in India |date=1991 |publisher=Bijan Publishers |pages=271 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18nyaGIUAjAC&q=dr+saligram+minister |title=Journal of Parliamentary Information |date=1974 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |pages=378 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RR4c8iuY__MC&dq=dr+saligram+minister&pg=RA6-PA8 |title=Socialist India |date=1972 |publisher=Indian National Congress. All India Congress Committee. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZX7iAAAAMAAJ&q=dr+salig+ram+himachal |title=Indian Recorder and Digest |date=1973 |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref> But he continued to be an MLA till early 1977.<ref name=":2" />

After Y.S. Parmar resigned as Chief Minister on 24 January 1977, Thakur Ram Lal was sworn as Chief Minister on 28 January 1977, and on the same day Dr. Salig Ram was sworn in as Minister of Public Works. On 4 March, Dr. Salig Ram was additionally given the portfolios of multi-purpose projects, power, health and family planning, animal husbandry, fisheries, revenue, rehabilitation, food and supplies, elections, panchayats, housing and welfare.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXtDAAAAYAAJ&dq=Council+of+Ministers+Salig+Ram&pg=PA157 |title=Data India |date=1977 |publisher=Press Institute of India |pages=77, 157 |language=en}}</ref> This government ended on 30 April 1977, followed by President's Rule for 53 days, and then the [[first Shanta Kumar ministry]].

=== Others ===

* In 1960, Dr. Salig Ram was a member of the Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee, Kangra.<ref>{{Cite book |last=India Parliament Lok Sabha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2TVAAAAMAAJ&q=dr+salig+ram+m.p. |title=Lok Sabha Debates: Appendix |date=1960 |pages=625 |language=en}}</ref>
* In the 1960s, he served as the President of the District Congress Committee, Kangra.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Punjab (India) Legislature Legislative Assembly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESZhAAAAIAAJ&q=dr+salig+ram+MLA |title=Punjab Legislative Assembly Debates: Official Report |date=1966 |publisher=Controller of Printing & Stationery Punjab |pages=369 |language=en}}</ref>
* Over 1960–66, he served as the President of the Punjab PWD Worker's Union, Kangra.<ref name=":2" />
* Over 1962–67, he served as the President of the [[Harijan Sevak Sangh]], Kangra.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1970s in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Kangra district]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Indian nationalists]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]

Mawshynrut Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:31:07Z

Shahidkumar: done - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mawshynrut
| type = SLA
| map_image = Mawshynrut Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 34
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[West Khasi Hills district|West Khasi Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]]
| reservation = ST
| established = 2008
| mla = [[Methodius Dkhar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:41064}}<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2028|05}}
}}
'''Mawshynrut''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[West Khasi Hills district|West Khasi Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It was created after the passing of the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies, 2008''<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> and had its first election in 2013. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Methodius Dkhar]] of the [[Hill State People's Democratic Party]].{{update after|2028|4}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Witting Mawsor]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3690-meghalaya-2013/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date= 30 January 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Gigur Myrthong]]<ref name=results2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3694-meghalaya-general-legislative-election-2018/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2018 - Meghalaya - Election Commission of India |website=|accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
|[[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Methodius Dkhar]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mawshynrut<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Methodius Dkhar]] |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=19,368 |percentage=52.96% |change={{increase}}32.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gigur Myrthong |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=14,181 |percentage=38.78% |change={{increase}}7.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Justine G. Momin |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=2,515 |percentage=6.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Beejoy Kynter |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=286 |percentage=0.78% |change={{decrease}}2.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Andrew Charles Gare |party=Indian National Congress |votes=220 |percentage=0.60% |change={{decrease}}18.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=321 |percentage=0.88% |change={{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,187 |percentage=14.18% |change= {{increase}}2.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,570 |percentage=89.06% |change= {{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,064 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= {{increase}}21.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mawshynrut<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gigur Myrthong |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=9,540 |percentage=31.50% |change={{increase}}26.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Witting Mawsor |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=6,116 |percentage=20.19% |change={{decrease}}9.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Justine G Momin |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,843 |percentage=19.29% |change={{increase}}0.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Morningstar Mawsor |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=3,925 |percentage=12.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H Ledishon Nongsiang |party=Independent politician |votes=2,484 |percentage=8.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pitosh R Sangma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=895 |percentage=2.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Savio Iawphniaw |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=740 |percentage=2.44% |change={{decrease}}12.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=326 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,424 |percentage=11.30% |change= {{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,288 |percentage=89.26% |change= {{increase}}0.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,933 |ref = |change= {{increase}}31.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}2.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mawshynrut<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Witting Mawsor |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=6,778 |percentage=29.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Methodius Dkhar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,375 |percentage=19.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fantin Kitbok Ryntathiang |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=3,497 |percentage=15.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pelcy Snaitang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,870 |percentage=8.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lowis Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,772 |percentage=7.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shimbor Diengngan |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=1,181 |percentage=5.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John Justic Hashah |party=Independent politician |votes=1,129 |percentage=4.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,403 |percentage=10.44% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,018 |percentage=89.01% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,861 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
* [[West Khasi Hills district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.71|91.09|display=title}}

[[Category:West Khasi Hills district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Devyani Singh Rana

2026-04-10T13:50:37Z

Shahidkumar:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Devyani Rana
| image = Devyani Rana during nomination paper filing rally for Nagrota constituency.jpg
| caption = Devyani Rana at BJP nomination rally in Nagrota, 2024
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| constituency = [[Nagrota, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Nagrota]]
| predecessor = [[Devender Singh Rana]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| father = [[Devender Singh Rana]]<ref name="Businesswoman Devyani Rana, daughter of late MLA Devender Rana, is BJP’s pick for Nagrota bypoll">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/businesswoman-devyani-rana-mla-devender-rana-bjp-nagrota-bypoll-10309133/|title=Businesswoman Devyani Rana, daughter of late MLA Devender Rana, is BJP’s pick for Nagrota bypoll|date=15 October 2025|accessdate=15 November 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115051821/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/businesswoman-devyani-rana-mla-devender-rana-bjp-nagrota-bypoll-10309133/|archivedate=15 November 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
| education = [[UCLA]] ([[Economics Major, Film TV & Digital Media Minor, Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
}}
'''Devyani Rana''' is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], the incumbent member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nagrota, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Nagrota Assembly constituency]] seat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Sagar |title=Who is Devyani Rana? BJP leader and US-educated businesswoman wins Nagrota Assembly bypoll |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-who-is-devyani-rana-bjp-leader-and-us-educated-businesswoman-wins-nagrota-assembly-bypoll-in-jammu-and-kashmir-daughter-of-devender-singh-rana-3188654 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Who is Devyani Rana? The woman behind BJP’s sweeping victory in J&K’s Nagrota Bypoll |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/who-is-devyani-rana-the-woman-behind-bjps-sweeping-victory-in-jampks-nagrota-bypoll/4043773/ |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2025 Nagrota Assembly constituency By Poll Result">{{cite news|title=2025 Nagrota Assembly constituency By Poll Result|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeNov2025/candidateswise-U0877.htm|accessdate=15 November 2025|work=|issue=|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=14 November 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115044704/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeNov2025/candidateswise-U0877.htm|archivedate=15 November 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
She was fielded by the Bharatiya Janata Party as its candidate for the Nagrota by-election in 2025 following the demise of her father, former four time legislator Devender Singh Rana.<ref>https://www.thestatesman.com/india/who-is-devyani-rana-new-nagrota-mla-in-jk-winning-the-bypoll-held-after-devender-singh-ranas-passing-1503511859.html</ref>

She won the election with 42,350 votes, defeating her nearest rival by a margin of 24,647 votes.<ref>https://www.thestatesman.com/india/who-is-devyani-rana-new-nagrota-mla-in-jk-winning-the-bypoll-held-after-devender-singh-ranas-passing-1503511859.html</ref>

Rana was the youngest among the candidates contesting the Nagrota bypoll.<ref>https://theprint.in/india/nagrota-bypoll-bjps-devyani-youngest-candidate-vows-to-fulfil-father-devender-singh-ranas-dream/2768788/</ref>

She received praise across party lines for her speech during a Jammu and Kashmir Assembly session, where she focused on budgetary issues including disaster management, education, and infrastructure.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/young-jk-mla-draws-praise-from-across-the-aisle-for-house-speech/articleshow/128081626.cms</ref>

Rana has been involved in initiatives promoting women empowerment and local entrepreneurship. In 2025, she supported women-led self-help group initiatives in Nagrota, including the launch of products such as "Gau Shakti" and "Pooja Saathi" dhoop cones.<ref>https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu/devyani-rana-launches-gau-shakti-floor-cleaner/</ref><ref>https://knskashmir.com/devyani-rana-leads-women-s-day-celebrations-at-nagrota--felicitates-women-achievers-193225</ref>

In March 2026, on the occasion of International Women’s Day, she distributed Jammu & Kashmir Bank loan sanction letters amounting to ₹70 lakh to women beneficiaries under the Mission Yuva initiative to support entrepreneurship and self-employment.<ref>https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/devyani-disburses-rs-70-lakh-loan-to-women-beneficiaries-at-entrepreneurship-mela/</ref>

Rana has also been involved in initiatives related to rural development and agriculture. In March 2026, she inaugurated the office of the Mathwar Farmer Producer Organisation (FPO) in Nagrota and launched an awareness programme on cooperative farming and farmer welfare.<ref>https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/devyani-rana-inaugurates-mathwar-fpo-office-at-agore/</ref>

In 2026, she launched a youth-centric training and employment drive in Nagrota focused on the hospitality sector.<ref>https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/devyani-rana-kicks-off-2nd-youth-training-employment-drive-for-hotel-industry-in-nagrota/</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rana completed her schooling in Jammu, where she studied Accounting, Economics, Business Studies and Mathematics. She later graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), majoring in economics (with a concentration in Econometrics) with a minor in film, television and digital media with Honours courses. She also took her senior year courses as an exchange scholar at the London School of Economics.

Prior to entering politics, she was recognised among awardees at the FICCI FLO Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh ‘Trailblazers’ event in 2024.<ref>https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/ficci-flo-presents-3rd-edition-of-trailblazers/</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rana is the daughter of stalwart J&K politician Devender Singh Rana.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Devyani Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-BJP-politician-stub}}

George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd

2026-04-05T16:03:22Z

Shahidkumar: made new data

{{Short description|British Conservative politician (1879–1941)}}
{{About|the British politician|other persons named George Lloyd|George Lloyd (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lord Lloyd
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|GCSI|GCIE|DSO|PC}}
| image = George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd.png
| order = [[Leader of the House of Lords]]
| term_start = 22 December 1940
| term_end = 4 February 1941
| monarch = [[George VI]]
| prime_minister = [[Winston Churchill]]
| predecessor = [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|The Viscount Halifax]]
| successor = [[Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne|The Lord Moyne]]
| order2 = [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]]
| term_start2 = 12 May 1940
| term_end2 = 4 February 1941
| monarch2 = [[George VI]]
| prime_minister2 = [[Winston Churchill]]
| predecessor2 = [[Malcolm MacDonald]]
| successor2 = [[Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne|The Lord Moyne]]
| order3 = [[List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to Egypt|High Commissioner in Egypt]]
| term_start3 = 1925
| term_end3 = 1929
| monarch3 = [[George V]]
| predecessor3 = [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby|The Viscount Allenby]]
| successor3 = [[Sir Percy Loraine, 12th Baronet|Sir Percy Loraine, Bt]]
| order4 = [[List of Governors of Bombay|Governor of Bombay]]
| term_start4 = 16 December 1918
| term_end4 = 8 December 1923
| monarch4 = [[George V]]
| predecessor4 = [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|The Marquess of Willingdon]]
| successor4 = [[Leslie Wilson (politician)|Sir Leslie Wilson]]
| office14 = Member of the [[House of Lords]]
| status14 = Lord Temporal
| term_start14 = 16 November 1925
| term_end14 = 4 February 1941
| predecessor14 = ''[[Baron Lloyd|Peerage created]]''
| successor14 = [[Alexander Lloyd, 2nd Baron Lloyd|The 2nd Baron Lloyd]]
| office15 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br />for [[Eastbourne (UK Parliament constituency)|Eastbourne]]
| term_start15 = 29 October 1924
| term_end15 = 15 November 1925
| predecessor15 = [[Rupert Gwynne]]
| successor15 = [[Reginald Hall|Sir Reginald Hall]]
| office16 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br />for [[West Staffordshire (UK Parliament constituency)|West Staffordshire]]
| term_start16 = 10 February 1910
| term_end16 = 14 December 1918
| predecessor16 = [[Henry McLaren, 2nd Baron Aberconway|Henry McLaren]]
| successor16 = ''constituency abolished''
| birth_date = {{birth date|1879|9|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Olton|Olton Hall]]<ref>stanford.edu [https://archive.today/20131116095918/http://www.stanford.edu/group/auden/cgi-bin/audennj/individual.php?pid=I20543&ged=auden-bicknell.ged George Ambrose Lloyd 1st Baron] Lloyd DSO GCSI GCIE PC – I20543 – Individual Information.</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|1941|2|4|1879|9|19|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Marylebone]], London, England
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[Eton College|Eton]] [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Hon. Blanche Lascelles|1911}}
| children = [[Alexander Lloyd, 2nd Baron Lloyd]]
}}
[[File:Lloyd OfDolobran Montgomery Arms.PNG|thumb|200px|Arms of Lloyd of [[Dolobran, Montgomeryshire]], Wales (of which family had the Lloyd Quakers, bankers and steel manufacturers of Birmingham: ''Azure, a chevron between three cocks argent armed crested and wattled or''<ref>[[John Burke (genealogist)|Burke's]] Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry, 15th Edition, ed. Pirie-Gordon, H., London, 1937, pp. 1392–1393.</ref>]]
'''George Ambrose Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd'''<ref>[[James Lees-Milne]], ''Ancestral Voices'', London:Chatto & Windus, 1975, p. 6, n. 1.</ref> (19 September 1879 – 4 February 1941), was a British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician and colonial administrator who was strongly associated with the [[Diehard Conservatism|"Diehard" wing]] of the party. From 1937 to 1941, he was chairman of the [[British Council]] in which capacity he sought to ensure support for Britain's position during the [[Second World War]].

==Early life==
Lloyd was born at [[Olton|Olton Hall]], [[Warwickshire]], the son of Sampson Samuel Lloyd (whose [[Sampson Samuel Lloyd|namesake father]] was also a [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]) and Jane Emilia, daughter of Thomas Lloyd. He was educated at [[Eton College|Eton]] and [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]. He [[coxswain (rowing)|coxed]] the [[Cambridge University Boat Club|Cambridge]] crew in the 1899 and 1900 [[The Boat Race|Boat Races]].<ref name=Venn>{{acad|id=LLT898GA|name=Lloyd, George Ambrose}}</ref> He left without taking a degree, was unsettled by the deaths of both his parents in 1899 and made a tour of [[India]].<ref name=odnb1>{{cite book|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 34|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=124|isbn=0-19-861378-4}}Article by Jason Tombs.</ref>

[[File:George_Lloyd.jpg|thumb|left]]
In 1901, Lloyd joined the family firm [[Stewarts & Lloyds]] as its youngest director. In 1903, he first became involved with the [[tariff reform]] movement of [[Joseph Chamberlain]]. In 1904, he fell in love with Lady Constance Knox, daughter of the [[Uchter Knox, 5th Earl of Ranfurly|5th Earl of Ranfurly]], who forbade the match with his daughter considering him unsuitable (she then married Evelyn Milnes Gaskell, son of the Right Honourable [[Charles George Milnes Gaskell|Charles Gaskell]], in November 1905).<ref>Gamble, Cynthia, (2015) Wenlock Abbey 1857–1919: A Shropshire Country House and the Milnes Gaskell Family, Ellingham Press.</ref> In 1905, he turned down an offer by Stewarts & Lloyds of a steady position in London and chose to embark on a study of the East in the British Empire.

===Foreign Office===
Through the efforts of his friends Samuel Pepys Cockerell, working in the commercial department of the Foreign Office, and [[Gertrude Bell]], whom he had come to know, he started work as an unpaid honorary attaché in [[Constantinople]]. At "Old Stamboul",<ref>John Charmley: '' Lord Lloyd and the Decline of the British Empire '' St Martin's Press, New York 1987 {{ISBN|0-312-01306-X}}</ref> as he came to remember the Embassy of Sir [[Nicholas O'Conor]], he worked together with [[Lancelot Oliphant]], [[Percy Loraine]] and [[Alexander Cadogan]]. There also, he first met [[Mark Sykes]] and [[Aubrey Herbert]]. In April 1906, Herbert joined him on an exploration of the state of the [[Baghdad Railway]].<ref>John Charmley '' Lord Lloyd '' New York 1987 Chapter 2 The Lure of the East.</ref> His confidential memorandum of November 1906 on the [[Hejaz Railway]] gave a detailed account of many economic problems. That and other papers on Ottoman finance, for example, led to his appointment in January 1907 as a special commissioner to investigate trading prospects around the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref name=Venn/>

===Parliamentary candidate===
Lloyd had been strongly influenced by Joseph Chamberlain's call for [[tariff reform]] to link Britain and the [[dominion]]s closer together, and the tariff issue now inspired Lloyd to enter politics.<ref name="Atherton pages 25-48">Atherton, p. 26.</ref> At the [[January 1910 United Kingdom general election|January 1910 general election]], Lloyd was elected as a [[Liberal Unionist Party|Liberal Unionist]] [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[West Staffordshire (UK Parliament constituency)|West Staffordshire]]. He married Blanche Lascelles the following year. In February 1914, Lloyd was adopted as Unionist parliamentary candidate for [[Shrewsbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Shrewsbury]] ahead of the next general election (expected no later than the end of 1915<ref>Based on the five-year term laid down by [[Parliament Act 1911]], calculated from the [[December 1910 United Kingdom general election|previous general election in December 1910]].</ref>) when the sitting MP, the unrelated namesake [[George Butler Lloyd]], intended to retire.<ref name=SChron1>{{cite news|title=The Representation of Shrewsbury – Mr Butler Lloyd to Retire at the Next Election – Parliamentary Unionist Candidate Adopted|work=Shrewsbury Chronicle|page=2|date=27 February 1914}}</ref> Lloyd was completely opposed to women's suffrage and wrote that to give women the right to vote would ensure that they would vote "for the ''beaux yeux'' of the candidates".<ref>Charmley, John ''Lord Lloyd and the Decline of the British Empire'' St Martin's Press, New York p. 68.</ref>

The general election and his candidacy were both forestalled by the outbreak of the [[First World War]], and the sitting member continued to hold his seat until 1922. He and another backbench colleague in Parliament, [[Leopold Amery]], lobbied the Conservative leadership to press for an immediate declaration of war against Germany on 1 August 1914.<ref name=odnb2>{{cite book|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 34|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=125}}</ref>

In conjunction with [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Edward Wood]] (later [[Earl of Halifax]]), Lloyd wrote ''The Great Opportunity'' in 1918. The book was meant to be a Conservative challenge to the [[David Lloyd George|Lloyd George]] coalition and stressed for devolution of power from Westminster and the importance of reviving English industry and agriculture.

===First World War===
As a [[lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] in the [[Warwickshire Yeomanry]], Lloyd was called up three days after Britain had entered the war.<ref name=SChron2>{{cite news|title=War Jottings|work=Shrewsbury Chronicle|page=3|date=14 August 1914}}</ref>

During the war, he served on the staff of [[Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton|Sir Ian Hamilton]] at [[Gallipoli]] and landed with the [[ANZACs]] on the first day of that campaign; took part in a special British mission to [[Petrograd]] to improve Anglo-Russian liaison; visited [[Basra]] to update his study of commerce in the Persian Gulf; and, after a time in [[Cairo]], with [[T. E. Lawrence]] and the Arab Bureau in [[Hejaz]], the [[Negev]] and the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] Desert.<ref name=odnb2 /> He reached the rank of [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] in the Warwickshire Yeomanry in which regiment he continued to hold rank until 1925,<ref name="Kelly's">{{cite book|title=Kelly's Handbook to the Titled, Landed and Official Classes, 1925|publisher=Kelly's|page=1053}}</ref> he was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] and made [[Order of the Indian Empire|Companion of the Indian Empire]] in 1917. For services in the war, he also received the [[Russian Empire]]'s [[Order of St Anna|Order of St Anne]], 3rd Class,<ref name=Venn /> and the Order of Al Nahda (2nd class) of the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]].<ref name=LG>{{cite news|title=London Gazette|date=8 March 1920}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2022}}

==Colonial posts==
===Bombay===
In December 1918 he was appointed [[Governor of Bombay]] and made Knight Commander in the [[Order of the Indian Empire]]. His principal activities as governor were reclaiming land for housing in the Back Bay area of the city of [[Bombay]] and building the Lloyd Barrage (now [[Sukkur Barrage]]) an irrigation scheme, both of which were funded by loans raised in India, instead of in England. Lloyd's administration was the first to raise such funds locally. His province was one of the centres of Indian nationalist unrest to deal with which he insisted in 1921 on the arrest of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who was subsequently imprisoned for six years for [[sedition]].<ref name=odnb2 />

Lloyd was very strongly opposed to [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]] or even bringing a measure of democracy to the Raj and wrote of what he called "the fundamental unsuitability of modern western democratic methods of government to any Oriental people".<ref>Charmley, John ''Lord Lloyd and the Decline of the British Empire'' St Martin's Press, New York, p. 170.</ref> A strong believer in what he regarded as the greatness of the British Empire, Lloyd wrote from Bombay to a friend on 25 August 1920: "The real truth is that we can't withdraw the legions: every schoolboy knows what happened to Rome as the legions began to do so".<ref>Charmley, John ''Lord Lloyd and the Decline of the British Empire'' St Martin's Press, New York, p. 95.</ref> The British historian Louise Atherton described Lloyd: "Idealistically, almost mystically, devoted to the British Empire, he advocated the use of force, if necessary, to maintain British control".<ref name="Atherton pages 25-48"/> He completed his term as governor in 1923 and was made a [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Counsellor]]<ref>{{London Gazette|supp=y|issue=32893|page=1|date=1 January 1924}}</ref> and Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32909|page=1454|date=19 February 1924|nolink=y}}</ref>

He was instrumental in selecting and sending the first truly-Indian team of athletes to Olympics in 1920 to the 7th Olympic Games, held at [[Antwerp]], [[Belgium]]. He helped form the ad hoc Indian Olympic Association under the chairmanship of the industrialist and philanthropist Sir [[Dorabji Tata]]. Lloyd made special arrangements for the preparations and training of the six-member team in England, arranged for their travel and stayed in military facilities both in London and then Antwerp. He negotiated the arrangements with Sir [[Winston Churchill]] and got the required permissions even when the Britain was broke from the First World War and struggling even to send its own teams to the Games. A patron of the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], he also established an annual grant dedicated to its efforts in producing a critical edition of the [[Hindu]] epic ''[[Mahabharata]].''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gode |first=P. K. |title=Lord George Ambrose Lloyd (1879-1941) |date=1939 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41688848 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=21 |issue=3/4 |pages=309 |jstor=41688848 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref>

===Egypt===
He returned to Parliament again for [[Eastbourne (UK Parliament constituency)|Eastbourne]] in 1924 and served until 1925, when he was made '''Baron Lloyd''', of Dolobran in the County of Montgomery, named after his Welsh ancestral home.<ref name=odnb2 /> After his ennoblement, he was appointed [[High Commissioner]] to [[Egypt]] and served until his resignation was forced upon him by the Labour [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]] [[Arthur Henderson]] in 1929. Lloyd's views and experience formed the background of a self-justifying two-volume book, ''Egypt Since [[Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer|Cromer]]'' (published 1933–1934).<ref name=odnb2 />

===Lobbying===
In 1930, Lloyd became president of the [[Navy League of Great Britain|Navy League]], which lobbied the government for to spend more money on the [[Royal Navy]], and he was a member of the [[India Defence League]], which lobbied the government not to grant home rule to India.<ref name="Atherton pages 25-48"/> During the 1930s, he was one of the most prominent opponents of proposals to grant [[Indian Home Rule]], working alongside [[Winston Churchill]] against the [[UK National Government|National Government]]. From 1931 to 1935, Lloyd employed [[James Lees-Milne]] as one of his male secretaries.

Lloyd was suspicious of [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazi]] movement, which he saw as a threat to Britain.<ref>[[Michael Bloch]], biography of [[James Lees-Milne]], page 57, 2009.</ref> He agitated for rearmament against Germany as early as 1930, before Churchill did so.<ref>Lord Lloyd and the decline of the British Empire J Charmley, pp. 1, 2, 213ff.</ref>

==British Council==
From July 1937 onward, he was chairman of the British Council in which he oversaw an increase in lectureships and made cultural tours of neutral capitals to maintain sympathy for Britain's cause during the early months of the Second World War.<ref name=odnb5/>

The council was a purportedly-independent group meant to engage in cultural propaganda promoting the British way of life to the rest of the world that was in fact under the control of the Foreign Office.<ref>Atherton, pp. 26–27.</ref> As head of the British Council, Lloyd ran his own private intelligence network that employed as one his spies the journalist Ian Colvin, who served as the Berlin correspondent of ''The News Chronicle''.<ref name=watt182>Watt, D. C. ''How War Came'', New York: Pantheon, 1989 p. 182.</ref> Unusually, Lloyd enjoyed a privileged access to the secret reports of MI6, the British intelligence service.<ref name=watt182/> The British historian [[D. C. Watt]] called Lloyd "one of those uncontrollable ''lusi naturae'' the British elite throws up from time to time".<ref name=watt90>Watt, D. C. ''How War Came'', New York: Pantheon, 1989 p. 90.</ref>

In November 1937, Foreign Secretary [[Anthony Eden]] instructed Lloyd that the British Council was to concentrate especially on improving Britain's image in Portugal, Greece, Turkey, Yugoslavia, Romania and Poland.<ref>Atherton, p. 27.</ref> Regarding the Middle East, especially Egypt, as a crucial area of control for Britain, Lloyd regarded the approaches to the Near East as equally crucial, which led him to become obsessed with the Balkans, which called the "eastern approaches", independently of Eden's instructions.<ref name=atherton28>Atherton, p. 28.</ref> In April 1938, he suggested in a memo sent to Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax that Britain needed to become more economically involved in the Balkans, which were rapidly falling into the German economic sphere of influence.<ref name=atherton28/> After discussing the issue with King [[George II of Greece]] during a visit to Athens in May 1938, Lloyd submitted another memo calling for Britain to increase the import of staple goods from Bulgaria, Turkey, Greece and Romania.<ref>Atherton, pp. 28–29.</ref> In response, Britain granted Turkey a credit of £16 million that month, but Lloyd's idea of an "economic offensive" in the Balkans was not taken up at the time.<ref name="ReferenceB">Atherton, p. 29.</ref>

===Czechoslovakia===
Lloyd was not in sympathy with the Chamberlain government's policies towards Czechoslovakia in August–September 1938, and his advice that he gave to his old friend, Lord Halifax, who served as Foreign Secretary after Eden had resigned in February 1938 in protest against the Chamberlain's government's policies towards [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]], was not followed.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

Lloyd passed on to the government on 3 August 1938 a report from Colvin that stated that Germany planned to invade Czechoslovakia on 28 September.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> In September, Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] flew to Germany three times for summits with Hitler at Berchtesgaden, Bad Godesberg and Munich to discuss the [[Sudetenland]] crisis. In a letter of 20 October 1938 to Sir [[Percy Loraine]], Lloyd sardonically wrote of those three summits: "If at first you don't concede, fly, fly again."<ref>Goldstein, 1999 page 289.</ref>

===United States===
In the tense atmosphere of 1938, Lloyd tried hard to increase British propaganda in the United States to an attempt to involve the America in the Sudetenland dispute and favored an approach of trying to appeal to the American elite, rather than the American people in general.<ref>Cull, Nicholas "The Munich Crisis and British Propaganda Policy in the United States" pages 216–235 from ''The Munich Crisis, Prelude to World War II'' edited by Igor Lukes and Erik Goldstein, London: Frank Cass, 1999 pages 217–218.</ref>

In June 1938, he argued that the British Council should arrange for British professors to serve as visiting lecturers at American universities to strengthen Anglo-American relations.<ref name="Cull pages 216-235">Cull, Nicholas "The Munich Crisis and British Propaganda Policy in the United States" pages 216–235 from ''The Munich Crisis, Prelude to World War II'' edited by Igor Lukes and Erik Goldstein, London: Frank Cass, 1999 page 218.</ref> The same month, the [[US Congress]] passed the [[Foreign Agents Registration Act]], which required all propaganda by foreign governments in the [[United States]] to be registered with the [[State Department]] and to be labelled as propaganda.<ref>Cull, Nicholas "The Munich Crisis and British Propaganda Policy in the United States" pages 216–235 from ''The Munich Crisis, Prelude to World War II'' edited by Igor Lukes and Erik Goldstein, London: Frank Cass, 1999 page 217.</ref> US Representative [[Martin Dies Jr.]], the chairman of the [[House Un-American Activities Committee|House Committee for the Investigation of Un-American Activities]] (HUAC), announced his committee would be investigating British attempts to get the United States involved in European conflicts. He alleged that the only reason that the United States had declared war on Germany in 1917 was because of improper British propaganda, and he vowed his country would not be "tricked" again into declaring war on Germany.<ref name="Cull pages 216-235"/> In response to the xenophobic mood in Congress, the British ambassador in Washington, Sir [[Ronald Lindsay]], objected to Lloyd's plans and wrote if the Foreign Office knew "what they were at", it would know that any British Council propaganda in America would offend Congress.<ref name="Cull pages 216-235"/> Even Lloyd's plans to use the British Pavilion at the upcoming [[1939 New York World's Fair]] to promote the British viewpoint drew objections from Lindsay that it would upset Congress.<ref name="Cull pages 216-235"/> Lindsay regarded Dies as a particular problem as the congressman from [[Texas]] was known for his grandstanding style and his love of publicity, which led him to make fantastic and often-bizarre statements. As a result of Lindsay's objections, Britain instituted a "no propaganda" policy in the United States, which lasted until 1940.<ref name="Cull pages 216-235"/> Dies's investigation into British propaganda in America failed to find any, which caused him to turn his attention to [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]], where he alleged that too many filmmakers had left-wing and therefore "un-American" views. Dies made headlines by announcing that he found evidence that wealthy Hollywood filmmakers (all of them Jewish) were secretly members of the [[US Communist Party]] and were smuggling in [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republican]] soldiers disguised as illegal immigrants from [[Mexico]] with the aim of staging a communist coup, but the subsequent lack of evidence to back up those assertions discredited him.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Lloyd was forced to use a more informal approach to the United States and arranged for Americans with the power to influence American public opinion to visit Britain, where they were met by notable British personalities, who were instructed to impress them the importance of closer Anglo-American ties as a factor for world peace.<ref name="Cull pages 216-235"/> The Britons recruited for this work were Sir [[George Schuster (public servant)|George Schuster]], the president of [[Lipton|Lipton's Tea]]; the American-born Conservative MP [[Ronald Tree (politician)|Ronald Tree]]; the Scottish aristocrat [[Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian|Lord Lothian]], the secretary of the [[Rhodes House#The Rhodes Trust|Rhodes Trust]]; the Labour MP [[Josiah Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood|Josiah Wedgewood]]; Angus Fletcher, the president of the British Library of Information; and [[Frank Ongley Darvall|Frank Darvall]], the president of the [[English-Speaking Union|English Speaking Union]] who had received his degree at Columbia University.<ref>Cull, Nicholas "The Munich Crisis and British Propaganda Policy in the United States" pages 216–235 from ''The Munich Crisis, Prelude to World War II'' edited by Igor Lukes and Erik Goldstein, London: Frank Cass, 1999 pages 219–220.</ref> In particular, American journalists were cultivated with the principle theme being that both countries were champions of freedom and democracy and should work together more closely for that reason.<ref>Cull, Nicholas "The Munich Crisis and British Propaganda Policy in the United States" pages 216–235 from ''The Munich Crisis, Prelude to World War II'' edited by Igor Lukes and Erik Goldstein, London: Frank Cass, 1999 page 220.</ref> As those meetings took place in Britain with individuals who were ostensibly expressing their own personal views, and the American correspondents in their writings and broadcasts merely recorded their own experiences of Britain, that completely bypassed the Foreign Agents Registration Act.

===Balkans===
Accepting that Czechoslovakia was a lost cause after the [[Munich Agreement]], in the autumn of 1938, Lloyd focused on convincing the government that greater British involvement was needed with the remaining two members of the [[Little Entente]]: Yugoslavia and Romania.<ref name="ReferenceC">Atherton, p. 30.</ref> Lloyd was especially involved with the latter, where his two principal collaborators were [[Grigore Gafencu]] and Virgil Tilea, both of whom he knew from his work with the British Council.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> In October 1938, Lloyd visited [[Bucharest]] to meet King [[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]].supposedly to encourage Anglo-Romanian cultural links but in fact to hear a plan from Carol for Britain to stop Romania from becoming an economic colony of Germany.<ref name="ReferenceD">Atherton, p. 31.</ref> Lloyd who rather liked Carol, sent a series of vigorously written telegrams from Bucharest urging for Britain to commit itself to spending £500,000 on buying Romanian oil, purchase 600,000 tons of Romanian wheat and assist Romania with building a naval base where the Danube River flowed into the Black Sea.<ref name="ReferenceD"/> In the cabinet meetings, Lord Halifax used Lloyd's telegrams to argue that Britain should buy Romanian wheat and said that "how urgent the matter is, and of what importance it is without delay to try and do something in the economic sphere for Romania".<ref name="ReferenceE">Atherton, p. 32.</ref> Chamberlain agreed with the idea, but he committed to buying only 200,000 tons of Romanian wheat after objections from the Treasury.<ref name="ReferenceE"/>

Lloyd, the most consistent advocate of more British support for Romania, argued to Lord Halifax that it was too dangerous to let that oil-rich kingdom fall into the German sphere of influence.<ref name="ReferenceF">Atherton, p. 33.</ref> Lloyd noted that Germany had no oil of its own and that there were only two places in Europe where oil could be obtained in massive quantities, the Soviet Union and Romania, and that since the latter was by far the weaker, he believed that Romania would be Hitler's next target.<ref name="ReferenceG">Atherton, p. 36.</ref> In response, Halifax argued that the Germans saw Romania as being in their sphere of influence, and too great of British involvement in that kingdom would have been seen by Hitler as "encirclement".<ref>Atherton, pp. 32–33.</ref> When Carol visited London between 15 and 18 November 1938, Lloyd was present to argue on his behalf.<ref name="ReferenceF"/> Despite all of Lloyd's advocacy of Carol's case during his London visit, Britain agreed to buy only 200,000 tons of Romanian wheat at above world prices with an option to buy 400,000 tons but refused the king's request for a £30 million pound loan.<ref name=watt90/> The Chamberlain government committed to spending £10 million in support of threatened nations in November 1938, but the bill authorising the spending was not passed until February 1939, of which the largest sum, £3 million, went to China, and in the Balkans £2 million went to Greece and £1 million to Romania.<ref name=watt90/>

In a letter on 24 November, he mentioned that he just returned from the Balkans "to see what could be saved in the Balkans from the Nazis", an allusion to the recent tour of Balkans by German Economics Minister Dr [[Walther Funk]], who pressed for greater economic integration of the region with the [[German Reich]].<ref name="ReferenceF"/> Acting in his own capacity, Lloyd urged that the directors of the firm Spencer Limited to build grain silos in Romania, as Carol had mentioned during his visit to London that Romania's ability to export wheat was hindered by the lack of grain silos.<ref>Atherton, pp. 33–34.</ref> In January 1939, Lloyd advised Gafencu, who just been appointed Romanian Foreign Minister, to appoint someone of "considerable energy and position" to be the Romanian minister in London, which led to Tilea receiving the appointment.<ref name="ReferenceH">Atherton, p. 34.</ref> After King Carol, the Balkan leader to whom Lloyd was closest was [[Prince Paul of Yugoslavia|Prince Paul]], the Regent of Yugoslavia for the boy King [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|Peter II]].<ref name="ReferenceF"/>

Working with a fellow member of the board of the Navy League, [[William Forbes-Sempill, 19th Lord Sempill|Lord Sempill]], who had served as the deputy chairman of the London Chamber of Commence in 1931–1934, Lloyd sought from January 1939 onward to encourage British businesses to buy many products from the Balkans as possible.<ref name="ReferenceH"/> Lord Semphill had once been an enthusiast for Nazi Germany and had joined the [[Anglo-German Fellowship]], but he was described as being "impressed by Lloyd's propaganda efforts and wanted to back them with specific business arrangements".<ref name="ReferenceH"/> In February 1939, he visited Athens to meet the Greek dictator, General [[Ioannis Metaxas]], in an effort to improve Anglo-Greek relations.<ref name="ReferenceH"/> In a bid to "soften the dictatorship", Lloyd arranged for greater British Council involvement with the [[National Youth Organisation (Greece)|National Youth Organisation]], which he believed would allow the British Council to win over Greek public opinion.<ref name="ReferenceH"/> During his visit to Athens, Lloyd also advised King George II to dismiss a [[Germanophile]], Metaxas, as prime minister and to appoint an Anglophile as his successor, which the king refused.<ref name=watt182/> Lloyd made clear during his Greek visit his personal preference for [[Venizelism]] and met several Venizelist Greek politicians, which was also a way of expressing his distaste for the [[4th of August Regime]].<ref name="ReferenceH"/> Upon his return from Greece, Lloyd pressed very strongly for the government to force British tobacco companies to buy the Greek tobacco crop.<ref name="ReferenceI">Atherton, p. 35.</ref> During his visit to Greece, both King George and Mextaxas had told him that Germany had more to offer Greece economically than Britain, which led Lloyd to decide on a dramatic gesture to prove otherwise. Lloyd's advocacy of buying the entire Greek tobacco crop for 1939 led to bureaucratic struggle, as objections were raised that it was unfair to force British smokers to use Greek tobacco, regarded as inferior, when they were used to American and Canadian tobacco, regarded as superior.<ref name="ReferenceI"/>

===Second World War===
On 27 January 1939, Lloyd passed on to the government a report he received from Colvin that Germany was planning to invade Poland in the spring of 1939.<ref name=watt182/> In March 1939, Lloyd played a major role in the "Tilea affair" when Tilea claimed that Romania was on the brink of a German invasion, a claim that he strongly endorsed despite the denials of Gafencu.<ref>Atherton, pp. 35–36.</ref> Lloyd argued to Halifax that based upon his sources in Romania, Germany had indeed threatened an invasion, which the Romanians were denying for fear of enraging Hitler.<ref name="ReferenceG"/> In late March 1939, Lloyd received information from Colvin that Germany was planning on invading Poland that spring, and on 23 March, he told Colvin that he would arrange for him to meet Chamberlain and Lord Halifax.<ref name="ReferenceG"/> Colvin met Chamberlain and Lord Halifax on 29 March 1939, but it is not clear much credence Lloyd placed on his reports, as on 31 March, the same day that Chamberlain announced the [[Anglo-Polish alliance|guarantee of Poland]] in the House of Commons, Lloyd told Halifax that he still regarded Romania, rather than Poland, as Hitler's probable next target.<ref name="ReferenceG"/>

Lloyd argued that Britain and France should co-ordinate their policies in the Balkans as the best way of deterring Germany and played a major role in ensuring the Anglo-French guarantees of Romania and Greece that were issued on 13 April 1939.<ref name="ReferenceJ">Atherton, p. 37.</ref> After the [[Italian invasion of Albania|Italians annexed Albania]] on 4 April 1939, there was a general consensus within the Chamberlain cabinet that Britain should guarantee Greece, but it was felt that the Romanians should commit to strengthening their alliance with Poland before Britain offered a guarantee of Romania.<ref name="ReferenceG"/> As the [[Free City of Danzig|Danzig]] crisis was just beginning, Carol was reluctant to strengthen the Romanian alliance with Poland.<ref name="ReferenceG"/> When Tilea told Lloyd that Britain but not France was hesitant to guarantee Romania, Lloyd went to the French embassy.<ref name="ReferenceJ"/> Lloyd was regarded as such an important personality that he barged in as French Ambassador [[Charles Corbin]] was on the telephone with Prime Minister [[Edouard Daladier]].<ref name="ReferenceJ"/> Lloyd, who was fluent in French, talked to Daladier and told him that if France held firm in ensuring the guarantees to Romania and Greece, Britain would have to follow suit.<ref name="ReferenceJ"/> As the British government did not wish to be seen operating out of sync with the French, the news that Daladier would go ahead with the guarantee forced London's hand.<ref name="ReferenceJ"/> Atherton wrote about Lloyd's actions in April 1939, "The beneficiary was Romania, who received a guarantee unconditional on a closer defensive alliance with Poland, and which helped her to balance between the western powers, Germany, and Russia. In this instance, Lloyd had been working on behalf of Romania rather than Great Britain".<ref name="ReferenceJ"/> However, Lloyd's attempts to lobby Halifax to issue a guarantee for Yugoslavia fell flat.<ref name="ReferenceJ"/>

Reflecting his special case in the Balkans, when Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939, Lloyd had the pamphlet ''The British Case'' to explain why Britain had declared war translated into Greek, Bulgarian, Romanian, [[Serbo-Croatian]] and Slovene and ensured that it was widely distributed all over the Balkans.<ref name="ReferenceK">Atherton, p. 45.</ref> A recurring theme of Lloyd's letters to Halifax during the [[Phoney War]] was that the Treasury was not providing enough money for the British Council's work in the Balkans.<ref name="ReferenceK"/> In September 1939, Tilea began to promote the idea of a "Balkan bloc", consisting of all the Balkan state, that would be committed to upholding neutrality in the Second World War with the understanding that the Allies would come to their aid if their neutrality was violated.<ref name="ReferenceL">Atherton, p. 38.</ref> Lloyd, who was in close contact with Churchill who was appointed [[First Lord of the Admiralty]] on 3 September 1939, called together with Churchill for a "Balkan league", which would form a line to block any German expansion into the Balkans.<ref name="ReferenceL"/> On 27 September 1939, Tilea asked Sir [[Alexander Cadogan]], the Foreign Office's Permanent Undersecretary, "whether it would not be a good plan to send someone out to Bucharest, and he quoted as an example Lord Lloyd, who had the ear of the King and might be able to give good advice on the subject of Balkan reconciliation and consolidation".<ref>Atherton, pp. 38–39.</ref> It is possible that Lloyd and Tilea had been working together on the same day that Tilea had asked for Lloyd to go to the Balkans. Lloyd had told Lord Halifax of his desire to go the Balkans saying "the urgency of which at the present moment obviously cannot be exaggerated".<ref>Atherton, p. 39.</ref>

===Balkan tour===
By October 1939, it was agreed that Lloyd would visit Romania but all of the Balkan states to work for a "Balkan pact".<ref name="ReferenceM">Atherton, p. 40.</ref> Sir [[Reginald Hoare]], the British minister in Bucharest, was opposed to the plan to send Lloyd to the Balkans, but [[George William Rendel]], the minister in Sofia, and Sir [[Michael Palairet]], the minister in Athens, were supportive.<ref>Atherton, pp. 39–40.</ref> In the interval, Lloyd had visited Spain to ask the Spanish dictator, General [[Francisco Franco]], if he was willing to guarantee the proposed "Balkan pact", an aspect of his visit to Madrid about which he neglected to tell the Foreign Office.<ref name="ReferenceM"/> The Foreign Office first learned of the plan from the Yugoslav Regent, Prince Paul, in November 1939.<ref name="ReferenceM"/> On 3 November 1939, Lord Halifax called a meeting to discuss the merits and demerits of the Balkan League plan, which Lloyd was allowed to attend by special permission of Halifax over the objections of Cadogan, who argued that an outsider like Lord Lloyd should be attending a Foreign Office meeting.<ref>Atherton, pp. 41.</ref>

On 14 November 1939, Lloyd's Balkan tour began with a visit to Bucharest.<ref name=atherton42>Atherton, p. 42.</ref> Gafencu suggested a "machinery for common action", but negotiations broken down when King Carol learned that the British guarantee of Romania applied only against Germany, not the Soviet Union, as he wanted.<ref name=atherton42/> As Carol had not seen Hoare for some time, the extended talks that Lord Lloyd had with the king was felt to provide "useful information and impressions".<ref name=atherton42/> In Belgrade and Sofia, Lloyd's visit was hampered by inability of Britain to supply weapons on the scale that both Prince Paul of Yugoslavia and King Boris III of Bulgaria wanted.<ref name=atherton42/> Moreover, the unwillingness of Boris to renounce Bulgarian territorial claims over Yugoslavia, Greece and Romania rendered the idea of a neutralist Balkan league impractical.<ref name=atherton43>Atherton, p. 43.</ref> After finishing his Balkan tour, Lloyd went to Syria to see [[Maxime Weygand]], whose ''Armée de la Syrie'' had been intended by the French General Staff before the war to go to [[Thessaloniki]].<ref name=atherton43/>

Upon his return to Britain in December 1939, Lloyd backed French plans for a revival of the [[Macedonian front|Salonika front]] strategy of World War II and urged at meetings of the Supreme War Council for British and French troops to land at Thessaloniki.<ref name=atherton43/> In that, he was against the British government, which opposed the French plans for a "second front" in the Balkans under the grounds that it was unclear whether Italy intended to remain neutral or not.<ref name=atherton43/> Lloyd enlisted the aid of Foreign Office officials such as [[R. H. Bruce Lockhart|Robert Bruce Lockhart]] who summarised his thesis: "Lloyd says that the only argument in the Balkans is strength. If we do nothing we shall lose everything. If we are vigorous we have the support of the Balkans. Therefore, without too much consideration of Italy we must go ahead with the formation of the Near Eastern force".<ref>Atherton, pp. 43–44.</ref> In response to objections from Sir [[Percy Loraine]], the British ambassador in Rome, that he was not certain how long Italy would remain neutral, Lloyd argued that Britain should just ignore the possibility of Italy entering the war but start troops to Thessaloniki at once.<ref name="ReferenceP">Atherton, p. 44.</ref> At the same time, Lloyd advised Halifax that Britain should start shipping weapons to Yugoslavia at once to indicate that Britain was serious about defending the Balkans.<ref name="ReferenceP"/> In January 1940, Lloyd wrote to Loraine that [[Benito Mussolini]] respected only force and of his belief that if the Allies landed in the Balkans, that was likely to persuade Mussolini to continue Italian neutrality.<ref name="ReferenceP"/>

===Evaluation===
In January 1940, the attention of the Supreme War Council shifted towards [[Scandinavia]], and the Balkan plan was abandoned.<ref name="ReferenceK"/> Lloyd's major interest in February to March 1940 was in building a "British Institute" in Bucharest to promote British culture, who was supported by Lord Halifax against objections from the Treasury that it was a waste of money in wartime.<ref>Atherton, pp. 45–46.</ref> In an assessment of Lloyd's work in the Balkans, Atherton wrote: "His position was an ambivalent one: neither a diplomat nor a politician, but a peer with a semi-official position and influential political contacts. It was also increasingly irregular, but despite his opposition to the Munich agreement and, after September 1938, to further appeasement of Germany, Chamberlain never sought his removal".<ref>Atherton, p. 47.</ref>

==In cabinet==
When Churchill became prime minister in May 1940, he appointed Lloyd as [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] and in December, he conferred on Lloyd the additional job of [[Leader of the House of Lords]].

=== London Central Mosque ===
Lord Lloyd was a leading proponent of the future [[London Central Mosque]]. As early as 1939 he worked with a Mosque Committee, comprising various prominent Muslims and ambassadors in London. After joining Churchill's cabinet, he sent a memo to Churchill to point out that London contained "more [Muslims] than any other European capital" but that in the British Empire "which actually contains more Moslems (''sic'') than Christians it was anomalous and inappropriate that there should be no central place of worship for Mussulmans [''sic'']". He believed the gift of a site for the mosque would serve as "a tribute to the loyalty of the Moslems of the [British] Empire and would have a good effect on Arab countries of the Middle East".<ref>{{cite book|last=Alibhai-Brown|first=Yasmin|title=Exotic England, The Making of a Curious Nation|year=2015|publisher=Portobello Books|page=194|isbn=978-1-84627-420-6}}Quotation from Memorandum to Churchill's War Cabinet, "Proposal that His Majesty's Government should Provide a Site for a Mosque in London", National Archives, W.P.(G.) (40)268, 18 October 1940.</ref>

==Other interests==
In commerce, Lloyd was also director of the [[British South Africa Company]] and Wagon Lit Holdings.<ref name=odnb5>{{cite book|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 34|page=126}}</ref> In peacetime, he habitually travelled in tropical countries every two months.<ref name=odnb5/>

In his fifties, he trained for and obtained a civil pilot's certificate in 1934,<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of National Biography, 1941–1950|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati00legg|url-access=registration|year=1959|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati00legg/page/514 514]}}Article by C. Forbes Adam.</ref> and in 1937, he was appointed Honorary Air Commodore of [[No. 600 Squadron RAF|No 600 (City of London) (Fighter) Squadron]] of the [[Royal Auxiliary Air Force|Auxiliary Air Force]]<ref name=Kelly>{{cite book|title=Kelly's Handbook to the Titled, Official and Landed Classes, 1940|publisher=Kelly's|page=1170}}</ref> with which he insisted on training himself to qualify as a military pilot.<ref name=odnb5/>

==Personal life==
In 1911, Lloyd married Blanche Isabella Lascelles, [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)#Grades|DGStJ]], daughter of the Honourable Frederick Canning Lascelles, a [[Royal Navy]] commander, and granddaughter of [[Henry Lascelles, 4th Earl of Harewood]]. Blanche was a [[lady-in-waiting]] to [[Queen Alexandra|Alexandra of Denmark]] from 1905 to 1911 and to [[Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood]] (wife of Blanche's first cousin, [[Henry Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood]]) from 1941 to 1945.<ref name=bp2003p760>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, ed. Charles Mosley, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, vol. 1, p. 760, vol. 2, p. 1787.</ref>

Some in the Foreign Office had thought Lloyd was a [[homosexual]] and persisted in that view despite his marriage and the birth of his son.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d__cCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT247 |title=Outlandish Knight: The Byzantine Life of Steven Runciman |isbn=9780141979489 |last1=Dinshaw |first1=Minoo |date=29 September 2016}} Page number required.</ref>

==Death==
Lloyd died of [[myeloid leukaemia]] at a clinic in [[Marylebone]], London, in February 1941, aged 61, and was buried at [[St Ippolyts]], [[Hertfordshire]].<ref name=odnb4>{{cite book |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 34 |year=2004 |page=127}}</ref> He was succeeded in the barony by his son, [[Alexander Lloyd, 2nd Baron Lloyd|Alexander]]. Lady Lloyd died in December 1969, aged 89.<ref name=bp2003p760/>

==In popular culture==
He appears as the character "Henry Fortescue" in [[Compton Mackenzie]]'s novel ''Thin Ice''.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

==See also==
* [[List of Cambridge University Boat Race crews]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* [[John Charmley]], ''Lord Lloyd and the Decline of the British Empire'', Weidenfeld, 1987.
*{{citation |last=Atherton |first=Louise |title=Lord Lloyd at the British Council and the Balkan Front, 1937–1940 |pages=25–48 |journal=The International History Review |volume=16 |number=1 |date=February 1994|doi=10.1080/07075332.1994.9640667}}
*Goldstein, Erik "Neville Chamberlain, the British Official Mind and the Munich Crisis", pp. 276–292, from ''The Munich Crisis, Prelude to World War II'', edited by Igor Lukes and Erik Goldstein, London: Frank Cass, 1999.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd}}
* {{Hansard-contribs | sir-george-lloyd | George Lloyd }}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/011569}}
*[https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1586 The Papers of Lord Lloyd of Dolobran] held at [[Churchill Archives Centre]]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Lloyd, George Ambrose}}
[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Arab Bureau officers]]
[[Category:Barons Lloyd]]
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[[Category:Cambridge University Boat Club rowers]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
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[[Category:Lloyd family (Birmingham)|George]]
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Adi Badri, Haryana

2026-03-30T20:50:29Z

Shahidkumar: starting

{{Distinguish|Adi Badri (Uttarakhand) | Vishal Badri | Sapta Badri}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Adi Badri
| other_name = Sri Sarasvati Udgam Tirath
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Forest Area, Riverbed
| image_skyline =
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| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.27|N|77.27|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Yamuna Nagar district|Yamuna Nagar]]
| established_title = 
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 1732
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#HR.E2.80.94Haryana|HR]]-02
| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Adi Badri''', also '''Sri Sarasvati Udgam Tirath''',<ref name=sarasnew1>[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/11%2012%201%20HARYANA%20SAMVAD%20NOV-%20JAN%202017-2018%20FOR%20for%20web.pdf Haryana Samvad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827125256/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/11%2012%201%20HARYANA%20SAMVAD%20NOV-%20JAN%202017-2018%20FOR%20for%20web.pdf |date=27 August 2018 }}, Jan 2018.</ref> is a tourist site of archaeological, religious and ecological significance in a forest area in the foothills of the [[Sivalik Hills]] in Bhabar area, situated in northern part of [[Yamunanagar district]], of the north Indian state of [[Haryana]]. There are remains of many Buddhist stupas and monasteries,<ref name="Haryana misses">[http://thebuddhistforum.com/wp/haryana-misses-the-buddha-moment-the-tribune.html Haryana misses the buddha moment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628025026/http://thebuddhistforum.com/wp/haryana-misses-the-buddha-moment-the-tribune.html |date=28 June 2017 }}, The Tribune.</ref> which are about 1500–2000 years old,<ref name="Heritage tag">[http://www.dailypioneer.com/todays-newspaper/adi-badri-to-get-heritage-tag-for-treasure-trove.html Adi Badri to get heritage tag for treasure trove], Daily Pioneer.</ref> and there is also a group of Hindu temples from the 9th century. Based on the multiple archaeological excavations undertaken here, archaeologists have sent the proposal to [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) to include this site in the [[List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana|list of protected heritage site]].<ref name=stup1/> Several popular annual festivals are held here, including the five day long National Saraswati Festival in January,<ref name=rev6/> [[Akshaya Tritiya|Adi Badri Akha Teej Mela]] in [[Vaisakh]] around April–May,<ref name=stup3/> week-long [[Kartik Purnima|Adi Badri-Kapal Mochan Kartik Purnima]] [[mela|religious mela]] around November.<ref name=significance2>[http://www.uniindia.com/famous-historical-religious-shri-kapal-mochan-adi-badri-mela-will-be-held-from-nov-19/north/news/1409035.html Famous Adi Badi - Kapal Mochan mela to be held in November], Uni India, Nov 2018</ref>

Adi Badri, often related to the [[Saraswati River]],<ref name=significance1>[https://sandrp.in/2016/11/25/haryana-rivers-profile-ganga-basin-part-ii/ Haryana Rivers Profile: (Part-II – Ganga Basin)], South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People.</ref> is one of the most ancient Vedic religious site in Haryana, along with [[48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra]], [[Dhosi Hill]] and [[Kapal Mochan]].{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} The [[Somb river]] passing through here is considered by some to follow the course of the Rig Vedic Sarasvati river.<ref>Sharma, D P and Madhuri Sharma, Early Harappans and Indus Sarasvati Civilization, 2 Vols. (ed) 2006</ref>{{title needed}}{{page needed|date=November 2018}} It lies in the ecosensitive zone of [[Kalesar National Park]].{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} Adi Badri Vatika herbal park developed by the [[Forests Department, Haryana|state's forests department]] also lies here.<ref name=herbvatika1>[http://haryanaforest.gov.in/Portals/0/overview_1.PDF Overview of State Forests] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223021535/http://haryanaforest.gov.in/Portals/0/overview_1.PDF |date=23 December 2019 }}, Haryana Forests, page 18.</ref>

Adi Badri Heritage Board was formed by the state govt to develop the area and to revive the sacred [[Sarasvati river]],<ref name="toi-1"/><ref name=rev7/> and also owing to its religious, ecological and tourism significance and potential.<ref name=significance3>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/community/course-correction-of-saraswati-revival/357487.html Course correction of Saraswati ‘revival’]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, The Tribune, 31 Jan 2017.</ref>

==Location and nearby attractions==
[[File:Kapal Mochan Sarovar.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Kapal Mochan Sarovar and Gau-Bacha Temple]]
Adi Badri can be reached from [[Jagadhri]] by a 40 km long all-weather road via [[Bilaspur, Haryana]]. The nearest village is Kathgarh, which is situated 2 km southwest from Adi Badri.

[[Kapal Mochan]] on [[Jagadhari]] road is an ancient place of pilgrimage for both [[Hindus]] and [[Sikh]]s, 17 km north-east of [[Jagadhari]] town, on the Bilaspur road in Yamuna Nagar district.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://yamunanagar.nic.in/km/temple.asp |title=yamunanagar.nic.in About Kapal Mochan Temple |access-date=9 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821112739/http://yamunanagar.nic.in/km/temple.asp |archive-date=21 August 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Nearby [[Bilaspur, Haryana]] (not to be confused with [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh]]) in [[Yamuna Nagar District]] which takes its name from the corrupted form of "Vyas Puri", was the [[ashram]] of [[Vyasa|Ved Vyasa]] [[rishi]] where he wrote the [[Mahabharta]] on the banks of [[Sarasvati river]] near Adi Badri where Sarasvati river leaves [[Himalayas]] and enters the plains.<ref name="SSS">[http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.sg/2015/03/saraswati-darshan-march-2015-ed-dr.html?view=timeslide Sarasvati Sodh Sansthan Publications 2015]</ref>

[[Lohgarh (Bilaspur)|Lohgarh]] was established as capital of [[Sikh]] empire of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] in 1710.<ref name=sadh2/>

{{anchor|Glass}}
A Glass Bridge Skywalk is planned here, see also [[Aerial lift in India#Glass|List of Glass Bridge Skywalks in India]].

==Archaeological significance==
ASI has carried out excavations of 3 mounds over 9 years on this 13.5 acres site, with plans for further excavations. ASI has sent the proposal to [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of culture]] in 2013 to notify this as the protected site.<ref name=stup1/><ref name=excavatenum1>[http://www.haryanatourism.gov.in/Destination/adibadri Adi Badri], [[Haryana Tourism]].</ref>

===Buddhism===
{{ see also | Bodh Stupa | Topra | History_of_Haryana#Buddhism | l3= Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Haryana | Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India | Buddhist pilgrimage sites }}

There are remains of many Buddhist stupas and monasteries near the confluence of rivers Som and Saraswati in Adi Badari.<ref name="Haryana misses" /> These stupas and monasteries, built of hard bricks, are about 1500–2000 years old.<ref name="Heritage tag" />

==== Buddhist Sharirika stupa ====
[[File:Buddha statues.png|thumb|Statues of the Buddha at Adi Badri]]
The Buddhist Sharirika Stupa, made of burnt bricks, is dated to 3rd century [[Kushana]].<ref name=stup1>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/todays-newspaper/adi-badri-to-get-heritage-tag-for-treasure-trove.html Adi Badri to get heritage tag for treasure trove], Daily Pioneer, 2013.</ref> During excavations ASI also found pottery of that era, such as bowl, lids, miniature pots, jars, cooking vessels, pitchers, storage jars and stamped wares.<ref name=stup1/> Phase I of Period I had bricks measuring (35x20x6 cm, 33x20x5 cm, 30x22x6 cm and 23x25x6 cm) organised in tapering circular manner, and the bottom 23 layers of bricks were unearthed during the 2002-03 excavation.<ref name=stup2>Adesh Katariya, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ihFUDAAAQBAJ&dq=adi+badri+stupa&pg=RA1-PA128 Ancient History of Central Asia: Yuezhi origin Royal Peoples: Kushana, Huna, Gurjar and Khazar Kingdoms], pp128-.</ref>

====Buddhist monastery====
Adi Badri Buddhist monastery is dated to 10th-12th century.<ref name=stup2/> Few cells, big enough to accommodate one person, and a Buddha statue suggest that this rare ancient monastery was meant for meditation.<ref>[https://aranyaviharatrust.wordpress.com/historical-importance-of-adi-badri-area/ Historical importance of adi badri area]</ref><ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/governance/one-year-on-govt-fails-to-promote-buddhist-tourism/212402.html One year on govt fails to promote buddhist tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202007/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/governance/one-year-on-govt-fails-to-promote-buddhist-tourism/212402.html |date=30 November 2018 }}, The Tribune.</ref><ref>Kaushik, A. and Kaushik, G., 2010, January. AN ANALYSIS OF BUDDHIST FUNERARY STRUCTURES IN HARYANA: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SITE OF ADI BADRI. In Proceedings of the Indian History Congress (Vol. 71, pp. 1079-1087). Indian History Congress.</ref> Buddhist statues from 12th century CE were discovered here.<ref name=sadh2>[http://haryanajobalert.com/Admin/Upload/YJQMLC7Wyamunanagar.pdf Yamunanagar History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215124753/http://haryanajobalert.com/Admin/Upload/YJQMLC7Wyamunanagar.pdf |date=15 December 2017 }}, Gazatteer of Haryana: Yamunanagar.</ref>

=== Hindu temples and sculptures ===
''Yamuna Nagar Adi Badri'' is a group of Hindu temples from the 9th century. Excavations by ASI unearthed several ancient sculpture and monuments pertaining to the [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shiva]] and [[Shaktism|Shakti]] traditions,<ref name=stup1/> including late medieval [[Narayana|Adi Badri-Narayana temple]] (Vishnu) built by [[Adi Shankara]]charya on the banks of [[Somb river]],<ref name=sarasnew1/> [[Shakti]]-[[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Mantra Devi temple]] (wife of [[Abhimanyu]] and daughter of king [[Virata]] of [[Matsya Kingdom]] during Mahabharta)<ref name=sarasnew1/> and Sri Kedarnath Temple (Shiva).<ref name=sadh2/> Several 9th century CE Hindu statues of [[Shiva]], [[Parvati]] and [[Ganesha]] were discovered here.<ref name=sadh2/> Archaeological finds also include [[lingam]], which is estimated by experts to be 4,000 years old.<ref name=sarasnew1/> Nearby ''Kathgarh'' village is hub of several [[oral traditions]] related to the [[Indus Valley civilization|Saraswati Civilization]].<ref name=sarasnew1/>

==Present-day religious significance==
According to legends, this is the place where [[Ved Vyasa]] wrote [[Bhagavata Purana]],<ref name=stup1/> and [[Pandavas]] stayed her during the last year of their exile.<ref name=stup3>[https://www.apnisanskriti.com/adi-badri-yamuna-nagar-haryana-3797 Adi Badri, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana], Apni Sanskriti.</ref>

Adi Badri has a Sarasvati kund (pond) for the worship of [[Sarasvati river]] where evening [[aarti]] is held every day. ''Adi Badri Akha Teej Mela'' is a large fair that takes place at the Hindu temple complex on the [[Akshaya Tritiya]] (Akha Teej) in [[Vaisakh]] around April or May.<ref name=stup3/> The popular week-long annual Adi Badri-[[Kapal Mochan]] [[Kartik Purnima]] [[mela|religious mela]] is usually held around November.<ref name="significance2" /> All the main Hindu festivals are also celebrated at the ancient temple complex.<ref name=stup3/>

==Sarasvati River revival==
{{anchor | Revival | Sarasvati river | Sarasvati River | Sarasvati river revival }}
{{see also |Sarasvati river | Jyotisar#Sarasvati | l2= Pipli-Jyotisar Sarasvati riverfront project}}

===Adi Badri Heritage Board===
[[File:Meditation cell at Adi Badri.jpg|thumb|Meditation cell at Adi Badri]]

The [[Government of Haryana]], headed since 2014 by BJP, announced setting up of the [[Haryana Sarasvati Heritage Development Board|Adi Badri Heritage Board]] and its plans to revive the sacred Sarasvati river by creating a new water channel along the supposed path of the river.<ref name="toi-1">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/With-BJP-in-power-the-hunt-for-Saraswati-river-is-on-mission-mode/articleshow/46873201.cms | title=With BJP in power, the hunt for Saraswati river is on mission mode | publisher=Times of India | date=10 April 2015 | access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=rev7>R.U.S. Prasad, 2017, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UTYlDwAAQBAJ&dq=saraswati+revival+haryana&pg=PT207 River and Goddess Worship in India: Changing Perceptions and Manifestations of Sarasvati], [[Routledge]], Annexure-I.</ref> The board has 70 partner organisations, for research on Sarasvati river, including [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]], [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]], several [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]]s and [[Union Government ministries of India]].<ref>[http://www.hshdb.in/affiliated-organizations/ Haryana Sarasvati Heritage Development Board affiliated organizations], Haryana Sarasvati Heritage Development Board, accessed 20 July 2021.</ref>

===Sarasvati revival===
{{anchor | SR |Revival | Sarasvati revival }}
{{see also | Sarasvati_River#Revival | l1= Sarasvati Revival }}
[[File:Sarasvati river.jpg|thumb|Sarasvati ancient channel.]]

====Significance====

According to a government-constituted expert committee, [[Sarasvati River#Rig Vedic course|Saraswati River did exist]], originating in the Himalayas, and passing through Haryana. According to committee-member [[Khadg Singh Valdiya]], the committee identified a paleo-channel which is related to the [[Indus Valley civilisation]], and to the present Ghaggar, Sarsuti, Hakra and Nara rivers.<ref name=rev4>[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] (15 Oct 2016), [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/54870743.cms Government constituted expert committee finds Saraswati river did exist]</ref> Joint efforts by several states en route, from the origin of its initial tributaries in Uttarakhand and Himachal, to its [[Great Rann of Kutch|paleodelta]] in Gujarat with ancient dock at [[Lothal]] (one of the southernmost sites of the ancient [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus-Saraswati Valley civilisation]] with trade links to [[Indo-Mesopotamia relations|Mesopotamia]]<ref name=gs1>Gosch, Stephen S. & Stearns, Peter N. (2007), ''Premodern Travel in World History'', Taylor & Francis, {{ISBN|0-203-92695-1}}, p.12.</ref> and [[Meluhha#Trade with Sumer|Sumer]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moorey |first1=Peter Roger Stuart |title=Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence |date=1999 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=978-1-57506-042-2 |page=352 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC&pg=PA352 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Eisenbrauns">{{cite book |last1=Moorey |first1=Peter Roger Stuart |title=Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence |date=1999 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=978-1-57506-042-2 |page=87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC&pg=PA87 |language=en}}</ref>), via Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, are on to [[Indira Gandhi Canal#IY|map and revive]] the [[Rig Veda|Rig Vedic]] flow till Gujarat and build religious tourism and irrigation-cum-flood control facilities along the way. The Sarasvati revival project of Haryana seeks to build channels and dams along the route of the lost river in Haryana, and develop it as a tourist and pilgrimage circuit.<ref name=rev2>[http://www.tehelka.com/2015/10/after-history-its-the-turn-of-geography/?singlepage=1 After History, It's The Turn Of Geography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119175506/http://www.tehelka.com/2015/10/after-history-its-the-turn-of-geography/?singlepage=1 |date=19 January 2018 }}, Tehalka, 11 July 2015.</ref><ref name=de1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/haryanas-saraswati-heritage-board-to-develop-5-riverfronts-285084 Haryana's Saraswati heritage board to develop 5 riverfronts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731085546/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/haryanas-saraswati-heritage-board-to-develop-5-riverfronts-285084 |date=31 July 2022 }}, The Tribune, 19 Jul 2021.</ref><ref name=rev1>[http://www.indialivetoday.com/haryana-government-revives-saraswati-river-pumping-100-cusec-water-dug-channels-yamunanagar/18184.html Haryana government revives ‘Saraswati’ river by pumping 100 cusec water through dug channels in Yamuna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119120504/http://www.indialivetoday.com/haryana-government-revives-saraswati-river-pumping-100-cusec-water-dug-channels-yamunanagar/18184.html |date=19 January 2018 }}, India Today, Aug 2016.</ref> Downstream in Rajasthan, one of the [[paleochannel]] of the now-lost scared Sarasvati River, which is also the paleochannel of later-era partially-lost [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar River]], is now occupied by the [[Indira Gandhi Canal]] which why the canal is also known as the ''[[Indira Gandhi Canal#Etymology|Saraswati Rupa Rajasthan Canal]]''.<ref name=srp1>[https://daijiworld.com/index.php/news/newsDisplay?newsID=970353 Lost and found after centuries, Saraswati brings growth], Daijiworld, 19 Jun 2022.</ref>

====Revival status====
{{anchor | HSHDB}}
'''Haryana Sarasvati Heritage Development Board''' ('''HSHDB''') established by the Government of Haryana is responsible for the revival of Sarasvati in Haryana.<ref name=revsic1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/haryana-punjab-and-rajasthan-will-have-to-adopt-saraswati-river-model-for-flood-control-haryana-saraswati-board-vc/articleshow/123855097.cms Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan will have to adopt Saraswati River model for flood control: Haryana Saraswati Board VC], Times of India, 12 Sep 2025.</ref> As of 2025, the entire length of 400 km Saraswati in Haryana has been revived in the phase-1 where water flows during the monsoon. In the next phase, dams and barrages are being constructed to make it perennial. In total, 10 small and one big dams are being constructed in the Saraswati river catchment area, and most of these are in varying stages of environmental approval. During fy 2025-26 budget, Haryana granted the administrative approval of Rs 388.16 cr for revival of Saraswati River and construction of Adi Badri Dam to be constructed by HPPCL for which Rs 34.67 cr had been already deposited with Himachal government. Adi Badri Dam has already received the environment clearance, and the forest clearance is awaited. The design of Somb Saraswati Barrage is awaiting final approval from [[Central Water Commission]] (CWC), after which it will be constructed by the Irrigation & Water Resources Department (I&WRD) of Haryana. Cost estimates will be revised after the finalisation of design and wildlife approval.<ref name=fbbdg25>[https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s386e78499eeb33fb9cac16b7555b50767/uploads/2025/03/20250329420786454.pdf Haryana FY 2025-26 Budget], Government of Haryana, accessed 31 July 2025.</ref> By 2025, Haryana had already constructed 15 major reservoirs along Sarasvati's course, including at Bibipur (1000 acre reservoir), Rampur Haria and Rampur Kambian (350 acre), [[Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary]] at Seonsar in [[Pehowa]] (70 acre), Sanghor (15 acre), Bohli (12 acre), Kandoli (12 acre), Rampura (7 acre), Marchehri (7 acre), etc to restore rainwater for flood control and irrigation which has raised the groundwater level. Haryana will replicate this model to other rivers also including [[Somb river]], [[Chautang]], [[Chautang#Rakshi|Rakshi]], [[Dangri|Tangri]], [[Markanda River (Haryana)|Markanda]], [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar]].<ref name=revsic1/>

Earlier, 212 km channel in Haryana was revived, including 55 km section from [https://www.google.com.sg/maps/dir/Adi+Badri,+Yamunanagar,+Haryana,+India/Uncha+Chandana,+Haryana,+India/@30.2502718,77.0877982,44520m/am=t/data=!3m1!1e3!4m15!4m14!1m5!1m1!1s0x390f057d09a78e71:0x6b8b12154f21e7ed!2m2!1d77.3412341!2d30.4577328!1m5!1m1!1s0x390e5683004d9f75:0x6f79280a974fb0d!2m2!1d77.1475524!2d30.1680742!3e0!5i1?dcr=0 Adi Badri to Uncha Chandna], 153 km section from [https://www.google.com.sg/maps/dir/Adi+Badri,+Yamunanagar,+Haryana,+India/Uncha+Chandana,+Haryana,+India/Kaithal,+Haryana,+India/@29.4222627,75.6537238,89780m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m20!4m19!1m5!1m1!1s0x390f057d09a78e71:0x6b8b12154f21e7ed!2m2!1d77.3412341!2d30.4577328!1m5!1m1!1s0x390e5683004d9f75:0x6f79280a974fb0d!2m2!1d77.1475524!2d30.1680742!1m5!1m1!1s0x3911e08dac154357:0x16304e0c21f6a395!2m2!1d76.3984537!2d29.7856734!3e0?dcr=0 Uncha Chandna to Kaithal] and 4 km section from Kaithal to confluence with [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar River]] in Punjab, from there Ghaggar reenters Haryana and courses through [[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]] and [[Sirsa district|Sirsa]] districts up to [[Ottu barrage]].<ref name=rev5>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/its-a-religious-issue-if-you-could-then-give-it-land-voluntarily-haryana-govt-saraswati-river-v-s-wakankar-archaeologist-2976068/ ‘It's a religious issue. If you could, then give it (land) voluntarily], [[Indian Express]], 15 Aug 2016.</ref> To revive the river, the dried up channel was dug up and dams will be built in the [[Sivalik Hills]] at Adi Badri, Haripur and [[Lohgarh (Bilaspur)|Lohgarh]] on the [[Somb river]] (a tributary of Saraswati)<ref name=rev5/> and downstream Senonar barrage (Guldehra).<ref name=rev1/> This will help in controlling floods from Somb river, harvesting and conservation of water for irrigation and lake tourism.<ref name=rev5/>

To revive the river, the Revenue department had acquired 1,900 acre of land from the farmers on the 12 km paleochannel of the river,<ref name=rev2/> which were cleared of encroachment.<ref name=rev5/> A 55 km long channel from [https://www.google.com.sg/maps/dir/Adi+Badri,+Yamunanagar,+Haryana,+India/Uncha+Chandana,+Haryana,+India/@30.2502718,77.0877982,44520m/am=t/data=!3m1!1e3!4m15!4m14!1m5!1m1!1s0x390f057d09a78e71:0x6b8b12154f21e7ed!2m2!1d77.3412341!2d30.4577328!1m5!1m1!1s0x390e5683004d9f75:0x6f79280a974fb0d!2m2!1d77.1475524!2d30.1680742!3e0!5i1?dcr=0 Adi Badri to Uncha Chandna] (up to west of Yamuna Nagar) was dug up and revived under [[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005|MNREGA]]. Downstream 153 km channel from [https://www.google.com.sg/maps/dir/Adi+Badri,+Yamunanagar,+Haryana,+India/Uncha+Chandana,+Haryana,+India/Kaithal,+Haryana,+India/@29.4222627,75.6537238,89780m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m20!4m19!1m5!1m1!1s0x390f057d09a78e71:0x6b8b12154f21e7ed!2m2!1d77.3412341!2d30.4577328!1m5!1m1!1s0x390e5683004d9f75:0x6f79280a974fb0d!2m2!1d77.1475524!2d30.1680742!1m5!1m1!1s0x3911e08dac154357:0x16304e0c21f6a395!2m2!1d76.3984537!2d29.7856734!3e0?dcr=0 Uncha Chandna to Kaithal] is already unhindered.<ref name=rev5/> The one of the [[paleochannel]] of the now-lost scared Sarasvati River, which is also the paleochannel of later-era partially-lost [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar River]] in Rajasthan, downstream of Haryana, is now occupied by the [[Indira Gandhi Canal]] also known as the ''Saraswati Rupa Rajasthan Canal''.<ref name=srp1/>

Pilgrimage sites, ghats, and tourist facilities will be developed along the channel to be revived.<ref name=hindi1>[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hi&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patrika.com%2Fambala-news%2Fsaraswati-international-conference-now-after-geeta-jubilee-2242011%2F Saraswati international conference now after geeta jubilee], [https://www.patrika.com/ambala-news/saraswati-international-conference-now-after-geeta-jubilee-2242011/ Rajasthan Patrika], 17 Jan 2018.</ref><ref name=rev1/> In 2021, [[Haryana Sarasvati Heritage Development Board]] initiated projects to develop 5 river fronts on the rejuvenated Sarasvati river at [[Mini Zoo & Black Buck Breeding Centre, Pipli|Pipli]], [[Pehowa#Prithudak Teerth|Pehowa]], [[Bilaspur, Haryana|Bilaspur]], [[Dosarka]] (on Panchkula-Yamunanagar [[National Highway 344 (India)|NH-344]] near Sirsgarh) and the [[Theh Polar]] (near [[Indus Valley civilisation|Sarasvati-Sindhu Civilisation]] archaeological site on Kaithal-Guhla [[List of highways in Haryana|SH-11]]). Pipli riverfront will be on the pattern [[Sabarmati Riverfront]].<ref name=de1/> Adi Badri is one of the important [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]] in the [[48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra]].

===Related revival activities===

====Research nodal agency and research committee====

The [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] has granted several crore research grant in 2018 to the Centre of excellence for research on [[Sarasvati River|Saraswati river]] at [[Kurukshetra University]].<ref name=coe1>p [https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/ku-to-get-rs-100-cr-from-centre/690509.html KU Gets 100 crore for CoE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129143601/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/ku-to-get-rs-100-cr-from-centre/690509.html |date=29 November 2018 }}, The Tribune, 2018.</ref> It is Haryana's designated nodal agency for research on Saraswati river.<ref name=kuk1>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/haryana-govt-pumps-100-cusec-water-to-revive-lost-saraswati-2956608/ Haryana govt pumps 100 cusec water to revive ‘lost’ Saraswati], [[Indian Express]], 6 Aug 2016.</ref> A research fellowship program for the scientific research on Saraswati is established at the university.<ref name=rev5/> In 2016, [[Haryana]] government constituted a committee of scientists initially for a duration of two 2 years (2016–2018) to conduct the scientific studies.<ref name=rev5/> Another interstate co-ordination committee will be formed with Himachal, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat states that fall in the paleochannel of Saraswati.<ref name=rev5/>

====International Saraswati Festival====
{{anchor | Festival | Mahotsav | Saraswati Mahotsav | National Saraswati Festival | National Sarasvati Festival}}

'''International Saraswati Festival''', also called '''International Saraswati Mahotsav''',<ref name=Sarawls1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/jungle-safari-crocodile-park-planned-in-saraswati-wildlife-sanctuary/ Haryana: Jungle safari, crocodile park planned in Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary], The Tribune, 7 Aug 2025.</ref> is an annual 5-day international-level festival held in the last week of January in honor of [[Sarasvati River]], a manifestation of Hindu goddess [[Saraswati]], believed to enter the plains from the Shivalik Hills here at Adi Badri. It is simultaneously celebrated at multiple locations, including by bringing water from hundreds of rivers across India, hosting events at all government and government-aided schools and colleges as well as several district headquarters across Haryana. Activities include prayers, poetry on Saraswati, and essay writing on scientific and archaeological, geological and ideological aspects of Saraswati heritage. Pilgrimage and river awareness marches are organised from various parts of the state that culminate at Adi Badri. A two-day scientific seminar on Saraswati is also held with participation of scientists from over 20 nations. It is organised by the Haryana Saraswati Heritage Development Board (HSHDB), which is also making efforts since 2015 to restore the Saraswati river channel from Adi Badri to Mustafabad.<ref name=maho1>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/chandigarh/haryana-to-celebrate-saraswati-mahotsav-on-jan-28.html Haryana to celebrate Saraswati Mahotsav on Jan 28], Daily Pioneer, 7 Jan 2018.</ref><ref name=mah2>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/five-day-saraswati-mahotsav-from-jan-18/527656.html Five-day Saraswati Mahotsav from Jan 18] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630162028/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/five-day-saraswati-mahotsav-from-jan-18/527656.html |date=30 June 2018 }}, The Tribune, 13 Jan 2018.</ref> Annual pilgrimage along the Saraswati route is organised that travels through various [[ghat]]s on religious [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]]s and [[Indus Valley civilization]] sites along the banks of [[Sarasvati River|Saraswati river]].<ref name=rev6>[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Fharyana%2Ffatehabad-today-saraswati-travel-will-enter-the-district-17383411.html Today Saraswati pilgrimage will enter the district], [https://www.jagran.com/haryana/fatehabad-today-saraswati-travel-will-enter-the-district-17383411.html Dainik Jagran], 19 Jan 2018</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Hinduism}}
* [[Sharada Peeth]] 
* [[Sharda River]] 
* [[Sacred mountains#India|Sacred mountains of India]]
* [[Gangotri]]
* [[Yamunotri]]
* [[Bandarpunch|Sarasvotri]], origin of Sarasvati River
* [[Tourism in Haryana]]
* [[List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India|List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana]] 

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

==External links==
* [http://cgwb.gov.in/Ground-Water/Final%20print%20version_Palaeochannel%20Expert%20Committee_15thOct2016.pdf Palaeochannels of North West India: Expert Committee Report], Central Ground Water Board (India)
{{Hindu temples in Haryana}}
{{Protected areas of Haryana}}
{{Haryana}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Haryana]]
[[Category:Yamunanagar district]]
[[Category:Sarasvati River]]
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Haryana]]
[[Category:Shaivism]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Yamunanagar district]]
[[Category:Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Buddhist archaeological sites]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in Haryana]]

Magalir Mattum (2017 film)

2026-03-27T14:07:53Z

Shahidkumar: adding - done

{{Short description|2017 Tamil film directed by Bramma}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=April 2025}}
{{More plot|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Magalir Mattum 2017.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bramma G|Bramma]]
| producer = [[Suriya]]<br />Christy Siluvappan
| writer = Bramma
| starring = {{ubl|
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
*[[Bhanupriya]]
*[[Saranya Ponvannan]]
*[[Jyothika]]
}}
| music = [[Ghibran]]
| cinematography = S. Manikandan
| editing = C. S. Prem
| studio = [[2D Entertainment]]<br />Chris Pictures
| distributor = Sakthi Film Factory
| released = {{film date|df=y|2017|09|15}}
| runtime = 140 mins
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Magalir Mattum''''' ({{Translation|Ladies Only}}) is a 2017 Indian Tamil [[comedy drama film]] written and directed by [[Bramma G|Bramma]], as his second venture after ''[[Kuttram Kadithal]]'' (2015). The film stars [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Bhanupriya]], [[Saranya Ponvannan]] and [[Jyothika]], while [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], [[Gokulnath]], and [[G. Marimuthu]] play supporting roles. The film narrates the story of three female school friends who reunite after 38 years, despite the pressures put upon them by the men in their lives. Produced by [[Suriya]] and featuring music composed by [[M. Ghibran|Ghibran]], the venture began production in July 2016 and had a theatrical release on 15 September 2017. ''Magalir Mattum'' received positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magalir Mattum Review {3/5}: Feminist, filmi and feel-good, that's Magalir Mattum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/magalir-mattum/movie-review/60507803.cms |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> Jyothika was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress]] Category, while Urvashi and Bhanupriya were nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress]] Category at the [[Filmfare Awards South|South Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830181056/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html |archive-date=30 August 2020 |access-date=27 December 2020 |publisher=Filmfare.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Prabhavathi aka Prabha is a feisty, independent woman who makes documentaries. She lives with her two filmmaking friends, but later moves in with her future mother-in-law Gomatha Silkurayappan aka Goms, when her son leaves for a job overseas. Goms is now a retired teacher, tutoring local kids in her home. Prabha learns that Goms misses her school friends Subbulakshmi Mangalamoorthy aka Subbu and Rani Amirthakumari Gothandaraman, with whom she has lost contact for nearly 40 years. In flashbacks, it is revealed that the three friends met while studying at a Catholic hostel during their high school days. They lost contact after Subbu and Rani were expelled following the three girls’ attempt to sneak out and go to a movie at night. The headmistress expelled only Subbu and Rani as they were not native to Tamil Nadu like Goms.

Hearing her story, Prabha becomes determined to reunite Goms with her friends. She uses Facebook to find Rani and she succeeds. It is revealed that Rani is living in Agra with her blended family. Prabha abandons her plans to film in Chhattisgarh and instead takes Goms to Agra to reunite with Rani. Rani's life is very complicated, with a misogynistic husband Gothandaraman and son Karthi who are obsessed with politics. Subbu is living in Hyderabad with her drunkard husband Mangalamoorthy and his bedridden mother. She aspires to be a beautician, but her family life has prevented her from achieving her dream.

Once Goms, Rani and Subbu are reunited, Prabha takes them on a three-day "Ladies Only" tour throughout North India so they can escape from their shackled lives. Throughout the journey, Prabha helps the trio reminisce about their younger days, reassert themselves and embrace their newly found freedom.

At the end of the journey, Goms, Rani and Subbu are treated to a special anniversary screening of [[Aval Appadithan]], the film they watched together on its first day: 30 October 1978. In the epilogue, each of the friends is empowered to take charge of and live life on their own terms with renewed assertiveness and satisfaction.

==Cast==
'''As per the film's introduction credits.'''
{{colbegin}}
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Gomatha Silkurayappan (Goms or Gomu)
* [[Bhanupriya]] as Rani Amirthakumari Gothandaraman (Ra)
* [[Saranya Ponvannan]] as Subbulakshmi Mangalamoorthy (Subbu)
* [[Jyothika]] as Prabhavathi aka Prabha, Goms's daughter-in-law
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Gothandaraman
** [[Luthfudeen]] as young Gothandaraman
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Mangalamoorthy
* [[Pavel Navageethan]] as Karthi Gothandaraman
* [[Gokulnath]] as Balaji Gothandaraman
* [[G. Marimuthu]] as Rani's father
* [[Maya S. Krishnan]] as Sabeena
* [[Nivedhithaa Sathish]] as young Subbu
* [[Semmalar Annam]] as Housewife in Prabhavathy's documentary
* Madhu Vino as Prasad
* K.R. Vandana as young Gomu
*Shobana Karthikeyan in a dual role as young Rani and Rani's daughter
* Mona Bedre as Kala
* [[Manobala]] as Late Silkurayappan (photo only)
* [[Vidharth]] as Police Officer (guest appearance)
* [[R. Madhavan]] as Surendhar Silkurayappan, Gomatha's son and Prabha's love interest and later husband (guest appearance)
{{colend}}

==Production==
After the success of ''[[Kuttram Kadithal]]'' (2015), [[Bramma G|Bramma]] was approached by [[Suriya]]'s production house [[2D Entertainment]] to make a film for them. Bramma pitched three scripts including one for [[Jyothika]] to play the leading role in a "female-centric" script, which her husband Suriya agreed to finance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=22 May 2017 |title=I don't like the term 'feminist', says director Bramma |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-dont-like-the-term-feminist/article18522920.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014320/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-dont-like-the-term-feminist/article18522920.ece |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=19 September 2020 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name="sify.com">{{Cite web |title=Jyothika's movie with Bramma begins today |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jyothika-s-movie-with-bramma-begins-today-news-tamil-qhokP6jejiffh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510162856/http://www.sify.com/movies/jyothika-s-movie-with-bramma-begins-today-news-tamil-qhokP6jejiffh.html |archive-date=10 May 2017 |website=sify.com}}</ref> Jyothika subsequently participated in a series of workshops to get ready for her role in the film for twenty days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jyothika attends workshop for Bramma's next film! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jyothika-attends-workshop-for-bramma-s-next-film-news-tamil-qhjkiMdbaafah.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709234926/http://www.sify.com/movies/jyothika-attends-workshop-for-bramma-s-next-film-news-tamil-qhjkiMdbaafah.html |archive-date=9 July 2016 |website=sify.com}}</ref><ref name="sify.com" /> For her role, Jyothika had to lose weight and learn to ride a motorbike and consequently did so with the help of her husband Suriya and professional biker Sheeba through lessons in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2017 |title=I was surprised that a story like Magalir Mattum came from a man: Jyothika |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/i-was-surprised-that-a-story-like-magalir-mattum-came-from-a-man-jyothika/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022233923/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/i-was-surprised-that-a-story-like-magalir-mattum-came-from-a-man-jyothika/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref> In the meantime, Bramma worked on finishing the script and completed the process within two months. The film was officially launched in July 2016, with actors [[Saranya Ponvannan]], [[Bhanupriya]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] revealed to be joining the cast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2016 |title=Jyotika starts film with Bramma |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/jyotika-starts-film-with-bramma/article8850216.ece |work=thehindu.com}}</ref> The film was revealed to be "thirty percent" complete by August 2016, after the team finished filming a schedule in [[Tindivanam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2016 |title=Jyothika's upcoming film has been tentatively titled as Magalir Mattum |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/jyothikas-upcoming-film-has-been-tentatively-titled-as-magalir-mattum.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917153650/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/jyothikas-upcoming-film-has-been-tentatively-titled-as-magalir-mattum.html |archive-date=17 September 2016 |access-date=11 September 2016 |website=behindwoods.com}}</ref> Though it was earlier reported that Suriya may appear in a guest appearance, Suriya later requested his friend [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] to portray the role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upcoming movie |url=http://fitnhit.com/news/suriya-play-cameo-upcoming-movie-jyothika-titled-magalir-mattum/92409/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917213604/http://fitnhit.com/news/suriya-play-cameo-upcoming-movie-jyothika-titled-magalir-mattum/92409/ |archive-date=17 September 2017 |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Suriya can't thank Madhavan enough |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-cant-thank-madhavan-enough/articleshow/60719633.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413141852/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-cant-thank-madhavan-enough/articleshow/60719633.cms |archive-date=13 April 2019 |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Prior to the film's release, Bramma revealed that he had watched the film over 200 times. He also stated that after the film's theatrical release, the team planned to take it to international film festivals. To promote the film, the team launched comics in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Tanglish]] that spoke about women's rights, the life they lead, and what marriage does.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2017 |title=Bramma Interview: "I'd Like To Experiment With Every Format Of Filmmaking" |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/bramma-interview-like-experiment-every-format-filmmaking/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518180907/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/bramma-interview-like-experiment-every-format-filmmaking/ |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref> Likewise, following the release of the film's teaser, Suriya requested other male celebrities to make [[Dosa (food)|dosa]]s for their wives and partners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2017 |title=Suriya - Jo - Venkat Prabhu force Jai and Anjali's open declaration - Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/anjali-and-jai-declare-love-in-suriya-jyothika-magalir-mattum-dosa-challenge-promo-tamil-news-178595.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922212306/http://www.indiaglitz.com/anjali-and-jai-declare-love-in-suriya-jyothika-magalir-mattum-dosa-challenge-promo-tamil-news-178595.html |archive-date=22 September 2017 |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=www.indiaglitz.com}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Magalir Mattum
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mohamaad Ghibran|Ghibran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 26 April 2017
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:34
| label = [[2D Entertainment|2D Music]]
| producer = [[Mohamaad Ghibran|Ghibran]]
| prev_title = [[Ungarala Rambabu]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Aramm]]
| next_year = 2017
}}
The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Mohamaad Ghibran|Ghibran]]. The soundtrack features seven songs and one [[instrumental]]s from the original score. The album was launched at Sathyam Cinemas, [[Chennai]] on 26 April 2017. The soundtrack included a song sung by actor [[Karthi]], as well as three short songs sung by the film's leading veteran actresses.
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:34
| title1 = Adi Vaadi Thimiraa
| lyrics1 = Uma Devi
| extra1 = Gold Devaraj
| length1 = 3:51
| title2 = Ghandhari Yaaro
| lyrics2 = [[Thamarai]]
| extra2 = [[Padmalatha]], [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length2 = 4:33
| title3 = Gubu Gubu Gubu
| lyrics3 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| extra3 = [[Karthi]]
| length3 = 4:07
| title4 = Bullet Song
| lyrics4 = Bulleh Shah
| extra4 = [[Yazin Nizar]], Chennai Qawwali Kids
| length4 = 1:55
| title5 = Karu Karunnu
| lyrics5 = [[Bramma G|Bramma]]
| extra5 = [[Bhanupriya]], Namitha Babu, Gold Devaraj
| length5 = 1:35
| title6 = Carratu Pottazhaga
| lyrics6 = Bramma
| extra6 = [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], Namitha Babu, Gold Devaraj
| length6 = 1:31
| title7 = Time Passukkosaram
| lyrics7 = Bramma
| extra7 = [[Saranya Ponvannan]], Padmalatha
| length7 = 1:42
| title8 = Theme Music
| lyrics8 = —
| extra8 = —
| length8 = 2:20
}}

==Release==
''Magalir Mattum'' opened on 15 September 2017 to positive reviews from film critics and audiences.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=14 September 2017 |title=Magalir Mattum movie review: Critics give a thumbs-up to Jyothika |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/magalir-mattum-movie-review-critics-give-thumbs-jyothika-742065 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012160443/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/magalir-mattum-movie-review-critics-give-thumbs-jyothika-742065 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref> Critic Ashameera Aiyappan of [[The Indian Express]] wrote "the main strength of ''Magalir Mattum'' is the empathy it invokes" and that "Bramma’s writing will bring flashes of conversations with women of your own family and that is a major asset for the movie", while giving it a high rating of 3.5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2017 |title=Magalir Mattum movie review: Go watch this Jyothika starrer and take your mom along too |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/magalir-mattum-movie-review-star-rating-jyothika-oorvasi-4842549/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623071046/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/magalir-mattum-movie-review-star-rating-jyothika-oorvasi-4842549/ |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref> Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion wrote "The characters are broadly defined.. — we know what they do, but not really who they are. Perhaps the focus should have been on one woman’s liberation instead of three. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=15 September 2017 |title=Magalir Mattum Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/magalir-mattum-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829111424/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/magalir-mattum-movie-review/ |archive-date=29 August 2020 |access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref> The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2017 |title=பெண் சுதந்திரம் பற்றிய சிறப்பு திரைப்படம் "மகளிர் மட்டும்" உங்கள் ஜீ தமிழில்!!! |url=https://twitter.com/zeetamil/status/943118751955804160?lang=en |access-date=12 April 2019 |website=twitter.com/zeetamil}}</ref> The film was dubbed and released in [[Malayalam]] under the title ''Maya Varnangal''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2018 |title=This Jyothika film in TV before hitting the theaters! |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/jyothika-bramma-magalir-mattum-tv-telecast-maya-varnangal-before-theatre-release-tamil-news-208262 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531163849/https://www.indiaglitz.com/jyothika-bramma-magalir-mattum-tv-telecast-maya-varnangal-before-theatre-release-tamil-news-208262 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref>

==Reception==
A critic from [[The New Indian Express]] called the casting "terrific", while a critic from [[The Hindu]] wrote the "cheerful camaraderie between the leads works wonders".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=15 September 2017 |title='Magalir Mattum' review: Women to the fore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/magalir-mattum-women-to-the-fore/article19689524.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914171810/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/magalir-mattum-women-to-the-fore/article19689524.ece |archive-date=14 September 2020 |access-date=19 September 2020 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Magalir Mattum review: A necessary, even if not a terrific film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/sep/16/magalir-mattum-review-a-necessary-even-if-not-a-terrific-film-1657853.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022175834/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/sep/16/magalir-mattum-review-a-necessary-even-if-not-a-terrific-film-1657853.html |archive-date=22 October 2019 |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Sify.com called the film a "watchable, feel-good film" adding "what works in ''Magalir Mattum'' is the feel-good factor, the chemistry between the four actresses Urvashi, Bhanupriya, Saranya Ponvannan and Jyothika and the climax twist".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magalir Mattum review: Watchable feel-good film for families |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/magalir-mattum-review-watchable-feel-good-film-for-families-review-tamil-rjpkhyeedgiij.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915094033/http://www.sify.com/movies/magalir-mattum-review-watchable-feel-good-film-for-families-review-tamil-rjpkhyeedgiij.html |archive-date=15 September 2017 |website=Sify}}</ref> The critic from Behindwoods.com noted "Bramma has proven once again that he is a talented filmmaker with a strong content and a noble motive - kudos to him, for making a celebratory film like this, which is fully surrounded by positivity and feel good moments, though the film dealing a serious subject".<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2017 |title=Magalir Mattum (aka) Magaleer Matum review |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/magalir-mattum/magalir-mattum-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922095900/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/magalir-mattum/magalir-mattum-review.html |archive-date=22 September 2017 |access-date=21 September 2017 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The reviewer from [[The Hindustan Times]] wrote that the film is "not without flaws but a film made with a lot of heart", and that it is "the kind of film where you don’t mind overseeing the flaws because it leaves you with a heartwarming feeling when you exit the theatre".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2017 |title=Magalir Mattum movie review: Not without flaws but a film made with a lot of heart |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/magalir-mattum-movie-review-this-jyothika-film-is-message-heavy-yet-heartwarming/story-SfOTdSvMZBKyOGizqLHJiP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128163239/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/magalir-mattum-movie-review-this-jyothika-film-is-message-heavy-yet-heartwarming/story-SfOTdSvMZBKyOGizqLHJiP.html |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In contrast, a critic from NewsMinute.com wrote "''Magalir Mattum'' has its heart in the right place" and "it's clear that the film wants people to understand the lives of women but it struggles to articulate their stories within the pop culture framework of empowerment".<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2017 |title='Magalir Mattum' Review: The film has its heart in the right place but falters |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/magalir-mattum-review-film-has-its-heart-right-place-falters-68474 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922051142/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/magalir-mattum-review-film-has-its-heart-right-place-falters-68474 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |access-date=21 September 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{2D Entertainment}}

[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s road comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghibran Vaibodha]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:Indian road comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Poecilotheria regalis

2026-03-26T06:47:40Z

Shahidkumar: put up bio

{{Short description|Species of arachnid}}
{{Speciesbox
| taxon = Poecilotheria regalis
| image =P_regalis.JPG
| image_upright = 0.9
| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Molur, S. |author2=Daniel, B.A. |author3=Siliwal, M. |date=2008 |title=''Poecilotheria regalis'' |volume=2008 |article-number=e.T63566A12682744 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T63566A12682744.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| authority = [[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]], 1899<ref name=WSC_s37828/>
| synonyms = *''Ornithoctonus gadgili'' <small>Tikader, 1977</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=WSC_s37828/>
}}
[[File:Poecilotheria regalis10.jpg|thumb|upright|Ventral view. Note brightly colored patches on front four legs, used in [[deimatic behaviour|threat displays]].]]
'''''Poecilotheria regalis''''' is a species of arboreal [[tarantula]] and is found in parts of India.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /> The common name for this spider is '''Indian ornamental tree spider''', or simply '''Indian ornamental'''. It is one of the most popular arboreal tarantulas for amateur collectors. Their leg span sometimes exceeds 7 inches (18 cm).<ref name=AW/>

==Name==
The name ''[[Poecilotheria]]'' is derived from [[Greek language|Greek]] "poikilos" - spotted and "therion" - wild beast. Regalis refers to "royal". This whole genus of arboreal tarantulas exhibits an intricate fractal-like pattern on the abdomen. The spider's natural habitat is primarily Southeastern [[India]].

==Behavior==
The behavior of ''P. regalis'' parallels that of many arboreal spiders. In the wild individuals live in holes in tall trees where they make asymmetric funnel webs. Their primary prey consists of various flying insects, which they seize in flight and paralyze. It is not unknown for the spiders of this genus to live communally when territory, i.e. the number of holes per tree, is limited. They tend to be quite defensive spiders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arent |first=Mariusz |date=2020-08-07 |title=Poecilotheria regalis |url=https://arent.pl/poecilotheria-regalis/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Arent.pl - Hodowla Ptaszników |language=pl-PL}}</ref>

==Bites==
Although there has never been a recorded death from any [[tarantula]] bite, this species is considered to have a medically significant bite, with [[venom]] that may cause intense pain, judging from the experience of keepers bitten by other spiders from this [[genus]].<ref>[http://www.arachnoboards.com/ab/showthread.php?t=23870 Poecilotheria regalis – Arachnoboards]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bighairyspiders.com/bites.shtml#ppederseni |title=Phong's Tarantulas! - Tarantula bites |access-date=2008-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172112/http://www.bighairyspiders.com/bites.shtml#ppederseni |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>Schmidt, G. (1988): Wie gefährlich sind Vogelspinnenbisse ? Deutsches Ärzteblatt 85 Heft 28/29(2): 1424-1425.
(u. a. Infos about ''Poecilotheria fasciata'')</ref> They move rapidly and, although they generally prefer flight to fight, they may attack when cornered. In addition to the direct effects of the venom, the large fangs can produce [[puncture wound]]s which themselves can lead to secondary [[bacterial infection]] if not properly treated. There has never been a single reported case of [[anaphylaxis|anaphylactic shock]] from tarantula venom, and it is very likely that they do not contain the proteins needed to enact the potentially deadly allergic reaction.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

==In captivity==
''Poecilotheria regalis'' is a popular pet among tarantula enthusiasts. Despite its speed and potent venom, this tarantula is often sought for its distinctive appearance. As with most other tarantulas in captivity, ''Poecilotheria regalis'' is fed crickets, grasshoppers, and the adult specimen can be occasionally fed small rodents. A female specimen can live upwards of 12 years, males usually have a shorter lifespan of 3–5 years.<ref name=AW>{{cite web|url=http://animal-world.com/encyclo/reptiles/spiders/OrnamentalTreeSpider.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207040352/http://animal-world.com/encyclo/reptiles/spiders/OrnamentalTreeSpider.php |archive-date=February 7, 2006 |title=Indian Ornamental Tree Spider, Poecilotheria regalis, Indian Ornamental Tarantula|publisher=Animal-World |access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=WSC_s37828>{{cite web |title=Taxon details ''Poecilotheria regalis'' Pocock, 1899 |work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/37828 |access-date=29 February 2016 }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Poecilotheria_regalis}}
*[http://www.eightlegs.org/regalis/pokey.html ''Poecilotheria regalis'']
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080428155621/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/the.tarantula.store/care-P.regalis.htm ''Poecilotheria regalis'']}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1781627}}

[[Category:Poecilotheria|regalis]]
[[Category:Spiders of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Spiders described in 1899]]

Alok Kumar Rai

2026-03-26T02:49:25Z

Shahidkumar: new

{{Short description|Professor at BHU and Director of IIM Calcutta}}
{{Use British English|date = September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Prof. Alok Kumar Rai, Director, IIM, Calcutta (cropped).jpg
| caption = Rai in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1976|01|20}}
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|*[[VBS Purvanchal University]]
*[[Banaras Hindu University]]
*[[University of Allahabad]]}}
}}

'''Alok Kumar Rai''' (born 20 January 1976) is a professor of marketing at the [[Institute of Management Studies, Banaras Hindu University|Institute of Management Studies]], [[Banaras Hindu University]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Core Faculty Dr. Alok Kr. Rai |url=https://www.bhu.ac.in/fms/coreFaculty/akr.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731043307/http://www.bhu.ac.in/fms/coreFaculty/akr.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 July 2013 |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=www.bhu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Website of Governor's Secretariat, Raj Bhavan Lucknow Uttar Pradesh, India. / Universities / Vice- Chancellors of Universities |url=http://upgovernor.gov.in/en/page/vice-chancellors-of-universities |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=upgovernor.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-28 |title=BHU's Prof Alok Kumar Rai appointed vice-chancellor of Lucknow University |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/bhu-s-prof-alok-kumar-rai-appointed-vice-chancellor-of-lucknow-university/story-dFt1eSBVSSebJxwPTlJPbL.html |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-28 |title=BHU's Prof Alok Kumar Rai appointed vice-chancellor of Lucknow University |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/bhu-s-prof-alok-kumar-rai-appointed-vice-chancellor-of-lucknow-university/story-dFt1eSBVSSebJxwPTlJPbL.html |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> currently serving as the Director of the [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]] since 15 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-17 |title=After nearly 2 years, IIM Calcutta gets a full-time director |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/after-nearly-2-years-iim-calcutta-gets-a-full-time-director-10131410/ |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He previously served as the 40th [[Vice-chancellor|Vice-Chancellor]] of the [[University of Lucknow]] from December 2019 to July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-30 |title=Prof Rai gets second term as Lucknow University vice-chancellor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/prof-rai-gets-second-term-as-lucknow-university-vicechancellor-101672417252485.html |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Lucknow / Vice Chancellor |url=https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/article/en/vice-chancellor |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=www.lkouniv.ac.in}}</ref>

== Education and career ==
Rai completed his [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]] from [[University of Allahabad|Allahabad University]], MBA from Banaras Hindu University, and [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] from [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University|VBS Purvanchal University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Alok Kumar Rai {{!}} Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - Academia.edu |url=https://bhu-in.academia.edu/ProfAlokKumarRai/CurriculumVitae |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=bhu-in.academia.edu}}</ref> He has also held additional charge as Vice-Chancellor of [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2021 |title=Lucknow: Professor Alok Kumar Rai given additional charge as vice-chancellor of Sampurnanand Sanskrit University |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-professor-alok-kumar-rai-given-additional-charge-as-vice-chancellor-of-sampurnanand-sanskrit-university/articleshow/82822504.cms |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University]], Agra, and [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow|APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University]] (AKTU), Lucknow.<ref>{{Cite web |title=अनुशासनहीनता के आरोप में एकेटीयू के कुलपति प्रो. पीके मिश्रा हटाए गए, लखनऊ विश्वविद्यालय के प्रो आलोक राय को मिला चार्ज |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/career/story-aktu-vice-chancellor-prof-pk-mishra-removed-on-charges-of-indiscipline-lucknow-university-prof-alok-rai-will-take-charge-7728072.html |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref>

== Publications ==
Rai has published several famous textbooks, some of which are:

* {{Cite book |last=Kumar Rai |first=Alok |title=Customer Loyalty: Concept, Context and Character |publisher=[[McGraw Hill]] |year=2017 |isbn=9789332902718}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kumar Rai |first=Alok |title=Customer Relationship Management: Concepts and Cases |publisher=Prentice Hall India Learning Private Limited |year=2012 |isbn=9788120346956 |edition=2nd}}

=== Research ===
* [https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=f11V4tgAAAAJ&hl=en Rai on GoogleScholar]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Alok Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:People from Ghazipur]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Lucknow]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]

Roshan Lal Anand

2026-03-24T15:48:53Z

Shahidkumar: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian sports administrator (1924–2024)}}
{{For|the Indian politician|Roshan Lal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Roshan Lal Anand
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Dr. Roshan Lal Anand
| office = 2nd [[Asian Handball Federation|Secretary General of Asian Handball Federation]]
| term_start = 26 November 2000
| term_end = 25 October 2013
| president = Sheikh [[Ahmed Al-Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah]] {{flagicon|KUW}}
| predecessor = Syed Abul Hassan {{flagicon|PAK}}
| successor = [[Muhammad Shafiq]] {{flagicon|PAK}}
| office2= 3rd [[Handball Federation of India|President of Handball Federation of India]]
| 1blankname2 = Secretary General
| 1namedata2 = Surinder Mohan Bali
| term_start2= 1985
| term_end2= 2010
| predecessor2 = Air Vice-Marshal [[H. L. Kapur]]
| successor2 = Dr. Sarwan Singh Channy, IAS
| office1 = 9th [[Indian Olympic Association|Secretary General of Indian Olympic Association]]
| term_start1 = 1986
| term_end1 = 1987
| president1 = [[Vidya Charan Shukla]]
| predecessor1 = Air Vice-Marshal C. L. Mehta
| successor1 = Raja [[Randhir Singh (sport shooter)|Randhir Singh]]
| office3 = 7th [[Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports|Director of the National Institute of Sports]]
| term_start3 = 3 July 1970
| term_end3 = 30 November 1986
| predecessor3 = S. D. Chopra
| successor3 = S. K. Chaturvedi
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1924|01|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|12|17|1924|01|19|df=y}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| death_cause =
| nationality = Indian
| party =
| otherparty =
| height =
| spouse =
| children =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession = Sports administrator
| known_for =
| awards = [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Padma Shri]] {{small|(1976)}}
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| blank1 = Religion
| data1 = [[Hinduism]]
| footnotes = }}

'''Roshan Lal Anand''' (19 January 1924 – 17 December 2024) was an Indian [[sports administrator]] who served as [[Asian Handball Federation#Secretary generals|2nd]] Secretary General of [[Asian Handball Federation]] from 2000 to 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ihf.info/content/main_index.jsp |title=Continent Info |work=www.ihf.info |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011206105424/http://www.ihf.info/content/main_index.jsp |access-date=6 December 2011|archive-date=2001-12-06 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Roshan Lal Anand was born on 19 January 1924 in [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/AHFKuwait/posts/606111906499933 |title=Happy Birthday Dr. Roshan Anand |work=[[Asian Handball Federation|AHF]]'s Official Facebook Page |access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref>

Anand is the longest-serving Director of [[Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports]] (NIS) to date. He was appointed NIS Director on 4 July 1970 and served in this position for 16 years until his superannuation on 30 November 1986.<ref>{{cite web|title=IX Asiad: India's brightest hopes are in the athletic contingent |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19821130-ix-asiad-indias-brightest-hopes-are-in-the-athletic-contingent-772419-2013-08-01 |date=30 November 1982 |work=www.indiatoday.in |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NIS museum adds no new memorabilia in 43 years |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/NIS-museum-adds-no-new-memorabilia-in-43-years/articleshow/46180534.cms |date=10 February 2015 |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref>

==Sports administration==
===Asian Handball Federation===
On 26 November 2000, Dr. Anand was elected as Secretary General of [[Asian Handball Federation]], when he succeeded Pakistani sports administrator Syed Abul Hassan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Asian jr handball at Hyderabad |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040731/cth3.htm | date=30 July 2004 | newspaper=The Tribune | location=India |access-date=12 October 2022}}</ref> He served in this position for 13 years until 25 October 2013, when he was succeeded by [[Muhammad Shafiq]].{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

===Indian Olympic Association===
Anand was elected as Secretary General of [[Indian Olympic Association]] from 1986 – 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.ind.in/ioa-organisation |title=Organisation |work=www.olympic.ind.in |access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> He was also elected as Vice-President of the Indian Olympic Association after 1987.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

===Handball Federation of India===
Anand was one of the founder members of [[Handball Federation of India]] (HFI) and was elected as HFI President in 1985 and served in the position till 2010 when he selflessly did not file nomination for the position due to his age.<ref>{{cite web|title=HFI Election 2005 |url=https://indiahandball.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/hfi-election-2005.pdf |date=9 December 2005 |work=www.indiahandball.wordpress.com |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Channi to replace RL Anand as HFI chief |url=https://sportswire4u.blogspot.com/2010/01/channi-to-replace-rl-anand-as-hfi-chief.html?view=sidebar&m=1 |date=29 January 2010 |work=www.sportswire4u.blogspot.com |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref> He is the longest serving HFI President to date. He was appointed Life-President of Handball Federation of India (HFI) for his lifetime services to HFI and for development of handball upon completion of his term as president in 2010 and held this position till his last breath.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

===Others===
Anand also served as President of [[Commonwealth Handball Association]] and as member of Arbitration Commission of the [[International Handball Federation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Competition Science Vision (Jun 2001 edition) |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=n-gDAAAAMBAJ&q=Dr.+R.+L.+Anand+elected+as+Asian+Handball+Federation+Secretary+General&pg=PT118 |date=June 2001 |access-date=15 July 2020|last1 = Darpan|first1 = Pratiyogita}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Anand [[centenarian|turned 100]] on 19 January 2024, and died at his residence in [[New Delhi]] on 17 December.<ref>{{cite web |title=IHF Mourns the Death of Dr. Roshan Lal Anand |url=https://www.ihf.info/media-center/news/ihf-mourns-death-dr-roshan-lal-anand |website=International Handball Federation |access-date=2 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AHF mourns the passing of Dr. Roshan Lal Anand |url=https://asianhandball.org/ahf-mourns-the-passing-of-dr-roshan-lal-anand/ |website=Asian Handball Federation |access-date=2 January 2025}}</ref>

==Awards==


Anand was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award by [[Government of India]] in 1976.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards Directory (1954-2013) |url=https://www.webcitation.org/mainframe.php |pages=62 |publisher=www.webcitation.org |access-date=14 August 2013}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|--
! colspan=2 width="350px" | Decoration
! width="100px" | Country
! width="100px" | Year
! width="300px" | Note
|-
| [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|centre|50px]]
| style="width:8em;"|'''[[Padma Shri]]'''
| {{Flag|India}}
| 1976
| Fourth highest [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India|civilian award]] in the [[Republic of India]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Roshan Lal}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Asian Handball Federation]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]
[[Category:Indian sports executives and administrators]]
[[Category:Handball administrators]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]

{{India-sport-bio-stub}}
{{Asia-handball-bio-stub}}

Demon

2026-03-21T15:26:10Z

Shahidkumar: slightly rework layout for accuracy additionally based on references

{{Short description|Evil supernatural being}}
{{hatnote group|{{For|the concept in ancient Greek religion|Daimon}}{{Other uses}}
}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Evil spirit|Evil spirits|the film|Evil Spirit (film){{!}}''Evil Spirit'' (film)|the album|Evil Spirits (album){{!}}''Evil Spirits'' (album)}}
[[File:PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMillenniumBCE no CGI dropshadow - gradient based on.jpg|thumb|Bronze statue of the [[Assyro-Babylonian]] demon king [[Pazuzu]], {{Circa|800–700 BCE}}, [[Louvre]]]]
A '''demon''' is an evil or malevolent [[supernatural]] entity.<ref>Martin, Dale Basil. "When Did Angels Become Demons?" ''Journal of Biblical Literature'', vol. 129, no. 4, 2010, pp. 657–58. {{doi|10.2307/25765960}}. Accessed 5 January 2025.</ref> Historically, belief in demons, or stories about demons, occurs in [[folklore]], [[mythology]], [[religion]], [[occultism]], and [[literature]]; these beliefs are reflected in [[Media (communication)|media]] including
[[fiction]], [[comics]], [[film]], [[television series|television]], and [[video games]]. Belief in demons probably goes back to the [[Paleolithic|Paleolithic age]], stemming from humanity's fear of the unknown, the strange and the horrific.<ref name="dictionary">{{harvnb|Brandon|1970}}.</ref> In [[Religions of the ancient Near East|ancient Near Eastern religions]] and in the [[Abrahamic religions]], including [[History of Judaism|early Judaism]]{{sfn|Angelini|2021}} and ancient-medieval [[Christian demonology]], a demon is considered a harmful spiritual entity that may cause [[Spirit possession|demonic possession]], calling for an [[exorcism]]. Large portions of [[Jewish demonology]], a key influence on [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]], originated from a later form of [[Zoroastrianism]], and was transferred to Judaism during the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian era]].{{sfnm|1a1=Boyce |1y=1987 |2a1=Duchesne-Guillemin |2y=1988}}

Demons may or may not be considered to be devils: minions of [[Devil|the Devil]].<ref name="dictionary" /> In many traditions, demons are independent operators, with different demons causing different types of evils (destructive natural phenomena, specific diseases, etc.) in general, while devils appear more often as demons within a [[Theology|theological framework]]; demons opposing the [[Divine]] principle.<ref>Erdağı, D.; Evil in Turkish Muslim horror film: the demonic in “Semum”. SN Soc Sci 4, 27 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-024-00832-w</ref> As lesser [[Spirit (supernatural entity)|spirits]] doing the Devil's work, they have additional duties— causing humans to have [[sin]]ful thoughts and tempting humans to commit sinful actions.{{sfn|Nixey|2018|loc=Chapter 2, "The Battleground of Demons"}}

The original [[Ancient Greek language|Ancient Greek]] word ''{{Lang|grc-latn|[[daimōn]]}}'' ({{lang|grc|δαίμων}}) did not carry negative connotations, as it denotes a spirit or divine power.<ref name="Liddell & Scott">{{harvnb|Liddell|Scott|n.d.}}</ref> The Greek conception of a ''{{Lang|grc-latn|daimōn}}'' notably appears in the philosophical works of [[Plato]], where it describes the divine inspiration of [[Socrates]]. In Christianity, morally ambivalent ''{{Lang|grc-latn|daimōn}}'' were replaced by demons, forces of evil only striving for corruption.{{sfn|Rees|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=w-eKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 81]}} Such demons are not the Greek intermediary spirits, but hostile entities, already known in Iranian beliefs.{{sfn|Brown|1970|p=28}} In [[Western esotericism]] and [[Renaissance magic]], which grew out of an amalgamation of [[Greco-Roman magic]], Jewish [[Aggadah]], and Christian demonology, a demon is believed to be a spiritual entity that may be [[Conjuration (summoning)|conjured]] and controlled.

Belief in demons remains an important part of many modern religions and [[occult]] traditions. Demons are still feared largely due to their alleged power to possess living creatures.<ref>{{cite book |first= Hans| last= Van Eyghen| title= The Epistemology of Spirit Beliefs | publisher= Routledge | date= 14 April 2023| isbn= 9781003281139 | url = https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-mono/10.4324/9781003281139/epistemology-spirit-beliefs-hans-van-eyghen | series = Routledge Studies in the Philosophy of Religion | doi= 10.4324/9781003281139}}</ref> In contemporary [[Western esotericism|Western esoteric]] traditions, demons may be used as metaphors for inner psychological processes ("inner demons").

== Etymology ==
{{Further|Daemon (classical mythology)|Agathodaemon|Cacodemon|Daimonic|Eudaimonia}}

[[File:Mephistopheles2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mephistopheles]] (a [[Middle Ages|medieval]] demon from [[German folklore]]) flying over [[Wittenberg]], in a [[lithograph]] by [[Eugène Delacroix]].]]

The [[Ancient Greek language|Ancient Greek]] word {{lang|grc|δαίμων}} (''{{Lang|grc-latn|[[daimōn]]}}'') denotes a spirit or divine power, much like the [[Latin]] ''{{Lang|la|[[Genius (mythology)|genius]]}}'' or ''{{Lang|la|[[numen]]}}''. {{Lang|grc-latn|Daimōn}} most likely came from the Greek verb ''{{Lang|el-latn|daiesthai}}'' ({{Gloss|to divide}} or {{Gloss|distribute}}).<ref name="merriam-webster">{{cite web |title=Demon |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/demon |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |access-date=12 April 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507222928/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/demon |url-status=live}}</ref> The Greek conception of a {{Lang|grc-latn|daimōn}} notably appears in the philosophical works of [[Plato]], where it describes the divine inspiration of [[Socrates]]. The original Greek word ''{{Lang|grc-latn|daimōn}}'' does not carry the negative connotation initially understood by implementation of the [[Koine Greek|Koine]] {{lang|grc|δαιμόνιον}} (''[[Daimonion (Socrates)|daimonion]]''),<ref name="Liddell & Scott" /> and later ascribed to any cognate words sharing the root.

The Greek terms do not have any connotations of evil or malevolence. By the early centuries of the [[Roman Empire]], [[Cult image|cult statues]] were seen, by [[Paganism|Pagans]] and their Christian neighbors alike, as inhabited by the numinous presence of the [[Hellenistic religion|Greco-Roman gods]]: "Like pagans, Christians still sensed and saw the gods and their power, and as something, they had to assume, lay behind it, by an easy traditional shift of opinion they turned these pagan ''daimones'' into malevolent 'demons', the troupe of [[Satan]]. Far into the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine period]], Christians eyed their cities' old pagan statuary as a seat of the demons' presence. It was no longer beautiful, it was "infested."{{sfn|Lane Fox|1988|p=137}} The term had first acquired its negative connotations in the [[Septuagint]] translation of the [[Hebrew Bible]] into Greek, which drew on the mythology of [[ancient Semitic religions]]. This was then inherited by the Koine text of the [[New Testament]].

The English use of ''demon'' as synonym for devils goes back at least as far as about 825. The German word (''{{Lang|de|Dämon}}''), however, is different from devil (''{{Lang|de|Teufel}}'') and demons as evil spirits, and akin to the original meaning of ''{{Lang|grc-latn|daimōn}}''.{{sfn|Russell|1986|p=37}} The Western [[Modern era]] conception of demons, as in the ''[[Ars Goetia]]'', derives seamlessly from the ambient [[popular culture]] of [[Late Antiquity]].

== History ==
From an [[Anthropology|anthropological]] perspective, demons result from human fear of the unknown.<ref name="auto">Hutter, M., Görg, M., Kollmann, B., Haustein, J., Koch, G., Streib, H., Veltri, G., Dan, J., & Krawietz, B. (2011). Demons and Spirits. In Religion Past and Present Online. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_COM_03364</ref> Forces of nature and foreigners may be portrayed as demons if they are perceived as hostile or dangerous; an evil demon might be considered as a [[Psychological projection|projection]] onto unknown entities which are perceived as potentially dangerous.<ref name="auto"/> Thus, unknown causes of death or illness are [[Anthropomorphization|anthropomorphized]] into rational agents with evil intentions and then giving raise to the notion of a demon.<ref name="auto"/>

Likewise, people outside one's own social group may be blamed for accidents and unexplained causes of harm, leading to a demonization of said people.<ref name="auto" /> Then, the imagined cause of said evil is integrated into one's prevailing belief-system.<ref name="auto" /> This may also include persons who are considered to be banished from the social group. Transgressions of social norms may result in expulsion from the community and or being killed.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Alles |first=Gregory D. |date=February 1990 |title=New Growths in German Woods''Religion und Religionen: Systematische Einführung in die Religionsgeschichte''. Jacques Waardenburg''Grundzüge der Religionswissenschaft''. Fritz Stolz''Religionswissenschaft: Eine Einführung''. Hartmut Zinser |url=https://doi.org/10.1086/463199 |journal=History of Religions |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=294–297 |doi=10.1086/463199 |issn=0018-2710|url-access=subscription }}</ref> From a psychological perspective there is no difference between expulsion and death as both leave a gap in the community.<ref name=":3" /> This gap is then filled with a ghost (in case of death) or demon (in case of expulsion), perceived as a disruptive factor in the life of the community.<ref name=":3" />

=== Ancient Egypt ===
[[File:Ram-headed demon gradient background.jpg|thumb|Ram-headed demon. The hands probably outstretch to hold two snakes. From a royal tomb in the Valley of the Kings, Thebes, Egypt. End of the 18th Dynasty, around 1325 BCE]]
The Ancient [[Egyptian language]] lacks a term for the modern English ''demon'',{{sfn|Lucarelli|2010|p=2}}<ref name="BhayroRider2017">{{harvnb|Bhayro|Rider|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xq28DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 53]}}.</ref> since both deities and lesser spirits can act as intermediaries to deliver messages to humans {{sfn|Lucarelli|2010|p=3}} By that, both share some resemblance to the Greek {{Lang|grc-latn|daimon}}. However, magical writings indicate that ancient Egyptians acknowledged the existence of malevolent demons by highlighting the demon names with red ink.<ref name="BhayroRider2017" /> Demons in this culture appeared to be subordinative and related to a specific deity, yet they may have occasionally acted independently of the divine will. The existence of demons can be related to the realm of chaos, beyond the created world.{{sfn|Lucarelli|2010|p=2}} The role of demons in relation to the human world remains ambivalent and largely depends on context.

Ancient Egyptian demons can be divided into two classes: "guardians" and "wanderers".{{sfn|Lucarelli|2010|p=3}}{{sfn|Bhayro|Rider |2017|p=55}} "Guardians" are tied to a specific place; their demonic activity is topographically defined and their function can be benevolent towards those who have the secret knowledge to face them.{{sfn|Lucarelli|2010|p=4}} Demons protecting the underworld may prevent human souls from entering paradise. Only by knowing the right charms is the deceased able to enter the ''Halls of Osiris''.{{sfn|Greenbaum|2015|p=120}} Here, the aggressive nature of the guardian demons is motivated by the need to protect their abodes and not by their evil essence. Accordingly, demons guarded sacred places or the gates to the netherworld. During the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic]] and [[Roman period]], the guardians shifted towards the role of [[genius loci]] and they were the focus of local and private cults.

The "wanderers" are associated with possession, mental illness, death and plagues. Many of them serve as executioners for the major deities, such as [[Ra]] or [[Osiris]], when ordered to punish humans on earth or in the netherworld.{{sfn|Lucarelli|2010|p=4}} Wanderers can also be agents of chaos, arising from the world beyond creation to bring about misfortune and suffering without any divine instructions, led only by evil motivations. The influences of the wanderers can be warded off and kept at the borders of the human world by the use of magic, but they can never be destroyed. A sub-category of "wanderers" are nightmare demons, which were believed to cause nightmares by entering a human body.{{sfn|Lucarelli|2010|p=2}}

=== Mesopotamia ===
{{Further|Ancient Mesopotamian underworld#Demons}}
[[File:Dumuzi aux enfers.jpg|thumb|left|Ancient Sumerian [[cylinder seal]] impression showing the god [[Dumuzid the Shepherd|Dumuzid]] being tortured in the [[Kur|Underworld]] by ''[[gallu|galla]]'' demons]]
[[Mesopotamia]]n demonology had a strong influence on later [[Judaism|Hebrew]] and [[Christianity|Christian]] concepts of demons,<ref name="Russell, Jeffrey Burton 1987. p. 92">Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The devil: Perceptions of evil from antiquity to primitive Christianity. Cornell University Press, 1987. p. 92</ref> with ''[[shedu]]'' from [[Chaldea]]n mythology being an example.<ref name="JE-shedim">{{harvnb|Hirsch|Gottheil|Kohler|Broydé|1906}}.</ref> The demons of Mesopotamia were generally hostile spirits of lesser power than a deity.<ref name="Russell, Jeffrey Burton 1987. p. 92"/> Since both nature and culture were in constant change, neither were considered part of a divine cosmos.<ref name="Russell, Jeffrey Burton 1987. p. 88">Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The devil: Perceptions of evil from antiquity to primitive Christianity. Cornell University Press, 1987. p. 88</ref> According to the Babylonian creation epic ''[[Enūma Eliš]]'', both gods and demons are the children of [[Tiamat]], the goddess of [[Chaos (cosmogony)|primordial chaos]].<ref>Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The devil: Perceptions of evil from antiquity to primitive Christianity. Cornell University Press, 1987. p. 88-89</ref> The demons were engendered by Tiamat as an act of revenge in reaction to the gods slaying her primordial partner [[Abzu]].<ref name="Russell, Jeffrey Burton 1987. p. 88"/> In the Babylonian tale of the Great Flood, since the gods promised to never flood humanity again, the demoness Lamaštu was installed instead and given the task of killing humans in order to avoid excessive multiplication.<ref name="Maul, S. 2006">Maul, S. (., Jansen-Winkeln, K. (., Niehr, H. (., Macuch, M. (., & Johnston, S. I. (. (2006). Demons. In Brill's New Pauly Online. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e309270</ref>

Some demons were the evil spirits of those who died in misery, while other demons were nature demons causing harm by carrying plagues and nightmares, and causing headaches and storms.<ref name="Maul, S. 2006"/><ref name="Russell, Jeffrey Burton 1987. p. 92"/> People could protect themselves from demons by wearing amulets, using magic, or seeking refuge amongst another demon or deity.<ref name="Russell, Jeffrey Burton 1987. p. 92"/><ref name="Maul, S. 2006"/> On an ontological level, in early Semitic history, deities and demons often shed into another, as the distinction was of no importance for the believer.<ref>Introduction:
Angels and Their Religious and
Cosmological Contexts p. 17</ref>

The [[Kur|underworld]] was home to many demonic beings,{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=180}} sometimes referred to as the "offspring of ''arali''".{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=180}} These demons ascend from the underworld and terrorize mortals.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=180}} One class of demons that were believed to reside in the underworld were known as ''[[Gallu|galla]]'';{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=85}} their primary purpose appears to have been to drag unfortunate mortals back to Kur.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=85}} They are frequently referenced in magical texts,{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|pages=85–86}} and some texts describe them as being seven in number.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|pages=85–86}} Several extant poems describe the ''galla'' dragging the god [[Dumuzid]] into the underworld.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=86}} Like many other Mesopotamian demons ''galla'' could also fulfill a protective role.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=86}} In a hymn from King [[Gudea]] of [[Lagash]] ({{circa}} 2144 – 2124 BCE), a minor god named Ig-alima is described as "the great ''galla'' of [[Girsu]]".{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=86}}

=== Zoroastrianism ===
{{Main|Daeva}}
[[File:Tehran, Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art Ms Shah Tahmasp Shahnameh fol. 122v crop Rostam Slays Arzhang Div.jpg|thumb|[[Rostam]] kills [[Arzhang Div]] (The Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp). The demon is inspired by ancient Persian beliefs.<ref>Doostkhah, Jalil. "Az and Niyaz, Two Powerful and Haughty Demons in Persian Mythology and Epics." Sydney Studies in Religion (1998).</ref>]]
The [[Zorastrianism|Zoroastrian]] concept of demons (''[[Daeva]]'', later ''{{Lang|pal-latn|dīv}}'')<ref>Eduljee, K. E. "Zoroastrian Heritage." On-line at: http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism (2014).</ref> had strong influence on the [[Abrahamic religion]]s, especially [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]]. By elevating [[Ahura Mazda]] to the one supreme God, the founder [[Zoroaster]] relegated the daevas to demons.<ref name="Russell, Jeffrey Burton 1987. p. 104">Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The devil: Perceptions of evil from antiquity to primitive Christianity. Cornell University Press, 1987. p. 104</ref> Emphasizing [[free will]], Zoroaster taught that demons became evil by their own volition in rejecting truth over falsehood.<ref name="Russell, Jeffrey Burton 1987. p. 104"/> At a later stage, [[Mazdaism]] makes [[Ahriman]], the principle of Evil (i.e. the Devil), the creator of demons and leader of daevas.<ref>Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The devil: Perceptions of evil from antiquity to primitive Christianity. Cornell University Press, 1987. p. 105</ref>

The battle between the hosts of deities against evil demons ({{Lang|pal-latn|dīv}} and {{Lang|pal-latn|druz}}) are described in the [[Bundahishn]].<ref>Shaked, Shaul. The Bundahisn: The Zoroastrian Book of Creation. Oxford University Press, 2020. p. xviii</ref> Humankind lives in a world between the good powers of God (Ahura Mazda) and the Devil (Ahriman) and suffers corruption through defection of humankind. Therefore, Zorastrianism proposes a threefold nature for humans: divine, animalistic, and demonic.<ref name="Russell, Jeffrey Burton 1987. p. 115">Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The devil: Perceptions of evil from antiquity to primitive Christianity. Cornell University Press, 1987. p. 115</ref> As such, humans are obligated to keep fighting the demonic traits.<ref name="Russell, Jeffrey Burton 1987. p. 115"/> After death, people must cross the [[Chinvat Bridge]] to enter paradise. However, those who have chosen evil in their life will fall into the pit of hell. In hell, the damned are tormented by the demons.<ref>Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The devil: Perceptions of evil from antiquity to primitive Christianity. Cornell University Press, 1987. p. 119</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nigosian |first=Solomon Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uspf6eDDvjAC |title=The Zoroastrian Faith: Tradition and Modern Research |date=1993 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-1144-6}}</ref>

In the [[Avesta|Younger Avesta]], demons (daēuua) cause diseases and death.<ref name="Maul, S. 2006"/> By abiding to ritual purification and recitation of sacred prayers, demons can be warded off and kept at bay.<ref name="Maul, S. 2006"/>

=== Apocalyptic period and early Christianity ===
The concept of demons as servants of the Devil entered the [[Christianity|Christian tradition]] via [[Post-exilic|Post-exilic Judaism]].<ref>Van der Toorn, Karel, Bob Becking, and Pieter Willem van der Horst, eds. Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1999. p. 236</ref> Inspired by Zoroastrian dualistic cosmology,<ref>Van der Toorn, Karel, Bob Becking, and Pieter Willem van der Horst, eds. Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1999.p. 238</ref> the non-Jewish deities were demonized, as evident from [[Intertestamental period|intertestamental writings]]. The [[apocalyptic literature]] then builds the foundation for the authors of the Gospels in first-century Judea.<ref>Wright, A. T. (2016). The Demonology of 1 Enoch and the New Testament Gospels. Enoch and the Synoptic Gospels: Reminiscences, Allusions, Intertextuality, 216.</ref>

In antiquity, belief in demonic agents of misfortune were widespread.<ref>Brown, Peter. Sorcery, Demons, and the Rise of Christianity from Late Antiquity into the Middle Ages. New York, NY, 1970. p. 28</ref> The early Christian community took it for granted that people outside the Judeo-Christian community were worshipping demons.<ref name="Brown, Peter 1970. p. 24">Brown, Peter. Sorcery, Demons, and the Rise of Christianity from Late Antiquity into the Middle Ages. New York, NY, 1970. p. 24</ref> [[Conversion to Christianity]] meant renunciation of the demons by the bearers of the [[Holy Spirit]].<ref>Brown, Peter. Sorcery, Demons, and the Rise of Christianity from Late Antiquity into the Middle Ages. New York, NY, 1970. p. 31-32</ref>

By the end of the sixth century, the [[Mediterranean|Mediterranean Christian society]] widely considered themselves to be unequivocally Christian, with an exception to Jews, the last record of worshipping another pre-Christian deity being in 570s.<ref>Brown, Peter. Sorcery, Demons, and the Rise of Christianity from Late Antiquity into the Middle Ages. New York, NY, 1970. p. 35</ref>

=== Medieval Christian Europe ===
Magical rites, charms, and beliefs in spiritual entities were prominent in pre-Christian Europe.<ref>Scribner, Robert W. "The Reformation, popular magic, and the" Disenchantment of the World"." The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 23.3 (1993): 480-481.</ref> While the Church officially declared such beliefs as ''false'',<ref name="Scribner, Robert W 1993">Scribner, Robert W. "The Reformation, popular magic, and the" Disenchantment of the World"." The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 23.3 (1993): 481.</ref> the persistence of such beliefs among the wider populations led Christian monks to assimilate Christian with non-Christian rites.<ref name="Scribner, Robert W 1993"/> In order to do so, non-Christian symbols and pagan deities have been substituted with [[Jesus Christ]].<ref name="Scribner, Robert W 1993"/><ref>Cameron, Malcolm L. "Anglo-Saxon medicine and magic." Anglo-Saxon England 17 (1988): 214.</ref> To sanction the invocation of non-Christian supernatural powers, Christian missionaries, such as [[John Cassian]] in the fifth century,<ref name="Scribner, Robert W 1993"/> declared the pagan gods to be demons, servants of [[Lucifer]], who bring disorder to the world.<ref name="Brown, Peter 1970. p. 24"/> Many pagan nature spirits like [[Dwarf (folklore)|dwarfs]] and [[Elf|elves]] thus became seen as demons, servants of the supreme Devil. A difference was made between [[monster]]s and demons. The monsters, regarded as distorted humans, probably without souls, were created so that people might be grateful to God that they did not suffer in such a state; they ranked above demons in existence and still claimed a small degree of beauty and goodness as they had not turned away from God.{{sfn|Russell|1986|p=79}}

In Medieval Christianity, demons and spirits were generally considered to be fallen angels. Morally ambivalent nature spirits, such as [[fairy|fairies]] from Irish and Scandinavian [[folklore|folktales]] were often explained as angels who remained neutral during the [[War in Heaven|war of heaven]].<ref>Mack, C. K., Mack, D. (1998). A Field Guide to Demons, Fairies, Fallen Angels, and Other Subversive Spirits. USA: Arcade Pub. p. xxiii</ref><ref name="Wilde, J. F. E. 1888 p. 89">Wilde, J. F. E. (1888). Ancient Legends, mystic Charms, and Superstitions of Ireland: With Sketches of the Irish Past. To which is Appended a Chaper on "The Ancient Race of Ireland". USA: Ticknor and Company. p. 89</ref> They became spirits of the place they fell into when banished to earth.<ref name="Wilde, J. F. E. 1888 p. 89"/> Although considered neutral spirits earlier, later [[Protestantism|Protestant thinkers]] increasingly associated them with Satan and considered them to be demons.<ref>Oldridge, Darren. "Fairies and the Devil in early modern England." The Seventeenth Century 31.1 (2016): 1-15.</ref>

=== Islamic culture in the Middle Ages ===
{{See also|Div (mythology)|Marid|Ifrit}}
[[File:Imam Ali and the Jinn.jpg|thumb|[[Imam Ali|Ali]] slaying demons with his sword [[Zulfiqar]] in a Persian manuscript. As evident from the poetry of Sanā'ī Ghaznavī, the sword is believed to be made from fire (آتش), able to kill not only a body but also a soul.<ref>Bakr, Sarmad Mohammad. "The Structural Level in the Sufi Poetry."</ref>]]
In Islamic culture, [[Div (demon)|demons]] ({{Lang|pes-latn|dīv}}) share many anthropomorphic attributes with the Arabian [[jinn]].<ref>Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew. The Ashgate encyclopedia of literary and cinematic monsters. Routledge, 2016. chapter: Div</ref><ref name=Abedinifard-etal-2021>{{cite book |title=Persian Literature as World Literature |series=Literatures as World Literature |place=USA |editor1=Abedinifard, Mostafa |editor2=Azadibougar, Omid |editor3=Vafa, Amirhossein |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=978-1501354205 |pages=40–43 |postscript=,}} {{isbn|9781501354205}}</ref>{{rp|style=ama|page= 37}} Like the jinn from Islamic traditions, they can enter sexual relationships with humans and sire offspring.<ref name="The Good p. 24"/> Nonetheless, demons differ from jinn as they are perceived as malign creatures.<ref name="The Good p. 24">The Good, the Bad and the Beautiful: The Survival of Ancient Iranian Ethical Concepts in Persian Popular Narratives of the Islamic Period p. 24</ref> Within context of the [[Islam]]ic belief system, demons are considered to be yet another creature of [[God in Islam|God]], rather than independent parts of the world,<ref>Friedl, E. (2020). Religion and Daily Life in the Mountains of Iran: Theology, Saints, People. Vereinigtes Königreich: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 86</ref><ref name="Sinai, Nicolai 2023">Sinai, Nicolai. "Key terms of the Qur'an: a critical dictionary." (2023): 1-840.</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p=452}} as evident from [[Abu Ali Bal'ami]]'s interpretation of [[Tarikh al-Tabari]]<ref name=Abedinifard-etal-2021/>{{rp|style=ama|page=40}} and the [[Süleymanname]] (written at the time of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]]).<ref>ÇAKIN, Mehmet Burak. "SÜLEYMÂN-NÂME'DE MİTOLOJİK BİR UNSUR OLARAK DÎVLER." Turkish Studies-Language and Literature 14.3 (2019): 1137-1158.</ref>

The idea of demons is not limited to Islam alone, but appear in various belief-systems along the [[Silk Road]]. An [[Uyghur language|Uighur]] [[Manichaeism|Manichaean]] text fragment, narrates a story about a prince and three demons. The demons quarrel over three magical items: a cap which turns people invisible, sandals which can bring people to any place they wish, and staff which belongs to the sandals. The demons request the prince to distribute the magical items among the demons. Therefore, he shoots three arrows into three different directions and claims that the demon who brings back an arrow first will receive the cap, the second one the staff, and the third will receive the sandals. Once the demons start chasing the arrows, the prince puts on the cap on his head and vanishes with the power of the sandals and the staff.<ref>Laut, Jens Peter. "Vielfalt türkischer Religionen." (1996) Spirita. p. 28</ref>

''Dīv'' also appear in [[Manichaeism|Manichaeistic writings]] as the original inhabitants of the world of darkness.<ref name="iranicaonline1">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/manicheism-pandaemonium|title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=2019-04-27|archive-date=2019-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427124415/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/manicheism-pandaemonium|url-status=live}}</ref> Before the demons attacked the realm of light, they have been in constant battle and sexual intercourse against each other.<ref name="iranicaonline1"/> It is only in the realm of darkness demons are described in their physical form. After their assault on the world above, they have been overcome by the Living Spirit, and imprisoned in the structure of the world.<ref name="iranicaonline1"/> From that point onwards, they impact human's ethical life, and appear as personified ethical qualities, mostly greed, envy, grief, and wrath (desire for destruction).<ref name="iranicaonline1"/> [[Ibn al-Jawzi]], describes these demons (''[[ifrit|ʿafārīt]]''), in his {{Lang|ar-latn|Talbīs Iblīs}} ({{Gloss|devils' delusion}}), as components of the Devil (or ''Darkness'') waging war against God (or ''Light''), composed of angels.<ref>David S. Margoliouth;''The Devil's Delusion by Ibn al-Jawzi'', 1935, Bd. 1, chapter: Account of the way wherein he deludes the Dualists.</ref> Such demons also frequently appear throughout Islamic literature as personification of human vices. The protagonist of these stories must overcome the demons, as a symbol for their own animalistic nature, in order to heed his rational inclination and achieve salvation in paradisical bliss.<ref name="Barry, M. A. 1535 p. 361-363">Barry, M. A. (2004). Figurative art in medieval Islam and the riddle of Bihzad of Herat (1465-1535). Flammarion. 361-363</ref><ref>Davaran, Fereshteh. Continuity in Iranian identity: Resilience of a cultural heritage. Routledge, 2010. pp. 207-208</ref>

Demons are believed to be vanquished by sacred symbols. The content of the symbol depends on the prevailing religion of the culture. Among Turks, the ''[[basmalah]]'' ("invocation of the name of Allah") is used to ward off demons,<ref>Zhanar, Abdibek, et al. "The Problems of the Mythological Personages in the Ancient Turkic Literature." Asian Social Science 11.7 (2015): 341.</ref> while among Armenians, the symbol of the cross is utilized.<ref name="Armenian"/> Common features of these Middle Eastern demons are their immortality and pernicious nature, they can turn invisible, and can be enslaved when pierced by a silver needle.<ref name="Armenian">{{cite journal |title=Armenian Demonology: A Critical Overview |author=Asatrian, Garnik |journal=Iran and the Caucasus |volume=17 |number=1 |pages=9–25 |year=2013 |publisher=Brill|doi=10.1163/1573384X-20130103 | issn = 1573-384X}}</ref> Demons are believed to be mostly active at night and a bad smell in the air or sudden change in temperature would announce their presence.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/div | title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica| encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> It is generally accepted that demons can be subjugated as they are said to be enslaved by legendary heroes ([[Solomon in Islam|Solomon]] in the Quran and [[Jamshid]] in Persian legends).<ref>{{cite book |first1=Eva |last1=Orthmann |first2=Anna |last2=Kollatz |title=The Ceremonial of Audience: Transcultural approaches |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |date=2019-11-11 |isbn=978-3-847-00887-3 |page=155}}</ref> Due to their reluctant nature, even enslaved, they do always the opposite of what has been commanded.<ref name="The Good p. 24"/> In some tales, supernatural powers are attributed to them, such as causing sickness, mental illnesses, or even turn humans to stone.<ref>Pedram Khosronejad The People of the Air Healing and Spirit Possession in South of Iran in: Shamanism and Healing Rituals in Contemporary Islam and Sufism, T.Zarcone (ed.) 2011, I.B.Tauris</ref>

=== European occultism and Renaissance magic ===
Under influence of [[Islamic philosophy]], [[occultism|Medieval occult traditions]] and [[Renaissance magic]], European Renaissance demons are often seen as beneficial and useful, lacking an inherent negative connotation.<ref name="Saif, Liana 2015">{{Cite book |last=Saif |first=Liana |title=The Arabic influences on early modern occult philosophy |date=2015 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Basingstoke}}</ref> In fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Renaissance magic, the terms ''demon'' and ''devil'' have two different, although not exclusive, meanings.<ref name="Maggi, A. 2001 p. 14-15">Maggi, A. (2001). Satan's Rhetoric: A Study of Renaissance Demonology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 14-15</ref> The term ''demons'' refers to a cluster of supernatural beings, such as daimons, spirits, and devils, affecting the mind.<ref name="Maggi, A. 2001 p. 14-15"/> While some people fear demons, or attempt to exorcise them, others willfully attempt to summon them for knowledge, assistance, or power. [[William of Conches]] ({{circa|1090/1091|1155/1170s}}) understands ''demon'' closer to the Greek ''{{Lang|grc-latn|daimōn}}'', reserving the concept of the devil only for the "demons of the lower regions":<blockquote>You think, as I infer from your words, that a demon is the same as a devil, which is not the case. For a demon is said to be any invisible being using reason, as if knowing. Of these the two high orders are called calodemons, that is, 'good knowing ones', the lower order is called cacodemon, that is, 'evil knowing one', for calos means 'good', cacos 'bad'.<ref name="Saif, Liana 2015"/></blockquote>

In the sixteenth century, among proponents of demons as ambivalent spirits, [[Paracelsus]] was the most vocal.<ref name="Goodare, Julian 2018">Goodare, Julian. "Between humans and angels: Scientific uses for fairies in early modern Scotland." Fairies, Demons, and Nature Spirits: 'Small Gods' at the Margins of Christendom (2018): 175.</ref> He asserted that these beings are spirit-like and thus not human, but they have bodies and flesh and are thus, not angels.<ref name="Goodare, Julian 2018"/> [[Robert Kirk (folklorist)|Robert Kirk]] (1644–1692) integrated [[Fairy|fairies]] into his theories of intermediary spirits.<ref>Goodare, Julian. "Between humans and angels: Scientific uses for fairies in early modern Scotland." Fairies, Demons, and Nature Spirits: 'Small Gods' at the Margins of Christendom (2018): 180.</ref> He suggested that these beings are structured similar to human societies, intelligent beings who eat and drink yet invisible to most humans.<ref>Goodare, Julian. "Between humans and angels: Scientific uses for fairies in early modern Scotland." Fairies, Demons, and Nature Spirits: 'Small Gods' at the Margins of Christendom (2018): 181.</ref> Their views were rejected by demonologists and religious orthodoxy and labelled as "atheistic". They denied that spirits could have an autonomeous existence and that they are demons with the sole purpose of deceiving and harming people.<ref>Goodare, Julian. "Between humans and angels: Scientific uses for fairies in early modern Scotland." Fairies, Demons, and Nature Spirits: 'Small Gods' at the Margins of Christendom (2018): 186-187.</ref>

A variety of spirits or the assumption that demons might be morally ambivalent is encouraged by [[necromancy]].<ref>Goodare, Julian. "Between humans and angels: Scientific uses for fairies in early modern Scotland." Fairies, Demons, and Nature Spirits: 'Small Gods' at the Margins of Christendom (2018): 174.</ref> Here, a necromancer supposedly converses with the spirits of the dead. A ceremonial magician usually consults a [[grimoire]], which gives the names and abilities of demons as well as detailed instructions for conjuring and controlling them. Grimoires are not limited to demons – some give instructions for the invocation of deity, a process called [[theurgy]]. The use of ceremonial magic to call demons is also known as ''[[goetia]]'', a word derived from the Greek word {{Lang|grc-latn|goes}}, which originally denoted [[Divination|diviners]], [[Magic (supernatural)#Magicians|magicians]], healers, and [[Oracle|seer]]s.{{sfnp|Drury|Hume|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oV4BjGoOZvoC&pg=PA124 124]}}

=== Age of Enlightenment ===
In the 16th to early 17th centuries, the idea – inherited from Renaissance magic and occultism – that demonic forces could be conjured and controlled may have paved the way for the development of modern sciences.<ref>Mebane, John S. Renaissance magic and the return of the Golden Age: the occult tradition and Marlowe, Jonson, and Shakespeare. U of Nebraska Press, 1992. p. 2</ref> In Hermetic- and Kabbalist philosophy, demons could be subjugated. This shaped the idea that humans can control their social environment and their surrounding natural forces.<ref>Mebane, John S. Renaissance magic and the return of the Golden Age: the occult tradition and Marlowe, Jonson, and Shakespeare. U of Nebraska Press, 1992. p. 3</ref>

The [[Age of Enlightenment]] conceptualizes humans as [[Free will|autonomous individuals]], mostly independent from external invisible forces, such as demons or gods ruling over human fate.<ref name="Rehmann">{{cite book |first=Luzia Sutter |last=Rehmann |title=Dämonen und unreine Geister: Die Evangelien, gelesen auf dem Hintergrund von Krieg, Vertreibung und Trauma |publisher=Gütersloher Verlagshaus |year=2023 |isbn=978-3641292973 |language=de}}</ref> While in the pre-modern period, spirits and demons were assigned to various natural phenomena, the [[Rationalism|rationalistic school of thought]], increasingly rejected the attribution of demons to unknown causes.<ref name="Mircea Eliade 1986 p. 287">Mircea Eliade ''Encyclopedia of Religion'' Macmillan Publishing (1986) p. 287</ref><ref name="Rehmann"/>

The rejection of demons as a form of superstition was also welcomed by religious perspective, considered to be a "removal" of remaining pagan beliefs. According to [[Wouter Hanegraaff]], demons are ''pagan'' beliefs, removed by the Age of Enlightenment.<ref>Josephson-Storm, Jason Ānanda. "The superstition, secularism, and religion trinary: Or re-theorizing secularism." Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 30.1 (2018): 13.</ref>

Many considered demons to be non-existent and alleged visions of demons and ghosts were explained as results of superstition. By that local religious customs were also oppressed in favor of nationwide (religious) ideas or deities.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Josephson-Storm |first=Jason Ānanda |title=The superstition, secularism, and religion trinary: Or re-theorizing secularism |journal=Method & Theory in the Study of Religion |volume=30 |number=1 |year=2018 |pages=1–20|doi=10.1163/15700682-12341409}}</ref> Wilkinson Duran states that people who believe in demons are often marginalized in the United States.<ref name="Rehmann"/>

The rejection of demons as the cause of natural events also contributed to the association of demons with delusions and merely mental phenomena. For example, the notion that demons could possess an individual, stripped the individual away from their [[personhood]] and was at odds with modern Western philosophy. The most prominent ones, such as the [[American Dream]] and [[capitalism]], imply the belief that everyone is responsible for their own fate and not at the mercy of external forces, thus has no room left for demons or demonic possessions.<ref name="Rehmann"/> The concept of demons has nevertheless not disappeared from the public, permeating media, arts, and psychology.<ref name="Mircea Eliade 1986 p. 287"/>

== Judaism ==
{{See also|Dybbuk|Samael}}
There are differing opinions in Judaism about the existence or non-existence of demons (''[[shedim]]'' or ''[[se'irim]]'').<ref name="JE-shedim"/> Some Rabbinic scholars assert that demons have existed in Talmudic times, but do not exist regularly in present. When prophecy, [[Shekhinah|divine presence]], and [[divine inspiration]] gradually decreased, the demonic powers of impurity have become correspondingly weak, too.{{sfn|Taylor|2020|pp=190–191}}

=== Hebrew Bible ===
The [[Hebrew Bible]] mentions two classes of demonic spirits, the {{Lang|hbo-latn|se'irim}} and the {{Lang|hbo-latn|shedim}}. The word ''{{Lang|hbo-latn|shedim}}'' (singular {{Lang|hbo-latn|shed}} or {{Lang|hbo-latn|sheyd}}) appears in two places in the Hebrew Bible.<ref>{{bibleverse||Psalm|106:37}}, {{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|32:17}}</ref> The ''{{Lang|hbo-latn|se'irim}}'' (singular {{Lang|hbo-latn|sa'ir}}, {{Gloss|male goat}}) are mentioned once in [[Leviticus 17]]:7,<ref name="JE-shedim"/> probably a recollection of [[Assyria]]n demons in the shape of goats.{{sfn|McCraw|Arp|2017|p=9}} They might be a metaphorical symbol for life-threatening animals, such as [[hyena]]s, [[ostrich]]s, and [[jackals]].{{sfn|Hutter|2011}} The ''{{Lang|hbo-latn|shedim}}'', however, are not pagan demigods or demons per se, but the foreign gods themselves. They are evil insofar that they are not affiliated with the Jewish deity.<ref>Jackson, D. R. (2004). Enochic Judaism: Three Defining Paradigm Exemplars (Vol. 49). A&C Black. p. 34</ref> These entities appear in a scriptural context of [[Animal sacrifice|animal]] or [[child sacrifice]] to non-existent [[false god]]s.<ref name="JE-shedim" />

Various diseases and ailments were ascribed to demons, particularly those affecting the brain and those of internal nature. Examples include [[catalepsy]], headache, [[epilepsy]] and nightmares. There also existed a demon of blindness, Shabriri ({{Lit|dazzling glare}}), who rested on uncovered water at night and blinded those who drank from it.{{sfn|Isaacs|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4iLqceVe7S0C&pg=PA96 96]}}

Demons supposedly entered the body and caused the disease while overwhelming or "seizing" the victim. To cure such diseases, it was necessary to draw out the evil demons by certain incantations and talismanic performances, at which the [[Essenes]] excelled.<ref name="JE-shedim"/> [[Josephus]], who spoke of demons as "spirits of the wicked which enter into men that are alive and kill them", but which could be driven out by a certain [[Rootwork|root]],<ref>''Bellum Judaeorum'' vii. 6, § 3</ref> witnessed such a performance in the presence of the Emperor [[Vespasian]]<ref>"Antiquities" viii. 2, § 5</ref> and ascribed its origin to [[King Solomon]]. In mythology, there were few defences against [[Babylonian religion|Babylonian demons]]. The mythical [[Mace (bludgeon)|mace]] [[Sharur (mythological weapon)|Sharur]] had the power to slay demons such as [[Asag]], a legendary ''[[gallu]]'' or ''[[edimmu]]'' of hideous strength.

=== Talmudic tradition and Midrashim ===
{{Further|Midrash}}
In the [[Jerusalem Talmud]], notions of ''{{Lang|hbo-latn|shedim}}'' ({{Gloss|demons}} or {{Gloss|spirits}}) are almost unknown or occur only very rarely, whereas in the [[Babylonian Talmud]] there are many references to ''{{Lang|hbo-latn|shedim}}'' and magical incantations. The existence of ''{{Lang|hbo-latn|shedim}}'' in general was not questioned by most of the Babylonian [[Talmudist]]s. As a consequence of the rise of influence of the Babylonian Talmud over that of the Jerusalem Talmud, late rabbis, in general, took as fact the existence of ''{{Lang|hbo-latn|shedim}}'', nor did most of the medieval thinkers question their reality.{{sfn|Kohler|2020|p=123}} However, rationalists like [[Maimonides]] and [[Saadia Gaon]] and others explicitly denied their existence, and completely rejected concepts of demons, evil spirits, negative spiritual influences, attaching and possessing spirits. They thought the essential teaching about ''shedim'' and similar spirits is, that they should not be an object of worship, not a reality to be acknowledged or feared.{{sfn|Kohler|2020|p=124}} Their point of view eventually became mainstream Jewish understanding.<ref name="JE-shedim" />

The opinion of some authors is not clear. [[Abraham ibn Ezra]] states that insane people can see the image of ''{{Lang|hbo-latn|se'irim}}'', when they go astray and ascribe to them powers independent from God. It is not clear from his work, if he considered these images of ''{{Lang|hbo-latn|se'irim}}'' as manifestations of actual spirits or merely delusions.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Despite academic consensus, [[Rabbi]]s disputed that Maimonides denied the existence of demons entirely. He would only dispute the existence of demons in his own life time, but not that demons had existed once.{{sfn|Taylor|2020|pp=185–188}} [[Samuel ibn Seneh Zarza|Ibn Zarza]] likewise argues that demons (''se'irim'') are a manifestation of insanity. He asserts that a weak intellect could not discern reality from imagination and hence errorneously believes in the reality of demons and satans.<ref name="Schwartz, D. 2021 p. 116">Schwartz, D. (2021). Studies on Astral Magic in Medieval Jewish Thought. Niederlande: Brill. p. 116</ref>

Occasionally an [[Angels in Judaism|angel]] is called ''[[satan]]'' in the Babylon Talmud. But ''satans'' do not refer to demons as they remain at the service of God: "Stand not in the way of an ox when coming from the pasture, for Satan dances between his horns".<ref>Pes. 112b; compare B. Ḳ. 21a</ref> Ibn Zarza, however, argues that satan belongs to the demons (''se'irim''): <blockquote>Demons are called goats, as it says, "And they shall no more offer their sacrifices to the se'irim" [satyrs] (Leviticus 17:7), since they saw fit to compare demons to them more than to other animals. The nature of the goat is to cause blight and vast damage, so great that they called the goat the angel of death, and the angel of death is Satan, as it is said "Reksh Lakish said: Satan, the angel of death, and the evil instinct are all one," hence it is proper to call them se'irim."<ref name="Schwartz, D. 2021 p. 116"/></blockquote>

[[Aggadah|Aggadic]] tales from the Persian tradition describe the ''{{Lang|hbo-latn|shedim}}'', the'' [[Mazzikin|mazziḳim]]'' ("harmers"), and the'' ruḥin'' ("spirits"). There were also ''[[lilin]]'' ("night spirits"), ''ṭelane'' ("shade", or "evening spirits"), ''ṭiharire'' ("midday spirits"), and'' ẓafrire'' ("morning spirits"), as well as the "demons that bring famine" and "such as cause storm and earthquake".<ref>(Targ. Yer. to Deuteronomy xxxii. 24 and Numbers vi. 24; Targ. to Cant. iii. 8, iv. 6; Eccl. ii. 5; Ps. xci. 5, 6.)</ref><ref name="JE-shedim"/> According to some [[Aggadah|aggadic]] stories, demons were under the dominion of a king or chief, usually ''[[Asmodai]]''.<ref>Targ. to Eccl. i. 13; Pes. 110a; Yer. Shek. 49b</ref>

=== Kabbalah ===
In [[Kabbalah]], demons are regarded as a necessary part of the divine emanation in the material world and a byproduct of human sin ([[Qlippoth]]).{{sfn|Dennis|2016|p={{page needed|date=December 2023}}}} After they are created, they assume an existence on their own. Demons would attach themselves to the sinner and start to multiply as an act of self-preservation.{{sfn|Taylor|2020|p=185}} Medieval Kabbalists characterize such demons as [[Destroying angel (Bible)|punishing angels of destruction]]. They are subject to the divine will, and do not act independently.{{sfn|Taylor|2020|p=182}}

Other demonic entities, such as the ''{{Lang|hbo-latn|shedim}}'', might be considered benevolent. The [[Zohar]] classifies them as those who are like humans and submit to the Torah, and those who have no fear of God and are like animals.{{sfn|Taylor|2020|p=184}}

=== Second Temple Judaism ===
{{See also|Apotropaic magic}}
The sources of demonic influence were thought to originate from the [[Watcher (angel)|Watchers]] or [[Nephilim]], who are first mentioned in [[Genesis 6]] and are the focus of [[1 Enoch]] Chapters 1–16, and also in [[Book of Jubilees|Jubilees]] 10. The Nephilim were seen as the source of the sin and evil on Earth because they are referenced in Genesis 6:4 before the story of the [[Genesis flood narrative|Flood]].{{sfn|Hanneken Henoch|2006|pp=11–25}} In Genesis 6:5, God sees evil in the hearts of men. [[Book of Enoch|Ethiopic Enoch]] refers to Genesis 6:4–5, and provides further description of the story connecting the Nephilim to the corruption of humans. According to the [[Book of Enoch]], sin originates when angels descend from heaven and fornicate with women, birthing giants. The Book of Enoch shows that these [[fallen angel]]s can lead humans to sin through direct interaction or through providing forbidden knowledge. Most scholars understand the text to mean that demons originate from the evil spirits of the deceased giants, cursed by God to wander the Earth. [[Dale Martin (scholar)|Dale Martin]] disagrees with this interpretation, arguing that the ghosts of the Nephilim are distinct. The evil spirits would make the people sacrifice to the demons, but they were not demons themselves.{{sfn|Martin|2010}} The spirits are stated in Enoch to "corrupt, fall, be excited, and fall upon the earth, and cause sorrow".<ref>Enoch 15:11</ref>{{sfn|VanderKam|1999}}

== Christianity ==
[[Christianity]] conceptualizes demons as occasionally visible, evil beings sowing destruction in the world and disguising themselves as pagan gods.<ref>Anderson, S. (2018). Demonology/Demons. In Brill Encyclopedia of Early Christianity Online. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00000897</ref> According to Christian theology, demons are fallen angels.<ref name="M657">Martin, Dale Basil. "When Did Angels Become Demons?" ''Journal of Biblical Literature'', vol. 129, no. 4, 2010, pp. 657. {{doi|10.2307/25765960}}. Accessed 5 Jan 2025.</ref><ref name="ReferenceE">Joad Raymond ''Milton's Angels: The Early-Modern Imagination'' OUP Oxford 2010 {{ISBN|978-0-19-956050-9}} p. 77</ref> They are believed to have been created as [[angel|good angels]] who then turned evil by joining [[Lucifer]] in his rebellion against [[God in Christianity|God]].<ref name="Heinz Schreckenberg 1992">Heinz Schreckenberg, Kurt Schubert, ''Jewish Historiography and Iconography in Early and Medieval Christianity'' (Van Gorcum, 1992, {{ISBN|978-90-232-2653-6}}), p. 253</ref><ref name="ReferenceD">David L Bradnick ''Evil, Spirits, and Possession: An Emergentist Theology of the Demonic'' Brill 2017 {{ISBN|978-90-04-35061-8}} p. 42</ref> This is not shared by [[Judaism]].<ref name="M657"/> The theology of fallen angels is a result of interpretation of different Biblical passages (See [[Revelation]] chapter 12, [[Epistle of Jude|Jude]] 9) in the second and third century.<ref>Martin, Dale Basil. "When Did Angels Become Demons?" ''Journal of Biblical Literature'', vol. 129, no. 4, 2010, pp. 657–77. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/25765960. Accessed 5 Jan. 2025.</ref> [[Augustine of Hippo]] (5th century) established the position, that demons are spirits (angels) who turn away from God, for [[Christian demonology|Western demonology]] and for the [[Catholic Church]].<ref name="ReferenceC">David L Bradnick ''Evil, Spirits, and Possession: An Emergentist Theology of the Demonic'' Brill 2017 {{ISBN|978-90-04-35061-8}} p. 39</ref>

=== Old Testament ===
The existence of demons as inherently malicious spirits within Old Testamental texts is absent.{{sfn|Greenbaum|2015|p=127}}<ref name="Kitz 2016">Anne Marie Kitz. "Demons in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East". ''Journal of Biblical Literature'', vol. 135, no. 3, 2016, pp. 447–464. {{JSTOR|10.15699/jbl.1353.2016.3074}}. Accessed 16 May 2021.</ref>{{rp|447}} Though there are evil spirits sent by [[God in Christianity|YHWH]], they can hardly be called ''demons'', since they serve and do not oppose the governing deity.<ref name="Kitz 2016"/>{{rp|448}} First then the [[Septuaginta|Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek]], the "gods of other nations" were merged into a single category of demons ({{Lang|grc-latn|daimones}}) with implied negativity.{{sfn|Greenbaum|2015|p=129}}

The Greek Daimons were associated with demi-divine entities, deities, illnesses and [[fortune-telling]]. The Jewish translators rendered them all as demons, depicting their power as nullified comparable to the description of ''{{Lang|hbo-latn|shedim}}'' in the [[Tanakh]]. Although all these supernatural powers were translated, none were angels, despite sharing a similar function to that of the Greek Daimon. This established a dualism between the angels on God's side and negatively evaluated demons of pagan origin.{{sfn|Martin|2010|p=664}} Their relationship to the God-head became the main difference between angels and demons, not their degree of benevolence. Both angels and demons might be fierce and terrifying. However, the angels act always at service of the high god of the Israelites, differing from the pagan demons, who represent the powers of foreign deities.{{sfn|Martin|2010|p=666}} The Septuagint refers to evil spirits as demons (daimon).{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

=== New Testament ===
[[File:Ottheinrich Folio051r Mc5A.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Medieval illumination]] from the Ottheinrich Folio depicting the [[exorcism of the Gerasene demoniac]] by Jesus]]

Through the New Testament, demons appear 55 times, and 46 times in reference to [[demonic possession]] or [[exorcisms]].<ref name="Dorian Gieseler Greenbaum 2015. pp. 136-138">{{harvnb|Greenbaum|2015|pp=136–138}}.</ref> Some old English Bible translations such as [[King James Version]] do not have the word ''demon'' in their vocabulary and translate it as 'devil'. As adversaries of [[Jesus]], demons are not morally ambivalent spirits, but evil; causes of misery, suffering, and death.<ref name="Dorian Gieseler Greenbaum 2015. pp. 136-138"/> They are not tempters, but the cause of pain, suffering, and maladies, both physical and mental. Temptation is reserved for the devil only.<ref>H. A. Kelly (30 January 2004). ''The Devil, Demonology, and Witchcraft: Christian Beliefs in Evil Spirits''. Wipf and Stock Publishers. {{ISBN|9781592445318}}. p. 104</ref> Unlike spirits in pagan beliefs, demons are not intermediary spirits who must be sacrificed for the appeasement of a deity. Possession also shows no trace of positivity, contrary to some pagan depictions of [[spirit possession]]. They are explicitly said to be ruled by the Devil or [[Beelzebub]].<ref>''Demons and the Devil in Ancient and Medieval Christianity''. 2011. Netherlands: Brill. p. 104</ref> Their origin is unclear, the texts take the existence of demons for granted. Many early Christians, like [[Irenaeus]], [[Justin Martyr]], [[Clement of Alexandria]], and [[Lactantius]] assumed demons were ghosts of the Nephilim, known from Intertestamental writings.<ref>Annette Yoshiko Reed (2005). ''Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Reception of Enochic Literature''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0521853781}}. p. 149</ref> Because of references to Satan as the lord of demons and evil angels of Satan throughout the New Testament, other scholars identified fallen angels with demons.{{sfn|Martin|2010|p=670}} Demons as entirely evil entities, who have been born evil, may not fit the proposed origin of evil in free will, taught in alternate or opposing theologies.<ref>James W. Boyd (1975). ''Satan and Māra: Christian and Buddhist Symbols of Evil''. Brill Archive. {{ISBN|9789004041738}}. p. 47</ref>

=== Pseudepigrapha and deuterocanonical books ===
[[File:Demon. A miniature from the Georgian manuscript of the 12th century.jpg|thumb|upright|A demon from ''[[The Ladder of Divine Ascent]]'', written in Georgian by [[Nikrai]].]]
{{Main|Pseudepigrapha|Deuterocanonical books}}

{{See also|Book of Tobit|Book of Enoch|Book of Jubilees}}
Demons are included in biblical interpretation. In the story of Passover, the Bible tells the story as "the Lord struck down all the firstborn in Egypt" ({{Bibleverse|Exodus|12:21–29}}). In the [[Book of Jubilees]], which is considered canonical only by the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Church]],<ref name="Harris">[[Stephen L Harris|Harris, Stephen L.]], ''Understanding the Bible''. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. It is considered one of the [[pseudepigrapha]] by [[Protestant]], [[Roman Catholic]], and [[Eastern Orthodox]] Churches</ref> this same event is told slightly differently: "All the powers of [the demon] Mastema had been let loose to slay all the first-born in the land of Egypt. And the powers of the Lord did everything according as the Lord commanded them." (Jubilees 49:2–4)

In the [[Genesis flood narrative]], the author explains how God was noticing "how corrupt the earth had become, for all the people on earth had corrupted their ways" ({{Bibleverse|Genesis|6:12}}). In Jubilees, the sins of man are attributed to "the unclean demons [who] began to lead astray the children of the sons of Noah, and to make to err and destroy them" (Jubilees 10:1). In Jubilees, Mastema questions the loyalty of Abraham and tells God to "bid him offer him as a burnt offering on the altar, and Thou wilt see if he will do this command" (Jubilees 17:16). The discrepancy between the story in Jubilees and the story in Genesis 22 exists with the presence of [[Mastema]]. In Genesis, God tests the will of Abraham merely to determine whether he is a true follower, however; in Jubilees, Mastema has an agenda behind promoting the sacrifice of Abraham's son, "an even more demonic act than that of Satan in Job".<ref>Moshe Berstein (2000). "Angels at the Aqedah: A Study in the Development of a Midrashic Motif". ''Dead Sea Discoveries'' 7, p. 267.</ref> In Jubilees, where Mastema, an angel tasked with tempting mortals into sin and iniquity, requests that God give him a tenth of the spirits of the children of the watchers, demons, in order to aid the process (Jubilees 10:7–9). These demons are passed into Mastema's authority, where once again, an angel is in charge of demonic spirits.

In the [[Testament of Solomon]], written sometime in the first three centuries C.E., the demon [[Asmodeus]] explains that he is the son of an angel and a human mother. Another demon describes himself as having died in the "massacre in the age of giants". ''Beelzebub'', one of the princes of demons, appears as a fallen angel, not as a demon, but makes people worship demons as their gods.{{sfn|Martin|2010|p=670}}

=== Christian demonology ===
{{Main|Christian demonology|Exorcism in Christianity|Exorcism in the Catholic Church|Demonic possession#Christianity}}

[[File:Michelangelo Buonarroti - The Torment of Saint Anthony - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''The Torment of Saint Anthony'' (1488) by [[Michelangelo]], depicting [[Anthony the Great|Saint Anthony]] being assailed by demons]]
[[File:Jheronimus Bosch 050 detail 01.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Death and the Miser]]'' (detail), a [[Hieronymus Bosch]] painting, [[National Gallery of Art]], [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
[[File:St._Francis_Borgia_Helping_a_Dying_Impenitent_by_Goya.jpg|thumb|Painting of [[Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía|Saint Francis Borgia]] performing an [[exorcism]], as depicted by [[Francisco Goya|Goya]]]]
Since [[Early Christianity]], demonology has developed from a simple acceptance of demons to a complex study that has grown from the original ideas taken from Jewish demonology and Christian scriptures.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Orlov|first1=Andrei A.|title=Divine Scapegoats: Demonic Mimesis in Early Jewish Mysticism|date=2015|publisher=SUNY Press|location=New York|isbn=9781438455846|page=4}}</ref> Christian demonology is studied in depth within the [[Roman Catholic Church]],<ref>[http://www.sanctamissa.org/EN/resources/books-1962/rituale-romanum/57-exorcism-introduction.html "Exorcism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325121444/http://www.sanctamissa.org/EN/resources/books-1962/rituale-romanum/57-exorcism-introduction.html |date=2019-03-25}}. ''Sancta Missa – Rituale Romanum''. 1962. Canons Regular of St. John Cantius</ref> although many other Christian churches affirm and discuss the existence of demons.<ref>Hansen, Chadwick (1970), ''Witchcraft at Salem'', p. 132, Signet Classics, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 69-15825</ref><ref>Modica, Terry Ann (1996), ''Overcoming The Power of The Occult'', p. 31, Faith Publishing Company, {{ISBN|1-880033-24-0}}</ref>

Building upon the few references to {{Lang|grc-latn|daimon}} in the New Testament, especially the poetry of the Book of Revelation, Christian writers of [[apocrypha]] from the second century onwards created a more complicated tapestry of beliefs about "demons" that was largely independent of Christian scripture.

While daimons were considered as both potentially benevolent or malevolent, [[Origen]] argued against [[Celsus]] that daimons are exclusively evil entities, supporting the later idea of (evil) demons. According to Origen's cosmology, increasing corruption and evil within the soul, the more estranged the soul gets from God. Therefore, Origen opined that the most evil demons are located underground. Besides the fallen angels known from Christian scriptures, Origen talks about Greek daemons, like nature spirits and giants. These creatures were thought to inhabit nature or air and nourish from pagan sacrifices roaming the earth. However, there is no functional difference between the spirits of the underworld and of earth, since both have fallen from perfection into the material world. Origen sums them up as [[fallen angel]]s and thus equal to demons.<ref>Jeffrey Burton Russell (1987). ''Satan: The Early Christian Tradition''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. {{ISBN|9780801494130}}. p. 132.</ref>

Many [[ascetic]]s, like Origen and [[Anthony the Great]], described demons as psychological powers, tempting to evil,<ref>David L Bradnick (2017). ''Evil, Spirits, and Possession: An Emergentist Theology of the Demonic''. Brill. {{ISBN|978-9-004-35061-8}}. p. 30</ref> in contrast to benevolent angels advising good. According to ''Life of Anthony'', written in Greek around 360 by [[Athanasius of Alexandria]], most of the time, the demons were expressed as an internal struggle, inclinations, and temptations. But after Anthony successfully resisted the demons, they would appear in human form to tempt and threaten him even more intensely.<ref>Brakke, D. (2009). ''Demons and the Making of the Monk: Spiritual Combat in Early Christianity''. Harvard University Press. p. 157</ref>

[[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite]] described ''evil'' as "defiancy" and does not give ''evil'' an ontological existence. He explains demons are deficient creatures, who willingly turn themselves towards the unreal and non-existence. Their dangerous nature results not from the power of their nature, but from their tendency to drag others into the "[[Kenoma|void]]" and the unreal, away from God.{{sfn|Russell|1986|p=37}}

[[Michael Psellos]] proposed the existence of several types of demons, deeply influenced by the material nature of the regions they dwell. The highest and most powerful demons attack the mind of people using their "imaginative action" ({{Lang|grc-latn|phantastikos}}) to produce illusions in the mind. The lowest demons, on the other hand, are almost mindless, gross, and grunting spirits, which try to possess people instinctively, simply attracted by the warmth and life of humans. These cause diseases, fatal accidents and animalistic behavior in their victims. They are unable to speak, while other lower types of demons might give out false oracles. The demons are divided into:
* ''Leliouria'': The highest demons who inhabit the ether, beyond the moon
* ''Aeria'': Demons of the air below the moon
* ''Chthonia'': Inhabiting the land
* ''Hyraia/Enalia'': Dwelling in the water
* ''Bypochtbonia'': They live beneath the earth
* ''Misophaes'': The lowest type of demon, blind and almost senseless in the lowest hell
Invocation of Saints, holy men and women, especially ascetics, reading the Gospel, holy oil or water is said to drive them out. However, Psellos' schemes have been too inconsistent to answer questions about the hierarchy of fallen angels. The devil's position is impossible to assign in this scheme and it does not respond to living perceptions of felt experience and was considered rather impractical to have a lasting effect or impact on Christian demonology.{{sfn|Russell|1986|p={{page needed|date=December 2023}}}}

The contemporary Roman Catholic Church unequivocally teaches that angels and demons are real beings rather than just symbolic devices. The Catholic Church has a cadre of officially sanctioned exorcists which perform many [[exorcism]]s each year. The exorcists of the Catholic Church teach that demons attack humans continually but that afflicted persons can be effectively healed and protected either by the formal rite of exorcism, authorized to be performed only by bishops and those they designate, or by prayers of deliverance, which any Christian can offer for themselves or others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fathercorapi.com/articledet.asp?articleID=1928275639 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040405135007/http://www.fathercorapi.com/articledet.asp?articleID=1928275639 |archive-date=2004-04-05 |title=Angels and Demons – Facts not Fiction |website=fathercorapi.com |first=John |last=Corapi |date=February 9, 2004}}</ref>

At various times in Christian history, attempts have been made to classify demons according to various proposed [[demonic hierarchy|demonic hierarchies]].

In recent times, scholars doubted that independent demons exist, and rather considers them, aking to Jewish ''satan'', to be servants of God. According to S. N. Chiu, God is shown sending a demon against Saul in 1 Samuel 16 and 18 in order to punish him for the failure to follow God's instructions, showing God as having the power to use demons for his own purposes, putting the demon under his divine authority.<ref>{{cite journal |first=S. N. |last=Chiu |title=Historical, Religious, and Medical Perspectives of Possession Phenomenon |journal=Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry |year=2000 |volume=10 |issue=1}}</ref> According to the ''Britannica Concise Encyclopedia'', demons, despite being typically associated with evil, are often shown to be under divine control, and not acting of their own devices.<ref>"Demon" in Britannica Concise Encyclopedia,</ref>

== Islam ==
[[File:Kitab al-Bulhan --- demons.jpg|thumb|Zawba'a or Zoba'ah, the demon-king of Friday depicted in the ''Book of Wonders''.]]
[[File:Islamic Bowl with humans, angels, and demons (div).png|thumb|Bowl with humans, angels, and divs (demons). Iran [[Qajar dynasty]], 1215-1221 A.H. (1800-1805). [[Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg]], [[Germany]]. This bowl depicts humans, angels, and horned creatures called divs - demons of ancient Iranian origin. Divs embody evil, disrupt order and represent vices such as pride and anger. They still appear in literature and art today as symbols of chaos and inner conflict.]]
In [[Islam]]ic beliefs, demons are roughly of two types:<ref name="doi.org">Erdağı, D. Evil in Turkish Muslim horror film: the demonic in "Semum". SN Soc Sci 4, 27 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-024-00832-w</ref> [[Jinn]] and [[Shayatin|devils]] ({{langx|ar|شَيَاطِين|''šayāṭīn''}} or {{langx|fa|دیو|''dīv''}}).<ref>Charles Mathewes ''Understanding Religious Ethics'' John Wiley & Sons {{ISBN|978-1-405-13351-7}}. p. 249</ref><ref>Reynolds, Gabriel Said, "Angels", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Consulted online on 17 August 2021. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204}}. First published online: 2009. First print edition: 9789004181304, 2009, 2009-3</ref> The jinn derive from [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic Arabian beliefs]], although their exact origin is unclear. The presence of jinn in [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic Arabian beliefs]] is not only testified by the Quran, but also by pre-Islamic literature in the seventh century.<ref name="HistMuh-2016">{{cite book |last=Zeitlin |first=I. M. |author-link= |title=The Historical Muhammad |date=2007 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-745-63998-7 |location=United Kingdom |page=}}</ref>{{rp|p=54}} The {{Lang|ar-latn|šayāṭīn}} (devils or satans) on the other hand, appear in stories bearing similarities with [[Judeo-Christian]] or [[Iranian religions|Persian]] tradition.

According to Islam, all beings, including humans, jinn, and fiends (''dīv'') are created and thus rewarded or punished by God.<ref>{{Citation |title=Dīw |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/doi/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1879 |access-date=2026-02-08 |language=en |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1879|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The latter category are closer to the Christian understanding of demons as inherently evil beings. However, if they use their evil nature in accordance to God's will, such as punishing the transgessors among humans and jinn, they also might be considered [[Muslims|''muslim'']] and ultimately be rewarded.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nünlist |first=Tobias |title=Dämonenglaube im Islam: eine Untersuchung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung schriftlicher Quellen aus der vormodernen Zeit (600-1500) |date=2018 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-060945-5 |series=Studies in the history and culture of the Middle East |location=Berlin; Boston}}</ref>

Although often used synonymously, some Muslim scholars additionally distinguish between two types of devils; satans and fiends. According to [[Al-Ghazali|Al-Ghazali's]] [[The Alchemy of Happiness]], the satans abide in [[Barzakh|''barzakh'']], where human mental processing is happening, while the fiends operate on the sensual realm. As such, satans and fiends form a symbiosis; whereas the fiends encourage sensual desires, the satans to diverge the mind, whenever it attempts to reach the heavenly planes, back to the earth in the grasp of demons. The satans to so, following their father [[Iblis]] (Satan), out of disdain for [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], while it is the nature of the fiends to encourage sensual temptation.<ref>Al-Ghazali "Alchemie of Eternal Bliss" Translated by Muhammad Asim Bilal</ref>

[[Tafsir|Muslim exegetical literature]] as well as Muslim poetry dedicated [[Qisas al-Anbiya|lenghty stories]] and [[Allegory|allegeories]] in order to explain the interplay between fiends, satans, and human sin. The [[Solomon in Islam|prophet Solomon]], who according to the [[Quran|Qur'an]], lost his kingdom to a fiend known as ''[[Asmodeus|Sakhr]].''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brend |first=Barbara |date=January 2007 |title=Figurative Art in Medieval Islam and the Riddle of Bihzād of Herāt (1465–1535). By Michael Barry. pp. 408. Paris, Flammarion, 2004 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s1356186306256840 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=64–68 |doi=10.1017/s1356186306256840 |issn=0035-869X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The writings of [[al-Farabi]] had lasting influence on Islamic thought, identfying the concept of a kingdom with the human body.<ref>Elias, J. J. (2014). Key Themes for the Study of Islam. Vereinigtes Königreich: Oneworld Publications.</ref> The fiend taking over Solomon's kingdom was thus seen as a fiend seizing control of Solomon himself. Each individual human being is in danger to lose their self-control to such demonic beings. Muslim poetry is likewise influenced by the [[Islamic philosophy|philosophical thought]] of the [[Islamic Golden Age]].<ref name=":4">Johnson, Kathryn V. "A Mystic's Response to the Claims of Philosophy: Abū'l Majd Majdūd Sanā'ī's Sayr Al-'Ibād Ilā'l-Ma'ād." ''Islamic studies'' 34.3 (1995): 253-295.</ref> While for philosophers, such as al-Farabi and [[Avicenna]], the material world is described only in technical terms, [[Sanai]] explicitly identifies sensual passion with the fiends from Muslim literature.<ref name=":4" />

Besides fiends causing some sort of demonic possession through passion, both folklore and orthodox Islam generally assumes that creatures with foreign bodies, known as jinn, can possess a person and cause sickness.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rassool |first=G. Hussein |title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice |date=2015-07-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-31744-125-0 |page=58}}</ref> In the tradition of [[Ash'ari]], it has been considered to be part of the doctrines ({{Lang|ar-latn|aqidah}}) of the "[[Sunnism|people of the Sunnah]]" ({{Lang|ar-latn|ahl as-sunnah wal-jammah'a}}).<ref name="Böttcher–2021">Islam, Migration and Jinn: Spiritual Medicine in Muslim Health Management. (2021). Deutschland: Springer International Publishing.</ref> For most theologians, (Ashʿaris as well as Muʿtazilis), and in contrast to philosophers, both demons (jinn and devils) and angels are considered to be material.<ref>St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology
Angels (malāʾika)
Stephen Burgep. 18</ref> All sentient beings are said to be created out from a physical substance: angels from light, jinn from fire and air, devils from fire, and humans from earth.<ref>St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology
Angels (malāʾika)
Stephen Burgep. 14-15</ref>

The Quran emphasizes similarities between humans and jinn. The Quranic phrase {{Lang|ar-latn|al-ins wa al-jinn}} ({{Lang|ar|الإِنسِ وَالْجِنِّ|rtl=yes}}) puts the jinn to the same position as humans and whereby also rejecting kinship with God.<ref name="Sinai, Nicolai 2023" />{{rp|style=ama|p=181}} In contrast to demons from the [[Bible|biblical tradition]], the jinn are not a source of evil.<ref name="Sinai, Nicolai 2023" />{{rp|style=ama|p=181, 185}} In the majority of Muslim writings, the jinn are ephemeral and shadowy creatures and primarily linked to magical practices (both white and black magic), though sometimes to disastrous effects.<ref name="Mircea Eliade 1986 p. 286-287">Mircea Eliade ''Encyclopedia of Religion'' Macmillan Publishing (1986) p. 286-287</ref>

While the jinn are morally ambivalent, the ''{{Lang|ar-latn|šayāṭīn}}'' represent malevolent forces akin to the devils of the [[Judeo-Christian|Judeo-Christian tradition]],<ref name="Nünlist-2015" />{{rp|p=286}} and are actively obstructing the execution of God's will.<ref name="Mircea Eliade 1986 p. 286-287" /> Because of that, they bear less resemblance to humans than the jinn.<ref name="Sinai, Nicolai 2023" /><ref name="doi.org" /> The latter share attributes with humans, such as mortality, whereas the ''{{Lang|ar-latn|šayāṭīn}}'' do not.<ref>Egdunas Racius ISLAMIC EXEGESIS ON THE JINN: THEIR ORIGIN, KINDS AND SUBSTANCE AND THEIR RELATION TO OTHER BEINGS pp. 132–135</ref><ref name="Principle">{{cite journal |last1=YOUNG |first1=M. J. L. |date=1966 |title=THE TREATMENT OF THE PRINCIPLE OF EVIL IN THE QUR'ĀN |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20832847. |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=275–281 |doi= |jstor=20832847 |access-date=November 7, 2021}}</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p=278}}<ref name="Sinai, Nicolai 2023" />{{rp|style=ama|p=452}} In Muslim culture, the ''{{Lang|ar-latn|šayāṭīn}}'' are used synonymously with Persian term {{Lang|ar-latn|Dīv}} ({{Lang|ar|دیو|rtl=yes}}).<ref>Huart, Cl.; Massé, H. (2012) [1960-2007]. "Dīw". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Angels |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/doi/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204 |access-date=2025-11-17 |language=en |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Muslim writers on astrology identified the planetary spirits known from ancient Greek cosmology, with seven demon-kings, often invoked for the preparation of [[Magic square#Magic squares in occultism|Magic squares]].<ref>Mommersteeg, Geert. "'He Has Smitten Her to the Heart with Love' The Fabrication of an Islamic Love-Amulet in West Africa." Anthropos, vol. 83, no. 4/6, 1988, pp. 501–510. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40463380. Accessed 13 June 2020.</ref> According to the [[Book of Wonders]] each day of the week is assigned to one of the {{Lang|ar-latn|rūḥāiya ulia}} (higher spirits) and {{Lang|ar-latn|rūḥāiya sufula}} (lower spirits).<ref name="Carboni-2013">{{cite journal |last=Carboni |first=Stefano |date=2013 |title=The ''Book of Surprises'' (''Kitab al-Buhlan'') of the Bodleian Library |journal=The La Trobe Journal |volume=91 |pages=27–28}}</ref>

== Dharmic religions ==
=== Hinduism ===
{{See also|Surapadman|Narakasura}}
[[File:The Army of Super Creatures.jpg|thumb|The Army of Super Creatures – from The ''Saugandhika Parinaya'' Manuscript (1821 CE)]]
Hinduism advocates the reincarnation and transmigration of souls according to one's [[karma]]. Souls ([[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]]) of the dead are adjudged by the [[Yama]] and are accorded various purging punishments before being reborn. According to Hindu cosmology, nothing is either purely evil or good, and even demonic beings could eventually abandon their demonic nature. Humans that have committed extraordinary wrongs are condemned to roam as lonely, often mischief monsters, spirits for a length of time before being reborn. Many kinds of such spirits ([[Vetala]]s and [[Pishacha]]s) are recognized in the later Hindu texts. Even celestial beings are subject to change.

The identification of {{Lang|sa-latn|asura}} with ''demons'' stems from the description of {{Lang|sa-latn|asura}} as "formerly gods" ({{Lang|sa-latn|pūrvadeva}}). The deva [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Śakra]] tricked the asuras to drink from liquor and hurled them down to the steps of [[Mount Meru]], claiming heaven solely for the devas.(287)

In the [[Veda]], gods (''[[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]]'') and demons or titans (''[[asura]]'') are not yet differentiated beings and both share the upper world.<ref name="auto1">Rodrigues, H. (2018). Asuras, Daityas, Dānavas, Rākṣasas, Piśācas, Bhūtas, Pretas, and so forth.. In K. A. Jacobsen (ed.), Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_1030340</ref> Rather than denoting a separate class of being, the asuras are characterized by being great leaders, often warriors.<ref name="auto1" /> {{Lang|sa-latn|Asura}}, in the earliest hymns of the [[Rigveda]], originally meant any supernatural spirit, either good or bad. Since the {{IPA|/s/}} of the Indic linguistic branch is cognate with the {{IPA|/h/}} of the Early Iranian languages, the word ''{{Lang|sa-latn|asura}}'', representing a category of celestial beings, is a cognate with Old Persian ''Ahura''. Ancient Hinduism tells that [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] (also called ''suras'') and [[Asura (Hinduism)|Asuras]] are half-brothers, sons of the same father [[Kashyapa]]; although some of the Devas, such as [[Varuna]], are also called Asuras. Later, during [[Puranic]] age, [[Asura (Hinduism)|Asura]] and [[Rakshasa]] came to exclusively mean any of a race of anthropomorphic, powerful, possibly evil beings. [[Daitya]] (lit. sons of the mother [[Diti]]), [[Danava (Hinduism)|Danava]] (lit. sons of the mother "[[Danu (Hinduism)|Danu]]"), [[Mayasura|Maya Danava]], Rakshasa (lit. from "harm to be guarded against"), and {{Lang|sa-latn|asura}} are sometimes translated into English as {{Gloss|demon}}.<ref>Asian Mythologies. (1993). Vereinigtes Königreich: University of Chicago Press. p. 52</ref>

At the time of the [[Brahmana]]s that the asuras are said to inhabit the underworld and are progressively, despite originally distinct beings, assimilated to the rakshasas.<ref name="auto1" /> During the Vedic period, gods aid humans against demons. By that, gods secure their own place in heaven, using humans as tools to defeat their cosmic enemies.<ref name="O'Flaherty Doniger 1988 p65-95">O'Flaherty, W. D., Doniger, W. (1988). The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology. Indien: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 65-95</ref> The rakshasas are often portrayed as vile creatures associated with greed and magical abilities, unleashed through rites considered inappropriate by the Brahmins.<ref name="auto1" /> However, the asuras retain some of their previous features, and function often as individual leaders of the rakshasas.<ref name="auto1" /> The asuras also mostly dwell in the heavenly worlds, while the Earth is plagued by lower demonic beings such as rakshasas, bhutas, pretas, and pishachas.<ref name="auto1" /> The pretas are ghosts, who could not go to the afterlife yet.<ref name="auto1" /> The Pishachas, likewise, are spirits of the dead, but associated with eating human-flesh.<ref name="auto1" />

With increase in [[Sannyasa|asceticism]] during the post-Vedic period, withdrawal of sacrificial rituals was considered a threat to the gods.<ref name="O'Flaherty Doniger 1988 p65-95"/> Ascetic humans or ascetic demons were supposed to be more powerful than gods. Pious, highly enlightened {{Lang|sa-latn|asura}}s and {{Lang|sa-latn|Rakshasa}}s, such as [[Prahlada]] and [[Vibhishana]], are not uncommon. The {{Lang|sa-latn|asura}} are not fundamentally against the gods, nor do they tempt humans to fall. Many people metaphorically interpret the Asura as manifestations of the ignoble passions in the human mind and as symbolic devices. There were also cases of power-hungry asuras challenging various aspects of the gods, but only to be defeated eventually and seek forgiveness.

Despite the impermanence of beings, demonic entities share characteristics impeding the chance of liberation through the realization of the ''Ātman'', such as greed, pride, or improper rituals.<ref name="auto1"/> However, all demonic appearances are only temporary.

=== Buddhism ===
{{further|Mara (demon)}}
[[File:Scenes_of_Paradise_and_Hell.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Hanging Scroll, [[Edo period|late Edo Period]], Tokyo National Museum]]
[[Buddhism]] classifies sentient beings into six types: [[Deva (Buddhism)|Devas]] (gods and celestial beings), [[Asura (Buddhism)|asuras]] (titans or demi-gods), humans, animals, ''[[Hungry Ghost|''preta'']]'' (ghost), [[Naraka (Buddhism)|''nāraki'']] (hell-being).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sinclair |first1=Scott |title=The Heart of Paul's Spirituality and the Implications for the Church [Lecture Notes]: Becoming Centered in God through Christ Six Conferences for the New Camaldoli Hermitage |journal=Dominican University of California |date=2021 |doi=10.33015/dominican.edu/2021.sinclair.02 |location=United States |language=en |doi-access=free}}</ref> As in Hinduism, all these beings are part of the ''[[Saṃsāra]]''.<ref name="dictionary" /> Since Buddhism rejects the [[Anattā|existence of a permanent self]] (''anātman''), ghosts and evil spirits, such as ''[[Bhoota (ghost)|bhūta]]'', ''[[rākṣasa]],'' ''pretas'' and ''[[Pishacha|piśāca]]'', are not inherently evil, but reborn in states of misery as the result of bad [[Karma in Buddhism|karma]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Boyd |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004378452 |title=Satan and Mara |date=1975-01-01 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-37845-2 |pages=75 |doi=10.1163/9789004378452 }}</ref> They may have good and evil characteristics, just as any other being in ''saṃsāra'', but suffer more than beings of better rebirth. Only beings born in hell may be considered demonic in the sense of an intrinsic evil creature, however, they cannot leave their infernal place and harm none but each other.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chitgopekar |first=Nilima M. |date=2000 |title=Book Reviews : N.N. BHATTACHARYYA, Indian Demonology: The Inverted Pantheon, Delhi, Manohar Publishers, 2000, pp. 234, Rs 400 |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/025764300101700205 |journal=Studies in History |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=275–278 |doi=10.1177/025764300101700205 |issn=0257-6430|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Once their evil karma is extinguished, they are reborn in upper realms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dongchung |first=Tenzin Yewong |date=2021-02-22 |title=An 18th Century Textual Labyrinth: The Nature of Tibetan Buddhist Printing Network in Qing Inner Asia during the Kangxi Period |journal=Waxing Moon |volume=1 |pages=112 |doi=10.52214/waxingmoon.v1i.7075 |issn=2694-6149|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Asuras belong to one of the four unhappy (or evil) rebirths, along with animals, ghosts, and hell-beings.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ch'en |first=Kenneth |date=1962 |title=Buddhism. Edited by Richard A. Gard. Great Religions of Modern Man. New York: George Braziller, 1961. 256. Index. $4.00 - Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Edited by G. P. Malalasekera. Fascicule: A-Aca. Ceylon: Government Press, 1961. xv, 125. |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2050683 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=286–290 |doi=10.2307/2050683 |jstor=2050683 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref> They are characterized by anger, jealousy (of the gods), and pride. Despite appearing as the enemies of the gods, asuras are not evil, but have both good and bad karma. However, since their lives are pervaded by unwholesome states, rebirth as an asura is considered to be undesirable. Many texts mention anger, conceit, and doubt, as causes for birth as an asura.<ref name=":1" /> The early Buddhist Sutras mention „speaking evil“, „thinking evil in the mind“, and „arising of thoughts of superiority“, combined with „good deeds“ lead to rebirth as an asura.<ref name=":1" /> Therefore, rebirth as an asura is ambiguous: Beings from the realm of ghosts and hells ascend in the karmic hierarchy by becoming an asura on accord of the good action, whereas beings of the celestial worlds descend through the malicious actions by rebirth as an asura.<ref name=":1" />

When Buddhism spread, indigenous ideas about ghosts and demons were integrated into Buddhist teachings.<ref name="dictionary" /> For example, in [[Chinese culture|Chinese cultural tradition]], people offer food in order to appease the suffering of the ''pretas'' (hungry ghosts) during the [[Zhongyuan Festival]]. Since such beings are not evil per se, they are not precisely demons, so the closest equivalent in English language may be the term ''[[jinn]]'' adopted from Islamic beliefs.<ref name=":2" /> Even though Buddhism does not deny the existence of ghosts and evil spirits, they play no important role in search for [[Nirvana|liberation]] from the circle of life.<ref name="dictionary" />

''Nārakis'' are born in hell as result of intense negative karma, wherein they suffer in a state of continuous torment until their bad karma is extinguished and they cannot accumulate further bad karma.<ref name=":0" /> Their actions are confined to the bad karmic actions they previously committed but are turned into an agonizing experience.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Langenberg |first=Amy Paris |date=2019-10-02 |title=Reading against the grain: female sexuality in classical South Asian Buddhism |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721x.2019.1663620 |journal=Religion |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=728–734 |doi=10.1080/0048721x.2019.1663620 |issn=0048-721X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In hell, demons or [[Hell Wardens|hell wardens]] (''nirayapāla'') appear in order to ensure that beings born therein are continuously tortured. [[Vasubandhu]] argues that every being in hell must be, by definition, suffering and since demons do not suffer in hell, they are not real but only illusions.<ref name=":0" /> It is because of the result of their bad karma, the inhabitants of hell perceive demonic hell-wardens and thus, the latter are merely a projection of the former.<ref name=":0" />

Demons may thus be understood as personifications of correlative mental states projected onto the external cosmos.<ref name="Religion Macmillan Publishing 1986 p. 284">Mircea Eliade Encyclopedia of Religion Macmillan Publishing (1986) p. 284</ref> The [[Pali Sutras]] represent the unenlightened people as "possessed" by the demons of "desire" and "craving".<ref name="Religion Macmillan Publishing 1986 p. 284" /> These two self-destructive feelings then cause the images of horrifying demons.<ref name="Religion Macmillan Publishing 1986 p. 284" /> In a state of enlightenment, the [[Buddha]] has overcome such passions and by that, conquered the demons.<ref name="Religion Macmillan Publishing 1986 p. 284" />

== Ethnic and folkloric ==
=== Aboriginal Australian cultures ===
[[File:Bunyip 1890.jpg|thumb|upright|A depiction of a [[Bunyip]].]]
[[Aboriginal Australian]] cultures have various beings translated into English as "demons" or "devils". The most notable is the [[Bunyip]], which was originally a term applied to malevolent spirits in general.<ref>See for example, "[[Oodgeroo Noonuccal]]", Kath Walker's story collected in ''Stradbroke Dreamtime''. [http://www.nla.gov.au/exhibitions/bunyips/html-site/abor-stories/biami.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206012750/http://www.nla.gov.au/exhibitions/bunyips/html-site/abor-stories/biami.html|date=6 February 2012}}</ref> [[Aboriginal Tasmanians|Tasmanian]] mythology in particular has many beings translated as "devils"; these include malicious spirits like ''Rageowrapper''<ref>Plomley, N. J. B. (1991). The Westlake papers: records of interviews in Tasmania by Ernest Westlake. Queen Victoria Museum & Art Gallery.</ref> as well as spirits summoned in magic. Tasmanian Aboriginal people would describe these entities as "devils" and related that these spiritual beings as walking alongside Aboriginal people "carrying a torch but could not be seen".<ref>Plomley, N. J. B., ed. (2008) [First published 1966]. Friendly Mission: The Tasmanian Journals and Papers of George Augustus Robinson (2nd ed.). Hobart, Tasmania and Launceston, Tasmania: Quintus and Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery. ISBN 978-0-977-55722-6.</ref>

=== Chinese folklore ===
{{Main|Mara (demon)|Yaoguai|Zhiguai xiaoshuo}}

{{See also|List of supernatural beings in Chinese folklore|Spiritual warfare in China}}
[[File:夜叉鬼.JPG|thumb|Carving of a [[yaksha]] ({{Lang|zh|夜叉}})]]

Chinese folktale, legend and literature are replete with malevolent supernatural creatures who are often rendered "demons" in English translations. These include categories of beings such as the ''[[Yaoguai|yao]]'' {{Lang|zh|妖}} – shapeshifters with the power to cause insanity, to inflict poison, and to bring about disease, and the mo {{Lang|zh|魔}} – derived from Indian mythology and entering through the influence of Buddhism. In folk belief, these beings are responsible for misfortune, insanity, and illness, and any number of strange phenomena that could not easily be accounted for. Epilepsy and stroke, which led to either temporary or permanent contortions, were generally seen as the results of demonic possession and attacks ({{Lang|zh|中邪}}).

Belief in wilderness demons<ref>{{Cite book |last=Strassberg |first=Richard E. |title=A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures in the Guideway through the Mountains and Seas |pages=42}}</ref> haunted China from the very earliest periods and persisted throughout the late imperial era. In the Xia dynasty, nine bronze cauldrons with their forms were cast to help the common people to identify and to avoid them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Strassberg |first=Richard E. |title=A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways through the Mountains and Seas |pages=201}}</ref> Classical texts in the Zhou and Warring-States period distinguish between the demons of mountains and forests (the seductive [[Chi (mythology)|Chimei]] {{Lang|zh|魑魅}}),<ref name="De Groot-1907">{{Cite book |last=De Groot |title=Religious System of China, Volume 5 |year=1907 |pages=495–496 |chapter=2, On Spectres of Mounts and Forests}}</ref> demons of trees and rocks (a necrophagous fever-demon, the [[Wangliang]] {{Lang|zh|魍魎}}),<ref name="De Groot-1907" /> subterranean demons of the earth and of decay (the goat-like and necrophagous Fenyang {{Lang|zh|墳羊}} ({{Lit|grave-goat}}),<ref>{{Cite book |last=De Groot |title=Religious System of China, Volume 5 |year=1907 |pages=535–536 |chapter=4, On Ground-Demons}}</ref> who caused disease and miscarriage) and fever demons born from water (Wangxiang {{Lang|zh|罔象}}, a child-like being with red eyes).<ref>{{Cite book |last=De Groot |title=Religious System of China, Volume 5 |year=1907 |pages=521–522 |chapter=3, On Water-Demons}}</ref> These demons were said to be born of aberrant [[qi]] (breath or energy), known to accost and kill travellers, and held responsible for sickness. People also feared the Muling {{Lang|zh|木灵}} {{Lit|tree spirit}} (also muzhong {{Lang|zh|木肿}} {{Lit|tree swelling}}) – demons forming over time in trees of immense age, capable of inflicting disease and killing human passers-by and birds flying overhead. Examples include the [[penghou]] {{Lang|zh|彭侯}} ({{Lit|drumbeat marquis}}), a demon associated with camphor trees in mountain forests, and which takes the form of a human-headed dog, and in the southern provinces, the banana-leaf spirits.

From the Tang dynasty onwards, belief in shapeshifting foxes, tigers and wolves, amongst other creatures, also featured in Chinese folk belief, partly due to the existence of outlawed fox-spirit cults. Fox demons ({{Lang|zh|狐妖}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=De Groot |title=Religious System of China, Volume 5 |year=1907 |pages=576–599 |chapter=5, on Animal-Demons}}</ref> are described as cunning and lustful, capable of clairvoyance, and of inflicting disease and poisoning at will. They are sometimes seen as beings requiring worship to be appeased or placated. Tiger demons ({{Lang|zh|虎妖}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=De Groot |title=Religious System of China, Volume 5 |year=1907 |pages=544 |chapter=5, on Animal-Demons}}</ref> and wolf demons ({{Lang|zh|狼妖}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=De Groot |title=Religious System of China, Volume 5 |year=1907 |pages=563–565 |chapter=5, on Animal Demons}}</ref> are ravening beings roaming large territories for prey, taking the form of humans to conveniently insert themselves into communities and settlements. Tiger demons are described as being enslaved souls of humans they have killed, turning them into minions. In the superstitious climate of the previous centuries, people mistaken as tigers and wolves in human disguise were often put to death or starved in their cells by magistrates.

Fish ({{Lang|zh|鱼妖}}) and snake demons ({{Lang|zh|蛇妖}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=De Groot |title=Religious System of China, Volume 5 |publication-date=1907 |pages=626–633 |chapter=5, on Animal Demons}}</ref> are said to have attempted to assault Confucius. Even insects are capable of being demonic. In one tale, the sighting of a centipede demon ({{Lang|zh|蜈蚣妖}}) in the form of an old woman without eyes is said to have led to the sickness and death of an entire household.

One notable demon not in the above categories includes the Heisheng or Heiqi {{Lang|zh|黑气}} ({{Gloss|Black Calamity}} or {{Gloss|Black Air}}), a kind of roving vapour demon that inflicts damage to persons and property wherever it roams, sometimes killing where it goes. Another are undefined Poltergeists, sometimes afflicting monasteries, causing serious nuisances, and unable to be exorcised.

==== Disambiguation ====
The terms Yao ({{Lang|zh|妖}}), Mo ({{Lang|zh|魔}}), Gui ({{Lang|zh|鬼}}), Guai ({{Lang|zh|怪}}) and Xie ({{Lang|zh|邪}}) are their various two-character combinations often used to refer to these creatures, but of these terms, only Mo ({{Lang|zh|魔}}) denotes demons in the religious sense.

China has two classes of beings that might be regarded as demons, and which are generally translated as such:
* [[Yaoguai|Yao]] ({{Lang|zh|妖}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=De Groot |title=The Religious System of China: Volume 5 |pages=469}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=De Groot |title=The Religious System of China, Volume 5 |page=814}}</ref><ref name="De Groot">{{Cite book |last=De Groot |title=The Religious System of China, Volume 5 |pages=466}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dore |first=Henry SJ |title=Researches into Chinese Superstitions |pages=241, 277}}</ref> – a kind of uncanny supernatural creature, usually with the power to shapeshift, to poison or to cause disease, and to bewilder or enthrall. They are associated with sorcery or sorcery-like powers. They are not always evil in the sense that Western demons or the Chinese {{Lang|zh-latn|mo}} ({{Lang|zh|魔}}) are but are represented as having malevolent tendencies and as creatures of ill-omen. They are often invoked as an explanation for strange events, bizarre occurrences, mysterious diseases and horrible accidents. They resemble the ''unseelie fae'' of Celtic legend and folklore in their powers and predisposition - and are sometimes translated as {{Gloss|faeries}} or {{Gloss|daemons}} rather than {{Gloss|demons}}.
* Mo ({{Lang|zh|魔}})<ref name="De Groot" /> – derived from the "Mara" of Buddhism and are almost always evil. This kind of being is morally corrupted and rebels against the moral law and heavenly principle. Taoist cultivators, fallen Buddhist monks, gods and mortals who have succumbed to an evil inclination are said to have become demonic or become diabolical – {{Lang|zh-latn|ru mo}}. ({{Lang|zh|入魔}}). As such it is often a condition and a state, rather than always being directly the result of a certain innate heritage. Furthermore, certain beings derived directly from Indian mythology, such as the {{Lang|zh-latn|luocha}} ({{Lang|zh|罗刹}} or {{Lang|zh-latn|raksasha}}) and {{Lang|zh-latn|yecha}} ({{Lang|zh|夜叉}} or {{Lang|zh|yaksha}}), however are classed as being innately demonic ({{Lang|zh|魔}}) types by heritage but are nevertheless represented as being capable of repentance or turning to good.

=== Native North America ===
{{Main|Wendigo|Wechuge}}

The [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquian]] people traditionally believe in a spirit called a [[wendigo]]. The spirit is believed to possess people who then become [[Human cannibalism|cannibals]]. In [[Athabaskan]] folklore, there is a belief in [[wechuge]], a similar cannibal spirit.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ridington |first=Robin |date=1976 |title=Wechuge and Windigo: A Comparison of Cannibal Belief Among Boreal Forest Athapaskans and Algonkians |url=http://www.barbau.ca/content/wechuge-and-windigo-comparison-cannibal-belief-among-boreal-forest-athapaskans-and-algonkian |journal=Canadian Anthropology Society |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=107–129 |via=JSTOR}}</ref>

== Psychological interpretations ==
=== Islamic world ===
A minority of Muslim scholars in the Medieval Age, often associated with the [[Muʿtazila]] and the [[Jahmi|Jahmītes]], denied that demons (jinn, devils, divs etc.) have physicality and asserted, they could only affect the mind by ''[[Waswas|waswās]]'' ({{langx|ar|وَسْوَاس}}, 'demonic whisperings in the mind').<ref name="Böttcher–2021"/>{{rp|style=ama|p= 73}}<ref>Dein, Simon, and Abdool Samad Illaiee. "Jinn and mental health: looking at jinn possession in modern psychiatric practice." The Psychiatrist 37.9 (2013): 290-293.</ref> Some scholars, like [[ibn Sina]],<ref>Rosen, L. (2008). Varieties of Muslim Experience: Encounters with Arab Political and Cultural Life. Ukraine: University of Chicago Press.</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p= 89}} rejected the reality of jinn altogether. [[Jahiz|Al-Jāḥiẓ]] and [[Mas'udi|al-Masʿūdī]], explained jinn and demons as merely psychological phenomena.

In his ''[[Kitāb al-Hayawān]]'', al-Jāḥiẓ states that jinn and demons are the product of loneliness. Such a state induces people to mind-games, causing {{Lang|ar-latn|waswās}}.<ref name="Nünlist-2015">{{cite book |last=Nünlist |first=Tobias |year=2015 |title=Dämonenglaube im Islam |trans-title=Demonic Belief in Islam |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-110-33168-4 |language=de}}</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p=36}} Al-Masʿūdī is similarly critical regarding the reality of demons. He states that alleged demonic encounters are the result of fear and "wrong thinking". Alleged encounters are then told to other generations in bedtime stories and poems. When they grow up, they remember such stories in a state of fear or loneliness. This encourages their imaginations, resulting in another alleged demonic encounter.<ref name="Nünlist-2015"/>{{rp|style=ama|p=37}}

=== Western world ===
Psychologist [[Wilhelm Wundt]] remarked that "among the activities attributed by myths all over the world to demons, the harmful predominate, so that in popular belief bad demons are clearly older than good ones."<ref>{{harvp|Freud|1950|p=65}}, quoting Wundt (1906, 129).</ref> [[Sigmund Freud]] developed this idea and claimed that the concept of demons was derived from the important relation of the living to the dead: "The fact that demons are always regarded as the spirits of those who have died ''recently'' shows better than anything the influence of mourning on the origin of the belief in demons."<ref>{{harvtxt|Freud|1950}}</ref>

[[M. Scott Peck]], an American psychiatrist, wrote two books on the subject, ''People of the Lie: The Hope For Healing Human Evil''<ref>{{cite book |last=Peck |first=M. S. |author-link=M. Scott Peck |year=1983 |title=People of the Lie: The Hope For Healing Human Evil|publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9780671454920 |url=https://archive.org/details/peopleofliehopef00peck |url-access=registration}}</ref> and ''Glimpses of the Devil: A Psychiatrist's Personal Accounts of Possession, Exorcism, and Redemption''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peck |first=M. S. |author-link=M. Scott Peck |year=2005 |title=Glimpses of the Devil: A Psychiatrist's Personal Accounts of Possession, Exorcism, and Redemption|publisher=Free Press |isbn=9780743254670 |url=https://archive.org/details/glimpsesofdevila00peck |url-access=registration}}</ref> Peck describes in some detail several cases involving his patients. In ''People of the Lie'' he provides identifying characteristics of an evil person, whom he classified as having a character disorder. In ''Glimpses of the Devil'' Peck goes into significant detail describing how he became interested in [[exorcism]] in order to debunk the ''myth'' of [[Demonic possession|possession]] by evil spirits – only to be convinced otherwise after encountering two cases which did not fit into any category known to [[psychology]] or [[psychiatry]]. Peck came to the conclusion that possession was a rare phenomenon related to evil and that possessed people are not actually evil; rather, they are doing battle with the forces of evil.<ref>[http://www.salon.com/2005/01/18/peck_5/ The exorcist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420045711/http://www.salon.com/2005/01/18/peck_5/ |date=2017-04-20}}, an interview with M. Scott Peck by Rebecca Traister published in [http://www.salon.com/index.html Salon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051219102002/http://www.salon.com/news/col/horo/1999/12/13/betty/index.html |date=2005-12-19}}</ref>

Although Peck's earlier work was met with widespread popular acceptance, his work on the topics of evil and possession has generated significant debate and derision. Much was made of his association with (and admiration for) the controversial [[Malachi Martin]], a [[Roman Catholic]] priest and a former [[Jesuit]], despite the fact that Peck consistently called Martin a liar and a manipulator.<ref>[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/159/story_15928.html The Patient Is the Exorcist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005151954/http://www.beliefnet.com/story/159/story_15928.html |date=2008-10-05}}, an interview with M. Scott Peck by Laura Sheahen</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Classification of demons]]
* [[List of fictional demons]]
* [[List of theological demons]]
* [[List of occult terms]]
* [[Acheri]]
* [[Empusa]]
* [[Erinyes]]
* [[Prayer to Saint Michael]]
* [[Fairy]]
* [[Folk devil]]
* [[Goblin]]
* {{section link|Holy water#Protection against evil}}
* [[Spiritual warfare]]
* [[Troll]]
* [[Unclean spirit]]

== References ==
{{citation style|date=December 2023}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|23em}}

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* {{cite book |last=Boyce |first=Mary |title=Zoroastrianism: A Shadowy but Powerful Presence in the Judaeo-Christian World |location=London |publisher=William's Trust |year=1987}}
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* {{cite book |first=Geoffrey W. |last=Dennis |title=The Encyclopedia of Jewish Myth, Magic and Mysticism |edition=2nd |publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-738-74814-6}}
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* {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |author-link=Sigmund Freud |translator=Strachey |title=[[Totem and Taboo:Some Points of Agreement between the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics]] |year=1950 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-00143-3}}

* {{cite book |first=Dorian Gieseler |last=Greenbaum |title=The Daimon in Hellenistic Astrology: Origins and Influence |publisher=Brill |year=2015 |isbn=978-9004306219}}

* {{cite book |last=Hanneken Henoch |first=T. R. |title=Angels and Demons in the Book of Jubilees and Contemporary Apocalypses |year=2006}}{{full citation needed|date=January 2024}}
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* {{cite journal |last1=Hutter |first1=Manfred |display-authors=etal |title=Demons and Spirits |journal=Religion Past and Present |doi=10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_COM_03364 |date=2011}}

* {{cite book |last1=Isaacs |first1=Ronald H. |title=Ascending Jacob's Ladder: Jewish Views of Angels, Demons, and Evil Spirits |date=1998 |publisher=Jason Aronson |isbn=978-0-7657-5965-8}}

* {{cite book |last=Kohler |first=K. |year=2020 |title=Jewish Theology |publisher=Outlook Verlag |isbn=978-3752378504}}

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* {{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddaimo%2Fnion |chapter=δαιμόνιον |last1=Liddell |first1=Henry George |author-link1=Henry Liddell |last2=Scott |first2=Robert |author-link2=Robert Scott (philologist) |date=n.d. |title=[[A Greek–English Lexicon]] |publisher=Perseus |access-date=2021-02-20 |archive-date=2020-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113045816/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddaimo%2Fnion |url-status=live}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=Rita |last=Lucarelli |title=Demons (benevolent and malevolent) |encyclopedia=UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology |year=2010 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1r72q9vv}}

* {{cite journal |last=Martin |first=Dale Basil |title=When Did Angels Become Demons? |journal=Journal of Biblical Literature |volume=129 |number=4 |year=2010 |pages=657–677 |doi=10.2307/25765960 |jstor=25765960}}
* {{cite book |first1=Benjamin W. |last1=McCraw |first2=Robert |last2=Arp |title=Philosophical Approaches to Demonology |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-315-46675-0}}

* {{cite book |title=The Darkening Age: The Christian Destruction of the Classical World |first=Catherine |last=Nixey |year=2018 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0544800939}}

* {{cite book |first=Valery |last=Rees |title=From Gabriel to Lucifer: A Cultural History of Angels |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-857-72162-4}}
* {{cite book |first=Jeffrey Burton |last=Russell |url=https://archive.org/details/luciferdevilinmi0000russ |url-access=registration |title=Lucifer: The Devil in the Middle Ages |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0801494291 |oclc=557921104}}

* {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Pinchas |year=2020 |title=A Jewish Guide to the Mysterious |publisher=Torah Lab Publishers |isbn=978-1946351890}}

* {{cite book |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |chapter=The Angel Story in The Book Of Jubilees |editor1-first=Esther G. |editor1-last=Chazon |editor2-first=Michael E. |editor2-last=Stone |title=Pseudepigraphic Perspectives: The Apocrypha And Pseudepigrapha In Light Of The Dead Sea Scrolls |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |year=1999 |pages=151–170}}

* [[Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt|Wundt, W.]] (1906). ''Mythus und Religion'', Teil II (''Völkerpsychologie'', Band II). Leipzig.
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Baglio |first=Matt |title=The Rite: The Making of a Modern Exorcist |year=2009 |publisher=Doubleday Religion |isbn=978-0-385-52270-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/ritemakingof000bagl |url-access=registration |ref=none}}
* {{cite web |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Subhasis |year=2022 |url=https://www.esamskriti.com/e/Spirituality/Philosophy/Of-Demons-And-Exorcism-In-Sanatana-Dharma-----------1.aspx |title=Of Demons and Exorcism in Sanatana Dharma |website=eSamskriti |access-date=2023-12-24 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=García Martínez |first=Florentino |year=1994 |title=The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: The Qumran Texts in English |place=Leiden |publisher=E. J. Brill |isbn=978-90-04-10088-6 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=García Martínez |first=Florentino |chapter=Magic in the Dead Sea Scrolls |editor1-first=Jan N. |editor1-last=Bremmer |editor2-first=Jan R. |editor2-last=Veenstra |title=The Metamorphosis of Magic from Late Antiquity to the Early Modern Period |year=2002 |place=Leuven |publisher=Peeters |isbn=978-90-429-1227-4 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=George |first=Andrew |date=1999 |chapter=Glossary of Proper Nouns |title=The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCZRK_61adMC&pg=PA225 |location=London, New York City, Melbourne, Toronto, New Delhi, Auckland, and Rosebank, South Africa |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-044919-8 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Oppenheimer |first=Paul |title=Evil and the Demonic: A New Theory of Monstrous Behavior |year=1996 |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8147-6193-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/evildemonicnewth0000oppe |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=W. Gunther |last=Plaut |title=The Torah: A Modern Commentary |publisher=Union for Reform Judaism |year=2005 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Vermes |first=Geza |title=The complete Dead Sea scrolls in English |year=2011 |publisher=Penguin |location=London |ref=none}}{{missing ISBN}}
* {{cite book |last1=Walton |first1=John H. |first2=J. Harvey |last2=Walton |year=2019 |title=Demons and Spirits in Biblical Theology: Reading the Biblical Text in its Cultural and Literary Context |publisher=Cascade Books |isbn=978-1625648259 |ref=none}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Wiktionary inline|δαίμων|demon}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Demons}}
* [https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/index/d.htm#Demon ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'':] Hyperlinked references to demons in the online Catechism of the Catholic Church
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050330091329/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-79 ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'':] Demonology

{{Witchcraft|state=collapsed}}
{{Horror fiction}}
{{Fantasy fiction}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Demons| ]]
[[Category:Paranormal terminology]]
[[Category:Religious terminology]]

Nadakkavu

2026-03-21T08:29:21Z

Shahidkumar: new - done

{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kozhikode Nadakkavu
| image_skyline = Church art 2 1.JPG
| image_caption = St.Mary's English Church, Nadakkavu
| coordinates = {{coord|11.27126|75.77953|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
}}

'''Nadakkavu''' is a commercial and residential locality of [[Kozhikode]] city.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Another milestone for Nadakkavu school |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/another-milestone-for-nadakkavu-school/article29444093.ece |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20221113175912/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/another-milestone-for-nadakkavu-school/article29444093.ece |archive-date=2022-11-13 |access-date=2026-03-21 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NADAKKAVU Local Body Election 2025 Updates: Municipal Corporation Ward-Wise Details |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/local-body-elections/kerala/municipal-corporation/kozhikode/nadakkavu/local-body-election-results |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> Among the locals, they usually refer and divide Nadakkavu into two, East Nadakkavu and West Nadakkavu. It is about three to four kilometers from the city center. Areas like Chakkorath Kulam, Vandipettah, and Bilathikkulam are part of Nadakkavu.

The suburb of Nadakkavu is further connected to [[West Hill, Kozhikode|West Hill]] area with the government guest house, [[Government Engineering College, Kozhikode|Government Engineering College Kozhikode]] and the Government polytechnic situated inside the locality. There is a helipad in Vikram Maidhan West Hill and the road to the beach is called Bhatt Road. The road to the north takes you to [[Puthiyangadi, Kozhikode|Puthiyangadi]], [[Pavangad, Kozhikode]], [[Elathur, Kozhikode|Elathur]] and [[Koyilandy]].

There is an Autism Centre on Nadakkavu cross road.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2021 |title=Autism centre at Nadakkavu to get a facelift |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/autism-centre-at-nadakkavu-to-get-a-facelift/article33975321.ece |access-date=21 March 2026 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

There are a lot of schools in Nadakkavu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KNS |date=2025-10-27 |title=Faizal & Shabana Foundation Expands Kerala’s Nadakkavu Model to Transform Public Education in J&K |url=https://www.knskashmir.com/faizal-and-shabana-foundation-expands-kerala-s-nadakkavu-model-to-transform-public-education-in-jandk-199151 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=KNS |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=KL News |date=2025-10-14 |title=Kashmir Girls Find New Horizons in Kerala as Nadakkavu Model Inspires ‘Dream School’ in Srinagar |url=https://kashmirlife.net/kashmir-girls-find-new-horizons-in-kerala-as-nadakkavu-model-inspires-dream-school-in-srinagar-409090/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=Kashmir Life - Latest News & Breaking News from Kashmir |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-12-23 |title=Nobel Peace Prize laureate Ouided Bouchamaoui visits Nadakkavu school |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Dec/23/nobel-peace-prize-laureate-ouidedbouchamaoui-visits-nadakkavu-school |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>{{coord|11.27301|N|75.77919|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

==Transport==
The road from [[Mananchira]] to the north of city connects directly to Nadakkavu suburb. The offices of [[Malayala Manorama]] newspaper and [[Chandrika (newspaper)|Chandrika]] newspaper are located here. The ancient English Church and Panicker Road are connected to Nadakkavu on the beach side. On the northern side of the Nadakkavu town, the office of the Post Master General and the C.H.Mosque [[Eranhipalam]] are located. Eranhipalam is connected to Nadakkavu by the Kottaram Road which diverts to form the U.G.Nayak Road near the Homeo Hospital. The road going to the east from Homeo Hospital takes you to Jawahar Nagar near [[Sarovaram Bio Park]].
[[File:St.Joseph Church, Kozhikode.jpg|thumbnail|St.Joseph Church, Panikker Road Junction]]

==See also==
* [[Eranhipalam|Eranhippalam]]
* [[Karaparamba]]
* [[West Hill, Kozhikode]]
* [[Pavangad, Kozhikode]]

== Location ==

== References ==
<references />
{{Geographic Location
| title = Areas Of Calicut
|Northwest =
|North = [[West Hill, Kozhikode|West Hill]]
|Northeast = [[Eranhipalam|Eranhippalam]]
|West = [[Kozhikode Beach]]
|Centre = Nadakkavu Junction
|East = [[Sarovaram]]
|Southwest =
|South = [[Mananchira]]
|Southeast = [[Valiyangadi (Kozhikode)|Mavoor Road]]
}}

{{commonscat}}

{{Kozhikode district}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Kozhikode]]

Jacquline Lydia

2026-03-19T16:15:08Z

Shahidkumar:

{{Short description|Indian actress and television presenter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox youtuber
| name = Jacquline Lydia
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Jacquline Lydia Y S
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|02|08|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/v-j-jacquline-vijay-tv-new-serial-interview-nimki-mukhiya-remake-anchor-kalakka-povathu-yaaru-telugu-news-241362#google_vignette|title=What is wrong in doing it at the age of 23: VJ Jacqueline questions|website=India Glitz|date=30 July 2019}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Pannur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| education = Visual communication
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|[[Television personality]]}}
| years_active = 2014–Present
| parents =
| other_names = VJ Jacquline<br>Jackline (Jack)
| website =
| known_for = [[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]<br>[[Kolamaavu Kokila]]<br>[[Thaenmozhi B.A]]<br>[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8|Bigg Boss 8]]
| youtube_handle = @jackandchill2.0
| youtube_display_name = Jack and Chill

| youtube_years_active =
| youtube_genre =
| youtube_subscribers = 
| youtube_views = 
| stats_update =
}}

'''Jacquline Lydia''' (born 8 February 1996) is an Indian actress and television presenter who appears in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language television shows and films. She is known for hosting the standup comedy show ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]'' and playing the lead in [[Star Vijay]]'s soap opera ''[[Thaenmozhi B.A]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jacquline Lydia clocks 1M followers on Instagram; thanks fans for the love|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/jacquline-lydia-clocks-1m-followers-on-instagram-thanks-fans-for-the-love/articleshow/83228977.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vijay-tv-anchor-jacqueline-lydia-buys-new-car-thenmozhi-serial-story-tamil-news-294535|title=VJ Jacquline welcomes a new member to her family - Photo goes viral|website=India Glitz|date=7 September 2021 }}</ref> She is also known for role, Shobi in the film ''[[Kolamaavu Kokila]]'' (2018). In 2024, she participated in the reality TV show ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8|Bigg Boss 8]]''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: VJ Jacquline to participate in the upcoming season?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-vj-jacquline-to-participate-in-the-upcoming-season/articleshow/113600713.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 October 2024}}</ref> where she made history as the most nominated contestant of ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Jacqueline creates history with 15 consecutive nominations and saves|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-jacqueline-creates-history-with-15-consecutive-nominations-and-saves/articleshow/117194808.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 January 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Jacquline was born on 8 February 1996 in the village [[Pannur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Her father died when she was young, and she was brought up by her mother, Nirmala Stephen. She later did her schooling at ST. Mary Matriculation high school in [[Chennai]]. She later completed her degree in of Visual communication in [[Loyola College, Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/actress-jacqueline-video-vijay-tv-kpy-thenmozhi-ba-tamil-news-322040|title=I am being tortured says Vijay TV actress Jacqueline on video|website=India Glitz|date=14 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tamil-actress-threatened-by-neighbour-warned-im-letting-you-go-because-you-are-christian-817390|title=Tamil actress threatened by neighbour and warned 'I'm letting you go because you are a Christian'|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|date=13 April 2020}}</ref>

== Career ==
Jacquline started her career in 2014 as a contestant in a talent show called ''Neengalum aagalam Vijay stars'', in which she finished in 6th place among 15,000 other participants. In the same year, she made her acting debut as a supporting actress on [[Star Vijay]]'s family drama ''[[Andal Azhagar]]'', and then acted in the workplace comedy television series ''[[Office (TV series)|Office]]''. In 2015, she started hosting the standup comedy show ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]'' in its 5th season, and continued hosting the show until its 7th season alongside [[Rakshan]]. In 2018, she participated as a contestant in [[Star Vijay]]'s dancing reality show [[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Fun Unlimited]] alongside [[Rakshan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vijay-tv-actress-jacqueline-latest-workout-video-dead-weight-lifting--news-335734|title=Vijay TV Jacqueline threatens to delete her latest video if fans ask this in comments|website=India Glitz|date=17 April 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vijay-tv-actress-jacquelines-amazing-body-transformation-heavy-workout-video-stuns-netizens-tamil-news-320736|title=Vijay TV actress Jacqueline's amazing body transformation - Heavy workout video stuns netizens|website=India Glitz|date=18 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rakshan clears rumours with Jacqueline and Julie|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/rakshan-clears-rumours-with-jacqueline-and-julie/articleshow/63108596.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 February 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Actor Kutty Ramesh passes away; Siddarth Kumaran, Jacqueline Lydia, Isvar Raghunathan and others mourn his sad demise|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-kutty-ramesh-passes-away-siddarth-kumaran-jacqueline-lydia-isvar-raghunathan-and-others-mourn-his-sad-demise/articleshow/82630162.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2021}}</ref>

In 2018, she made her film debut as a supporting actress in the film ''[[Kolamaavu Kokila]]'', where played the role of [[Nayanthara]]'s younger sister Shobi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anchor Jacqueline joins Nayanthara's next ?|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kalakapovathu-yaaru-jacqueline-in-nayanthara-coco-kolamavu-kokila--telugu-news-196740|website=India Glitz|date=25 September 2017}}</ref> In 2019, she played the lead role in the serial ''[[Thaenmozhi B.A]]'' which aired on [[Star Vijay]] and received praise for her role as the lead by audience.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jaquline is back on TV with this serial|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/jaquline-is-back-on-tv-with-this-serial/articleshow/70924155.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 September 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New serial of Star Vijay - Thenmozhi BA|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/vijay-tv-thenmozhi-serial-jacqueline-siddharth-tamil-serial/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=31 July 2019 }}</ref>

In 2024, she participated as a contestant on the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] reality series ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8|Bigg Boss Season 8]]''. She was evicted from the house on Day 102 at 6th place, after failing to complete the ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8#Cash Grab Run Task and Jacquline's eviction|Cash Grab Run Task]]''. Her eviction was considered by the audience as one of the most unfair evictions in the show's history.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2025 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Jacquline gets evicted ahead of the grand finale|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-jackqlince-gets-evicted-ahead-of-the-grand-finale/articleshow/117310013.cms|newspaper=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2025 |title=Jacquline Evicted Ahead Of Finale, fans call it 'unfair eviction'
|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-tamil-8-elimination-jacquline-evicted-ahead-of-finale-vijay-sethupathi-show-gets-top-5-finalists-10212845|newspaper=[[Dainik Jagran|English Jagran]]}}</ref> She became the most nominated and the most saved contestant by audience votes in Indian ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' franchise and she is the only contestant in ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series)|Bigg Boss Tamil]]'''s history to get evicted due to a task.

Apart from being an actress and TV host, she is also a YouTuber, with her YouTube channel currently boasting 265K subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jack and Chill - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/@jackandchill2.0|access-date=2025-02-28|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
! class=unsortable |{{Reference heading}}
|-
|2018
|''[[Kolamaavu Kokila]]''
| Shobi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2017 |title=Exclusive! Jacqueline's role in Nayanthara's 'COCO' |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/jacqueline-plays-the-sister-of-nayanthara-in-the-movie-coco-tamil-news-196855 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614021309/https://www.indiaglitz.com/jacqueline-plays-the-sister-of-nayanthara-in-the-movie-coco-tamil-news-196855 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |access-date=13 June 2018 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal]]''
|Kaliswaran's friend
|
|-
|-
|2025
|''[[Gevi]]''
|Alli
|
|}

===Television series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
|-
|2014-2016
|''[[Andal Azhagar]]''
|Thenmozhi (Thenu)
|rowspan="3"|[[Star Vijay]]
|Supporting Role
|-
|2014
|''[[Office (TV series)|Office]]''
|Jacqueline
|
|-
|2019–2021
|''[[Thaenmozhi B.A]]''
| Thenmozhi
|Lead role <ref>{{Cite news|title=Thenmozhi actress Jacquline Lydia looks forward to get married|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/thenmozhi-actress-jacquline-lydia-looks-forward-to-get-married/articleshow/80705167.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=சின்ன ரோல்... தொகுப்பாளினி... சீரியல் ஹீரோயின் : விஜய் டிவி ஜாக்குலின்|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/vijay-tv-jacqueline-thenmozhi-ba-serial-185662/|website=The Indian Express|date=22 April 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|}
===Television shows===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
|-
|2014||''Neengalum Aagalam Vijay Stars''||Contestant||rowspan="14"|[[Star Vijay]]||Finalist<br>(6th Place)
|-
|-
|2015–2016
|''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?#Season 5|Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? (season 5)]]''
|rowspan="3"|Host
|rowspan="3"|Hosted alongside [[Rakshan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Kalakka-Povadhu-Yaaru-season-6-on-August-21/articleshow/53781963.cms|title=Kalakka Povadhu Yaaru season 6 on August 21|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/politicians-seeman-and-nanjil-sampath-visit-kpy-7-sets/articleshow/63126229.cms|title=Politicians Seeman and Nanjil Sampath visit KPY 7 sets|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref>
|-
|2016- 2017
|''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?#Season 6|Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? (season 6)]]''
|-
|2017- 2018
|''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?#Season 7|Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? (season 7)]]''
|-
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017
|''[[Athu Ithu Ethu|Athu Ithu Ethu 2]]''
|Participant
|
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series)#Bigg Boss Kondattam|Bigg Boss 1 Kondattam]]''
|Herself
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Fun Unlimited]]''
|Contestant
|Paired with Rakshan (8th place)
|-
|2020
|''Cooking Stars''
|rowspan="3"|Participant
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya]]''
|
|-
|2023
|''Anda Ka Kasam 2''
|
|-
|2024
|''Pandigai Palagaram - Are U Ready''
|Host
|Hosted alongside [[Rakshan]]
|-
|2024–2025
|''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8|Bigg Boss Tamil 8]]''
|Contestant
|Evicted Day 102 by [[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8#Cash Grab Run Task and Jacquline's eviction|task]]<br>(6th Place) <ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2025 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Jacquline gets evicted ahead of the grand finale|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-jackqlince-gets-evicted-ahead-of-the-grand-finale/articleshow/117310013.cms|newspaper=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series)#Bigg Boss Kondattam|Bigg Boss 8 Kondattam]]''
|Herself
|
|-
|''Anda Ka Kasam 3''
|Participant
|
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class = "wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Role
!Result
!Channel
|-
|rowspan="3"|2017
|Vikatan Nambikkai Awards 2017
|Best Video Jockey
|rowspan="6"|''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]''
|rowspan="6"|Herself
|{{won}}
|[[Ananda Vikatan|Vikatan TV]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Vijay Television Awards|3rd Annual Vijay Television Awards]]
|Best Anchor- Female
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="4"|[[Star Vijay]]
|-
|Best Anchor Duo<br>(Nominated with [[Rakshan]])
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|2018
|rowspan="2"|[[Vijay Television Awards|4th Annual Vijay Television Awards]]
|Best Anchor- Female
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Anchor Duo<br>(Nominated with [[Rakshan]])
|{{nom}}
|-
|Galatta Nakshathra TV & Film Awards
|Best Anchor- Female
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|Galatta Tamil
|-
|2019
|Bofta Galatta Debut Awards 2018
|Best Debutant Supporting Actor- Female
|''[[Kolamaavu Kokila]]''
|Shobi
|{{won}}
|-
|2025
|Super Women Awards 2025
|Adventure Seeker
|''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8|Bigg Boss Tamil 8]]''
|Herself
|{{won}}
|[[SS Music]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=12569216}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lydia, Jacquline}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Tamil television presenters]]

Myna Nandhini

2026-03-19T08:50:28Z

Shahidkumar:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Myna Nandhini
| image = Myna Nandhini at Viruman pressmeet.jpg
| birth_name = Nandhini Rajendran
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|05|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| years_active = 2009–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Karthikeyan|2017|2017|reason=died}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karthik-duped-people-was-relationship-another-woman-says-myna-nandhini-59941 |title=Karthik duped people, was in relationship with another woman, says Myna Nandhini |date=6 April 2017 |website=thenewsminute.com |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007040928/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karthik-duped-people-was-relationship-another-woman-says-myna-nandhini-59941 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{Marriage|Yogeswaram|2019}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/actress-myna-nandhini-husband-yogeshwaran-valentines-day-gift-tamil-news-280615 |title=Myna Nandhini in tears after getting priceless love gifts from her hubby |date=21 February 2021 |website=indiaglitz.com |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007040931/https://www.indiaglitz.com/actress-myna-nandhini-husband-yogeshwaran-valentines-day-gift-tamil-news-280615 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| children = 1
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|[[Television personality]]}}
| notable_works = ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi (season 3)]]'' <br/> ''[[Aranmanai 3]]''
| relatives = [[Dinesh Kanagaratnam]] (cousin)
}}
'''Myna Nandhini''' (born 21 May)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/yogesh-makes-wife-myna-nandhinis-birthday-special-during-lockdown/articleshow/75886857.cms |title=Yogesh makes wife Myna Nandhini's birthday special during lockdown |date=22 May 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007040929/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/yogesh-makes-wife-myna-nandhinis-birthday-special-during-lockdown/articleshow/75886857.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> is an Indian actress and television personality who predominantly appears in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films and television shows. She is best known as Myna Revathi in ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi (season 2)]]'', Alabarai Myna in [[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|''Chinna Thambi'']] and for her major breakthrough role Mynavathi in ''[[Aranmanai 3]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/myna-nandhini-garners-7-million-followers-on-instagram/articleshow/92254474.cms |title=Myna Nandhini garners 7 million followers on Instagram |date=16 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007040928/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/myna-nandhini-garners-7-million-followers-on-instagram/articleshow/92254474.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She is also the winner of the cooking show ''[[Kitchen Super Star (season 3)]]'' which aired on [[Star Vijay]] in 2015. In 2022, she participated in ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 6)|Bigg Boss 6]]'' as a contestant.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-tamil-season-6-highlights-myna-nandhini-enters-the-house-as-new-contestant-kamal-haasan-2286312-2022-10-17 |title=Myna Nandhini enters the house as new contestant |date=17 October 2022 |website=indiatoday.in |access-date=7 November 2022 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107045700/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-tamil-season-6-highlights-myna-nandhini-enters-the-house-as-new-contestant-kamal-haasan-2286312-2022-10-17 |url-status=live}}</ref>

She is best known for her roles in films such as ''[[Vamsam]]'' (2010), ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' (2013), ''[[Romeo Juliet (2015 film)|Romeo Juliet]]'' (2015), ''[[Kanchana 3]]'' (2019), ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' (2019), ''[[Petromax (2019 film)|Petromax]]'' (2019), ''[[Aranmanai 3]]'' (2021) and ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' (2022).

==Early life==
Born as Nandhini Rajendran to her parents Rajendran and Rani on 21 May in a remote town in [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Nandhini went on to study at Meenakshi Matriculation School, [[Madurai]] and Ambiga College of Arts and Science, [[Anna Nagar]] where she completed her [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] (BBA) degree. However after completing her degree she decided to act in few television drama's as a "Time killer".

==Career==
Nandhini debuted her career as an actress in the film ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]'' as an uncredited role in the film. She later made her television debut with the comedy reality show ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru]]'' where she participated as a contestant. In 2010, she was approached by director [[Pandiraj]] who offered her a role in his film ''[[Vamsam]]'' she later agreed to the offer and played the supporting role of Sarasu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/bigg-boss-3-review-kavin-abhirami-love-tamil-news-239245 |title=Abhirami is fake - Mynaa Nandhini |date=28 June 2019 |website=indiaglitz.com |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007040944/https://www.indiaglitz.com/bigg-boss-3-review-kavin-abhirami-love-tamil-news-239245 |url-status=live}}</ref> She later also appeared in films such as ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' (2013), ''[[Vellaikaara Durai]]'' (2014) and ''[[Romeo Juliet (2015 film)|Romeo Juliet]]''. In 2016, she made her debut as an actress in television by appearing in the soap opera ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi (season 3)]]'' playing the role of a friend to female protagonist, her role in the drama was highly credited and praised. Her name in that role "Myna" got popular afterwards.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/myna-nandhini-beautiful-kurta-sets-collections-vijay-tv-515423/ |title=மைனா நந்தினி டிரெண்டி சல்வார் கலெக்ஷ்ன்ஸ் |date=24 September 2022 |website=The Indian Express |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007040947/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/myna-nandhini-beautiful-kurta-sets-collections-vijay-tv-515423/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/myna-nandhini-myna-nandhini-is-having-fun-with-her-husband-and-child-in-singapore-/articleshow/94567632.cms |title=Myna Nandhini :சிங்கப்பூரில் குழந்தை ,கணவருடன் கும்மாளம் போடும் மைனா நந்தினி…! |date=30 September 2022 |website=tamil.samayam.com |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007040928/https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/myna-nandhini-myna-nandhini-is-having-fun-with-her-husband-and-child-in-singapore-/articleshow/94567632.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She also appeared in television shows such as ''[[Amudha Oru Aacharyakuri]]'', ''[[Pandian Stores]]'', ''[[Aranmanai Kili (TV series)|Aranmanai Kili]]'' and ''[[Chinna Thambi]]''. In 2022, actor [[Kamal Haasan]] approached Nandhini offering her a crucial role in his action film ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' she later accepted the offer and starred opposing actor [[Vijay Sethupathi]] in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/myna-nandhini-confirms-her-role-with-vijay-sethupathi-in-vikram/articleshow/88253473.cms |title=Myna Nandhini confirms her role with Vijay Sethupathi in 'Vikram' |date=10 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007040944/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/myna-nandhini-confirms-her-role-with-vijay-sethupathi-in-vikram/articleshow/88253473.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Later that year she also appeared in the film ''[[Sardar (2022 film)|Sardar]]'' appearing as a cameo role as a drama artist in the film.

She also played a crucial role in the 2021 web series ''[[November Story]]'' alongside actors [[Tamannaah]], [[G. M. Kumar]] and [[Pasupathy]]. The web series also marked Nandhini's debut web series.

==Personal life==
In 2017, Nandhini married her long time boyfriend Karthikeyan (Karthick) in January. However 6 months into their marriage Karthick committed suicide after a misunderstanding among the couple. In 2019 she re married this time to television actor and comedian Yogeswaran, in 2020 the couple was blessed with a child.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/actress-mynaa-nandhini-gives-birth-to-baby-boy-tamil-news-269104 |title=Mynaa Nandhini gives birth to baby |date=6 September 2020 |website=indiaglitz.com |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007040928/https://www.indiaglitz.com/actress-mynaa-nandhini-gives-birth-to-baby-boy-tamil-news-269104 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/yogeshwaram-flaunts-love-for-wife-myna-nandhini-inks-her-face-inked-on-chest/articleshow/85479625.cms |title=Yogeshwaram flaunts love for wife Myna Nandhini; inks her face inked on chest |date=20 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007040944/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/yogeshwaram-flaunts-love-for-wife-myna-nandhini-inks-her-face-inked-on-chest/articleshow/85479625.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/myna-nandhini-and-yogeshwaran-tie-the-knot-see-pics/articleshow/72008567.cms |title=Myna Nandhini and Yogeshwaran tie the knot; see pics |date=11 November 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007040945/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/myna-nandhini-and-yogeshwaran-tie-the-knot-see-pics/articleshow/72008567.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/myna-nandhini-approaches-high-court-for-bail/articleshow/58206503.cms |title=Myna Nandhini approaches High Court for bail? |date=16 April 2017 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019054719/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/myna-nandhini-approaches-high-court-for-bail/articleshow/58206503.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She is also the cousin of [[Demographics of Sri Lanka|Sri lankan]] singer and songwriter [[Dinesh Kanagaratnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/myna-nandhini-cousin-adk-ex-wife-jasmine-son-photos-bigg-boss-tamil-6-kamal-haasan-tamil-news-326980 |title=Myna Nandhini's cousin also a 'Bigg Boss Tamil 6' contestant? Ex-wife and child photos go viral |date=6 November 2022 |website=indiaglitz.com |access-date=7 November 2022 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107045654/https://www.indiaglitz.com/myna-nandhini-cousin-adk-ex-wife-jasmine-son-photos-bigg-boss-tamil-6-kamal-haasan-tamil-news-326980 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2009
|''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu ]]''
|
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Vamsam]]''
| Saraswathy
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|''[[Minsaram]]''
| Jaya's friend
|
|-
|''[[Veppam]]''
|
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]''
| Sindru's wife
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Vellaikaara Durai]]''
| Pandi's wife
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Romeo Juliet (2015 film)|Romeo Juliet]]''
| Divya Shree
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Kanchana 3]]''
| Durga
|
|-
|''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]''
| Kottravai
|
|-
|''[[Petromax (2019 film)|Petromax]]''
| Shailaja
|
|-
|2020
|''Oru Madhiri Irukku''
|Karthika
|Short film
|-
|2021
|''[[Aranmanai 3]]''
| Mynavathi (Myna)
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''
| Kaikeyi Sandhanam
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/myna-nandhini-confirms-being-part-of-kamal-haasans-vikram/articleshow/85859657.cms |title=Myna Nandhini confirms being part of Kamal Haasan's Vikram |date=2 September 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002001755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/myna-nandhini-confirms-being-part-of-kamal-haasans-vikram/articleshow/85859657.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Viruman]]''
| Muthukutty's wife
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/myna-nandhini-next-movie-kamal-vikram-karthi-viruman-fahad-faasil-aditi-shankar-debut-film-tamil-news-304182 |title=After Kamal Haasan's Vikram Myna Nandhini baggs a role in top hero's film |date=16 December 2021 |website=indiaglitz.com |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007040929/https://www.indiaglitz.com/myna-nandhini-next-movie-kamal-vikram-karthi-viruman-fahad-faasil-aditi-shankar-debut-film-tamil-news-304182 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-kamal-haasans-vikram-myna-nandini-in-karthis-viruman/articleshow/88317118.cms |title=After Kamal Haasan's Vikram, Myna Nandini in Karthi's Viruman |date=16 December 2021 |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519134649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-kamal-haasans-vikram-myna-nandini-in-karthis-viruman/articleshow/88317118.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sardar (2022 film)|Sardar]]''
| Valli
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Partner (2023 film)|Partner]]''
| Sengamalam
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|[[Good Day (film)|''Good Day'']]
|Krishnaveni
|
|-
|''[[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]''
|Nynavathi
|
|-
|{{TBA}}
|''[[Mookuthi Amman 2]]'' {{Dagger}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|Filming
|-
|}

===Television shows===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2012
| ''Samayal Mandhiram''
| Host
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru|Kalakka Povadhu Yaaru Season 5]]''
| Judge
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Kitchen Super Star (season 3)]]''
| Contestant
|Winner
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Mr & Mrs Khiladis]]''
| Contestant
|
|-
| 2016
| ''Naduvula Konjan Disturb Pannuvom''
| Participant
|
|-
| 2016 - 2017
| ''[[Dance Jodi Dance]] Season 1''
| Participant
| 4th Runner-up
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Comedy Khiladis]]''
|Judge
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai]] 1''
|Host
|
|-
| 2019-2020
| ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Champions]] 2''
| Judge
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Champions]] 3''
| Judge
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai]] 3''
|Contestant along with Yogeshwaran
|1st Runner-up
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Super Singer Junior]]''
|Host
|Replaced by [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya]]''
|Contestant
|Winner
|-
| 2022
| ''Anda Ka Kasam''
|Contestant
|Winner
|-
| 2022–2023 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 6)|Bigg Boss Tamil Season 6]]'' || Contestant ||Evicted Day 103 <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/bigg-boss-tamil-6-vikram-actress-wild-card-entry-confirmed-162918 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 6: Vikram Actress Wild Card Entry Confirmed? |date=16 October 2022 |website=english.sakshi.com |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017085140/https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/bigg-boss-tamil-6-vikram-actress-wild-card-entry-confirmed-162918 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-6-third-runner-up-myna-nandhini-opens-up-on-her-bb-journey-reveals-nivaashini-and-manikandan-were-his-favourite-contestants/articleshow/97491270.cms |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 6: Third runner-up Myna Nandhini opens up on her BB journey; reveals Nivaashini and Manikandan were his favourite contestants |date=1 February 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 February 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201031604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-6-third-runner-up-myna-nandhini-opens-up-on-her-bb-journey-reveals-nivaashini-and-manikandan-were-his-favourite-contestants/articleshow/97491270.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''Bigg Boss Kondattam'' || Herself ||
|-
| 2026–present
| ''[[Killadi Jodis]]''
| Herself
|
|-
|}

===Television Serials===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Channel
! Notes
|-

|2007
| Nadaswaram
|
| Sun TV
| 2012
| ''[[Azhagi (TV series)|Azhagi]]''
| Ranjini
| Sun TV
|
|-
| 2012-2013
| ''[[Amudha Oru Aacharyakuri]]''
| Preetha
|Kalaignar TV
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Maruthani (TV series)|Maruthani]]''
| Episode 202
|Sun TV
|
|-
| 2013 - 2016
| ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi (season 2)]]''
| Revathi (Myna)
| rowspan="8" |Vijay Television
|
|-
| 2014 - 2015
| ''[[Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai]]''
| Shruti Jai
|Replaced by Rhema Ashok
|-
| 2016 - 2017
| ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi (season 3)]]''
| Madonna
|
|-
|2017
|''Neeli''
|
|
|-
| 2017-2019
| ''[[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]]''
|Alabarai Myna
|Episode Appearance 355- 370
|-
| 2018-2020
| ''[[Aranmanai Kili (TV series)|Aranmanai Kili]]''
|Vijaya
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Pandian Stores]]''
|Padma
|Cameo Appearance<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/pandian-stores-myna-nandhini-to-make-her-tv-comeback-with-hubby-yogeshwaram-post-sabbatical/articleshow/78296120.cms |title=Pandian Stores: Myna Nandhini to make her TV comeback with hubby Yogeshwaram post sabbatical |date=24 September 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019054719/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/pandian-stores-myna-nandhini-to-make-her-tv-comeback-with-hubby-yogeshwaram-post-sabbatical/articleshow/78296120.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2020-2021
| ''Velaikkaran''
|Madurai Meena
|
|-
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2021
| ''[[November Story]]''
|Chithra
| rowspan="3" |[[JioHotstar]] series
|-
|2024
|[[Chutney Sambar]]
|Amudha
|-
|2025
|''[[Police Police (TV series)|Police Police]]''
|Murali's mother
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Instagram|myna_nandhu}}
*{{IMDb name|12105413}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nandhini, Myna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Tamil television actresses]]
[[Category:1991 births]]

Srividya

2026-03-17T22:27:44Z

Shahidkumar: basic refine references based on references and improved wording

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{for|the Hindu system of worship dedicated to the [[Devi|Goddess]]|Shri Vidya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Srividya
| image = srividya.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1953|07|24}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai district|Madras]] (now [[Chennai district|Chennai]]), [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2006|10|19|1953|07|24}}
| spouse = {{marriage|George Thomas|1978|1980|end=divorce}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| parents = {{ubl|Vikatam R. Krishnamurthy|[[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]}}
| othername = Sreevidya
| years_active = 1966–2006
| works = [[Srividya filmography|Full list]]
}}

'''Srividya''' (24 July 1953 – 19 October 2006), was an Indian actress best known for her work predominantly in [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films, along with a few [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi]] films. In a career spanning for 40 years, she had acted in more than 800 films. In the latter part of her career, she concentrated on [[Malayalam films]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Manorama Online {{!}} Movies {{!}} Nostalgia {{!}} |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=8093176&programId=7940855&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027193255/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=8093176&programId=7940855&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |archive-date=2010-10-27 |access-date= |website=www.manoramaonline.com}}</ref> In addition to acting, Srividya occasionally worked as a [[playback singer]] as well as carnatic singer. She was also a well-trained [[Bharathanatyam]] dancer. She was best known for restraint and subtlety in portrayal of varied emotions. She used her own voice for [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] in almost all movies in all languages. She died in 2006 after battling metastatic breast cancer.

== Early life ==
Srividya was born on 24 July 1953 in [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]] into a Tamil family. Tamil film comedian Krishnamurthy and [[Carnatic music|Carnatic classical]] singer [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]] were her parents. She had a brother, Sankararaman. Her father had to stop acting in the year she was born because of a disease which affected his facial muscles. Her family fell into financial crisis. Her mother worked long hours to meet the family's financial needs. Srividya debuted in films at a very early age.<ref>{{Cite web | title='Srividya loved life, and loved to live' - Rediff.com movies | url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/srividya/20061020.htm | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=m.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=இவர் மட்டும் நம்ம புரட்சித்தலைவருடன் நடித்திருந்தால் இவரது ரேஞ்சே வேற லெவல் தான்...! வடை போச்சே...!!! | url=https://cinereporters.com/superhit-old-actress-srividya-and-her-biography/ | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=cinereporters.com| date=8 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Srividya : Biography, Age, Movies, Family, Photos, Latest News - Filmy Focus | url=https://filmyfocus.com/celebs/srividya | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=filmyfocus.com}}</ref>

== Acting career ==
Srividya started her career as a child artist in the 1967 Tamil film ''[[Thiruvarutchelvar]]'' alongside legendary actor [[Sivaji Ganesan]].<ref name = "The Hindu" /> Later she entered [[Malayalam]] films with a dance scene in ''[[Kumara Sambhavam]]'' (1969), directed by P. Subramaniam and in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Tata Manavadu|Thatha-Manavadu]]'' (1972) directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]. However, her first major role was that of a college student falling in love with her professor in the 1971 Tamil film ''[[Nootrukku Nooru]]'', directed by [[K. Balachander]]. Her first film as heroine was ''Delhi to Madras'' (1972) in which she was paired opposite [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]. In the mid-1970s, she became busy in the Tamil film industry. She acted in films such as ''[[Velli Vizha]]'', ''[[Sollathaan Ninaikkiren]]'' and ''[[Apoorva Raagangal]]'', all directed by K. Balachander. She was [[Rajinikanth]]'s first heroine in ''Apoorva Raagangal'' (1975).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/tatamanavadu1973.php |title=Articles : Movie Retrospect : Tata Manavadu (1973) |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |access-date=5 August 2012 |archive-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717132602/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/tatamanavadu1973.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

She started acting in Malayalam in 1969. Her first movie was ''[[Chattambikkavala]]'' directed by [[N. Sankaran Nair]], in which she acted as the heroine opposite to [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]]. She gained public attention in ''[[Chenda (film)|Chenda]]'' (1973), directed by [[A. Vincent]]. Among the south Indian language movies she acted in, the maximum number of movies was in Malayalam (1969 to 2003).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/remembering-srividya-6-times-veteran-actor-stunned-us-85321 | title=Remembering Srividya: 6 times the veteran actor stunned us | date=24 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/columns/let-s-talk-movies/srividya-actor-death-anniversary-idavazhiyile-poocha-minda-poocha-movies-1.9000231 | title=Revisiting Rohini on Srividya's death anniversary | date=19 October 2023 }}</ref>

She portrayed ''[[Parvati|Chottanikkara Devi]]'' in the Movies ''[[Chottanikkara Amma]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=641|title=Chottanikkara Amma|accessdate=2014-09-25|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ml/Chottaanikkara-Amma-1976/9465403379|title=Chottanikkara Amma|accessdate=2014-09-25|publisher=.nthwall.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140925130232/http://www.nthwall.com/ml/Chottaanikkara-Amma-1976/9465403379|archive-date=25 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/chottanikkara-amma-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070800/http://spicyonion.com/title/chottanikkara-amma-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Chottanikkara Amma|accessdate=2014-09-25|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref> and ''[[Amme Narayana]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1576|title=Amme Naaraayana|accessdate=2014-10-20|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/s.php?6054 |title=Amme Naaraayana |accessdate=2014-10-20 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021001239/http://malayalasangeetham.info/s.php?6054 |archivedate=21 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/amme-narayana-malayalam-movie/|title=Amme Narayana|accessdate=2014-10-20|publisher=spicyonion.com|archive-date=19 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019072926/http://spicyonion.com/title/amme-narayana-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
Her role as [[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]] mythological character from the mythological story (adapted film) from the Mahabharata, ''[[Amba Ambika Ambalika]]'' (1976), has been appreciated.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abcmalayalam.net/1976/3783/amba-ambika-ambalika |title=domain.title |website=abcmalayalam.net |language=en |access-date=23 November 2018 |archive-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611062449/http://abcmalayalam.net/1976/3783/amba-ambika-ambalika |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Playback singing ==
Srividya was a playback singer as well. She first sang for films in the Tamil film ''Amaran'' and then for [[Malayalam film]] ''Ayalathe Sundari'', along with [[Kishore Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/songs-of-the-day/kishore-kurmar-s-malayalam-song.html | title=കിഷോർ കുമാർ പാടിയ മലയാള ഗാനം }}</ref> She later sang in several films, such as ''Oru Painkilikkadha'', Njangalude Kochu Doctor, Rathilayam and ''Nakshathratharattu''.

She was an expert classical vocalist as well. She used to sing in functions such as the ''Soorya Festival''. She was mainly trained by her mother, who was one among the female trinity in Carnatic music, along with [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]] and [[D. K. Pattammal]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/srividya-and-mlv-do-gains-and-losses-together-form-a-pattern-news-303738 | title=Srividya & MLV: Do Gains and Losses Together Form a Pattern? | date=31 October 2017 }}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Srividya has acted in many films including [[Annai Velankanni]], [[Unarchigal (1976 film)|Unarchigal]] and Apoorva Raagangal with [[Kamal Haasan]]. Srividya and Kamal Haasan fell in love and Kamal Haasan proposed to her. Srividya's mother stopped them from getting married. A few years later Kamal began courting [[Vani Ganapathy]] and they got married which was a great disappointment for Srividya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=9-txguvyI3k |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/9-txguvyI3k |archive-date=17 November 2021 |url-status=live |title=ஸ்ரீவித்யாவின் வாழ்க்கையை புரட்டிப் போட்ட அவரது காதல், Episode - 83 |date=6 June 2019 |publisher=Touring Talkies |access-date=10 June 2020 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=DYl_KF19-E4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/DYl_KF19-E4 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |url-status=live |title=பலத்த எதிர்ப்புக்கு மத்தியில் திருமணம் செய்துகொண்ட ஸ்ரீவித்யா, Episode - 85 |date=10 June 2019 |publisher=Touring Talkies |access-date=10 June 2020 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
During this period she fell in love with film director [[Bharathan]] who made many films with her as the female lead. But they couldn't continue the relationship and eventually Bharathan married [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha|K.P.A.C. Lalitha]].

Later she fell in love with George Thomas, an assistant director in her [[Malayalam film]] ''Teekkanal''. She married him on 19 January 1978 despite opposition from her family.<ref name="biodata">{{Cite web |title=Mathrubhumi - Books--മനസ്സ് തുറന്ന് ശ്രീവിദ്യ പറഞ്ഞ കാര്യങ്ങള്‍ |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/article/interview/2065 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129051412/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/article/interview/2065/ |archive-date=29 January 2015 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=www.mathrubhumi.com |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> As George wished, she was baptised before the marriage. She wanted to stay as a housewife, but had to return to acting, when George forced her to, citing financial issues. She soon realised that she made a wrong decision in marrying him. Her life became miserable and the marriage ended in divorce in 1980. After her divorce she continued acting in movies (mainly Malayalam). She had to fight and seek legal action against George Thomas as he had snatched all her properties, even her awards, from her.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/20srividya.htm |title=Srividya loved life, and loved to live |author=Shobha Warrier |date=20 October 2006 |publisher=Rediff |access-date=21 July 2020}}</ref> Hence, the divorce with George Thomas was followed by a prolonged legal battle to settle financial issues between the two. The case went up to the Supreme Court of India, where she won in the final verdict.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/malayalam/srividya-kamal-haasan-love-story-2393146 | title=Kamal Haasan and Srividya's tragic love story: Romance shrouded with heartbreak and betrayal | date=2 January 2024 }}</ref> After the case was closed, she left Chennai and settled in Thiruvananthapuram, where she lived for the rest of her life.<ref name="biodata" />

== Death ==
In 2003, she underwent a [[biopsy]] test following physical problems and was diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer. She underwent treatment for three years. Two months before her death on 17 August 2006, Srividya had executed a will and entrusted [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]], cine actor and MLA, to register a charitable society to ‘start a music and dance school for efficient students who could not get ample opportunities due to lack of money or to give away scholarship to such students to continue their studies and to extend financial assistance to deserving ailing artistes.’

"I am bequeathing all my properties except some payments mentioned elsewhere in this will. An appropriate body with eminent persons, registered under Charitable Societies Act should be formed and the realised value of all my assets should be transferred as a nucleus fund," she said in the will entrusting Ganesh Kumar to register the society.

She had also left five lakh rupees each to her brother's children and one lakh rupees each to her servants in the will, executed on 17 August 2006. In October 2006, she underwent [[chemotherapy]], but cancer had already spread throughout her body, and she died at 19:45 on 19 October 2006, aged 53.<ref name = "The Hindu" >{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/veteran-actor-srividya-passes-away/article18501313.ece |title=Veteran actor Srividya passes away |date=20 October 2006 |work=The Hindu |access-date=23 November 2018 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She was cremated with full state honours at the Brahmana Samooham crematorium in [[Karamana]].[https://www.mnrscottsdale.com/ 6]

== Awards ==
;[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
* 1979 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – ''[[Edavazhiyile Poocha Minda Poocha]]'', ''[[Jeevitham Oru Gaanam]]''
* 1983 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – ''[[Rachana (film)|Rachana]]''
* 1985 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress|Second Best Actress]] - ''[[Irakal]]''
* 1986 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress|Second Best Actress]] – ''[[Ennennum Kannettante]]''
* 1992 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – ''[[Daivathinte Vikrithikal|Daivathinte vikrithikal]]''

;[[Kerala State|Kerala State Television Awards]]
* 2004 – [[Kerala State Television Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] : Avicharithum

; [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
* 1977 – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Prize]] – ''Madhurageetham''
* 1992 – MGR Award

;[[Film Fans Association Awards - Tamil]]
*1991 - Best character actress - [[Thalapathi]]

; [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]
* 1979 – [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – ''[[Edavazhiyile Poocha Minda Poocha|Idavazhiyile Poocha Minda Poocha]]''<ref>[https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html "കേരള ഫിലിം ക്രിട്ടിക്‌സ് അവാര്‍ഡ് 1977 - 2012"]. Kerala Film Critics Association. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</ref>
* 2005 – [[Chalachitra Prathibha Award]]<ref>[https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/chalachitra-prathibha-awards.html "CHALACHITRA PRATHIBHA AWARDS ചലച്ചിത്ര പ്രതിഭാ അവാര്‍ഡ് ഇതുവരെ"]. Kerala Film Critics Association. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</ref>

;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
* 1975: [[Filmfare Special Award – South|Special Award – South]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmLVAAAAMAAJ&q=srividya |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |year=1978 |last1=Reed |first1=Sir Stanley}}</ref> – ''[[Apoorva Raagangal]]'' (Tamil)
* 1979: Best Actress – Malayalam – ''[[Edavazhiyile Poocha Minda Poocha|Edavazhiyile Poocha Mindapoocha]]''
* 1980: [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]] – ''[[Puzha (film)|Puzha]]''

; [[Cinema Express Awards]]
* 1991 – Best Character Actress – [[Thalapathi]] (Tamil)

; Government Honours
* 1977 – [[Kalaimamani]] – from the government of Tamil Nadu for the contribution to the Tamil cinema

==Filmography==
{{Main|Srividya filmography}}

== TV serials ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Channel
! Language
!Notes
|-
|||''Engae Aval'' |||| rowspan="2" |Tamil||
|-
|||''Lakshmi Vanthachi'' |||| rowspan="2" | [[Television film]]
|-
|||''Ammayude Makan''||||Malayalam
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991||''[[Penn (1991 TV series)|Penn]]'' ||DD|| rowspan="3" |Tamil|| 1st episode
|-
|''Oorarinda Rahasiyam'' ||||
|-
|||''Galatta Kudumbam'' ||||
|-
|1996||''Mohana Darsanam''||[[DD National|DD]] ||Malayalam||
|-
|1998||''Uravugal''||[[Vijay TV]] ||Tamil||
|-
|1999|||''Ariyathe''
|Sheela|| rowspan="14"|Malayalam||[[Television film]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001||''Venalmazha'' ||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|''Durga''||||
|-
|2002–2003||''Snehadooram''|| rowspan="3" |[[Asianet (TV channel)]]||
|-
|Rowspan=2|2003–2004|| ''Vasundhara Medicals'' ||
|-
|''Swapnam''||
|-

|2004–2005||''Avicharitham'' ||Asianet||
|-
|2004|| ''Sthreehrudayam'' ||Surya TV||
|-
|2005||''Omanathingal Pakshi'' || rowspan="2" |Asianet||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006|| ''Ammathamburatti''||
|-
| ''Dial 100 Police Story''|||| rowspan="5" |Archive footage
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021||''Priyankari''||Flowers TV
|-
|''[[Kanyadanam (Malayalam TV series)|Kanyadanam]]''|| rowspan="2" |[[Surya TV]]
|-
|2023||''Ninnishtam Ennishtam ''
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0820286}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|srividya}}

{{FilmfareMalayalamBestActress}}
{{KeralaStateAwardForBestActress}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Deaths from breast cancer in India]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Kerala State Television Award winners]]

[[te:శ్రీవిద్య]]

Krishna Shah

2026-03-16T15:49:39Z

Shahidkumar: New

{{short description|American film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krishna Shah
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1938|5|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|10|13|1938|5|10|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]]
| occupation = Filmmaker, distribution executive
| years_active = 1960–2013
| known_for = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[The River Niger (film)|The River Niger]]''
* ''[[Rivals (1972 film)|Rivals]]''
* ''[[Shalimar (1978 film)|Shalimar]]''
* ''[[Hard Rock Zombies]]''
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Diane Hillman|1969}}
| children = 1
| signature =
}}
'''Krishna Shah''' (10 May 1938 – 13 October 2013) was an [[Indian-American]]/[[Gujarati people|Gujarati]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Addictions/shalimar-s-director-krishna-shah-was-a-trailblazer/ |title=''Shalimar's'' Director Krishna Shah Was a Trailblazer |publisher=Times of India |date=18 October 2013 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> film and theatre director, screenwriter, playwright, producer, and [[Filmmaking#Production|production]]/[[Film distribution|distribution]] executive.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-xpm-2013-10-16-sns-201310162122reedbusivarietyn1200732409-20131016-story.html |title=Krishna Shah, Director of 'Hard Rock Zombies,' Dies at 75 |publisher=Chicago Tribune |date=16 October 2013 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

Shah was considered the first [[Indian people|Indian]] to create the crossover between [[Bollywood]] and Hollywood.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/the-global-indian-takeover/bollywood-to-go-global/articleshow/2781219.cms |title=Bollywood To Go Global |publisher=Economic Times |date=14 February 2008 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2G2uCgAAQBAJ&q=krishna+shah |title=A Very Old Machine: The Many Origins of the Cinema in India |publisher=SUNY |date=1 November 2015 |isbn=9781438458298 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> He began his career with international stage plays<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGb6AgAAQBAJ&q=%22krishna+shah%22 |title=Imagined Liberation: Xenophobia, Citizenship and Identity in South Africa, Germany, and Canada by Heribert Adam and Kogila Moodley |publisher=Sun Press |date=2013 |isbn=9781920338985 |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> and also screenplay work for US television,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/cineswami-2/in-memoriam-krishna-shah-the-man-who-gave-us-the-immortal-shalimar-279191/ |title=In Memoriam – Krishna Shah, the Man Who Gave Us the Immortal ''Shalimar'' |publisher=Bollywood Life |date=18 October 2013 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> but is perhaps best known for directing the feature films ''[[Shalimar (1978 film)|Shalimar]]'' and ''[[The River Niger (film)|The River Niger]]''. In his middle years, Shah was involved with the low budget [[Cult film|cult]] circuit, directing and distributing movies such as ''[[Hard Rock Zombies]]'' and ''[[Ted & Venus]]'', the later of which he executive produced through his Double Helix Films banner.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mubi.com/cast/krishna-shah |title=Krishna Shah: Director, Screenwriter, Executive Producer |publisher=Mubi |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

Shah was a perennial of the international film distribution scene, where he spent decades in various sales, production, and leadership capacities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/1994/music/news/correctons-119168/ |title=Corrections |publisher=Variety |date=13 March 1994 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/What%27s+for+sale+at+Cannes.-a019703650 |title=What's For Sale At Cannes |publisher=Variety |date=5 May 1997 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

In 1984, after years of creating nothing but financial and critical failures at both the US and Indian motion picture box office, Shah became famously "enraged" over the lack of interest in his film catalogue by distributors in his native India, saying, "the difference between filmmaking in Hollywood and India is like the difference between steak and curry."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19840630-i-feel-enraged-that-i-cant-show-my-own-films-in-india-krishna-shah-803071-1984-06-30 |title=I Feel Enraged That I Can't Show My Own Films In India: Krishna Shah |publisher=India Today |date=30 June 1984 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

In a 2010 interview, Shah said to [[Dinesh Raheja]] of [[Mid-Day|Mid Day News]], "I was the [[M. Night Shyamalan|(M.) Night Shyamalan]] of my times."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/i-was-the-night-shyamalan-of-my-times/103859 |title=I Was the Night Shyamalan of My Times |work=Mid-Day |date=28 November 2010 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

Upon his death in 2013, iconic Bollywood actress [[Zeenat Aman]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.coastweek.com/4152-cinema-Zeenat-Aman-Revolutionized-the-Portrayal-of-Indian-Women.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228185630/http://www.coastweek.com/4152-cinema-Zeenat-Aman-Revolutionized-the-Portrayal-of-Indian-Women.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=28 December 2018 |title=Zeenat Aman Revolutionized the Portrayal of Indian Women |publisher=Coastweek |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> described Shah as "a very warm and hospitable man".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/movie-news/zeenat-aman-remembers-her-shalimar-director-krishna-shah |title=Zeenat Aman Remembers Her ''Shalimar'' Director Krishna Shah |publisher=Tellychakkar |date=19 October 2013 |access-date=3 August 2019 |archive-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021104446/http://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/movie-news/zeenat-aman-remembers-her-shalimar-director-krishna-shah |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early years==
===Stage===
Shah began his life in the entertainment business by writing and directing stage plays, internationally. As Artistic Director<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.disa.ukzn.ac.za/sites/default/files/DC%20Metadata%20Files/Alan%20Paton%20Centre%20and%20Struggle%20Archives/PC1_1_8_5_49/PC1_1_8_5_49.pdf |title=Letter from Krishna Shah to Alan Paton |publisher=Alan Paton Centre and Struggle Archives |date=28 December 1963 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> of the [[Indian National Theatre]], he mounted [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath Tagore's]] 1910 ''King of the Dark Chamber'' in New York City in 1961.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tagoresocietyofnyinc.org/history.php |title=Tagore Society of New York, Inc. - History |publisher=Tagore Society of New York, Inc. |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> Later that year, Shah and ''Dark Chamber'' were brought to the [[South Africa]]n theatre scene by the black professional group Union Artists.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Union_of_South_African_Artists |title=Union of South African Artists |publisher=Encyclopaedia of South African Theatre, Film, Media and Performance (ESAT) |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> In 1962, ''Dark Chamber'' opened in [[Durban]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RmwDQAAQBAJ&q=%22krishna+shah%22 |title=Beyond Bollywood and Broadway: Plays from the South Asian Diaspora, Edited by Neilesh Bose |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=2009 |isbn=9780253027917 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> before playing at the [[University of the Witwatersrand|University of the Witwatersrand's]] Great Hall.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Krishna_Shah |title=ESAT - Krishna Shah |publisher=Encyclopaedia of South African Theatre, Film, Media and Performance (ESAT) |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> Shah was then honored with a theatre company created in his name (the Shah Theatre Academy),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.muthalnaidoo.co.za/theatre-othermenu-120/176-shah-theatre-academy |title=Shah Theatre Academy |publisher=Muthal Naidoo |access-date=3 August 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503010709/http://muthalnaidoo.co.za/theatre-othermenu-120/176-shah-theatre-academy |url-status=dead }}</ref> while Professor Dennis Schauffer of the [[University of Durban-Westville]] would later write a scholarly paper titled "In the Shadow of the Shah" which explained in detail Shah's contribution to South Africa's cultural enlightenment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://disa.ukzn.ac.za/sites/default/files/DC%20Metadata%20Files/Gandhi-Luthuli%20Documentation%20Centre/Drama-Schauffer/Drama-Schauffer.pdf |title=In the Shadow of the Shah: The lndic Contribution to Our Developing South African Culture |publisher=Asoka Theatre Publications |date=13 September 1990 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

In 1963, Krishna Shah directed the three act ''Sponono'', which he'd co-written with [[South Africa]]n author and [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid]] activist [[Alan Paton]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/7772646-sponono |title=Sponono: A Play in Three Acts by Alan Paton, Krishna Shah |publisher=Goodreads |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> It was Shah's idea to convert three of Paton's preexisting short stories into a stage play. Shah and Paton worked together on the script, and Union Artists were tapped for actors and other contributions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.disa.ukzn.ac.za/sites/default/files/DC%20Metadata%20Files/Alan%20Paton%20Centre%20and%20Struggle%20Archives/PC1_1_8_5_2/PC1_1_8_5_2.pdf |title=Memorandum of Agreement Between Alan Paton and Krishna Shah |publisher=Alan Paton Centre and Struggle Archives |date=1964 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> ''Sponono'' debuted 12 December 1962 at ML Sultan Theatre, Durban, then travelled to [[Sea Point]], [[Johannesburg]], and on to [[Pietermaritzburg|Pietermaritzburg's]] Lotus Hall in March 1963. [[Cape Times]] critic Ivor Jones said the play was an "exciting dramatic contrivance (that) drew a packed multi-racial audience to its opening night" while Tony Williams Short of [[Cape Argus|The Argus]] noted the play's "universal theme" as being "a profound study of the subtleties and depths of forgiveness."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/62633904.pdf |title=Alan Paton's Writing For the Stage: Towards a Non-Racial South African Theatre |publisher=South African Theatre Journal |date=2007 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

In 1964, Shah and Paton took ''Sponono'' to the [[James Earl Jones Theatre|Cort Theatre]] on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], a well-considered venue renamed in 2022 to ''The James Earl Jones Theatre''.<ref>{{citation |url=https://variety.com/2022/legit/news/james-earl-jones-theater-broadway-cort-1235370902/ |title=Broadway's Cort Theatre Renamed in Honor of James Earl Jones |publisher=Variety |date=13 September 2022 |access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/broadway-theater-renamed-for-james-earl-jones-180980752/ |title=Broadway Theater Renamed to Honor James Earl Jones |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |date=16 September 2022 |access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref> At the Cort, US stage producer Mary Frank took control of ''Sponono''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-VBKHwdFYAUC&q=%22krishna+shah%22+broadway&pg=PT188 |title=The Negro on Broadway: Racial Picture On and Off Broadway Stage Emerges Brighter Than In Previous Years |publisher=Ebony Magazine |date=April 1964 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzeiySJZXF4C&q=%22krishna+shah%22 |title=Broadway Plays and Musicals: Descriptions and Essential Facts of More Than 14000 Shows from 2007 |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc. |date=2007 |isbn=9780786453092 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> The play had many internal difficulties. Frank fired Shah shortly before opening night and proceeded to change pivotal aspects of the play. Shah vehemently protested these changes, stating that the play had seen success in South Africa and that the changes Frank was making would destroy the meaning and presentation. Shah was subsequently forbidden to be near the play's cast or production, with Frank citing Shah as being "ill" for a cover story.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.disa.ukzn.ac.za/sites/default/files/DC%20Metadata%20Files/Alan%20Paton%20Centre%20and%20Struggle%20Archives/PC1_1_8_5_67/PC1_1_8_5_67.pdf |title=Letter from Krishna Shah to Alan Paton |publisher=Alan Paton Centre and Struggle Archives |date=6 April 1964 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

The play closed prematurely. Quite unlike its South African run, ''Sponono'' on Broadway was indeed a critical and financial failure. As the play was dying, Frank ran a confrontational and confusing ad in the [[New York Times]], lambasting the city's "Negroes and liberals" for not attending the show, while crediting the play completely to Shah and Paton as their work, alone.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.disa.ukzn.ac.za/sites/default/files/DC%20Metadata%20Files/Alan%20Paton%20Centre%20and%20Struggle%20Archives/PC1_1_8_6_10/PC1_1_8_6_10.pdf |title=Article by Mary K. Frank in New York Times |publisher=Alan Paton Centre and Struggle Archives |date=15 April 1964 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> It was twenty years before Frank would produce her next and final play,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/mary-k-frank-23120 |title=Internet Broadway Database: Mary K. Frank |publisher=IBDB |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> while Krishna Shah would abandon the world of theatre to explore film and television. Paton himself expressed regret at the "tragic" occurrences due to Frank's interference, saying, "I now wish, of course, that we had not presented the play on Broadway."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.disa.ukzn.ac.za/sites/default/files/DC%20Metadata%20Files/Alan%20Paton%20Centre%20and%20Struggle%20Archives/PC1_1_8_5_66/PC1_1_8_5_66.pdf |title=Letter from Alan Paton to Krishna Shah |publisher=Alan Paton Centre and Struggle Archives |date=14 April 1964 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

===UCLA film school===
After the mid-1960s fiasco of ''Sponono'' on Broadway, Krishna Shah became a [[UCLA]] student, enrolling in the university's [[UCLA School of Theater, Film, and Television|film program]] of the day. During May 1966 his student short film ''Our Gang'' debuted at UCLA's "Talking Pictures" semi-annual evening of films. ''Our Gang'' was praised as "the best and most truly imaginative movie of the batch".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/30100635/ray_ucla/ |title=UCLA Student Film Festival: A Mixed Bag of Tricks (Page 64) |work=Los Angeles Times |date=17 May 1966 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> Shah would years later repeatedly claim that ''Our Gang'' had won second place at a UCLA school competition, while director [[George Lucas|George Lucas']] ''[[THX 1138#1967 student film|THX 1138]]'' student film had won first.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/Im-in-Bollywood-to-make-a-difference-to-myself/articleshow/112926.cms |title=I'm In Bollywood To Make a Difference to Myself|publisher=Times of India |date=5 August 2003 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> However, Lucas was a [[USC School of Cinematic Arts]] student, and the original student version of Lucas' 1138 film was not screened in public until 1967.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/12/05/george-lucas-student-film-thx-streaming-on-dust/ |title=George Lucas' Student Film, 'THX 1138,' Will Stream Soon |publisher=Engadget |date=5 December 2017 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

===US television===
In 1966, Krishna Shah's ''"The Abominable Snowman Affair"'' was purchased by [[MGM Television]] for season three of its hit series ''[[The Man from U.N.C.L.E.]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://directories.wga.org/project/196404/the-man-from-u-n-c-l-e/ |title=The Man From U.N.C.L.E. |publisher=WGAW: Find a Writer |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> The episode, number 13 for the season and number 72 overall, was broadcast 9 December 1966.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/the_man_from_u_n_c_l_e_/s03/e13 |title=The Man From U.N.C.L.E. > Season 3 > Episode 13 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> Fans of the show would later consider the episode among the worst of the series.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://uncleepisodeguide.wordpress.com/season-three-1966-67/ |title=The Man From U.N.C.L.E. Episode Guide, Season Three |publisher=The Man From U.N.C.L.E. Episode Guide |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

Shah would later share a 1968 [[WGA screenwriting credit system#Story by|Story by]] credit with [[John McGreevey]] and [[Albert Mannheimer]] on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC Television]] show ''[[The Flying Nun]]''. The episode, titled "Tonio's Mother," was first season, number 19.

In 1973, Shah directed [[Sketch comedy|vignettes]] in two episodes of the [[Paramount Television]] series ''[[Love, American Style]]''. Shah's ''Love and the Clinical Problem'' appeared season five, episode 33, and featured [[Dr. Joyce Brothers]] in a comedic take on sex clinics of the times. On 23 November 1973, Shah's ''Love and the Time Machine'' aired, with [[Cindy Williams]] as the subject of a [[Temporal paradox|temporal]] experiment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ultimate70s.com/actor/-/Love,_American_Style/51 |title=1970-1982 Episode Guide for ''Love, American Style'' |publisher=Ultimate 70s |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

Krishna Shah worked for [[Universal Television]] in 1974, directing a single episode of the [[Raymond Burr]] show [[Ironside (1967 TV series)|Ironside]]. His episode, called "Once More for Joey," was part of Ironside's seventh season.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}

Shah's work in US television concluded with his single episode contribution to the series ''[[The Six Million Dollar Man]]'', again for [[Universal Television|Universal]]. The episode aired 24 March 1974 with the title "Dr. Wells Is Missing". Shah shared a [[WGA screenwriting credit system#Process|Written by]] credit with [[Elroy Schwartz]], [[William J. Keenan]], and [[Lionel E. Siegel]]. The episode established that character [[Steve Austin (character)|Steve Austin]] could push his [[bionic]] legs beyond {{cvt|60|mph|km/h}}.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}

==Motion pictures (as director)==
===''Rivals''===
{{main|Rivals (1972 film)}}
In June 1969, ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' announced that [[MGM]] and [[Warner Bros.]] had optioned ''The Wound,'' a Krishna Shah original screenplay. [[Monroe Sachson]] would direct the picture as his feature film debut, and the script's working title became ''Jaimie'' for a time. Two years later [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] reported that the rights for the screenplay had reverted to Shah, due to production delays. In 1972, Shah decided to produce and finance the movie himself, and also direct. With the help of [[Wall Street]] brother-in-law [[N. Norman Muller]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/04/archives/hes-the-thorn-in-scm-corp.html |title=He's the Thorn in SCM Corp. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=4 November 1979 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> Shah mounted the film---now called ''[[Rivals (1972 film)|Rivals]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/88364/rivals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222100247/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/88364/Rivals/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2015 |title=Rivals(1972) - Also Known As: Deadly Rivals, Jaimie, The Wound |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>---via investments from members of the Muttontown and Hampshire country clubs of [[Long Island]], a process undertaken by Muller who had membership at both venues.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/54572 |title=AFI Catalog of Feature Films, The First 100 Years 1893–1993: Rivals (1972) |publisher=American Film Institute |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

Shah was able to set a cast that included [[Joan Hackett]], [[Robert Klein]], and [[Scott Jacoby (actor)|Scott Jacoby]] in the leading roles.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}} The film was shot in and around New York City, and was distributed by [[Avco Embassy]] in 1972. Upon its release---and in all the years since---''Rivals'' was widely savaged by critics large and small.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://biffbampop.com/2018/05/31/prime-in-the-dustbin-rivals-1972/ |title=Biff Bam Pop! Presents Prime in the Dustbin: ''Rivals'' (1972) |publisher=Biff Bam Bop |date=31 May 2018 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.coolasscinema.com/2011/08/rivals-1972-review.html |title=Rivals (1972) Review |publisher=Cool Ass Cinema |date=14 August 2011 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> [[Roger Greenspun]] of [[The New York Times]] called the film "terrible in such eccentric ways and with such a desire to instruct that I can't deny it certain values, though probably never the values it intended."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/08/24/archives/film-jealousy-consumes-eccentric-boy-in-rivals.html |title=Film: Jealousy Consumes Eccentric Boy in ''Rivals'' |work=The New York Times |date=24 August 1972 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> The [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|US Conference of Catholic Bishops]] deemed the movie "repugnant trash" and gave it their ''Morally Offensive'' mark.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.usccb.org/movies/r/rivals1972.shtml |title=Catholic News Service Media Review Office: Rivals |newspaper=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops |date=1972 |access-date=3 August 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In an attempt to rescue the movie from its box office failure, the film was re-released as ''Deadly Rivals''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://vhscollector.com/movie/deadly-rivals-0 |title=Deadly Rivals |publisher=VHS Collector |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> It was hoped the audience for thriller genre movies would respond to the new name, but they did not.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mondo-digital.com/rivals.html |title=Rivals |publisher=Mondo Digital: 20 Years of Weird and Wild Movies |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> In 1982 another attempt was made to switch the title when distributor [[Jack H. Harris]] reissued the film for theatres, branding it ''Sex and the Single Parent''.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

===''The River Niger''===
{{main|The River Niger (film)}}

[[James Earl Jones]], [[Cicely Tyson]], and [[Louis Gossett Jr.|Lou Gossett, Jr.]] would headline Krishna Shah's second feature film, ''[[The River Niger (film)|The River Niger]]''.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}

In May 1973, the film rights to [[Joseph A. Walker (playwright)|Joseph A. Walker's]] [[Tony Awards|Tony]] and [[Pulitzer Prize|Pulitzer]]-winning Broadway play ''The River Niger'' were purchased from [[The Negro Ensemble Company]] at a price "well into six figures," by veteran producer [[Sidney Beckerman (movie producer)|Sidney Beckerman]]. After rejections by all the major studios and larger independent financiers, Beckerman contacted [[Ike Jones|Isaac L. Jones]] for help. Jones successfully solicited a nationwide group of black businessmen affiliated with Minority Enterprise Small Business Investment Corporations (MESBIC), a program established under the [[Nixon]] administration to stimulate investments in minority owned and controlled businesses.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/03/20/archives/nixon-to-ask-minority-business-funds.html |title=Nixon to Ask Minority Business Funds |newspaper=The New York Times |date=20 March 1972 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> Jones later stated that ''The River Niger'' was the first major film to be financed entirely with MESBIC capital. "I hope this film is successful for our backers," he said. "We all despise [[Blaxploitation|black exploitation]] films and want to create alternatives."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/07/13/archives/film-notes-hollywood-focuses-on-hollywood.html |title=Film Notes: Hollywood Focuses on Hollywood - Black Money For Black Movies |newspaper=The New York Times |date=13 July 1975 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

Krishna Shah was then selected to direct. In May 1975 it was reported that the filming of ''The River Niger''---also known as ''Ghetto Warriors''---was underway, with a budget of nearly US$800,000 (approximately US$3,900,000 in 2019, when adjusted for inflation). On 26 December 1975, [[The Hollywood Reporter]] stated that [[principal photography]] had been concluded, and that Shah had finished the film under budget and in only 19 days.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/55960 |title=AFI Catalog Of Feature Films - The First 100 Years 1893–1993: The River Niger (1976) |publisher=American Film Institute |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

''The River Niger'' had its 2 April 1976 world premiere in Chicago, with a general Los Angeles opening 7 April 1976. Despite the award-winning source material and superb cast, box office was minimal and reviews were largely negative. [[Roger Ebert]] gave the film two stars, saying "(it) has good intentions and several very well-acted scenes. But its direction is a mess".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-river-niger-1976 |title=Roger Ebert Reviews: The River Niger |publisher=Roger Ebert |date=5 April 1976 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> Chief film critic [[Vincent Canby]] of [[The New York Times]] called the movie "a screen disappointment" and "virtually an object lesson in how ''not'' to make a movie out of a theater piece," saying the overall narrative had "a total lack of cohesive style and cinematic intelligence".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/04/15/archives/river-niger-a-screen-disappointment.html |title=''River Niger'' a Screen Disappointment |newspaper=The New York Times |date=15 April 1976 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> [[TV Guide]] would later say that the film "misses the mark due to Shah's uncertain direction," while giving the movie two stars.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/the-river-niger/review/116086/ |title=The River Niger: Review |publisher=TV Guide |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> However, [[Leonard Maltin]] gave the film three stars, calling it an "intelligent, moving story" that was "touching and convincing."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzPADT7BTRcC&q=%22river+niger%22+jones |title=Leonard Maltin's 2013 Movie Guide: The Modern Era |publisher=Signet |date=September 2012 |isbn=9781101604632 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

For her work in the role of Mattie, Cicely Tyson would go on to win the 1976 NAACP [[NAACP Image Awards|Image Award]] for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture.

===''Shalimar''===
{{main|Shalimar (1978 film)}}

This Indo-American production, Krishna Shah's 1978 film ''[[Shalimar (1978 film)|Shalimar]]'', was touted as the most expensive film ever made in India at the time and employed an ambitious galaxy of international stars. Shah himself said the film would be "a caper film to end all caper films."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19780131-krishna-shahs-shalimar-most-expensive-movie-ever-made-in-india-822813-2014-10-13 |title=Krishna Shah's ''Shalimar'' Most Expensive Movie Ever Made In India |publisher=India Today |date=31 January 1978 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> Instead, as recorded by longtime columnist and film historian [[Dinesh Raheja]], "Shalimar was an epic disaster that changed the course of Bollywood itself. Nobody dared attempt a Hollywood collaboration for a long time thereafter."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/dinesh-raheja-column-recalling-bollywoods-past-thugs-of-hindostan-like-disasters |title=Dinesh Raheja Column: Recalling Bollywood's Past Thugs of Hindostan-Like Disasters |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=25 November 2018 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

Recalling the beginnings of ''Shalimar'', novelist [[Manohar Malgonkar]] said, "Krishna Shah wrote the screenplay of ''Shalimar'', based on a story written jointly with [[Stanford Sharman]]. After that, (Shah) lived with it for several years, chopping and changing, pruning and adding, revising and polishing, before he made it into a film."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Manohar-Malgaonkar.pdf |title=Makers of Indian Literature: Manohar Malgaonkar |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |date=2016 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

''Shalimar'' went on to rate sixth on a list of the top 10 Bollywood flops of the 1970s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1mVuJJPm3UC&q=%22krishna+shah%22 |title=The Essential Guide to Bollywood By Subhash K. Jha, Amitabh Bachchan |publisher=Roli Books |date=2005 |isbn=9788174363787 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> As with the previous failure of ''Rivals'', Shah and his investors re-released ''Shalimar'' under several different titles in an attempt to somehow recoup the millions lost. One such "decoy" title was ''Raiders of the Sacred Stone'', which had its own re-designed poster.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/dvd-shalimar-the-deadly-thief-zenat-aman/3934507 |title=Shalimar - The Deadly Thief|publisher=Barnes and Noble |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bookdepository.com/Raiders-Sacred-Stone-Krishna-Shah/9781595520159 |title=Raiders of the Sacred Stone|publisher=Book Depository |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-shalimar-juwel-des-todes-raiders-of-shalimar-usa-1978-regie-krishna-125567403.html |title=Shalimar - Juwel des Todes, (Raiders of Shalimar) USA 1978|publisher=Alamy |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

===''Cinema Cinema''===
{{main|Cinema Cinema}}

After the spectacular financial and critical failure of ''Shalimar'', Krishna Shah turned to the documentary circuit with his 1979 [[Montage (filmmaking)|montage]] film ''[[Cinema Cinema]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/cinema-cinema-v161178 |title=Cinema Cinema (1979), Directed by Krishna Shah |publisher=AllMovie |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> The film's premise is a 1970s Indian movie theatre audience engaged in watching a [[pastiche]] of historically significant Bollywood cinema clips, and their reactions to it. The documentary has accrued wildly mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timeout.com/london/film/cinema-cinema |title=Cinema Cinema|publisher=Time Out London |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://memsaabstory.com/2009/11/25/cinema-cinema-1979/ |title=Cinema Cinema (1979) |publisher=Memsaab Story |date=25 November 2009 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/recentpost/Cinema-Cinema-1979-and-Film--918 |title=Cinema Cinema (1979) and Film Hi Film (1983) - Two Rare, Lesser Known Attempts Made, Using Clippings of Many Released and Unreleased Films. |publisher=Bobby Talks Cinema |date=5 June 2012 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> However, [[Soumyadip Choudhury]] gave the film a "must watch" accolade,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cuttingthechai.com/2014/01/6636/interval-cinema-hall-screening-hindi-film-1970s/ |title=Watch: Interval At a Cinema Hall in the 1970s, Screening a Hindi Film |publisher=Cutting the Chai |date=29 January 2014 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> and [[Live Mint|Live Mint's]] [[Uday Bhatia]] and [[Jai Arjun Singh]] said ''Cinema Cinema'' is "(a) charming history lesson" that was "lovingly assembled by Shah".

===''Hard Rock Zombies''===
{{main|Hard Rock Zombies}}

In 1985, Krishna Shah tried his hand at writing, producing, and directing for the comedy-horror genre with his movie ''[[Hard Rock Zombies]]''. The film failed financially and was universally panned by critics,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://toiletovhell.com/horror-movies-and-heavy-metal-hard-rock-zombies/ |title=Horror Movies and Heavy Metal: ''Hard Rock Zombies'' |publisher=The Toilet Ov Hell |date=17 October 2014 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> with [[Philip Brophy]] saying it "(has) the most ludicrous dialogue you'll ever hear short of an [[Ed Wood Jr.]] movie,"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.philipbrophy.com/projects/exploitationvideos/03.html |title=Exploitation Videos 3 |publisher=Video Age |date=September 1985 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> and Evan Wade of ''[[Something Awful]]'' observing that "the only way this movie could be shittier is if it was a slideshow of Photoshop images featuring Ackbar battling Chuck Norris over a volcano full of robot dinosaurs. Also, it takes itself very seriously."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.somethingawful.com/movie-reviews/hard-rock-zombies/1/ |title=Hard Rock Zombies |publisher=Something Awful |date=14 June 2006 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

Adding insult to injury, Krishna Shah's on-screen "Written by" credit is misspelt.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://horrornews.net/76217/film-review-hard-rock-zombies-1985/ |title=Film Review: Hard Rock Zombies (1985) |publisher=Horror News |date=21 August 2013 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

===''American Drive-In''===
Krishna Shah's self-created parallel to [[George Lucas]] (whom Shah never knew) would again come to the foreground in his 1985 ''American Drive-In''.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}} The film, a critical and box office washout, was Shah's final movie as director. Veteran critic [[Leonard Klady]] of [[The Los Angeles Times]] offered that ''American Drive-In'' should be considered "the destitute man's ''[[American Graffiti]]''." He continued by saying, "(the film) is such a desperate stab at entertainment that if one were stranded on a desert island surrounded by sharks with only ''this'' movie to watch, you'd opt for water skiing."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-10-27-ca-16678-story.html |title=Movie Review: Sigalert on ''Drive-In'' |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=27 October 1987 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

==Distribution and production==
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Krishna Shah had a small string of ongoing [[boutique]] distribution and agenting companies, starting with his "Movie Reps" shingle that was based in a luxury [[high-rise]] residential condominium on Hollywood Boulevard and La Brea.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://publicrecords.directory/profiles/k-shah.17026756.html |title=Public Records: Krishna Shah and Movie Reps |publisher=Public Info Directory |access-date=3 August 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Movie Reps would regularly attend most and sometimes all of the film markets such as [[MIFED]], [[MIPCOM]], [[American Film Market|AFM]], and [[Cannes]], carrying with it a slate of generally low-budget "schlock" fare, sold to various effect.

===Movie Reps===
In the late 1980s, Krishna Shah established Movie Reps, a company acting as middleman between film [[film distribution|distributors]] and producers. Shah said to [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] in a January 1991 interview, "Producers need me because I can get their films distributed. Distributors need me because I can make sure they are buying all the rights that they think they are." (Variety incorrectly reported the name of Shah's company in the article, calling it ''Media Reps''. A correction was not issued.)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/1991/film/features/entrepreneurs-find-new-film-inroads-99124663/ |title=Entrepreneurs Find New Film Inroads |newspaper=Variety |date=27 January 1991 |access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref>

Krishna Shah and his Movie Reps would become involved with hundreds of international independent producers, distributors, financiers, and associated personnel, generally in the micro to low-budget arena. People such as [[Nagesh Kukunoor]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/Z91zkiRWa8PEs5OOZfkr1N/When-movies-lose-money-I-dont-lose-any-sleep-over-it-Nage.html |title=When Movies Lose Money, I Don't Lose Any Sleep Over It: Nagesh Kukunoor |publisher=Live Minet |date=14 July 2018 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> [[Bud Cort]], [[Ron Marchini]], [[David Carradine]] (then on the downside of his career), and even [[Timothy Leary]] were regularly in and out the door of the Movie Reps offices.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodnetwork.com/AFM/moviereps.html |title=Movie Reps International |publisher=The Hollywood Producers Network |date=1997 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> At one point, [[Hugh Grant]] and [[Elizabeth Hurley]]---both largely unknown at the time---made an appointment with Shah, to consider buying his condo unit. After they came by to have a look, nothing ever became of it.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

In 1995, Krishna Shah claimed to have generated US$2-million for Movie Reps from a deal he made to distribute a previously unknown [[Jim Carrey]] TV movie, ''Introducing Janet''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19951115-krishna-shah-grabs-rights-for-introducing-janet-starring-james-carrey-807947-1995-11-15 |title=Krishna Shah Grabs Rights for ''Introducing Janet'' Starring James Carrey |publisher=India Today |date=15 November 1995 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> The movie was later retitled as ''[[Rubberface]]''.

In the twilight era of Shah's Movie Reps company, he would find himself involved with [[Pakistan]]i filmmaker [[Aslam Ansari Mohammad]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.torinofilmlab.it/people/6118-aslam-ansari-mohammad |title=Aslam Ansari Mohammad: Pakistan - Film Director, Production |publisher=TorinoFilmLab |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> who claimed to have been attacked by an assassin on a Los Angeles freeway due to his public meetings with Krishna Shah and writer [[Michel Potts]], regarding a screenplay about a [[CIA]] killing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blopDwAAQBAJ&q=krishna+shah |title=Hanging Out in Paris and Hollywood: The Turbulent Journey of a Filmmaker By Aslam Ansari |publisher=slam Ansari |date=2012 |isbn=9781387031900 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

===Double Helix Films===
Krishna Shah began his work with Double Helix Films while he was still running Movie Reps.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19920615-indian-producers-strike-deals-and-rustle-up-packages-getting-into-the-global-act-767464-2013-01-08 |title=Krishna Shah May Have Flopped With His Indian Forays but His Company, Double Helix, is Nibbling Into Hollywood, Churning Out Action Quickies |publisher=India Today |date=15 June 1992 |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> As such, he commissioned professionally crafted multi-page "newsletters" for each and every major market attended by the company. These newsletters were used as a sales and publicity tool, and they contained outlandish, grandiose stories (some of them fictitious) regarding various clients and projects. In the centerfold, Shah placed an extensive list of the Double Helix library offerings, with micro-descriptions of the entire collection. These descriptions were so over-the-top and ridiculous that they became widely known in markets such as Cannes, where various market attendees would be seen on the [[Promenade de la Croisette|Croisette]], reading the centerfold and laughing about it.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

In 1991 Krishna Shah bought the Double Helix Films library from [[Odyssey Entertainment]], signing a US$3.6-million [[IOU]] note via brother-in-law N. Norman Muller, at the time CEO of Odyssey. Shah became President of Double Helix Films, and would default on the arranged IOU in 1993. His Double Helix library was sold to ATC II, Inc.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/1995/film/features/recounting-odyssey-s-long-fall-99124893/ |title=Recounting Odyssey's Long Fall|newspaper=Variety |date=5 February 1995 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

Double Helix was involved in numerous lawsuits, including Krishna Shah's personal suit against Muller, and vice versa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/863061/000086306199000004/0000863061-99-000004.txt |title=SEC Arbitration Filing|publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=18 October 1999 |access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref>

===Carnegie Film Group===
For a time, Krishna Shah was President of yet another distribution outfit, the [[Carnegie Film Group]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://firmscalifornia.com/enterprise/carnegie-film-group-inc.31333538323935.html |title=Firms California: Carnegie Film Group, Inc. |publisher=Firms California |access-date=3 August 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> which was created from the ashes of Double Helix Films. Shah would find his company embroiled in various lawsuits.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/1994/film/news/carnegie-hit-with-suit-at-afm-118947/ |title=Carnegie Hit With Suit at AFM |newspaper=Variety |date=6 March 1994 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> Carnegie closed its doors in 1995.

==Unrealized projects==
Several of Shah's high-profile "dream movies" were never realized. While numerous stories of these films circulated for decades in the established international media, not a single project came to fruition.

===Baiju - The Gypsy===
In 2010, Shah announced his remake of ''[[Baiju Bawra (film)|Baiju Bawra]]'', with [[A. R. Rahman|A.R. Rahman]] already aboard to do music.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bollyspice.com/aamir-in-krishna-shahs-remake-of-baiju-bawra/ |title=Aamir In Krishna Shah's Remake of Baiju Bawra |publisher=BollySpice |date=30 October 2010 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> The film, later retitled ''Baiju - The Gypsy'', was shelved. Shah then attempted to publicly auction his script to the highest bidder.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/krishna-shah-wants-to-auction-baiju-script/story-k3GvDyYEQCSYwA9JmifeRO.html |title=Krishna Shah Wants To Auction ''Baiju'' Script |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=22 October 2010 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

===Taj===
In August 2000 a [[Screen Daily]] piece mentioned that Shah was in the talent scouting phase for his ''Taj Mahal'', a film expected to enter production in 2001. Eight years later, the project was announced as a US$25-million epic historical romance, now renamed ''Taj''. Shah reportedly sold the script to "Hollywood" for Rs 2 Crore (approximately US$345,000 in 2019, when accounting inflation) and said there were "feelers" from [[Ridley Scott]], [[Michael Rymer]], [[Silvio Sardi]], and [[Ramoji Rao]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/hollywood-laps-up-taj-script-for-rs-2-crore/articleshow/2830459.cms |title=Hollywood Laps Up ''Taj'' Script for Rs 2 Crore|publisher=Reuters |date=12 March 2008 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7y1G0kViyw4 |title=Krishna Shah on ''Taj'' (CNN-IBN)|publisher=CNN-IBN |date=9 March 2008 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> Shah commented that his script was being compared to the works of [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] by professionals in the Hollywood film industry.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-32444420080312 |title=Taj Mahal Inspires Another Hollywood Film|publisher=Reuters |date=12 March 2008 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> Later, it was reported that [[Michael Radford]] was attached to direct.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2008/film/markets-festivals/radford-to-build-taj-1117980176/ |title=Radford To Build ''Taj'' |publisher=Variety |date=4 February 2008 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-radford-plans-a-taj-shoot-1213006 |title=Radford Plans a Taj Shoot |publisher=dna India |date=10 December 2008 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/videos/india/taj-mahal-on-film-284626.html |title=Hollywood Now Set To Make Movie on Mughals |publisher=News 18 |date=7 March 2008 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> Still, nothing became of ''Taj'' and it never appeared in the news again.

===Slate announcement===
Krishna Shah started a [[Mumbai]]-based production company in 2003, calling it ''Movie Moghuls''. He announced a slate of three films, each of them in some state of preproduction,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.screendaily.com/krishna-shah-launches-three-indian-features/4014239.article |title=Krishna Shah Launches Three Indian Features |publisher=Screen Daily |date=20 July 2003 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> but nothing ever became of them.

===Mother: The Indira Gandhi Story (aka Birth of a Nation)===
In 2009, Krishna Shah announced [[Tom Hanks]] and [[Tommy Lee Jones]] as "being lined up" for the roles of [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and [[Richard Nixon]] in Shah's upcoming cinematic account of [[Indira Gandhi|Indira Gandhi's]] life story, his self-written ''Birth of a Nation''. Shah also announced that, "the 'Queen of Bollywood,' [[Madhuri Dixit]], has been picked to play the title role."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6684296/Bollywood-and-Hollywood-to-unite-on-Indira-Gandhi-epic.html |title=Bollywood and Hollywood to Unite on Indira Gandhi Epic|publisher=The Telegraph |date=30 November 2009 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> Also mentioned as pending cast were [[Emily Watson]] and [[Albert Finney]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.santabanta.com/bollywood/32950/i%60m-lining-up-a-star-cast-for-indira-biopic-filmmaker-krishna-shah/ |title=I'm Lining Up a Star Cast for Indira Biopic: Filmmaker Krishna Shah |publisher=Santa Banta |date=2 December 2009 |access-date=3 August 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Later, [[Helen Mirren]] was said to be "in talks" for the film<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2434589/indira-gandhi-biopic-recasts-helen-mirren-as-the-queen-taps-tom-hanks-for-lbj |title=Indira Gandhi Biopic Recasts Helen Mirren As The Queen, Taps Tom Hanks For LBJ? |publisher=MTV |date=30 November 2009 |access-date=3 August 2019}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lapresse.ca/cinema/nouvelles/201207/17/01-4550092-helen-mirren-de-retour-en-elisabeth-ii.php |title=Helen Mirren de retour en Elisabeth II? |publisher=La Presse |date=30 November 2009 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> but when interviewed on the matter Mirren said, "No, no. I'm not interested in biopics or anything of the sort."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/184211/No-more-Queen-for-Mirren |title=No More Queen For Mirren |publisher=Express UK |date=1 July 2010 |access-date=29 November 2019}}</ref>

On 21 November 2009, a story was released that confirmed Madhuri Dixit had indeed been enticed to "sign on the dotted line" for the role of Indira Gandhi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.movietalkies.com/news/shalimar-director-makes-a-comeback/ |title=Shalimar Director Makes a Comeback|publisher=Movie Talkies |date=21 November 2009 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> Dixit immediately issued a counter-statement explaining that all reports of her playing the title character were premature, as she had not yet agreed to the role.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/madhuri-not-yet-signed-to-play-indira-gandhi-news-bollywood-kkfrnQidfjisi.html |title=Madhuri Not Yet Signed to Play Indira Gandhi|website=Sify Movies |date=21 November 2009 |access-date=3 August 2019}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In January 2010 the ''Birth of a Nation'' budget had inflated to US$65-million, and the project was labeled "propaganda" by some in the [[Sikhs|Sikh]] community.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sikhchic.com/article-detail.php?id=1247&cat=12 |title=Would You Tolerate a Film Glorifying Hitler? |publisher=Sikh Chic |date=21 January 2010 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

During the [[Cannes Film Festival]] of May 2010, [[Telegraph India]] journalist Amit Roy was told by Krishna Shah that ''Birth of a Nation'' was set to be made in two parts, "...like [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''Lord of the Rings'']]." Shah said he'd written 18 drafts of the script to date. Shah also pointed out that his earlier plan to cast actress Madhuri Dixit in the lead had been "ditched," and he had instead gotten three other actresses secretly lined up.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/eye-on-england-16-05-2010/cid/516645 |title=Vikramaditya Rules, OK? Where's Freida? Indira Rising; Mr. and Mrs. Love In Paris & Delhi; Farr Out Tittle Tattle|publisher=Telegraph India |date=16 May 2010 |access-date=29 November 2019}}</ref>

In August 2010 Krishna Shah told [[Dubai|Dubai's]] [[Gulf News]] that his ''Birth of a Nation'' script "...(had) been re-worked after I got my hands on [[Richard Nixon|Richard Nixon's]] personal tapes related to the 1971 [[Bangladesh War]]." Shah also indicated that high-profile Bollywood actress [[Priyanka Chopra]] was now his preferred casting choice for the Indira Gandhi role, based on his conversations with [[Academy Award]]-winning makeup artist [[Jenny Shircore]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/priyanka-may-play-indira-in-biopic-about-late-pm-1.671294 |title=Priyanka May Play Indira In Biopic About Late PM
|publisher=Gulf News |date=22 August 2010 |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> In the first week of October 2010 Krishna Shah made a sudden turnaround, revealing to [[India TV News]] that Hindi actress [[Kareena Kapoor]] would take the Indira Gandhi role. This change was reported as due to makeup artists Jenny Shircore (and additionally [[Greg Cannom]]) deciding that Kapoor would be better suited than Chopra, for Indira Gandhi's physical transformations throughout the film. The article states, "While Shircore, who won the Academy (Award) for her work in ''[[Elizabeth (film)|Elizabeth]]'', had felt that Priyanka is the only actress, Connam, who has worked on ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'', has now started to think that Kareena is more perfect."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/hollywood-zeroing-in-on-kareena-to-play-indira-gandhi-1434.html |title=Hollywood Zeroing In On Kareena To Play Indira Gandhi |publisher=India TV News |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> According to Shah, the various Gandhi makeup effects would require much of Kapoor; for example, an hour to apply for Indira at age 20, two hours at age 50, and three hours at age 67.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cinejosh.com/news/1/10898/kareena-becomes-indira-gandhi.html |title=Kareena Becomes Indira Gandhi|publisher=CineJosh |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=29 November 2019}}</ref> Less than a month later Shah would comment about his casting process with a confusing statement: "As it stands today, only two actors in Bollywood are on the scanner (for the role of Indira): One is Kareena Kapoor and the other is Priyanka Chopra."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/64219/a-political-casting-call/ |title=A Political Casting Call|publisher=The Express Tribune |date=18 October 2010 |access-date=29 November 2019}}</ref>

In December 2010 Krishna Shah gave another interview regarding his Indira movie, with the headline "My Film Will Be Out in 2012".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/My-film-will-be-out-in-2012-Krishna-Shah/articleshow/7093089.cms |title=My Film Will Be Out in 2012: Krishna Shah|publisher=SaddaHaq |date=14 December 2010 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

In March 2012 Krishna Shah was again asked if Madhuri Dixit would be carrying the lead in ''Birth of a Nation''. His answer was an emphatic ''no''. "It will be essayed," he said, "by either a newcomer or a Bollywood star, somebody who can capture the spirit and stature of Indira Gandhi".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/film-on-indira-gandhi-not-a-biopic-producer/story-Oabe3APYnZEBvZ0NOwJM0J.html |title=Film on Indira Gandhi Not a Biopic: Producer|publisher=Hindustan Times |date=20 March 2012 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

In April 2012 ''[[The Times of India]]'' carried a Q&A with Krishna Shah and director [[Bruce Beresford]] titled "A 2014 Oscar for Indira?".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kenatchityblog.com/2012/04/2014-oscar-for-indira.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018095203/http://www.kenatchityblog.com/2012/04/2014-oscar-for-indira.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=18 October 2015 |title=A 2014 Oscar for Indira?|publisher=KenAtchityBlog.com |date=20 April 2012 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> Beresford confirms his attachment to the project as director while Shah brushes off any idea of problems with the Gandhi family, saying, "This story is in the public domain and as an artiste, I have the right to interpret and depict it, based on factual material. They (Gandhis) know I am doing this film. I haven't sought any permission, nor do I need to. Through intermediaries, however, we have informed them."

As reported by [[High society (social class)|high society]] columnist Nisha Jamwal (aka Nisha JamVwal), in July 2012 Krishna Shah threw an "Indira Gandhi Gala"---hosted at [[Juhu|Juhu Chowpatty Beach]], [[Mumbai]]---to celebrate the pending ''Birth of a Nation'' production. In attendance and pictured with Shah were director Bruce Beresford, along with Hollywood's "Power Couple"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thewrap.com/are-power-couple-rick-nicita-paula-wagner-going-business-together-36900/ |title=Are Power Couple Rick Nicita, Paula Wagner Going Into Business Together?|publisher=The Wrap |date=9 April 2012 |access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref> of former [[Creative Artists Agency]] co-chairman [[Rick Nicita]] and producer/talent agent [[Paula Wagner]]. Others photographed at the gala included [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Poonam Dhillon]], [[Neena Gupta]], [[Soni Razdan]], [[Deepa Sahi]], [[Rohini Hattangadi]], [[Kalpana Lazmi]], [[Ashutosh Gowarikar]], [[Prateik Babbar]], [[Ketan Mehta]], and [[Sanjay Chhel]]. Jamwal states, "For me the most fascinating part of the evening was the mini-film that Krishna and Bruce showcased through the cocktails. The film uses modern technology to morph several well known Hollywood and Bollywood actors as Indian politicians. This was done to illustrate what Beresford had carefully planned with Krishna to indicate whom he was thinking of, for which role."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.missmalini.com/2012/07/23/guest-celebrity-blogger-nisha-jamvwal-indira-gandhi-party-with-oscar-laureate-bruce-beresford/ |title=Guest Celebrity Blogger: Nisha JamVwal - 'Indira Gandhi' Party With Oscar Laureate Bruce Beresford |publisher=missmalini.com |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref>

After the gala there was no further public information regarding ''Birth of a Nation''. Since the time of his death in 2013, Krishna Shah's Indira Gandhi project remains unmade.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.saddahaq.com/his-film-on-indira-gandhi-was-a-dream-unfulfilled-a-tribute-to-krishna-shah |title=Film Visionary Shah's Last Unfulfilled Wish: A Film on Indira Gandhi |publisher=SaddaHaq |date=17 October 2013 |access-date=3 August 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Later years==
Krishna Shah kept occupied in his later years by traveling the speaker circuit and hosting various filmmaking forums, seminars, and discussions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rxpgnews.com/europe/Why-dont-more-Indian-films-do-well-globally_33388.shtml |title=Why Don't More Indian films Do Well Globally?|publisher=RxPG News |date=21 May 2007 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/aug/aug20.htm |title=''Shalimar'' Director Krishna Shah Visits Digital Academy|publisher=Indian Television |date=4 August 2003 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/july/july12.htm |title=Krishna Shah To Conduct Seminar In Mumbai|publisher=Indian Television |date=2 July 2004 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

Shah also claimed to have made "a lot of money" in his ongoing work as a Hollywood [[Script doctor|Script Doctor]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/shalimar-s-maker-is-back/story-UTkZ3trg9USPpEI7mNXnoI.html |title=''Shalimar's'' Maker Is Back |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=15 August 2003 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Producer
! Writer
! Notes
|-
| 1966
| ''Our Gang''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| UCLA student short film
|-
| 1966
| ''[[The Man from U.N.C.L.E.]]'' (TV)
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| One episode ("The Abominable Snowman Affair")
|-
| 1968
| ''[[The Flying Nun]]'' (TV)
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| Story By; one episode ("Tonio's Mother")
|-
| 1972
| ''[[Rivals (1972 film)|Rivals]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1973
| ''[[Love, American Style]]'' (TV)
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| Two episodes
|-
| 1974
| ''[[Ironside (1967 TV series)|Ironside]]'' (TV)
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| One episode ("Once More for Joey")
|-
| 1974
| ''[[The Six Million Dollar Man]]'' (TV)
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| One episode ("Dr. Wells Is Missing")
|-
| 1976
| ''[[The River Niger (film)|The River Niger]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Shalimar (1978 film)|Shalimar]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| Re-released under several different names
|-
| 1979
| ''[[Cinema Cinema]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| Documentary
|-
| 1985
| ''[[Hard Rock Zombies]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1985
| ''[[American Drive-In]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Evil Laugh]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Executive Producer
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Omega Cop]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Executive Producer
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Ted & Venus]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Executive Producer<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-12-16-ca-375-story.html |title=Movie Review : Bud Cort Is an Obsessed Pursuer In ''Ted & Venus'' |work=Los Angeles Times |date=16 December 1991 |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Sleepaway Camp IV: The Survivor]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Supervising Producer
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Night Caller (1992 film)|Night Caller]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Originally titled ''South Beach''
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama|The Prince of Light: The Legend of Ramayana]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Producer
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Dance India Dance#Doubles|Dance India Dance (Doubles)]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name| id=0787452 | name=Krishna Shah}}
* [https://archive.org/details/MP4-Krishna-Google Google Reading Krishna Shah Wikipedia Page]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Krishna}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:American film producers]]
[[Category:UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television alumni]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]

Sport

2026-03-16T09:15:47Z

Shahidkumar: page updated

{{Short description|Forms of competitive activity, usually physical}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
[[File:Youth-soccer-indiana.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Sport in [[childhood]]. [[Association football]], shown above, is a [[team sport]] which also provides opportunities to nurture [[physical fitness]] and [[social actions|social interaction]] skills.]]
[[File:London Marathon 2005 at Blackfriars.jpg|thumb|The [[2005 London Marathon]]: running races, in their various specialties, represent the oldest and most traditional form of sport.]]

A '''sport''' is a [[physical activity]] or [[game]],<ref name=sportaccord>{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idIndex=32&idContent=14881 |title=Definition of sport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028112912/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idIndex=32&idContent=14881 |archive-date=28 October 2011}}</ref> often [[Competition|competitive]] and [[organization|organized]], that maintains or improves physical ability and [[skill]]s. Sport may provide enjoyment to participants and [[entertainment]] to spectators.<ref name=council>{{cite web |last=Council of Europe |title=Rec(92)13-rev - on the revised European Sports Charter (adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 24 September 1992 at the 480th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies and revised at their 752nd meeting on 16 May 2001) |date=24 September 1992 |url=https://wcd.coe.int/wcd/ViewDoc.jsp?id=206451 |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606204451/https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=09000016804c9dbb |url-status=live }}</ref> The number of participants in a particular sport can vary from hundreds of people to a single individual.

Sport competitions may use a [[team]] or single person format, and may be [[Open (sport)|open]], allowing a broad range of participants, or closed, restricting participation to specific groups or those invited. Competitions may allow a "tie" or "draw", in which there is no single winner; others provide [[tie-breaking methods]] to ensure there is only one winner. They also may be arranged in a [[tournament]] format, producing a [[champion]]. Many [[sports league]]s make an annual champion by arranging games in a regular [[sports season]], followed in some cases by [[playoff]]s.

Sport is generally recognised as system of activities based in physical [[athleticism]] or physical [[dexterity]], with major competitions admitting only sports meeting this definition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/sports |title=List of Summer and Winter Olympic Sports and Events |publisher=The Olympic Movement |date=14 November 2018 |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225174712/https://www.olympic.org/sports%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some organisations, such as the [[Council of Europe]], preclude activities without any physical element from classification as sports.<ref name=council/> However, a number of competitive, but non-physical, activities claim recognition as [[mind sport]]s. The [[International Olympic Committee]] who oversee the [[Olympic Games]] recognises both [[chess]] and [[Contract bridge|bridge]] as sports. [[SportAccord]], the [[international sport]]s federation association, recognises five non-physical sports: chess, bridge, [[draughts]], [[Go (game)|Go]] and [[xiangqi]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=World Mind Games |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&idContent=658 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508021848/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&idContent=658 |archive-date=8 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=Members |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&idIndex=32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507073823/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&idIndex=32 |archive-date=7 May 2012 }}</ref> However, they limit the number of mind games which can be admitted as sports.<ref name=sportaccord/> Sport is usually governed by a set of [[regulation of sport|rules]] or [[tradition|customs]], which serve to ensure fair competition. Winning can be determined by physical events such as scoring [[goal (sport)|goals]] or crossing a line first. It can also be determined by judges who are scoring elements of the sporting performance, including objective or subjective measures such as technical performance or artistic impression.

Records of performance are often kept, and for popular sports, this information may be widely announced or reported in [[sports journalism|sport news]]. Sport is also a major source of entertainment for non-participants, with [[spectator sport]] drawing large crowds to [[sport venue]]s, and reaching wider audiences through [[broadcasting of sports events|broadcasting]]. [[Sport betting]] is in some cases severely regulated, and in others integral to the sport.

According to [[Kearney (consulting firm)|A.T. Kearney]], a consultancy, the global sporting industry is worth up to $620 billion as of 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |title=Women in sport: Game, sex and match |newspaper=The Economist |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802224933/http://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |url-status=live }}</ref> The world's most accessible and practised sport is [[running]], while [[association football]] is the most popular spectator sport.<ref name="wa">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |title=The Most Popular Sports in the World |date=2018 |website=www.worldatlas.com |publisher=World Atlas |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161238/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Meaning and usage==
===Etymology===
The word "sport" comes from the [[Old French]] {{Lang|fro|desport}} meaning "[[leisure]]", with the oldest definition in English from around 1300 being "anything humans find amusing or entertaining".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&searchmode=none |title=sport (n.) |access-date=20 April 2008 |first=Douglas |last=Harper |work=Online Etymological Dictionary |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111214311/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&searchmode=none |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other meanings include gambling and events staged for the purpose of gambling; hunting; and games and diversions, including ones that require exercise.<ref>{{cite book |title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged |publisher=G&C Merriam Company |location=Springfield, MA |page=2206 |year=1967}}</ref> Roget's defines the noun sport as an "activity engaged in for relaxation and amusement" with synonyms including diversion and recreation.<ref>{{cite book |title=Roget's II: The New Thesaurus|edition =3rd|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |url=https://archive.org/details/rogetsiiinewthes00houg |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-618-25414-9 |url-access=registration }}</ref>

===Nomenclature===
The singular term "sport" is used in most English dialects to describe the overall concept, e.g. "children taking part in sport", with "sports" used to describe multiple activities, e.g. "football and rugby are the most popular sports in England". American English uses "sports" for both senses.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sport vs sports – Usage Notes |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/sport-s-sports |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sport |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sport |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref>

===Definition===
{{see also|Game#Definitions}}
[[File:ChessStartingPosition.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|The [[International Olympic Committee]] recognises some board games as sports, including [[chess]].]]
[[File:Showjumping white horse.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|[[Show jumping]], an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] sport]]
The precise definition of what differentiates a sport from other leisure activities varies between sources. The closest to an international agreement on a definition is provided by the [[Global Association of International Sports Federations]] (GAISF), which is the association for all the largest international sports federations (including [[association football]], [[athletics (sport)|athletics]], [[cycling]], [[tennis]], [[equestrianism|equestrian sports]], and more), and is therefore the ''de facto'' representative of international sport.

GAISF uses the following criteria, determining that a sport should:<ref name=sportaccord/>
* have an element of competition
* be in no way harmful to any living creature
* not rely on equipment provided by a single supplier (excluding proprietary games such as [[arena football]])
* not rely on any "luck" element specifically designed into the sport.

They also recognise that sport can be primarily physical (such as [[rugby union|rugby]] or [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]), primarily mind (such as [[chess]] or [[Go (game)|Go]]), predominantly motorised (such as [[Formula 1]] or [[powerboating]]), primarily co-ordination and dexterity (such as [[snooker]] and other [[cue sports]]), or primarily animal-supported (such as [[equestrian sport]]).<ref name=sportaccord/>

The inclusion of mind sports within sport definitions has not been universally accepted, leading to legal challenges from governing bodies in regards to being denied funding available to sports.<ref>{{cite news |work=BBC News |title=Judicial review of 'sport' or 'game' decision begins |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023020304/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |url-status=live }}</ref> Whilst GAISF recognises a small number of mind sports, it is not open to admitting any further mind sports.

There has been an increase in the application of the term "sport" to a wider set of non-physical challenges such as [[video game]]s, also called [[esports]] (from "electronic sports"), especially due to the large scale of participation and organised competition, but these are not widely recognised by mainstream sports organisations. According to [[Council of Europe]], European Sports Charter, article 2.i, {{"'}}Sport' means all forms of physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competition at all levels."<ref name=council/>

===Competition===
[[File:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|left|Horse racing]]

There are opposing views on the necessity of [[competition]] as a defining element of a sport, with almost all [[professional sports]] involving competition, and governing bodies requiring competition as a prerequisite of recognition by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) or GAISF.<ref name=sportaccord/>

Other bodies advocate widening the definition of sport to include all forms of physical activity, not only organised or competitive events. For instance, the [[Council of Europe]]'s Sports Charter defines "sport" as: "all forms of physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, are aimed at maintaining or improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competition at all levels", explicitly encompassing recreational exercise undertaken purely for fun.<ref>{{cite web |date=Jun 2022 |title=Revised European Sports Charter – Article 2 |url=https://rm.coe.int/revised-european-sports-charter-web-a6/1680a7534b |publisher=Council of Europe |access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= The Development and Prospects for Community Action in the Field of Sport |date=29 September 1998 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/sport/library/documents/doc252_en.pdf |publisher=European Commission |access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref>

To widen participation, and reduce the impact of losing on less able participants, there has been an introduction of non-competitive physical activity to traditionally competitive events such as school [[sports day]]s, although moves like this can be controversial.<ref>{{cite news |last=Front |first=Rebecca |work=The Guardian |title=A little competition |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |date=17 July 2011 |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315143528/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |publisher=ParentDish |title=Why parents hate school sports day |last=Scrimgeour |first=Heidi |date=17 June 2011 |url=http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024182750/http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In competitive events, participants are graded or classified based on their "result" and often divided into groups of comparable performance, e.g. gender, weight and age. The measurement of the result may be objective or subjective, and corrected with "handicaps" or penalties. In a race, for example, the time to complete the course is an objective measurement. In [[gymnastics]] or [[diving (sport)|diving]] the result is decided by judges, and therefore subjective. There are shades of judging between boxing and mixed martial arts, where if neither competitor secures a victory before the time limit, the outcome is determined by judges' scorecards. In boxing, three judges independently score each round, based on criteria such as clean punching, effective aggression, ring generalship and defense.<ref>{{cite web |title=ABC Uniform Championship Rules |url=https://www.ibf-usba-boxing.com/wp-content/uploads/ABCUniformChampionshipRules.pdf |publisher=Association of Boxing Commissions |access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main article|History of sport}}
[[File:Roman bronze copy of Myron’s Discobolos, 2nd century CE (Glyptothek Munich).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Ancient Rome|Roman]] bronze reduction of [[Myron]]'s [[Discobolos]], 2nd century AD]]
[[File:Participants with the Water Warrior class perform squats prior to entering the pool at Camp Foster, Okinawa, Japan, July 6, 2011 110706-M-VD776-004 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Swimmers perform [[Squat (exercise)|squats]] as [[warming up|warm-up exercise]] prior to entering the pool in a U.S. military base, 2011.]]

Artifacts and structures suggest [[sport in China]] as early as 2000 BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |title=Sports History in China |author1=Ye Qinfa |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=3 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303183246/http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |url-status=deviated }}</ref> Gymnastics appears to have been popular in China's ancient past. Monuments to the [[Pharaoh]]s indicate that a number of sports, including swimming and fishing, were well-developed and regulated several thousands of years ago in [[ancient Egypt]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |title=84.85-90 History of Sports in Ancient Egypt |first1=Ahmed D. |last1=Touny |website=Proceedings of the International Olympic Academy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029232515/http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |archive-date=29 October 2006 }}</ref> Other Egyptian sports included javelin throwing, high jump, and wrestling. [[Ancient Persia]]n sports such as the traditional Iranian martial art of [[Zourkhaneh|Zoorkhaneh]] had a close connection to warfare skills.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&dt=10/13/2006&ntype=World |title=Ancient sport still flexing its muscles in Iran |website=kuwait-info.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326081959/http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&dt=10%2F13%2F2006&ntype=World |archive-date=26 March 2007 }}</ref> Among other sports that originated in ancient Persia are [[polo]] and [[jousting]]. Various [[traditional games of India]] such as [[Kho kho]] and [[Kabbadi]] have been played for thousands of years. The kabaddi was played potentially as a preparation for hunting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=kabaddi {{!}} sport |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/kabaddi |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Bruno Senna 2006 Australian Grand Prix.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|[[Motorsport|Motorised sports]] have appeared since the advent of the modern age.]]

A wide range of sports were already established by the time of [[Ancient Greece]] and the military culture and the development of sport in Greece influenced one another considerably. Sport became such a prominent part of their culture that the Greeks created the [[Olympic Games]], which in ancient times were held every four years in a small village in the [[Peloponnese|Peloponnesus]] called [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|title=Ancient Olympic Games|date=30 July 2018|access-date=15 October 2006|archive-date=28 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928011744/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sports have been increasingly organised and regulated from the time of the ancient Olympics up to the present century. Industrialisation has brought motorised transportation and increased [[leisure time]], letting people attend and follow spectator sports and participate in athletic activities. These trends continued with the advent of [[mass media]] and global communication. Professionalism became prevalent, further adding to the increase in sport's popularity, as sports fans followed the exploits of professional [[athlete]]s – all while enjoying the exercise and competition associated with amateur participation in sports. Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been increasing debate about whether [[transgender]] sports people should be able to participate in sport events that conform with their post-transition [[gender identity]].<ref>''Sport and the Law: Historical and Cultural Intersections'', p. 111, Sarah K. Fields (2014){{ISBN?}}|</ref>

==Fair play==
===Sportsmanship===
{{Main article|Sportsmanship}}
{{See also|Gamesmanship|Winning isn't everything; it's the only thing}}

Sportsmanship is an attitude that strives for fair play, courtesy toward teammates and opponents, ethical behaviour and integrity, and grace in victory or defeat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |publisher=Merriam-Webster |title=Sportsmanship |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928231236/http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fish |first1=Joel |last2=Magee |first2=Susan |year=2003 |title=101 Ways to Be a Terrific Sports Parent |publisher=Fireside |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lacey |first=David |date=10 November 2007 |url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |title=It takes a bad loser to become a good winner |work=The Guardian |access-date=28 October 2009 |archive-date=13 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113021424/http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sportsmanship expresses an aspiration or ethos that the activity will be enjoyed for its own sake. The well-known sentiment by sports journalist [[Grantland Rice]], that it is "it's not whether you win or lose, but how you play the game,"<ref>{{cite web |title=Rice, Grantland |url=https://tshf.net/halloffame/rice-grantland/ |publisher=Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame |access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> and the modern Olympic creed expressed by its founder [[Pierre de Coubertin]]: "The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part," are typical expressions of this sentiment.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fundamentals of Olympic Values Education |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/Document-Set-Teachers-The-Main-Olympic-Topics/Olympism-and-the-Olympic-Movement.pdf |access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref>

===Cheating===
{{see also|Match fixing|cheating}}
Key principles of sport include that the result should not be predetermined, and all participants must have an equal opportunity to win.<ref>{{cite web|title=European Sports Charter, Article 3|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/sport/european-sports-charter|publisher=Council of Europe|access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> Rules and regulations are established by governing bodies to ensure fair play and integrity.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport, Article 10|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000235409|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> However, participants sometimes breach these rules to gain an unfair advantage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fair play and the competitive spirit|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000093013|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref>

Participants may cheat to increase their chances of winning, secure financial gain or other benefit.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Report on Corruption in Sport|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/corruption/Publications/2022/Global_Report_on_Corruption_in_Sport_Full_report.pdf|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> The prevalence of [[gambling]] on sporting outcomes creates incentives for [[match fixing]], in which one or more participants collude to predetermine results rather than compete honestly.<ref>{{cite web|title=Staying on Side: How to Stop Match-Fixing|url=https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2014_Stop_MatchFixing_EN.pdf|publisher=Transparency International|access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref>

===Doping and drugs===
{{main article|Use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport}}
The competitive nature of sport encourages some participants to attempt to enhance their performance through medicines, or other means such as [[Blood doping|increasing the volume of blood in their bodies]] through artificial means.<ref name="Baron2007">{{cite journal |last1=Baron |first1=David A. |last2=Martin |first2=David M. |last3=Abol Magd |first3=Samir |title=Doping in sports and its spread to at-risk populations: an international review |journal=World Psychiatry |year=2007 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=118–123 |pmid=18235871|pmc=2219897 }}</ref>

All sports recognised by the IOC, or SportAccord, are required to implement a testing programme, looking for a list of banned drugs, with suspensions or bans being placed on participants who test positive for banned substances.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prohibited List |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World Anti-Doping Code |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/world-anti-doping-code |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref>

===Violence===
[[Violence in sports]] involves crossing the line between fair competition and intentional aggressive violence. Athletes, coaches, fans, and parents sometimes unleash violent behaviour on people or property, in misguided shows of loyalty, dominance, anger, or celebration. [[Rioting]] or [[hooliganism]] by fans in particular is a problem at some national and international sporting contests.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Gareth |title=Sport riots: A social–psychological review |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |year=2004 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=353–378|doi=10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00031-4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Guide on the Security of Major Sporting Events |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/sites/www.un.org.counterterrorism/files/211006_guide_on_security_major_sporting_events_web.pdf |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref>

==Participation==
===Gender participation===
{{see also|Women's sports}}
[[File:100 metres race winner Sina Schielke (192) and the other Runners - ISTAF 2006 - Berlin, 3 September.jpg|thumb|International level female athletes at [[ISTAF Berlin]], 2006]]
Female participation in sports has risen alongside expanded opportunities and growing recognition of the benefits of athletic activity for [[child development]] and [[physical fitness]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eime |first1=Rochelle M. |last2=Young |first2=Janet A. |last3=Harvey |first3=Jack T. |last4=Charity |first4=Melanie J. |last5=Payne |first5=Warren R. |title=A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity |year=2013 |volume=10 |issue=98 |page=98 |doi=10.1186/1479-5868-10-98|doi-access=free |pmid=23945179 |pmc=3751802 }}</ref> Despite these gains, a gender gap persists. At Olympic level, women accounted for 49% at Tokyo 2020,<ref name="RioTokyoWSF">{{cite news |title=Paris 2024 should see gender parity – WSF study |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/paris-2024-should-see-gender-parity-wsf-study-2022-04-21/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2022-04-21 |access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> reaching full 50 % parity at Paris 2024.<ref name="GenderParity2024">{{cite news |last=Reid |first=Helen |title=Women athletes say the work isn't over after Olympics gender parity |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/women-athletes-say-work-isnt-over-after-olympics-gender-parity-2024-07-28/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> But global surveys report only 20% of women versus 31% of men participate in sporting activity monthly,<ref name="YouGovGap">{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Kineree |title=The great divide – exploring the gender gap in sports viewership |url=https://business.yougov.com/content/46311-the-great-divide-exploring-gender-gap-in-sports-viewership |publisher=YouGov |date=2023-03-10 |access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> and the World Health Organization notes women are 5 percentage points less likely than men to meet recommended activity guidelines.<ref name="WHOActivity">{{cite web |title=Physical activity fact sheet |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref>

Certain [[Mixed-sex sport|sports are mixed-sex]], allowing, or even requiring, men and women to play on the same team. One example of this is [[Baseball5]], which is the first mixed-gender sport to be admitted to the Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debut of Baseball5 at Youth Olympic Games postponed as next YOG shifted from 2022 to 2026 |url=http://www.wbsc.org/en/news/debut-of-baseball5-at-youth-olympic-games-postponed-as-next-yog-shifted-from-2022-to-2026 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=World Baseball Softball Confederation |language=en}}</ref>

===Youth participation===
{{See also|College sports}}
Youth sport presents children with opportunities for fun, socialisation, forming peer relationships, [[physical fitness]], and [[athletic scholarship]]s. Activists for [[education]] and the [[war on drugs]] encourage youth sport as a means to increase [[Participation inequality|educational participation]] and to fight the [[illegal drug trade]]. According to the [[Nationwide Children's Hospital (Columbus)#Research and education|Center for Injury Research and Policy at Nationwide Children's Hospital]], the biggest risk for youth sport is death or serious injury including [[concussion]]. These risks come from running, basketball, association football, volleyball, gridiron, gymnastics, and ice hockey.<ref>[https://healthland.time.com/2009/08/04/why-are-more-kids-getting-hurt-in-gym-class/ "Gym class injuries up 150% between 1997 and 2007"], ''Time'', 4 August 2009</ref> Youth sport in the US is a $15 billion industry including equipment up to private coaching.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Gregory |first1=Sean |title=How Kids' Sports Became a $15 Billion Industry |url=https://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |access-date=24 August 2017 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824112734/http://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Disabled participation===
{{see also|Parasports|Paralympic Games}}
[[File:David Bizet - Marathon de Paris 2014.jpg|thumb|A runner gives a friendly tap on the shoulder to a wheelchair racer during the [[Paris Marathon|''Marathon International de Paris'' (Paris Marathon)]] in 2014.]]

Disabled or adaptive sports are played by people with a [[disability]], including [[physical disability|physical]] and [[intellectual disabilities]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Para Sport |url=https://www.paralympic.org/paralympic-sport |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> As many of these are based on existing sports modified to meet the needs of people with a disability, they are sometimes referred to as ''adapted sports''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Misener |first1=Laura |last2=Kissack |first2=Travis |title=Social inclusion through sport: Community coaching and participation of people with disabilities in sport |journal=Sport Management Review |year=2010 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=49–67 |doi=10.1016/j.smr.2009.10.001}}</ref> However, not all [[disabled sports]] are adapted; several that have been specifically created for people with a disability have no equivalent in able-bodied sports, such as [[goalball]] and [[boccia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sitting Volleyball, Goalball and Boccia |url=https://www.paralympic.org/sports |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref>

===Older participation===
{{see also|Masters athletics|Masters cycling|Masters swimming}}
[[File:Pickleball Players.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pickleball]] is a sport particularly attractive to older players.]]
'''Masters sport''', '''senior sport''', or '''veteran sport''' is an age category of sport, that usually contains age groups of those 35 and older.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/veterans-and-masters-sport|title=Story: Veterans and masters sport|publisher=govt.nz|access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref> It may concern unaltered or adapted sport activities, with and without competitions.

'''Competitions'''
* [[World Masters Games]] organized since 1985 every four years.
* [[European Masters Games]] organized for the first time in 2008 and then since 2011 every four years.
* [[Senior Olympics]] (Senior Games)
* [[USATF Masters Outdoor Championships]] began 1968
* [[USATF Masters Indoor Championships]] began 1975
* [[World Masters Athletics Championships]] began 1975

===Spectator involvement===
{{Main article|Spectator sport}}
[[File:1906 Athens stadium.jpg|thumb|right|Spectators at the 1906 unofficial Olympic Games]]

The competition element of sport, along with the aesthetic appeal of some disciplines, has resulted in the phenomenon of spectator sport. Amateur and professional sports attract audiences in person at venues and via broadcast media—radio, television and internet streaming—each of which may levy fees such as entrance tickets or [[pay-per-view]] subscriptions.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Spectator sport |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/spectator-sport |access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> [[Sports league]]s and tournaments provide the primary organisational frameworks for regular competition among teams or individual athletes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fort |first=Rogelio |title=Sports Economics |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2015 |isbn=978-0133452485}}</ref>

High-profile events command vast audiences, driving lucrative media-rights deals. The 2006 FIFA World Cup final drew over 700 million viewers worldwide,<ref>{{cite web |title=2006 FIFA World Cup™ Media Report |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |publisher=FIFA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101000000/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/organisation/media/media-reports.html |access-date=2025-05-02|archive-date=1 January 2012 }}</ref> and the 2011 Cricket World Cup final was watched by approximately 135 million viewers in India alone.<ref name="CWC2011">{{cite news |title=135 mn saw World Cup final: TAM |date=10 April 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=2025-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803013151/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |archive-date=2013-08-03}}</ref> In the US, the Super Bowl ranks as the most-watched annual television broadcast, with Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 averaging 114 million viewers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nielsen |title=Super Bowl XLIX Sets U.S. Viewership Record |url=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2015/super-bowl-xlix-most-watched-telecast-in-u-s--history.html |publisher=Nielsen |date=2015-02-02 |access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> Super Bowl Sunday is considered an unofficial national holiday, and in 2015 a 30-second advertising spot sold for approximately US$4.5 million.<ref>{{cite web |title=Super Bowl Ads Cost US$4.5M for 30-Second Spot |url=https://adage.com/article/media/super-bowl-ads-cost-4-5m-30-spot/296163 |publisher=Ad Age |date=2015-01-30 |access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref>

==Amateur and professional==
{{See also|Professional sport|Amateur sport}}
[[File:Volleyball-5 (9786053885).jpg|thumb|Women's volleyball team of a U.S. university]]
Sport can be undertaken on an amateur, professional or semi-professional basis, depending on whether participants are incentivised for participation (usually through payment of a [[wage]] or [[salary]]). Amateur participation in sport at lower levels is often called "grassroots sport".<ref name="council"/><ref name="White Paper">{{cite web |publisher=European Commission |title=The White Paper on Sport |url=http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |access-date=11 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916202200/http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |archive-date=16 September 2008}}</ref>

The popularity of [[spectator sport]] as a recreation for non-participants has led to sport becoming a major business in its own right, and this has incentivised a high paying [[professional sport]] culture, where high performing participants are rewarded with pay far in excess of average wages, which can run into millions of dollars.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Sports Illustrated |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html |title=Fortunate 50 2011 |last=Freedman |first=Jonah |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050301/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html }}</ref>

Some sports, or individual competitions within a sport, retain a policy of allowing only [[amateur sport]]. The Olympic Games started with a principle of amateur competition with those who practised a sport professionally considered to have an unfair advantage over those who practised it merely as a hobby.<ref name=OIdeology>{{cite book |last=Eassom |first=Simon |title=Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology |year=1994 |location=Ontario |publisher=The Centre for Olympic Studies |pages=120–123 |isbn=978-0-7714-1697-2}}</ref> From 1971, Olympic [[athlete]]s were allowed to receive compensation and [[sponsorship]],<ref name="InfoPlease">{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |title=Olympic Athletes |publisher=Info Please |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616042315/http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and from 1986, the IOC decided to make all professional athletes eligible for the Olympics,<ref name="InfoPlease"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |title=What changed the Olympics forever |publisher=CNN |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615122848/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with the exceptions of [[boxing]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |title=Olympic boxing must remain amateur despite moves to turn it professional states Warren |publisher=Inside the Games |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615044539/http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&pg=PA400 |title=Historical Dictionary of Boxing |last1=Grasso |first1=John |date=2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |access-date=13 June 2015 |isbn=978-0-8108-7867-9 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417060735/https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&pg=PA400 |url-status=live }}</ref> and wrestling.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |title=Olympic Wrestling Is Important for Pro Wrestling and Its Fans|author-first1=John|author-last1=Canton|publisher=Bleacher Report |date=14 February 2013 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616155635/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&pg=PA24 |title=Boys' Life |date=August 1988 |page=24 |access-date=13 June 2015 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417073533/https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&pg=PA24 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Technology==
[[File:Third umpire lights at Melbourne Cricket Ground.JPG|thumb|These lights at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] indicate the decision the third umpire makes following a review.]]
Technology plays an important part in modern sport. It is a necessary part of some sports (such as motorsport), and it is used in others to improve performance. Some sports also use it to allow off-field decision making.

[[Sports science]] can be applied to areas including athlete performance, such as the use of video analysis to fine-tune technique, or to equipment, such as improved [[running shoe]]s or [[competitive swimwear]]. [[Sports engineering]] emerged as a discipline in 1998 with an increasing focus not just on materials design but also the use of technology in sport, from analytics and big data to [[wearable technology]].<ref name="Gaining Steam in Sports Technology">{{cite web |title=Gaining Steam in Sports Technology |url=https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150052/https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |website=Slice of MIT |access-date=3 January 2015 |ref=Slice of MIT}}</ref> In order to control the impact of technology on fair play, governing bodies frequently have specific rules that are set to control the impact of technical advantage between participants. For example, in 2010, full-body, non-textile swimsuits were banned by [[FINA]], as they were enhancing swimmers' performances.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |title=Hi-tech suits banned from January |publisher=BBC Sport |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908051335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |first=Kristina |last=Wong |title=Full Body Swimsuit Now Banned for Professional Swimmers |work=ABC News |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607200059/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The increase in technology has also allowed many decisions in sports matches to be taken, or reviewed, off-field, with another official using instant replays to make decisions. In some sports, players can now challenge decisions made by officials. In [[Association football]], [[goal-line technology]] makes decisions on whether a ball has crossed the goal line or not.<ref>{{cite journal |last=FIFA |title=Testing Manual |journal=FIFA Quality Programme for Goal Line Technology |year=2012 |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt_testing_manual_2012.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030143223/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt%5Ftesting%5Fmanual%5F2012.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2012}}</ref> The technology is not compulsory,<ref name=IFABofficial>{{cite web |title=IFAB makes three unanimous historic decisions |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507234418/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-date=7 May 2015 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=23 April 2015}}</ref> but was used in the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]] in Brazil,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511001351/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-date=11 May 2014 |title=Goal-line technology set up ahead of FIFA World Cup |date=1 April 2014 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref> and the [[2015 FIFA Women's World Cup]] in Canada,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331170115/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-date=31 March 2015 |title=Hawk-Eye confirmed as goal-line technology provider for Canada 2015 |date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref> as well as in the [[Premier League]] from [[2013–14 Premier League|2013–14]],<ref name="BBC_Premier">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22107409 |title=Goal-line technology: Premier League votes in favour for 2013–14 |publisher=BBC |date=11 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411143514/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22107409 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Bundesliga]] from [[2015–16 Bundesliga|2015–16]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |title=Bundesliga approves Hawk-Eye goal-line technology for new season |work=Carlyle Observer |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029003339/https://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[NFL]], a referee can ask for a review from the replay booth, or a head [[Coach (sport)|coach]] can issue a [[Challenge (NFL)|challenge]] to review the play using replays. The final decision rests with the referee.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process-0ap2000000336662 |title=NFL approves rule to change replay process |publisher=Business Insider |date=20 July 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608173617/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000336662/article/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process |url-status=live }}</ref> A video referee (commonly known as a [[Television match official#Television match official|Television Match Official]] or TMO) can also use replays to help decision-making in rugby (both [[Rugby league|league]] and [[Rugby union|union]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |title=Television Match Official – when can they rule |publisher=Rugby World |date=20 August 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222853/http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=New rules for Television Match Officials will not make game boring to watch, insist rugby chiefs |work=The Telegraph |date=20 August 2012 |access-date=8 June 2015|last1=Cleary |first1=Mick }}{{cbignore}}</ref> In international cricket, an umpire can ask the [[Third umpire]] for a decision, and the third umpire makes the final decision.<ref name="BBC Umpire">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |title=The role of cricket umpires |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=8 June 2015 |date=26 August 2005 |archive-date=2 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302114814/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Top End">{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |title=Cricket Technology |publisher=Top End Sports |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608175247/http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2008, a [[Umpire Decision Review System|decision review system]] for players to review decisions has been introduced and used in [[International Cricket Council|ICC]]-run tournaments, and optionally in other matches.<ref name="BBC Umpire"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |title=Controversial DRS to be used in 2015 ICC World Cup |publisher=Zee News |date=29 January 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222859/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Depending on the host broadcaster, a number of different technologies are used during an umpire or player review, including instant replays, [[Hawk-Eye]], [[Hot Spot (cricket)|Hot Spot]] and [[Snickometer|Real Time Snickometer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |title=Hawkeye, Realtime Snicko for World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=7 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610075356/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |title=3 Top reasons why ICC did not use 'Hotspot' as part of DRS |newspaper=Rediff |publisher=Rediff cricket |date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608195717/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Hawk-Eye is also used in tennis to challenge umpiring decisions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Almog |first1=David |last2=Gauriot |first2=Romain |last3=Page |first3=Lionel |last4=Martin |first4=Daniel |title=AI Has Entered the Court. Is This Changing Umpires’ Calls? |url=https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/ai-has-entered-the-court-is-this-changing-umpires-calls |website=Kellogg Insight |publisher=[[Kellogg School of Management]] |access-date=23 February 2026 |language=en |date=1 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |title=Hawk-Eye challenge rules unified |date=19 March 2008 |access-date=22 August 2008 |work=BBC News |archive-date=23 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323085536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Sports and education ==
Research suggests that sports have the capacity to connect [[youth]] to positive adult role models and provide positive development opportunities, as well as promote the learning and application of life [[skill]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fraser-Thomas |first1=Jessica L. |last2=Côté |first2=Jean |last3=Deakin |first3=Janice |date=2005 |title=Youth sport programs: an avenue to foster positive youth development |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43501126 |journal=Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=19–40 |doi=10.1080/1740898042000334890 |hdl=1974/14425 |issn=1740-8989|hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=UNESCO|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|title=Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers|publisher=UNESCO|year=2019|isbn=978-92-3-100308-0|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225195201/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|url-status=live}}</ref> In recent years the use of sport to reduce [[crime]], as well as to prevent [[violent extremism]] and [[radicalization]], has become more widespread, especially as a tool to improve [[self-esteem]], enhance social bonds and provide participants with a feeling of purpose.<ref name=":0" />

There is no high-quality evidence that shows the effectiveness of interventions to increase sports participation of the community in sports such as mass media campaigns, educational sessions, and policy changes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Priest |first1=N |last2=Armstrong |first2=R |last3=Doyle |first3=J |last4=Waters |first4=E |date=16 July 2008 |title=Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Increasing Participation in Sport |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD004812 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004812.pub3 |pmid=18646112 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1885/285237|issn = 1464-780X }}</ref> There is also no high-quality studies that investigate the effect of such interventions in promoting healthy behaviour change in the community.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Priest |last1=N |first2=Armstrong |last2=R |first3=Doyle |last3=J |first4=Water |last4=E |title=Policy Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Promoting Healthy Behaviour Change |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=16 July 2008 |volume=2008 |issue=3 |article-number=CD004809 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004809.pub3 |pmid=18646111 |pmc=6464902}}</ref>

Educational qualifications are available in sport: for example, sports science is a well-established [[academic discipline]]. In the UK, a BTEC National Diploma in [[Sports Coaching]] and Development is offered by [[Pearson Education]].<ref>Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/en/qualifications/btec-nationals/sports-coaching-and-development-2019.html Sports Coaching and Development (2019)], accessed on 29 August 2025</ref> There are four qualifications in this family:
*Extended Certificate in Sports Coaching
*Foundation Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
*[[BTEC Extended Diploma|Extended Diploma]] in Sports Coaching and Development.<ref>Pearson Education, [https://qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/BTEC-Nationals/sports-coaching-and-development/2019/specification-and-sample-assessments/btec-nats-non-measures-sports-coaching-and-development-spec.pdf Pearson BTEC Level 3 Nationals in Sports Coaching], accessed on 18 June 2022</ref>

==Politics==
{{Main article|Politics and sports}}
{{See also|Sportswashing}}

[[Benito Mussolini]] used the [[1934 FIFA World Cup]], held in Italy, to showcase [[Kingdom of Italy#Fascist regime (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |title=Soccer Vs. the State: Tackling Football and Radical Politics |last1=Kuhn |first1=Gabriel |date=2011 |page=28 |publisher=PM Press |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-60486-053-5 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216073648/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="World Fascism">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&pg=PA630 |title=World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |last1=Blamires |first1=Cyprian |date=2006 |pages=630–632 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-57607-940-9 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213050912/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&pg=PA630 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Adolf Hitler]] used the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] held in [[Berlin]], and the [[1936 Winter Olympics]] held in [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen]], to promote the [[Nazi ideology]] of the superiority of the [[Aryan race]], and inferiority of the Jews and other "[[Untermensch|undesirables]]".<ref name="World Fascism"/><ref name="Sociology Sport">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKarC6oX3P8C&q=hitler+used+1936+olympics+to+promote+ideology&pg=PT32 |title=The Sociology of Sport and Physical Education |last1=Saxena |first1=Anurag |year=2001 |publisher=Pinnacle Technology |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1-61820-468-4 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Germany used the Olympics to give off a peaceful image while secretly preparing for war.<ref>''[[Kulttuurivihkot]]'' 1 2009 Berliinin olympialaiset 1936 Poliittisen viattomuuden menetys Jouko Jokisalo 28–29{{in lang|fi}}</ref>

When [[apartheid]] was official policy in South Africa, many sports people, particularly in [[rugby union]], adopted the conscientious approach that they should not appear in competitive sports there. Some feel this was an effective contribution to the eventual end of apartheid, others feel it may have prolonged and reinforced its worst effects.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Sport and apartheid|journal=History Compass|volume=3|pages= **|doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00165.x|year = 2005|last1 = Merrett|first1 = Christopher}}</ref>

In the history of Ireland, Gaelic sports were connected with [[cultural nationalism]]. Until the mid-20th century a person could have been banned from playing [[Gaelic football]], [[hurling]], or other sports administered by the [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] (GAA) if she/he played or supported [[Association football]], or other games seen to be of [[Great Britain|British]] origin. The GAA banned the playing of football and [[rugby union]] at Gaelic venues. This ban, also known as Rule 42,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fulton |first1=Gareth |last2=Bairner |first2=Alan |year=2007 |title=Sport, Space and National Identity in Ireland: The GAA, Croke Park and Rule 42. |journal=Space & Polity |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=55–74 |doi=10.1080/13562570701406592 |s2cid=143213001 }}</ref> is still enforced, but was modified to allow football and rugby to be played in [[Croke Park]] while [[Lansdowne Road]] was redeveloped into [[Aviva Stadium]]. Under Rule 21, the GAA banned members of the British security forces and members of the [[Royal Ulster Constabulary|RUC]] from playing Gaelic games, but the advent of the [[Good Friday Agreement]] in 1998 led to removal of the ban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=50th anniversary of abolition of 'The Ban' offers pause for perspective |url=https://www.gaa.ie/news/50th-anniversary-of-abolition-of-the-ban-offers-pause-for-perspective/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=www.gaa.ie |date=9 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Nationalism]] is often evident in the pursuit of sport or in its reporting: athletes compete in national teams, and commentators or audiences frequently adopt partisan perspectives.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Arnold|first=Richard|title=Nationalism and Sport: A Review of the Field|journal=Nationalities Papers|year=2020|volume=49|issue=1|pages=2–11|doi=10.1017/nps.2020.9}}</ref> On occasion, such tensions erupt into violence among players or spectators, as during the 1969 [[Football War]] between El Salvador and Honduras, a conflict sparked by rioting at World Cup qualifiers.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jennings|first=Andrew|title=Has football ever started a war?|work=The Guardian|date=2007-02-21|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/feb/21/theknowledge.sport|access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> Such episodes are viewed as contrary to the fundamental ethos of sport—namely, that it be contested for its own sake and for the enjoyment of participants. Politics and sport tragically intersected at the [[1972 Munich Olympics]], when Palestinian militants infiltrated the Olympic Village, took Israeli team members hostage, and ultimately killed 11 athletes in what became known as the [[Munich massacre]].<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Reuters|title=Paris ceremony honours Israeli athletes killed in 1972 Munich Games attack|date=2024-08-06|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/paris-ceremony-honours-israeli-athletes-killed-1972-munich-games-attack-2024-08-06/|access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref>

A study of US elections has shown that the result of sports events can affect the results. A study published in the [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] showed that when the home team wins the game before the election, the incumbent candidates can increase their share of the vote by 1.5%. A loss had the opposite effect, and the effect is greater for higher-profile teams or unexpected wins and losses.<ref>{{cite news |title=Will Ohio State's Football Team Decide Who Wins the White House? |author1=Tyler Cowen |author2=Kevin Grier |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=24 October 2012 |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |access-date=29 December 2013 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233509/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |url-status=live }}</ref> When the [[Washington Commanders]] win their final game before an election, then the incumbent president is more likely to win, and if they lose, then the opposition candidate is more likely to win; this has become known as the [[Redskins Rule]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |title=Will Redskins Rule again determine outcome of presidential election? |author=Mike Jones |date=3 November 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107110626/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |title='Redskins Rule': MNF's Hirdt on intersection of football & politics |work=ESPN Front Row |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032035/http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===As a means of controlling and subduing populations===
[[Étienne de La Boétie]], in his essay ''[[Discourse on Voluntary Servitude]]'' describes athletic spectacles as means for tyrants to control their subjects by distracting them.
<blockquote>
Do not imagine that there is any bird more easily caught by decoy, nor any fish sooner fixed on the hook by wormy bait, than are all these poor fools neatly tricked into servitude...they let themselves be caught so quickly at the slightest tickling of their fancy. Plays, farces, spectacles, gladiators, strange beasts, medals, pictures, and other such opiates, these were for ancient peoples the bait toward slavery, the price of their liberty, the instruments of tyranny. By these...enticements the ancient dictators so successfully lulled their subjects under the yoke, that the stupefied peoples, fascinated by the pastimes and vain pleasures flashed before their eyes, learned subservience as naïvely...as little children learn to read by looking at bright picture books.<ref>[[Étienne de La Boétie]], ''[[Discourse on Voluntary Servitude]]'' (1549), Part 2</ref>
</blockquote>During the British rule of [[Bengal]], British and European sports began to supplant [[Bengali traditional games|traditional Bengali sports]], resulting in a loss of native culture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126161837/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168|title=Disappearance of Traditional games by the imitation of Colonial Culture through the Historical parameters of Cultural Colonialism|archive-date=26 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801043229/https://dergipark.org.tr/|title=Ana Sayfa » DergiPark|archive-date=1 August 2019|website=dergipark.org.tr}}</ref>

In communist controlled [[East Germany]], from the 1970s to 1990, 'an estimated 3,000 unofficial collaborators were used each year in top-level sport, including many football players, fans and referees'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}</ref> Among the most important reasons for the [[Stasi]] setting up this extensive network of collaborators was to prevent athletes escaping to the West, using both methods of surveillance and repression.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mike Dennis |first1=Norman LaPorte |title=State and Minorities in Communist East Germany |date=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8 |page=125 |chapter=Football fans, hooligans and the state}}</ref>

==Religious views==
{{main|New Testament athletic metaphors}}
[[File:Panathenaic amphora Kleophrades Louvre F277.jpg|thumb|The foot race was one of the events dedicated to Zeus. Panathenaic amphora, Kleophrades painter, {{Circa|500 BC}}, Louvre museum.]]
Sport was an important form of worship in [[Ancient Greek religion]]. The [[ancient Olympic Games]] were held in honour of the head deity, [[Zeus]], and featured various forms of religious dedication to him and other gods.<ref>Gardinier, Norman E., 'The Olympic Festival' in ''Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals'', London: MacMillan, 1910, p.195</ref> Many Greeks travelled to see the games and the combination of religious pilgrimage and sport served as a way of uniting them as one people.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harker |first1=Barry H. |title=Strange Fire: Christianity and the Rise of Modern Olympianism |date=2006 |publisher=Hartland Publications |location=Rapidan |isbn=0-923309-39-X |page=75 |chapter=6: Olympia and Jerusalem}}</ref>

The practice of athletic competitions has been criticised by some Christian thinkers as a form of [[idolatry]], in which "human beings extol themselves, adore themselves, sacrifice themselves and reward themselves."<ref name=Watson1>''Sports and Christianity: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives'', Nick J. Watson, ed. (Routledge: 2013), p. 178.</ref> Sports are seen by these critics as a manifestation of "collective pride" and "national self-deification" in which feats of human power are idolised at the expense of divine worship.<ref name=Watson1/>

[[Tertullian]] condemns the athletic performances of his day, insisting "the entire apparatus of the shows is based upon idolatry."<ref>[[Tertullian]], ''[[De spectaculis]]'', Chapter 4.</ref> The shows, says Tertullian, excite passions foreign to the calm temperament cultivated by the Christian:
<blockquote>
God has enjoined us to deal calmly, gently, quietly, and peacefully with the Holy Spirit, because these things are alone in keeping with the goodness of His nature, with His tenderness and sensitiveness. ... Well, how shall this be made to accord with the shows? For the show always leads to spiritual agitation, since where there is pleasure, there is keenness of feeling giving pleasure its zest; and where there is keenness of feeling, there is rivalry giving in turn its zest to that. Then, too, where you have rivalry, you have rage, bitterness, wrath and grief, with all bad things which flow from them – the whole entirely out of keeping with the religion of Christ.<ref>''[[De spectaculis]]'' Chapter 15.</ref>
</blockquote>
Christian clerics in the [[Wesleyan-Holiness movement]] oppose the viewing of or participation in professional sports, believing that professional sports leagues [[Sabbath desecration|profane the Sabbath]], compete with a Christian's primary commitment to God, exhibit a lack of modesty in the players' and cheerleaders' uniforms, are associated with violence and extensive use of profanity among many players, and encourage gambling, as well as alcohol and other drugs at sporting events, which go against a commitment to [[teetotalism]].<ref name="Handel2020">{{cite book |last1=Handel |first1=Paul S. |title=Reasons Why Organized Sports Are Not Pleasing to God |date=2020 |publisher=Immanuel Missionary Church |page=4 |language=English}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Sports}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[List of sports]]
* [[List of sports attendance figures]]
* [[List of professional sports leagues]]
* [[Lists of sportspeople]]
* [[List of exercise activities]]
* [[New media]]
* [[Outline of sports]]
{{div col end}}

'''Related topics'''

{{Div col|colwidth=19em}}
* [[Animals in sport]]
* [[Combat sport]]
* [[Fan (person)]]
* [[Handedness#Sports]]
* [[Lawn game]]
* [[List of sports terms named after people]]
* [[Motorsport]]
* [[Multi-sport event]]
* [[National sport]]
* [[Nationalism and sports]]
* [[Penalty card]]
* [[Physical education]]
* [[Sport in film]]
* [[Sport psychology]]
* [[Sports club]]
* [[Sports commentator]]
* [[Sports entertainment]]
* [[Sports equipment]]
* [[Sports fan]]
* [[Sports governing body]]
* [[Sports injuries]]
* [[Sports league attendances]]
* [[Sports marketing]]
* [[Sports nutrition]]
* [[Sports trainer]]
* [[Sportswear]]
* [[Sunday sporting events]]
* [[Team sport]]
* [[Traditional sports and games]]
* [[Underwater sports]]
* [[Women's sports]]
* [[Water sports]]
* [[Winter sport]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* European Commission (2007), ''The White Paper on Sport''
* Council of Europe (2001), ''The European sport charter''
*{{Free-content attribution
| title = Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers
| publisher = UNESCO
| page numbers =
| documentURL = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771
| license statement URL =
| license = CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
}}

==Further reading==
{{Sister project links|Sports|voy=Sport}}
* ''The Meaning of Sports'' by Michael Mandel (PublicAffairs, {{ISBN|1-58648-252-1}}).
* [https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rjps20 ''Journal of the Philosophy of Sport'']
* Sullivan, George. ''The Complete Sports Dictionary''. New York: Scholastic Book Services, 1979. p. 199. {{ISBN|0-590-05731-6}}

{{Sport}}
{{Entertainment}}
{{Types of games}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sports| ]]
[[Category:Culture]]
[[Category:Social events]]

Gatta Kusthi

2026-03-14T07:25:56Z

Shahidkumar:

{{short description|2022 Indian Tamil-language sports drama}}
{{For|the submission wrestling form of Kerala|Gatta gusthi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gatta Kusthi
| image = Gatta Kusthi poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Chella Ayyavu]]
| writer = Chella Ayyavu
| producer = [[Ravi Teja]]<br />[[Vishnu Vishal]]<br />Shubhra<br />Aryan Ramesh
| starring = [[Vishnu Vishal]]<br />[[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]
| cinematography = [[Richard M. Nathan]]
| editing = [[Prasanna GK]]
| music = [[Justin Prabhakaran]]
| studio = [[Ravi Teja|RT Team Works]]<br />[[Vishnu Vishal|Vishnu Vishal Studioz]]
| distributor = [[Red Giant Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|12|02|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = {{INR}}30 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=அப்போ 9 படம் டிராப் ஆச்சு.. இப்போ 9 படம் கைவசம் இருக்கு! கட்டா குஸ்தி சக்சஸ் மீட்டில் விஷ்ணு விஷால் நெகிழ்ச்சி |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/in-gatta-kusthi-success-meet-vishnu-vishal-says-his-9-movies-dropped-for-this-reason-rmk48p#image4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210093959/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/in-gatta-kusthi-success-meet-vishnu-vishal-says-his-9-movies-dropped-for-this-reason-rmk48p#image4 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=[[Asianet News]] (in Tamil)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2022 |title=Matti Kusthi Collections : మట్టి కుస్తీ : రూ. 30 కోట్ల వసూళ్లతో థియేరట్స్‌లో రచ్చ |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/vishnu-vishal-matti-kusthi-collections-crosses-rs-30-crore-says-producer-1508560 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217063846/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/vishnu-vishal-matti-kusthi-collections-crosses-rs-30-crore-says-producer-1508560 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=[[Sakshi TV]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Gatta Kusthi''''' ({{Translation|Tied wrestling}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[sports film|sports]] [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by [[Chella Ayyavu]]. It was jointly produced by [[Ravi Teja]], [[Vishnu Vishal]], Shubhra and Aryan Ramesh through the companies RT Team Works and Vishnu Vishal Studioz.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2022 |title=Vishnu Vishal next film titled Gatta Kusthi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/apr/05/vishnu-vishal-next-film-titled-gatta-kusthi-30700.amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727155554/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/apr/05/vishnu-vishal-next-film-titled-gatta-kusthi-30700.amp |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Vishnu Vishal]] and [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]], while [[Karunas]], [[Munishkanth]], and [[Kaali Venkat]] play supporting roles. The film's songs and background score were composed by [[Justin Prabhakaran]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} The story is set against the backdrop of [[submission wrestling]] form [[gatta gusthi]].

It was shot extensively across [[Tamil Nadu]] including [[Tenkasi]], [[Chennai]], [[Pallavaram]], [[Courtallam]], [[Ambasamudram]], [[Pollachi]] and [[Kerala]] including [[Alappuzha]] and [[Palakkad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2022 |title=#GattaKusthi #MattiKusthi - Pooja Ceremony Video is here 😊 |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/TheVishnuVishal/status/1512042555705241604 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728111015/https://mobile.twitter.com/TheVishnuVishal/status/1512042555705241604 |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2022 |title=#GattaKusthi Update⭐ |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/saloon_kada/status/1549382845537259520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727155658/https://mobile.twitter.com/saloon_kada/status/1549382845537259520 |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=Twitter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2022 |title=Shoot at Site: Vishnu, Aishwarya shoot for a fun first-night scene |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shoot-at-site-vishnu-aishwarya-shoot-for-a-fun-first-night-scene/articleshow/92996909.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803052322/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shoot-at-site-vishnu-aishwarya-shoot-for-a-fun-first-night-scene/articleshow/92996909.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=3 August 2023 |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was released in theatres on 2 December 2022.<ref name="bilingual" /> The film received positive reviews from critics and became a commercial success.

==Plot==
Keerthi is a champion wrestler. Though she's supported by her uncle Ganesan, her own parents don't want to her to wrestle, because it makes getting her married much harder. Keerthi also refuses grooms who ask for dowry from her family. Ganesan is visiting his friend Ratnam, who is trying to find a match for his nephew Veera, who is demanding of what he wants in a wife: he wants her to be submissive, have long hair, and not be more educated than he is (he only completed eighth standard). Wanting to help Keerthi and her family, he proposes an alliance between her and Veera. Though Keerthi is furious about the conditions she has to pretend to be, she reluctantly agrees to appease her father. When they meet, Veera is immediately besotted by Keerthi. When he refuses to accept a dowry to marry her, Keerthi also becomes fond of Veera. The two marry, and settle in his hometown.

Veera gets into a dispute with local political leader Dass, and he puts Ratnam in jail and threatens Keerthi. When they visit a temple, Dass attacks Veera, and he gets cornered, but Keerthi comes to his rescue, revealing her true self. She warns Dass that he has to go through her to hurt Veera. Keerthi becomes revered in the village, while Veera meekly follows her lead, afraid of getting hurt by her. Ratnam is released from prison, and finds out about Keerthi. He goes to her home and insults her new respected status and persona, causing Keerthi to slap him in anger and not knowing the reason, Veera slaps Keerthi. Upset, Keerthi leaves home with Ganesan, and is taken back to her parents' house until Veera comes to his senses.

Keerthi finds out she has been enrolled in an upcoming wrestling tournament, and yells at Ganesan, believing he enrolled her. However, her father reveals that he enrolled her, wanting to let her be herself. Keerthi refuses until she is served with divorce papers from Veera. Unbeknownst to either, Ratnam had the papers filed. Veera is goaded by Ratnam into also enrolling in the tournament. Lokesh, Keerthi's coach who lusts after her, agrees to enroll Veera, and set up a match between him and Keerthi to increase business opportunities. Veera finds a coach willing to train him, and sees the hard work, and what women have to overcome, developing a newfound respect for Keerthi. He goes to talk to Ratnam, but encounters his aunt, Ratnam's wife, instead. She reveals that she knew the truth about Keerthi, and asked her why she agreed to the marriage. Keerthi admitted how much she really liked Veera. He then goes to reconcile with Keerthi, but Lokesh manipulates her, tricking Veera into believing that she doesn't wish to speak with him.

On the day of the match, Lokesh learns from the doctors that Keerthi is pregnant, making her ineligible to fight. Lokesh, though, refuses to tell her, and insists the match still go on. Keerthi and Veera face each other on the wrestling grounds, but she quickly faints. Veera tries to go with her to the hospital, but Lokesh makes him stay to fight another female wrestler. Furious at his interference, Veera insists he'll only fight Lokesh, and he agrees. Lokesh gets the upper hand on Veera, and taunts him by revealing Keerthi is pregnant. Furious, Veera fights Lokesh off, defeating and severely injuring him. Afterwards, he gives a speech to the press about how women fight so hard for their dreams, but encounter so many obstacles, and he should've been more supportive of Keerthi.

Veera goes to the hospital, where Keerthi is recovering, and finds out about the divorce papers. He reveals Ratnam's manipulation, and insists he doesn't want a divorce. However, Keerthi still does, as she wants their child to get a chance at a wrestling career that she never did. Veera tells Keerthi that she can still have that career after their child is born, and promises to support her, saying that from now on, she only needs to fight with her opponent, not with her family. The couple reconciles.

Sometime later, Keerthi wins another wrestling match, while Veera and their daughter cheer her on.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vishnu Vishal]] as Veera
*[[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] as Keerthi
*[[Karunas]] as Ratnam
*[[Munishkanth]] as Ganesan
*[[Kaali Venkat]] as Sattanathan alias Sattam
*[[Redin Kingsley]] as Temple Donation Group Chief
*[[Sreeja Ravi]] as Keerthi's mother
*Gajaraj as Keerthi's father
*Nikhila Sankar as Keerthi's sister
*[[Hareesh Peradi]] as Kodangi
*[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Dass
*[[Shatru (actor)|Shatru]] as Lokesh
*[[Lizzie Antony]] as Ratnam's wife and Veera's aunt
*Rajapandi as Veera's Friend
*Kalamandalam Mallika as Keerthi's grandmother
*Mathew Varghese as Manik Club Managing Director
*Mippu as Mani
*Maayi Sundar as Panchayat Old Man
*Prema Priya as neighbour lady
*Sumathi G. as neighbour lady
*[[Chella Ayyavu]] as Cameraman (cameo appearance)
}}

==Production==

===Development===
The film was tentatively titled as ''VV18''. On 5 April 2022, the film's official title was unveiled as ''Gatta Kusthi''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} The plot is set against the backdrop of [[submission wrestling]] form [[gatta gusthi]], which is popular in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |date=6 April 2022 |title=Vishnu Vishal begins shoot of his wrestling-based film today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-begins-shoot-of-his-wrestling-based-film-today/articleshow/90667261.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124064902/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-begins-shoot-of-his-wrestling-based-film-today/articleshow/90667261.cms |archive-date=24 November 2022 |access-date=24 November 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |date=14 April 2022 |title=Vishnu Vishal: There is always business for a good movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-there-is-always-business-for-a-good-movie/articleshow/90835191.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124054004/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-there-is-always-business-for-a-good-movie/articleshow/90835191.cms |archive-date=24 November 2022 |access-date=24 November 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Directed by Chella Ayyavu, it is the first Tamil film produced by [[Ravi Teja]] under the banner of RT Team Works. This is second collaboration of Vishnu Vishal and Chella Ayyavu after 2018 film ''[[Silukkuvarupatti Singam]]''.

===Casting===
In April 2022, [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] was announced as the female lead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2022 |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi to play the female lead in Vishnu Vishal's Gatta Kusthi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/apr/06/aishwarya-lekshmi-to-play-the-female-lead-in-vishnu-vishals-gatta-kusthi-30717.amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727155553/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/apr/06/aishwarya-lekshmi-to-play-the-female-lead-in-vishnu-vishals-gatta-kusthi-30717.amp |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] of the film began on 7 April 2022,<ref name="bilingual">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2022 |title=Tamil Actor Vishnu Vishal Teams up With Ravi Teja for Bilingual Film Gatta Kusthi |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamil-actor-vishnu-vishal-teams-up-with-ravi-teja-for-bilingual-film-gatta-kusthi-4950938.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727155657/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/tamil-actor-vishnu-vishal-teams-up-with-ravi-teja-for-bilingual-film-gatta-kusthi-4950938.html |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=[[News 18]]}}</ref> and was [[wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped up]] on 11 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2022 |title=Vishnu Vishal's 'Gatta Kusthi' Kerala schedule wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishals-gatta-kusthi-kerala-schedule-wrapped-up/articleshow/93494117.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206073145/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishals-gatta-kusthi-kerala-schedule-wrapped-up/articleshow/93494117.cms |archive-date=6 December 2022 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gatta Kusthi
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Justin Prabhakaran]]
| alt =
| released = 3 December 2022
| recorded = 2022
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:08
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = Justin Prabhakaran
| chronology =
| prev_title = [[Radhe Shyam]]
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title = [[Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum]]
| next_year = 2023
}}

The [[film score]] and [[soundtrack album]] of the film is composed by [[Justin Prabhakaran]]. The audio rights were acquired by [[Saregama]]. The first single titled "Chal Chakka" was released on 23 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ViSHHNU VISHAL (VV) ON TWITTER: Our first single is out now, a song that I loved on the first hear and you will too.. :) |url=https://twitter.com/TheVishnuVishal/status/1595429756652380160?cxt=HHwWgIDT1aS6jaQsAAAA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120134853/https://twitter.com/TheVishnuVishal/status/1595429756652380160?cxt=HHwWgIDT1aS6jaQsAAAA |archive-date=20 November 2021 |access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> The second single titled "Mike Tyson" was released on 26 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2022 |title=Ravi Teja on Twitter: Here's #Pokirodey from our #MattiKusthi out now! |url=https://twitter.com/RaviTeja_offl/status/1596481972981108736?cxt=HHwWgMDUnav566csAAAA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803052323/https://twitter.com/RaviTeja_offl/status/1596481972981108736?cxt=HHwWgMDUnav566csAAAA |archive-date=3 August 2023 |access-date=27 November 2022 |website=Twitter}}</ref> The third single titled "Sanda Veerachi" was released on 29 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2022 |title=VISHNU VISHAL (VV) on Twitter: Get ready for this jolly track 😁 #SandaVeerachi from #GattaKusthi #ThanneChinnadi from #MattiKusthi |url=https://twitter.com/TheVishnuVishal/status/1597497972560105472?cxt=HHwWgMDQ_aX8uassAAAA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803052325/https://twitter.com/TheVishnuVishal/status/1597497972560105472?cxt=HHwWgMDQ_aX8uassAAAA |archive-date=3 August 2023 |access-date=29 November 2022 |website=Twitter}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| total_length = 17:08
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chal Chakka
| length1 = 3:57
| extra1 = [[Benny Dayal]]
| lyrics1 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| title2 = Mike Tyson
| length2 = 2:49
| lyrics2 = Justin Prabhakaran
| extra2 = [[Anthony Daasan]], MC Vickey
| title3 = Sanda Veerachi
| length3 = 3:14
| lyrics3 = Vivek
| extra3 = Kedakuzhi Mariyamma
| title4 = Medha Medhappa
| length4 = 3:49
| extra4 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]], Diwakar
| lyrics4 = Vivek
| title5 = Maranthana
| length5 = 3:19
| extra5 = [[Saindhavi]], Justin Prabhakaran
| lyrics5 = Vivek
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| total_length = 18:40
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chal Chakkani
| length1 = 3:57
| extra1 = [[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]]
| lyrics1 = Rahman
| title2 = Pokirodey
| extra2 = Folk Marley, [[Anthony Daasan]], Mc Vickey
| lyrics2 = Krishna Kanth
| length2 = 2:49
| title3 = Thanne Chinnadi
| length3 = 3:14
| lyrics3 = Krishna Kanth
| extra3 = [[Mangli]]
| title4 = Mira Mirapa
| length4 = 4:29
| extra4 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
| lyrics4 = Krishna Kanth
| title5 = Nuvve Leni
| length5 = 4:11
| extra5 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], Justin Prabhakaran
| lyrics5 = Rahman
}}

==Release==

===Theatrical===
The film was released theatrically on 2 December 2022 along with a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] dubbed version under the title ''Matti Kusthi'' ({{Translation|Mud wrestling}}).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishnu Vishal shares BTS pictures from 'Gatta Kusthi' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-shares-bts-pictures-from-gatta-kusthi/articleshow/93206835.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806125957/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-shares-bts-pictures-from-gatta-kusthi/articleshow/93206835.cms |archive-date=6 August 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HERE's when Vishnu Vishal and Aishwarya Lekshmi's much-awaited Gatta Kusthi will hit screens |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/heres-when-vishnu-vishal-and-aishwarya-lekshmis-much-awaited-gatta-kusthi-will-hit-screens/01b47d920d755 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111082615/https://www.ottplay.com/news/heres-when-vishnu-vishal-and-aishwarya-lekshmis-much-awaited-gatta-kusthi-will-hit-screens/01b47d920d755 |archive-date=11 November 2022 |access-date=11 November 2022 |website=[[OTT Play]]}}</ref> The motion poster of the film was released on 5 April 2022.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} The distribution rights of the film in [[Tamil Nadu]] were acquired by [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] under the banner of [[Red Giant Movies]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1593461536932392960 |user=RedGiantMovies_ |title=After the success of #FIR, we're happy to join hands with @TheVishnuVishal again. #GattaKusthi releasing on Dec 2nd, in cinemas near you. |date=18 November 2022}}</ref> The trailer of the film was released on 19 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2022 |title=Vishnu Vishal's 'Gatta Kusthi' trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishals-gatta-kusthi-trailer/articleshow/95638729.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206074133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishals-gatta-kusthi-trailer/articleshow/95638729.cms |archive-date=6 December 2022 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

===Home media===
''Gatta Kusthi'' began streaming on [[Netflix]] from 1 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2022 |title=Gatta Kusthi's OTT release date out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/dec/27/gatta-kusthis-ott-release-dateout-38132.amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229123829/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/dec/27/gatta-kusthis-ott-release-dateout-38132.amp |archive-date=29 December 2022 |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
''Gatta Kusthi'' received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2022 |title=Gatta Kusthi OTT Platform Revealed! Check Details! |url=https://www.binged.com/news/gatta-kusthi-ott-platform-revealed-check-details/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803052324/https://www.binged.com/news/gatta-kusthi-ott-platform-revealed-check-details/ |archive-date=3 August 2023 |access-date=3 December 2022 |website=Binged}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2022 |title='Gatta Kusthi' box office collection day 1: Vishnu Vishal starrer mints Rs 4 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/gatta-kusthi-box-office-collection-day-1-vishnu-vishal-starrer-mints-rs-4-crore/articleshow/95967327.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205010530/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/gatta-kusthi-box-office-collection-day-1-vishnu-vishal-starrer-mints-rs-4-crore/articleshow/95967327.cms |archive-date=5 December 2022 |access-date=4 December 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Thankfully, [[Chella Ayyavu]] doesn't valourise the hero's comeback, but uses these sequences to talk about the gender inequality in our society."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2022 |title=Gatta Kusthi Movie Review : An entertaining, progressive rural comedy that's a throwback to the '90s |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/gatta-kusthi/movie-review/95933425.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202082221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/gatta-kusthi/movie-review/95933425.cms |archive-date=2 December 2022 |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Thinkal Menon of ''[[OTT Play]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Gatta Kusthi succeeds as a neat family entertainer that manages to impress viewers with engaging emotions, conflicts and a couple of action scenes."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2022 |title=Gatta Kusthi movie review: Aishwarya Lekshmi, Vishnu Vishal provide wholesome entertainment in this engaging fare |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/gatta-kusthi-movie-review-aishwarya-lekshmi-vishnu-vishal-provide-wholesome-entertainment-in-this-engaging-fare/7195dab036717 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202082816/https://www.ottplay.com/review/gatta-kusthi-movie-review-aishwarya-lekshmi-vishnu-vishal-provide-wholesome-entertainment-in-this-engaging-fare/7195dab036717 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=[[OTT Play]]}}</ref> ''[[Dinamalar]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2022 |title=கட்டா குஸ்தி - விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3245/Gatta-kusthi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202083012/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3245/Gatta-kusthi/ |archive-date=2 December 2022 |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref> Khalillulah of ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' wrote "Overall, this Gatta Kusthi contains reactionary ideas with features for mass cinema lovers."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2022 |title=கட்டா குஸ்தி Review: பாதி ஆட்டம் விறுவிறுப்பு... மீதி ஆட்டம்? |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/909066-gatta-kusthi-movie-review-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202083413/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/909066-gatta-kusthi-movie-review-2.html |archive-date=2 December 2022 |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]}}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Karunas gets a solid comic character after a long time and he’s brilliant in some of the key scenes of the movie."<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2022 |title=Gatta Kusthi movie review: Vishnu Vishal's film is a lighthearted family drama, Aishwarya Lekshmi shines |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/gatta-kusthi-movie-review-vishnu-vishal-s-film-is-a-lighthearted-family-drama-101670058591199.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203103007/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/gatta-kusthi-movie-review-vishnu-vishal-s-film-is-a-lighthearted-family-drama-101670058591199.html |archive-date=3 December 2022 |access-date=3 December 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Kalyani Pandian of ''[[ABP Live]]'' rated 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "However, beyond all these, Gatta Kusthi has managed to win as a commercial comedy entertainer."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2022 |title=Gatta Kusthi Review: குஸ்தியில் ஜெயித்தது ஐஸ்வர்யாவா..விஷ்ணுவா..? - 'கட்டா குஸ்தி' நறுக் விமர்சனம் இங்கே! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/gatta-kusthi-review-in-tamil-vishnu-vishal-aishwarya-lekshmi-starring-katta-kusthi-movie-review-rating-88014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202083912/https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/gatta-kusthi-review-in-tamil-vishnu-vishal-aishwarya-lekshmi-starring-katta-kusthi-movie-review-rating-88014 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=[[ABP Live]] (in Tamil)}}</ref> Srivatsan S of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Gatta Kusthi, in a way, is a counterpoint to what Salman Khan’s ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]'' was. Just for that, it is a winning comedy."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2022 |title='Gatta Kusthi' movie review: Vishnu Vishal-Aishwarya Lekshmi's film is mad fun, when it doesn't ramble on gender politics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/gatta-kusthi-movie-review-vishnu-vishal-aishwarya-lekshmis-film-is-mad-fun-when-it-doesnt-ramble-on-gender-politics/article66213920.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202103527/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/gatta-kusthi-movie-review-vishnu-vishal-aishwarya-lekshmis-film-is-mad-fun-when-it-doesnt-ramble-on-gender-politics/article66213920.ece |archive-date=2 December 2022 |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Navein Darshan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Though the film tells aloud several times that women aren't slaves to men and they deserve better treatment inside and outside homes, it still gives the toxic males the longest end of the rope."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2022 |title=Gatta Kusthi Movie Review: This effective comedy needed more sensitivity |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/dec/02/gatta-kusthi-movie-reviewthis-effective-comedy-needed-more-sensitivity-37296.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203075856/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/dec/02/gatta-kusthi-movie-reviewthis-effective-comedy-needed-more-sensitivity-37296.html |archive-date=3 December 2022 |access-date=3 December 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Sruthi Ganapathy Raman of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote "But should women get to live their lives only if they break their bones playing a sport or work hard enough for their family?"<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2022 |title=Gatta Kusthi Wrestles To Subvert Patriarchy, But Packs In A Few Punches |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/gatta-gusthi-movie-review-gatta-kusthi-wrestles-to-subvert-patriarchy-but-packs-in-a-few-punches |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209061248/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/gatta-gusthi-movie-review-gatta-kusthi-wrestles-to-subvert-patriarchy-but-packs-in-a-few-punches |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
During the pre-release event of ''[[Oho Enthan Baby]]'', Vishnu Vishal announced his plans to make a sequel of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 July 2025|title=Vishnu Vishal confirms Gatta Kusthi 2 and Ratsasan 2|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/07/vishnu-vishal-confirms-gatta-kusthi-2-and-ratsasan-2|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> On 1 September 2025, a sequel titled ''Gatta Kusthi: 2nd Round'', and it is in pre-production and planning to start shooting in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 August 2025|title=🤼‍♀️💥#VishnuVishal is back in the ring The sequel to his family blockbuster #GattaKusthi titled #SecondRound is gearing up! Big announcement promo drops tomorrow at 5PM. Produced by VV & Vels Film International👌|url=https://x.com/kollywoodnow/status/1962151980958408951|website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 September 2025|title=Gatta Kusthi 2: Vels Film International, Vishnu Vishal Announce Sequel With Hilarious Video|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/gatta-kusthi-2-vels-film-international-vishnu-vishal-announce-sequel-with-new-video-article-152599462/amp|website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s sports comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 sports films]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian sports comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Wrestling films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dekuli

2026-03-13T23:01:06Z

Shahidkumar: made a info

{{Short description|Historical village in Bihar}}
{{Distinguish|Dekuli Dham}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dekuli
| official_name = Devakuli
| native_name = देकुली
| native_name_lang = Mai
| other_name = Devakuli
| settlement_type = Village
| mapframe-coordinates = {{Coord|26.0849304|N|85.9198991|E}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Bihar
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = Mithila
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = Darbhanga
| subdivision_type4 = Block
| subdivision_name4 = Bahadurpur
| subdivision_type5 = Panchayat
| subdivision_name5 = Tikapatti-Dekuli
| founder = King [[Devasimha]]
| named_for = Devasimha
| population_demonym = [[Maithil]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
*Mother tongue
| demographics1_info1 = *Hindi
*Maithili
}}
'''Dekuli''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: देकुली) also known as ''Devakuli'' is a historical village in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. It is located in the [[Bahadurpur Assembly constituency|Bahadurpur block]] of the [[Darbhanga district]] in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darbhanga news: देकुली-शंकर रोहार पथ का 45 करोड़ की लागत से होगा निर्माण - Darbhanga news Dekuli Shankar Rohar Path will be constructed at a cost of 45 crores |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-darbhanga-news-dekuli-shankar-rohar-path-will-be-constructed-at-a-cost-of-45-crores-22166818.html |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> In the 14th century CE, it was the capital of the [[Videha|Mithila Kingdom]] during the [[Shiva Simha Singh|King Shivasimha]] of [[Oiniwar dynasty|Oiniwar Dynasty]]. Presently the village is the part of ''Tikapatti-Dekuli Panchayat''. The village holds several archeological sites and remains of different centuries.<ref>{{Cite news |title=रातों-रात बढ़ सकती है इस गांव के जमीन की कीमत! पुरातत्व विभाग रख रहा नजर, भूमि मालिक हो जाएंगे मालामाल |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/darbhanga-this-village-darbhanga-radar-of-the-archaeological-department-land-rate-become-high-local18-ws-kl-9207453.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506222152/https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/darbhanga-this-village-darbhanga-radar-of-the-archaeological-department-land-rate-become-high-local18-ws-kl-9207453.html |archive-date=2025-05-06 |access-date=2026-01-10 |work=News18 हिंदी |language=hi-IN |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=शंकरपुर डीह के सर्वेक्षण में मिले मृदभांड समेत कई पुरावशेष - mridubhand found in survey |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-mridubhand-found-in-survey-19426898.html |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2021-10-12 |title=दरभंगा के टीकापट्टी देकुली पंचायत में नहीं हो सका है विकास कार्य, जर्जर हो चुकी है गांव की सड़क |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/darbhanga/development-work-could-not-be-done-in-tikapatti-dekuli-panchayat-of-darbhanga/bh20211012100910245 |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-23 |title=निरीक्षण: देकुली शंकर-लोहार सिसौनी राेड का निरीक्षण |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/darbhanga/news/inspection-of-dekuli-shankar-lohar-sisoni-road-129232881.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223124358/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/darbhanga/news/inspection-of-dekuli-shankar-lohar-sisoni-road-129232881.html |archive-date=2021-12-23 |access-date=2026-01-10 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
Dekuli or Devakuli was founded by the King [[Devasimha]] of the Oiniwar Dynasty in Mithila. It was established as the capital of the kingdom and named after him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Civilizational_Regions_of_Mithila_Mahako.html?id=bu61AAAAIAAJ#dekuli%20in%20mithila |title=Civilizational Regions of Mithila & Mahakoshal |date=1982 |publisher=Capital Publishing House |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:Capitals of Mithila]]

{{Darbhanga-geo-stub}}

2023 AIFF Super Cup

2026-03-11T09:24:15Z

Shahidkumar: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
| title = Super Cup
| year = 2023
| other_titles = Hero Super Cup
| country = India
| dates = 3–6 April (qualification rounds) <br> 8–25 April (main competition)
| image = File:Kozhikode EMS Stadium.jpg
| caption = [[EMS Stadium]] hosted the final on 25 April
| image_size = 275px
| venue = [[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]], [[Kozhikode]]<br>[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]], [[Manjeri]]
| num_teams = 21 (all)<br>16 (group stage)
| winners = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| count = 1
| second = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| continental_cup_title = [[2023–24 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
| continental_cup_qualifiers = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| matches = 32
| goals = 113
| attendance = 109607
| scoring_leader = [[Wilmar Jordán]] (7 goals)
| award = [[Diego Mauricio]]
| prev_season = [[2019 Super Cup (India)|2019]]
| next_season = [[2024 Super Cup (India)|2024]]
}}

The '''2023 AIFF Super Cup''', officially known as the '''2023 Hero Super Cup''' for sponsorship reasons, was the third edition of the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] and the 41st season of the national [[single-elimination tournament|knockout football]] competition in [[football in India|India]]. The competition was sponsored by [[Hero MotoCorp]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Mergulhao|first=Marcus|date=25 May 2022|title=Nine-month calendar for Indian football from next season|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/no-change-in-isl-format-for-next-season-super-cup-set-to-return/articleshow/89932146.cms|url-status=live|access-date=25 May 2022|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|location=[[Panaji]]|archive-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302171857/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/no-change-in-isl-format-for-next-season-super-cup-set-to-return/articleshow/89932146.cms}}</ref><ref name="SuperCup23">{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/kerala-to-host-hero-super-cup-in-april |title=Kerala to host Hero Super Cup in April |author=AIFF Media Team |website=the-aiff.com |publisher=[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] |date=24 January 2023|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124090846/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/kerala-to-host-hero-super-cup-in-april|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=In the last matchday of the I-League season, teams compete for improved Super Cup qualifying ranking|url=https://footballexpress.in/in-the-last-matchday-of-the-i-league-season-teams-compete-for-improved-super-cup-qualifying-ranking/|first=Veronica|last=Tarafdar|website=footballexpress.in|publisher=Football Express India|date=30 March 2023|access-date=13 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407041622/https://footballexpress.in/in-the-last-matchday-of-the-i-league-season-teams-compete-for-improved-super-cup-qualifying-ranking/|archive-date=7 April 2023}}</ref>

The tournament was being organised after a gap of four years due to various scheduling issues, with the latest edition being played in [[2019 Indian Super Cup|2019]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kerala to host Hero Super Cup in April |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/kerala-to-host-hero-super-cup-in-april |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=www.the-aiff.com |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124090846/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/kerala-to-host-hero-super-cup-in-april |url-status=live }}</ref> This was the first time the Super Cup champions to had a spot allotted in the [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] competitions.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mergulhao|first=Marcus|date=25 May 2022|title=AFC slot for Super Cup, to be played simultaneously with ISL next season|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/afc-slot-for-super-cup-to-be-played-simultaneously-with-isl-next-season/articleshow/97290236.cms|url-status=live|access-date=25 May 2022|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|location=[[Panaji]]|archive-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125032038/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/afc-slot-for-super-cup-to-be-played-simultaneously-with-isl-next-season/articleshow/97290236.cms}}</ref> [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] were crowned champions after defeating [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] 2–1 in the [[2023 Indian Super Cup#Final|final]], their first-ever major title,<ref name="Rawat">{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/odisha-fc-bask-in-kozhikode-rain-beat-bengaluru-fc-to-claim-hero-super-cup-crown|title=Odisha FC bask in Kozhikode rain; beat Bengaluru FC to claim Hero Super Cup crown|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|date=25 April 2023|access-date=25 April 2023|first=Akhil|last=Rawat|location=Kozhikode|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425180906/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/odisha-fc-bask-in-kozhikode-rain-beat-bengaluru-fc-to-claim-hero-super-cup-crown|archive-date=25 April 2023}}</ref> and qualified for the [[Indian club qualifiers for 2023–24 AFC competitions#Qualification for AFC Cup group stage|qualifier for 2023–24 AFC Cup group stage]].

==Format==
The 2023 edition of Super Cup was played across two cities of [[Kerala]], [[Kozhikode]] and [[Manjeri]], selected by the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] in a comprehensive and inclusive manner. The competition consisted of the qualifying play-offs, the group stage, the semi-finals and the final.<ref name="SuperCup23"/>

The tournament proper featured 16 top clubs across the top two divisions of Indian football. All 11 clubs from the [[Indian Super League|ISL]] and the [[2022–23 I-League]] champions directly qualified to the group stage. The teams placed 2nd to 10th in the 2022–23 I-League competed for the four remaining spots in the qualifying round that featured [[Single-elimination tournament|single-leg ties]].

The 16 qualified clubs were drawn into four groups of four each, competing in a single round-robin format, with group winners making it through to the semi-finals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFC Competitions 2023-24 Slots for India announced |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/afc-competitions-2023-24-slots-for-india-announced |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=www.the-aiff.com |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315034530/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/afc-competitions-2023-24-slots-for-india-announced |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Teams ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+Group stage direct entrants
! scope="col" style="width:150px" | Team
! scope="col" style="width:150px" | League
! scope="col" style="width:100px" | {{abbr|App|Appearances}} <small>(last)</small>
|-
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
| rowspan="11" | [[Indian Super League]]
| 2nd{{efn|previously played in [[2018 Indian Super Cup|2018]] as Mohun Bagan}} <small>([[2018 Indian Super Cup|2018]])</small>
|-
| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| 3rd <small>([[2019 Indian Super Cup|2019]])</small>
|-
| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| 3rd <small>([[2019 Indian Super Cup|2019]])</small>
|-
| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| 2nd <small>([[2018 Indian Super Cup|2018]])</small>
|-
| [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| 3rd <small>([[2019 Indian Super Cup|2019]])</small>
|-
| [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| 1st
|-
| [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| 3rd <small>([[2019 Indian Super Cup|2019]])</small>
|-
| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| 3rd <small>([[2019 Indian Super Cup|2019]])</small>
|-
| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai]]
| 3rd <small>([[2019 Indian Super Cup|2019]])</small>
|-
| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| 3rd <small>([[2019 Indian Super Cup|2019]])</small>
|-
| [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| 1st
|-
| [[Punjab FC| Roundglass Punjab]]
| [[I-League]]
| 1st
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+Qualification entrants: Entering in second qualifying round
! scope="col" style="width:150px" | Team
! scope="col" style="width:150px" | League
! scope="col" style="width:75px" | {{abbr|App|Appearances}} <small>(last)</small>
|-
| [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| rowspan="7" | [[I-League]]
| 2nd <small>([[2018 Indian Super Cup|2018]])</small>
|-
| [[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
| 2nd <small>([[2018 Indian Super Cup|2018]])</small>
|-
| [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| 2nd <small>([[2018 Indian Super Cup|2018]])</small>
|-
| [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| 1st
|-
| [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| 2nd <small>([[2019 Indian Super Cup|2019]])</small>
|-
| [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| 1st
|-
| [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| 1st
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+Qualification entrants: Entering in first qualifying round
! scope="col" style="width:150px" | Team
! scope="col" style="width:150px" | League
! scope="col" style="width:75px" | {{abbr|App|Appearances}} <small>(last)</small>
|-
| [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| rowspan="2" | [[I-League]]
| 2nd <small>([[2018 Indian Super Cup|2018]])</small>
|-
| [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| 1st
|}
{{reflist|group=note}}{{location map+|India3|float=right|width=385|alt=Locations of the Indian Super League teams|caption=Locations of the Indian Super Cup Group Stage teams|places={{location map~ |India2 |lat=12.58 |long=77.34 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]}}</div>|position=top}}
{{location map~ |India2 |lat=13.08389 |long=80.27000 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India2 |lat=15.49300 |long=73.81800|label= <div style="font-size:100%;"> '''Goa'''
</div>|mark=Blue pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India2 |lat=22.47 |long=86.12 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India2 |lat=18.97500 |long=72.82583 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India2 |lat=17.4121531 |long=78.1278513|label= <div style="font-size:100%;"> '''Hyderabad'''
</div>|mark=Blue pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India2 |lat=26.11|long=91.44|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India2 |lat=20.2878|long=85.82381|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India2 |lat=9.97|long=76.28|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India2 |lat=11.25|long=75.78|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India2 |lat=23.73|long=92.72|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India2 |lat=30.7|long=76.86|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[RoundGlass Punjab]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India2 |lat=22.56972 |long=88.36972|label= <div style="font-size:100%;"> '''Kolkata'''
</div>|mark=Blue pog.svg|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India2 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=8.0 |long=90 |label=<div style="font-size:90%;">'''{{nowrap|[[Football in Kolkata|Kolkata]] teams:}}'''<br>
{{nowrap|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|ATK Mohun Bagan]]}}<br>
{{nowrap|[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]}}<br>
</div>
|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |India2 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=12.0 |long=90 |label=<div style="font-size:90%;">'''{{nowrap|[[Hyderabad]] teams:}}'''<br>
{{nowrap|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]}}<br>
{{nowrap|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]}}<br>
</div>
|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |India2 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=16.0 |long=90 |label=<div style="font-size:90%;">'''{{nowrap|[[Goa]] teams:}}'''<br>
{{nowrap|[[FC Goa|Goa]]}}<br>
{{nowrap|[[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]}}<br>
</div>
|position=right}}}}

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Phase
!Round
!Match dates
|-
| rowspan="2" |Qualification round
|First qualifying round
|3 April 2023
|-
|Second qualifying round
|5–6 April 2023
|-
| rowspan="3" |Main tournament
|Group stage
|8–19 April 2023
|-
|Semi-finals
| 21–22 April 2023
|-
|Final
| 25 April 2023
|}

==Venues==
A total of 32 matches were played across 2 cities, [[Kozhikode]] and [[Manjeri]]. 18 matches were played in Manjeri, including the qualifying play-offs, and 14 matches in Kozhikode.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
![[Kozhikode]]

![[Manjeri]]
|-
|[[EMS Stadium|EMS Corporation Stadium]]

|[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
|-
|Capacity: '''50,000'''

|Capacity: '''30,000'''
|-
| [[File:Kozhikode EMS Stadium.jpg|300x300px]]

|[[File:Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium.jpg|300x300px]]
|}

==Qualifying rounds==
{{OneLegStart}}
|+First qualifying round
{{OneLegResult|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]||2–2 {{pso|1–3}}|'''[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]'''||}}
{{end}}
{{OneLegStart}}
|+Second qualifying round
{{OneLegResult|'''[[Sreenidi Deccan]]'''||4–2|[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]||}}
{{OneLegResult|'''[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]'''||5–2|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]||}}
{{OneLegResult|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]||0–1|'''[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]'''||}}
{{OneLegResult|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]||0–6|'''[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]'''||}}
{{end}}

=== First qualifying round ===
{{football box collapsible
| round =
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|03|df=y}}
| time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| score = 2–2
| penaltyscore = 1–3
| aet = y
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/18350 Report]
| team2 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| goals1 = * [[Shaiborlang Kharpan|Kharpan]] {{goal|65}}
* [[Lalremsanga Fanai|Lalremsanga]] {{goal|98}}
| goals2 = * L. Haokip {{goal|45+1}}
* S. Fernandes {{goal|120+3}}
| penalties1 = * R. Gupta {{penmiss}}
* [[William Pauliankhum|Neihsial]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Amritpal Singh (footballer)|Amritpal]] {{penmiss}}
* [[Chanso Horam|Horam]] {{penmiss}}
| penalties2 = * S. Fernandes {{pengoal}}
* P. Singson {{pengoal}}
* L. Rakesh Meitei {{penmiss}}
* J. Singh {{pengoal}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance = 1,210
| motm = [[Soram Anganba|Soram Poirei]] (NEROCA)
| referee = Pratik Mondal
}}

=== Second qualifying round ===
{{football box collapsible
| round = '''Q-1'''
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|05|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| score = 4–2
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/18406 Report]
| team2 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| goals1 = * [[Faysal Shayesteh|Shayesteh]] {{goal|37}}
* [[David Castañeda (footballer)|Castañeda]] {{goal|55|p}}
* [[Rilwan Olanrewaju Hassan|Hassan]] {{goal|90||90+4}}
| goals2 = * T. Ragui {{goal|67}}
* B. Lupheng {{goal|80}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance = 483
| motm = [[Rilwan Olanrewaju Hassan|Rilwan Hassan]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = I Jamal Mohamed
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = '''Q-2'''
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|05|df=y}}
| time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| score = 5–2
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/18407 Report]
| team2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| goals1 = * [[Omar Ramos|Ramos]] {{goal|11}}
* [[Sourav K.|Sourav]] {{goal|47}}
* [[Farshad Noor|Noor]] {{goal|64}}
* [[Thahir Zaman|Zaman]] {{goal|78}}
* [[Abdul Hakku Nediyodath|Hakku]] {{goal|85}}
| goals2 = * [[Abiola Dauda|Dauda]] {{goal|27||48}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance = 3,128
| motm = [[Omar Ramos]] (Gokulam Kerala)
| referee = Senthil Nathan S
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = '''Q-3'''
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|06|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| score = 0–1
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/18408 Report]
| team2 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = * [[Ivan Veras|Veras]] {{goal|64}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance = 772
| motm = [[Ivan Veras]] (Aizawl)
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = '''Q-4'''
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|06|df=y}}
| time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| score = 0–6
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/18409 Report]
| team2 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = * [[Martín Cháves|Cháves]] {{goal|6|p}}
* [[Ansumana Kromah|Kromah]] {{goal|36|p|45+1||59||61}}
* [[Sardor Jakhonov|Jakhonov]] {{goal|75}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance = 1,708
| motm = [[Ansumana Kromah]] (Churchill Brothers)
| referee = Pranjal Banerjee
}}

==Group stage==
{{main|2023 Indian Super Cup group stage}}

=== Group A ===
{{:2023 Indian Super Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group A}}

=== Group B ===
{{:2023 Indian Super Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group B}}

=== Group C ===
{{:2023 Indian Super Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group C}}

=== Group D ===
{{:2023 Indian Super Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group D}}

== Knockout stage ==
<section begin=Bracket />
{{4TeamBracket
| score-width = 75px
| team-width = 150px
| RD2=Final
| RD1-seed1 = '''A1'''
| RD1-team1 = '''[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]'''
| RD1-score1 = '''2'''
| RD1-seed2 = C1
| RD1-team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| RD1-score2 = 0
| RD1-seed3 = '''B1'''
| RD1-team3 = '''[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]'''
| RD1-score3 = '''3'''
| RD1-seed4 = D1
| RD1-team4 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| RD1-score4 = 1
| RD2-seed1 = A1
| RD2-team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| RD2-score1 = 1
| RD2-seed2 = '''B1'''
| RD2-team2 = '''[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]'''
| RD2-score2 = '''2'''
}}<section end=Bracket />

=== Semi-finals ===

{{football box
| round = SF1
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|21|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18803 Report]
| team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| goals1 = * [[Jayesh Rane|Rane]] {{goal|67}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|84}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 3,458
| motm = [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] (Bengaluru)
| referee = Venkatesh R
}}

----

{{football box
| round = SF2
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|22|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| score = 3–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18804 Report]
| team2 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| goals1 = * [[Nandhakumar Sekar|Sekar]] {{goal|10||63}}
* [[Diego Maurício|Maurício]] {{goal|86}}
| goals2 = * [[Wilmar Jordán|Jordán]] {{goal|2}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance = 6,234
| motm = [[Nandhakumar Sekar]] (Odisha)
| referee = Senthil Nathan Sekaran
}}

=== Final ===
{{main|2023 Indian Super Cup final}}
<section begin=Final />
{{football box
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|25|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| score = 1–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18859 Report]
| team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| goals1 = [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|85|p}}
| goals2 = [[Diego Maurício|Maurício]] {{goal|23||38}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 6,952
| motm = [[Diego Maurício]] (Odisha)
| referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta
}}<section end=Final />

== Top scorers ==
{{updated|25 April 2023}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals<ref name="SuperCup">{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/super-cup |title=Hero Super Cup |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408160737/https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/super-cup |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1
| align="left" |{{flagicon|COL}} [[Wilmar Jordán]]
| align="left" |[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| 7
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
| align="left" |{{flagicon|LBR}} [[Ansumana Kromah]]
| align="left" |[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| rowspan="2" |5
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Diego Maurício]]
| align="left" |[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|-
| 4
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nandhakumar Sekar]]
| align="left" |[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| 4
|-
| rowspan="3" |5
| align="left" |{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Harry Sawyer (soccer)|Harry Sawyer]]
| align="left" |[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| rowspan="3" |3
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naorem Mahesh Singh]]
| align="left" |[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Rilwan Olanrewaju Hassan|Rilwan Hassan]]
| align="left" |[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Award
!Winner
|-
|Hero of the Tournament Award for Best Player
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Diego Maurício]] (Odisha)
|-
|Golden Boot
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Wilmar Jordán]] (NorthEast United)
|-
|Best Goalkeeper
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Amrinder Singh]] (Odisha)
|-
|Fair Play Award
|[[Aizawl FC]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Source: [https://www.the-aiff.com/article/odisha-fc-bask-in-kozhikode-rain-beat-bengaluru-fc-to-claim-hero-super-cup-crown The-AIFF]
|}

== Broadcasting ==
The Hero Super Cup 2023 was streamed live on Fancode app (all matches) and [[Sony Sports Network#Sony Sports Ten 2|Sony Sports Ten 2]] channel (all matches except the qualifiers).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-12 |title=Indian Super Cup Live Streaming and Telecast |url=https://www.insidesport.in/football-indian-super-cup-live-streaming-fancode-app-to-live-stream-super-cup-2023-live-telecast-on-star-sports-network-check-live-streaming-fixtures-follow-super-cup-live/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=www.insidesport.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indian club qualifiers for 2023–24 AFC competitions]]
*[[2022–23 Indian Super League]]
*[[2022–23 I-League]]
*[[2022–23 I-League 2]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{AIFF Super Cup}}
{{2022–23 in Indian football}}
{{2022–23 in Asian football (AFC)}}

[[Category:2023 AIFF Super Cup]]
[[Category:AIFF Super Cup seasons|2023 Super Cup]]
[[Category:2022–23 in Indian football]]
[[Category:2022–23 in Asian men's domestic association football cups|Indian Super Cup]]
[[Category:2023 in Asian domestic association football cups|India]]
[[Category:April 2023 sports events in India]]

Sanjana Sarathy

2026-03-06T22:31:03Z

Shahidkumar: stub...

{{short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanjana Sarathy
| image =
| imagesize = 320px
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|07|25}}
| occupation = Actress, model, entrepreneur
| known_for =
| years_active = 2012{{endash}}present
}}

'''Sanjana Sarathy''' (born July 25, 1993) is an Indian actress and model who mainly works in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film industry. She is best known for her small role as the sister of [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in the 2012 [[Tamil film]] ''[[Thuppakki]]''. She had modeled for several brands such as Cinthol, Amazon Fire TV Stick, 7UP, [[Pizza Hut]], AVT, and Ace2Three.<ref name="indulgexpress" />

== Early life and education ==
Sanjana Sarathy was born to Vijay Sarathy and actress Rajie Vijay Sarathy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2018/05/12003635/1072169/No-Filter-This-motherdaughter-duo-makes-everyone-feel-.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202122117/https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2018/05/12003635/1072169/No-Filter-This-motherdaughter-duo-makes-everyone-feel-.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2020|title=No Filter: This mother-daughter duo makes everyone feel really jealous|first=Sahithya |last= Jagannathan|date=2018-05-12|website=dtNext.in|language=en|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref> on 25 July 1993. She did her schooling at St. Michael's Academy, [[Chennai]]. She graduated with B.Sc. in Electronic Media at [[M.O.P. Vaishnav College for Women]], Chennai and M.Sc. in Electronic Media at [[Anna University]], Chennai. Finishing her studies, she started working for a news media company at [[Hong Kong]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

== Career ==
Though Sarathy made her acting debut through ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]'' directed by [[Balaji Sakthivel|Balaji Shakthivel]], she became popular through ''Thuppakki'', playing the youngest sister of Jagdeesh, played by Vijay. She also appears in musical video, 7up Madras gig's season 2 – ''Avizhaai''. She was praised for her performance in the 2019 [[ZEE5]] web series [[Fingertip (web series)|''Fingertip'']].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/reviews/fingertip-the-zee5-original-series-brings-welcome-change-to-the-tamil-television-landscape/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230083855/https://silverscreen.in/reviews/fingertip-the-zee5-original-series-brings-welcome-change-to-the-tamil-television-landscape/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 2019|title=Fingertip Review: Welcome Change In The Tamil Television Landscape|first=Aparajitha|last=Balu|date=2019-09-10|website=Silverscreen.in|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/serial-chiller-zee5s-fingertip-is-a-highly-relatable-acutely-watchable-series-about-modern-tamil-lives-7268831.html|title=Serial Chiller: Zee5's Fingertip is a highly relatable, acutely watchable series about modern Tamil lives|date=2019-09-03|website=Firstpost|language=en|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref>

In 2019 Sarathy was filmed as the female lead in ''Ninaivo oru paravai,'' alongside Hari Bhaskar (known for his YouTube channel ''Jump Cuts'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/dec/31/youtuber-hari-bhaskar-makes-his-film-debut-2082944.html|title=YouTuber Hari Bhaskar makes his film debut|website=The New Indian Express|date=31 December 2019 |access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/dec/30/youtuber-jump-cuts-hari-bhaskar-makes-his-film-debut-16276.html|title=YouTuber Jump Cuts Hari Bhaskar makes his film debut|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=30 December 2019 |access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref>

Sarathy is also a stylist running her own designer label named ''Chatterfox.''<ref name=indulgexpress>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/fashion/designers/2018/apr/27/get-your-summer-swagger-on-with-this-24-year-old-chennai-stylists-new-collection-6968.html|title=Get your summer swagger on with this 24-year-old Chennai stylist's new collection|website=www.indulgexpress.com|date=27 April 2018 |access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref> She also performed during [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]'s 2019 US tour.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-to-be-part-of-yuvans-us-music-tour/articleshow/69563836.cms|title=Vijay Sethupathi to be part of Yuvan's US music tour - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=30 May 2019 |language=en|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
Films
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]''
|Swetha
|
|-
|''[[Thuppakki]]''
| Jagadeesh's youngest sister
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]''
| Priya's sister
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Vaalu]]''
| Shakthi's sister
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]''
| Sanjana
|
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Bro (2021 film)|Bro]]''|| Radha
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/bro/ottmoviereview/87830792.cms |title=BRO Review: A poignant tale of a grieving brother |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125190622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/bro/ottmoviereview/87830792.cms |archive-date=2021-11-25}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
|''Ninaivo Oru Paravai''
|
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Program Name
!Role
!Network
!Notes
|-
|2019
|[[Fingertip (web series)|''Fingertip'']]
|Vidhya
|[[Zee5]]
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Time Enna Boss]]''
| Hannah Clarke
|[[Amazon Prime]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-15|title=Time Enna Boss trailer: A fun Tamil series about time travel|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/time-enna-boss-trailer-a-fun-tamil-sitcom-about-time-travel-6596868/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Mismatched]]''
| Sanskriti
|[[Netflix]]
|Hindi series
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm6189798}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarathy, Sanjana}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Chennai]]
[[Category:Anna University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Yudh: Astitvachi Ladai

2026-03-04T09:45:17Z

Shahidkumar: done...

{{Short description|2015 Marathi-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yudh: Astitvachi Ladai
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Rajiv  S. Ruia
| writer =
| screenplay =
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Rajesh Shringarpure]]
*[[Tejaswini Pandit]]
*[[Kranti Redkar]]
}}
| cinematography = Suresh Beesaveni
| editing = Asif Pathan
| music = [[Vivek Kar]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|05|15}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Yudh: Astitvachi Ladai''''' ({{Translation|War: The battle of existence}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] film directed by Rajiv S. Ruia. The film stars [[Rajesh Shringarpure]], [[Tejaswini Pandit]] and [[Kranti Redkar]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2022 |title= कलंकित घटनांचे प्रतिबिंब दाखवणारा 'युद्ध एक अस्तित्वाची लढाई' |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-yudh-ek-astitva-ki-ladai-4989724-PHO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209101123/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-yudh-ek-astitva-ki-ladai-4989724-PHO.html |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website= [[DB Corp|Divya Marathi]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> The film was released on 15 May 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2015 |title= Yudh actors observe black day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/yudh-actors-observe-black-day/articleshow/47130129.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209094333/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/yudh-actors-observe-black-day/articleshow/47130129.cms |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
When Ragini's editor declines to publish a rape case report against a rich businessman, she quits her job and meets police officer Guru Nayak. Learning about her story, Guru decides to help her.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2015 |title= युद्ध |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/yudh/articleshow/47303167.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209095109/https://maharashtratimes.com/yudh/articleshow/47303167.cms |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>
== Cast ==
* [[Rajesh Shringarpure]] as Guru Nayak
* [[Tejaswini Pandit]] as Ragini
* [[Kranti Redkar]] as Dr. Sarangi
* Pankaj Vishnu as Ujjwal
* [[Varsha Usgaonkar]]
* Smita Oak
* Sanjay Kulkarni
* Somnath Tadwalkar
* Sheetal Mantri
== Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Yudh: Astitvachi Ladai
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vivek Kar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2015<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2022 |title= 'युध्द'च्या म्यूजिक लाँच सोहळ्याला कलाकारांची मांदियाळी |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-music-launch-of-yudh-astitvachi-ladai-marathi-movie-4982177-PHO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209103114/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-music-launch-of-yudh-astitvachi-ladai-marathi-movie-4982177-PHO.html |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website= [[DB Corp|Divya Marathi]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:30
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2014
| year = 2016
| next_title =
| next_year = 2015
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|gIERIlJvNg8| Yudh: Astitvachi Ladai – Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:48
| title1 = Chal Door Door
| extra1 = [[Adarsh Shinde]], Swati Sharma
| length1 = 4:08
| title2 = Deva Sangna
| extra2 = Adarsh Shinde
| length2 = 3:51
| title3 = Deva Ganesha
| extra3 = [[Adarsh Shinde]], [[Dev Negi]], Pratap
| length3 = 4:58
| title4 = Chal Door Door (unplugged)
| extra4 = [[Adarsh Shinde]], Swati Sharma
| length4 = 3:31
}}

== Critical response ==
Yudh: Astitvachi Ladai film received negative reviews from critics. Mihir Bhanage of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of 2/5 and wrote "To sum it up, Yudh could’ve been a good film but just about manages to be an average one".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2016 |title=YUDH - ASTITVACHI LADHAI MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/yudh-astitvachi-ladhai/movie-review/47305681.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209111244/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/yudh-astitvachi-ladhai/movie-review/47305681.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref> Ganesh Matkari of ''[[Pune Mirror]]'' wrote "Ultimately, there is no reason to question the intentions of the film, although it refuses to push the envelope, and ends up delivering a confused and convoluted message".<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2015 |title=Film Reviews: Well-intentioned confusion |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-reviews-well-intentioned-confusion/cid5089308.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209112421/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-reviews-well-intentioned-confusion/cid5089308.htm |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website= [[Pune Mirror]] |language=English
}}</ref> Soumitra Pote of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' gave the film 1 stars out of 5 and wrote "At no level does this film show its solid existence".<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2015 |title= युद्ध (थ्रीडी) : एक निरर्थक लढाई |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/yudh/moviereview/47303108.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209113611/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/yudh/moviereview/47303108.cms |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Loksatta]]'' wrote "This Yudh should be called a stray because it did not happen despite having a good scope".<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2015 |title=लोकप्रभा सिने रिव्ह्यू : युद्ध |url=https://www.loksatta.com/lokprabha/moviereview/marathi-film-yuddha-review-by-lokprabha-magazine-1103019/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209114902/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.loksatta.com/lokprabha/moviereview/marathi-film-yuddha-review-by-lokprabha-magazine-1103019/lite/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt4367542}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/yudh_astitvachi_ladai}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Ezhu Rathrikal

2026-03-04T09:18:39Z

Shahidkumar: page updated

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ezhu Rathrikal
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Ramu Kariat]]
| producer = Babu Sait
| writer = Kaladi Gopi
| screenplay = Kaladi Gopi
| starring = [[Latha Raju]]<br>[[Jesey]]<br>[[Alummoodan]]<br>Chachappan
| music = [[Salil Chowdhury]]<br>[[Shantha P. Nair]] (One song)
| cinematography = Kamal Bose
| editing = K. D. George
| studio = Kanmani Films
| distributor = Kanmani Films
| released = {{Film date|1968|08|30|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''Ezhu Raathrikal''' is a Malayalam language Indian movie directed by Ramu Kariat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=244|title=Ezhu Raathrikal|accessdate=2014-10-14|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?611|title=Ezhu Raathrikal|accessdate=2014-10-14|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/ezhu-rathrikal-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052538/http://spicyonion.com/title/ezhu-rathrikal-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Ezhu Rathrikal|accessdate=2014-10-14|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Latha Raju]]
*[[Jesey]]
*[[Alummoodan]]
*Chachappan
*[[Kaduvakulam Antony]]
*Kamaladevi
*[[Kedamangalam Ali]]
*Kuttan Pillai
*Master Pramod
*[[N. Govindankutty]]
*[[Nellikode Bhaskaran]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The songs and background music was composed by [[Salil Chowdhury]]. [[Shantha P. Nair]] composed the song Makkathu Poyvarum. All song lyrics were written by [[Vayalar Ramavarma]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Kaadaarumaasam" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Kakkakkarumbikale" || K. J. Yesudas, [[C. O. Anto]], [[K. P. Udayabhanu]], [[Latha Raju]], [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] ||Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 3 || "Makkathu Poyvarum" || Latha Raju || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 4 || "Panchamiyo Pournamiyo" || [[P. Leela]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 5 || "Raathri Raathri" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0231558|Ezhu Rathrikal}}

[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:1968 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Salil Chowdhury]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ramu Kariat]]

{{1960s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Meri Surat Teri Ankhen

2026-03-04T03:58:26Z

Shahidkumar: basic reworked section for accuracy and corrected details for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Meri Surat Teri Ankhen
| image = Meri Surat Teri Ankhen.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = R.K. Rakhan
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Ulka (novel)|Ulka]]''|[[Nihar Ranjan Gupta]]}}
| starring = [[Ashok Kumar]]<br />[[Asha Parekh]]<br /> [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| narrator =
| music = [[S. D. Burman]]
| cinematography =
| editing = [[Bimal Roy]]
| studio = Gee Pee Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1963}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Meri Surat Teri Ankhen''''' ({{Translation|My Face, Your Eyes}}) is a 1963 [[Bollywood]] [[Drama Film|drama film]] directed by R.K. Rakhan,<ref>{{Citation|title=Meri Surat Teri Ankhen|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/meri-surat-teri-ankhen|access-date=2022-01-03}}</ref> starring [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Asha Parekh]] and [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meri Surat Teri Ankhen (1963) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/meri-surat-teri-ankhen-3108/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103175717/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/meri-surat-teri-ankhen-3108/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2022|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> It is based on the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] novel ''[[Ulka (novel)|Ulka]]'' by [[Nihar Ranjan Gupta]].<ref name="thehindu" />

== Plot ==
Raj Kumar, a wealthy businessman, dislikes everything he deems ugly. When his wife Kamla becomes pregnant and gives birth to a darkskinned son, he asks the doctor Mathur to tell Kamla that the child was [[Stillbirth|stillborn]]. Mathur gives the child to the Muslim couple Rahmat and Naseeban, who raise him as their own son. The child, who is named Pyare, accidentally burns their dwelling down, and Naseeban becomes a casualty. Rahmat relocates to his village when he raises Pyare as a musician. Years later, Rahmat dies, but not before informing Pyare that he is actually a [[Hindu]]. Mathur tells Pyare about his true family, and arranges a song and dance play where Pyare will perform, hoping that Raj will overcome his dislike for his now grown-up son. His efforts fail as Raj instead offers to pay compensation so that Pyare can look after himself. Pyare goes to Raj to return the money, at which point Kamla sees him and asks him not to leave and adopts him as her son. Later, Raj's other son Sudhir is kidnapped and held for {{INRConvert|4|l|year=1963}} ransom. Sudhir's fiancée Kavita inaccurately believes that Pyare is behind this abduction. Will misfortune and tragedy also follow Pyare to his new-found family?

== Cast ==
*[[Ashok Kumar]] as Pyare<ref name="thehindu" />
*[[Asha Parekh]] as Kavita<ref name="thehindu" />
*[[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] as Sudhir<ref name="thehindu" />
*[[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]] as Rahmat<ref name="thehindu" />
* [[Indira (actress)|Indira]] as Bela<ref name="thehindu"/>
*Tapan Bose as Mathur<ref name="thehindu" />
*[[Achala Sachdev]] as Kamla<ref name="thehindu" />
*[[Ishwarlal (actor)|Ishwarlal]] as Raj Kumar<ref name="thehindu" />

== Production ==
''Meri Surat Teri Ankhen'' is based on the Bengali novel ''Ulka''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sy9WAAAAYAAJ&q=ulka Link – Volume 5, Issues 26-53 – Page 37]</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
'''Singers''': [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Manna Dey]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], [[S. D. Batish]], [[Suman Kalyanpur]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
'''Music''': [[S. D. Burman]]<br />
'''Lyricist''': [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing <ref>{{citation |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/meri-surat-teri-ankhen/songs/ |title=meri-surat-teri-ankhen}}</ref>
| total_length = 32:45
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Poochho Na Kaise Maine Rain Bitaayi
| extra1 = [[Manna Dey]]
| length1 = 3:20
| title2 = Puchho Na Kaise Maine Rain Bitayi (Sad)
| extra2 = [[S. D. Batish]] and [[Manna Dey]]
| length2 = 2:16
| title3 = Ye Kisne Geet Chheda
| extra3 = [[Suman Kalyanpur]] and [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
| length3 = 4:41
| title4 = Tere Bin Soone Nain Hamare (Sad)
| extra4 = Mohammed Rafi
| length4 = 3:49
| title5 = Tere Bin Soone Nain Hamare
| extra5 = Mohammed Rafi and Lata Mangeshkar
| length5 = 5:27
| title6 = Naache Man Moraa Magan Dhigadhaa Dhigi Dhigi
| extra6 = Mohammed Rafi
| length6 = 4:40
| title7 = Tere Khayalo Me Tere Hi Khawabo Me
| extra7 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length7 = 4:23
| title8 = Tujhse Nazar Milane Me
| extra8 = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length8 = 4:09
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Meri-Surat-Teri-Ankhen-1963/article15377386.ece |title=Meri Surat Teri Ankhen (1963) |date=11 February 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0056232}}

[[Category:1963 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1963 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Nihar Ranjan Gupta]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Sambhaji

2026-03-04T01:17:10Z

Shahidkumar: slightly updated intro per sources and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Chhatrapati of the Marathas from 1681 to 1689}}
{{otheruses}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Pp-move|small=no}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sambhaji
| title =
| image = Sambhaji painting late 17th century.png
| caption = Portrait of Sambhaji, late 17th century.
| succession = [[Chhatrapati of the Marathas]]
| reign = 16 January 1681 – 11 March 1689
| coronation = 20 July 1680, [[Panhala]] (symbolic)<br />16 January 1681, [[Raigad fort]] (official)
| predecessor = [[Shivaji|Shivaji I]]
| successor = [[Rajaram I]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1657|5|14}}
| birth_place = [[Purandar Fort]], [[Ahmadnagar Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Pune district]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1689|3|11|1657|5|14}}
| death_place = [[Tulapur]], Ahmadnagar Subah, Mughal Empire {{small|(present-day Pune district, Maharashtra, India)}}
| death_cause = [[Execution of Sambhaji|Execution]] by [[decapitation]]
| spouse = [[Yesubai Bhonsale|Yesubai]]
| issue = Bhavani Bai<br /> [[Shahu I]]
| father = [[Shivaji|Shivaji I]]
| mother = [[Sai Bhosale|Saibai]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| reg-type1 = Peshwa
| regent1 = {{Plain list|
*[[Moropant Trimbak Pingale]]
*[[Moreshvar Pingale]]
*[[Ramchandra Pant Amatya]]
}}
| royal house = [[Bhonsle dynasty|Bhonsale]]
}}

'''Sambhaji''' (Sambhajiraje Shivajiraje Bhonsle, {{IPA|mr|saːmˈbʱaːdʑiː ˈbʱos(ə)le}}; 14 May 1657 – 11 March 1689), also known as '''Shambhuraje''', ruled from 1681 to 1689 as the second king ([[Chhatrapati]]) of the [[Maratha Empire]], a prominent state in [[early modern India]]. He was the eldest son of [[Shivaji]], the founder of the Maratha Empire.

At the age of nine, Sambhaji was taken as a [[Hostage#Historical hostage practices|political hostage]] of the [[Mughal Empire]], to guarantee his father's compliance with the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|treaty of Purandar]]. He later accompanied his father to [[Agra]] where both were placed under house arrest by the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]; they subsequently escaped. He was later confined by his father at [[Panhala Fort]], with some theories suggesting that it was due to his addiction to "sensual pleasures" or for violating a [[Brahmin]] woman.<ref name="Sensual pleasures-1982-2003">
* {{cite book |last=Laine |first=James W. |author-link=James Laine |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/10230 |title=Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India |date=13 February 2003 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-514126-9 |page=93 |chapter=Cracks in the Narrative |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195141269.003.0006 |quote=Besides the fact that Shivaji grew up apart from his father, we are also aware of his testy relationship with his oldest son Sambhaji, who deserted his father's cause for a time and allied with the Mughals, and is primarily remembered for his affronts to the chaste virtue of brahmin women, his drug use, and his association with Tantric priests of questionable integrity |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/10230/chapter/157915767}}
* {{cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |author-link=John F. Richards |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |title=The Mughal Empire |date=1993 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |page=215 |chapter=Maratha insurgency and Mughal conquest in the Deccan |quote=In December 1678, in disgrace for the rape of a respectable Brahmin woman, [he] escaped his father's surveillance and fled.}}
* {{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&pg=PA551 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |year=1984 |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |pages=551 |quote=Though an excellent warrior, he became addicted to sensual pleasures on attaining maturity and displayed irresponsible conduct, unbecoming of a crown prince. What Salim had been to Akbar, Sambhaji was to his father Shivaji.}}
</ref> He subsequently defected to the [[Mughal Empire]] and served under [[Diler Khan]] in the [[Battle of Bhupalgarh]] against his father. He ascended the throne following his father's death, with his rule being largely shaped by the ongoing wars between the Marathas and the Mughal Empire, as well as other neighbouring powers such as the [[Siddi|Siddi of Janjira]], the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Wadiyars of Mysore]] and the [[Portuguese Empire]] in [[Goa]].

Early in his rule, Marathas under Sambhaji attacked and disrupted supply lines and raided into the Mughal territory, although they were unsuccessful in taking over main forts. In 1683, Sambhaji executed 24 members of influential families including top government ministers after discovering a plot to poison him.<ref name="stewart2">{{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Stewart|authorlink=Stewart N. Gordon |url=https://archive.org/details/marathas160018180000gord/mode/2up |title=The Marathas 1600-1818 |date=1993 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 |publication-place=Cambridge}}</ref>{{rp|106}} By 1685, Mughals had gradually pushed back Sambhaji's forces by taking over their strongholds. Desertions became common by the end of his reign, and he had alienated Maratha [[deshmukhs]] (land owners) by burning villages to deny supplies to the Portuguese. In 1689, he was captured by Mughal forces and [[Execution of Sambhaji|executed]]. His brother [[Rajaram I]] succeeded him as king and continued the [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]].<ref name="stewart2" />{{rp|80, 91–95}}<ref name="sen22">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4}}</ref>{{rp|199–200}}

Sambhaji is viewed poorly by historians, who note that his personal problems—and war crimes committed by his soldiers—overshadowed his moderate military and administrative successes.<ref name="Sardesai1946">{{cite book |author-first=Govind Sakharam |author-last=Sardesai |author-link=Govind Sakharam Sardesai |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505237/page/n251/mode/2up |title=New History of the Marathas |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1946 |pages=294–316}}</ref> Maratha soldiers under Sambhaji's command during his campaigns committed atrocities against civilians including massacres and [[mass rape]].<ref name="Pissurlencar-1983">{{cite book |last=Pissurlencar |first=P. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/portuguese-mahratta-relations_202102 |title=Portuguese Mahratta Relations |publisher=Originally published in Marathi by University of Poona, English translation published by Maharashtra state board of literature and culture |year=1983 |publication-place=Poona, Bombay |page=89 |translator-last=Parvate |translator-first=T. V. |chapter=During Sambhaji's reign and after |quote="The Mahrattas resorted to plunder and arson, demolishing a number of Christian churches and the images therein, raping a number of Christian women. carrying off a number of men, women and children and presenting many of them to their soldiers." |orig-date=1967 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/portuguese-mahratta-relations_202102/page/76/mode/1up}}</ref><ref name="Sarkar-2007">{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire |date=2007 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-250-3245-8 |volume=1 |publication-place=Hyderabad |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n78/mode/1up 54-55] |quote="The Maratha soldiers were notorious for their practice of gang-rape in invaded territories from a very early time. In 1688 when they invaded the Goa districts under the eyes of their king Shambhuji, they committed this kind of outrage" |orig-date=1932}}</ref> As a ruler, Sambhaji implemented drought relief measures and encouraged agricultural development while continuing his father's administrative systems. He was also a scholar who authored several works in Sanskrit and Hindustani, including the political treatise ''[[:mr:बुधभूषण|Budhbhushanam]]''. His torture and death at the hands of the Mughal Empire elevated him to the status of a [[martyr]]. He remains popular in modern India among many [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalists]].

== Early life ==
Sambhaji was born at [[Purandar fort]] to the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] Chhtrapati, [[Shivaji]], and his first wife, [[Sai Bhonsale|Saibai]], who died when he was two years old. He was then raised by his paternal grandmother [[Jijabai]].<ref name="Joshi1980" /> At the age of nine, Sambhaji was sent to live with Raja [[Jai Singh I]] of [[Amber (state)|Amber]] as a [[Hostage#Historical hostage practices|political hostage]] to ensure compliance with the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]] that Shivaji had signed with the Mughals on 11 June 1665. As a result of the treaty, Sambhaji became a Mughal [[mansabdar]].<ref name="Rana"/>{{rp|64}} He and his father Shivaji attended the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]]'s court at [[Agra]] on 12 May 1666. Aurangzeb put both of them under house arrest but they escaped on 22 July 1666.<ref name="stewart2" />{{Rp|pages=74–78}} However, the two sides reconciled and had cordial relations during the period 1666–1670.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

During the period between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb initially refused but later officially recognized the title of Raja that Shivaji assumed, on behalf of the Mughal Empire, after being pressed by [[Bahadur Shah I|Prince Mu'azzam]]. Aurangzeb looked upon the friendship of Prince Muazzam and Shivaji and Sambhaji with great suspicion.<ref name="Joshi1980" />{{rp|91–93}} By mediation of Muazzam, Sambhaji was also restored to the Mughal [[mansabdar]] rank of 5,000 cavalry. Shivaji then sent Sambhaji with general [[Prataprao Gujar]] to take service under [[Bahadur Shah I|Prince Mu'azzam]] who was the Mughal viceroy at Aurangabad with [[Diler Khan]] as his deputy. Sambhaji visited prince Muazzam at Aurangabad on 4 November 1667 and was then granted rights to territory in [[Berar sultanate|Berar]] on the pretext of revenue collection. After a short stay, Sambhaji returned to Rajgad while representative Maratha officers continued to stay in Aurangabad. In this period, the Marathas under Sambhaji fought alongside the Mughals under Muazzam against the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]].<ref name="Rana"/>{{rp|64}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=Shivaji and His Times |url=https://archive.org/details/shivajihistimes00sarkrich |edition=Second |publisher=Longmans, Green and Co. |location=London |year=1920 |orig-year=1919 |page=185}}</ref>

=== Marriage ===
Sambhaji was married to Jivubai in a marriage of political alliance and as per Maratha custom, she took the name [[Yesubai]]. Jivubai was the daughter of Pilaji Shirke, who had entered Shivaji's service following the defeat of [[Deshmukh]] Suryaji Surve who was his previous liege. This marriage thus gave Shivaji the access of the region of [[Konkan]] coastal belt.<ref name="Mehta2005">{{cite book |author-first=J. L. |author-last=Mehta |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707–1813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA47 |access-date=7 April 2016 |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6}}</ref>{{rp|4,47}}<ref name="Rana">{{cite book |last1=Rana |first1=Bhawan Singh |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji |date=2004 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-288-0826-5 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HsBPTc3hcekC&q=sambhaji+shivaji+diler+khan&pg=PA7 |access-date=26 July 2016}}</ref>{{rp|96–99}} Yesubai had two children, daughter Bhavani Bai and then a son named [[Shahu I]], who later became the Chhatrapati of the Maratha kingdom. According to ''[[Maasir-i-Alamgiri]]'', daughters of Sambhaji and his brother Rajaram were married to Mughal noblemen.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=James Laine |last=Laine |first=James W. |title=Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=13 February 2003 |isbn=978-0-19-514126-9 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195141269.003.0004 |page=48 |chapter=The Hindu Hero: Shivaji and the Saints, 1780–1810|chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/10230/chapter/157914310|url=https://academic.oup.com/book/10230}}</ref>

=== Arrest and defection to the Mughals ===
The elder Shivaji imprisoned his son Sambhaji at [[Panhala Fort]] in 1678. Contemporary author [[Khafi Khan]] suggested that his imprisonment was for personal behavior including alleged irresponsibility and addiction to "sensual pleasures".<ref name="Mehta2005" /><ref name="Vatsal">{{cite book |last=Vatsal |first=Tulsi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kygKAQAAIAAJ |title=Indian political history, from the Marathas to modern times |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1982 |page=29}}</ref><ref name="Sardesai1946" />{{Rp|page=251}}Another theory suggests that Sambhaji was imprisoned at the Panhala because he "attempted to violate a Brahmin's wife".<ref name="Sensual pleasures-1982-2003" /><ref name="Saletore">{{cite book|author-first=Rajaram Narayan |author-last=Saletore|title=Sex in Indian Harem Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ikbAAAAYAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|page=143|quote=During his life-time his son Sambhaji's conduct was a source of grief and vexation to him. When Sambhaji attempted to violate a Brahman's wife, Shivaji confined his son for a time in Panhala fort and, after his release, placed a strict watch over him.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Raghunath Vinayak |last=Herwadkar |title=A forgotten literature: foundations of Marathi chronicles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8pHAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-779-1 |page=52 |quote=He further adds that Sabhasad, the chronicler of Shivaji, may not be correct literally in this respect, but the implication therein appears to be probable. Jadunath Sarkar comments on this point: 'Shambuji (was) a grownup youth notorious for his violent temper and self-indulgent character. . .Shambuji's own conduct brought matters to a crisis. For having violated a beautiful Brahmin woman who was visiting the palace on a religious festival, the prince was removed to Parli (''Sajjangad'')}}</ref> After Shivaji returned from his Southern campaign, he stationed Sambhaji at [[Sajjangad]], hoping to improve the latter's attitude. Sambhaji, although he revered the [[Matha]] (Hindu monastics) and their practices, was not adept at following that disciplined routine. A liaison was already established between Sambhaji and [[Diler Khan]], now the sole person in charge of Mughal affairs in south Dakhan. On 13 December 1678, Sambhaji escaped with his wife and rejoined Diler Khan for a year, taking with him a small retinue and leaving Sajjangad with the aim of reaching Pedgaon, the Mughal cantonment. Following this, he was made a Mughal noble with the rank of [[Mansabdar|seven thousand zat]] and conferred with the title of ''Raja'' by Aurangzeb.<ref name="Richards 1993">{{cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |author-link=John F. Richards |date=1993 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&dq=john+richards+mughal+empire&pg=PR12|chapter= Maratha insurgency and Mughal conquest in the Deccan |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |page=}}</ref>{{rp|215}} He later [[Battle of Bhupalgarh|attacked the fort of Bhupalgad]], which was under Maratha control while serving the Mughals. After returning, he was put under house arrest{{By whom|date=February 2025}} at [[Panhala]].<ref name="Vatsal"/><ref name="Mehta2005" /><ref name="stewart2" />{{rp|80}}

According to historian [[Stewart N. Gordon]], Shivaji did not want Sambhaji to succeed him. To this end, he devised a proposal to partition his kingdom between his two sons, with Sambhaji receiving the newly acquired regions of Karnatak and coastal Gingee, while Raja Ram was to be given the heartlands of Maharashtra.<ref name="stewart2" />{{rp|80,112}} Jadunath Sarkar states that Sambhaji, aggrieved by this, is said to have joined Diler Khan in dissent against his father following Khan's letters promising Sambhaji to reclaim his right with Mughal support if he joined him. However, Sambhaji later returned to the Maratha fold following Diler Khan's unscrupulous behavior. He further states that much of the primary historical sources regarding Sambhaji are disputable, as they were written by people hostile to him.<ref name="Sarkar">{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=HOUSE OF SHIVAJI (Studies and documents on Maratha History : Royal Period) |date=1955 |publisher=Orient Longman |location=New Delhi |pages=175–178 |edition=3rd |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12629/page/n186/mode/1up?view=theater |chapter=Shambhaji Rebelled Against His Father |url=https://archive.org/stream/dli.bengal.10689.12629/10689.12629_djvu.txt}}</ref> Gajanan Mehendale considers the reason for Sambhaji's estrangement from his father to be uncertain.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehendale |first=Gajanan Bhaskar |title=Shivaji His Life & Times |journal= |publisher=Param Mitra Publications |year=2011 |chapter=18: Last Triumph and Death |quote=None of these sources tells us the exact cause of the estrangement between father [Shivaji] and son [Sambhaji]. The Basatin-us Salatin says that Sambhaji's infatuation for a woman was the cause of the estrangement. But we have no definite evidence about this; all that we can say is that the generation gap is not a new invention. This would be especially pronounced when the father is as able and exacting as Shivaji.}}</ref>

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel|1. '''Sambhaji'''|2.[[Shivaji I]]|3.[[Sai Bhonsale]]|4.[[Shahaji]]|5.[[Jijabai]]|6.Mudhoji Rao Naik Nimbalkar|7.Reubai|8.[[Maloji]]|9. Uma Bai|10.[[Lakhuji Jadhav]]|11.Mahalsabai Jadhav|||collapsed=yes|align=center|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;}}

==Accession==
When Shivaji died in the first week of April 1680, Sambhaji was still held captive at Panhala fort. Some of the influential sardars including ministers [[Annaji Datto Sachiv|Annaji Datto]] and other ministers conspired against Sambhaji, supported by [[Soyarabai]], to prevent Sambhaji from succeeding the throne.<ref name="Mehta2005"/>{{rp|48}} Shivaji's widow and Sambhaji's stepmother, Soyarabai after her husband's death installed the couple's ten-year-old son, Rajaram, on the throne on 21 April 1680.<ref name="stewart2" />{{rp|91}} Upon hearing this news, Sambhaji plotted his escape and took possession of the Panhala fort on 27 April after killing the fort commander. On 18 June, he acquired control of [[Raigad Fort|Raigad fort]]. Sambhaji formally ascended the throne on 20 July 1680. Rajaram, his wife Janki Bai and mother Soyarabai were imprisoned. Soon after Soyarabai and Annaji Datto hatched another plot against Sambhaji using the exiled Moghul prince Akbar. The prince informed Sambhaji of the plot who then executed Soyarabai, her kinsmen from the Shirke family and Annaji Datto on charges of conspiracy.<ref name="Mehta2005" />{{rp|48}}<ref name="M Tarabai"/><ref name="SharmaLāʼibrerī2004">{{cite book |first1=Sunita |last1=Sharma |author2=K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Oriyanṭal Pablik Lāʼibrerī |title=Veil, sceptre, and quill: profiles of eminent women, 16th- 18th centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2kaAAAAYAAJ |access-date=30 September 2012 |year=2004 |publisher=Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library |page=139}} – ''By June 1680 three months after Shivaji's death Rajaram was made a prisoner in the fort of [[Raigad Fort|Raigad]]''.</ref>

== Military expeditions and conflicts ==
[[File:Sambhaji_&_Kubkullus.jpg|thumb|Sambhaji meeting Kubkullus{{who2|date=February 2025}} at a military camp. 1921 painting by [[M. V. Dhurandhar]]]]
Shortly, following his accession, Sambhaji began his military campaigns against neighbouring states. Sambhaji's attack on Burhanpur, and granting refuge to prince Akbar, Aurangzeb's fugitive son compelled the latter to move south with the Mughal army.

=== Attack on Burhanpur ===
{{Main|Sacking of Burhanpur (1681)}}
Bahadur Khan was in charge of the fort of Burhanpur who later entrusted Kakar Khan with the same. Kakar was performing the duty of collecting [[jizya]] tax from the Hindu citizens of Burhanpur. The Jizya was collected and stored at the Burhanpur fort. Sambhaji plundered and ravaged [[Burhanpur]] in 1680. His forces completely routed the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] garrison and punitively executed captives. The Marathas then looted the city and set its ports ablaze. Sambhaji then withdrew into [[Baglana]], evading the forces of Mughal commander Khan Jahan Bahadur.<ref name="Richards 1993" />{{rp|218}}

=== Mughal Empire ===
In 1681, Aurangzeb's fourth son [[Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince)|Muhammad Akbar]] left the Mughal court along with a few Muslim [[Mansabdar]] supporters and joined Muslim rebels in the Deccan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=On the history trail: Muhammad Akbar rebels against Aurangzeb and seeks refuge in Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj |url=https://sahasa.in/2022/04/01/on-the-history-trail-muhammad-akbar-rebels-against-aurangzeb-and-seeks-refuge-in-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |language=en}}</ref> Aurangzeb in response moved his court south to [[Aurangabad]] and took over command of the Deccan campaign. The rebels were defeated and Akbar fled south to seek refuge with Sambhaji. Sambhaji's ministers including Annaji Datto, and other ministers took this opportunity and conspired again to enthrone Rajaram again. They signed a treasonable letter against Sambhaji in which they promised to join Akbar, to whom the letter was sent.<ref name="M Tarabai">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eh1BAAAAMAAJ&q=annaji+datto+conspire+sambhaji |title=Maharani Tarabai of Kolhapur, c. 1675–1761 A.D. |last=Pāṭīla |first=Śālinī |date=1987 |publisher=S. Chand & Co. |isbn=978-81-219-0269-4}}</ref><ref name="Gokhale1978">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43gBAAAAMAAJ&q=annaji+datto+conspire+sambhaji |title=Chhatrapati Sambhaji |last=Gokhale |first=Kamal Shrikrishna |date=1978 |publisher=Navakamal Publications}}</ref> Akbar gave this letter to Sambhaji.<ref name="M Tarabai" /> Enraged, Sambhaji executed the conspirators on charges of treason.<ref name="Gokhale1978" />

For five years, Akbar stayed with Sambhaji, hoping that the latter would lend him men and money to strike and seize the Mughal throne for himself. Unfortunately for Sambhaji, giving asylum to Akbar did not bear fruit. Eventually, Sambhaji helped Akbar flee to [[Persia]]. On the other hand, Aurangzeb after coming to Deccan never returned to his capital in the north.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Great Moghuls |first1=Bamber |last1=Gascoigne |first2=Christina |last2=Gascoigne |author-link1=Bamber Gascoigne |publisher=Cape |year=1971 |pages=228–229 |isbn=978-0-224-00580-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ryFAAAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kulkarni |first1=A. R. |title=The Marathas |date=2008 |publisher=Diamond Publications |location=Pune |isbn=978-81-8483-073-6 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kulkarni |first1=G. T. |title=Some Observations on the Medieval History of the Deccan |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute |date=1974 |volume=34 |issue=1/4 |pages=91–102 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42931021 |issn=0045-9801}}</ref>

==== Siege of Ramsej (1682) ====
{{Main|Siege of Ramsej}}
In 1682, the Mughals laid siege to the Maratha fort of [[Ramsej]], but after five months of failed attempts, including planting explosive mines and building wooden towers to gain the walls, the Mughal siege failed.<ref name="Itihas" />

[[Aurangzeb]] tried attacking the Maratha Empire from all directions. He intended to use the Mughal numerical superiority to his advantage. Sambhaji had prepared well for the invasions and the Maratha forces promptly engaged the numerically strong Mughal army in several small battles using guerilla warfare tactics. However, Sambhaji and his generals attacked and defeated the Mughal generals whenever they got an opportunity to lure the Mughal generals into decisive battles in the Maratha stronghold territories. Sambhaji had devised a strategy of minimising the losses on his side. If there used to be an opportunity, then the Maratha army attacked decisively, however, if the Mughals were too strong in numbers then the Marathas used to retreat. This proved to be a very effective strategy as Aurangzeb's generals were not able to capture the Maratha territories for a period of three years.<ref name="Itihas">{{cite book |title=Itihas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MApDAAAAYAAJ |access-date=3 August 2013 |year=1976 |publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh. |pages=100–103}}</ref>

==== Mughal invasions of Konkan (1684) ====
{{Main|Mughal invasions of Konkan (1684)}}
Aurangzeb then decided to attack the Maratha capital [[Raigad Fort]] directly from the North and the South directions. He made a pincer attempt to surround the Maratha Capital that led to [[Mughal invasions of Konkan (1684)]]. The Mughals were badly defeated due to the Maratha strategy and the harsh climate of the region. These failures forced Aurangzeb to look away from the Maratha Empire and search for success against the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] and [[Adil Shahi dynasty]]. Under Sambhaji (1680–89) the Marathas ranged up and down western India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gokhale |first=B. G. |title=Surat in the Seventeenth Century A Study in Urban History of Pre-modern India |publisher=Popular Publications |year=1979 |isbn=978-81-7154-220-8 |location=Mumbai |pages=26}}</ref>

=== Siddis of Janjira ===
{{Main|Siege of Janjira}}
The Marathas under Shivaji came into conflict with the [[Siddi]]s, Muslims of [[Abyssinian people|Abyssinian]] descent settled in India, over the control of the Konkan coast. Shivaji was able to reduce their presence to the [[Murud-Janjira|Janjira fort]], a fortified island of [[Murud, Raigad|murud]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} Sambhaji continued the Maratha campaign against them, while at that time the [[Siddi]]s formed an alliance with the Mughals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Amarendra |title=Keigwin's Bombay (1683–84) and the Maratha-Siddi Naval Conflict |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=2014 |volume=75 |pages=320–324 |jstor=44158397}}</ref> At the start of 1682, a Maratha army later joined by Sambhaji personally, attacked the island for thirty days, doing heavy damage but failing to breach its defenses. Sambhaji then attempted a ruse, sending a party of his people to the Siddis, claiming to be defectors. They were allowed into the fort and planned to detonate the [[gunpowder magazine]] during a coming Maratha attack. However, one of the female defectors became involved with a Siddi man and he uncovered the plot, and the infiltrators were executed. The Maratha then attempted to build a stone [[causeway]] from the shore to the island, but were interrupted halfway through when the Mughal army moved to menace Raigad. Sambhaji returned to counter them and his remaining troops were unable to overcome the Janjira garrison and the Siddi fleet protecting it.<ref name="Ali1996">{{cite book |author-first=Shanti Sadiq |author-last=Ali |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA171 |access-date=1 October 2012 |date=1 January 1996 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1 |pages=171–}}</ref>

=== Portuguese and English ===
{{Main|Maratha Invasion of Goa (1683)}}
[[File:Chh. Sambhaji's WatanPatra.jpg|316x316px|thumb|''Watan Patra'' (grant document), by Chh. Sambhaji]]Having failed to take Janjira in 1682, Sambhaji sent a commander to seize the Portuguese coastal fort of [[Anjediva Island|Anjadiva]] instead. The Marathas seized the fort, seeking to turn it into a naval base, but in April 1682 were ejected from the fort by a detachment of 200 Portuguese. This incident led to a larger conflict between the two regional powers.<ref name="Ali1996" />{{rp|171}}

The [[History of Goa#Portuguese conquest and colonisation|Portuguese colony of Goa]] at that time provided supplies to the Mughals, allowed them to use the Portuguese ports in India and pass through their territory.<ref name="Ames2000">{{cite book |author-first=Glenn Joseph |author-last=Ames |title=Renascent Empire?: The House of Braganza and the Quest for Stability in Portuguese Monsoon Asia c. 1640–1683 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MfMNfsOMUHwC&pg=PA155 |year=2000 |publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]] |isbn=978-90-5356-382-3 |pages=155–}}</ref> In order to deny this support to the Mughals, Sambhaji invaded the Portuguese territories of Bardez and Salcette with 20,000 Maratha soldiers. According to an account by Padre Francisco de Souza, Marathas looted, destroyed Churches and raped Christian women. After they had completed sacking, they carried off with themselves many men, women and children whom they later sold to Arabs and Dutch.<ref name="Pissurlencar-1983"/> Jadunath Sarkar notes that the Marathas were notorious for gang-raping women during invasions, including the invasion of Goa under Sambhaji. He elaborates on this by quoting a contemporary account of the event.<ref name="Sarkar-2007"/>
{{Blockquote|These enemies were so barbarous that when a woman appeared very beautiful (lit., best) to them, five or six of them violated her by lying with that woman alone, Up to now nowhere else in India has such barbarity been seen, nor even among the Kafris (Negroes). For this reason, many women of Margaon ... threw themselves into pools, where they died of drowning. Others who bravely resisted the lewd intentions of some of the enemy soldiers, were killed with strokes of the broadsword, and of some others the breasts were cut off.}} The situation for the colonists became so dire that the Portuguese viceroy, [[Francisco de Távora, conde de Alvor]] went with his remaining supporters to the cathedral where the crypt of [[Francis Xavier|Saint Francis Xavier]] was kept, where they prayed for deliverance. The viceroy had the casket opened and gave the saint's body his baton, royal credentials and a letter asking the saint's support. Sambhaji's Goa campaign was checked by the arrival of the Mughal army and navy in January 1684, forcing him to withdraw.<ref name="Alden1996">{{cite book |author-first=Dauril |author-last=Alden |title=The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540–1750 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nVIBhrRb9AC&pg=PA202 |access-date=2 October 2012 |date=1 September 1996 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8047-2271-1 |pages=202–}}</ref> The sudden withdrawal of Sambhaji from Goa was cited as the result of a "miraculous intercession" by the saint.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rodrigues dos Santos |first=Joaquim |title=Architectures of Colonialism |chapter=(Re)Contextualizing Goencho Saib's Basilica: The Basilica of Bom Jesus in Goa as a Paradigm of Contested Transcultural Heritage |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |date=2024-05-21 |isbn=978-3-0356-2670-4 |doi=10.1515/9783035626704-011 |doi-access=free |page=184}}</ref>

Meanwhile, in 1684 Sambhaji signed a defensive treaty with the English at Bombay, realising his need for English arms and gunpowder, particularly as their lack of artillery and explosives impeded the Maratha's ability to lay siege to fortifications. Thus reinforced, Sambhaji proceeded to take [[Pratapgad]] and a series of forts along the [[Ghats]].{{Which|date=February 2025}}<ref name="stewart2" />{{rp|91}}

=== Mysore ===
{{Main|Maratha-Mysore War (1682)}}
Much like his father Shivaji's Karnataka campaign, Sambhaji attempted in 1681 to invade [[Mysore]], then a southern principality ruled by [[Wodeyar]] [[Chikkadevaraja]]. Sambhaji's large army was repelled,<ref name="stewart2" />{{rp|91–}} as had happened to Shivaji in 1675.<ref name="Chopra1992">{{cite book |author-first=Pran Nath |author-last=Chopra |title=Encyclopaedia of India: Karnataka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfNtAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2 October 2012 |year=1992 |publisher=Rima Pub. House}}</ref> Chikkadevraja later made treaties and rendered tribute to the Maratha kingdom during the conflicts of 1682–1686. Chikkadevraja however began to draw close to the Mughal Emperor and ceased to follow his treaties with the Marathas. In response, Sambhaji invaded Mysore in 1686, accompanied by his Brahmin friend and poet [[Kavi Kalash]].<ref name="Muddhachari1969">{{cite book |first=B. |last=Muddhachari |title=The Mysore-Maratha relations in the 17th century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1PRAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2 October 2012 |year=1969 |publisher=Prasārānga, University of Mysore |page=106}}</ref><ref name="SatyanarayanaMuseums1996">{{cite book |author1=A. Satyanarayana |author2=Karnataka (India). Directorate of Archaeology & Museums |title=History of the Wodeyars of Mysore, 1610–1748 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jduAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2 October 2012 |year=1996 |publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums |page=94}}</ref>

===Maratha Deshmukhs===
During his short reign, Sambhaji faced Mughal efforts to bring many Maratha Deshmukhs on their side, particularly after the demise of Bijapur and Golconda in 1686–87. Defections had become common by the end of his reign; according to Stewart Gordon, he had "badly alienated" deshmukh families by "burning villages to deny supplies to Goa" during the conflict with the Portuguese.<ref name="stewart2" />{{rp|94}} The Deshmukh families that joined the Mughal service during Sambhaji's reign were the [[Mane (clan)|Mane]], [[Shirke]], Jagdale, and Yadav. There were also cases like that of the [[Jedhe]] family where one brother joined Mughal service, and the other stayed loyal to Sambhaji.<ref name="stewart2" />{{rp|91}}

In 1683, Sambhaji learned from Prince Akbar that the faction opposing him was plotting to offer his kingdom to Akbar in exchange for his support against Sambhaji. Following this, Sambhaji tried and executed 24 members of influential families including top government ministers involved in the plot.<ref name="stewart2"/>{{rp|92,106}}

== Capture, torture and execution ==
{{Main|Execution of Sambhaji}}
[[File:Tulapur arch.jpg|thumb|Stone arch at [[Tulapur]] confluence where Sambhaji was executed|228x228px]]
In the 1687 [[Battle of Wai]], the key Maratha commander [[Hambirrao Mohite]] was killed and troops began to desert the Maratha armies. Sambhaji and 25 of his advisors were captured by the Mughal forces of [[Muqarrab Khan]] in a skirmish at [[Sangameshwar]] in February 1689. Sambhaji's positions were spied upon by the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] officials close to him, who conveyed this information to [[Muqarrab Khan]]. Accounts of Sambhaji's confrontation with the Mughal ruler and his following torture and execution and the disposal of his body vary widely depending on the source, though all broadly agree that he was tortured and executed on the emperor's orders. The captured Sambhaji and [[Kavi Kalash]] were taken to the fort of [[Pedgaon, Ahmednagar|Bahadurgad at Pedgaon]] in-present-day Ahmednagar district, where Aurangzeb humiliated them by parading them wearing clown's clothes and they were subjected to insults by Mughal soldiers.<ref name="Mehta2005" />{{rp|50}}

Accounts vary as to the reasons for what came next: Mughal accounts state that Sambhaji was asked to surrender his forts, treasures and names of Mughal collaborators with the Marathas and that he sealed his fate by insulting both the emperor and the Islamic prophet Muhammad during interrogation and was executed for having killed Muslims.<ref name="Richards 1993" />{{rp|223}} The [[ulema]] of the Mughal Empire sentenced Sambhaji to death on allegations of the atrocities his troops perpetrated against Muslims in Burhanpur, including plunder, killing, dishonour, and torture.<ref name="Richards 1993" />{{rp|217–223}}

Aurangzeb ordered the torture and execution of Sambhaji and Kavi Kalash. According to [[Khafi Khan]] and Ishwar Das Nagar, Sambhaji and Kavi Kalash were blinded with red-hot irons first.<ref name="M Tarabai"/>{{rp|46–48}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=https://archive.org/details/aurangzeb-1-2-jadunath-sarkar/Aurangzeb-4%20%28Jadunath%20Sarkar%29/page/343/mode/1up?view=theater |title=History of Aurangzib |publisher=ORIENT LONGMAN LTD |year=1930 |edition=2 |volume=IV |pages=343 |language=English}}</ref> Both were executed by beheading on 11 March 1689 at [[Tulapur]] on the banks of the [[Bhima river]] near Pune.<ref name="Mehta2005" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.48871/201548871.MaasirAlamgiri#page/n205/mode/2up/search/quli |title=Maasir-1-Alamgiri |via=Internet Archive |access-date=14 May 2017}}</ref> Some accounts state that Sambhaji's body was cut into pieces and thrown into the river or that the body or portions were recaptured and cremated at the confluence of the rivers at Tulapur.<ref name="Gokhale1978"/>{{rp|23}} Other accounts state that Sambhaji's remains were fed to the dogs.<ref name="Mehta2005" />{{rp|50}}

== Succession ==
The Maratha Kingdom was put into disarray by Sambhaji's death and his younger half-brother [[Rajaram I]] assumed the throne. Rajaram shifted the Maratha capital far south to [[Gingee|Jinji]], while Maratha guerrilla fighters under [[Santaji Ghorpade]] and [[Dhanaji Jadhav]] continued to harass the Mughal army. A few days after Sambhaji's death, the capital [[Raigad Fort]] fell to the Mughals. Sambhaji's widow, Yesubai, son, [[Chhattrapati Shahu|Shahu]] and Shivaji's widow, [[Sakvarbai]] were captured; Sakvarbai died in Mughal captivity.<ref name="Mehta2005" />{{rp|47}} Shahu, who was seven years of age when captured, remained prisoner of the Mughals for 18 years from February 1689 until Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]'s death in 1707. Shahu was then set free by Emperor [[Muhammad Azam Shah]], son of Aurangzeb. After his release, Shahu had to fight a brief succession war with his aunt [[Tarabai]], Rajaram's widow who claimed the throne for her own son, Shivaji II.<ref>{{citation |first=Malgonkar |last=Manohar |title=The Sea Hawk: Life and Battles of Kanoji Angrey |year=1959 |page=63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-first1=A. Vijaya |author-last1= Kumari |author-first2=Sepuri |author-last2=Bhaskar |title=Social change among Balijas: majority community of Andhra Pradesh |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-ffeWmj2JUC&pg=PA6 |publisher=MD |isbn=978-81-7533-072-6 |access-date=24 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="sen22"/>{{rp|201–202}} The Mughals kept Yesubai captive to ensure that Shahu adhered to the terms of his release. She was released in 1719 when the Marathas became strong under Shahu and Peshwa [[Balaji Vishwanath]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13121 |year=1971 |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies.}}</ref>

== Governance ==
[[File:Vadhu Tulapur - Statue of Sambhaji Maharaja.JPG|thumb|right|Statue of Sambhaji at [[Tulapur]].|347x347px]]
Sambhaji inherited the governance system created by Shivaji. He continued with most of his father's policies. The administration of the state was managed by Sambhaji with the help of Chandogamatya and the council of eight ministers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kulkarni |first=A.R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJNirJVU9PUC&q=Maharashtra+Under+the+age+of+Shivaji |title=Maharashtra Under the Age of Shivaji : A Study in Economic History |publisher=Deshmukh & Co. Publishers |year=1969 |isbn=978-81-7434-089-4 |location=Pune |pages=3}}</ref> According to P. S. Joshi, Sambhaji was a good administrator who gave impartial justice to his subjects.<ref name="Joshi1980" />{{rp|285}}

=== Measures against drought ===
[[Maharashtra]] witnessed severe drought during the reign of Sambhaji (1684–88). Sambhaji had to take several administrative measures to tackle the situation. Sambhaji continued Shivaji's policies by helping poor farmers. Shankar Narayan Joshi has stated that his approach against famine was very constructive and he provided solutions to many complicated problems. His policies of water storage, irrigation and developing crop patterns exhibited his progressive policies.<ref name="Sambhajikalin">{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Shankar Narayan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7K8jwEACAAJ&q=Sambhaji%27s+correspondence |title=Sambhajikalin patrasarsangraha (shake1602- shake1610) |publisher=Bharata Itihasa Sanshodaka Mandala |year=2015 |location=Pune |pages=39}}</ref>

Sambhaji provided grain seeds, exemptions in taxes, oxen for agricultural work and agricultural tools to the farmers in the drought situation. All these measures were implemented sincerely during the drought period.<ref name="Gokhale1978" />

=== Agriculture ===
Sambhaji encouraged agricultural activity in the Maratha state. Agriculture was the backbone of the rural Maratha economy. He encouraged people to cultivate more land. The government of Sambhaji gave promises of safety to the Marathas who gained independence from the Mughals and asked them to carry out their previous work of cultivation in their territories. It also called back people who had absconded because of their inability to pay taxes and asked them to carry on their previous work of cultivation.<ref name="Sambhajikalin" /> Sambhaji tried to increase the revenue from agricultural activities. He also made efforts to cultivate more wasted or barren lands.<ref name="Gokhale1978" />

Sambhaji, in his letter of 3 June 1684, directed his [[Peshwa|prime minister]] Nilkantha Moreshwar to bring the agricultural land of the villages confiscated by the government under cultivation which otherwise would have remained uncultivated. He also asked Hari Shivdev{{who2|date=February 2025}} to distribute fifty khandis{{clarify|date=February 2025}} of grain which were being sent to him from Sagargad among the cultivators.<ref name="Sambhajikalin" />

=== Religious policy ===
Sambhaji, his ministers and officers took keen interest in supporting the cultural and religious activity in the state. They honoured and encouraged learning by granting land, grains and money to scholars.<ref name="Joshi1980" />

== Education and writings ==
Sambhaji was sophisticated, educated and well-versed in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] in addition to Marathi. [[Keshav Pandit]], alias Keshav Bhatta of Shringarpur, was employed for his education; an erudite scholar, he composed ''Dandaniti'' on Maratha jurisprudence and later wrote a Sanskrit biography of Sanskrit biography of Sambhaji's brother and successor Rajaram, ''Rajaram Charitam''. In addition to law, he appears to have made Sambhaji familiar with much scholarship in Sanskrit.<ref name="Joshi1980">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ngBAAAAMAAJ&q=Keshav+Pandit+Sambhaji |title=Chhatrapati Sambhaji, 1657–1689 A.D. |last=Joshi |first=Pandit Shankar |date=1980 |publisher=S. Chand}}</ref>{{rp|4–5}}<ref name="Budhabhusana of King Sambhu" />{{rp|n11}}

Sambhaji composed several books during his lifetime, notably ''{{ill|Budhbhushanam|mr|बुधभूषण}}'' in Sanskrit and ''Nayikabhed'', ''Saatsatak'' and ''Nakhshikha'' in Hindustani.<ref name="Budhabhusana of King Sambhu">{{cite book |last1=Velankar |first1=H.D. |title=The Budhabhusana of King Sambhu |date=1926 |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |url=https://archive.org/details/Budhbhushanam/mode/2up}}</ref>{{rp|n13}} In ''Budhbhushanam'', Sambhaji wrote poetry on politics, including dos and don'ts for a king and military tactics. The first few ''[[shloka]]s'' are praises for his grandfather Shahaji, whom he considers to be an incarnation of [[Indra]], and his father Shivaji, whom he considers to be an incarnation of [[Vishnu]].{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

== Legacy ==
During his life, Sambhaji was unable to accomplish much for his people. However, his death elevated him to the status of a martyr.<ref name="Mehta2005" />{{rp|50}} Sambhaji has been considered a dharmaveer (lit. protector of [[dharma]]) for his role in shepherding the young Maratha empire, although not all commentators agree on the designation, which implies a religious aspect to his life and governance.<ref name="Shivde">{{cite book |last1=Shivde |first1=Sadashiv |title=Jwaljwalantejas Sambhajiraja |publisher=Diamond Publications |location=Pune |page=378 |edition=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/jwala-jwalan-tejas-sambhajiraja/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-03 |title=Nothing wrong if people look at Sambhaji Maharaj's contribution in different ways: Sharad Pawar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/nothing-wrong-if-people-look-at-sambhaji-maharaj-s-contribution-in-different-ways-sharad-pawar-101672769799137.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425034517/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/nothing-wrong-if-people-look-at-sambhaji-maharaj-s-contribution-in-different-ways-sharad-pawar-101672769799137.html |archive-date=25 April 2023 |access-date=2025-02-24 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Darbhamulla-2025">{{Cite news |last=Darbhamulla |first=Sruthi |date=2025-01-27 |title=Ahead of Vicky Kaushal's 'Chhaava', a look at the legend of Chhatrapati Sambhaji |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vicky-kaushal-chhaava-chhatrapati-sambhaji-biopic-maratha-shivaji/article69145689.ece |access-date=2025-02-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Many statues of Sambhaji exist in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-14 |title=Sambhaji Maharaj Statue: A Tribute To The Maratha Warrior King - Desi Souls |url=https://desisouls.in/blog/sambhaji-maharaj-statue/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-01-05 |title=Sambhaji Maharaj statue unveiled in Belagavi amid opposition |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sambhaji-maharaj-statue-inaugurated-in-belagavi-amid-opposition/article69065446.ece |access-date=2025-02-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-08 |title=Official: Sambhaji Maharaj statue in Belagavi unveiled sans papers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/official-sambhaji-maharaj-statue-in-belagavi-unveiled-sans-papers-101736276671198.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111042703/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/official-sambhaji-maharaj-statue-in-belagavi-unveiled-sans-papers-101736276671198.html |archive-date=11 January 2025 |access-date=2025-02-24 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> Sambhaji is viewed positively by the modern Indian Hindu movement, as he is seen as emblematic of [[Hindavi Swarajya]] (Hindu self-rule).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-20 |title=Facts about Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's son Sambhaji every kid should know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/parenting/moments/chhaava-movie-facts-about-sambhaji-facts-about-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharajs-son-sambhaji-every-kid-should-know/articleshow/118321028.cms |access-date=2025-02-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-23 |title=Chhaava: Netizens slam historical distortion over omission of 'Hindavi Swarajya' and Sambhaji Maharaj's dance in trailer |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-starrer-chhaava-faces-slamming-by-netizens-over-omission-of-hindavi-swarajya-and-sambhaji-maharajs-dance-in-trailer-3064649/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en}}</ref> However, Hindu nationalist icons such as [[V. D. Savarkar]] and [[M. S. Golwalkar]] had a negative view of Sambhaji. Savarkar found Sambhaji to be "unfit to rule over the Maratha empire".<ref name="g643">{{cite web | last=Menon | first=Aditya | title=Chhaava: Why Savarkar & Golwalkar Criticised Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj | website=TheQuint | date=2025-02-24 | url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/chhaava-vicky-kaushal-sambhaji-maharaj-hindutva-savarkar-golwalkar | access-date=2025-02-26}}</ref>

''[[The Hindu]]'' assesses that "Sambhaji's fealty to the Hindu dharma in the face of certain death has earned him much admiration from Hindu nationalists. Some early Marathi writers, however, portrayed him as irresponsible and wayward. Yet others have held him up as a figure of unwavering valiance who inspired the Marathas in their fight against the Mughals."<ref name="Darbhamulla-2025" />

== Historiography ==
Early historians had an overwhelmingly negative view of Sambhaji. The first author to write an extensive history of the Marathas was [[James Grant Duff]], whose 1826 work painted Sambhaji as a debauched and unfit ruler.<ref name="Pawar-2015">{{Cite journal |last=Pawar |first=Manjushri |date=July 2015 |title=Defamation of Chhatrapati Sambhaji in Marathi Literature |url=https://www.ycwm.ac.in/ycwarana/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Vishwawarana_Journal_Final_29-7-2015.pdf |journal=[[Vishwawarana National Research Journal]] |volume=II |issue=2 |pages=27–33}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |date=1967 |title=James Grant Duff and the Marathas |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44155527 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=29 |pages=395–401 |jstor=44155527 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]], writing around 1900, came to a similar conclusion, writing that "It is useless to enter into a detailed account of Sambhaji's reign, for Sambhaji never can be said to have ruled the country."<ref name="Pawar-2015" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Ranade, Mahadev Govind |url=https://archive.org/details/risemarathapowe00bahagoog/page/n6 |title=Rise of the Maráthá Power |publisher=Punalekar & Co. |year=1900 |location=Bombay |ol=24128770M}}; reprinted in 1999 as {{ISBN|81-7117-181-8}}</ref>

[[Govind Sakharam Sardesai]]'s 1946 work the ''New History of Marathas'' is the first modern treatment of Sambhaji's life. Sardesai's chapter on Sambhaji is entitled "Sambhaji the violent."<ref name="Sardesai1946" /> Sardesai describes Sambhaji both as a heroic leader in the war against the Mughals and "brave as a lion personally," but also as having "vicious and intemperate habits."<ref name="Sardesai1946" />{{Rp|page=308}} Sardesai also assesses that Sambhaji lacked his father's patience or foresight.<ref name="Sardesai1946" />{{Rp|page=308}} Sardesai assesses that Sambhaji's aborted attack against the Portuguese at Goa marked a turning point for Sambhaji's fortunes, after which the Marathas were increasingly on the defensive.<ref name="Sardesai1946" />{{Rp|page=307}} Sardesai concludes that whatever Sambhaji's strategic failings, which saw him abandoned by most of his allies, the nature of his death steeled the Maratha to avenge the death of their sovereign.<ref name="Sardesai1946" />{{Rp|page=316}}

==Biographies==
Kavindra Paramanand Govind Newaskar of Poladpur composed ''Anupurana'', a partially-completed Sanskrit biography on the life of Sambhaji up to the birth of [[Shahu I]], as a sequel to his father's Sanskrit biography ''Shivabharata''. Hari Kavi, also known as Bhanubhatta, composed ''Haihayendra Charitra'' as well as its commentary, ''Shambu Vilasika'' on the orders of Sambhaji. Hari Kavi also authored ''Subhashitaharavalli'' and composed the Sanskrit biography ''Shambhuraja Charitra'' on Sambhaji's life and romance in 1684.<ref>{{cite book |title=Studies in Indian Cultural History |volume=2 |author-first=Parshuram Krishna |author-last=Gode |date=1960 |page=105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WpotAAAAMAAJ&q=%22hari+kavi%22+sambhaji }} [https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/10427.pdf pdf]</ref><ref name="Budhabhusana of King Sambhu" />{{rp|n15}}

== In fiction ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Films, plays and television shows based on Sambhaji's life
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Title
! rowspan="2" |Studio(s)
! rowspan="2" |Director
! colspan="2" |Characters
|-
!Sambhaji
!Yesubai
|-
|1925
|''[[Chhatrapati Sambhaji (1925 film)|Chhatrapati Sambhaji]]''
|United Pictures Syndicate
|N.D. sarpotdar
|Parshwanath Altekar
|Zillu
|-
|1934<ref>{{Cite web |title=छत्रपती संभाजी |url=https://www.marathifilmdata.com/chitrapat/chatrapati-sambhaji/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=मराठी चित्रपट सूची |language=en-US}}</ref>
|''[[Chhatrapati Sambhaji (1934 film)|Chhatrapati Sambhaji]]''
|Saraswati Cinestone
|Parshwanath Altekar
|[[Master Vithal]]
|Vijayadevi
|-
|1962<ref>Karnad, G. (1995). Performance, meaning, and the materials of modern Indian theatre. New Theatre Quarterly, 11(44), 355-370.[https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D1DB214C552C2A2DBBCBEBA6DCC98D7E/S0266464X00009337a.pdf/performance-meaning-and-the-materials-of-modern-indian-theatre.pdf]</ref>
|''Raygadala Jevha Jaag Yete'' (Marathi play)
|
|
|[[Kashinath Ghanekar]]
|
|-
|2017–2020<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-02 |title=Popular historical series 'Swarajyarakshak Sambhaji' to go off-air soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/popular-historical-series-swarajyarakshak-sambhaji-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/73867591.cms |access-date=2024-12-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|''[[Swarajyarakshak Sambhaji]]''
|Jagadamb Creations
|Vivek Deshpande<br>Kartik Rajaram Kendhe
|[[Amol Kolhe]]
|Prajakta Gaikwad
|-
|2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=More |first=Priya |date=2024-02-01 |title=Chhatrapati Sambhaji Movie: 'छत्रपती संभाजी' २ फेब्रुवारीला येणार भेटीला, 'या' ५ भाषांमध्ये होणार रिलीज |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/marathi-film-chhatrapati-sambhaji-movie-release-2-february-in-5-language-pvm91 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=[[Saam TV]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|''[[Chhatrapati Sambhaji (2024 film)|Chhatrapati Sambhaji]]''
|Perfect Plus Entertainment<br>FIF Production<br>AJ Media Corp.
|Rakesh Subesingh Dulgaj
|[[Shashank Udapurkar]]
|Mohini Potdar
|-
|2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pokharkar |first=Manjiri |date=2024-02-17 |title=जय शिवराय! 'शिवरायांचा छावा'ने रिलीजच्या पहिल्या दिवशीच जमवला कोट्यवधींचा गल्ला |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/shivrayancha-chhava-box-office-collection-day-1-digpal-lanjekar-historical-marathi-movie-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-biopic-marathi-film-bollywood-entertainment-latest-update-marathi-news-1256956 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|''[[Shivrayancha Chhava]]''
|Malhar Picture Company<br>Everest Entertainment
|[[Digpal Lanjekar]]
|[[Bhushan Patil]]
|Trupti Toradmal
|-
|2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-14 |title="धर्मरक्षक महावीर छत्रपती संभाजी महाराज" चित्रपट लवकरच येणार प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला! |trans-title=Chhatrapati Sambhaji maharaj Jayanti Dharmakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj movie is coming soon |url=https://www.marathijagran.com/entertainment/chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-jayanti-dharmakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-movie-is-coming-soon-21919 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Marathi Jagran |language=mr}}</ref>
|''[[Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj: Chapter 1]]''
|Urvita Productions
|Tushar Shelar
|[[Thakur Anoop Singh]]
|[[Amruta Khanvilkar]]
|-
|2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-19 |title=Director Laxman Utekar on Chhaava: Period dramas come with unique challenges |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/chhaava-director-laxman-utekar-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-2602897-2024-09-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119092441/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/chhaava-director-laxman-utekar-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-2602897-2024-09-19 |archive-date=19 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-27 |title=Vicky Kaushal, Rashmika Mandanna starrer Chhaava gets postponed; to release on February 14 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-starrer-chhaava-gets-postponed-release-february-14/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
|''[[Chhaava]]''
|[[Maddock Films]]
|[[Laxman Utekar]]
|[[Vicky Kaushal]]
|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[Bhosale]] family ancestry
* [[Maratha clan system]]
* [[Marathi people]]

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Sambhaji}}

{{s-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Bhonsle]] | 14 May |1657|11 March |1689|name='''Sambhaji'''}}
{{S-reg}}
{{S-bef
| before = [[Shivaji]]
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Chhatrapati]] of [[Maratha Empire]]
| years = 16 January 1681 – 11 March 1689
}}
{{S-aft
| after = [[Rajaram I]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|History|Royalty|India}}
{{Shivaji}}
{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1657 births]]
[[Category:1689 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Hindu martyrs]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:17th-century executions by the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Warriors from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:People executed for refusing to convert to Islam]]
[[Category:Executed monarchs]]
[[Category:Maratha kings]]

Maruthu Pandi

2026-03-03T04:59:51Z

Shahidkumar: new

{{distinguish|Maruthu Pandiyar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maruthu Pandi
| image = Maruthu Pandi.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)|Manoj Kumar]]
| writer = R. P. Viswam <small>(dialogues)</small>
| screenplay = Manoj Kumar
| story = [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]]
| producer = S. Selvarethinam
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ramki]]|[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]|[[Nirosha]]}}
| cinematography = R. H. Ashok
| editing = B. Krishnakumar<br />Srinivas
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Ponmanam Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1990|04|27}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Maruthu Pandi''''' is a 1990 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[action drama]] film directed by [[Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)|Manoj Kumar]]. The film stars [[Ramki]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] and [[Nirosha]], with [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Senthil]], [[Kovai Sarala]], Raghavi and [[Pradeep Shakthi]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 27 April 1990 and became a major box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marudhupandi ( 1990 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/filmography.cgi?name=marudhupandi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050116052704/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/filmography.cgi?name=marudhupandi |archive-date=2005-01-16 |access-date=2016-10-10 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maruthu Pandi / மருதுபாண்டி |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/maruthu-pandi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124113257/https://screen4screen.com/movies/maruthu-pandi |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> The film was remade in Kannada as ''[[Kollur Kala]]'' (1991) and in Hindi as ''[[Aag (1994 film)|Aag]]'' (1994).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |year=2020 |isbn=9788193848227 |pages=434}}</ref>

== Plot ==

In the village Ammapatti, Maruthu Pandi is a [[coracle]] operator in the day and the village protector at night. The villagers give him food in exchange for his work. Maruthu Pandi has a mentally ill sister Lakshmi who is pregnant and he takes care of Lakshmi like a mother. Kanagavalli is a dancer performing in a dance troupe. After performing their dance in Ammapatti, the dancers leave Kanagavalli alone. The villagers help Kanagavalli to stay in the village : they build a house for her. Kanagavalli slowly falls in love with Maruthu Pandi. Kanagavalli is, in fact, a police officer who wants to arrest Maruthu Pandi. Maruthu Pandi's real name is Manickam.

In the past, Manickam was a poor tailor, where he lived happily with his only sister. Manickam was in love with Kavitha, daughter of a rich [[zamindar]]. Her father Jagannathan refuses to let his daughter marry Manickam; instead he wants to get her married to a zamindar like him : Inspector of Police Thiagarajan. On the day of the wedding, Kavitha drinks poison and dies. That same night, Jagannathan, Thiagarajan and Thiagarajan's friend Pradeep beat up Manickam and abduct Lakshmi and she is brutally raped by Thiagarajan. Manickam manages to beat up them while Jagannathan, Kavitha's father is killed in the process and Lakshmi becomes mentally unstable. He flees the village with his sister from that village.

Thiagarajan and his police team come to Ammapatti to arrest Manickam. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ramki]] as Maruthu Pandi / Manickam
*[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Kanagavalli
*[[Nirosha]] as Kavitha
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Thiagarajan
*[[S. S. Chandran]] as Nattamai
*[[Senthil]]
*[[K. Samarasam]]
*[[Kovai Sarala]]
*Raghavi as Lakshmi
*[[Pradeep Shakthi]] as Pradeep
*[[Singamuthu]]
*[[Theni Kunjarammal]]
*Srilekha
*K. Kannan as Vellaisamy
*Mohan Babu
*Veera Raghavan
*K. K. Soundar
*Senji Krishnan
*MLA Malliah
*[[Joker Thulasi]]
*[[Pasi Narayanan]]
*Balambika
}}

==Production==
The film was originally offered to [[Sathyaraj]] who refused it.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rasika |date=4 June 2004 |title=Ramki's gain |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/reeltalk/06reeltalk04th.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040813182259/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/reeltalk/06reeltalk04th.asp |archive-date=13 August 2004 |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maruthu pandi Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilaiyaraja |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/maruthu-pandi-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilaiyaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722113943/https://macsendisk.com/product/maruthu-pandi-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilaiyaraja/ |archive-date=22 July 2022 |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s)
!Lyricist!! Duration
|-
| "Adhamum Yevalum" || [[Arunmozhi]], [[S. Janaki]]
|[[Piraisoodan]]|| 4:43
|-
| "Amma Pattiyil Adicha" || S. Janaki
|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]|| 4:23
|-
| "Paadi Paadi" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
|[[Pulamaipithan]]|| 4:51
|-
| "Pombala Illama" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], S. Janaki
|[[Gangai Amaran]]|| 4:39
|-
| "Singara Selvangale" || [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Na. Kamarasan]]|| 4:16
|}

== Reception ==
P. S. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that the director managed to narrate a gripping screenplay out of an age old plot.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பி. எஸ். எஸ். |date=17 June 1990 |title=மருது பாண்டி |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1990/jun/17-06-1990/p64.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=64 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220722113406/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1990/jun/17-06-1990/p64.jpg |archive-date=22 July 2022 |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)}}

[[Category:1990 action drama films]]
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kumite 1 League

2026-02-18T13:04:54Z

Shahidkumar: Stub.

{{Short description|Indian martial arts promotion}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Kumite 1 League
| logo =
| type =
| industry = [[Mixed martial arts]] League
| fate =
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = 2017
| founder = Mohamedali Budhwani
| defunct = 
| hq_location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = 
| key_people =Mohamedali Budhwani <small>Chairman & MD </small>
| products =
| owner = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent = Toyam Industries Limited
| website = {{URL|https://kumite1league.in/}}
}}
The '''Kumite 1 League''' (K1L) is a [[mixed martial arts]] league and martial arts promotion, based in [[Mumbai]], India. The league is supported by the World Kickboxing Network<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news |title=Mike Tyson: Ex-boxing champ Mike Tyson to visit Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/ex-boxing-champ-mike-tyson-to-visit-mumbai/articleshow/65673333.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="Sb">{{cite news |title=World Kickboxing Network offers aid to India's K1 league |url=https://www.sportzbusiness.com/world-kickboxing-network-offers-aid-to-indias-k1-league/ |publisher=Sportzbusiness |date=27 August 2018}}</ref> and backed by Toyam Industries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Significant Sports associates with Kumite 1 League |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/significant-sports-associates-with-kumite-1-league |publisher=Sportskeeda |date=25 September 2018}}</ref> Kumite 1 League debuted its inaugural season on 28 September 2018 in [[Mumbai]] and [[Mike Tyson]] was appointed as the brand ambassador of the event.<ref name=midday>{{cite news |last1=Mayure |first1=Subodh |title=Kumite 1 League: Sparks fly as fighters size up each other |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/kumite-1-league-sparks-fly-as-fighters-size-up-each-other/19844151 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |date=28 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Shayan |title=Mixed martial artists brace up for K1L extravaganza |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/mixed-martial-artists-brace-up-for-k1l-extravaganza/article25060494.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 September 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
Kumite 1 League was founded by Mohamedali Budhwani in 2017, with the purpose to promote and popularise the sport of [[Mixed Martial Arts]] in [[India]].<ref name="Sb"/>

== Events ==
Kumite 1 League 1.0 was the introductory event held at the [[National Sports Club of India]] (NSCI) Dome, [[Mumbai]] on 28 September 2018,<ref name=midday/> in the presence of brand ambassador [[Mike Tyson]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Slumdog' Mike Tyson Laments Lack of Personalities in Boxing |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/slumdog-mike-tyson-laments-lack-of-personalities-in-boxing-1893191.html |publisher=[[News 18]] |date=29 September 2018}}</ref> The event was attended by international sports and entertainment personalities from India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ferro |first1=Ashwin |title=K1 League: Indian team register convincing 8-3 win over UAE |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/k1-league-indian-team-register-convincing-8-3-win-over-uae/19850163 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |date=30 September 2018}}</ref> The event was broadcast in India on [[Sony ESPN]], [[Sony ESPN HD]] and [[Sony Liv]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laghate |first1=Gaurav |title=MMA league Kumite ties up with PVR & Sony for live broadcast |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/mma-league-kumite-ties-up-with-pvr-sony-for-live-broadcast/articleshow/65749677.cms?from=mdr | newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=10 September 2018}}</ref> and it was beamed across more than 80 countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sony ESPN & Sony ESPN HD bag telecast rights for Kumite 1 League |url=https://www.adgully.com/sony-espn-sony-espn-hd-bag-telecast-rights-for-kumite-1-league-80370.html |publisher=Adgully |date=12 September 2018}}</ref>

[[Bappi Lahiri]] composed a special jingle for [[Mike Tyson]] during his visit to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bappi Lahiri composes a jingle to welcome Mike Tyson to India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/bappi-lahiri-composes-a-jingle-to-welcome-mike-tyson-to-india/story-88xjIyn3CaCCMrU6ZaMRmJ.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=13 September 2018}}</ref> Music composer [[Asif Panjwani]] created the theme music for Kumite 1 League.<ref>{{cite news |title=Panjwani explains 'Kumite 1…' theme music |url=https://telanganatoday.com/panjwani-explains-kumite-1-theme-music |publisher=[[Telangana Today]] |date=29 September 2018}}</ref> The MMA champion Nelson Paes won the Kumite 1 League's championship.<ref name="O Heraldo">{{cite news |title=MMA champion Nelson wins international Kumite 1 League |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/MMA-champion-Nelson-wins-international-Kumite-1-League/137670.html |publisher=[[O Heraldo]] |date=20 October 2018}}</ref> The inaugural season was won by Nelson Paes.<ref name="O Heraldo"/>

== Kumite 1 Warrior Hunt ==
Toyam Industries Limited has launched Kumite 1 Warrior Hunt, which is India's first-ever MMA Talent Hunt & Sports Reality Show streaming as a Web Series on MX Player. Kumite 1 Warrior Hunt is seeking two of the top mixed martial arts (MMA) one male and one female champion athlete.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bappi Lahiri composes for Mike Tyson |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/bappi-lahiri-composes-for-mike-tyson/19802191 |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=14 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Maity |first1=Sayantan |title=Kumite 1 League: Home of Indian MMA launches Warrior Hunt |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/kumite-1-league-home-of-indian-mma-launches-warrior-hunt |publisher=Sportskeeda |date=8 June 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Mixed martial arts]]

==References==
{{reflist|}}

==External links==
* [https://kumite1league.in/ Official Website]
{{National sports leagues of India}}
{{MMA organizations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumite 1 League}}
[[Category:Mixed martial arts promotions]]
[[Category:Martial arts in India]]
[[Category:Sports organisations of India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 2017]]

Rewas Port

2026-02-15T07:59:38Z

Shahidkumar: put up stub

{{Short description|Port in Rewas Creek, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2014}}
'''Rewas Port''' '''(Rewas-Bodani or Revas)''' is one of 48 “minor” ports of [[Maharashtra]] located at Rewas Creek, near Karanja creek at the mouth of the [[Patalganga River]] about {{convert|10|km|mi|0}} southward of [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]] (JNPT) and {{convert|16|km|mi}} south-east of [[Mumbai Port]]. It is controlled by the state government through the [[Maharashtra Maritime Board]].

The town of Rewas was combined with the neighboring town of Bodani, and the subsequently formed city is called Rewas-Bodani.

== History==

Originally called ''Rewas bunder'' (bunder=port), there has been a small fishing port at Rewas since the times of the [[Maratha Empire]]. A [[pier]] was subsequently built during the [[British Raj]], between 1864 and 1869. This was often used by small passenger steamers running between [[Bombay]] and [[Dharamtar]], which sailed via Rewas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Communications - Ports of Kolaba|url=http://raigad.nic.in/dg/1964/comm_ports.html|website=The Kolaba District Gazetter|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref>

==Rewas Wadhawan New Port Project==

In 2015, a project was announced by [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port|JNPT ports]] to establish a new port in Rewas. The port would consist of deep water berths on reclaimed land for various cargoes including [[coal]]. However, in June 2017, it was announced that the project had encountered stumbling blocks due to difficulties in clearances from the local environmental agencies at Dahanu.<ref name="bloom">{{cite news|title=JNPT Hit By Green Hurdles For Rs 10,000 Crore Wadhavan Port|url=http://www.bloombergquint.com/business/2017/06/18/jnpt-hit-by-green-hurdles-for-rs-10000-crore-wadhavan-port|accessdate=26 June 2017|publisher=Bloomberg Quint|date=18 June 2017}}</ref>

==New Rewas Aware port==

A new port was proposed near Rewas by port pioneer Dr. Meka Vijay Paparao of Amma Lines Pvt Ltd in 1996. In 1997 the state government signed an MOU with Amma Lines for development of Rewas and Aware for a multi-cargo deep draft all-weather port. In 2002, the cabinet signed the first port concession agreement in Maharashtra, for 50 years with Amma Lines to develop Rewas Aware port on a Build, Operate, Own, Share and Transfer (BOOST) basis. It formed an SPV known as [[Rewas Ports Ltd.]] for the purpose. With a starting investment of US$400 million and ultimate of about US$1 billion1.3 Billion (Rs 6600 Crore), the port was projected the potential to have over 50 berths with a draft as deep as {{convert|13|to|18|m|ft}}.

In 2006, Amma Lines sold a majority stake to [[Mukesh Ambani]]'s [[Reliance Group]] and [[Anand Jain]]'s Jai Corp. The state government of Maharashtra also has a minor stake in the port.
To start with, the port will have a {{convert|13|m|ft|adj=on}} dredged draft, 10 berths with a total quay length of {{convert|3500|m|ft}}.

The project received Environmental Clearance from the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India in May 2007 and also completed Financial Closure for the US$1.3 billion project.
The port was due to be commissioned in 2011 and due for completion in 2012 with a draft of {{convert|18|m|ft}}. As of 2017, the port has six berths handling containers, iron ore, coal and other solid and liquid bulk cargo.

The port required water access through Mumbai Port Trust waters. As this mega port would have created a challenge to the dwindling cargo of Mumbai Port, MbPT refused to give access through their waters. In spite of several representations made by the promoters, MMB and the state government, MbPT has still not given access since 2004. The matter is presently with the Ministry of Shipping.

There is also a proposal to develop a large dry dock, shipyard and ship repair facility; however these continue to remain on paper.

== Proposed second site for the proposed new Mumbai Metropolitan region Airport ==

Since the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests had raised objections to the proposed location of the [[Navi Mumbai International Airport]] near Kopra [[Panvel]] because the construction of the airport would involve reclamation of low-lying areas in an ecologically fragile zone as well as destruction of several hectares of mangroves. As a result of these developments other locations including Rewas were considered.

The proposed airport site centered around the region of Rewas and Mandwa near [[Alibag]] was thought to be the most suitable barring excessive financial cost for building a bridge over Karanja Creek to connect the [[Uran]]–[[JNPT]] area to the proposed airport at Rewas Mandwa. Its distance of only {{convert|20|nmi|km}} by sea made it a viable location.

However, the site was rejected in 2010 after considering the high capital cost, destruction of scenic coastal environment, rehabilitation of 14 villages, strong local opposition and the presence of the Indian Navy base in the area.<ref>{{cite news |title=Navi Mumbai best option for airport, river diversion not harmful: green report |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/latest-news/navi-mumbai-best-option-for-airport-river-diversion-not-harmful-green-report/649549/ |work=Express India |date=21 July 2010 |accessdate=25 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130629120739/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/latest-news/navi-mumbai-best-option-for-airport-river-diversion-not-harmful-green-report/649549/ |archivedate=29 June 2013 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Ports and harbours of Maharashtra]]

Ravikanth (actor)

2026-02-13T23:45:14Z

Shahidkumar: put up a data

{{Short description|Indian Actor (Born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravikanth
| image =
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| birth_name = Ravi Srinivasan
| occupation = Actor
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1962|05|28}}
| spouse =
| years_active = 1987–present
|
}}

'''Ravikanth''' is an Indian actor who has appeared in [[Tamil language]] films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/actor-ravikanth-speaks-about-goa-movie-experience|title=''12-ல ஒண்ணு லேடி கெட்டப்; அப்போ VP, பிரேம்ஜி, வைபவ் பண்ண சேட்டை இருக்கே...'' - 'கோவா' ரவிகாந்த்|website=www.vikatan.com/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19940218&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title=Melodrama|date=18 February 1994|page=6|website=Indian Express}}</ref>

==Career==
Ravi began his professional career as a sound engineer and when the company closed down, he joined a drama troupe. At the troupe, he became acquainted with [[Charuhasan]] who introduced him to [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]], an associate of director [[K. Balachander]]. Soon after, Ravi was given the stage name of Ravikanth and made his acting debut in Balachander's ''[[Manathil Uruthi Vendum]]'' (1987).<ref name="break">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/mar/16/goa-was-my-big-break-ravikanth-139701.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095412/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/mar/16/goa-was-my-big-break-ravikanth-139701.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 November 2018|title=Goa was my big break: Ravikanth|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="int">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zCzn0MT15c |title=Video |website=www.youtube.com |accessdate=2020-08-22}}</ref> During the period, he also shot for a supporting role in ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]'' (1989) but his portions were cut owing to the film's length.<ref name="break"/> Ravikanth later moved on to work on television serials, regularly collaborating on [[K. Balachander]]'s productions including ''Sahana'' and ''Solathan Ninaikiraen''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2009/mar/25/kbs-new-serial-35543.html|title=KB's new serial}}</ref>

In the 2000s, Ravikanth has regularly worked on films directed by [[Venkat Prabhu]] starting from ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' (2008). In Venkat Prabhu's comedy drama ''[[Goa (2010 film)|Goa]]'', Ravikanth portrayed eight different characters and labelled the film as his "big break".<ref name="break"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/The-hurdles-in-its-way/article16812609.ece | title=The hurdles in its way | first=Malathi | last=Rangarajan | date=5 February 2010 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=22 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/1655/special-report/Goa-movie-special-Hi-lites.htm|title = கோவா பட ஹைலைட்ஸ் | Goa movie special Hi-lites|date = 27 January 2010}}</ref> He has since appeared in films such as ''[[Mankatha]]'' and ''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]'' (2013) with the director. Some of his films in the 2000s, such as the [[Premgi Amaren|Premgi]]-starrer ''2010 Bhagyaraj'' and the Silambarasan-starrer ''Kettavan'' were dropped mid-production.<ref name="int"/>

Outside of his film career, Ravikanth owns Reflomats, a business specialising in the production of signs.<ref name="int"/>

== Personal life ==
Earlier media reports had claimed that Ravikanth married actress [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] in 2000 and divorced her in 2002. However, Ravikanth has publicly denied these claims.

In a July 2024 interview, he clarified that he was never married to Ambika, and that the rumours arose because they frequently acted as husband and wife in films, lived in the same neighbourhood, and often travelled together to shooting locations. Ravikanth stated: "Neither am I married to Ambika nor am I her husband."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Ravikanth Sets The Record Straight: I Am Not Ambika's Second Husband—Here's The Truth! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2024/actor-ravikanth-sets-the-record-straight-i-am-not-ambika-s-second-husband-here-s-the-truth-401294.html |website=Filmibeat |date=19 July 2024 |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref>

He explained that at the time Ambika was married to Premkumar and living in the United States, only travelling to India for film shootings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravikanth clarifies relationship with Ambika in interview |url=https://youtube.com/shorts/7JcIyJXZjT0?si=o1tJlIC6oLzkvk03 |website=YouTube |date=2024 |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| rowspan="1"| 1987 || ''[[Manathil Uruthi Vendum]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 1990 || ''[[Pathimoonam Number Veedu]]'' || Rekha's husband ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1994 || ''[[Chinna Muthu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Atha Maga Rathiname]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 1995 || ''[[Paattu Vaathiyar]]'' || Pechimuthu ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 1997 || ''[[Abhimanyu (1997 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' || Prakash ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 1999 || ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' || Wedding guest ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2003 || ''[[Anjaneya (film)|Anjaneya]]'' || Police officer ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2008 || ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' || Chettiyar ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2010 || ''[[Goa (2010 film)|Goa]]'' || 8 characters ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2011 || ''[[Mankatha]]'' || Chettiyar's assistant ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2013 || ''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]'' || Chandrasekhar ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2015 || ''[[MGR Sivaji Rajini Kamal]]'' || Vanarajan ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2021 || ''[[Chakra (2020 film)|Chakra]]'' || Dial For Help Board member ||
|-
| ''[[Maanaadu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2022 || ''[[Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal]]'' || Khatija's father ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2025 || ''[[Mrs & Mr]]'' || Vidhya's father ||
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
|-
| 2003–2004 || ''Sahana'' || ||[[Jaya TV]]
|-
| || ''Solathan Ninaikiraen'' || ||[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
| 2013–2017 || ''[[Vamsam (TV series)|Vamsam]]'' || Sivaram || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
| 2023–2024 ||[[Kizhakku Vaasal (TV series)|''Kizhakku Vaasal'']]|| Ravi||[[Vijay Television]]
|-
| 2023–2024|| ''[[Malar (2023 TV series)|Malar]]'' || Vishwanathan ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
| 2025-present|| ''Annamalai Kudumbam'' || Venkadesan ||[[Zee Tamil]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6727091}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravikanth}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
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[[Category:1962 births]]

Dhule

2026-02-11T14:20:54Z

Shahidkumar:

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{About|the Municipal Corporation in Maharashtra, India|its namesake district|Dhule district}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhule
| other_name = 
| native_name_lang = mr
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 250
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2
| image1 = A flyover in Dhule.jpg
| image2 = Gurudwara of Dhule.jpg
| image3 = Tower Garden, Dhule.JPG
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Dhule Flyover, Gurudwara, Tower Garden
| nickname =
| map_alt = Position of Dhule in India
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Dhule City in Maharashtra state
| coordinates = {{coord|20|53|59|N|74|46|11|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagicon|IND}} India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Khandesh]] (North Maharashtra)
| subdivision_type3 = Division
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nashik]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Dhule district]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Tourist attraction]]s
| subdivision_name5 = [[File:Drive in Spectacular Dhule City.ogg|thumb|Drive in city]]
| established_date = 30 June 2003
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Dhule
| administration_type =
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]]
| leader_title1 = [[District collector]]
| leader_name1 = Shri
| leader_title2 = [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name2 = Shri
| leader_title3 = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader_name3 = Shri
| leader_title4 = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name4 = Pratibhatai Chaudhari ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| unit_pref =
| area_total_km2 = 172
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 319
| population_rank = India: [[List of cities in India|23rd]]
| population_total = 855,603
| population_metro = 575,603
| population_demonym = Dhulekar
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhule {{!}} City, History, & Location|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Dhule-India|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 42400x
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 2562
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|]]
| registration_plate = MH-18
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 52/48 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[IUCN protected area categories|IUCN category]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Aw]] <small>([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])</small>
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{cvt|44|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{cvt|20|°C|°F}}
| website = {{URL|www.dhule.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| length_km = 20.4
| width_km = 16.7
}}
'''Dhule''' is one of the largest cities in Maharashtra,{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} and central region of India. The city located in the Dhule District in the northwestern part of Maharashtra state, known as West Khandesh. Situated on the banks of [[Panzara River]], Dhule is the regional headquarters of MIDC, RTO, and MTDC.

The city, with industrial areas, schools, hospitals, and residential areas, has communications and transport infrastructures. Dhule is largely emerging as one of the upcoming hubs of textile, edible oil, Information Technology, and power-loom across the state and has gained a strategic advantage for being on the junction of three National Highways viz. [[National Highway 3 (India, old numbering)|NH-3]], [[National Highway 6 (India, old numbering)|NH-6]], and [[National Highway 211 (India, old numbering)|NH-211]] and on most anticipated Manmad – Indore Rail Project. Recently [[Ministry of Surface Transport]] has granted conversion of surrounding 4 state highways to National Highway, after which Dhule would be the one amongst very few cities in India being located on convergence of 7 National Highways. Conversion of [[National Highway 3 (India, old numbering)|NH-3]] from four lanes to six lanes between Dhule and [[Nashik]] with modern facilities is under process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loksatta.com/nashik-news/permission-for-dhule-nashik-highway-1268697/|title=धुळे-नाशिक महामार्गाच्या सहापदरीकरणास मान्यता|date=17 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/nashik-north-maharashtra-news/nashik/nashik-dhule-six-way-highway-project/articleshow/53243338.cms|title='नाशिक-धुळे' सहापदरी -Maharashtra Times|date=17 July 2016}}</ref>

Dhule city is also a part of [[Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project]], as Node – 17, India's most ambitious infrastructure program, aiming to develop new industrial cities and converging next generation technologies across infrastructure sectors.<ref>[http://www.dmicdc.com/ DMICDC]. DMICDC. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</ref><ref>[http://delhimumbaiindustrialcorridor.com/ ::: Welcome to Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor :::] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319191356/http://delhimumbaiindustrialcorridor.com/ |date=19 March 2016 }}. Delhimumbaiindustrialcorridor.com. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.tourismguideindia.com/dhule.htm Tourism in Dhule, Best Places in Dhule]. TourismGuideIndia.com. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</ref>

As a part of creating employment across smaller cities, [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Ministry of Electronics and IT]] has also given in-principle approval for setting [[Business process outsourcing|BPO]] at Dhule.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/it-minister-approves-9000-seats-for-call-centres-in-small-towns/articleshow/54659119.cms|title=IT Minister approves 9,000 seats for call centres in small towns|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-approves-about-9-020-seats-under-bpo-promotion-scheme-116100400219_1.html|title=Govt approves about 9,020 seats under BPO promotion scheme|author=BS Reporter |date=4 October 2016|work=Business Standard}}</ref>

==History==

Until the beginning of the 19th century, Dhule was an insignificant village, subordinate to Laling, the capital of the Laling or Fatehabad Subdivision. Under the rule of the Nizam, Laling was incorporated with the District of Daulatabad. The town passed successively through the hands of the Arab kings, the Mughals, and the Nizam, and into the power of the Peshwas about 1795. In 1803, it was completely deserted by its
inhabitants on account of the ravages of Holkar and the terrible famine of that year. In the following year, Balaji Balwant, a dependant of the Vinchurkar, to whom the ''parganas'' of Laling and Songir had been granted by the Peshwa, repeopled the town and received from the Vinchurkar, in return for his services, a grant of ''inam'' land and other privileges. He was subsequently entrusted with the entire management of the territory of Songir and Laling, and fixed his headquarters at Dhule, where he continued to exercise authority till the occupation of the country by the British in 1818. Dhule was immediately chosen as the headquarters of the newly formed District of Khandesh by Captain John Briggs. In [[British Raj]] Britishers call it Dhulia.In January 1819, he obtained sanction for building public offices for the transaction of revenue and judicial business. Artificers were brought from distant places, and the buildings were erected at a total cost of £2700. Every encouragement was offered to traders and others to settle in the new town. Building sites were granted rent-free in perpetuity, and advances were made both to the old inhabitants and strangers to enable them to erect substantial houses. At this time, Captain Briggs described Dhule as a small town, surrounded by garden cultivation, and shut in between an irrigation channel and the river. The town was located on the southern bank of the [[Panzara River]] with an area of about one square mile. In 1819, the population numbered only 2509 persons, living in 401 houses. In 1863, there were 10,000 inhabitants; while by 1872 the number had further increased to 12,489, with 2620 houses. From the date of its occupation by the British, the progress of Dhule had been steady. Towards the end of the 19th century the town had already become a significant trading center due to the trade in cotton and linseed. Coarse cotton, woolen cloths and turbans were manufactured for local use around this time. In 1872, Dhule was visited by a severe flood, which did much damage to houses and property.<ref name="Hunter 1881 580">{{cite book |last=Hunter |first=William Wilson |url=https://archive.org/stream/imperialgazette02unkngoog#page/n5/mode/2up |title=The imperial gazetteer of India |publisher=Trubner and Company |year=1881 |location=London |page=580}}</ref><ref name="Trubner and Company">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/imperialgazette02unkngoog |title=The imperial gazetteer of India [by] W.W. Hunter |work=W.W. Hunter |publisher=Trubner and Company |year=1881 |quote=Dhulia. |access-date=10 January 2012}}</ref>

The Dhulia aka Dhule civil hospital was established in 1825 by the British government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=James M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbUBAAAAYAAJ |title=Gazetteer of Bombay presidency : Khandesh |publisher=British Government of India |year=1880 |location=[[Bombay presidency]], India |pages=1}}</ref>

Dhule was a cantonment town, and in year 1881 had two hospitals, telegraph and post offices. In 1873–74 there were four Government schools, with 551 pupils. Historically, the town has been divided into New and [[June Dhule|Old Dhule]]. In the latter, the houses were irregularly built, the majority being of a very humble description.<ref name="Hunter 1881 580" /><ref name="Trubner and Company" />

== Geography ==
Dhule is located at {{Coord|20.9|N|74.78|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Dhule.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Dhule]. Fallingrain.com. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</ref> It has an average elevation of 250 metres (787 feet). Dhule lies in the [[Khandesh]] region, which forms the northwest corner of the [[Deccan Plateau]]. Dhule City is a part of khandesh region.

The Dhule district is bordered in the west by the [[Gujarat State]] and in the north by [[Madhya Pradesh]] along with [[Nandurbar district]], and in the south and east by [[Nashik district]] and [[Jalgaon District]] respectively. It is situated in a valley of the [[Tapti River|Tapi River]] along the banks of the [[Panzara River]].

'''Subdivisions in Dhule city'''

# Devpur
# Mahindale
# Walwadi
# Mohadi Upnagar
# Nagavbari
# Old Dhule
# Chittod
# Morane
# Awadhan

=== Climate ===
{{Weather box Dhule}}

The climate of the district is on the whole dry except during the south-west monsoon season. The year may be divided into four seasons. The cold season from December to February is followed by the hot season from March to May. The south-west monsoon season which follows thereafter, lasts till September. October and November constitute the post-monsoon season.

The average annual rainfall in the district is 674.0 mm. The rainfall is heavier in the hilly regions of the Western Ghats mountain range and the Satpura ranges. From about the latter half of February, temperatures increase steadily till May which is the hottest part of the year with the mean daily maximum temperature at 40.7 degrees Celsius.

From November, both day and night temperatures drop rapidly till January which is the coldest month with the mean daily minimum at 16.2-degree Celsius. Except during the south-west monsoon season when the humidity is above 70 per cent, the air is rather dry over the district during the rest of the year.

==Demographics==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Dhule city (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Religion – Maharashtra|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|64.52}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Muslims|Islam]]|green|31.58}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|brown|1.60}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|1.31}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.99}}
}}

{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref name="GR|India">{{cite web |url= http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-date= 16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional) |access-date= 1 November 2008 |publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Dhule had a population of 375,603. At the 2011 census, males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Dhule has an average literacy rate of 85%, higher than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 80% and, female literacy is 69%. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Dhule city (2011)<ref name="language">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html 2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue]</ref>
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 54.04 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 28.32 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 6.01 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]] |value4 = 4.07 |color4 = coral
|label5 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value5 = 2.07 |color5 = pink
|label6 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |value6 = 1.56 |color6 = limegreen
|label7 = [[Bhili language|Bhili]] |value7 = 1.01 |color7 = indianred
|label8 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value8 = 0.98 |color8 = skyblue
|label9 = Others |value9 = 1.94 |color9 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 54.04% of the population spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 28.32% [[Urdu]], 6.01% [[Hindi]], 4.07% [[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]], 2.07% [[Marwari language|Marwari]], 1.56% [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], 1.01% [[Bhili language|Bhili]] and 0.98% [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] as their first language.<ref name="language"/>

==Education==
===Colleges===
* [[S.S.V.P.S's Bapusaheb Shivajirao Deore College of Engineering]]
* [[SES College of Engineering]]
* [[NMIMS Global University]]

===Medical colleges===
* [[Shri Bhausaheb Hire Government Medical College, Dhule]]

==Government Hospital==
[[Shri Bhausaheb Hire Government Medical College, Dhule|Shri Bhausaheb Hire Government Medical College]] was founded in 1989. Earlier hospital of Medical College was sub-merged with that of District Civil Hospital. However, since it was leading to several conflicts amongst staff of respective departments, Department of Medical Education decided to venture out itself from District Civil Hospital and erected its new building with state of the art medical facilities at Chakkar Bardi area of the city; around 8 km away from city alongside [[National Highway 6 (India, old numbering)|NH-6]] with total capacity of 500 beds and have shifted with effect from 14 March 2016.

At the old site in city, New Civil Hospital with a total capacity of 200 to 250 beds is proposed. [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation|MSRTC]] has resumed city-bus service connecting Central Bus Stand to Chakkar Bardi, so as to avoid any inconvenience to public.<ref>[http://deshonnati.digitaledition.in/749554/Dhule/15th-March-Dhule#page/9/2 Dhule, 15 March Dhule : readwhere]. :. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</ref><ref>[http://epaper.lokmat.com/epapermain.aspx?queryed=47&eddate=03/14/2016 LOKMAT E-Paper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316004433/http://epaper.lokmat.com/epapermain.aspx?queryed=47&eddate=03%2F14%2F2016 |date=16 March 2016 }}. Epaper.lokmat.com. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</ref>

==Industries and Economy of the City==
Dhule is well known for purest 'milk and ghee' production, maximum cultivable land and production of groundnut, foremost in agro-based industries, leader in wind power generation.

In the [[Sakri Taluka]] there is the one of Asia's Largest Solar projects near Chhadvel Korde village.

Also there is Asia's largest Wind Mills Project run by [[Suzlon|Suzlon Company]] near Chhadvel Korde and Nijampur villages.

Dondaicha in Shindkheda taluka is famous for the chilly market. There is also a Starch factory here. Many cottage industries are operational in the district. Beedi rolling, pottery, brick making, knitting saris on handlooms, oil extraction from ground nut and sesame are few of them. Wood cutting units are operated at Dhule, Shirpur and Pimpalner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid%3D68%26smid%3D22%26did%3D35%26dsid%3D9 |access-date=20 March 2016 | title=Economy | publisher=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406042923/https://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=68&smid=22&did=35&dsid=9 |archive-date=6 April 2015 }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2018}}

Being centrally located on about to complete [[Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project|Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project (DMIC)]], Safexpress has established India's largest Logistics Park in the outskirts of Dhule City on [[National Highway 6 (India, old numbering)|National Highway No. 6]].<ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/article/pharma/pharma-ally/safexpress-opens-logistics-parks-in-dhule-and-jammu-2/60479/ Safexpress opens logistics parks in Dhule and Jammu – The Financial Express] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022170232/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/pharma/pharma-ally/safexpress-opens-logistics-parks-in-dhule-and-jammu-2/60479/ |date=22 October 2015 }}. Financialexpress.com (5 April 2015). Retrieved 16 March 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkxiLvim6IE Inauguration of India's Largest Logistics Park at Dhule – Safexpress]. YouTube (4 February 2015). Retrieved 16 March 2016.</ref>

As part of the successful development of the region under DMIC, there is a need to focus on ensuring the requisite irrigation infrastructure for ensuring availability of water throughout the year.

'''Reasons for selecting Dhule- Nardana Investment Region (DNIR):'''
* Being located close to the intersection of NH-6, NH-3 and NH-211, this region enjoys advantage of excellent connectivity to ports and hinterland.
* With abundant supply of raw materials and human resources, this region has wide potential for setting up of manufacturing units for textile products.
* [[Dhule Airport]] is also located close to the proposed region.
* This region is served by the major river basin formed by Tapi River<ref>[http://delhimumbaiindustrialcorridor.com/dmic-maharashtra.html ::: Welcome to Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor :::]. Delhimumbaiindustrialcorridor.com. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ilfsindia.com/downloads/bus_rep/DMIC_brief.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126071317/http://www.ilfsindia.com/downloads/bus_rep/DMIC_brief.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://dipp.nic.in/English/Schemes/DMIC/About_DMIC.aspx The Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion – About DMIC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409004712/http://dipp.nic.in/English/Schemes/DMIC/About_DMIC.aspx |date=9 April 2015 }}. Dipp.nic.in. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</ref>

Keep apart proposed DNIR, snapshot of existing Dhule M.I.D.C. is as under:<ref>[http://dhule.nic.in/html/industry.htm dhule.nic.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606040717/http://dhule.nic.in/html/industry.htm |date=6 June 2014 }}. dhule.nic.in. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</ref>

'''1) Dhule Industrial Area:'''

M.I.D.C. has planned to develop an industrial area on 400.35 Hect. of land. About 278.08 Hect. of land has come into possession of MIDC. MIDC has provided all the basic infrastructure such as roads, street lights, water supply pipe lines in this area.

MIDC has constructed an earthen dam on Motinala to fulfill the requirement of water of the industrial area. MIDC has provided water supply scheme of 4.50 MLD capacity. Presently the consumption of the water is about 2.20 MLD. The rate of allotment of the industrial plot is Rs. 100.00 per sqm. The Association namely "Dhule Avdhan Manufacturers Association Avadhan, Dhule" has been established for the development of Industries in MIDC Dhule Industrial Area.

The expansion of existing MIDC has been proposed vide Phase- II in Raver area, situated in outskirts of the city, which is having an area of more than 1600 acres (643 hectares) and currently this proposal is under consideration of State Government.

Planned Manmad-Dhule-Indore Railway line have also been considered in the original proposal of [[Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project|DMIC]] (Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project), which will boost Industrial growth in and around city.<ref>[http://www.deshdoot.com/enewspapers.php?region=Dhule&date=1428258600&id=108190 Welcome to] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320223906/http://www.deshdoot.com/enewspapers.php?region=Dhule&date=1428258600&id=108190 |date=20 March 2016 }}. Deshdoot.com. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</ref><ref>[http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/jalgaon-north-maharashtra/industrial-corridor/articleshow/46832672.cms industrial corridor – Maharashtra Times]. ''Maharashtra Times''. (7 April 2015). Retrieved 16 March 2016.</ref>

'''2) Nardana Central Government sponsored Growth Centre:'''

MIDC has planned to develop an industrial area on 750.09 Hect. of land. About 648.56 Hect. of land has come in possession of MIDC. The reservation of water for 4.38 MM3 per year has been granted by Irrigation Department. MIDC has provided the water supply scheme for this industrial area. This scheme includes Jackwell, 600 mm dia PSC raw water rising main (13.50 km.), 400 mm dia PSC pure water rising main (9.50 km.) water treatment plant of 6 MLD capacity & 1000 cum capacity ESR. Presently MIDC is developing phase I having land 480 Hect. MIDC has completed 7.22 km. WBM roads, out of which asphalting of 2.10 km road is completed. MIDC has also provided the water supply distribution pipelines. The rate of allotment of industrial plot is Rs. 50.00 per Sqm.

Under proposed [[Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project|DMIC]], The Nardana Textile Park is being set up 30 km from Dhule City. The total area of the park will be approximately 648 hectares, on which 72 plots will be demarcated. The Dhule airstrip, just 30 km away from the industrial area, will provide accessibility to the park and facilitate a quick movement of material.<ref>[http://delhimumbaiindustrialcorridor.com/industrial-investments-in-maharashtra.html ::: Welcome to Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor :::]. Delhimumbaiindustrialcorridor.com (24 January 2008). Retrieved 16 March 2016.</ref>

==Subdivisions in Dhule taluka==

# East Dhule city (old Dhule city area)
# West Dhule City (Walwadi and Devpur area)
# Central Dhule (municipality area)
# South Dhule City (Mohadi area of city)
# North Dhule City (Nagavbari area of city)
# Songir (North Dhule Taluka)
# Fagne (South-East Dhule Taluka)
# kusumbe(West Dhule Taluka)
# Kapadane (East Dhule Taluka)
# Aarvi (South- West Dhule Taluka)

==Transportation==

===Rail===
There are regular trains from Dhule to CSMT Mumbai. [[Dhule railway station|Dhule Terminus (Station Code: DHI)]] is also connected to [[Chalisgaon Junction Railway Station]] under Central Railways. The [[Chalisgaon Dhule Passenger]] runs between the two stations four times a day. As well as Dhule is important station on proposed railway line from Manmaad to Indore.

===Road===

[[File:Central Bus Stand of Dhule.jpg|right|thumb|Dhule- Central Bus Stand]]

Dhule is one of the few cities in the Maharashtra State which is located on the junction of three National Highways, these being [[National Highway 3 (India, old numbering)|NH-3]], [[National Highway 6 (India, old numbering)|NH-6]] and [[National Highway 211 (India, old numbering)|NH-211]]. Through the [[Asian highway]] project, portions of NH3 and NH6 passing through Dhule have been converted into numbered Asian Highways [[AH47]] & [[AH46]] respectively.

Due to the heavy use of Central Bus Stand and traffic congestion within the city, one more bus stand has been built in Deopur, which became fully operational from 23 March 2015. From this stand, about 120 route buses are running on a daily basis.<ref name="epaperdivyamarathi.bhaskar.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094829/http://epaperdivyamarathi.bhaskar.com/jalgaon/dhule/259/24032015/0/1/ 03/24/2015 : Divya Marathi e-Paper, dhule, e-Paper, dhule e Paper, e Newspaper dhule, dhule e Paper, dhule ePaper]. Epaperdivyamarathi.bhaskar.com. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.deshdoot.com/enewspapers.php?region=Dhule&date=1425925800&id=106420 Welcome to] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320173230/http://www.deshdoot.com/enewspapers.php?region=Dhule&date=1425925800&id=106420 |date=20 March 2016 }}. Deshdoot.com. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</ref><ref>[http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/46519513.cms devpur bus stop – Maharashtra Times]. ''Maharashtra Times''. (11 March 2015). Retrieved 16 March 2016.</ref> Central Bus Stand is connected to Deopur Bus Stand by four 25 seater mini-buses by [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] (MSRTC). These buses run from Central Bus Stand to Nagav and from Deopur Bus Stand to Laling.<ref name="epaperdivyamarathi.bhaskar.com"/><ref>[http://deshonnati.digitaledition.in/464557/Dhule/24th-Mar-Dhule#page/9/1 Dhule, 24 Mar Dhule : readwhere]. :. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</ref> Recognizing ongoing expansion of the city limits and the increased population, Shri Annasaheb Misal (IAS), The Collector & District Magistrate of Dhule and Shri Rajendra Deore (Dhule Depot Controller) of MSRTC started city-bus services in July 2016. This service is available on four different routes – Laling to Nagav, Fagne to Morane, Walwadi to Vadjai, and CBS to Chakkar Bardi.

===Air===

'''Dhule Airport''' {{Airport codes|DHL|VA53}} is located at Gondur area in Dhule, [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].
This airstrip was constructed in 1974 by the Public Works Department<ref>{{cite web |title=Airstrips in Maharashtra |url=http://www.mahapwd.com/statistics/airstrips.htm |publisher=Maharashtra Public Works Department |access-date=1 April 2012 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001075044/http://www.mahapwd.com/statistics/airstrips.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was transferred to the [[Maharashtra Airport Development Company]] (MADC) after its formation in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |title=MADC Projects |url=http://www.madcindia.org/projects.html |publisher=MADC |access-date=1 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226054653/http://www.madcindia.org/projects.html |archive-date=26 February 2012 }}</ref>

===Local Transport===

MSRTC started city-bus services in July 2016. This service is available on four different routes – Laling to Nagav, Fagne to Morane, Walwadi to Vadjai, and CBS to Chakkar Bardi.

==Notable people==
* [[Anup Agrawal]] – is an Indian politician and he is a Member of the Legislative Assembly, elected for the BJP from Dhule City in 2024.
* [[Anil Anna Gote]] – is an Indian politician and he was a Member of the Legislative Assembly, twice elected for the BJP from Dhule City.
* [[Subhash Bhamre]] – Ex. Union Minister of State (Defence), Renowned carcinologist
* [[Manoj Badale]] – Co-Owner of Rajasthan Royals, an Indian Premier League Team
* [[Sayali Sanjeev|Sayali Sanjeev Chandsarkar]] – Marathi TV and film actress<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/sports/ipl/photo-gallery-who-is-csk-batsman-ruturaj-gaikwad-rumored-girlfriend-marathi-actress-sayali-sanjeev-see-ph|title = Hindi News, Zee News Hindi: Today News in Hindi, हिंदी न्यूज़, Latest Breaking News in Hindi, Samachar}}</ref>
* [[Yashvantrao Sakharam Desale]] – Freedom fighter and politician
* [[Pallavi Patil]] – Marathi film actress
* [[Lalit Prabhakar]] – Marathi film actor
* [[Smita Patil]] – Bollywood actress
* [[Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade]] – Historian, scholar, writer, commentator, and, orator
* [[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]] – Minister of Tourism and Employment Guarantee Scheme, Government of Maharashtra.
* [[Harish Salve]] – Former Solicitor General of India
* [[Ram V. Sutar]] – Sculptor Designer and Developer of ''[[Statue of Unity]]''
* [[Mrunal Thakur]] – Bollywood Actress

==See also==
*[[Dhule riots]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311000602/http://dhule.gov.in/ Dhule City Gov. Site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170529063401/http://dhule.biz/ Dhule.biz Dhule Online News Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120128105644/http://www.dhulecity.info/ DhuleCity.info]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131001221053/http://www.shirpur.in/ Shirpur.in information about Shirpur]
* [http://www.dhulesports.in information about sports in dhule]
* [https://dhulepolice.gov.in/ Dhule District Police]

{{Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dhule| ]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Planned communities in India]]
[[Category:Cities in Maharashtra]]

Pawai, Vidisha

2026-02-06T13:55:30Z

Shahidkumar: put up new post

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

'''Pawai''' is a town in [[Vidisha district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{coord|23|45|N|77|57|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Vidisha district]]

{{Bhopal-geo-stub}}

Sukirti Kandpal

2026-02-05T04:50:24Z

Shahidkumar: new...

{{short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sukirti Kandpal
| image = Sukirti Kandpal at the success party of Box Cricket League.jpg
| caption = Kandpal in 2016
| imagesize = 250px
| birth_place = [[Nainital]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]<ref name="Rediff">{{cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/dill/20080912.htm |title=I was not apprehensive about taking up Dill Mill Gayee |date=12 September 2008 |access-date=26 November 2015}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|20|2008|9|12}}<ref name="Rediff"/>
| years_active = 2007–present
| education = [[Economics]] Honours from [[Sophia College for Women]], Mumbai
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model|}}
| other_names =
| known for = ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]'' <br /> ''[[Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani]]'' <br /> ''[[Story 9 Months Ki]]'' <br /> ''[[Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls]]''<ref name="Most Popular shows">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/47397541.cms |title=Most popular shows on TV |work=The Times of India |date=16 December 2015 |accessdate=4 August 2021}}</ref>
| title = {{plainlist|
* [[Miss India Worldwide India]] 2011
* Miss Bollywood Diva
}}
| website =
}}

'''Sukirti Kandpal''' is an Indian actress and model who appears in [[Hindi]] television. She established herself as one of the leading actresses of [[List of Hindi television actresses|Indian Television]] from the late 2000s through the early 2010s. Recognised for her comic timing and vivacious on-screen persona, she is the recipient of several accolades, in addition to two [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] nominations.

She marked her acting debut with the youth show ''[[Jersey No. 10|Jersey No 10]]''. Kandpal got recognition after portraying the leading roles of Dr. Riddhima Gupta in ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]'' and Piya Dobriyal in romantic thriller ''[[Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani]]''. In 2014, she participated in ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 8)|Bigg Boss 8]]'' and finished in 19th place.

Her other notable works include portraying Simran Khanna in ''[[Kaisa Yeh Ishq Hai... Ajab Sa Risk Hai]]'' and Debjani Thakur in ''[[Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls]]''<ref name="Most Popular shows"/> and as business woman Alia Shroff in ''[[Story 9 Months Ki]]''.<ref name="Strong" >{{cite web |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/stars/international-womens-day-2022-strong-female-characters-on-indian-television-and-web-series/articleshow/90052685.cms?picid=90052759 |title=International Women's Day 2022: Strong female characters on Indian television and web series |work=The Times of India |date=8 March 2022 |accessdate=30 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/sukirti-kandpal-thrilled-to-play-businesswoman-who-opts-for-ivf-baby-in-story-9-months-ki-1739359-2020-11-09 |title=Sukirti Kandpal thrilled to play businesswoman who opts for IVF baby in Story 9 Months Ki |work=India Today |date=9 November 2020 |author=Shweta Keshri |accessdate=4 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/sukirti-kandpal-and-aashay-mishra-in-story-9-months-ki-new-show-on-nov-23-1733682-2020-10-21 |title=Sukirti Kandpal and Aashay Mishra in Story 9 Months Ki, new show on Nov 23 |work=India Today |date=21 October 2020 |access-date=5 November 2020}}</ref> After a hiatus of two years she made a comeback on television with the character of freedom fighter [[Pritilata Waddedar]] in ''[[Swaraj (TV series)|Swaraj]]''. She was last seen portraying Shruti Ahuja in ''[[Anupamaa]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-anupamaas-sukirti-kandpal-shruti-adds-a-new-flavour-to-the-track-it-has-been-a-pleasant-experience-to-work-with-rupali-maam-gaurav-and-aurra/articleshow/107308367.cms |title=Exclusive- Anupamaa's Sukirti Kandpal: Shruti Adds A New Flavour To The Track; It Has Been A Pleasant Experience To Work With Rupali Ma'am, Gaurav And Aurra |work=The Times of India |date=1 February 2024 |accessdate=2 June 2024}}</ref>

== Life and education ==
Kandpal was born in [[Nainital, Uttarakhand]], to B.D. Kandpal (former President of the Uttarakhand [[Bar Association]], Deputy Advocate General of [[Uttarakhand High Court]]) and Manju Kandpal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://post.jagran.com/uttarakhand-government-appoints-deputy-advocates-general-1338046420 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070527/http://post.jagran.com/uttarakhand-government-appoints-deputy-advocates-general-1338046420 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2018 |title=Uttarakhand Government appoints deputy advocates general |publisher=Jagran |date=26 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100424/dun.htm#6 |title=Kandpal elected Bar Assn president again |work=The Tribune |date=23 April 2010 |access-date=16 November 2017}}</ref> She has two siblings an elder sister, Bhavna Kandpal, and a younger brother, Manjul Kandpal. She attended [[St. Mary's Convent High School, Nainital]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150420/entertainment-tvmusic/article/sukirti-kandpal-back-fiction-dilli-wali-thakur-gurls |title=Sukirti Kandpal is back to fiction with 'Dilli Wali Gurls' |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=20 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-329674549.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114073639/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-329674549.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2018 |title=Taste of Nainital with Sukirti Kandpal |publisher=India Today Travel Plus |date=1 May 2013}}</ref>

Kandpal originally wanted to pursue law as her father was a public prosecutor. She received an honors degree in [[Economics]] from [[Sophia College for Women]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/nainital/Nainital-43390-116 |title=राज्य की कीर्ति बढ़ाई सुकीर्ति ने ... |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=31 October 2012 |access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticle.aspx?nid=DNMUM154952 |title=Sukirti might look like her but she doesn't want to ape Kangana |publisher=dnasyndication.com |date=27 November 2009}}</ref> She dated Manavendra Singh Shekhawat during the early years of her career but split afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sukirti-kandpal-i-have-never-dated-someone-who-is-from-the-industry/articleshow/69754960.cms |title=Sukirti Kandpal: I have never dated someone who is from the industry |work=The Times of India |date=13 June 2019 |access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== 2007–2009: Start of a career and ''Dill Mill Gayye'' ===
Kandpal started her television career in 2007 with ''[[Jersey No. 10]]'', an Indian adaptation of the American series ''[[One Tree Hill (TV series)|One Tree Hill]]'' on [[Sab TV]], which was first sports-based show on Indian television and one of the most popular shows on TV in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/of-soaps-sports-on-television-15526.html |title=Of soaps & sports on television; Spell Of Fresh Air |work=Deccan Herald |date=1 August 2009 |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Tellytowns-young-restless/articleshow/3727708.cms |title=Tellytown's young & restless |work=The Times of India |date=19 November 2008 |access-date=9 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrity-photos/23861-35-hottest-actresses-in-indian-television-p24.html |title=35 hottest actresses in Indian TV |date=11 September 2014 |publisher=menxp.com}}</ref> A creative director from [[Cinevistaas Limited]] spotted her at a coffee shop and asked her to meet him later for an audition.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/12dill.htm |title=I was not apprehensive about taking up Dill Mill Gayee |work=Rediff.com |date=12 September 2008}}</ref> In the same year, she also appeared in the various episodics of [[India]]n horror [[thriller (genre)|thriller]] television [[anthology series]] ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai|Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]'' on [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

In 2008, she replaced [[Shilpa Anand]] as Dr. Riddhima Gupta in medical romantic comedy show ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Im_fine_if_people_call_me_Riddhima/rssarticleshow/3377481.cms |title='I'm fine if people call me Riddhima |work=The Times of India |date=19 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/12-years-of-dil-mil-gaye-heres-how-the-teenage-fandom-stars-look-now |title=12 Years of Dil Mil Gaye: Here's how the teenage fandom stars look now |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=20 August 2019 |accessdate=22 June 2021}}</ref> She worked there for ten months and quit in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://topnews.in/dill-mill-gaye-closed-chapter-me-shilpa-anand-2150722#sidr-main |title=Dill Mill Gaye is a closed chapter for me |work=Top News |date=11 April 2009 |accessdate=31 October 2022}}</ref>

In 2009, she appeared in the official music video of the song "Teri Yaad Mein" from the album ''[[Chaandan Mein]]'' by [[Kailash Kher]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XoS77z3yDq4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/XoS77z3yDq4 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Teri Yaad Mein" from "Kailasa Chaandan Mein |via=YouTube |date=1 June 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== 2010–2015: Breakthrough in ''Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani'' and ''Bigg Boss'' ===
[[File:Sukirti Kandpal Ekta Kapoor and Vivian Dsena at the launch of Star One's Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani.jpg|thumb|Sukirti Kandpal [[Ekta Kapoor]] and [[Vivian Dsena]] at the launch of [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]]'s ''[[Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani]]'']]

In 2010, she appeared as Siddheshwari Singh in ''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/sukirti-kandpal-hot-private-photos-278805-39.html |title=Sukirti Kandpal Hot Private Photos |work=The Times of India |date=25 September 2010 |access-date=10 June 2017}}</ref> In June 2010, she participated in [[Imagine TV]]'s reality show ''[[Meethi Choori No 1]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/tv-actress-sukirti-kandpal-pulls-out-of-laal-ishq |title=TV Actress Sukirti Kandpal pulls out of Laal Ishq |date=22 February 2019}}</ref> Later in October 2010, she played a double role in [[Balaji Telefilms]]' supernatural romance ''[[Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani]]'' as Piya Dobriyal and as Princess Maithili. The show was the first youth centric supernatural series in India,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/five-youth-shows-we-miss-on-television-7143001/ |title=Five youth shows we miss on television |work=The Indian Express |author=Sana Farzeen |date=12 January 2021 |access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref> inspired by ''[[The Vampire Diaries]]''<ref>{{cite web |author=Vidushi Sagar |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/484325/changing-face-vampires.html |title=The changing face of vampires |work=Deccan Herald |date=19 June 2015 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> and ''[[Twilight (novel series)|Twilight Saga]]''. The show aired its last episode on 15 December 2011<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Pyaar-Kii-Ye-Ek-Kahaani-to-end/articleshow/10666844.cms |title=Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani to end? |work=The Times of India |date=10 November 2011}}</ref> and established her fame and recognition.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/before-online-streaming-binge-watching-became-the-norm-these-12-tv-shows-used-to-be-our-jam-542548.html |title=Before Online Streaming & Binge-Watching Became The Norm, These 12 TV Shows Used To Be Our Jam! |work=The Times of India |last=Sadhwani |first=Bhavya |date=22 June 2021 |accessdate=24 July 2021}}</ref> In the same year, she participated in another reality show for Imagine TV, ''[[Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan]]''.

Kandpal took a break before returning to acting in 2012 as [[Non Resident Indian|NRI]] Jazz in ''[[Rab Se Sona Ishq]]'' in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Western-outfits-over-saas-bahu-soaps-for-Sukirti-Kandpal/articleshow/14243445.cms |title=Western outfits over saas bahu soaps for Sukirti Kandpal |work=The Times of India |date=18 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sukirti-Khandpal-as-Katrina-Kaif-of-Namastey-London/articleshow/12261165.cms |title=Sukirti Khandpal as Katrina Kaif of Namastey London |work=The Times of India |date=14 March 2012}}</ref> She appeared as four characters with same face in [[Life OK]]'s series ''Mystery of clones'' as a part of ''Hum Ne Li Hai...Shapath''{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} and later returned for another episode as a part of team of criminals who escape from prison to take revenge on Shapath team.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} She co-hosted a special episode based on the harassment of girls in the crime based television series ''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]'' on [[Channel V]], and later made an appearance on the same show as a college girl in an episode based on the consequences of an open relationship.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sukirti-Kandpal-to-feature-in-Gumrah/articleshow/16965771.cms |title=Sukirti Kandpal to feature in Gumrah |work=The Times of India |date=26 October 2012}}</ref>

In 2013, she starred in ''[[Kaisa Ye Ishq Hai..ajab sa risk hai]]'' on ''[[Life OK]]'' as lead.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kaisa-Ye-Ishq-Hai-is-a-new-age-love-story-Manish/articleshow/19710361.cms |title=Kaisa Ye Ishq Hai is a new age love story: Manish |work=The Times of India |date=24 April 2013}}</ref> In 2014, she participated in the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 8)|Bigg Boss 8]]'' where she survived for two weeks until she got evicted on day 14.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sukirti-kandpal-evicted-from-bigg-boss-8/story-YBunzSPBeY3C2vi5On1ZyK.html |title=Sukirti Kandpal evicted from Bigg Boss 8 |date=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/im-not-disappointed-with-my-bigg-boss-elimination-tv/20141007.htm |title=Bigg Boss 8: I'm not disappointed with my Bigg Boss elimination' |date=7 October 2014}}</ref>

In 2015, she played a journalist, Debjani Thakur, in [[&TV]]'s ''[[Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/dilli-wali-thakur-gurls-mirrors-society-say-actors_1567978.html |title=Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls' mirrors society, say actors |publisher=Zee News |date=26 March 2015}}</ref> which was a TV adaptation of [[Anuja Chauhan]]'s novel ''Those Pricey Thakur Gurls''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sanskriti Pandey |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/light-and-funny/article7057524.ece |title=Light and funny |work=The Hindu |date=1 April 2015 |access-date=5 July 2017}}</ref>

===2016–present: ''Kaala Teeka'' and further success with ''Story 9 Months Ki''===
[[File:Sukriti Kandpal RSSI Launch.jpg|thumb|150px|Kandpal at launch of ''[[Rab Se Sona Ishq]]'']]
In early 2016, opposite Gaurav Khanna, Kandpal appeared as a lead in the episode "Grahan" of &TV's horror fiction show ''[[Darr Sabko Lagta Hai]]''. She next played the character of a [[Haryanvi people|Haryanvi]] girl Rajjo in Zee TV's ''[[Tashan-E-Ishq]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianage.com/tv/sukirti-kandpal-now-star-tashan-e-ishq-757 |title=Sukirti Kandpal to now star In Tashan-E-Ishq |publisher=Asian Age |author=Sameena Razzaq |date=19 March 2016 |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref>

She was a celebrity host for the travel-centered web series ''[[Desi Explorers]]'' also featuring in two sub series of ''Desi Explorers'': ''Desi Explorers Jordan'' and ''Desi Explorers Taiwan''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/route-to-jordan-243451 |title=Route to Jordan |work=The Tribune |date=29 May 2016 |access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-shows/reality/marinating-films-introduces-web-travel-show-desi-explorers-160517 |title=Marinating Films introduces Web Travel show 'Desi Explorers' |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=17 May 2016 |access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref> In 2017, she returned to fictional TV series in season 2 of [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Kaala Teeka]]'' as Naina Yug Choudhary. After this, she decided to have some time off to spend with her family. In July 2019, after a hiatus of two years, she appeared as Saundarya in a five part special crime thriller titled "Chausar"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/star-bharat-to-air-savdhaan-india-special-crime-series-this-month/ |title=Star Bharat to air 'Savdhaan India – Special Crime Series' this month |publisher=Biz Asia |author=Raj Baddhan |date=25 July 2019 |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref> as a part of [[Savdhaan India|Savdhaan India special crime series]] on [[Star Bharat]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2019/7/19/I-want-to-be-part-of-web-series-says-actress-Sukirti-Kandpal.html |title=I want to be part of web series, says actress Sukirti Kandpal |publisher=The Hitavada |date=19 July 2019 |access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>

In November 2020, she made a comeback as a lead character of a successful businesswoman Aliya Shroff in ''[[Story 9 Months Ki]]'' on [[Sony Entertainment Television]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/story-9-months-ki-tv-actress-sukirti-kandpal-is-back-and-how-3130412.html |title=Story 9 Months Ki: TV Actress Sukirti Kandpal is Back and How |publisher=News 18 |date=1 December 2020 |access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/tv-sheen-pulls-back-stars-makers-say-their-experience-and-fan-base-boosts-popularity-of-the-shows/story-xeYtV22fhVKpTkkVScP34I.html |title=TV sheen pulls back stars: Makers say their experience and fan base boosts popularity of the shows |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 December 2020 |access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref> ''[[Story 9 Months Ki]]'' is the first-ever show based on choice motherhood through [[In vitro fertilization]] on [[Indian television]] and explores the journey of a successful single woman towards motherhood on her own terms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/story-9-months-ki-sukirti-kandpal-the-feeling-of-becoming-a-mother-is-surreal-for-alia-shroff/articleshow/80210956.cms |title=Sukirti Kandpal: The feeling of becoming a mother is surreal |work=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/yearender-2020-from-molkki-to-tera-yaar-hoon-main-hindi-tv-shows-that-you-should-watch-3210740.html |title=Yearender 2020: From Molkki to Tera Yaar Hoon Main, Hindi TV Shows That You Should Watch |author=Nilofar Shaikh |date=25 December 2020 |publisher=News 18 |access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref> The show was called "one of the most pathbreaking shows of the year 2021" by Urban Asian.<ref name="Urban Asian">{{cite web |url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/indian-tv-news/2021/12/2021s-top-50-women-of-indian-television/ |title=2021's Top 50 Women of Indian Television |work=Urban Asian |date=9 December 2021 |accessdate=17 December 2021}}</ref> Her character Aliya Shroff was included among a list of ''Strong female characters on Indian television and web series'' by [[The Times of India]].<ref name="Strong" />

In 2023, she made a comeback to the acting after a hiatus of nearly two years with [[DD National]]'s [[Swaraj (TV series)|Swaraj]], a [[Docudrama]] series based on the tales of courage of more than 550 Indian freedom fighters and inspired from the ''[[75th Anniversary of Indian Independence|Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav]]'' national campaign of the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], Shri [[Narendra Modi]], portraying the character of Bengal's first woman martyr [[Pritilata Waddedar]]. In March 2024, ''Swaraj'' was released on [[OTT platform]] [[Amazon Prime Video]] by [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Union Minister for Information and Broadcasting]], Shri [[Anurag Thakur|Anurag Singh Thakur]].<ref>{{cite web |accessdate=2 June 2024 |date=12 March 2024 |title=Union Minister for Information and Broadcasting, Shri Anurag Singh Thakur launches the first season of "Swaraj" on OTT platform Amazon Prime |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2013939#:~:text=The%20program%20%E2%80%9CSwaraj%E2%80%9D%20is%20now,%2C%20Kannada%2C%20Bengali%20and%20Gujarati |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

Since December 2023, she is portraying Shruti Ahuja opposite Gaurav Khanna, a photographer in [[StarPlus]]'s ''[[Anupamaa]]''.<ref name="Anupamaa">{{Cite web |title=Anupamaa:अनुज की गर्लफ्रेंड बनेंगी ये एक्ट्रेस, छोटी अनु को मिल जाएगी नई मां, जानें कौन है वो |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/anupama-upcoming-twist-sukirti-kandpal-to-play-anuj-girlfriend-choti-anu-gets-mother-know-actress-personal-life-slt |access-date=26 December 2023 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hindi}}</ref>

== Other work and media image ==
In 2016, she was associated with the "Sarvodaya Women Empowerment" initiative by [[Nainital]] police in her home state of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/nainital/sukirthy-kandpal |title=13 साल की उम्र में देखा था ख्वाब : सुकीर्ति |publisher=Amar Ujala |date=27 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/nainital/no-pain-in-women-shed-tears-sukirthy |title=महिलाएं अपने दर्द को आंसुओं में ना बहाए : सुकीर्ति |publisher=Amar Ujala |date=2 May 2016}}</ref> In 2020, she was associated with "Main Darpok Hoon", an awareness campaign by [[Hamdard]] India which was aimed at encouraging people to stay indoors and take preventive measures to stay healthy and safe during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbSsTtEuq2M |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/wbSsTtEuq2M |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Main Darpok Hoon - Sukirti Kandpal -Hamdard Medicine Division |publisher=Hamdard Laboratories |date=13 May 2020 |access-date=13 June 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_3l5ZDpyO4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/6_3l5ZDpyO4 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Main Darpok Hoon |publisher=Hamdard Laboratories YouTube |date=11 May 2020 |access-date=13 June 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2021, she received MEGA Achievers Award by Make Earth Green Again (MEGA) foundation for her work for animal welfare.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bollyy.com/celebs-dignitaries-awarded-with-make-earth-green-again-mega-achievers-awards/ |title=Celebs and dignitaries awarded with Make Earth Green again MEGA Achievers awards |work=bollyy.com |date=9 March 2021 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref>

In a ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' poll on "The Next Big Thing: Television actors" (2011), she was chosen by senior actor [[Varun Badola]] as the one who "has the potential to make it big" alongside [[Ragini Khanna]] and [[Ankita Lokhande]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/the-next-big-thing-television-actors/story-oJmxshkecjlUldspVsmshJ.html |title=The Next Big Thing: Television actors |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 January 2011 |accessdate=24 July 2021}}</ref>
She received the ''Aadhi Aabadi Women Achievers Award'' in 2013 for outstanding contributions in her field.<ref name="Aadhi Aabadi">{{cite web |url=http://www.aadhiaabadiaward.com/hall-of-fame/ |title=Aadhi Aabadi Awards Hall of Fame |publisher=aadhiaabadiaward.com}}</ref> She was included in ''[[Eastern Eye]]''{{'}}s list of the top 50 sexiest Asian women in 2014,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/wWWmwqr26F/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/wWWmwqr26F |archive-date=24 December 2021 |url-access=limited |title=Sukirti Kandpal on Instagram; Eastern eye Top 50 Sexiest Asian Women list 2014 rank 19 |publisher=Instagram |access-date=9 June 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> 2015,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.easterneye.eu/news/uk-news/Priyanka+Chopra+holds+onto+sexiest+woman+crown/5761 |title=Priyanka Chopra holds onto sexiest woman crown |publisher=[[Eastern Eye]]}}</ref> 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BNyQZgWhOBE/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BNyQZgWhOBE |archive-date=24 December 2021 |url-access=limited |title=Sukirti Kandpal on Instagram; Eastern eye Top 50 Sexiest Asian Women list 2016 rank 33 |publisher=Instagram |access-date=9 June 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spotboye.com/television/television-news/sanaya-irani-jennifer-winget-hina-khan-shivangi-joshi-nia-sharma-are-asia-s-sexiest-women/5a34ce048e9d32a817b34c46 |title=Sanaya Irani, Jennifer Winget, Hina Khan, Shivangi Joshi, Nia Sharma Are ASIA'S SEXIEST Women |publisher=SpotboyE |date=16 December 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bcg4DkagRla/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/Bcg4DkagRla |archive-date=24 December 2021 |url-access=limited |title=Sukirti Kandpal on Instagram; Eastern eye Top 50 Sexiest Asian Women list 2017 rank 35 |publisher=Instagram |access-date=6 January 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> An Indian lifestyle website for men, MensXP.com, listed her among the "35 Hottest Actresses In Indian Television" and also included her among the most desired actresses of Indian Television among teens from 2000s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrity-photos/23861-35-hottest-actresses-in-indian-television-p25.html |title=35 Hottest Actresses In Indian Television |date=11 September 2014 |publisher=MensXP.com |access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrities/46389-10-tv-actresses-from-the-2000-rsquo-s-who-made-our-teenage-hearts-flutter-with-desire.html |title=10 TV Actresses From The 2000s Who Made Our Teenage Hearts Flutter With Desire |publisher=MensXP.com |date=21 July 2018 |access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref> In 2016, ''[[Malini Agarwal|MissMalini.com]]'' listed her among the "28 Sexiest Hindi Television Actresses".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.missmalini.com/2016/12/21/photos-28-sexiest-hindi-television-actresses/ |title=PHOTOS 28 Sexiest Hindi Television Actresses |publisher=MissMalini.com |date=21 December 2016 |access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref>

She was ranked 20th Television Personality in a 2015 poll by [[Sabras Radio]] for her show ''[[Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/sanaya-irani-tops-tv-personality-2015-poll |title=Sanaya Irani tops TV personality 2015 poll |publisher=media247.co.uk}}</ref> She has been a regular face of the annual Telly Calendar, featuring popular Indian television actresses by Marinating Films and Balaji Telefilms, and was part of all six of its editions up to 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bcvlQl6n9I4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/bcvlQl6n9I4 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Telly Calendar 2013 - Sukirti Kandpal for Telly Calendar 2013 in Goa |publisher=Marinating Films Digital YouTube |date=3 November 2014 |access-date=14 June 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-in-pics-sukirti-kandpal-krystle-dsouza-and-many-walk-the-ramp-at-the-announcemen-4849943-PHO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227123222/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-in-pics-sukirti-kandpal-krystle-dsouza-and-many-walk-the-ramp-at-the-announcemen-4849943-PHO.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 December 2014 |title=In Pics: Sukirti Kandpal, Krystle D'souza and many walk the ramp at the announcement of Telly Calendar 2015 |work=Daily Bhaskar |date=24 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/exclusive-first-look-at-2016-television-calendar-featuring-13-actresses/16773169 |title=Exclusive: First look at 2016 television calendar featuring 13 actresses |publisher=mid-day.com |date=15 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-telly-calendar-2017-5475306-PHO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208134316/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-telly-calendar-2017-5475306-PHO.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2016 |title=From Sara Khan's Sexy Avatar to Sukirti Kandpal's Chinese Look: Popular TV Actresses Turns Bold Again for Telly Calendar 2017 |work=Daily Bhaskar |date=7 December 2016}}</ref> She was featured in the list of ''2021's Top 50 Women of Indian Television'' by a [[South Asia]]n entertainment website ''Urban Asian'' for her performance in ''[[Story 9 Months Ki]]''.<ref name="Urban Asian" />

== Beauty pageants ==
Kandpal represented India (as [[Miss India Worldwide India]]) in the 2011 [[Miss India Worldwide]] contest held in [[Dubai]], won the title Miss Bollywood Diva, and was one of the top ten contenders among the participants spanning over 30 countries.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Sukirti-took-part-in-a-beauty-pageant/articleshow/8556405.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101084757/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-24/tv/29577396_1_beauty-pageant-participants-talent-round |url-status=live |archive-date=1 November 2013 |title=Sukirti took part in a beauty pageant |last=Wadhwa |first=Akash |date=24 May 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sukirti-From-vampires-to-beauty-pageants/articleshow/8187416.cms |title=Sukirti: From vampires to beauty pageants |last=Maheshwari |first=Neha |date=8 May 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref> She was a judge for the Mrs. India Dubai International Beauty Pageant in 2016, alongside [[Dia Mirza]] and Mr and Miss Delhi India in 2017, alongside [[Aditi Govitrikar]] and [[Shahnaz Hussain]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gulfnews247.com/2016/02/22/mrs-india-dubai-international-by-carnival-media-showcased-best-of-indian-fashion/ |title=Mrs. India Dubai International by Carnival media showcased best of Indian fashion |publisher=gulfnews247.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320155509/http://www.gulfnews247.com/2016/02/22/mrs-india-dubai-international-by-carnival-media-showcased-best-of-indian-fashion/ |archive-date=20 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/photos/entertainment-mr-and-miss-delhi-india-2017-priyanka-and-sarthak-bags-first-prize-379181 |title=Mr and Miss Delhi India 2017 Priyanka and Sarthak bags first prize |date=28 April 2017 |publisher=India TV News |access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Notes
|-
| 2013
| ''Koi Kuch Karta Kyun Nahin''
| Short film<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rE7h_QjdjWg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/rE7h_QjdjWg |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Koi Kuch Karta Kyun Nahin - Part 1 |publisher=Priya Wal YouTube |date=4 August 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Jersey No. 10]]''
| Sakshi
| TV debut
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sukriti-is-happy/articleshow/3099653.cms |title=Sukriti is happy! |work=The Times of India |date=5 June 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai|Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]''
| Rinky / Sumi
|
|
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]''
| Dr. Riddhima Gupta
| Lead role
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/karan-singh-grover-jennifer-wingets-dill-mill-gaye-turns-12-fans-get-nostalgic/articleshow/70756065.cms |title=Dill Mill Gaye completes 12 years |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2009–2010
|''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]''
| Siddheshwari Singh
| Antagonist
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pix-pooja-gor-riddhi-dogra-at-a-calendar-launch/20161228.htm |title=PIX: Pooja Gor, Riddhi Dogra at a calendar launch |date=28 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''[[Meethi Choori No 1]]''
| rowspan="2" |Contestant
|
|
|-
|''[[Comedy Circus]]''
|
|
|-
| 2010–2011
| ''[[Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani]]''
| Piya Dobriyal & Princess Gayatrisinghi Shivranjini Maithali Gaurima Pandher
| [[Dual role]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2011
|''[[Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan]]''
|Contestant
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012
| ''[[Rab Se Sohna Isshq]]''
| Jasbeer "Jazz" Pal
| Antagonist
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sukirti-is-the-new-katrina/story-iSsVu32EQFvP7oWXTvvuWI.html |title=Sukirti is the new Katrina |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 June 2012}}</ref>
|-
|''[[SuperCops vs Supervillains|Hum Ne Li Hai...Shapath]]''
| Monisha, Leena, Sonia & Bindiya (Multiple clones)
|
| <ref name="TOI16682952">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sukirti-Kandpal-in-Hum-Ne-Li-Hai-Shapath/articleshow/16682952.cms |title=Sukirti Kandpal in Hum Ne Li Hai... Shapath |work=The Times of India |date=5 October 2012}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]''
| Tanvi
| rowspan="2" |Lead role
|
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Kaisa Yeh Ishq Hai... Ajab Sa Risk Hai]]''
| Simran "Simmi" Khanna
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kaisa-Yeh-Ishq-Hai-Ajab-Sa-Risk-Hai-turns-200/articleshow/31291973.cms |title=Kaisa Yeh Ishq Hai Ajab Sa Risk Hai turns 200! |work=The Times of India |date=2 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 8)|Bigg Boss 8]]''
| rowspan="3" |Contestant
|24th place
| <ref>{{cite web |date=21 September 2014 |title=Bigg Boss 8: Is Sukirti Kandpal the hottest contestant of the season |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-bigg-boss-8-is-sukirti-kandpal-the-hottest-contestant-of-the-season-4752334-PHO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925122030/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-bigg-boss-8-is-sukirti-kandpal-the-hottest-contestant-of-the-season-4752334-PHO.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 September 2015 |publisher=daily.bhaskar.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2014–2015
|''Box Cricket League 1''
|Player for Team ''Rowdy Bangalore''
| <ref>{{cite web |date=14 December 2014 |title=Box Cricket League Teams: BCL 2014 Team Details With TV Actors & Names of Celebrities |url=https://www.india.com/showbiz/box-cricket-league-teams-bcl-2014-team-details-with-tv-actors-names-of-celebrities-221217/ |access-date=14 December 2014 |work=india.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Killerr Karaoke Atka Toh Latkah]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dilli Wali Thakur Girls]]''
| Debjani Thakur
|Lead role
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sukirti-Kandpal-opposite-Aamir-in-a-newsroom-drama/articleshow/45941452.cms |title=Sukirti Kandpal opposite Aamir in a newsroom drama |work=The Times of India |date=20 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''[[Darr Sabko Lagta Hai]]''
| Rashmi
| Episode "[[List of Darr Sabko Lagta Hai episodes|Grahan]]"
|
|-
| ''[[Tashan-e-Ishq]]''
| Rajjo
| Cameo appearance
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sukirti-Kandpal-as-a-Punjabi-girl-in-Tashan-E-Ishq/articleshow/51428984.cms |title=Sukirti Kandpal as a Punjabi girl in Tashan-E-Ishq |work=The Times of India |date=16 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Kaala Teeka]]''
| Naina Choudhary
| rowspan="3" |Lead role
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaala-teeka-to-end-on-april-14/articleshow/57772582.cms |title='Kaala Teeka' to end on April 14 |work=The Times of India |date=23 March 2017 |access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Saundarya
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/will-define-my-character-as-mysterious-girl--sukirti.html |title=Will define my character as mysterious girl: Sukirti |work=The Pioneer |access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Story 9 Months Ki]]''
| Aliya Shroff
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/sukirti-kandpal-excited-to-be-a-part-of-a-progressive-narrative-167802 |title=Sukirti Kandpal excited to be a part of a progressive narrative |publisher=The Tribune India |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Swaraj (TV series)|Swaraj]]''
| [[Pritilata Waddedar]]
|
|
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Anupamaa]]''
| Shruti Ahuja
| Supporting role
| <ref name="Anupamaa"/>
|-
|}

===Special appearances===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs]]''
| Herself
| Guest
| {{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2010
| ''[[Geet – Hui Sabse Parayi]]''
| rowspan="4"| Guest (as Piya)
| rowspan="4"| To promote ''[[Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Dhoondh Legi Manzil Humein]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Rang Badalti Odhani]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Yeh Ishq Haaye]]''
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Koffee With Karan]]''
| Guest as Piya
| (Season 3, Episode 10)
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hotstar.com/tv/koffee-with-karan/1525/rani-mukherjee-and-vidya-balan/1000004240 |title=Koffee With Karan, Season 3, Episode 10 |publisher=hotstar.com |date=9 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
|''[[Punar Vivaah - Zindagi Milegi Dobara]]''
| Guest
| Special Mahasangam episode for Zee TV 20 years celebration
|<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2012 |title=Big Dhamaka on small screen |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-big-dhamaka-on-small-screen-1746719 |work=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
|''[[Pavitra Rishta]]''
| Guest as Jazz
| Special appearance in episode 956
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/pavitra-rishta/0-6-133/episode-956-pavitra-rishta/0-1-manual_26kfg9cjgvp0 |title=Pavitra Rishta Episode No. 956 |publisher=Zee5.com |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Junoon – Aisi Nafrat Toh Kaisa Ishq]]''
| rowspan="2" |Guest (as Simran)
| Dance performance
|
|-
| ''[[The Bachelorette India|The Bachelorette India: Mere Khayaalon Ki Mallika]]''
| Guest presenter in the grand finale
| <ref>{{cite web |date=9 November 2013 |title=Vijay singh wins mallika sherawat's heart on the bachelorette India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-vijay-singh-wins-mallika-sherawat-s-heart-on-the-bachelorette-india-1915987 |work=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''India's Best Dancer''
| Guest
| To promote ''[[Story 9 Months Ki]]''
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/what-indias-best-dancer-winner-tiger-pop-wrote-after-his-big-win-2328854 |title=What India's Best Dancer Winner Tiger Pop Wrote After His Big Win |publisher=NDTV |date=23 November 2020 |accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
|''Hum Mahilayen [[Uttarakhand]]'' conclave
| Guest/panelist
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/NewsX/status/1670435479437844483?t=4HVnwGKwOYpSeEdxbwq-SA&s=19 |title=#HumMahilayenUttarakhand The representation of strong woman in 'Pyaar Ki Ek Kahaani' is one of my work I liked the most', says Actress Sukirti Kandpal(@sukirtiofficial and @sukirtinews) at the Hum Mahilayen Conclave in Uttarakhand |publisher=News X Twitter |date=18 June 2023 |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=July 2024}}
|-
| 2025
| ''[[The Times of India|TOI]] Dialogues [[Uttarakhand]]''
| Guest/panelist
| As a co-panelist on ''The Uttarakhand Story - From Screen to Success''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/toi-dialogues-uttarakhand-celebrating-faith-culture-and-creativity-in-devbhoomi/articleshow/124094766.cms |title=TOI Dialogues Uttarakhand: Celebrating faith, culture and creativity in Devbhoomi |publisher=Times of India |date=24 September 2025 |accessdate=2 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

====Other appearances====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''[[Desi Explorers|Desi Explorers Jordan]]'' || rowspan="2"|Host ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://urbanasian.com/featured/2016/05/sunny-arora-and-anand-mishra-turn-explorers/ |title=Sunny Arora and Anand Mishra turn explorers? |publisher=urbanasian.com |date=11 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Desi Explorers|Desi Explorers Taiwan]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Surbhi-Jyoti-Sara-Khan-Sukriti-Kandpal-don-stunning-bridal-outfits-for-web-based-show/articleshow/52867827.cms |title=Surbhi Jyoti, Sara Khan, Sukriti Kandpal don stunning bridal outfits for web based show |work=The Times of India |date=22 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Navbharat Times|NBT]] Star Homemakers''
| Herself as jury member
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://nbtrangmanchclub.com/star-homemaker/ |title=Navbharat Times NBT Star Homemakers |work=Navbharat Times |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref>
|}

====Music videos====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Album
! Singer
|-
| 2009
| "Teri Yaad Mein"
| [[Chaandan Mein]]
| [[Kailash Kher]]
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Work !! Result !! Ref
|-
| 2010 || [[Zee Rishtey Awards]] ||‘’Favourite Saas-Bahu Rishta’’ || [[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]] || {{won}} || Shared with [[Roopa Ganguly]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://youtube.com/watch?v=V0IR9maAXHM&si=XQNfGRK1jmCg39mS |title=ZRA 2010 Zee Rishtey Awards - Favourite Khalnayak, Khalnayika & Saas Bahu Awards |work=Zee TV YouTube |date=2 March 2010 |accessdate=5 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2012 || [[Zee Rishtey Awards]] || ‘’Favourite Nayi Jodi’’ || [[Rab Se Sohna Isshq]] || {{nom}} || Shared with [[Ashish Sharma]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hkMMpMexq0 |title=Zee Rishtey Awards 2012 December 02 2012 part 21 |work=Zee TV YouTube |date=4 December 2012 |accessdate=27 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || rowspan="2" | [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] || [[ITA Award for Best Actress Popular Drama|Best Actress Popular]] || ''[[Kaala Teeka]]'' || {{nom}} || {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 2021 || Best Actress in a Lead Role || ''[[Story 9 Months Ki]]'' || {{nom}} ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theita2021.com/# |title=The 21st ITA Awards 2021 |work=theita2021.com |accessdate=27 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|5012827}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|sukirti-khandpal}}

{{Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kandpal, Sukirti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses|Soap opera]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:People from Nainital]]
[[Category:Sophia College for Women alumni]]
[[Category:1980s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

J. S. Guleria

2026-01-28T04:09:32Z

Shahidkumar: New.

{{Short description|Indian general physician and cardiologist (1927/1928–2026)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = J. S. Guleria
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1927 or 1928
| birth_place = Manjara, Punjab Province, British India
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2026|01|22|98|df=y}}
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = General physician<br/>Cardiologist
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children = [[Randeep Guleria]]<br> Sandeep Guleria <br> Neeru Guleria
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Jagdev Singh Guleria''' (1927 or 1928 – 22 January 2026) was an Indian general physician and cardiologist who was the Dean and Professor of the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]].<ref name="SK Malik Memorial Oration">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiachest.org/dept_activities.html | title=SK Malik Memorial Oration | publisher=Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh | date=2015 | access-date=13 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033500/http://www.indiachest.org/dept_activities.html | archive-date=17 November 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the senior consultant of General Medicine at Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research<ref name="Expert Profile">{{cite web | url=http://doctor.ndtv.com/expert/ndtv/expertid/55/Dr_JS_Guleria.html | title=Expert Profile | publisher=ND TV | date=2015 | access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref> and an Emeritus Professor of the National Academy of Medical Sciences.<ref name="Directory of Emeritus Professors">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/docs_pdfs/directory%20of%20emer.pdf | title=Directory of Emeritus Professors | publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences | date=2015 | access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref> He received the fourth highest Indian civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2003.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Life and career ==
After graduating in medicine (MBBS) in 1953 and completing his master's degree (MD) in 1957 from [[Punjab University, Chandigarh, India|Punjab University]], Guleria secured a DM in cardiology from the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi]] (AIIMS) in 1962 to join AIIMS as its faculty to start his career.<ref name="Dr. J.S. Guleria">{{cite web | url=http://www.sitarambhartia.org/dr-profile.php?id=21 | title=Dr. J.S. Guleria | publisher=Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research | date=2015 | access-date=13 November 2015 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132516/http://www.sitarambhartia.org/dr-profile.php?id=21 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was on duty at AIIMS when former Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] was brought to AIIMS after being shot at by militants in October 1984,<ref name="Mother India: A Political Biography of Indira Gandhi">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOmK1lPWq80C&q=Dr+J.S.+Guleria&pg=PA52 | title=Mother India: A Political Biography of Indira Gandhi | publisher=Penguin Books India | author=Pranay Gupte | year=2012 | pages=660 | isbn=9780143068266}}</ref> and attended to the former Prime Minister before she was declared dead.<ref name="The hospital scene">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19841130-indira-gandhi-had-died-by-the-time-she-reached-aiims-796831-1984-11-29 | title=The hospital scene | publisher=India Today | date=30 November 1984 | access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref> He headed the AIIMS Ethics Committee which investigated the irregularities at AIIMS, including the charges leveled against the then Director of the institution, [[Panangipalli Venugopal]].<ref name="AIIMS: Prisoner Of Agendas">{{cite web | url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main36.asp?filename=Ne011207Aiim.asp | title=AIIMS: Prisoner Of Agendas | publisher=Tehelka | date=1 December 2007 | access-date=13 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020917/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main36.asp?filename=Ne011207Aiim.asp | archive-date=17 November 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was one of the two doctors, the other being K. K. Malhotra, delegated to examine [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] during his incarceration in the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency period]].<ref name="JP in Jail: An Uncensored Account">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnhsBQAAQBAJ&q=Dr+J.S.+Guleria&pg=PT239 | title=JP in Jail: An Uncensored Account | publisher=Roli Books | author=M. G. Devasahayam | year=2006 | pages=315 | isbn=9789351940500}}</ref>

Guleria, an elected fellow<ref name="List of Fellows - NAMS">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf | title=List of Fellows - NAMS | publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=19 March 2016}}</ref> and Emeritus Professor of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]],<ref name="Directory of Emeritus Professors" /> has delivered many orations including the S. K. Malik Memorial Oration of the [[Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]] (PGIMER) in 1998.<ref name="SK Malik Memorial Oration" /> He was associated with the [[Health For All]] (HFA) initiative of the [[World Health Organization]] and presented the lead paper at the fourteenth session of the ''South East Asia Advisory Committee on Health Research'' at Colombo in 1998.<ref name="Clinical Research - To Strengthen and Realign Towards HFA-2000">{{cite web | url=https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/bitstream/10665/126833/1/sea_achr_14_agend_item14.Pdf | title=Clinical Research – To Strengthen and Realign Towards HFA-2000 | publisher=World Health Organization | date=2015 | access-date=13 November 2015 | archive-date=17 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063227/https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/bitstream/10665/126833/1/sea_achr_14_agend_item14.Pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was a Fellow of [[American College of Chest Physicians]] (FCCP) (1962), Indian Academy of Medical Sciences (FAMS) (1971), and the Indian College of Chest Physicians (FICCP) (1981)<ref name="Dr. J.S. Guleria" /> and one of the founder fellows of Indian College of Physicians.<ref name="Founder Fellows of Indian College of Physicians">{{cite web | url=http://www.icp-api.org/founder_fellows.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831081138/http://www.icp-api.org/founder_fellows.html | url-status=usurped | archive-date=31 August 2014 | title=Founder Fellows of Indian College of Physicians | publisher=Indian College of Physicians | date=2015 | access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2003.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> The [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi]] honoured him with Lifetime Achievement Award in 2014.<ref name="Keep the student in you alive, says PM Modi at AIIMS convocation">{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/keep-the-student-in-you-alive-says-pm-modi-at-aiims-convocation-1765779.html | title=Keep the student in you alive, says PM Modi at AIIMS convocation | publisher=First Post | date=20 October 2014 | access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref> Guleria's sons, [[Randeep Guleria]],<ref name="AIIMS: Prisoner Of Agendas" /> a [[pulmonologist]] with AIIMS, is also a winner of [[Padma Shri]], and Sandeep Guleria, a [[surgeon]], is also a winner of Padma Shri.<ref name="Sehat">{{cite web | url=https://www.sehat.com/dr-randeep-guleria-pulmonologist-delhi | title=Sehat | publisher=Sehat | date=2015 | access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>

Guleria died on 22 January 2026, at the age of 98.<ref>[https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/doctors/legendary-physician-padma-shri-prof-dr-j-s-guleria-passes-away-163413 Legendary Physician, Padma Shri Prof Dr J S Guleria, passes away]</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|India|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guleria, J. S.}}
[[Category:1920s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian cardiologists]]
[[Category:World Health Organization officials]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American College of Cardiology]]
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Himachal Pradesh]]

Kidnapping and murder of Mohammed Abu Khdeir

2026-01-23T08:10:49Z

Shahidkumar:

{{Short description|2014 murder of a 16-year-old Palestinian by Israeli settlers}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}

{{Infobox civilian attack
| title =Kidnapping and murder of Mohammed Abu Khdeir
| partof =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =Mohammed Abu Khdeir
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location =[[Shuafat]], [[East Jerusalem]]<br/>
[[Jerusalem Forest]]
| target =
| coordinates =
| date = 2 July 2014
| time = approx. 4:00 a.m.
| timezone = [[Israel Summer Time|IDT]], [[UTC+03:00]]
| type = Death by bludgeoning and burning
| fatalities =1
| injuries =
| victims = 
| perpetrators= * 2 [[Minor (law)|minors]] <br />
*Yosef Chaim Ben David
| susperps = 
| weapons =
| numparts = 3
| dfens = 
| motive = Revenge for [[2014 kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers]]<ref name=Berman/><ref name="Sharon" /><ref name=":3"/>
| convictions = *2 [[life imprisonment]]s <br />
* 21 years imprisonment
}}

The '''kidnapping and murder of Mohammed Abu Khdeir''' occurred early on the morning of 2 July 2014. Khdeir, a 16-year-old [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]], was forced into a car by [[Israelis|Israeli]] citizens on an [[Status of Jerusalem|occupied]] [[East Jerusalem]] street.<ref name="Sterman" /> His family immediately reported the fact to [[Israel Police|Israeli Police]] who located his charred body a few hours later at [[Givat Shaul]] in the [[Jerusalem Forest]]. Preliminary results from the autopsy suggested that he was beaten and burnt while still alive.<ref name="20140706NYT">{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/07/world/middleeast/israel-palestinians-muhammad-abu-khdeir.html?_r=0 |title= Suspects Arrested in Death of Palestinian Youth, Israeli Police Say |last= Kershner |first= Isabel |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=6 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Autopsy" >{{cite news |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=710089 |title=Official: Autopsy shows Palestinian youth burnt alive |publisher=[[Ma'an News Agency]] |date=5 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708195202/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=710089 |archive-date=8 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Maan: Palestinian teen abducted">{{cite news |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=709299 |title=Palestinian teen abducted, killed in suspected revenge attack |publisher=[[Ma'an News Agency]] |date=2 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707041441/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=709299 |archive-date=7 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.timesofisrael.com/palestinian-teen-said-found-dead-in-jerusalem-forest/ |title = Arab teen killed in capital; revenge attack suspected |last1 = Ben Zion|first1 = Ilan|date = 2 July 2014 |publisher = The Times of Israel |access-date = 4 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140706154507/http://www.timesofisrael.com/palestinian-teen-said-found-dead-in-jerusalem-forest/ |archive-date = 6 July 2014 |last2 = Berman |first2 = Lazar}}</ref> The perpetrators subsequently claimed that the attack was a response to the [[2014 kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers|abduction and murder of three Israeli teens]] on 12 June.<ref name="Sharon" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url = http://www.kcra.com/news/family-of-slain-palestinian-teen-lives-in-sacramento/26792470#!8p7a7|title = Family of slain Palestinian teen lives in Sacramento|last = Hoff|first = Mallory|date = 3 July 2014|work = KCRA Television Sacramento|access-date = 4 July 2014}}</ref> The murders contributed to a breakout of hostilities in the [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict]].<ref name="NT Times">{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/09/world/middleeast/israel-steps-up-offensive-against-hamas-in-gaza.html |title= Israel and Hamas Trade Attacks as Tension Rises |work= The New York Times |date=8 July 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |author1=Eranger, Steven |author2=Kershner, Isabel }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Weiss |first1=Chagai M. |last2=Tsur |first2=Neal |last3=Miodownik |first3=Dan |last4=Lupu |first4=Yonatan |last5=Finkel |first5=Evgeny |date=2022 |title=Atypical violence and conflict dynamics: evidence from Jerusalem |journal=Political Science Research and Methods |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=399–406 |language=en |doi=10.1017/psrm.2022.39 |s2cid=252553114 |issn=2049-8470|doi-access=free }}</ref>

On Sunday, 6 July, police took into custody six Jewish suspects for interrogation.<ref name="Sterman" >{{cite news |author=Adiv Sterman |title=Six Jewish extremists arrested in killing of Jerusalem teen |publisher=The Times of Israel |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/suspects-arrested-in-killing-of-east-jerusalem-teen/ |date=6 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=710388 |title=Israel arrests suspects in murder of Palestinian teen |publisher=[[Ma'an News Agency]] |date=6 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222658/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=710388 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> One confessed quickly, incriminating three others, some of them minors, and they were put on remand for 8 days. Within a day, three had confessed and reenacted the murder at the scene of the crime.<ref name="SomEfBlu" >{{cite news |author=Attila Somfalvi |author2=Omri Efraim |author3=Itay Blumental |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4538864,00.html |title=Three suspects in murder of Arab teen confess to crime |publisher=[[Ynetnews]] |date=7 July 2014 |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> Three other suspects were released as unconnected with the crime, though they heard about it from the alleged murderers.

Palestinian President [[Mahmoud Abbas]] blamed the murder on the Israeli government and demanded Israeli PM [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] condemn it "as we condemned the kidnapping of the three Israelis".<ref>{{cite news|title=Palestinians blame Israel for killing of Arab teen|publisher=The Times of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/palestinians-blame-israel-for-killing-of-arab-teen/#ixzz3BPU2rR4J|date=2 July 2014}}</ref> The attack was widely condemned in Israel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/15/world/middleeast/israeli-youths-murder-called-blueprint-for-revenge.html |title=A Focused Hunt for a Victim to Avenge Israelis' Deaths |author=Isabel Kershner |newspaper=The New York Times |date=14 July 2014}}</ref> Khdeir's family members have, however, blamed government incitement for the murder and rejected the PM's condolence message, as well as a visit by then President [[Shimon Peres]].<ref name="cjnews.com"/><ref name=rejected /><ref name=uncle>{{cite news|title=Shocked Palestinian family waits to bury son|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/shocked-palestinian-family-waits-bury-son-20147317554777685.html|date=4 July 2014|first=Gregg|last=Carlstrom|publisher=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> The day the suspects were arrested, the family of one of the Israeli victims, the Fraenkels, called the family of Abu Khdeir to condemn the murder and offer their condolences.<ref name="cjnews.com">{{cite news |title=Teen's mom condemns revenge killings; Peres turned away |agency=JTA |date=8 July 2014 |publisher=The Canadian Jewish News |url=http://www.cjnews.com/israel/teens-mom-condemns-revenge-killings-peres-turned-away |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> The Fraenkels said they understand the magnitude of the loss and that they oppose any act of violence either by Jews or Arabs.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=he:משפחות פרנקל ואבו חדיר שוחחו "מבינים את האובדן" |language=he |trans-title=Families of Fraenkel and Abu Khdeir discuss "understand the loss" |publisher=nrg |url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/593/313.html?hp=1&cat=402&loc=20 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> The murder was condemned by the families of the three murdered Israeli teens, who sent Khdeir's family their condolences.<ref>{{cite news |title=Netanyahu to Abu Khdeir family: We'll bring Mohammed's killers to justice |author=Shahar Chai |date=6 July 2014 |publisher=[[Ynetnews]] |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4538655,00.html |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref>

In the aftermath of Khdeir's murder, one of his cousins, Tariq Khdeir, a 15-year-old Palestinian-American boy, was beaten by Israeli police officers in an assault caught on camera.<ref name=target /> Another one of his cousins, a 19-year-old Mohammed Abu Khdeir,<ref name=twomo>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/21/israel-arrests-palestinian-teen-us-concerns-family|title=US concerned by Israeli arrests of killed teenager's family members|date=21 August 2014|work=The Guardian}}</ref> was detained by the Israeli police during a 28 July 2014 protest. Though he was an American citizen, Israel failed to notify US authorities of the arrest and the US has accused Israel of singling out Khdeir family members for arrest.<ref name=target /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/us-says-israel-appears-to-be-targeting-family-of-slain-teen/|title=US says Israel appears to be targeting family of slain teen|publisher=The Times of Israel|date= 21 August 2014}}</ref>

When Israel included Khdeir in its [[Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial]] at [[Mount Herzl]], the family obtained its immediate removal. They had not been consulted, dismissed the inclusion as a bid to improve Israel's image, rebuffed the idea of him being memorialized among fallen Israeli soldiers who "killed his relatives in Gaza, Lebanon and the West Bank",<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel to remove Palestinian teen's name from memorial after protests|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/israel-palestinians-memorial-idINKBN0ND0DC20150422|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124073810/http://in.reuters.com/article/israel-palestinians-memorial-idINKBN0ND0DC20150422|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2016|access-date=23 April 2015|work=[[Reuters]]|date=22 April 2015}}</ref> stated the trial of the suspects was being dragged out, and complained that several months earlier, the Jerusalem council had forced them to remove his image from outside their home after it had hung there for four months, by threatening them with a per diem $500 fine, on the grounds it contravened a local Israeli law.<ref name="mako.co.il">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mako.co.il/news-israel/local-q4_2014/Article-432d771b1ef6941004.htm|title=N12 - עיריית ירושלים הורתה למשפחת אבו חדיר: "הסירו את הכרזה...|date=2 November 2014|website=N12}}</ref><ref name="Ma'an22A" >[http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=765021 'Abu Khdeir's name removed from terror victims' list,'] [[Ma'an News Agency]] 22 April 2015.</ref>

On 30 November 2015, the two minors involved were found guilty of Khdeirs' murder, and were respectively sentenced to life and 21 years imprisonment on 4 February. On 3 May 2016, Ben David was sentenced to life in prison and an additional 20 years.<ref name="20year"/>

==Background==
[[File:LghtRailShuafat3.jpg|thumbnail|Main street in Shu'fat]]
The [[Shuafat|Shu'fat]] neighborhood, located in East Jerusalem, was home to Mohammed Abu Khdeir. The neighborhood is relatively well-off and calmer than some other areas and its residents do not often get into confrontations with the Israeli police.<ref name="Kershner" >{{cite news |author=Isabel Kershner |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/03/world/middleeast/israel.html |title=Arab boy's Death Escalates Clash Over Abductions |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703150926/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/03/world/middleeast/israel.html|archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |author=Nir Hasson |title=Murder of Palestinian teen was no 'honor killing', says his family |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.602736 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=3 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014 }}</ref> Muhammad Abu Khdeir was 16 years old. His father owned and ran an electric appliances store, and the boy was studying to become an electrician at the "Amal" vocational high school.<ref name="Kershner" /> The family are part of a large clan that is well known in Shu'afat. In his last days, he helped a family member decorate the main street in Shu'fat with lamps on the occasion of [[Ramadan]].<ref name=blogs_haaretz>{{cite news |author=Nir Hasson |date=3 July 2014 |script-title=he:אז מי רצח את מוחמד ומה זה אומר על ירושלים |language=he |trans-title=So who killed Muhammad and what it means for Jerusalem |publisher=Haaretz |url=http://blogs.haaretz.co.il/nirhasson/646/ |access-date=6 July 2014 |archive-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707060426/http://blogs.haaretz.co.il/nirhasson/646/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 9 June, the autopsy findings for the [[Beitunia killings]] were released confirming that the two Palestinian teenagers killed on 15 May 2014 in the incident were shot with live ammunition from the [[Israel Border Police]].<ref name=HRW9June>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/06/09/israel-killing-children-apparent-war-crime|title=Israel: Killing of Children Apparent War Crime|date=9 June 2014|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|access-date=12 September 2014}}</ref>

On 12 June 2014, three Israeli teenagers, Eyal Yifrach, Gilad Shaar, and Naftali Frankel were hitchhiking home from school to a Jewish settlement in the [[West Bank]] and [[2014 kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers|were kidnapped]]. They were killed almost immediately.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://forward.com/articles/201064/israels-kidnapped-boys-found-dead-in-field/ |title=Israel's Kidnapped Boys Found Dead in Field |date=30 June 2014 |newspaper=[[The Jewish Daily Forward]]}}</ref> In the interim, their fate became the focus of intense concern throughout Israeli society. They were buried late in the afternoon of 1 July.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url = http://www.timesofisrael.com/today-has-become-a-national-day-of-mourning-pm-says-as-teens-buried/|title = Today has become a national day of mourning, PM says as teens buried |date =1 July 2014 |publisher = The Times of Israel |access-date = 4 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140706231905/http://www.timesofisrael.com/today-has-become-a-national-day-of-mourning-pm-says-as-teens-buried/ |archive-date = 6 July 2014}}</ref>
On the day of the funeral, Israeli premier Benjamin Netanyahu commented: "Hamas is responsible, and Hamas will pay. May the memory of the three boys be blessed."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2014/07/03/mort-aux-arabes-la-violence-se-propage-sur-la-toile-israelienne_4450015_3218.html|title=" Mort aux Arabes" : une haine décomplexée sur le Web israélien|date=3 July 2014|publisher=[[Le Monde]]|quote=Certain commentators point out, however, the chief of the Israeli government's responsibility in promoting hate speech. In a statement published on Monday, the Israeli cabinet had it itself used the word "vengeance". The three Israelis "were kidnapped and killed in cold blood by human beasts. In the name of the Jewish people, I would like to tell the families - the mothers, fathers, grand-mothers, and grand-fathers - that we are deeply saddened. The whole nation cries with you. The vengeance for a child's blood, Satan has not yet invented it...": Thus commented on a Twitter government account the prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu on 30 June, citing a poem by the Israeli Haïm Nahman Bialik, written in 1903, before adding: "Hamas will pay"...|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/03/world/middleeast/israels-justice-minister-condemns-incitement-on-facebook.html|title=Israel's Justice Minister Condemns 'Incitement' on Facebookat a right-wing rally|work=New York Times|author=Robert Mackey|date=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Carlstrom" >{{cite news |author=Gregg Carlstrom |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/palestinian-youth-body-found-amid-tension-2014727956766566.html |title=East Jerusalem clashes follow teen's murder |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al-Jazeera]] |date=3 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/08/opinion/can-israeli-and-palestinian-leaders-end-the-revenge-attacks.html?_r=0|title=Four Horrific Killings|date=7 July 2014|work=New York Times}}</ref>
In the evening the day of the funeral, hundreds of right-wing Israelis rampaged in Jerusalem yelling "[[Death to Arabs]]",<ref name="Maan: Palestinian teen abducted"/> and endeavoured to assault passers-by, who had to be extricated by police.<ref name="Kershner" /> The marches counted with the presence of prominent right-wing figures such as former MK [[Michael Ben-Ari]], and [[Jewish Agency]] officials.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} MK [[Ayelet Shaked]], posted on [[Facebook]] a quotation of journalist Ori Elitzur: "Behind every terrorist stand dozens of men and women, without whom he could not engage in terrorism. They are all enemy combatants, and their blood shall be on all their heads."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/11599932/New-Israeli-justice-minister-notorious-for-anti-Palestinian-rhetoric-given-bodyguard-after-Nazi-death-threats.html|title=New Israeli justice minister notorious for anti-Palestinian rhetoric given bodyguard after 'Nazi' death threats|website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=12 May 2015}}</ref> Referring to "the enemy", Ben-Ari called on Israelis to "[m]ake Ramadan into a month of darkness for them!"{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} The evening before the killing, a group of racist supporters of the [[Beitar Jerusalem F.C.|Beitar football club]], known as [[La Familia (Beitar supporters' group)|''La Familia'']], held a violent demonstration, in which they chanted "death to Arabs" and harassed Palestinians nearby.<ref name="Beaumont6" >{{cite news |author=Peter Beaumont |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/06/israel-arrests-abu-khdeir-killing |title=Israeli police arrest six over Mohamed Abu Khdeir killing |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=6 July 2014 |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> A "rash of racist incitement on Israeli social media" broke out after the deaths were revealed.<ref name="Beaumont5">{{cite news |author=Peter Beaumont |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/05/palestinian-boy-mohammed-abu-khdeir-burned-alive |title=Palestinian boy Mohammed Abu Khdeir was burned alive, says official |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=5 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> Rabbi Noam Perel, head of [[Bnei Akiva]], the world's largest religious-Zionist youth organization, urged on his Facebook page that the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] be transformed into an army of avengers, which "will not stop at 300 [[Philistine]] foreskins".<ref>{{cite news |author=Or Kashti |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/.premium-1.602675 |title=World Bnei Akiva chief calls for price of blood' for Israeli teens' murder |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=2 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> He also wrote:<blockquote>The travesty will be atoned for with the enemy's blood, not with our tears. A whole nation and thousands of years of history demands revenge. The government of Israel is convened for a meeting of vengeance that is not a mourning sitting.<ref>{{cite news |author=Stuart Winer |agency=JTA |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/norway-jews-demand-dismissal-of-bnei-akiva-official-who-urged-vengeance/ |title=Norway Jews demand dismissal of Bnei Akiva official who urged vengeance |publisher=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=4 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref></blockquote>

On the same day, a Palestinian teenager was killed by Israeli forces in a [[Jenin]] refugee camp.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} The killing was widely celebrated by right-wing Israelis on social media as "revenge".{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} A Facebook page "The People of Israel Demand Revenge" was set up by a 17-year-old, showing soldiers posing and touting their rifles,<ref name="Kershner" /> posting messages of "revenge".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/03/world/middleeast/israels-justice-minister-condemns-incitement-on-facebook.html |title=Israel's Justice Minister Condemns 'Incitement' on Facebook|author=Robert Mackey |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2 July 2014}}</ref> The page quickly gathered 35,000 "likes",<ref name="Kershner" /> but was taken down after the news of Khdeir's murder. One item submitted to the site had a photograph by two smiling Israeli girls with a sign saying, "Hating Arabs is not racism, it's values!"<ref name="Kershner" /> At the recommendation of Attorney General [[Yehuda Weinstein]], the Israeli police launched a probe into call for incitement on social media.<ref>{{cite news |title=Police launch incitement probe into 'vengeance' campaign against Arabs |publisher=The Times of Israel |date=3 July 2014 |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/police-launch-incitement-probe-into-campaign-calling-for-vengeance-against-arabs/ |access-date=15 July 2014}}</ref> In addition, the IDF announced that soldiers posting messages or photos that pledged to avenge the teens' murder or used racist language will be severely punished.<ref>{{cite news |title=IDF vows to punish soldiers' racist online incitement |author=Raphael Ahren |publisher=The Times of Israel |date=3 July 2014 |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-vows-to-punish-soldiers-racist-incitement-on-social-media/ |access-date=15 July 2014}}</ref>

On that Tuesday night, a Palestinian family registered a complaint with police concerning an attempt to kidnap their child, 10-year-old Moussa Zalum, on Shu'fat's main street. At the time, they reported, he was walking with his mother and brother when a car stopped and an attempt was made to try and pull him into the vehicle, grabbing him by the throat. The child managed to wriggle free, as the mother beat off the kidnapper and the car sped off.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/headlines-breaking-stories/244703/burned-body-of-arab-found-in-jerusalem-forest.html |title=Burned Body of Arab Found in Jerusalem Forest |publisher=[[Yeshiva World News]] |date=2 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> Early on Wednesday morning, 16-year-old Abu Khdeir was murdered.<ref name="Kershner"/> The mother later said two men were involved, and spoke Hebrew. The family alerted the police immediately, the mother said, and a patrol car passed and officers were given details and a description. In police accounts, the parents were to go to the police station and lay a formal complaint, something the family did not do, and therefore the police did not investigate. The police also alleged that the father told them the assailants were not Jewish, though the mother asserted the opposite in her own account. The police said that it was only after hearing of the Abu Khdeir kidnapping the following morning that police connected the two incidents.<ref>{{cite news |author=Nir Hasson |author2=Chaim Levinson |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.603392 |title=Police link Palestinian teen's murder with attempted kidnap day earlier |newspaper=Haaretz |date=7 July 2014 |access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref>

==Disappearance and murder==
On 2 July, the night of the abduction, witnesses say that around 3:45 am, while Abu Khdeir was waiting for friends near his home, he was taken and thrown into a car by two or three men.<ref name="Carlstrom"/><ref>{{cite news |author=Quique Kierszenbaum |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2014/jul/03/cctv-palestinian-teens-mohamed-abu-khdeir-abduction-video |title=Palestinian teenager Mohamed Abu Khdeir's abduction 'caught on CCTV' – video |work=The Guardian|access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref>

As local youths of the mosque were leaving to get food for the [[Suhoor|predawn meal]],<ref name=Kershner /> two young men came up to Muhammad when he was very close to the mosque, spoke to him, and then pulled him into the vehicle. The mosque's [[Imam]], a family relative called Mahmoud Abu Khdeir, described it as a grey Hyundai, driven by a third man. Cries for help were heard by people nearby, and according to Abu Khdeir's father, he yelled, "Dad, dad, save me."<ref name =Shaalan /> The father later showed images from local surveillance cameras, downloaded to his cellphone, of two men walking down the pavement where the kidnapping occurred.<ref name="Kershner" /> The vehicle then drove off quickly toward the [[French Hill (neighborhood)|French Hill]] Junction and from there to the [[Jerusalem Forest]]. Several bystanders saw the kidnapping, and chased the car before notifying Abu Khdeir's father.<ref name="Sterman" /> The family immediately notified the Israeli police, at 4:05 am, and the police, accused by the family of neglecting their complaints,<ref name=maanpolice>{{cite news |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=709574 |title=Family of murdered Palestinian teen criticize Israeli police |date=3 July 2014 |publisher=[[Maan News Agency]] |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153537/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=709574 |url-status=dead }}</ref> tracked Abu Khdeir's cell phone, which was later retrieved from the home of one of the arrested suspects,<ref name="Dvir" >{{cite news |author=Noam 'Dabul' Dvir |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4543389,00.html |title=Brutal details of Palestinian teen's murder revealed |publisher=[[Ynetnews]] |date=14 July 2014 |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> and discovered his scorched body within an hour in the Jerusalem Forest.<ref name="Sterman" /> According to the Palestinian Attorney General, Dr. Muhammed Abed al-Ghani al-Aweiwi, an autopsy conducted at the [[Abu Kabir Forensic Institute]] in Tel Aviv revealed that the teen had soot in his lungs, indicating that he was alive and breathing when he was set alight. He had been forced to swallow petrol beforehand.<ref>Jeremy Salt, [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/6974/19/The-new-and-brutal-Israel.aspx 'The new and brutal Israel'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102129/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/6974/19/The-new-and-brutal-Israel.aspx |date=2 April 2015 }}, [[Al Ahram]] Issue No.1209, 14 August 2014.</ref><ref name="Haley" >Haley Gray, [http://www.boulderweekly.com/article-13112-drumbeat-of-war-grows-louder.html 'Drumbeat of war grows louder.'] [[Boulder Weekly]] 17 July 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.imemc.org/article/69297 'Jerusalem Court Allows Public To Attend Abu Khdeir Murder Trial,'] [[International Middle East Media Center|IMEMC]] 3 October 2014</ref><ref>[[Martina Anderson]], [[Matt Carthy]], [[Lynn Boylan]] [http://www.sinnfein.ie/contents/31386 Sinn Féin MEPs in Palestine meet with victims of the conflict.'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101944/http://www.sinnfein.ie/contents/31386 |date=2 April 2015 }} [[Sinn Féin (newspaper)|Sinn Féin]] 6 September 2014.</ref> The burns affected 90% of his body, and it appeared he had sustained head injuries from a beating and had been repeatedly hit in the head with a sharp object,<ref name="Autopsy" /><ref name=rejected /><ref name="Issacharoff">{{cite news |author=Avi Issacharoff |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/palestinians-murdered-arab-teenager-was-burned-alive/ |title=Palestinians: Murdered Arab teenager was burned alive |publisher=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=5 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> which at the time was alleged to have been a [[tire iron]],<ref>{{cite news |author=Ricky Ben-David |author2=Haviv Rettig Gur |author3=Yifa Yaakov |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/after-six-days-of-hamas-rocket-attacks-gazans-flee-threatened-new-israeli-strikes-operation-protective-edge-day-7/ |title=Shin Bet releases chronology of Muhammad Abu Khdeir killing |publisher=The Times of Israel |date=14 July 2014 |access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> but is now alleged to have been a wrench (see [[#Investigation of the crime]]). The Israeli Police suspected that the same vehicle was used in both Abu Khdeir's and Zalum's cases.<ref name=blogs_haaretz/><ref>{{cite news |date=2 July 2014 |author=Moshe Nussbaum |script-title=he:מתחזקת ההערכה: הנער הערבי נרצח בידי יהודים |language=he |trans-title=Stronger evaluation: Arab boy murdered by Jews |url=http://www.mako.co.il/news-military/security/Article-bd4585fbaa7f641004.htm |publisher=Mako |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Omri Maniv |date=3 July 2014 |script-title=he:חשד: הרכב ששימש לחטיפת הנער הפלסטיני הוא אותו אחד מניסיון החטיפה שלשום |language=he |trans-title=Suspected vehicle used for the kidnapping Palestinian boy is same one used in yesterday's abduction attempt |url=http://news.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=1066712 |access-date=6 July 2014 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810170131/http://news.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=1066712 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

According to the confession of the leading suspect, Yosef Haim Ben-David, 29, owner of an eyewear shop in Jerusalem,<ref name="Sharon" /> and resident of the settlement of [[Geva Binyamin]], the original intention was to beat up an Arab or torch a shop. They switched into civilian clothes and removed their [[kippah]]s in order, as the leader confessed, not to shame God's name.<ref name="Sharon" /><ref name="Ynet21416" /> They almost cancelled the project when, after stopping to dine, the Arab proprietor reminded them as they left not to forget their change. On sighting Mohammed Abu Khdeir, they asked for directions to Tel Aviv, and he either gave a rough indication, in poor Hebrew,<ref name="Sharon" /> or said he did not understand.<ref name="Ynet21416" >[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4794715,00.html 'Abu Khdeir's killer recounts murder,'] [[Ynet]] 21 April 2016.</ref> As he began to dial his cellphone, perhaps suspicious, the minors clamped hands over his mouth and dragged him into the car where, after he yelled "Allahu Akhbar", he was choked, and the ringleader gave the instruction for him to be finished off. On arriving in the forest, he was beaten repeatedly with a crowbar, each blow accompanied by a recital of Jewish victims of terrorism: "This is for the [[Itamar attack|Fogel family]], and this is for [[Shalhevet Pass]]". They then poured gasoline over him, set him alight, and got rid of the evidence. The indictment against Ben-David and the two minors also included an attempt to kidnap the 7-year-old Beit Hanoun boy, Moussa Zaloum, whom they choked and whose mother they punched in the face, and the torching of an Arab store earlier in June in the Palestinian village of [[Hizma]].<ref name="Sharon" >Itamar Sharon, [http://www.timesofisrael.com/we-said-they-took-three-of-ours-lets-take-one-of-theirs/ 'Abu Khdeir murder suspect gives chilling account of killing,'] [[The Times of Israel]] 12 August 2014.</ref>

===Follow-up incidents reported===
On Thursday evening, Palestinians of Shu'fat told local media that four settlers from [[Pisgat Zeev]] had attempted to kidnap a 7-year-old local child, Muhammad Ali al-Kiswani, and had fled on being thwarted.<ref name="Haley" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=709927 |title=Locals: Settlers try to kidnap 7-year-old in Beit Hanina |publisher=Ma'an News Agency |date=4 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710071921/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=709927 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On Friday Palestinians of [[Osarin]] near [[Nablus]] in the [[West Bank]] complained that one of them, 22-year-old Tariq Ziad Zuhdi Adeli, had been sprayed with a gas by settlers, abducted in a car and then, taken outside the village, sustained injuries from a hatchet attack to his legs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=710084 |title=Locals: Settlers 'abduct, attack' Palestinian near Nablus |publisher=Ma'an News Agency |date=5 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014 |archive-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708150902/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=710084 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A 13-year-old Palestinian boy went missing in [[Wadi al-Joz]], East Jerusalem on 4 July. A settler car had been seen in the area at the time.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/palestinian-boy-goes-missing-jerusalem-report |title=Palestinian boy goes missing in Jerusalem: report |date=4 July 2014 |publisher=[[Al Akhbar (Lebanon)|al-Akhbar]] |access-date=6 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715002115/http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/palestinian-boy-goes-missing-jerusalem-report |archive-date=15 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Three days later, a video was aired showing Israeli undercover agents beating up Abu Khdeir's cousin, 15-year-old American citizen Tariq Khdeir, in a secluded area after the boy had been handcuffed and pinned to the ground.<ref name="Kadir">{{cite news |author=Andre Senior |date=5 July 2014 |publisher=10 News WTSP |location=Tampa Bay Sarasota |url=http://www.wtsp.com/story/news/local/2014/07/05/tampa-teenager-beaten-and-jailed-in-israel/12238105/ |title=Tampa teen beaten, jailed in Jerusalem |access-date=6 July 2014 |archive-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140705154456/http://www.wtsp.com/story/news/local/2014/07/05/tampa-teenager-beaten-and-jailed-in-israel/12238105/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tariq is a student at Universal Academy of Florida high school in [[Tampa]].<ref name="Kadir"/><ref>{{cite news |author=Stephen Rex Brown |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/israeli-police-beat-detain-fla-teen-family-article-1.1856079 |title=Israeli police brutally beat, detain Florida teen while he was watching protests over slaying of Palestinian cousin: family |newspaper=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] |location=New York |date=5 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.channel4.com/news/israel-palestine-teenager-beaten-police-video-jerusalem |title=Video shows Israeli police beating Palestinian teenager |date=5 July 2014 |publisher=[[Channel 4]] |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posttv/national/us-teen-allegedly-beaten-detained-in-israeli-prison/2014/07/05/4a1259cc-0470-11e4-ae91-d5e5645b17c1_video.html |title=U.S. teen allegedly beaten, detained in Israeli prison|date=5 July 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |agency=Reuters |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> Israeli spokesmen said he resisted arrest and had a slingshot in his possession. His father, who was present, said his son was not involved in the protests.<ref name="Beaumont5"/> At a hearing before Congressional staffers on his return, Tariq stated that he was watching the demonstration from an alley, among a crowd, when Israeli police charged them, and, on noting the use of rubber bullets, he leapt over a fence to escape, but was caught by officers, handcuffed and then beaten unconscious.<ref name="SamKnight" />

Sunjeev Bery, an advocacy director for [[Amnesty International]] later stated, in reference to the incident, that
<blockquote>non-violent protest in Palestine is, in fact, illegal under military law 101. The law, in effect since 1967, states that gatherings of 10 or more people are forbidden unless expressly permitted by the IDF<ref name="SamKnight" /></blockquote>

The U.S. State Department stated that it was "profoundly troubled by reports that he was severely beaten while in police custody and strongly condemn any excessive use of force", and called for "a speedy, transparent and credible investigation and full accountability for any excessive use of force".<ref name=US-state-dept>{{cite press release |last1=Psaki |first1=Jen |title=Detention of Tariq Khdeir |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/07/228774.htm |publisher=U.S. Department of State |access-date=5 July 2014}}</ref> Israeli Border Police started an official investigation on 5 July.<ref name=haaretz-tariq>{{cite news |author=Nir Hasson |title=Beaten Palestinian youth is U.S. citizen, cousin of murdered kidnap victim |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.603184 |access-date=6 July 2014 |work=Haaretz |date=6 July 2014}}</ref> Activists drew attention to the video and detention using the Twitter hashtag #FreeTarek.<ref name=FreeTarek-tweet>{{cite web |last1=Crabapple |first1=Molly |title=tweet by Molly Crabapple|url=https://twitter.com/mollycrabapple/status/485486096990871552|website=Twitter|access-date=5 July 2014|quote=This is a young American boy who was beaten unconscious and is still detained by Israeli police pic.twitter.com/l7FtJcIbZ3 #FreeTarek}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tampabay.com/resources/images/dti/rendered/2014/07/tariq_13466132_8col.jpg |format=jpg |title=Before and after photos of Tariq Khdeir |newspaper=Tampa Bay Times |date=July 2014 |access-date=6 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707111957/http://www.tampabay.com/resources/images/dti/rendered/2014/07/tariq_13466132_8col.jpg |archive-date=7 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was released Sunday morning on bail, kept under house arrest for 10 days,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/us-teen-appear-israeli-court-201476851982465.html|title=US teenager freed on bail by Israeli court|date=6 July 2014|publisher=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> and forbidden residence in Shu'fat.<ref>{{cite news |author=Omri Efraim |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4538476,00.html |title=Suspects arrested in murder of Palestinian teen |publisher=[[Ynetnews]] |date=6 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> He returned to Florida at the end of the 10-day period. Hours after he left, Israeli police ransacked his East Jerusalem home, destroyed furniture and emptied cabinets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/19/tariq-abu-khdeir-home_n_5602289.html|title=Photos Show Tariq Abu Khdeir's Family Home Ransacked By Israeli Police|date=19 July 2014|work=[[The Huffington Post]]}}</ref> In January 2015, Tariq was cleared of any wrongdoing that led to the attack.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/us-palestinian-teen-beaten-by-police-cleared-of-wrongdoing/|title=US-Palestinian teen beaten by police cleared of wrongdoing|date=26 January 2015|work=Times of Israel}}</ref>

In November 2015, one of three policemen involved in the incident, the officer who actually assaulted Tariq Khdeir while he was pinned down,<ref>Ronen Zvulun, [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-palestinians-american-idUSKCN0T72I820151118#YTyMGbD6uFPM1cIl.97 'Israeli policeman given community service for beating Palestinian: American boy,'] [[Reuters]] 18 November 2015:'Amateur video showed two Israeli riot policemen setting upon Tariq Khdeir, who was 15 at the time. One held him down, while the other punched and kicked him. He was left with a heavy black eye and swollen lip. Israel pressed charges against one of the policemen</ref><ref name=972tariq>Matt Surrusco, [http://972mag.com/tariq-abu-khdeir-more-officers-should-face-justice-for-my-beating/96593/ 'Tariq Abu Khdeir: More officers should face justice for my beating'], [[+972 magazine]] 11 September 2014</ref>
<ref>Swati Sharma, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/07/06/video-u-s-teen-cousin-of-slain-palestinian-youth-says-israeli-police-beat-him/ 'VIDEO: U.S. teen, cousin of slain Palestinian youth, says Israeli police beat him,'] [[Washington Post]] 6 July 2014: 'Tariq Abu Khdeir's beating was filmed on video, which shows the accused officer and additional officers arresting the boy, with one policeman apparently sitting on Khdeir to handcuff the boy while the accused officer is seen kicking and punching the boy repeatedly. A third officer is also seen helping drag Abu Khdeir toward a police vehicle, during which time the accused officer again kicks the boy who appears to be unconscious.'</ref> and whose name remains under a [[Censorship in Israel|gag order]], was charged and convicted of assaulting him, and sentenced to 45 days' community service and a suspended prison sentence of four months. The judge cited "mitigating circumstances such as the policeman's lack of a criminal record, positive character references, and the fact that the policeman lost his job after the incident". The teen's family described the sentence as "a shameful slap on the wrist" which "sends the wrong message that Israel tolerates the violent, extrajudicial beating of children".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/world/israeli-officer-will-serve-no-time-in-jail-for-2014-beating-of-tampa/2254578/|title=Israeli officer will serve no time in jail for 2014 beating of Tampa teenager|date=19 November 2015|work=Tampa Bay Times}}</ref> US State Department spokesperson [[John Kirby (admiral)|John Kirby]] said the US government was "disappointed" that the officer "was spared prison time by an Israeli court", adding that, "Given the clear evidence captured on videotape of the excessive use of force, it is difficult to see how this sentence would promote full accountability for the actions of the police officer in this case".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2015/11/249796.htm#ISRAEL.|title=United States Department of State}}</ref> Brad Parker, an attorney for Defense for Children International-Palestine, estimated that Tariq "possibly spent more time in detention than the unnamed officer convicted of brutally assaulting him".{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} The indictment stated that the other officers "did not attack the boy, nor could [they] have prevented it, and therefore were excluded from the suit".<ref name=972tariq/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-palestinians-american-idUSKCN0T72I820151118#EIdrXkY2bKmzu0Cl.99|date=18 November 2015|publisher=[[Reuters]]|title=Israeli policeman given community service for beating Palestinian-American boy}}</ref><ref>[http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=768899 'Israeli officer gets community service for brutal assault on US teen,'] [[Ma'an News Agency]] 19 November 2015.</ref>

As of 3 August 2014, three of his cousins arrested with him are still in detention.<ref name="SamKnight" >{{cite news |author=Sam Knight |url=http://mondoweiss.net/2014/08/washington-surprising-support.html/comment-page-1 |title=Tariq Abu Khdeir goes to Washington - and finds surprising support |publisher=[[Mondoweiss]] |date=3 August 2014 |access-date=6 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050156/http://mondoweiss.net/2014/08/washington-surprising-support.html/comment-page-1 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 22 August, this includes a 19-year-old also called Mohammed Abu Khdeir, a US citizen, whose arrest, about which US authorities were not notified, has led the US to suspect that Israel is targeting the Khdeir family.<ref name=twomo />

== Investigation of the crime ==
According to the preliminary indictments released for publication in mid-July, two of the suspects decided to kill a Palestinian in revenge for the killing of the three Israeli teenagers. Cruising around the neighbourhood they attacked a 9-year-old boy and then fled. On the evening before the kidnapping, joined by a third person, they arrived at Shuafat via the [[Damascus Gate]] neighborhood, and the thirty-year-old suspect drove round the area while they argued whether to kidnap a man, a woman or a male teenager. Eventually they seized Abu Khdeir, beat and stunned him, and took him to the Jerusalem Forest, where they spilled flammable material over him, set him on fire, and fled to Tel Aviv to create an alibi. Israeli officials initially said that the police believed Khdeir had been probably killed in revenge for the killing of three Israeli teens, but that they were also looking into possibility that Khdeir's death might have been an [[honour killing]], or other criminal act, though it was noted that the Khdeir family had no criminal history.<ref name=Berman>{{cite news |author=Lazar Berman |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/sources-revenge-most-likely-motive-in-teens-death/ |title=Revenge seen as most likely motive in Arab teen's murder |publisher=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=4 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> The Israeli police at the time justified their decision not to discard the hypothesis of an internal feud or dispute within the clan as the cause for the murder, saying that they knew of earlier attempts to kidnap Abu Khdeir family members, including his younger sister.<ref>{{cite news |author=Daniel K. Eisenbud |url=https://www.jpost.com/National-News/Arabs-clash-with-police-in-Jerusalem-as-autopsy-completed-on-slain-youth-361524 |title=Jerusalem police step up presence ahead of slain teen's funeral |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=4 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> Two different squads were formed to follow up investigations into both hypotheses, of a 'nationalist' or 'criminal' (Arab) crime.<ref name="SomEfBlu" /> "Israeli military and police sources informed the media as early as 2 July 2014 that the murder was most likely a nationalistically-motivated revenge killing."<ref name="Becker"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/sources-revenge-most-likely-motive-in-teens-death/ |title=Revenge seen as most likely motive in Arab teen's murder |author=Lazar Berman |publisher=The Times of Israel |date=2 July 2014 }}</ref>

From the outset, rumours abounded, with Israelis and pro-Israelis on social network media suggesting the boy had been killed by Palestinian criminals, or by his relatives in an honour killing, with insinuations that he was gay.<ref name="ToI" >{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/suspect-in-killing-of-east-jerusalem-teen-said-to-confess/ |title=Suspect in killing of East Jerusalem teen said to confess |publisher=[[The Times of Israel]] |agency=Associated Press |date=6 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> There were suspicions that, in order to discredit the Khdeir family, the Israeli police planted rumors in the Israeli media about an honor killing provoked by the teen's supposed [[sexual orientation]].<ref name=sigal /> Lara Friedman, from the left-wing Israeli group [[Peace Now]], said that this hypothesis was highly unlikely as [[homophobic]] honor killings have never been recorded in Palestine, and she asserted that the scenario was raised by the Israelis in a show of [[LGBT marketing#Practices of .22Brand Israel.22 and .22Pinkwashing.22|pinkwashing]] that constituted a [[blood libel]] against the Palestinian nation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.forward.com/forward-thinking/201752/a-blood-libel-against-all-palestinians/|title=A Blood Libel Against All Palestinians|date=9 July 2014|publisher=The Jewish Daily Forward|author=Lara Friedman|access-date=23 August 2014|archive-date=26 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133752/http://blogs.forward.com/forward-thinking/201752/a-blood-libel-against-all-palestinians/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other commentators also made reference to the concept of pinkwashing, accusing Israelis of being overly willing to take up the honor killing narrative, and too confident of its veracity, so as to remove from any Israeli Jews the blame for Khdeir's murder and portray Palestinians as barbarians.<ref name=sigal>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.forward.com/forward-thinking/201531/the-pinkwashing-of-mohammed-abu-khdeir/|title=The Pinkwashing of Mohammed Abu Khdeir|date=7 July 2014|publisher=The Jewish Daily Forward|author=Sigal Samuel|access-date=23 August 2014|archive-date=10 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910181725/http://blogs.forward.com/forward-thinking/201531/the-pinkwashing-of-mohammed-abu-khdeir/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.603731|title=How pinkwashing leaves Israel feeling squeaky clean|date= 9 July 2014|publisher=Haaretz|author= Aeyal Gross}}</ref> Khdeir's parents, who went through long hours interrogation by the Israeli police, also accused it of trying to force the honor killing narrative<ref name="Becker">{{cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-killing-of-a-palestinian-teen-in-jerusalem-has-sparked-more-violence/|title=The Killing of a Palestinian Teen in Jerusalem Has Sparked More Violence|first=Olivia|last=Becker|date=2 July 2014|publisher=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref> and attempting a cover up "to protect the settlers".<ref name="maanpolice"/> Khdeir's father complained that in the lengthy police interrogation the police asked many questions about the family's personal life, how much pocket money the boy had, and if he had any enemies, but challenged him when the issue of a settler kidnapping was raised.<ref>{{cite news |author=Robert Tait |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/10943882/Revealed-CCTV-shows-moment-Palestinian-boy-is-kidnapped-before-being-killed.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703185959/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/10943882/Revealed-CCTV-shows-moment-Palestinian-boy-is-kidnapped-before-being-killed.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 July 2014 |title=Revealed: CCTV shows moment Palestinian boy is kidnapped before being killed |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |date=3 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref>

In pre-dawn raids on Sunday 6 July,<ref name="Ma'an3" /> [[Shin Bet]] and police rounded up six suspects, and placed a [[gag order]] on the press, which was partially lifted around 5:00 pm. The breakthrough was firstly leaked by anonymous Israeli sources and soon after the police confirmed the arrests, after the gag order was lifted.<ref name="Sterman" /> It emerged that the six suspects, some minors, hailed from [[Beit Shemesh]], [[Jerusalem]] and the West Bank settlement of [[Geva Binyamin|Adam, otherwise known as Geva Binyamin]] and had been arrested by tracking the car's [[vehicle registration plate]], which they had obtained from security video in the area. It was also reported that the six are also suspected of having attempted to kidnap Moussa Zalum two days earlier.<ref name="Sterman" /><ref>{{cite news |date=7 July 2014 |script-title=he:גורם ישראלי בכיר: נעצרו קיצונים יהודים בחשד לרצח מוחמד אבו חדיר |language=he |trans-title=senior Israeli official: Jewish extremists arrested on suspicion of murder of Muhammad Abu Khdeir |publisher=nana10 |url=http://news.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=1067083 |access-date=6 July 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050951/http://news.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=1067083 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Later that evening, one suspect confessed and incriminated the other five. Five were remanded for 8 days, and one for a further 5 days, by the [[Petah Tikva]] Magistrates Court, which turned down a request they be held for 15 days.<ref>{{cite news |author=Omri Ephraim |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4538687,00.html |title=Suspects in murder of Palestinian teen attempted to kidnap young boy day earlier |publisher=[[Ynetnews]] |date=6 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> Early reports had associated the suspects with the extreme right wing, and sources then revealed that at least some of the suspects had taken part in the Beitar demonstration held the evening before the kidnapping.<ref name="Beaumont6"/> In addition, one was identified as having an [[Haredi Judaism|ultra-Orthodox background]], another as hailing from an ultra-Orthodox [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic family]] identifying with the [[Shas]] worldview.<ref name="ToI" /> In the only official statement about the arrests, police spokesman Micky Rosenfeld said that "a number of suspects were arrested for the killing", and "there are strong indications that the background was nationalistic".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sobelman |first1=Batsheva |title=Israel: 'A number' of suspects arrested in Palestinian teen's death |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-jewish-suspects-arrested-in-killing-of-palestinian-teenager-20140706-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> By Monday, three had confessed to participating in the murder, and in the presence of police, re-enacted the deed at the scene of the crime in the Jerusalem Forest.<ref name="SomEfBlu" />

The suspects were initially denied access to counsel because, according to Justice Minister [[Tzipi Livni]], "that's what the law allows regarding terrorists".<ref name="counsel">{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Livni-Jewish-suspects-are-denied-counsel-because-they-are-terrorists-361732 |title=Livni: Jewish suspects are denied counsel because they are terrorists |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=7 July 2014}}</ref> On 9 July, the Magistrate Court in Petah Tikva ordered the release on 10 July of three of the suspects thought to be part of the murder group, but who were not part of the murder itself, though suspected of knowing about it.<ref name=insanity>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/14/three-jewish-israelis-charged-kidnapping-killing-palestinian-boy|title=Three Jewish Israelis admit kidnapping and killing Palestinian boy|date=14 July 2014|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> The three main suspects confessed to the murder of Abu Khdeir, and remain in custody. They are a 30-year-old man from a community near Jerusalem and two minors from Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite news |author=Nir Hasson |date=10 July 2014 |title=Court orders release of three suspect in Palestinian teen's murder |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.604141 |access-date=9 July 2014}}</ref> Of three killers, two have a history of mental illness; both are on medication.<ref>{{cite news |author=Aron Dónzis |date=20 July 2014 |publisher=The Times of Israel |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/name-abu-khdeir-suspect-released/|title=Adult suspect in Abu Khdeir murder named |access-date=28 July 2014}}</ref>

On 14 July, it was reported the three remaining suspects confessed to the kidnapping and murder, as well as the kidnapping attempt of the other Palestinian boy the previous day.<ref name=insanity /> They were said to be preparing to enter an [[insanity plea]].<ref name=insanity /> Abu Khdeir's father said on the subject, "From the very first day of the investigation, I said that they will either say that the killers are crazy, or they will set them free."<ref name=insanity /> He also stated, "Justice is when they destroy their houses [of his sons murderers], just like they destroyed the houses of the suspects in Hebron", referring to the demolishing of the homes of the two main suspects of the [[2014 kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers|murder of Israeli teenagers]], Marwan Qawasmeh and Amer Abu Aisha, in Hebron.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/west-bank-kidnappings/dad-slain-palestinian-teen-demolish-murder-suspects-homes-n149436 |title=Dad of Slain Palestinian Teen: Demolish Murder Suspects' Homes |date=6 July 2014 |work=NBC News |access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> The Israeli Supreme Court, however, has rejected the argument that Khdeir's murder should be treated equally to that of the slain settlers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jta.org/2014/08/12/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/court-approves-order-to-demolish-homes-of-suspected-kidnappers|title=Homes of suspected kidnappers can be razed, Israel's high court rules|date=12 August 2014|publisher=[[Jewish Telegraph Agency]]}}</ref>

On 20 July, the main suspect in the murder Muhammad Abu Khdeir, Yosef Haim Ben David, was cleared for publication. The resident of [[Geva Binyamin]], a settlement also known as "Adam", is accused of hitting the boy with a wrench, pouring gasoline on him and lighting him on fire. His defense counsel argued that advertising may endanger his family. The name of the other two main suspects will not be published since they are both minors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chief suspect named in Abu Khdeir murder |author=Nir Hasson |date=20 July 2014 |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/national/.premium-1.606266 |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Aviel Magnezi |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4547164,00.html |title=Name of main suspect in Abu Khdeir's murder released |publisher=[[Ynetnews]] |date=20 July 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref>

===Trial and sentencing ===
On 27 July 2014, the three main suspects were arraigned. The main suspect, Yosef Ben-David, said in the entrance hall, "I am the [[messiah]]".<ref>{{cite news |title=Trial begins in revenge murder of Palestinian teen |date=27 July 2014 |publisher=JTA |url=https://www.jta.org/2014/07/27/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/trial-begins-for-main-suspect-in-revenge-murder-of-palestinian-teen |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indictments in the Murder of Muhmad Abu-Khadir |date=28 July 2014 |publisher=Yeshiva World News |url=http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/headlines-breaking-stories/250509/indictments-in-the-murder-of-muhmad-abu-khadir.html |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref>
At his second pre-trial appearance on 18 November 2014, Ben-David declined to cooperate with the Jerusalem District Court, and refused to speak. Earlier in November Israeli health officials deemed him to be of sound mind. The two minors pleaded guilty to abduction, but asserted their innocence of the charge of murder. Settlers reportedly spat on the Khdeir family outside the court.<ref name="ADeger" >Allison Deger, [http://mondoweiss.net/2014/11/settlers-alleged-refuses#sthash.HTNy8WSL.dpuf 'Settlers spit on Abu Khdeir family as they exit court; alleged killer refuses to enter plea,'] [[Mondoweiss]] 18 November 2014.</ref>
The Khdeir family is calling on the Israeli government to demolish the alleged murderers' homes just as those of Palestinian terrorists' homes are demolished.<ref name="ADeger" />

In June 2015, one of the teenagers involved testified he believed the plan was to kidnap an Arab and beat him. Upon arriving at the Jerusalem forest, Ben-David struck Abu Khdeir's head twice with a crowbar. The teenager did not see Ben-David set Abu Khdeir on fire but understood it from his words.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abu Khdeir murder trial: defendant tells court he did not plan to kill teenager|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/03/abu-khdeir-murder-trial-jerusalem|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=3 June 2015}}</ref>

On 30 November 2015, the two minors involved were found guilty of murder.<ref name=abc-minors-guilty/> Yosef Ben-David, the third defendant, was also found to have committed the crime, but had another hearing scheduled for 20 December after his mental state was questioned in a report his lawyers submitted.<ref name=abc-minors-guilty>{{cite news |title=Israel convicts two Jewish minors for murder of Palestinian youth Mohammed Abu Khdeir |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-11-30/israel-convicts-jewish-defendants-of-murder-that-led-to-gaza-war/6988412 |access-date=30 November 2015 |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=30 November 2015}}</ref> Khdeirs' father denounced the "trick" in only submitting the psychiatric report in the last moment before sentences were announced,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/30/mohammed-abu-khdeir-israeli-youths-guilty-of-murder-after-palestinian-teenager-was-burned-to-death|title=Ringleader in murder of Palestinian youth makes fresh insanity claim|date=30 November 2015|work=The Guardian}}</ref> voicing his fear that the Israeli court would set all the accused murderers free.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34961497|title=Mohammad Abu Khdair murder: Two Israelis found guilty |access-date=30 November 2015 |date=30 November 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref>

On 4 February, the two minors were sentenced. One was given life imprisonment, the other was sentenced to serve 21 years. According to one observer, both are likely to spend less than 20 years in prison, due to parole and possible sentence reductions.<ref name=alja>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/murdered-palestinian-boy-parents-slam-jail-sentences-160204113618073.html|title=Murdered Palestinian boy's parents slam jail sentences|date=4 February 2016|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> Hussein Abu Khdeir, the father of the victim, expressed disappointment that one of the minors escaped a life sentence, and renewed his demand that both have their homes demolished and Israeli citizenship revoked.<ref name=alja/><ref name=newsw>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/father-muhammed-abu-khdeir-calls-israel-demolish-murderers-homes-423074|title=Father of Slain Palestinian Teen Calls on Israel to Demolish Murderers' Homes|date=2 February 2016|work=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> He has pleaded to take action against Israeli authorities for the "lenient" punishment of the two convicted murderers, even though he says he has no faith in the Israeli justice system.<ref name=newsw/> The court ruled that their leader, Yosef Haim Ben-David, committed the crime. However, the conclusion of his case was still pending on the outcome of a psychiatric evaluation.<ref>Yael Friedson,[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4762067,00.html 'Abu Khdeir murderers convicted, sentenced,'] [[Ynet]] 4 February 2016.</ref> On 22 February 2016, a psychiatric evaluation determined that Ben-David was fit to stand trial and was responsible for his actions<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Report-Ringleader-in-Abu-Khadeir-murder-found-fit-to-stand-trial-despite-insanity-plea-445767|title=Report: Ringleader in Abu Khadeir murder found fit to stand trial, despite insanity plea|work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> On 19 April he was found guilty of murder and sentencing was scheduled for 3 May.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Abu-Khdeir-murder-ringleader-convicted-Insanity-plea-rejected-451668|title=Abu Khdeir murder ringleader convicted; Insanity plea rejected|work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> In late April it was reported that Ben-David tried to commit suicide in his cell, and that he was slightly injured.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.walla.co.il/item/2956746|title = רוצח מוחמד אבו חדיר ניסה לפגוע בעצמו בתאו; מצבו קל - וואלה! חדשות|date = 28 April 2016}}</ref> On 3 May 2016, Ben David was sentenced to life in prison and an additional 20 years.<ref name="20year">{{cite news|last1=Hasson|first1=Nir|title=Abu Khdeir Murderer Sentenced to Life Imprisonment Plus 20 Years|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.717695|work=Haaretz|date=3 May 2016}}</ref> On 8 February 2018, the [[Supreme Court of Israel|Israeli Supreme Court]] rejected an appeal from Ben-David and the minors convicted in the crime.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://m.ynet.co.il/Articles/5098065#/|title = נדחה ערעורו של רוצח הנער מוחמד אבו חדיר| newspaper=Ynet |date = 8 February 2018}}</ref>

==Family reactions, riots and funeral==
Abu Khdeir was given a martyr's funeral in Jerusalem. His family requested that only Palestinian flags be waved near his coffin, though some flew the banner of the [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Jodi Rudoren |date=4 July 2014 |title=Tensions High in Jerusalem as Palestinian Teenager Is Given a Martyr's Burial |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/05/world/middleeast/israel.html |access-date=15 July 2014}}</ref> The boy's father blamed "fascist murderers", and called on the Israel Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to deal with the culprits in the same way as he is handling the murderers of Jewish teenagers, by destroying their homes, as had been done in the previous case with the Palestinian suspects.<ref name =Shaalan >{{cite news |author=Hassan Shaalan |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4537939,00.html |title=Video: Father of slain Palestinian teen: My boy was killed by Jewish fascists |publisher=[[YnetNews]] |date=4 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> He later reiterated his call to demolish the homes of the three suspects, and added they should be burned to death.<ref name=destroy>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.609166|title=Murdered Palestinian teen's father: Burn my son's killers and destroy their homes|publisher=Haaretz|date=6 August 2014}}</ref> He noticed Israel's double standards regarding treatment of Jewish terrorists by remarking, "A month has passed since the murder, and the murderers' homes have still not been destroyed".<ref name=destroy/> Abu Khdeir's uncle blamed the crime on "[e]veryone in the government... from [Prime Minister Benjamin] Netanyahu down" for fanning racial hostility against Palestinians.<ref name="uncle"/> The teen's father compared the burning to death of his son to what Jews suffered at German hands in the Holocaust, and attributed the incident to the anti-Arab atmosphere in Israel after three Israeli youths had been murdered, which in his view functioned like a 'green light' for assaulting Arabs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/suspect-in-killing-of-east-jerusalem-teen-said-to-confess/ |title=Suspect in killing of East Jerusalem boy said to confess |publisher=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=6 July 2014 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref>

After the arrest of the six suspects, Abu Khdeir's mother, Suha, manifested pessimism that they would be duly punished, saying, "I don't have any peace in my heart, even if they captured who they say killed my son. They're only going to ask them questions and then release them. What's the point?"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mohammed-abu-khdeir-murder-mother-speaks-out-after-israeli-men-arrested-for-nationalistic-killing-9588080.html|title=Mohammed Abu Khdeir murder: Mother speaks out after Israeli men arrested for 'nationalistic' killing|date=6 July 2014|newspaper=The Independent}}</ref>
[[File:Mourning tent of Muhamed Abu Khdeir.jpg|thumbnail|Mourning tent of Muhamed Abu Khdeir]]
Prime Minister Netanyahu sent his condolences to the victim's family, saying: "There is no place for such murders in our society." The condolences were rejected by the family, who said, "[W]e refuse to accept the condolences of someone who agrees on the murder of our people in Jerusalem, the West Bank, and Gaza".<ref name=rejected /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://forward.com/articles/201625/slain-palestinian-teens-family-rejects-benjamin-ne/ |title=Slain Palestinian Teen's Family Rejects Benjamin Netanyahu Approach |newspaper=The Jewish Daily Forward |date=8 July 2014 |agency=JTA |access-date=15 July 2014}}</ref> Despite concern from family members that visits from Israeli Jews could serve as a public relations stunt for Israel, the family agreed to receive visits from them at its mourning tent, largely to conform to hospitality diktats in Arab culture.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/07/09/330160839/what-happens-when-israeli-mourners-visit-a-palestinian-family|title=What Happens When Israeli Mourners Visit A Palestinian Family|date=9 July 2014|publisher=[[National Public Radio]]|author=Bill Chappell}}</ref> Abu Khdeir warned, however, that the family would not allow right-wing Israelis in.<ref name="SomEfBlu" />

The family turned away a visit by then Israeli President Shimon Peres.<ref name=rejected>{{cite news|title=Abu Khdeir family rejects Israeli condolences for son's death|url=http://maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=710705|date=7 August 2014|publisher=Maan News Agency|access-date=11 July 2014|archive-date=13 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713000743/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=710705|url-status=dead}}</ref> Public Security Minister [[Yitzhak Aharonovitch]] announced he was going to pay a visit at the Abu Khdeir family home, but the visit was reportedly canceled due to scheduling constraints. Israel's [[Ashkenazi]] [[Chief Rabbi]], [[David Lau]], also had a planned visit canceled, whether on security grounds or because the family refused to see him is unclear.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jta.org/2014/07/08/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/family-of-slain-palestinian-refuses-to-receive-rabbis-peres/2014/07/08/|title=Family of slain Palestinian refuses to receive Peres|date=8 July 2014|publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Among the Israeli officials who did visit the mourning tent, are MK [[Shelly Yachimovich]] (Labor), MK [[Michal Rozin]], and Environmental Protection Minister [[Amir Peretz]].<ref name=visits /> Peretz became the target of abuse on his [[Facebook]] page from right-wing Israelis opposed to the visit; they made death threats against him and his family, and expressed support for Khdeir's murderers.<ref name=visits>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.604112|title=Death threats follow minister's condolence call to family of burned teen|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|date=9 July 2014}}</ref> The Abu Khdeir family also spoke with Justice Minister [[Tzipi Livni]].<ref name="counsel"/> As part of an initiative led by an Israeli NGO combating hate crime, the Tag Meir organization organized for chartered buses from Tel Aviv and Jerusalem for a large Israeli contingent wishing to pay respects to the Abu Khdeir family, which welcomed them in the mourners' tent.<ref name="Amid">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/amid-gaza-rocket-fire-hundreds-of-israelis-console-family-of-slain-arab-teen/ |title=Amid Gaza rocket fire, hundreds of Israelis console family of slain Arab teen |author=Elhanan Miller |publisher=The Times of Israel |date=9 July 2014}}</ref> Anti-racist Israeli activists from Jerusalem also came to express their condolences.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.603590 |title=Shin Bet tells Peres not to visit family of murdered Palestinian teen |author=Nir Hasson |newspaper=Haaretz |date=7 July 2014}}</ref>

Abu Khdeir's murder sparked off fierce riots for several days,<ref name="Ma'an3">{{cite news |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=710424 |title=Jewish extremists held over Palestinian teen's murder |publisher=[[Ma'an News Agency]] |date=6 July 2014 |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708203709/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=710424 |archive-date=8 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> threatening to spilling over to broader unrest. In the Shu'fat area and East Jerusalem, a half-mile section of a major thoroughfare and the [[Jerusalem Light Rail]] passing through it were severely damaged.<ref name="Kershner" /> A significant faction in the wave of riots was the suspicion that Israeli extremists were behind a revenge killing of Abu-Khdeir.<ref name =CohenHaaretz >{{cite news |author=Gili Cohen |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.603051 |title=Live updates, July 4: East Jerusalem clashes |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=5 July 2014}}</ref> In a different area, near the West Bank [[Israeli settlement]] of [[Ma'ale Adumim]] stones and Molotov cocktails were thrown and rolled [[burning tires]] at security forces, according to Israeli police. A small riot also took place in the Israeli-Arab town of [[Tayibe]] where locals burned tires at the town entrance. Police arrested three locals for allegedly throwing stones at a passing vehicle on Highway 444.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Ben Hartman |url = https://www.jpost.com/National-News/Palestinians-attempt-to-vandalize-Jerusalem-light-rail-during-fresh-riots-361560 |title = Palestinians attempt to vandalize Jerusalem light rail during fresh riots |date = 5 July 2014 |work = The Jerusalem Post |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> In the aftermath of Khdeir's murder, Israel arrested 760 Palestinian citizens of Jerusalem, 260 of them children.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.622206|title=Jerusalem, the capital of apartheid, awaits the uprising|author=Gideon Levy|publisher=Haaretz|date=23 October 2014}}</ref>

Khdeir's funeral coincided with the onset of the first Friday prayers of the Muslim holy month of [[Ramadan]]. Israeli police blocked all the roads leading from East Jerusalem's Palestinian neighborhood westwards, and placed limits on Muslim worshippers at [[Al-Aqsa]], where the year before, on the occasion of Ramadan, some 80,000 had worshipped. Just 8,000 Palestinians managed to attend the mosque that day and numerous riots broke out, with East Jerusalem youths throwing stones and makeshift Molotov cocktails at Israeli police.<ref name="Issacharoff" /> 100 Arab Israelis mounted a protest at [[Nazareth]] and two were arrested by police on Sunday,<ref name="Ma'an3" /> and a further 15 arrested were made in [[Tamra]] during clashes with police.<ref name="Ma'an3" /> Palestinian flags that had been raised in the Palestinian neighborhoods where rioting occurred were removed by teams from the Jerusalem municipal council sent to clean up the areas.<ref name="SomEfBlu" />

In the wake of the [[2014 Jerusalem synagogue massacre]] in mid-November 2014 speculation circulated in the Israeli media that the attack might have been motivated by a desire to avenge the murder of Abu Khdeir. Shin Bet chief Yoram Cohen gave support to this view, saying that, along with the disputed status of [[Al-Aqsa]], the murder of Abu Khdeir is the main factor feeding the ongoing unrest in Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4593516,00.html|title=Shin Bet chief: Abbas is not inciting to terror|date=18 November 2014|publisher=Yediot Aharonot|author=Attila Somfalvi|access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref> Shortly after the murder, a number of media divulged the fact that Ben-David's father is a rabbi who heads a [[Kollel]] in [[Har Nof]].<ref>Sigal Samuel and Yael Even Or,[http://blogs.forward.com/forward-thinking/#story-2 Was Synagogue Terrorist Attack Revenge for Abu Khdeir Killing?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827121242/http://blogs.forward.com/forward-thinking/#story-2 |date=27 August 2014 }} [[The Forward]] 18 November 2014</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kikar.co.il/חובש-כיפה-ומטורף-זה-החשוד-ברצח.html |title=חובש כיפה ומטורף: יוסף חיים בן דוד הוא החשוד המרכזי ברצח מוחמד אבו חדיר |trans-title=Wearing a scullcap and crazy: Yosef Haim Ben-David is the chief suspect in the murder of Mohammed Abu Khdeir |language=he |first=ישי |last=כהן |work=כיכר השבת |date=20 July 2014 |publisher=[[Kikar HaShabbat (website)|Kikar HaShabbat]] |access-date=12 April 2016 }}</ref>

In July 2016, the Abu Khdeir family petitioned the Israeli High Court of Justice that the homes of the murderers be demolished, as is done to [[House demolition in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Palestinians accused of terrorism]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/abu-khdeirs-family-petitions-court-to-demolish-home-of-his-killers/|title=Family of E. Jerusalem Arab teen petitions court to demolish homes of his killers|date=6 July 2016|work=Times of Israel|author=Dov Lieber|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.btselem.org/punitive_demolitions | title = Home Demolition as Collective Punishment | publisher = Btselem | author= | date= 11 November 2017 | accessdate= 25 May 2021}}</ref>
In July 2017 the Israeli High Court declined their petition on the basis that they believed house demolitions would be ineffective due to the time elapsed since the murder while also stating that unlike the government's position, the home demolition policy was valid for both Jewish and Palestinian attackers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.799450|title=High Court Rules Against Demolition of Abu Khdeir Killers' Homes|last=Hovel|first=Revital|date=4 July 2017|work=[[Haaretz]]|access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref> The Abu Khdeir family responded saying that, "We never had high hopes for Israel's legal system".<ref name=hope>{{cite news|title=Abu Khdeir family: 'We never had high hopes for Israel's legal system'|date=7 July 2017|website=Ma'an News|url=http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?ID=777934}}</ref> A lawyer for the family said the petition effort was intended to expose the Israeli government's racism against Palestinians.<ref name=hope />

===Civil lawsuit===
In April 2018, the Khdeir family announced that it is filing a civil lawsuit against the perpetrators of the attack in order to "add to their punishment".<ref name=monitor>{{cite news|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180427-parents-of-palestinian-teen-burned-alive-by-israeli-settlers-sue-killers-for-damages/|title=Parents of Palestinian teen burned alive by Israeli settlers sue killers for damages|date=27 April 2018|publisher=Middle East Monitor}}</ref> The family is demanding that they pay 5.6 million Israeli shekel ($1.6 million) in damages. Abu Khdeir, the family father, said his family took that decision out of fear that the perpetrators will benefit from a sentence reduction from the Israeli government on a "racist basis". The family, however, expects Israeli authorities to reject the lawsuit.<ref name=monitor />

==Reactions==

===Palestinian Authority===
*President [[Mahmoud Abbas]] accused Israeli settlers of carrying out the attack and called for the "strongest punishment against the murderers if Israel truly wants peace".<ref name=":2">{{cite news |author= |title=US and UN condemn killing of Palestinian boy in Israel |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28138860 |work=BBC News |date=2 July 2014 |access-date=3 July 2014}}</ref>
*[[Hamas]] released a statement saying that, "Our people will not let this crime pass... You will pay the price for these crimes."<ref name=":2" />
[[File:One year anniversary of Mohammed Abu Khdeir's murder.jpg|thumbnail|Palestinian protester carrying a poster commemorating one year anniversary of Mohammed Abu Khdeir's murder, Ni'lin July 2015]]

===Israel===
*[[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]] [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] condemned the murder, said "I do not distinguish between terrorism and terrorism"<ref>{{cite news|title=Netanyahu unequivocally condemns murder of Arab teen Abu Khdeir|url=https://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Netanyahu-unequivocally-condemns-murder-of-Arab-teen-Abu-Khdeir-361681|access-date=22 December 2014|work=[[Jerusalem Post]]|date=6 July 2014}}</ref> and urged a swift inquiry into the "reprehensible murder" and called on people to respect the rule of law.<ref>{{cite news |author=Josef Federman |agency=Associated Press |date=3 July 2014 |title=Palestinians say Israeli extremists killed teen |newspaper=West Hawaii Today |url=http://westhawaiitoday.com/news/nation-world-news/palestinians-say-israeli-extremists-killed-teen#sthash.03s07JzF.dpuf |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> [[Nir Barkat]], [[Mayor of Jerusalem]], said the killing was "a horrible and barbaric act which I strongly condemn. This is not our way, and I am fully confident that our security forces will bring the perpetrators to justice. I call on everyone to exercise restraint."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://mondoweiss.net/2014/07/palestinian-jerusalem-suspected.html|title = Palestinian teen abducted from East Jerusalem and killed in suspected revenge attack|author = Kate|date = 2 July 2014 |publisher=Mondoweiss |access-date = 3 July 2014}}</ref>
*Members of the anti-Zionist Jewish religious group [[Neturei Karta]] expressed their condolences at the mourning tent to Abu-Khdairs family. A letter of condolence by Rabbi Meir Hirsh addressed to the family was given. It expressed their understanding and solidarity in grief pain and sorrow.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rabbi Meir Hirsh |publisher=Neturei Karta International |url=http://www.nkusa.org/activities/Demonstrations/20140707.cfm |title=Letter of Consolation |date=7 July 2014 |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref>
*[[Knesset]] parliamentarian, [[Ahmad Tibi]] (United Arab List), speaking at the boy's funeral, said, "We don't demand revenge – we demand freedom."<ref name =CohenHaaretz />

===International===
*{{Flagicon|Colombia}} The [[Government of Colombia]], through a released statement, condemned the murder of Muhammad Abu Khdeir that took place in the city of Jerusalem and made a call to hold those responsible against the law in the shortest time possible. Colombia also urged the involved parties to "avoid acts of violence and restore understatement".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.co/newsroom/publiques/2014-07-03/9520|title=Colombia condena el asesinato de joven palestino Muhammad Abu Khdeir, ocurrido en Jerusalén |language=es |publisher=cancilleria.gov.co |date=11 March 2014 |access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|United States}} [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[John Kerry]] issued a statement condemning the murder and calling Israel and the Palestinian Authority "to take all necessary steps to prevent acts of violence and bring their perpetrators to justice".<ref>{{cite news |date=2 July 2014 |title=Kerry Condemns Abduction and Murder of Muhammad Abu Khdeir |publisher=Palestinian News and Info Agency |url=http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=25711 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> Later, on 20 August, the United States expressed concern, through Deputy Spokeswoman [[Marie Harf]], that Israel was targeting the family. Another cousin, also an American citizen, of the Khdeir family had been arrested on 28 July and held in detention without Israel notifying the US consulate. Concern was also expressed over "the fact that members of the Khdeir family appeared to be singled out for arrest by the Israeli authorities".<ref name=target>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=722248 'US accuses Israel of targeting Abu Khdeir family,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822053136/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=722248 |date=22 August 2014 }} [[Ma'an News Agency]] 21 August 2014.</ref>
*{{Flagicon|European Union}} [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|EU Foreign Affairs chief]] [[Catherine Ashton]] issued a statement condemning the murder and expressing concern over the potential for more violence. Ashton urged Israelis and Palestinians to exercise "maximum restraint" in the wake of the deaths.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,l-4537394,00.html |title=EU 'extremely concerned' after Palestinian teen killing |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |publisher=[[YnetNews]] |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|United Nations}} [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]], said the attack was a "despicable act" and demanded the perpetrators be brought to justice.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/mohammed-abu-khudair-palestinian-teen-found-dead-in-jerusalem-1.2693745 |title = Mohammed Abu Khudair, Palestinian teen, found dead in Jerusalem |agency=Associated Press|date = 2 July 2014 |publisher=CBC News |access-date = 3 July 2014}}</ref>

===Other reactions===

====Mother of one murdered Israeli teen====
[[Rachel Fraenkel]], mother of 16-year-old Naftali, when she heard that a Palestinian teenager had been murdered in apparent revenge for her son, condemned it immediately. She broke into her own period of mourning to issue a statement: "There is no difference between blood and blood. Murder is murder. There is no justification and no atonement for murder."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jul/04/vengeance-third-intifada-killing-israeli-palestinian |title=This cycle of vengeance could spark a third intifada |author=Jonathan Freedland |author-link=Jonathan Freedland |date=4 July 2014 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref>

In another occasion, Ms. Fraenkel stated: "Even in the abyss of mourning for Gil-Ad, Eyal and Naftali, it is difficult for me to describe how distressed we are by the outrage committed in Jerusalem – the shedding of innocent blood in defiance of all morality, of the Torah, of the foundation of the lives of our boys and of all of us in this country. Only the murderers of our sons, along with those who sent them and those who helped them and incited them to murder – and not innocent people – will be brought to justice: by the army, the police, and the judiciary, not by vigilantes. No mother or father should ever have to go through what we are going through, and we share the pain of Mohammed's parents."<ref>{{cite news |title=Rachelle Fraenkel offers condolences to Abu Khdeir's family |date=7 July 2014 |publisher=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/rachelle-fraenkel-offers-condolences-to-abu-khdeirs-family |access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mother of murdered Israeli teenager calls for cycle of revenge to end |date=7 July 2014 |publisher=euronews |url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/07/07/mother-of-murdered-israeli-teenager-calls-for-cycle-of-revenge-to-end/ |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-date=9 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709075420/http://www.euronews.com/2014/07/07/mother-of-murdered-israeli-teenager-calls-for-cycle-of-revenge-to-end/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====La Familia====
Members of [[La Familia (Beitar supporters' group)|La Familia]] said "[w]e hope this is the first of many. These [suspects] represent us and what we think. We're quite proud of their actions. Arabs have killed us for long enough."<ref name="PRI">{{cite web | url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-07-07/israel-arrests-right-wing-soccer-fans-revenge-murder-palestinian-boy | title=Israel arrests right-wing soccer fans for the revenge murder of a Palestinian boy | publisher=Public Radio International: The World | date=7 July 2014 | access-date=14 November 2014 | author=Bell, Mathew}}</ref>

==Commemoration==
Shortly after Abu Khdeir's murder, a rock monument was constructed by several dozen residents of [[Beit Zayit]] and Jerusalem at the site where his charred body was found and a memorial was conducted. It was vandalized twice within a week, but Israelis from the [[HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed]] and [[Dror-Israel]] youth movements rebuilt it.<ref>Nir Hasson,[https://www.haaretz.com/news/national/.premium-1.604688 'Monument to murdered Palestinian teen vandalized for second time,'] [[Haaretz]] 12 July 2014.</ref>

Soon after the murder, the family raised a small monument on their fence,<ref name="Machsom" >Tamar Fleishman, [http://www.palestinechronicle.com/struggle-of-abi-khdeir-family-pulling-down-a-boys-photo/?print=pdf 'Struggle of Abu Khdeir's Family: Pulling Down a Boy's Photo,'] [[Machsom Watch]].</ref> together with a large sign with a picture of their son outside their home. Two months later, Jerusalem municipal officials asked them to dismantle the monument, which they refused to do.<ref name="Machsom" /> On 24 October, four months after his death, the police head of the [[Neve Shalom]] station informed the local [[mukhtar]], the family lawyer, and the boy's father, Housain Abu Khdeir, and told him to take the picture down immediately or to pay a fine of 3,000 NIS (~$600) for every day it remained in place.<ref name="Machsom" /> Jerusalem municipality officials stated they had delayed the notification, despite the fact that the sign violated a local law, because of the sensitivities of the case. Said Abu Khdeir, a relative, criticized the demand for being forthcoming while the suspected murderers still remained unpunished: it would not calm matters, he added, but only increase hostilities between Jews and Arabs. The family complied to avoid paying the fine.<ref name="mako.co.il"/><ref name="Ma'an22A"/>

Over the objections of the Almagor Terror Victims Association,<ref name="Ma'an22A" /> which stated the killing was a criminal act that did not "belong to the national narrative or ethos",<ref name="KershnerApril" /> Khdeir was recognized by Israel as a victim of terrorism,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/2014-07-17/ty-article/.premium/mohammed-abu-khdeir-recognizes-as-victim-hostile-action/0000017f-dc3b-db5a-a57f-dc7bc9360000|title=Defense Ministry Recognizes Mohammed Abu Khdeir as Victim of 'Hostile Action'|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref> a move which entitled the family to compensation,<ref name="KershnerApril" /> and his name was included in the [[Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial]] at [[Mount Herzl]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4649291,00.html|title=שמו של אבו חדיר הונצח בלוח הזיכרון, אך יוסר לבקשת משפחתו|first=אליאור|last=לוי|newspaper=Ynet |date=21 April 2015|via=www.ynet.co.il}}</ref> This was done without consulting the family, which learned of the recognition from media outlets, and they immediately requested it be removed. Abu Khdeir's father stated to [[Ynet]] that, while the initiative was meant to honour his son, he would rather be given permission to keep a large portrait of his boy hanging outside their home in Shuafat, an area Palestinian claim as part of their future state.<ref name="KershnerApril" >Isabel Kershner, [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/22/world/middleeast/israel-adds-name-of-palestinian-teenager-who-was-abducted-and-killed-to-memorial.html 'Israel to Remove Name of Slain Palestinian Teenager From Memorial,'] [[New York Times]] 21 April 2015</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4649373,00.html |title=Mohammed Abu Khdeir removed from terror victims' memorial after family's request |first=Elior |last=Levy |date=21 April 2015 |newspaper=[[Ynetnews]] |access-date=21 April 2015 }}</ref> The family gave a number of reasons for objecting to the use of their son's name: adding their son, a Palestinian, to a list of Jewish soldiers fallen since the creation of the state, struck them as a move to improve Israel's image. They also expressed exasperation at the slowness of court proceedings in the trial of those suspected of the murder of their son, 12 hearings had gone by to date, whereas in the family's view, the evidence was overwhelming and Palestinians accused of terror acts are, they claimed, subject to rapid trials.<ref name="Ma'an22A" />

==Media bias allegations==
Pro-Palestinian voices and media watchdogs alleged that there are differences in the way the Western media responded to Abu Khdeir's case and the one that immediately preceded it, that of the slain Israeli teens. More specifically, whereas the latter case was shown from the perspective of the shocked Israeli nation, of the aggrieved family and friends of the teens, the media take on Abu Khdeir's murder focused on the potential for further revenge attacks and the Israeli Jewish fear of instability after chaotic protests took place in Israeli Arab towns over Khdeir's murder.

The NYT's Jerusalem correspondent, [[Jodi Rudoren]], was criticized by, among others, [[Yousef Munayyer]] as being a 'stenographer' for Israeli police, after she cited Micky Rosenfeld's version about Tareq Khdeir's brutal beating without noting what Rosenfeld's remarks ignored, that the beating took place ''after'' the boy had been subdued.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/07/jodi-rudoren-new-york-times-_n_5564067.html|title=Jodi Rudoren, New York Times Jerusalem Bureau Chief, Defends Coverage of Beaten U.S. Teen|date=7 July 2014|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref>

==In culture==
In July 2019, the American television network [[HBO]] announced the launch of the series ''[[Our Boys (miniseries)|Our Boys]]'' based on the events of the summer of 2014 of the murder of Mohammed Abu Khdeir. The 10-episode series is a co-production with an Israeli [[Channel 12 (Israel)|Keshet]] channel and the first in HBO to be broadcast all in [[Arabic]] and [[Hebrew]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mako.co.il/tvbee-tv-news/Article-fc4ddfafa057b61026.htm|title=Hbo חושפת הצצה ראשונה לדרמת המתח|date=20 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/gallery/television/1.7412135|title = צפו: הצצה ראשונה לסדרה של Hbo המבוססת על רצח מוחמד אבו חדיר|newspaper = הארץ}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Silent Intifada]]
*[[Israeli settler violence]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Commons category}}
{{2014 Israel–Gaza conflict}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khdeir, Mohammed Abu}}
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Asia in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 Gaza War]]
[[Category:July 2014 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Deaths by beating]]
[[Category:2014 murders in Asia]]
[[Category:Anti-Palestinian sentiment in Israel]]
[[Category:Arson deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Formerly missing people]]
[[Category:Kidnapped Palestinian people]]
[[Category:Kidnapped children]]
[[Category:Kidnapping in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against boys]]
[[Category:Terrorism deaths in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Palestinian terrorism victims]]
[[Category:Child murder in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Jerusalem in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Israeli settler violence]]
[[Category:Palestinian children]]
[[Category:Jerusalem in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
[[Category:Arson in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Arson attacks on vehicles in Asia]]
[[Category:Children killed in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
[[Category:2014 in Jerusalem]]

Mohammed Ruhulla

2026-01-11T06:53:52Z

Shahidkumar: new - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
'''MD Ruhulla''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] representing [[YSR Congress Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Md.ruhulla(YSRCP):(ELECTED BY MLAS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/apmlc/candidate.php?candidate_id=636 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bandari |first=Pavan Kumar |title=Andhra Pradesh: YS Jagan gives B-Form for MLC candidate MD Ruhulla |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-ys-jagan-gives-b-form-for-mlc-candidate-md-ruhulla-732603 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MEMBERS INFORMATION - Legislative Council - Liferay DXP |url=https://aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/member-s-information |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=aplegislature.org}}</ref> His mother Mohd Kareemunnisa was also an MLC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-14 |title=Mohd Ruhullah Is YSRCP MLC Candidate |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/andhrapradesh/mohd-ruhullah-ysrcp-mlc-candidate-148119 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ruhulla, Mohammed}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]

{{AndhraPradesh-YSRCP-politician-stub}}

Torsa River

2026-01-07T13:24:50Z

Shahidkumar: fixed issues

{{for|other things named Torsa|Torsa (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Torsa River
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other = Machu, Amo Chhu
| name_etymology =

| image = Torsa in coochbehar.JPG
| image_size =
| image_caption = Torsa River near Cooch Behar
| map = BD Map Rivers of North Bengal2.jpg
| map_size = 250px
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size = 250px
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[China]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Bangladesh]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 = [[Phuntsholing]], [[Jaigaon]], [[Hasimara]], [[Cooch Behar]]

| length = {{convert|358|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 =
| source1_location =
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Brahmaputra River]]
| mouth_location =
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left = [[Kaljani River|Kaljani]]
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
The '''Torsa River''' (also spelt '''Torsha''' and also known as '''Kambu Maqu''', '''Machu''' and '''Amo Chhu''') rises from the [[Chumbi Valley]] in Tibet, China, where it is known as Machu. Its course continues into Bhutan, India, and Bangladesh before joining the [[Brahmaputra River]] into the [[Bay of Bengal]].

== Course ==
From Tibet, the Torsa flows into [[Bhutan]], where it is known as the Amo Chu. It has a length of {{convert|358|km|mi}} before entering India, of which {{convert|113|km|mi}} are in Tibet and {{convert|145|km|mi}} in Bhutan. After entering [[West Bengal]] in India, it is known as the Torsa. In Bangladesh too, it is known by the same name.<ref>Bandopadhyay, Dilip Kumar, ''Bharater Nadi'' (Rivers of India), 2002, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 78, Bharati Book Stall, 6B Ramanath Mazumdar Street, Kolkata.</ref> It is also known as Chumbi, Am-Chu, and Jaldhaka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Torsa_River|title=
Torsa River
|website=banglapedia.org|access-date=May 11, 2022}}</ref>

Afterwards, the river flows past the border towns of [[Phuntsholing]] (in Bhutan) and [[Jaigaon]], and [[Hasimara]] (in India) and past the tea estate of Dalsingpara and the [[Jaldapara National Park]]. Ghargharia River meets with Torsa in the [[Tufanganj subdivision]], near [[Deocharai, Cooch Behar|Deocharai]] and Balarampur. Torsa meets with Kaljani and then flows into Bangladesh by the name of Kaljani and meets with Brahmaputra in BD. A distributary known as the Buri Torsa meets [[Jaldhaka]].{{fact|date=May 2023}}

Ghargharia River meets with the Torsa in the Tufanganj subdivision, near Deocharai and the Balarampur Torsa meets with the Kaljani and then flows into Bangladesh by the name of the Kaljani and meets with the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] there.{{Clarify|date=February 2009}}

==Major towns and cities==
The major towns along the river's banks are:
* [[Phuntsholing]], in [[Bhutan]]
* [[Jaigaon]] in India
* [[Hasimara]] in India
* [[Cooch Behar]], in [[India]]
* [[Torsa Strict Nature Reserve]], upstream in [[Bhutan]]

==Hydro projects==
* Amo chu Hydro Power Project, By [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]] Limited{{fact|date=May 2023}}

==Floods==
The Torsha River, along with the [[Jaldhaka River]] and [[Teesta River]], has created major flooding multiple times in [[Bangladesh]] during the [[monsoon]] season between June and September.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/several-thousand-houses-inundated-kurigram-2162496|title=Several thousand houses inundated in Kurigram|work=The Daily Star |date=28 August 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Citation|last=Roy|first=Suprakash|title=Flood hazards in Jalpaiguri district and its management|date=2011|chapter-url=http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/1335|pages=44|chapter=Chapter 2. Section 2.1.3 The Torsa basin|publisher=University of North Bengal}}
{{Rivers in and around Bengal}}{{Hydrography of Bhutan}}
{{commons category|Torsa River}}

{{coord|26.279|89.580|display=title}}

[[Category:Rivers of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Rivers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rivers of Tibet]]
[[Category:Rivers of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:International rivers of Asia]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Brahmaputra River]]

Golden Temple Mail

2026-01-07T08:23:18Z

Shahidkumar: Improved structure and clarity

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 550000
| name = Golden Temple Mail
| logo = File:Golden Temple Mail board.jpg
| image = Golden temple mail at Jalandhar.jpg
| caption = Golden Temple Mail At [[Jalandhar City Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Express trains in India|Mail/Express]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], Delhi & [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1928|09|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Bandra Terminus}} (BDTS)
| stops = 35
| end = {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}} (ASR)
| distance = {{convert|1893|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 29hrs 00mnts
| frequency = Daily
| class = {{unbulleted list|AC 1st Class, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved}}
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]es
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12903 / 12904
| speed = {{convert|65|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = [[File:Golden Temple Mail Express (Amritsar - Mumbai) Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

'''The 12903 / 12904 Golden Temple SF Mail''' is a Daily Superfast Mail train operated by the [[Indian Railways]] that runs daily between {{stnlnk|Bandra Terminus }} (BDTS) in [[Maharashtra]] and {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}} (ASR) in [[Punjab]]. It is the fastest daily train from Mumbai to Amritsar. It is named after the [[Golden Temple]] at [[Amritsar]]. The train has operated with modern [[LHB coach]]es since 29 September 2020. Before the [[Partition of India]], it would ferry passengers arriving by Steamer from Europe directly from the [[Ballard Pier]] in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] to the city of [[Peshawar]] on India's [[North-West Frontier Province|North-West Frontier]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Shankar |first=S |title=Classic Trains of India- Frontier Mail |url=http://www.irfca.org/~shankie/famoustrains/famtrainfrontier.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020624173747/http://www.irfca.org/~shankie/famoustrains/famtrainfrontier.htm |archive-date=2002-06-24 |website=www.irfca.org}} </ref> The train ran as the Frontier Mail between 1928 and 1996.

It operates as train number 12903 from Bandra Terminus to Amritsar Junction and as train number 12904 in the reverse direction.

==History==
With the opening of the Indian Midland Railway's broad-gauge line between Itarsi and Tundla on 1 March 1889, the first through communication on the broad gauge between Bombay and Delhi was established. At the outset, 2 through carriages from Bombay were attached to the East Indian Railway's 1 Up Howrah–Kalka Mail at Tundla. From thereon, the train ran through to Kalka and Lahore with the name 5 Up Bombay mail. This pattern of operations continued until the early 1900s.

After the opening of the Agra–Delhi Chord railway in 1905, the Great Indian Peninsula Railway and the North Western State Railway started a new through service between Bombay and Lahore, going through Agra, Mathura, Delhi, Bathinda, Ferozepur, Kasur and Raiwind. The new service, christened The Punjab Mail, commenced operations from 15 March 1905, covering the distance of 2,560 kilometres (1,590 mi) in 50 hours.

From 1st April 1911, the [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]] (BB&CIR) started operating a through service between Bombay [[Colaba railway station|Colaba Terminus]] and [[Peshawar]], running through Surat, Baroda, Nagda, Ratlam, Kota, Mathura, Delhi, Saharanpur, Ambala, Amritsar and Lahore, known as the Northern Express, covering 2,487 kilometres (1,545 mi) in 48 hours. In response, the Great Indian Peninsular Railway extended the Punjab Mail to run through to Peshawar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ - Famous Trains of IR |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-seltrain.html#other |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref> However, owing to the lack of line capacity, both the Punjab Mail and the Northern Express ran together clubbed as a single train between Lahore and Peshawar via Narowal, Sialkot, Rawalpindi route until Lahore-Gujranwala-Rawalpindi line came up in 1920s.

In an effort to improve the quality of the train service, the BB&CI introduced the P&O Express (named after the [[P&O|Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company]]) from 27th October, 1927. This effort proved to be successful, and therefore, it was decided that the service be regularised. The erstwhile Northern Express (by now, called the Bombay Peshawar Mail), was sped, and it ran the same schedule as the P&O Express. It would operate with five coaches along with a luxury dining cum lounge car. The passengers of this train had access to luxurious retiring rooms at the stations on the route<ref name=":1" />

From 1st September 1928, the train began operating as the Frontier Mail. The then agent (now known as General Manager) of BB&CI Railway, Sir Ernest Jackson, believed that this train would compete well with the rival [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway|GIP Railway]]'s Punjab Limited. Indeed, the Frontier Mail with its shorter route, reduced travel time to just seventy-two hours. During the autumn months between September and December, the train would depart from the [[Ballard Pier Mole railway station|Ballard Pier Mole station]], on the [[Mumbai Port Trust Railway|Bombay Port Trust line]]. This was for the convenience of the British who arrived in India by the P&O steamer. For the rest of the year, while the train would ply from Colaba, a separate train would run from the mole station in order to enable steamer connectivity. Upon its arrival in Bombay, The BB&CIR Headquarter building outside the [[Churchgate railway station|Churchgate station]] would be floodlit to announce the train's safe arrival.

Between 1928 and 1930, a flurry of changes took place in the train services between Bombay and Delhi. As a result of these changes, the Punjab Mail's run was terminated at Lahore from 1 March 1930. However, a bogie composite I and II class through carriage to Peshawar was still run on the Punjab Mail, being attached to the North Western Railway's Northern Express train between Lahore and Peshawar. For these years, the Frontier Mail continued the same route as the former Northern Express, i.e. via Bathinda between Delhi and Lahore. However from 1st September 1930, it was rerouted to run via Ambala and Amritsar on the way to Lahore. Even in the present day, the train follows this route until its terminus at Amritsar.<ref name=":1" />

The train was popular for its punctuality. It was believed that one's Rolex could let them down, but the Frontier Mail couldn't. In fact, when in August 1929, the train arrived 15 minutes late, the driver was asked to reason out the cause for the delay.<ref name=":0" />

During the unrest following the partition of India, the Punjab Mail, along with a host of other trains running to Lahore and beyond, was terminated at Delhi for the period between 1947 to 1948. Shortly after the partition and nationalization of Railways, the service was extended to Dera Baba Nanak near Amritsar on the India–Pakistan border. The train still runs on this route to this day but uptill Amritsar only. The train was finally renamed as the Golden Temple Mail in 1996.

The Frontier Mail also finds a place in romanticised biographies of film actor [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] who is believed to have travelled to Bombay from his hometown of Peshawar by the Frontier Mail in 1928 to act in films. [[Hunterwali]], probably India's first action heroine, acted in the film ''[[Miss Frontier Mail]]''. The Frontier Mail was the first [[Air conditioning|air conditioned]] train in the [[Indian Peninsula]]. It received an air-conditioned compartment in 1934. Radio facility was provided for the first time on the Golden Temple Mail.

==Coaches==

The 12903/04 Golden Temple Mail has one [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC First Tier]], three [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]], six [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]], six [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper class]], two [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General unreserved coaches]], one General cum baggage coaches. It also has one Railway Mail service coach, one [[Dining car|Pantry]] car & one High Capacity Parcel Van.

==Service==

The Golden Temple Mail runs between Bandra Terminus and Amritsar Junction. It is a daily service covering the distance of 1891 km in 29 hours 00 minutes as 12903 Golden Temple Mail averaging 65.28 km/h and 29 hours 15 minutes as 12904 Golden Temple Mail averaging 64.72 km/h.

== 1955 Crash==
The train operating the service collided with another train in 1955, killing one and injuring 34.<ref>https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/55981/1/lsd_01_09_22-03-1955.pdf Page no. 50</ref>

==Traction==

It is now regularly hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] locomotive from end to end.

==Route & halts==

The train runs from Bandra Terminus via {{stnlnk|Borivali}}, {{stnlnk|Surat}}, {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ratlam Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Nagda Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kota Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Sawai Madhopur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Gangapur City}}, {{rws|Bharatpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Mathura Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}, {{stnlnk|Ghaziabad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Meerut City}}, {{stnlnk|Muzaffarnagar}},{{stnlnk|Saharanpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ludhiana Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Phagwara}}, {{stnlnk|Jalandhar City Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Beas Junction}} to Amritsar Junction. The train previously use to Originate from Mumbai Central Terminus.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Ballard-Pier-Mole.jpg|The Frontier Mail departing Ballard Pier Mole Station (c. 1930s)
File:Vadodra based WAP-7 leading Golden Temple Mail.jpg|Vadodra based WAP-7 locomotive for Golden Temple Mail.
File:LHB coaches of Golden Temple Mail.jpg|Sleeper Non-AC LHB coaches of Golden Temple Mail.
File:LHB AC 3 tier coach of Golden Temple Mail.jpg|AC 3 tier LHB coach of Golden Temple Mail.
File:LHB AC 2 tier coach of Golden Temple Mail.jpg|AC 2 tier LHB coach of Golden Temple Mail.
File:12903 Frontier Mail.jpg|12903 Golden Temple Mail Blue ICF coach HA1
File:12903 Golden Temple Mail.jpg|12903 Golden Temple Mail Blue ICF coaches
File:Golden Temple Mail - AC 3 tier coach.jpg|Golden Temple Mail – Blue ICF AC 3 tier coach
File:The Mail coach of Golden Temple Mail.jpg|Red ICF Mail coach of Golden Temple Mail
File:Golden temple mail at Jalandhar.jpg|Golden Temple Mail At Jalandhar City Junction
</gallery>

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110809032241/http://irfca.org/~shankie/famoustrains/famtrainfrontier.htm The History of this train at IRFCA]
* [https://www.scribd.com/document/68638319/The-Frontier-Mail A PDF document on the history of Frontier Mail]
* [https://railwaysofraj.blogspot.com/2009/09/memories-of-my-travel-by-train-as-child.html A description of journeys on the Frontier mail by Norma Probert, the daughter of Percival Middlecoat, senior locopilot of the train during its early years].
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/124446949@N06/51555089670/in/photostream/ A BB&CIR poster from 1929, advertising the train as the 'Fastest Daily Train Service of India']
* [https://www.irfca.org/gallery/Heritage/timetables/bbcirtt/ BB&CIR 1937 Timetable: contains time tables for the Frontier Mail]
* [https://expresstrainroute.com/trains/12904-golden-temple-mail Golden Temple Mail] Train Arrival, Departure times, and other general
* [https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/55981/1/lsd_01_09_22-03-1955.pdf] Information on the 1955 accident of Frontier mail (pg.50)
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/map/537/344/297 Golden Temple Mail Route Map]
* [https://archive.today/20130415020433/]

{{commons category|Golden Temple Mail}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Historical trains in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Golden Temple Mail}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Amritsar]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1928]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mail trains in India]]

Phalodi

2026-01-02T17:12:48Z

Shahidkumar: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Phalodi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| phalodi website =
| nickname = Salt City
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.131|N|72.364|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Phalodi district|Phalodi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipality (India)|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Phalodi Municipality<ref>{{cite web |title= Phalodi Municipality |url=https://lsg.rajasthan.gov.in/ulbphalodi/ |date=26 June 2024}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 225
| population_total = 66978
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnote =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Marwari, Hindi, Rajasthani
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 342301
| area_code = 02925
| registration_plate = RJ-43
| website = {{URL|https://lsg.rajasthan.gov.in/ulbphalodi/#/home/dptHome|Phalodi Municipality}}<br>{{URL| https://phalodi.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome|Phalodi District}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Phalodi''' is a city in [[Phalodi district]] in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. It is the headquarters for [[Phalodi district]]. Phalodi is also called the "salt city" due to the salt industry in Rin. Phalodi is in the [[buffer zone]] of [[Thar Desert]] and often subject to extreme temperature conditions due to its arid climate. The highest temperature in the history of Phalodi is 51°C, which is the highest ever verified temperature in the country.

== History ==
{{Unref|section|date=August 2024}}
Phalodi is a historic town located in the Phalodi district of Rajasthan, India. It serves as the District headquarters and is the largest town in the district. The town lies 142 kilometres (88 miles) from Jodhpur and is situated along the Jodhpur–Jaisalmer railway line. It is also well connected via road, with National Highway 15 (Pathankot–Kandla) and State Highway No. 2 (Jodhpur–Jaisalmer) passing through the town.
[[File:Haveli in Phalodi, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|left|200px |A ''[[Haveli]]'' in Phalodi, Rajasthan]]
===Etymology and Founding===
Phalodi was originally known as Phalvardhika. According to historical accounts, the town was founded in Vikram Samvat 1515 (1458 CE) by a Brahmin named Shri Siddhuji Kalla, with the divine blessing of Shri Maa Latiyal. The original name Phalvardhika was later changed to Phalodi at the request of Phala, the widowed daughter of Shri Siddhuji Kalla. She made a significant financial contribution for the construction of the town's fort, prompting the renaming in her honor.

===Early Historical and Religious Sites===
Phalodi is home to several important religious and historical sites. The Kalyan Raoji Temple, one of the oldest in the region, was constructed in 1230 CE, indicating the presence of a settlement even before the formal establishment of the town. Stone inscriptions in the temple mention a place named Vijay Nagar Patan, believed to be the earlier name for Phalodi.

Other ancient temples include the Latiyal Devi Temple and the Shantinath Temple, both of which are considered among the oldest in the town. In 2008, a major renovation of the Latiyal Mata Temple was undertaken, during which a silver throne (singhasan) was installed.

===Fort and Rule===
In 1488 CE, a fort was constructed in Phalodi by Hamir Singh, the grandson of Rao Suja of Marwar. Hamir Singh is credited with several developmental works in the town during his reign. Initially, Phalodi was part of the Bikaner State. In 1615, it came under the control of Rao Sur Singh of Jodhpur State, operating under the directive of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. From that point onward, it remained under the jurisdiction of Jodhpur.

===Jain Architecture===
Phalodi is also notable for its Jain heritage. The Parsnath Jain Temple, built in 1847 by the Oswal Jain community, is a prominent example of architectural ingenuity. Constructed entirely of stone without the use of girders or RCC, the temple features intricate work in old Belgian glass. Phalodi houses ten Jain temples and six Dadabadis, making it an important center for the Jain community.

===Modern Development===
The town's railway station was established in 1914, further enhancing its connectivity and trade. As per the 2001 Census of India, Phalodi had a population of 44,756. It is surrounded by the districts of Bikaner, Nagaur, and Jaisalmer. The nearby village of Khichan, located approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) from Phalodi, is famous for being a seasonal habitat for migratory Demoiselle Cranes, locally known as Kurjan.

===Economy and Demographics===
Phalodi is recognized for its diverse demographic composition. The rural areas are predominantly inhabited by Sindhi Muslims, while the Pushkarna Brahman community primarily resides in the urban region. The town is an industrial hub, particularly known for its salt and plaster of Paris production. Phalodi is among India’s leading suppliers of sodium salt.

== Climate ==
The climate of Phalodi has a generally hot [[desert climate]], but with a rainy season from late June to September ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BWh'').

Temperatures are extreme throughout the period from March to October, except when monsoonal rain produces thick clouds to lower it slightly. In the months of April, May and June, high temperatures routinely exceed 40 degrees Celsius. During the monsoon season, average temperatures decrease slightly. However, the city's generally low humidity rises and this adds to the normal discomfort from the heat.
The highest temperatures recorded in Phalodi were in 2016 from 18 May to 21 May when it rose up to 51 degrees Celsius, which is the current national record.<ref name=recordhigh>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-just-set-a-new-all-time-record-high-temperature-51-degrees-celsius-1408185|title=India Just Set A New All-Time Record High Temperature - 51 Degrees Celsius|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2016-05-20}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Phalodi (1991–2020, extremes 1940–present)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 33.6
| Feb record high C = 39.5
| Mar record high C = 43.2
| Apr record high C = 47.0
| May record high C = 51.0
| Jun record high C = 49.0
| Jul record high C = 47.5
| Aug record high C = 46.0
| Sep record high C = 45.0
| Oct record high C = 43.0
| Nov record high C = 39.6
| Dec record high C = 34.4
|year record high C = 51.0
| Jan high C = 24.1
| Feb high C = 28.1
| Mar high C = 34.1
| Apr high C = 39.3
| May high C = 42.7
| Jun high C = 41.9
| Jul high C = 38.9
| Aug high C = 37.1
| Sep high C = 38.0
| Oct high C = 37.1
| Nov high C = 32.0
| Dec high C = 26.7
| year high C = 34.9
| Jan low C = 6.4
| Feb low C = 10.0
| Mar low C = 15.9
| Apr low C = 21.2
| May low C = 25.2
| Jun low C = 26.7
| Jul low C = 26.0
| Aug low C = 25.0
| Sep low C = 23.8
| Oct low C = 19.6
| Nov low C = 13.0
| Dec low C = 8.1
| year low C = 18.3
| Jan record low C = -3.3
| Feb record low C = 0.0
| Mar record low C = 1.7
| Apr record low C = 11.4
| May record low C = 13.5
| Jun record low C = 15.5
| Jul record low C = 18.0
| Aug record low C = 18.8
| Sep record low C = 17.0
| Oct record low C = 8.9
| Nov record low C = 4.0
| Dec record low C = -2.5
|year record low C = -3.3
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 0.8
| Feb rain mm = 3.0
| Mar rain mm = 2.3
| Apr rain mm = 3.6
| May rain mm = 7.4
| Jun rain mm = 34.5
| Jul rain mm = 84.0
| Aug rain mm = 74.1
| Sep rain mm = 16.6
| Oct rain mm = 0.5
| Nov rain mm = 0.4
| Dec rain mm = 2.0
| year rain mm = 225.2
| Jan rain days = 0.1
| Feb rain days = 0.2
| Mar rain days = 0.1
| Apr rain days = 0.1
| May rain days = 0.6
| Jun rain days = 2.2
| Jul rain days = 3.1
| Aug rain days = 4.6
| Sep rain days = 2.1
| Oct rain days = 0.0
| Nov rain days = 0.0
| Dec rain days = 0.1
| year rain days = 13.2
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 39
| Feb humidity = 32
| Mar humidity = 27
| Apr humidity = 22
| May humidity = 23
| Jun humidity = 29
| Jul humidity = 42
| Aug humidity = 47
| Sep humidity = 37
| Oct humidity = 28
| Nov humidity = 30
| Dec humidity = 37
| year humidity = 33
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Phalodi Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 609–610
| access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M185
| access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref>
}}

== Transportation ==
Phalodi railway station lies on the [[broad gauge]] line of the Delhi–Jaisalmer line. Trains passing through Phalodi include:
:* Jaisalmer to Mumbai (Bandra Terminus)
:* Bikaner to Jaisalmer
:* Delhi to Jaisalmer
:* Jodhpur to Jaisalmer.

Phalodi is connected to Jodhpur ({{convert|abbr=on|135|km|mi|0|}} south), Bikaner ({{convert|abbr=on|156|km|mi|0}} north), Nagaur ({{convert|abbr=on|145|km|mi|0}} in east) and Jaisalmer ({{convert|abbr=on|165|km|mi|0}} in west). [[National Highway 15 (India)|National Highway 15]] skirts around Phalodi. Bus services have run continuously from Jodhpur and Bikaner, both three hours away. There are a number of cabs or taxis that ferry passengers from these places.

On last Dec 2013, Phalodi/Jaisalmer was directly connected with Mumbai with weekly train, train running from Bandra Terminus (Mumbai) on every Friday on 2:35pm afternoon and it reached Phalodi on 9:35am morning.

Phalodi's airport is 25 km from the city and is under Air Force and inaccessible to the general public. The nearest civilian airport being Jodhpur which is 130 km and Jaipur which is 300 km away from the city.

The city is very well connected via highways to other cities like Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Ramdevra, and others.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011|alt=As of the [[2011 census of India]]}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=96446|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Phalodi had a population of 49,766, of which 26,003 and 23,763 are males and females respectively. Phalodi has an average literacy rate of 61.81%, lower than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 69.63%, and female literacy is 53.25%. In Phalodi, 15.5% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== Betting Market (Satta Bazaar) ==
Phalodi is the nerve center of betting, especially election related betting in Rajasthan. The bookies in Phalodi are renowned for being accurate more often than not.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajasthan's Phalodi Satta bazar loses the bet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rajasthans-phalodi-satta-bazar-loses-the-bet/articleshow/110747411.cms |access-date=2025-04-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Election 2025: Phalodi Satta Bazar predicts sharp fall in AAP's tally |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/delhi-election-2025-phalodi-satta-bazar-predicts-sharp-fall-in-aap-s-tally-12907704.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119001451/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/delhi-election-2025-phalodi-satta-bazar-predicts-sharp-fall-in-aap-s-tally-12907704.html |archive-date=2025-01-19 |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Phalodi Solar Power Plant]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Phalodi district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Phalodi district]]

Vasant Shinde (archaeologist)

2025-12-31T08:00:48Z

Shahidkumar: info

{{For|Indian actor|Vasant Shinde (actor)}}{{short description|Indian archaeologist}}
[[File:Vasant Shinde - Kolkata 2024-05-18 4345.jpg|thumb|Vasant Shinde - Kolkata 2024-05-18]]
'''Vasant Shinde''' is an Indian archaeologist, who has done excavations at [[Rakhigarhi]] from 2011 to 2016.<ref group=web name="Dhiman_2016_The_Tribune"/> He was the first author on the long-awaited 2019 paper "An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers,"{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}} on DNA-research on a single skeleton from Rakhigarhi which shows that the people of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] had no steppe (Indo-Aryan) genetic ancestry, in line with the [[Indo-Aryan migrations|Indo-Aryan migration theory]].{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019|p=5}}<ref group=web name="Rajendran_2019_The_Wire"/><ref group=web name="Bal_2019_The_Caravan"/>{{sfnp|Joseph|2019}} The day after the publication Shinde publicly endorsed the [[Indigenous Aryanism|Out of India theory]], contradicting the conclusions of this paper.
<ref group=web name="Mishra_2019_Outlook_India"/><ref group=web name="Rajendran_2019_The_Wire"/><ref group=web name="Bal_2019_The_Caravan"/>

==Occupations==
* Adjunct Professor at the [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]], IIC Campus, Bangalore<ref group=web name="bhishmaiks.org">Bhishma School of Indian Knowledge System, [https://www.bhishmaiks.org/team/prof.-dr.-vasant-shinde Prof. Dr. Vasant Shinde]</ref>
* Director General, National Maritime Heritage Complex, Gandhinagar<ref group=web name="bhishmaiks.org"/>
* Director of the Rakhigarhi Research Project<ref group=web name="Nandy_2022_TNIE">Chandan Nandy (2011), [https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/may/28/culture-ministry-to-study-racial-purity-of-indians-2458899.html Culture ministry to study 'racial purity' of Indians], The New Indian Express</ref>
* Former Professor and Vice-Chancellor at the Deccan College, Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Deemed University, Pune<ref group=web name="bhishmaiks.org"/>

==Excavations==
In the 1980s-1990s Shinde conducted excavations at the [[Tapti River|Tapti basin]] in Maharashtra.{{sfnp|Blanton|2006|p=22}}{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Blanton|2006|p=22}}: "Special note must be made of the work of Vasant Shinde (1991, 1998)"}}

From 2011 to 2016 Shinde conducted excavations at the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] site of [[Rakhigarhi]].<ref group=web name="Dhiman_2016_The_Tribune">{{cite news | first=Kuldip | last=Dhiman | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/books/engulfed-in-the-labyrinths-of-time/260177.html | title=Engulfed in the labyrinths of time | newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | date=3 July 2016 | archive-date=14 August 2017 | access-date=5 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814143105/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/books/engulfed-in-the-labyrinths-of-time/260177.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> According to Shinde, Rakhigarhi was larger than [[Mohenjo-daro]],<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/><ref group=web name="Burke_2015_The_Guardian"/> and the IVC started in the [[Ghaggar-Hakra river|Ghaggar basin]], identified by him with the [[Sarasvati river]],{{sfnp|Danino|2010|p=147}} and from there extended to the [[Indus]] river.<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu">T.S. Subramanian (March 27, 2014), [https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/rakhigarhi-the-biggest-harappan-site/article5840414.ece Rakhigarhi, the biggest Harappan site. Bigger than Mohenjo-daro, claims expert]</ref>

==Rakhigarhi DNA==

===Research findings===
According to Avikunthak, Shinde was the first archaeologist who noticed the value of genetic research in the debate on the origins of Indo-Aryan culture in India.{{sfnp|Avikunthak|2022|p=50}} Initially working together with Seoul National University College of Medicine,{{sfnp|Norrie|2023|p=44}} Shinde was the main author on the long-awaited<ref group=web name="Burke_2015_The_Guardian">Jason Burke (30 Dec 2015), [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/30/rakhigarhi-indian-town-unlock-mystery-indus-civilisation Rakhigarhi: Indian town could unlock mystery of Indus civilisation]</ref> 2019 paper "An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers,"{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}}{{sfnp|Avikunthak|2022|p=50}} co-authored by [[David Reich (geneticist)|David Reich]], and wearing his "unmistakable stamp."{{sfnp|Avikunthak|2022|p=50}} The paper concluded that the IVC-people lacked ancestry from Anatolia and the steppes,{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019|p=1, 4, 6}} in line with the [[Indo-Aryan migrations|Indo-Aryan migration theory]], which argues that the Indo-Aryan Vedic people migrated into [[South Asia]] after the height of the Indus Valley Civilisation, in the period of ca. 1900-1500 BCE.{{sfnp|Narasimhan et al.|2019}}{{sfnp|Joseph|2019}}{{sfnp|Avikunthak|2022|p=50-51}}<ref group=web name="Bal_2019_The_Caravan"/>

Shinde et al. (2019) concluded that the genome of researched individual "fits as a mixture of people related to ancient Iranians (the largest component) and Southeast Asian hunter-gatherers." The Iranian component was unrelated to early Iranian farmers, "contradicting the hypothesis that the shared ancestry between early Iranians and South Asians reflects a large-scale spread of western Iranian farmers east," concluding that farming in India began "without being connected by movement of people."{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019|p=1}}

Shinde et al. (2019) states that the presence of Anatolian farmer-related ancestry in South Asians today "is consistent with [it] being entirely derived from Steppe pastoralists who carried it in mixed form and who spread into South Asia from 2000–1500 BCE ({{harvnb|Narasimhan et al.|2019}})."{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019|p=5}} The paper further states that "a natural route for [[Indo-European languages]] to have spread into South Asia is from Eastern Europe via Central Asia in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE, a chain of transmission that did occur as has been documented in detail with [[ancient DNA]]."{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}}

===Personal views===
A press note was released by Shinde in September 2019, preceding a press conference at 6 September 2019 on the findings.<ref group=web name="press_note_2019">[http://chapter.intach.org/pdf/press-note-prof-vasant-shinde.pdf Press note]</ref> The press note stated that the research
{{blockquote|completely sets aside the Aryan Migration/Invasion Theory [...] as hypothesized by [[Mortimer Wheeler|Sir Mortimer Wheeler]].}}

It also stated that the research
{{blockquote|establishes the fact that the Vedic culture was developed by the indigenous people of South Asia. Our premise that the Harappans were the Vedic people thus has received strong corroborative scientific evidence based on ancient DNA studies.}}

Several media outlets followed Shinde's primer, and presented the study as a rebuttal of the established [[Indo-Aryan migrations|Indo-Aryan migration theory]], confusing it with Mortimer Wheeler's outdated proposal, and ignoring the actual contents and conclusions of the study.<ref group=web name="Shahane_2019.scroll.in"/>

At the press conference held at September 6, 2019 to explain the findings, Vasant Shinde and Niraj Rai publicly endorsed the [[Indigenous Aryanism|Out of India theory]], rejecting the idea that the Vedic people had migrated into South Asia at the time of the decline of the Harappan civilisation.{{sfnp|Avikunthak|2022|p=51}}<ref group=web name="Mishra_2019_Outlook_India"/><ref group=web name="Rajendran_2019_The_Wire"/><ref group=web name="Bal_2019_The_Caravan"/> As Shinde stated, "the Vedic era that followed [the IVC] was a fully indigenous period with some external contact."<ref group=web name="Bal_2019_The_Caravan"/>

According to journalist Hartosh Singh Bal, "the claim that the Harappans were the
Vedic people "betrays the very research that underlies the two papers. To believe this, the authors would have to discredit their own papers."<ref group=web name="Bal_2019_The_Caravan"/>

During 2020 Shinde further propagated his interpretation of the archaeogenetic data, craniofacial reconstruction of skeletal remains, and material archaeological remains that "the Harappans moved westward - propagating the "Out of India theory"- a return to the Hindutva claim of the Vedic Aryan, now invoking aDNA data as arsenal."{{sfnp|Avikunthak|2022|p=51}}

==Project advise==
In 2022 Shinde advised Ministry of Culture Secretary Govind Mohan on a project to study the genetic history of India's population.<ref group=web name="Nandy_2022_TNIE"/><ref group=web name="Koshy_2022_The_Hindu/> Reported by The New Indian Times as a project ""trace the purity of races in India,"<ref group=web name="Nandy_2022_TNIE"/> the project drew criticism and condemnation.<ref group=web name="Rajendran_2022_Science_The_Wire">C.P. Rajendran (2 june 20062022), [https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/india-culture-ministry-vasant-shinde-racial-purity/ It's About Celebrating Our Genetic Diversity, Not 'Racial Purity']</ref> In response, the Ministry of Culture issued a statement "refuting the report and said that it has no intention of conducting studies of racial purity in the country."<ref group=web name="Rajendran_2022_Science_The_Wire"/> According to Shinde, his statement was "twisted and fabricated."<ref group=web name="Koshy_2022_The_Hindu>Jacob Koshy (June 10, 2022), [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/scientists-condemn-project-to-study-racial-purity-of-indian-population/article65514733.ece Scientists condemn project to study 'racial purity' of Indian population], The Hindu]</ref> In an open letter, "[over] a 100 leading biologists, historians, anthropologists and intellectuals" protested against the plan, warning that the term "race" is a social construct with unwarranted implications.<ref group=web name="Koshy_2022_The_Hindu/><ref group=web name="Scroll.India|2022">[https://scroll.in/latest/1025959/122-scientists-academics-condemn-project-to-reportedly-study-racial-purity-of-indian-population 122 scientists, academics criticise project to reportedly study 'racial purity' of Indians], scroll.in</ref><ref group=web name="The.Wire_20220611">[https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/culture-ministry-should-publicly-disavow-racial-stereotyping/ Letter to Ministry: Publicly Disavow Plans To Revive Racial Stereotyping in India], The Wire</ref>

==Works==
* Early Settlements in the Central Tapi Basin
* Chalcolithic South Asia: Aspects of Crafts and Technologies
* Cultural Heritage of South Asia and Beyond Recent Perspective
* Excavations at Gilund: The Artifacts and Other Studies
* 2017. Ancient Indian Knowledge System : Archaeological Perspective
* 2022. Bharatiya Knowledge Systems
* 2023: New Perspectives on the Harappan Culture in Light of Recent Excavations at Rakhigarhi: 2011–2017, Volume 1: Bioarchaeological Research on the Rakhigarhi Necropolis (editor, together with Dong Hoon Shin), Archaeopress Publishing Ltd.

==See also==
* [[Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum]]
* [[Indo-European migrations]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
;Printed sources
{{refbegin}}

* {{cite book | last =Avikunthak | first =Ashish | year =2022 | title =Bureaucratic Archaeology: State, Science, and Past in Postcolonial India | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}

* {{cite book | last =Blanton | first =Richard E. | year =2006 | title =Settlement, Subsistence, and Social Complexity: Essays Honoring the Legacy of Jeffrey R. Parsons | publisher =Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press}}

* {{cite book | last =Danino | first =Michel | year =2010 | title =The Lost River: On the Trail of the Sarasvati | publisher =Penguin Books India}}

* {{Cite news | last =Joseph | first =Tony | date =2019-09-13 | title =New reports clearly confirm 'Arya' migration into India | work =The Hindu | language =en-IN | issn =0971-751X | url =https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/theres-no-confusion-the-new-reports-clearly-confirm-arya-migration-into-india/article29409611.ece | access-date =2020-04-17}}

* {{Citation | last1 =Narasimhan | first1 =Vagheesh M. | last2 =Patterson | first2 = N.J. |last3=Moorjani|first3=Priya|last4=Rohland|first4=Nadin | year =2019 | title =The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia | journal =Science | volume =365 | issue =6457 | article-number =eaat7487 | url =https://scholar.harvard.edu/vagheesh/centralsouthasia| doi =10.1126/science.aat7487 | pmid =31488661 | pmc =6822619 | ref={{harvid|Narasimhan et al.|2019}}}}
* {{cite book | last =Norrie | first =Philip Anthony | year =2023 | title =An Alternative Medical Perspective on Ancient History: The Plague of Sumer | publisher =Cambridge Scholars Publishing}}

* {{Cite journal | last1 =Shinde | first1 =Vasant | date =2019-10-17| title =An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers | journal =Cell | language =en | volume =179 | issue =3 | pages =729–735.e10 | doi =10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.048 | issn =0092-8674 | pmc =6800651 | pmid =31495572 | last2 =Narasimhan | first2 =Vagheesh M. | last3 =Rohland | first3 =Nadin | last4 =Mallick | first4 =Swapan | last5 =Mah | first5 =Matthew | last6 =Lipson | first6 =Mark | last7 =Nakatsuka |first7 =Nathan | last8 =Adamski | first8 =Nicole | last9 =Broomandkhoshbacht | first9 =Nasreen | last10 =Ferry | first10 =Matthew |last11 =Lawson | first11 =Ann Marie | ref ={{harvid|Shinde et al.|2019}}}}
{{refend}}

;Web-sources
{{reflist|group=web|refs=


<ref group=web name="Bal_2019_The_Caravan">{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/commentary/what-media-reporting-ancient-dna-results-says-about-our-times|title=What media reporting on ancient DNA results says about our times|last=Bal|first=Hartosh Singh|website=The Caravan|language=en|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref>


<ref group=web name="Mishra_2019_Outlook_India">Siddhartha Mishra (2019), [https://www.outlookindia.com/national/india-news-the-press-conference-on-rakhigarhi-findings-throws-up-more-questions-than-answers-news-338052 ''The Press Conference On Rakhigarhi Findings Throws Up More Questions Than Answers''], Outlook India</ref>


<ref group=web name="Rajendran_2019_The_Wire">C.P. Rajendran (2019), [https://thewire.in/the-sciences/rakhigarhi-indus-valley-civilisation-aryan-steppe-migration-vasant-shinde ''Scientists Part of Studies Supporting Aryan Migration Endorse Party Line Instead''], The Wire, 13 september 2019</ref>


<ref group=web name="Shahane_2019.scroll.in">Girish Shahane (Sept 14, 2019), [https://scroll.in/article/937043/why-hindutva-supporters-love-to-hate-the-discredited-aryan-invasion-theory Why Hindutva supporters love to hate the discredited Aryan Invasion Theory], Scroll India</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [https://www.cuh.ac.in/admin/uploads/files/shinde.pdf Curriculum Vitae]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shinde, Vasant}}
[[Category:Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Indigenous Aryanists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mohammedan SC (futsal)

2025-12-20T20:18:11Z

Shahidkumar: adding

{{Short description|Indian futsal club}}
{{distinguish|text = the [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)]]}}
{{Other uses|Mohammedan SC (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2022}}
{{Expand section|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Mohammedan SC Futsal
| image = Official Mohammedan SC Logo.png
| image_size =
| fullname = Mohammedan Sporting Club Futsal
| short name = MSC
| nickname = The Black Panthers
| founded = {{start date and age|22 February 1891}} (''Mohammedan SC'') <br/> {{start date and age|2005}} (''Mohammedan SC Futsal'')
| ground = [[Netaji Indoor Stadium]]
| capacity = 12,000
| owner = {{ubl|Mohammedan Sporting Club Private Limited (50%)|Bunkerhill Private Limited (50%)}}
| chrtitle = President
| chairman = Gulam Ashraf
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager =
| league = IFA Futsal Championship <br/> [[Futsal Club Championship]]
| season =
| position =
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'''Mohammedan Sporting Club Futsal''' is a professional [[futsal]] club based in [[Kolkata]], [[India]]. It is the section of over a century old [[multi-sports club]] [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]].

Originally Mohammedan begun to play futsal in 2005 for an exhibition tournament organised by [[Indian Football Association|IFA (W.B.)]]. Later, the club's separated section was formally founded in 2021 and played in the [[Futsal Club Championship]], India's top tier futsal league.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Draw for Futsal Club Championship 2021–22 announced|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/draw-for-futsal-club-championship-2021-22-announced20211029130912/|access-date=6 November 2021|website=aninews.in|publisher=Asianet News International|language=en|date=29 October 2021|location=New Delhi|archive-date=6 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106200218/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/draw-for-futsal-club-championship-2021-22-announced20211029130912/}}</ref>

== History ==

=== 2005 ===
The IFA had organised Kolkata Futsal Championship in 2005 with 320 teams participating, to introduce the sport in [[West Bengal]]. Mohammedan SC decided to create a futsal club to participate in the tournament.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=www.KolkataFootball.Com|title=kolkatafootball.com{{!}}kolkata futsal league 2016{{!}}kolkata futsal league 2016 result{{!}}indian football live score|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/|access-date=2021-11-06|website=www.kolkatafootball.com|language=en|archive-date=13 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113172227/http://kolkatafootball.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> After the end of the tournament, the club was discontinued.

=== 2016 ===
The IFA organised another futsal tournament, Kolkata Futsal League in 2016, in order to further promote the sport in the state. Mohammedan SC decided reinstate the futsal club. The league was played among 8 clubs as a [[single-elimination tournament]]. Mohammedan got knocked-out from the tournament in its first match against [[Southern Samity]].<ref name=":1" /> The club was once again discontinued due to lack of competitions to participate in.

=== 2020–present ===
After the announcement of a national-level futsal league by [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]], Mohammedan SC came forward to re-establish its futsal club and participate in the tournament, with the goal of winning it and eventually participating in the [[AFC Futsal Club Championship]]. It was supposed to commence in 2020, but due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], the tournament was rescheduled for 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Futsal|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/futsal|access-date=2021-11-06|website=www.the-aiff.com|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216051057/https://www.the-aiff.com/futsal|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Futsal club championship to kick-off from 2020 season|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/futsal-club-championship-to-kick-off-from-2020-season|access-date=2021-11-06|website=www.the-aiff.com|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105193815/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/futsal-club-championship-to-kick-off-from-2020-season|url-status=live}}</ref> The club signed [[Joshuah Vaz]] and Mihir Sawant, to play along with being the head coach and the goalkeeping coach respectively. Mohammedan played its first official match on November 5 against Baroda FC at [[Indira Gandhi Arena|KD Jadhav Hall]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Futsal Club C'ship: Mohammedan SC defeats Baroda FC in inaugural match|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/futsal-club-cship-mohammedan-sc-defeats-baroda-fc-in-inaugural-match20211105201054/|access-date=2021-11-06|website=ANI News|language=en|archive-date=6 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106200220/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/futsal-club-cship-mohammedan-sc-defeats-baroda-fc-in-inaugural-match20211105201054/|url-status=live}}</ref> They won the match by 0–9, with Sandesh Malpote, Sachin Patil, Rui Carlo, Hilton Fernandes, Filbert Pereira and Joshuah Vaz scoring. Rui Carlo, aged 15, was the youngest player in the tournament.<ref name=":0" /> They became the first team to reach the league finals by defeating [[Bengaluru FC Futsal|Bengaluru FC]] in the semi-final,<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 November 2021|title=Mohammedan SC beat Bengaluru FC, qualify for Hero Futsal Club Championship Final|work=[[All India Football Federation]]|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/4-man-mohammedan-beat-bengaluru-fc-qualify-for-hero-futsal-club-championship-final|access-date=12 November 2021|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112172208/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/4-man-mohammedan-beat-bengaluru-fc-qualify-for-hero-futsal-club-championship-final|url-status=live}}</ref> but eventually Mohammedan lost the inaugural season final to [[Delhi FC]] by 2–7.<ref>{{Citation|title=Hero Futsal Club Championship Final - 2021-22 - MDSC vs DFC|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ox7WLHqkqU|language=en|access-date=2021-11-13|archive-date=13 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113170109/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ox7WLHqkqU|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Recent seasons ==
{{Updated|November 2023}}
{|class="wikitable"
|+
!rowspan="2" |Season
!colspan="6" |Group stage
!rowspan="2" |Playoff
|-
!{{Abbr|Pl|Matches played}}
!{{Abbr|W|Matches won}}
!{{Abbr|D|Matches drawn}}
!{{Abbr|L|Matches lost}}
!{{Abbr|GD|Goal difference}}
!{{Abbr|Pos|Position in the group}}
|-
|[[2021 Futsal Club Championship|2021]]
|style="text-align:center"|3
|style="text-align:center"|3
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|+14
|style="text-align:center"|'''1st''' of 4
|style="text-align:center; background:silver"|'''Runners-up'''
|-
|[[2022–23 Futsal Club Championship|2023]]
|style="text-align:center"|6
|style="text-align:center"|4
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|+13
|style="text-align:center"|'''2nd''' of 7
|style="text-align:center; background:silver"|'''Runners-up'''
|}

== Technical staff ==
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;"
!Position
!Name
|-
|Head coach
|
|-
|Team manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Belal Ahmed Khan
|-
|Fitness coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ravinder Singh Chauhan
|-
|Physio
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ankan Roychowdhury<br/>{{flagicon|IND}} Akhilesh KS
|}

==Honours==
===Domestic===
*'''[[Futsal Club Championship]]'''
**Runners-up (2): [[2021–22 Futsal Club Championship|2021–22]], [[2022–23 Futsal Club Championship|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theawayend.co/2023/02/20/minerva-academy-win-hero-futsal-club-championship-2023/|title=Scott stands tall to help Minerva Academy win Hero Futsal Club Championship 2023|date=20 February 2023|location=New Delhi|access-date=22 May 2023|website=theawayend.co|publisher=The Away End|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220033906/https://theawayend.co/2023/02/20/minerva-academy-win-hero-futsal-club-championship-2023/|archive-date=20 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/minerva-academy-win-futsal-club-championship-39823|title=Minerva Academy win Futsal Club Championship|date=20 February 2023|location=New Delhi|access-date=22 May 2023|website=thebridge.in|publisher=The Bridge Sports|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422160416/https://thebridge.in/football/minerva-academy-win-futsal-club-championship-39823|archive-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>
*'''IFA Futsal Championship'''
**Winners (1): 2022

==See also==
*[[Mohammedan SC Women (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC (Women's)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|url=https://www.sportstrumpet.com/goalkeeper-scott-moraes-stood-tall-as-minerva-academy-fc-won-the-hero-futsal-club-championship/|title=Goalkeeper Scott Moraes stood tall as Minerva Academy FC won the Hero Futsal Club Championship|date=20 February 2023|location=New Delhi|access-date=22 September 2023|website=sportstrumpet.com|publisher=Sports Trumpet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320020834/https://www.sportstrumpet.com/goalkeeper-scott-moraes-stood-tall-as-minerva-academy-fc-won-the-hero-futsal-club-championship/|archive-date=20 March 2023}}

==External links==
* {{Facebook|100022342196538}}


{{Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)}}
{{Futsal in India}}

[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)]]
[[Category:Futsal clubs in India]]
[[Category:Futsal clubs established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in India]]

Bramhapuri taluka

2025-12-13T07:51:07Z

Shahidkumar: made a entry...

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bramhapuri Taluka
| settlement_type = [[Taluka]]
| mapframe = yes
| map_caption = Location in [[Chandrapur district]] ([[Maharashtra|MH]]), [[India]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chandrapur district]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Bramhapuri]] Town
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| population_total = 1,66,165
| population_as_of =2011
| population_urban = 36,025
|population_rural = 1,30,140
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 814.75
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy rate]]
| demographics1_info1 = 70.02%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 986
| website =
| footnotes =
| coordinates = {{Coord|20.5187702|79.515548|display=inline}}
}}
'''Bramhapuri Taluka''', is a [[Taluka]] in Bramhapuri subdivision of [[Chandrapur district]] in [[Maharashtra]] State of [[India]].<ref>[https://www.censusindia2011.com/maharashtra/chandrapur/brahmapuri-population.html Bramhapuri Taluka Population, Caste, Religion Data – Chandrapur district, Maharashtra].</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://chanda.nic.in/en/subdivision-blocks/ |title=Subdivision & Taluka |access-date= 23 May 2024}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per Indian government census of 2011, the population was 1,66,165.
==Geographic Boundaries==
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Bramhapuri taluka
|North = [[Lakhandur taluka]], [[Bhandara district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Desaiganj (Wadsa) taluka]] and [[Armori taluka]], [[Gadchiroli district]]
|Southeast = [[Gadchiroli taluka]], [[Gadchiroli district]]
|South = [[Sindewahi taluka]] and [[Sawali taluka]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Nagbhid taluka]]
|Northwest = [[Pauni taluka]], [[Bhandara district]]
}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Chandrapur district]]

{{Chandrapur-geo-stub}}

Gustav Müller (serial killer)

2025-12-11T12:16:37Z

Shahidkumar: Starting

{{short description|German murderer and self-confessed serial killer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox serial killer
| name = Gustav Müller
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| alt =
| birth_name = Gustav Carl Friedrich Müller
| alias =
| birth_date = 1865
| birth_place = [[Germany]]
| death_date = Unknown
| death_place = [[Rotterdam]], [[South Holland]], [[Netherlands]]
| conviction =
| sentence = Acquitted by reason of insanity
| victims = 2–18+
| beginyear = 1890
| endyear = 1897
| country = [[Netherlands]], possibly others
| states = [[South Holland]]
| apprehended = 1897 (surrendered)
| imprisoned =
}}
'''Gustav Carl Friedrich Müller'''{{refn|group=n|First name also spelled 'Gustave'}} (born [[1865 in Germany]] – date of death unknown; in [[Rotterdam]], [[Netherlands]]) was a German [[bigamist]], murderer and self-confessed [[serial killer]]. When he surrendered himself to the police, Müller confessed to killing his wife and son, as well as his parents and other wives around the world.<ref name=confess>{{Cite web|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87078000/1897-10-09/ed-1/seq-3/#date1=1897&sort=date&rows=20&words=Gustave+Muller&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=10&state=&date2=1898&proxtext=Gustav+Muller&y=19&x=19&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1|title=A Murderer's Confession|work=The Evening Herald|date=October 8, 1897}}</ref> Only the murders of his wife and son were proven, but taking his insanity into consideration, Müller was acquitted by reason of insanity and sent off to a mental institution, where he presumably died.<ref name=acquit/>

==Early life and travels==
Not much is known about Müller's early life, aside from the fact that he was born in an unspecified location in Germany, with his father being a foreman at the [[Prussian state railways]]. In 1888, he married a woman in [[Berlin]], and they had one son.

Müller, a skilled artisan who worked as a watchmaker and gold miner, went bankrupt in January 1890, and quickly abandoned his wife. He travelled around the world, visiting many countries and supposedly marrying many women. Near the end of 1891, Müller was in [[India]], riding an elephant, when he suddenly fell off the animal. Due to his injuries, he was placed in hospital for some time for treatment of [[epileptic seizure]]s and an unspecified mental condition, from which, by his own admission, he never fully recovered.<ref name=slew>{{Cite web|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/2016270503/1897-11-09/ed-1/seq-6/#date1=1897&sort=date&rows=20&words=Gustav+Muller&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=12&state=&date2=1898&proxtext=Gustav+Muller&y=19&x=19&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2|title=Slew Fourteen Wives.|work=Waterbury Evening Democrat|date=November 9, 1897}}</ref>

===Hospitalization in England===
In March 1893, Müller boarded a ship from India towards [[England]], passing through [[France]] on the way. The penniless watchmaker landed at [[Dover]], and at the end of March, he found himself in [[London]]. A police constable named Ridgway found the man wandering around [[Southwark]] on 30 March and took Müller to the St. George's Workhouse on Mint Street.

There, Müller, speaking in German because he didn't know or understand English, explained to the doctor various fascinating tales, as well as professing that he butchered his parents, wife and several children. Most peculiarly, at times he even claimed that he had killed over 4,000 people, and that the police were hunting him down. His insane claims led the doctor to procure a certificate, with which Müller was sent away to the London County Lunatic Asylum in [[Banstead]], on 15 April 1893.<ref name=slew/> While in Banstead, his presence puzzled staff, as examinations proved that Müller was a healthy and mostly stable personality, not counting his [[suicidal thoughts]], with no sign of any epileptic fits at all. He was considered a well-behaved patient, doing any given task without hesitation, but his perseverance in not understanding English, which hampered any investigation into his past, led a medical student by the name of Dr. Shaw, a fluent speaker of German and French, to question Müller.<ref name=slew/>

While interviewed by Shaw, Müller explained his incident in India, and also took time to complain about the doctor from St. George's, who claimed that he had seen him talk to himself in a strange manner. Shaw noted that while Müller spoke clearly and intelligently, he was thorough and pretty genuine about having no friends in England; however, his claim that he was unmarried was not believed.

In May 1893, the secretary of the Prussian state railways sent a letter to Shaw, from Müller's family, in which they were eager to know if their loved one was suffering from an incurable disease.<ref name=slew/> The good doctor replied that he was not as Müller's mental health seemingly improved, so much so that on 22 June 1893, a committee of visitors approved his release as "fully recovered". Shortly following his discharge, Müller's whereabouts were unknown, but he soon resurfaced and set off to Germany as a [[pauper]]. He returned to Berlin and managed to convince his wife to take him back and restore the family to what it had been. Müller also expressed interest in returning to his old line of work and finally settling down in life.<ref name=slew/>

==Murder of Margaret Müller and son==
However, the happiness did not last long. Towards the end of 1895, Gustav sent his wife away to a circus one evening, using her absence to steal 1,600 [[Deutsche Mark]] that she had inherited. He then fled with Margaret Hanneman and her 1-year-old son, who was secretly Gustav's child, settling first in [[Amsterdam]] before moving to Rotterdam. In both places, the family lived off the stolen money, but Müller still managed to get employment as a well-respected watchmaker.<ref name=slew/>

In October 1897, while cleaning [[mussel]]s for the lunch meal, Müller suddenly heard a voice telling him to cut his wife's throat. Feeling compelled to do that, he slashed Margaret's throat, nearly decapitating her, before repeating the process with his son.<ref name=slew/> Realising what he had just done, he cut off both ears of the corpses, and quickly went to the police station.<ref name=confess/>

==Arrest, confession and acquittal==
Müller dashed into a police station, approached an on-duty officer, and exclaimed that he had just murdered his wife and child. When questioned on how he had done it, Gustav explained to the policeman, but thinking that he was either crazy or a drunkard, the officer laughed. Enraged, Müller pulled out the bloodied ears, and said that if they wanted to confirm his story, they should go to his house. He was arrested on the spot while the Police Department Chief Strang and two other policemen quickly travelled towards the confessed killer's house. Upon arrival, they found Mrs. Müller and the young boy's bodies, both nearly decapitated, and the room splattered with blood.<ref name=slew/>

Chief Strang then returned to the station and placed Müller under examination. Without hesitation, Gustav explained that he had murdered not just them, but also his parents, other wives and an uncertain number of children. After he finished confessing, he stood silent. From that point, he refused to eat anything as he viewed that as his only viable attempt at suicide.

The police considered his story as credible, suspecting that other murders were committed in the [[Orient]]. However, nothing could be confirmed with certainty, and his parents were found to be still living in Germany.<ref name=slew/> On December 2, 1897, the District Court of Rotterdam acquitted Müller of the double homicide by reason of insanity and sent him off to an unspecified asylum, where it is presumed he later died.<ref name=acquit>{{Cite web|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1897-12-02/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=1897&sort=date&rows=20&words=Gustave+Muller&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=15&state=&date2=1897&proxtext=Gustav+Muller&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2|title=Said He Killed 18 Persons.|work=[[The Sun (New York City)]]|date=December 2, 1897}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of serial killers by country]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist|group=n}}

===Sources===
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Müller, Gustav}}
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:Bigamists]]
[[Category:Familicides]]
[[Category:German emigrants to the Netherlands]]
[[Category:German watchmakers (people)]]
[[Category:People acquitted by reason of insanity]]
[[Category:People with epilepsy]]
[[Category:Suspected serial killers]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Expatriates in British India]]
[[Category:German people with disabilities]]

[[Category:Emigrants from the German Empire]]

Shruti Vora

2025-11-30T11:16:22Z

Shahidkumar:

{{short description|Indian equestrian (born 1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}

{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Shruti Vora
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1971|01|06}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| education = [[Master of Business Administration]]<br>[[Bachelor of Commerce]]
| alma_mater = [[EU Business School]]<br>[[Shri Shikshayatan College]]<br>[[Loreto House]]
| sport = [[Equestrianism|Equestrian]]
| event = [[Dressage]]
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[dressage]]}} [[File:Equestrian pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|Asian Championships}}
{{MedalSilver|2025 Pattaya|Individual}}
{{MedalSilver|2025 Pattaya|Individual freestyle}}
{{MedalSilver|2025 Pattaya|Team}}
}}

'''Shruti Vora''' (born 6 January 1971 in [[Kolkata]]) is an Indian [[List of equestrian sports|equestrienne]]. She is a triple silver-medalist at the Asian Championships. Vora has represented India at the [[2022 FEI World Championships]] and the [[2014 Asian Games]].

==Personal life==
Vora was born in [[Kolkata]] to Bimal and Nandini Nopany, a business [[Marwari people|Marwari]] family.<ref name="globalindian.com">{{Cite web |title=Kush, Zarina & Denightron make Shruti Vora gallop to glory|url=https://www.globalindian.com/story/global-indian-exclusive/vora-aura-kush-zarina-denightron-make-equestrienne-shruti-vora-gallop-to-glory/|access-date=2023-09-05|website=The Global Indian|language=en-US}}</ref> Vora's mother rode horses and imparted her love of horses to Vora as well. Her brother Chandra Sekhar too was riding horses till his Class 12. Vora completed her primary and secondary schooling at [[Loreto House]], received a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] from [[Shri Shikshayatan College]] in Kolkata and a [[Master of Business Administration]] from [[EU Business School]] in Geneva, Switzerland. She married Mitul Vora in 1997 and has two sons, Varun and Aryan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Horsemanship embodies consummate joy |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-horsemanship-embodies-consummate-joy-1913169 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> Vora took a 14-year break from riding after marriage; in 2009, she returned to competitive sport again.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Changing Face Of Horse Riding: Women In The Saddle |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/best-things-money-can-buy/the-changing-face-of-horse-riding-women-in-the-saddle/55725/1 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Vora took up riding at the age of three, later attending the Army Riding School in [[Ballygunge]] to learn basics under Kiran and Balbir Singh. Following a 14-year break from riding after her marriage, she relocated to Europe to train. In Europe, she trained under [[Jitendarjit Singh Ahluwalia]], before taking up [[dressage]], inspired by German equestrian and Olympic medalist [[Reiner Klimke]].<ref name=":0" /> She trained briefly under Klimke, going to Germany on the weekends while concurrently completing her MBA. She also briefly trained under another Olympic medalist, Anne Jensen-Van Olst, a [[Danes|Danish]] dressage rider, and under [[Patrick le Rolland|Patrick Le Rolland]],<ref name=":0" /> a French dressage rider who served as coach of the French National Team in 1981 and 1984.

She represented India at the [[2022 FEI World Championships]] (Equestrian Games) held at [[Herning]], [[Denmark]]. Vora and [[Anush Agarwalla]] were the first Indians to compete in an individual [[dressage]] event at the [[World Dressage Championships|Dressage World Championships]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anush Agarwalla on qualifying for FEI World Championship |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/a-chat-with-anush-agarwalla-the-first-indian-to-qualify-for-the-fei-world-championship-in-dressage/cid/1880806 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> where Vora scored 64.53% astride 16-year Indian-bred Denightron.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bryan |first=Polly |date=2022-08-06 |title=Indian riders make history in Herning – with an Indian-bred horse and another who loves raspberries |url=https://www.horseandhound.co.uk/features/world-dressage-championships-anush-agarwalla-shruti-vora-india-797465 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=Horse & Hound |language=en}}</ref> Vora qualified for the World Championship at Hagen in June 2022<ref name="globalindian.com">{{Cite web |title=Kush, Zarina & Denightron make Shruti Vora gallop to glory |url=https://www.globalindian.com/story/global-indian-exclusive/vora-aura-kush-zarina-denightron-make-equestrienne-shruti-vora-gallop-to-glory/ |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=The Global Indian |language=en-US}}</ref> and represented India (finishing 8th) at the [[2014 Asian Games]] at Incheon.

== Tournaments ==
* 1993: Junior Dressage 1st, Delhi; Puissance: 1st, National record of 1.55 m, Delhi;
* 1994: Dressage level M : 11th, Holland; Dressage level L: 15th, Holland;
* 1996: F.E.I. International Dressage in Nizhny Novgorod : 3rd Russia; Prix. St. George: 12th, Belgian National Championships; Prix. St. George : 19th, CDI, Rennes, France;

'''1996 to 2010: Break in the career'''

* 2010: Dressage Team Asian Games, Guangzhou, China; National Dressage: 2nd, Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No horsing around |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20141222-no-horsing-around-806298-2014-12-12 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=India Today |date=12 December 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2011: National Dressage: 1st, Delhi;
* 2012: F.E.I. World Dressage Challenge : Prix St George: 1st, Bangalore;
* 2013: National Equestrian Championships 2012: Prix St George: 1st Delhi;[https://www.efinf.org/Agm/54th%20AGM%20Minutes%202015%20(27%20Sep%202015).pdf]
* 2012, 2013, 2014: Multiple medals in National Equestrian Championships in the three Nationals.<sup>;</sup>;
* 2014: National Equestrian Championships 2013: Novice : 1st & 2nd Delhi;
* 2014: Incheon Asian Games 2014 : Individual Ranking 8TH in Asia;<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kush, Zarina & Denightron make Shruti Vora gallop to glory |url=https://www.globalindian.com/story/global-indian-exclusive/vora-aura-kush-zarina-denightron-make-equestrienne-shruti-vora-gallop-to-glory/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=The Global Indian |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shruti Vora (10069972) |url=https://www.fei.org/athlete/10069972 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=FEI.org |language=en}}</ref>
* 2018: 4 May: CDI Mariakalnok, Hungary, Intermediare 1 66.94%, Placed 4th Internationally;
* 2018: May: CDN Gestut Hallegg, Austria, Prix St. George;
* 2019: Austria, Grand Prix: 2nd position (First time an Indian stood on a podium in Europe)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shruti wins second position |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/shruti-vora-dressing-grand-prix-equestrian-1459489-2019-02-19 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=India Today |date=19 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2019: Austria Grand Prix, Germany Grand Prix, Hungary Grand Prix, Denmark Grand Prix;<ref name=":1" />
* 2021: Le Mans, France Grand Prix, Germany Grand Prix, Belgium Grand Prix;
* 2022: March 31–2 April: Opglabbeek,Belgium, Prix St George + Intermediare1;
* 2022: April 20: Hagen, Germany, Grand Prix;
* 2022: April 28–29: Troisdorf, Germany, Prix St George + Intermediare1
* 2022: May 19–20: Hagen, Germany, Grand Prix + Grand Prix Special;
* 2022: June 13: Hagen, Germany, Grand Prix;
* 2022: August 6: World Championships Herning, Denmark: 64.534%;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-07 |title=Vora, Agarwalla make history, first Indians to compete in individual dressage |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/vora-agarwalla-make-history-first-indians-to-compete-in-individual-dressage-101659815979983.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.fei.org/athlete/10069972 Shruti Vora]

[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female equestrians]]
[[Category:Indian dressage riders]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Marwari people]]

Suicide of Prakriti Lamsal

2025-11-17T01:25:18Z

Shahidkumar: stub...

{{multiple issues|
{{Notability|Event|date=March 2025}}
{{POV|date=March 2025}}
}}

{{short description|Suicide of a Nepali student in India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Suicide of Prakriti Lamsal
| date = {{start date|df=yes|2025|02|16}}
| location = [[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], India
| type = [[Suicide]]
| cause = Alleged harassment and institutional negligence.
| participants = Prakriti Lamsal
}}

On 16 February 2025, [[Nepal]]i B.Tech student Prakriti Lamsal was found dead in her hostel at KIIT Bhubaneswar, [[Odisha|Odisha, India]], in a suspected suicide.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-17 |title=B-Tech third-year student from Nepal found dead in KIIT hostel in Bhubaneswar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/b-tech-third-year-student-from-nepal-found-dead-in-kiit-hostel-in-bhubaneswar/articleshow/118328338.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Protests erupted as students alleged harassment and institutional negligence.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mq5lbmu-pZ0 |title=Nepali Student From KIIT University Death; Protesting Students Asked To Leave |date=2025-02-17 |last=The Indian Express |via=YouTube}}</ref> The university ordered all Nepali students to vacate, leaving many stranded.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepali student found dead at KIIT, all Nepali students ordered to vacate |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2025/02/17/nepali-student-found-dead-at-kiit-all-nepali-students-ordered-to-vacate |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> Police arrested a male student in connection with the case, while the [[Foreign relations of Nepal|Nepali]] Embassy intervened. Investigations are ongoing amid rising tensions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2025 |title=Nepal student found dead in Odisha's KIIT hostel, over 500 students 'forcibly evicted'; PM KP Sharma Oli reacts |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/nepal-student-found-dead-in-odishas-kiit-hostel-students-forcibly-evicted-pm-kp-sharma-oli-says-working-on-this-11739792195422.html |website=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-19 |title=KIIT suicide row: Who was Nepali student Prakriti Lamsal? Was she harassed by her ex? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/kiit-suicide-row-nepali-student-prakriti-lamsal-harassed-odisha-protests-13864703.html |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

==Background==
Prakriti Lamsal was a student from [[Siddharthanagar]], [[Bhairahawa]], in the [[Rupandehi District]] of [[Nepal]]. She was pursuing her higher studies at the [[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology]] (KIIT) in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-20 |title=Prakriti Lamsal's death triggers protests — India-Nepal tensions rise |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/prakriti-lamsals-death-triggers-protests-india-nepal-tensions-rise-glbg-2683147-2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> She was found dead in her hostel room on 16 February 2025 in what appeared to be a [[suicide]].<ref>{{cite news |date=17 February 2025 |title=Nepali student found dead in KIIT hostel; Blackmail allegations stir campus unrest |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/kiit-btech-student-nepal-suicide-blackmail-allegations-campus-unrest-police-investigation-1.10350697 |accessdate=23 February 2025 |publisher=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>

==Incident==
Lamsal was found dead in her hostel room at the [[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology]] on 16 February 2025. Her body was discovered by her roommate, who became concerned after not hearing from her for a while. The roommate went to check on her and found Lamsal unresponsive. The incident was immediately reported to university authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-18 |title=21-year-old from Lucknow held after batchmate's suicide at Odisha university, FIR says he was 'blackmailing' her |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/batchmate-held-kiit-university-odisha-nepal-student-suicide-9841359/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Lamsal had last communicated with her family earlier that day, mentioning that she was heading to a campus event. Her father reported that she had called her mother at around 2:51 PM, sounding normal and mentioning her plans. However, later that afternoon, the family was informed by university authorities between 5 PM and 5:30 PM about her death.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-18 |title=Nepal student death: Father alleges harassment, emotional blackmail; college responds - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/nepal-student-death-father-alleges-harassment-emotional-blackmail-college-responds-19560745.htm |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

Details surrounding the exact method of her death have not been publicly disclosed, but the incident was classified as a suicide following the [[autopsy]] report. On February 18, 2025, police handed over the body of Prakriti Lamsal to her family following an autopsy. <ref>{{cite news
|title=KIIT row: Police hand over Nepali student's body to family after autopsy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kiit-row-police-hand-over-nepali-students-body-to-family-after-autopsy-probe-panel-formed-by-odisha-govt/article69234465.ece
|website=The Hindu
|date=February 18, 2025
|access-date=February 23, 2025
}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
KIIT initially issued suspension notices to over 1100 Nepali students, instructing them to vacate their campus housing. This decision led to widespread protests from the Nepali student community, who raised concerns about harassment and the handling of complaints. The university later retracted the suspension notices, allowing the students to return.

During the protests, some students reported instances of verbal abuse by university staff. In one incident, a staff member reportedly made a remark comparing the university's budget to Nepal's, which was perceived as insensitive. The staff member later apologized, stating that the comment was made "on the spur of the moment." Odisha Police arrested five university staffers for actions related to efforts to remove Nepali students from campus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-18 |title=5 Odisha university staffers arrested after protests over Nepal student suicide |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nepal-student-suicide-bhubaneswar-kiit-university-protest-odisha-arrested-2681920-2025-02-18 |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The Odisha Higher Education Department summoned KIIT founder [[Achyuta Samanta]] for discussions regarding the events surrounding Prakriti's death and the university's response. Authorities also planned forensic tests to further investigate the case. The [[India–Nepal relations|Nepali Embassy in India]] intervened to ensure a thorough investigation into Prakriti's death and address the concerns of Nepali students studying in India.

On 10 April 2025, Odisha High Court issued an interim stay on proceedings initiated by India's NHRC(National Human Rights Commission).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Jyoti Prakash |date=2025-04-10 |title=Orissa High Court Stays NHRC's Proceedings Against KIIT University In Nepali Student's Death Case |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/orissa-high-court/orissa-high-court-stays-nhrc-proceedings-nepali-kiit-student-death-case-289032 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lamasal, Prakriti}}
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:2025 suicides]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:Female suicides]]
[[Category:India–Nepal relations]]
[[Category:Suicides in India]]
[[Category:Suicides by hanging in India]]

Uttarayan (2004 film)

2025-10-20T20:27:47Z

Shahidkumar: done...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uttarayan
| image = Uttarayan poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Bipin Nadkarni
| producer = Bipin Nadkarni <br> Sanjay Shetty
| writer = [[Jaywant Dalvi]]
| screenplay = Bipin Nadkarni
| starring = [[Shivaji Satam]]<br>[[Neena Kulkarni]]<br>[[Gauri Nigudkar]]<br>[[Sharad Kelkar]]<br>[[Uttara Baokar]]<br>[[Viju Khote]]
| music = [[Amartya Bobo Rahut]]
| cinematography = Mahesh Limaye
| editing = Vishal Kharat
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2004|||df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Uttarayan''''' is a [[Marathi film|Marathi]] film directed by Bipin Nadkarni in his [[directorial debut]], starring [[Shivaji Satam]] and [[Neena Kulkarni]] in lead roles. It has won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm52NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=52NFA.pdf |title=52nd National Film Award |access-date=13 Nov 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928072807/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm52NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=52NFA.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The plot of the film is based on the Marathi play "Durgi" written by [[Jaywant Dalvi]].

==Plot==
Raghuvir Rajadhyaksha (Raghu) moves to Mumbai after his retirement to live with his son Sanjay, who is now getting married and has future plans of going to USA. Raghu, a widower for the past 14 years meets Kusumawati, his teenage crush. Kusumawati is now known as Durgi, as she was named that after her marriage with a rich [[barrister]] from Pune. Durgi's marriage fails as she is abused & harassed. Her father dies of a heart attack and her brother sells off all the property and leaves with his wife to live separately. Durgi is thus left alone to aid her ailing old mother. Raghu, being all alone and finding Durgi also to be same, falls in love with her again and decides to get married. But he has to face opposition from his son and his wife's sister.

==Cast==
* [[Shivaji Satham]] as Raghuvir Rajadhyaksha / Raghu
* [[Neena Kulkarni]] as Kusumawati / Durgi
* [[Uttara Baokar]] as Mai (Kusumawati's mother)
* [[Viju Khote]] as Babu Borkar
* Akshay Pendse as Sanjay (Raghu's son)
* [[Sharad Kelkar]] as Young Raghu
* [[Gauri Nigudkar]] as Young Kusumawati
* Suhita Thatte as (Raghu's wife's sister)
* Priya Khopkar as Sanjay's wife

==Music==
The songs of the film are written by Kaustubh Savarkar and the music is composed by [[Amartya Bobo Rahut]].
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics_credit = no
| title1 = Dhund Hote Shabda Saare |extra1= Ravindra Bijur |lyrics1= |length1= 03:33
| title2 = Raan He Uthle Uthle |extra2= Ravindra Sathe |lyrics2= |length2= 02:46
}}

==Awards==

===[[National Film Awards]]===
* '''Won''': [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi]]

===[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]===
*'''Won''':[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Film]]

===Alpha Gaurav Awards===
* The film won 12 nominations and received 7 awards.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=0832466|title=Uttarayan}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Marathi}}


[[Category:Best Marathi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:2000s Marathi-language films]]

Karnataka State Commission for Women

2025-10-10T19:36:40Z

Shahidkumar: Starting

{{Short description|Statutory body for women's rights, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Karnataka State Commission for Women
| nativename = Karnāṭaka Rājya Mahiḷā Āyōga
| nativename_r =
| type =State Commission
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| formed ={{start date and years ago|1997|df=y|p=y}}
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction =Karnataka
| headquarters = Karnataka State commission for Women, Karnataka State Women's Commission 1st Floor, Karnataka Home Board Building, Kaveri Bhavan, Bangalore - 560009.<ref name="kw ref1">{{cite web |title=Karnataka State Commission For Women |url=http://www.kscw.kar.nic.in/ |website=Karnataka State Commission For Women |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005221509/http://www.kscw.kar.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="kw ref2">{{cite web |title=Karnataka State Commission For Women |url=http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Karnataka |website=Karnataka State Commission For Women |access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref>
| employees =
| budget =
| minister_type = State Minister
| minister1_name =Lakshmi Hebbalkar
| minister1_pfo =Minister of Women & Child Development
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Dr.Nagalakshmi Chowdhary
| chief1_position = Chairperson
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = [http://www.kscw.kar.nic.in/ Official Website]
{{Official website|http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Karnataka}}
| footnotes =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =[[National Commission for Women]]
| native_name_a =
| region_code =
| coordinates =
| keydocument1 =
| keydocument2 =
| keydocument3 =
| parent_agency =Women & Child Development of Karnataka
| parent_agency_type =Ministry
}}

'''Karnataka State Commission for Women''' is a [[statutory]] body constituted in India in 1997 to deal with the issues relating to [[Violence against women|crime against women]] in the state of [[Karnataka]]. The commission for welfare of women in the state was set up by [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka Government]] as a [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial]] body.

== History and objectives ==

Karnataka State Commission for Women was formed to investigate specific problems relating to women and apart from studying women related issues from the state.<ref name="scw ref1">{{cite news |last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Swarna |title=Why National and State Women’s Commissions are important and should be held accountable |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-national-and-state-women-s-commissions-are-important-and-should-be-held-accountable-2217939 |access-date=9 January 2022 |publisher=dnaindia.com |date=30 May 2016}}</ref> The commission is equipped with powers to safeguard rights of women and ensure their protection and equality against any form of harassment and issues faced in the family and community.

The commission was created with the following objectives:

* Ensuring protection and welfare of women.
* Handle gender-based issues through timely intervention in case of any violation of relevant laws or opportunity denial or depriving the women of any rights.
* Recommending to state government on women-based issues.
* The commission occasionally takes steps to create awareness in public regarding the women-based legislation in the state.

Karnataka State Commission for Women planned to design an App and [[WhatsApp]] Forum for lodging online complaints by any woman in the state if they are in distress.<ref name="kw ref5">{{cite news |last1=mavad |first1=asra |title=App coming up for women in distress |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-on-the-move/app-coming-up-for-women-in-distress-962829.html |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=deccan hearald |date=16 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="kw ref7">{{cite news |title=An app will help women in distress to reach out |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/an-app-will-help-women-in-distress-to-reach-out/articleshow/81421718.cms |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com |date=10 March 2021}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Karnataka State Commission for Women was formed with a chairperson and other members. The social welfare department of the state makes modalities for appointing the Chairman of the State Commission for Women. Their salary and other emoluments are fixed by state government and revised from time to time.

Dr. Nagalakshmi Chowdhary is the Chairperson of the Karnataka State Commission for Women.<ref name="kw ref6">{{cite news |title=Centre’s move to raise legal age of marriage for women welcomed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/centres-move-to-raise-legal-age-of-marriage-for-women-welcomed/article37979168.ece |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=thehindu.com |date=17 December 2021}}</ref> She along with other members will hold office for a period of 3 years.

== Activities ==

Karnataka State Commission for Women was formed to perform below activities:

* Commission should ensure that it adheres to the provision and protection guaranteed for women under [[Constitution of India]] and women related legislations.<ref name="kw ref4">{{cite news |title=Karnataka State Commission for Women |url=http://bareactslive.com/KAR/kar224.htm |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=bareactslive.com |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113053740/http://bareactslive.com/KAR/kar224.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In case any agency in the state fails to implement protective measures against women, getting the same to the notice of Government.
* Making recommendations for the amendments in any law if it fails on provision of justice to the women of the state.
* Taking up with concerned authorities any issue of violation of women's rights and recommending follow-up action to them.<ref name="kw ref3">{{cite news |title=Women’s Commission seeks report on Mysuru gang rape |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/womens-commission-seeks-report-on-gang-rape-case/article36123946.ece |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=thehindu.com |date=26 August 2021}}</ref>
* Women who have complaints of violation of their rights and non-implementation of their protective measures guaranteed under the Constitution of India can directly approach Women Commission for redressal.
* Counselling and assisting women who are victims of atrocities and discrimination in the state.<ref name="kw ref8">{{cite news |title=State Women’s Commission Chairperson Receives Complaints In City |url=https://starofmysore.com/state-womens-commission-chairperson-receives-complaints-in-city/ |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=starofmysore.com |date=7 December 2020}}</ref>
* Financing litigation expenses for any issues involving mass group of women and occasionally make reports to the state government relating to them.
* Inspecting any premises, jail or other remand home where women prisoners are lodged or any other case and bringing them to the notice of respective authorities, in case of need.
* Enquire, study and investigate any specific women-based issues.
* Initiate educational research or undertaking any promotional method and recommend ways for ensuring women representation in all areas and identifying reasons depriving them of their rights.
* To enquire suo-moto or any complaints of any issue which deprives women of their rights or women protection laws not being implemented or noncompliance of any policies relating to them or failure of following instructions relating to women welfare and relief associated with them.

== See also ==

[[National Commission for Women]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://jscw.in/ Official Website]
*{{Official website|http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Jharkhand}}

[[Category:State agencies of India]]
[[Category:Commissions in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]

Surat zari

2025-10-03T19:22:22Z

Shahidkumar: done...

{{short description|Textile made from yarns of silk and cotton mixed with gold, silver or copper}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Surat zari
| image = Sari from India (probably Benares), late 19th or early 20th century, silk with metallic thread, HAA.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Sari made with zari
| alternative names =
| description = Textile signature art tradition of Surat district
| type = Textile art
| area = [[Surat City]]
| country = India
| registered = 2010
| material = Gold and silver threads on silk cloth
| official website =
}}

The '''Surat [[zari]]''' or '''Surat jari''' is a textile product of [[Surat district]] in [[Gujarat]], India made from yarns of silk and cotton mixed with gold, silver or copper.<ref name=Number>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_35.pdf|title=Geographical Indications Journal No. 35|work= Surat Zari Craft Surat Zari Craft|date=4 June 2010|accessdate=5 March 2016|publisher=Government of India Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks|pages=22–29}}</ref> The zari threads are used to make intricate designs by weaving into generally silk fabrics.<ref name=Update>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/surat-s-rich-zari-craft-gets-geographical-indication-status/story-oNy43ApEJ0ymYa767PHX0M.html|title=Surat's rich Zari craft gets Geographical Indication status|date=22 November 2012|accessdate=5 March 2016|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Its use is extensive in textile industries and handicrafts. Surat zari is either woven on cloth or hand embroidered to form fabric borders or used as part on the body of the cloth.<ref name=Number/> Zari is used in fabrics made in [[Varanasi]] and a few other places in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. [[Banarasi sari]]s made in Varanasi and [[Kanjivaram Sari]]s of [[South India]] use Surat zari extensively.<ref name=Update/>

The zari made in Surat are of two types - metallic zari made with gold and pure metals, and imitation zari woven with plastics.<ref name=Number/>

==Location==
The zari making centers are located in Surat district in Southern Gujarat, within the geographical limits of {{coord|20|47|00|N|72|21|00|E}} and {{coord|21|34|00|N|74|20|00|E}}. This district is delimited on the north by the [[Bharuch district]], on the south by the [[Navsari district]], on the east by the [[Tapi district]] of [[Gujarat]] and on the west by the [[Arabian Sea]]. However, 95% of the zari manufacturing units are located within the Surat city.<ref name=Number/> Within the Surat city, the suburbs where craftsmen are involved with the production of zari are Gopipura, Mahidharpura, Navapura, Sagrampura, Saiyedpura, Rampura, Udhana, and Wadifalia.<ref name= Thomas/>

==History==
The origin of making zari in not exactly known. However, some of ancient Hindu literature such as [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], and [[Rigveda]] do mention about it. In ancient history of the third century BC related to [[Megasthenes]], there is mention of a fabric made in gold. During [[Mughal rule]] the fabric became popular in Surat, with the city being named as "Zari City". During the [[Mughal period]], zari brocades were popular among the pilgrims who stayed in Surat on their way to [[Mecca]]. Gold and silver threads and related products were exported from Surat to several countries. In the period of [[British rule]] zari manufacturing was promoted but was only second in ranking to France which produced it using textile machinery. However, domination of France industry reduced during [[World War I]] to the advantage of Surat's zari industry.<ref name=Number/>

The zari made before 19th century used pure metals such as gold, silver, etc., which was called "true zari" locally called ''pasa''. The process involved covering silver with a coating of gold and then drawing fine wires of different gauges, termed locally as “badla”, which was then hand woven over the base yarn of pure silk, called "asara", to make the zari. In Surat workers in these trades were often with the surnames of Jariwala and Asarawala.<ref>Pocket Dictionary of Dry-goods, Etc
By George W. Bible, Daniel P.. Bible 1896</ref> There were no innovations to this method in the 19th century. In the twentieth century modernization came into vogue with introduction of textile machinery to draw silver and use of Rubby dyes invented in India. However, subsequent to the [[Second World War]] imitation zari was also manufactured, in addition to real zari. The imitation zari was made with plastic as base metal in 1970.<ref name=Number/>

According to a survey, Surat has about 500 manufacturing units, in addition to 3,000 small household units involved in manufacture of three types of zari - the real Zari, imitation Zari and plastic Zari.<ref name=Update/>

==Product details==
Zari industry produces both pure or real zari and imitation zari in several units. The process involves procurement of raw materials and different types of processing for the real zari and imitation zari. The materials procured are bars of copper, gold, silver, pure silk, art
silk, polyester, viscous and cotton threads of different counts, and chemicals such as [[potassium cyanide]], [[oxitol]], [[cyclohexanone]], and different types of colours. Real zari manufacture is a six-stage process. This process produces flat silver-wires known as "Badla", which is then woven over threads of art-silk or cotton or on other types of yarn as the base with the help of a winding machine which results in zari thread called the silver coloured “Ruperi Zari Thread”. This is then taken through a solution of gold in an electroplating plant to produce “Gold thread,” which is then marketed.<ref name=Number/>

In the case of imitation zari the production process is of six stages but the metal used in copper wire of specified thickness. The product at the sixth stage is gilded imitation zari thread which is "wound on reel or on hand charkha for making small skeins of 5gms to 10gms". Locally made wire drawing machines are adopted for drawing wires, and then subject to a wire electroplating process in silver solution and then "Tania units of specified gauge are used to pull "through various ruby dies." The wire thus drawn is made flat and weaved through the art silk or cotton yarn to produce "Imitation or Half-fine zari threads".<ref name=Number/>

Surat zari is considered unique in the world due to the geo-climatic conditions of the region, the silver electroplating process, materials used, type of indigenous machinery adopted and the skill of the artisans."<ref name=Number/>

==Geographical Indication==
Surat zari is protected under the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration & Protection) Act (GI Act) 1999 of the Government of India. It was registered by the Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks under the title "Surat Zari Craft" and recorded at GI Application number 131 under Class 31 as a horticulture item.<ref name=Number/> The GI tag was approved in 2010.<ref name= Thomas>{{Cite news|last= Thomas|first=Melvyn Reggie |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Surti-zari-set-for-global-presence/articleshow/20373065.cms|title=Surti zari set for global presence|date= 31 May 2013|accessdate=5 March 2016|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref> According to the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] (FICCI) the [[Geographical Indications in India|GI status]] is stated to benefit 150,000 stakeholders involved with Surat's Zari craft.<ref name=Update/>

==Quality control==
The agenizes involved in quality control are the Department of Handicrafts, Government of Gujarat, and the Development Commissioner (Handicraft), Government of India.<ref name=Number/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Textile arts of India]]
[[Category:Surat district]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Textile industry in Gujarat]]

2022 CFL Premier Division

2025-09-22T03:58:18Z

Shahidkumar: new

{{Short description|124th edition of Calcutta Premier Division}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = CFL Premier Division
| season = 2022
| winners = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewall.in/news/mohammedan-sc-win-kolkata-league-2022-title/|title=কলকাতা লিগ জয় মহামেডানের, টানা দু'বার খেতাব এল সাদা-কালো তাঁবুতে|date=30 October 2022|access-date=31 October 2022|trans-title=Mohammedan's Calcutta League win, the title came twice in a row in the black and white tent|website=thewall.in|publisher=The Wall Bureau|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031044941/https://www.thewall.in/news/mohammedan-sc-win-kolkata-league-2022-title/|archive-date=31 October 2022}}</ref> (Division A) (13th title)<br/> [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]<br>(Division B)
| promoted =
| relegated =
| matches = 121
| matches footnote =
| total goals = 300
| total goals footnote =
| best player =
| league topscorer =
| best goalkeeper =
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest winless =
| longest losses =
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason = [[2021 CFL Premier Division|2021]]
| nextseason = [[2023 CFL Premier Division|2023]]
| updated =
}}

The '''2022 [[Calcutta Football League]] Premier Division''' was the 124th overall season of the two highest [[Indian State Leagues|state-level]] [[association football|football]] divisions of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Sulaya|last=Singha|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/bhawanipore-club-becomes-the-group-champion-of-cfl-2022/|title=এক ম্যাচ বাকি থাকতেই গ্রুপ চ্যাম্পিয়ন হয়ে কলকাতা লিগের সুপার সিক্সে ভবানীপুর ক্লাব|date=10 September 2022|access-date=31 October 2022|trans-title=Bhawanipore Club became the group champion in Super Six of Calcutta League with one match left|website=sangbadpratidin.in|publisher=Sangbad Pratidin Digital|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019125918/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/bhawanipore-club-becomes-the-group-champion-of-cfl-2022/|archive-date=19 October 2022}}</ref> The division consists of two tiers within it: Premier Division A and Premier Division B.

==Premier Division A==
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = CFL Premier Division A
| season = 2022
| dates = 2 August – 1 November
| winners = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] <br/> (13th title)
| promoted =
| relegated = [[Tollygunge Agragami]]<br>[[Southern Samity]]
| matches = 65
| total goals = 176
| best player =
| league topscorer = [[Naro Hari Shrestha]]<br/>(9 goals)
| best goalkeeper =
| highest scoring = [[United SC|United]] 5–3 [[Tollygunge Agragami]] <br/> [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]] 6-2 [[George Telegraph SC|George Telegraph]]
| biggest win = [[United SC|United]] 5–1 [[Peerless SC|Peerless]] <br/> [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]] 6-2 [[George Telegraph SC|George Telegraph]]
| longest wins = [[United SC|United]]<br>[[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]<br>(5 games)
| longest unbeaten = [[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]<br>(9 games)
| longest winless = [[Tollygunge Agragami]]<br>(10 games)
| longest losses = [[Tollygunge Agragami]]<br>(4 games)
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason = [[2021 CFL Premier Division A|2021]]
| nextseason = [[2023 CFL Premier Division A|2023]]
}}

The first stage of the Premier Division A has been held from 2 August till September.<ref name="cfl21">{{cite web|first=Sabyasachi|last=Ghosh|date=1 July 2021|url=https://xtratimebangla.in/calcutta-football-league-set-to-start-in-mid-august-as-sc-east-bengal-not-there-in-ifa-meeting/|title=আগস্টের মাঝে শুরু হবে কলকাতা লিগ, আইএফএর বৈঠকে গরহাজির এসসি ইস্টবেঙ্গল|trans-title=Kolkata League to start mid-August, SC East Bengal absentee in meeting|language=bn|work=XtraTime Bangla|accessdate=2 Jul 2021|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701212222/https://xtratimebangla.in/calcutta-football-league-set-to-start-in-mid-august-as-sc-east-bengal-not-there-in-ifa-meeting/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=cfl21c>{{cite web|date=2021-07-02|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/indian-football-association-plans-premier-group-a-from-august/cid/1820906|title=Indian Football Association plans Premier Group A from August|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=2021-07-02|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702062928/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/indian-football-association-plans-premier-group-a-from-august/cid/1820906|url-status=live}}</ref>[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] are the defending champions of Premier Division A.

===Change in format===
The [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin format]] had been reinstated after a short season of round-robin cum [[Single-elimination tournament|knock-out format]] last year due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]], but the league has been divided into two stages so as to accommodate the ''Kolkata's'' ''Big Three''–[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]], [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and Mohammedan–according to national and continental games schedule.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bangla |first=TV9 |date=2022-07-19 |title=Calcutta Football League: তিন প্রধানকে রেখেই লিগ, আইএফএ-কে চিঠি মোহনবাগানের |url=https://tv9bangla.com/sports/football/calcutta-football-league-kicks-off-from-27-july-au65-608203.html |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720060105/https://tv9bangla.com/sports/football/calcutta-football-league-kicks-off-from-27-july-au65-608203.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The first stage is played by eleven teams, out of which the top three in the points table would qualify for the Super Six, wherein the three teams would be joined by the Big Three and the top team in the table at the end of the stage would be declared as the CFL Premier Division A champion.

===Available venues===
* Amal Datta Krirangan, [[Dum Dum]]
* [[Bankimanjali Stadium]], [[Naihati]]
* Canning Stadium, [[Canning, South 24 Parganas|Canning]]
* [[East Bengal Ground|East Bengal-Aryan Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
* [[Kalyani Stadium]], [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
* Kakinara Narayanpur Ground, [[Bhatpara]]
* [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]], [[Kolkata]]
* Netaji Sports Complex, [[Rajpur Sonarpur]]
* [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
* Royal Park Stadium, [[Barrackpore]]
* [[Sailen Manna Stadium]], [[Howrah]]
* Vivekananda Stadium, [[Khardah]]

===Teams===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left; font-size:"
|-
!scope="col" | Team
!scope="col" | Head coach
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Aryan FC|Aryan]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Rajdeep Nandy
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Sankarlal Chakraborty]]
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[BSS Sporting Club|BSS]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hemanta Dora]]
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Biswajit Bhattacharya]]
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Bino George]]
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ranjan Bhattacharjee
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]
|{{flagicon|India}} Sanjib Pal
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Andrey Chernyshov]]
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bimal Ghosh]]
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Peerless SC|Peerless]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Soren Dutta<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kolkata24x7.in/sports-news/football/peerless-will-face-united-sports/|title=Peerless: জয়ের সরণীতে রয়েছে জামশিদ নাসিরির পিয়ারলেস|website=kolkata24x7.in|publisher=কলকাতা 24×7|location=Kolkata, West Bengal|date=17 July 2022|access-date=18 July 2022|language=bn|first=Sports Desk|last=24x7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717133154/https://kolkata24x7.in/sports-news/football/peerless-will-face-united-sports/|archive-date=17 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |Railway
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Archisman Biswas
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Southern Samity]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Saheed Ramon
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[United SC|United]]
| {{flagicon|Belgium}} Steven Herbots
|}

===Foreign players===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size:90%"
|-
!scope=col style="width:150px;"| Club
!scope=col style="width:150px;"| Player 1
!scope=col style="width:150px;"| Player 2
!scope=col style="width:150px;"| Player 3
!scope=col style="width:150px;"| Player 4
|-
! scope=row style="text-align: left;" |Aryan
|{{flagicon|CMR}} Marouane Kemgang
|{{flagicon|CMR}} Aristide Vaillant
|{{flagicon|CMR}} Rayden Ewane
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;" |Bhawanipore
|{{flagicon|TRI}} [[Willis Plaza]]
|{{flagicon|CIV}} [[Gnohere Krizo]]
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Echezona Anyichie]]
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;" |BSS
|{{flagicon|GHA}} Kwesi Sesey
|{{flagicon|GHA}} Michael Sefah
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;" |Calcutta Customs
|{{flagicon|CMR}} Zacharie Mbenda
|{{flagicon|GHA}} Edmond Peprah
|{{flagicon|GHA}} Richmond Olushola Awaitey
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;" |East Bengal
|
|
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;" |George Telegraph
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Matías Verón]]
|{{flagicon|MLI}} [[Abdoulaye Kanouté]]
|{{flagicon|LBR}} [[Varney Kallon]]
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;" |Kidderpore
|{{flagicon|CIV}} Adama Coulibaly
|{{flagicon|SLE}} Dixon Alusine
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;" |Mohammedan
|{{flagicon|TRI}} [[Marcus Joseph]]
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Abiola Dauda]]
|{{flagicon|CMR}} [[Ousmane N'Diaye (footballer)|Ousmane N'Diaye]]
|{{flagicon|TJK}} [[Nuriddin Davronov]]
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;" |Peerless
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Henry Ezeh]]
|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Ben Quansah]]
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;" |Railway
|{{flagicon|GHA}} Shadrach Lantei-Mills
|{{flagicon|LBR}} Eddie Wulue
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;" |Southern Samity
|{{flagicon|BRA}} Douglas Santana
|{{flagicon|UGA}} [[Habib Kavuma]]
|{{flagicon|UGA}} Hamdan Nsubuga
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;" |Tollygunge Agragami
|{{flagicon|LBR}} [[Ansumana Kromah]]
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Christopher Chizoba]]
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;" |United
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} Davis Kamanga
|{{flagicon|SEN}} Selia Toure
|{{flagicon|SEN}} Samuel Toure
|
|}

==First stage==

===Standings===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section = 1st Stage
|update = 16 September 2022
|show_limit = 5
|source = [https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/calcutta-premier-division/2022/regular-season/r66754/ Soccerway]


|team1=BHA
|team2=ARY
|team3=KID
|team4=RAI
|team5=UNI
|team6=CCU
|team7=BSS
|team8=GTE
|team9=PEE
|team10=TAG
|team11=SSA

|note_SSA=[[Southern Samity]] were deducted 6 points<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arunfoot.com/xtratime-video-ifa-punishes-southern-samity-for-cfl-walkout/ | title=XtraTime VIDEO: IFA punishes Southern Samity for CFL walkout! | date=23 August 2022 | access-date=7 September 2022 | archive-date=7 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907143813/https://www.arunfoot.com/xtratime-video-ifa-punishes-southern-samity-for-cfl-walkout/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and also handed two losses which includes their forfeited match against [[United SC|United]].


|win_ARY = 5 |draw_ARY = 3 |loss_ARY = 2 |gf_ARY = 15 |ga_ARY = 11 |status_ARY = Q

|win_BHA = 7 |draw_BHA = 2 |loss_BHA = 1 |gf_BHA = 18 |ga_BHA = 7 |status_BHA = Q

|win_BSS = 4 |draw_BSS = 3 |loss_BSS = 3 |gf_BSS = 14 |ga_BSS = 9 |status_BSS =

|win_CCU = 4 |draw_CCU = 4 |loss_CCU = 2 |gf_CCU = 19 |ga_CCU = 15 |status_CCU =

|win_GTE = 2 |draw_GTE = 2 |loss_GTE = 6 |gf_GTE = 12 |ga_GTE = 18 |status_GTE =

|win_KID = 5 |draw_KID = 3 |loss_KID= 2 |gf_KID = 12 |ga_KID = 8 |status_KID = Q

|win_PEE = 1 |draw_PEE = 4 |loss_PEE = 5 |gf_PEE = 11 |ga_PEE = 20 |status_PEE =

|win_RAI = 5 |draw_RAI = 3 |loss_RAI = 2 |gf_RAI = 14 |ga_RAI = 11 |status_RAI =

|win_SSA = 2 |draw_SSA = 1 |loss_SSA = 7 |gf_SSA = 8 |ga_SSA = 17 |adjust_points_SSA = -6|status_SSA = R

|win_TAG = 0 |draw_TAG = 3 |loss_TAG = 7 |gf_TAG = 10 |ga_TAG = 24 |status_TAG = R

|win_UNI = 5 |draw_UNI = 2 |loss_UNI = 3 |gf_UNI = 18 |ga_UNI = 11 |status_UNI =




|name_ARY=[[Aryan FC|Aryan]]
|name_CCU=[[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
|name_KID=[[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]
|name_GTE=[[George Telegraph SC|George Telegraph]]
|name_BHA=[[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
|name_PEE=[[Peerless SC|Peerless]]
|name_RAI=Railway
|name_TAG=[[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]
|name_SSA=[[Southern Samity]]
|name_BSS=[[BSS Sporting Club|BSS]]
|name_UNI=[[United SC|United]]


|res_col_header = Q
|result1= Q |result2= Q |result3= Q |result10= R |result11= R
|col_Q = green1 | text_Q = Qualification for '''[[#Super Six|Super Six]]'''
|col_R = red1 | text_R = Relegation to '''[[Calcutta Football League#Structure|Premier Division B]]'''


|class_rules= 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head to head points; 5) fair play ranking; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

===Results===
{{#invoke:sports results|main
|source= [https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/calcutta-premier-division/2022/regular-season/r66754/ Soccerway]
|update= 16 September 2022
|matches_style=FBR
|team_header=Team 1 \ Team 2


|team1=ARY
|team2=BHA
|team3=BSS
|team4=CCU
|team5=GTE
|team6=KID
|team7=PEE
|team8=RAI
|team9=SSA
|team10=TAG
|team11=UNI


|name_ARY=[[Aryan FC|Aryan]]
|name_CCU=[[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
|name_KID=[[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]
|name_GTE=[[George Telegraph SC|George Telegraph]]
|name_BHA=[[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
|name_PEE=[[Peerless SC|Peerless]]
|name_RAI=Railway
|name_TAG=[[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]
|name_SSA=[[Southern Samity]]
|name_BSS=[[BSS Sporting Club|BSS]]
|name_UNI=[[United SC|United]]


|match_ARY_CCU=2-2
|match_ARY_KID=0-1
|match_ARY_GTE=2-1
|match_ARY_BHA=0-0
|match_ARY_PEE=4-1
|match_ARY_RAI=0-2
|match_ARY_TAG=2-2
|match_ARY_SSA=2-1
|match_ARY_BSS=1-0
|match_ARY_UNI=2-1


|match_BHA_CCU=2-1
|match_BHA_KID=1-0
|match_BHA_GTE=6-2
|match_BHA_PEE=1-1
|match_BHA_RAI=4-1
|match_BHA_TAG=1-0
|match_BHA_SSA=1-0
|match_BHA_BSS=2-1
|match_BHA_UNI=0-1


|match_BSS_CCU=1-1
|match_BSS_KID=2-0
|match_BSS_GTE=2-0
|match_BSS_PEE=1-1
|match_BSS_RAI=1-2
|match_BSS_TAG=4-1
|match_BSS_SSA=2-1
|match_BSS_UNI=0-0


|match_CCU_KID=1-1
|match_CCU_GTE=3-1
|match_CCU_PEE=2-2
|match_CCU_RAI=0-3
|match_CCU_TAG=3-1
|match_CCU_SSA=3-1
|match_CCU_UNI=3-1


|match_GTE_KID=1-2
|match_GTE_PEE=1-1
|match_GTE_RAI=3-0
|match_GTE_TAG=1-1
|match_GTE_SSA=2-0
|match_GTE_UNI=0-1


|match_KID_PEE=3-2
|match_KID_RAI=0-0
|match_KID_TAG=1-0
|match_KID_SSA=3-0{{Efn|As per the rules of [[Indian Football Association|IFA]], Kidderpore was awarded 3 points as their opponents [[Southern Samity]] were punished with one match ban for forfeiting their previous match.}}
|match_KID_UNI=1-1


|match_PEE_RAI=0-2
|match_PEE_TAG=2-0
|match_PEE_SSA=0-1
|match_PEE_UNI=1-5


|match_RAI_TAG=2-2
|match_RAI_SSA=1-1
|match_RAI_UNI=1-0


|match_SSA_TAG=3-0
|match_SSA_UNI=0-3{{Efn|[[United SC|United]] was awarded 3 points as [[Southern Samity]] forfeited the match owing to harsh decisions made by the officials against them. The scoreline was 1-1 at the time of forfeit.}}


|match_TAG_UNI=3-5


}}
{{notelist}}

===Positions by round===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=br|header=Round
|team1=[[Aryan FC|Aryan]]
|team2=[[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
|team3=[[BSS Sporting Club|BSS]]
|team4=[[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
|team5=[[George Telegraph SC|George Telegraph]]
|team6=[[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]
|team7=[[Peerless SC|Peerless]]
|team8=Railway
|team9=[[Southern Samity]]
|team10=[[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]
|team11=[[United SC|United]]

| pos1= 4/7/6/6/6/6/5/5/6/2 
| pos2= 6/5/2/3/2/1/1/1/1/1 
| pos3= 3/3/3/2/3/3/3/3/5/7 
| pos4= 2/2/5/5/4/4/4/7/7/6 
| pos5= 10/10/7/11/7/9/9/9/9/8 
| pos6= 7/9/11/8/10/8/7/4/2/3 
| pos7= 11/11/9/10/8/7/8/8/8/9 
| pos8= 8/4/4/4/5/5/6/6/3/4 
| pos9= 9/8/10/7/9/11/11/11/11/11 
| pos10= 5/6/8/9/11/10/10/10/10/10 
| pos11= 1/1/1/1/1/2/2/2/4/5 

| color_1-3 = green1 |text_1-3= Qualification for '''Super Six'''
| color_10-11 = red1 |text_10-11= Relegation to '''Premier Division B'''
|toptext= The table lists the positions of teams after each round mentioned in official fixtures.
}}

===Results by games===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Match
|team1=[[Aryan FC|Aryan]]
|team2=[[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
|team3=[[BSS Sporting Club|BSS]]
|team4=[[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
|team5=[[George Telegraph SC|George Telegraph]]
|team6=[[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]
|team7=[[Peerless SC|Peerless]]
|team8=Railway
|team9=[[Southern Samity]]
|team10=[[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]
|team11=[[United SC|United]]

| pos1= D/L/W/D/W/L/W/W/D/W
| pos2= W/W/W/L/W/W/W/W/D/D
| pos3= W/W/W/L/W/D/D/L/D/L
| pos4= W/W/L/D/D/D/W/L/D/W
| pos5= L/L/D/L/W/L/D/L/L/W
| pos6= L/L/D/D/W/W/W/W/W/D
| pos7= L/D/L/W/D/D/L/L/L/D
| pos8= L/W/W/D/L/W/D/W/W/D
| pos9= L/L/L/W/L/L/L/D/W/L
| pos10= D/L/L/L/L/D/L/L/L/D
| pos11= W/W/W/W/W/L/L/D/L/D

|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss

|source= [https://www.flashscore.in/football/india/calcutta-premier-division-a/standings/ Flashscore]
}}

==Super Six==
[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]] withdrew from the league, for the second time in a row, two days prior to their first game on 26 September against [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=ATK Mohun Bagan {{!}} কলকাতা লিগে খেলবে না এটিকে মোহনবাগান, রবিবার নামছে ইস্টবেঙ্গল, মহমেডান |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/atk-mohun-bagan-will-not-play-calcutta-football-league-dgtl/cid/1372474 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924203345/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/atk-mohun-bagan-will-not-play-calcutta-football-league-dgtl/cid/1372474 |url-status=live }}</ref> They sent a letter to [[Indian Football Association|IFA]], citing their lack of a [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|reserve]] squad. IFA decided to continue Super Six with only five teams instead of promoting the fourth-placed team in the first stage.

===Standings===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section = Super Six
|update = 1 November
|show_limit = 6
|source = [https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/calcutta-premier-division/2022/quarter-finals/r66753/ Soccerway]


|team1 = MOH
|team2 = BHA
|team3 = ARY
|team4 = EAB
|team5 = KID
|team6 = AMB


|name_EAB = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
|name_MOH = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|name_BHA = [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
|name_ARY = [[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]]
|name_KID = [[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]
|name_AMB = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|ATK Mohun Bagan]]



|win_AMB = 0|draw_AMB = 0|loss_AMB = 0|gf_AMB = 0|ga_AMB = 0|status_AMB = 
|win_ARY = 1|draw_ARY = 2|loss_ARY = 1|gf_ARY = 4|ga_ARY = 6|status_ARY = 
|win_EAB = 0|draw_EAB = 3|loss_EAB = 1|gf_EAB = 2|ga_EAB = 4|status_EAB = 
|win_KID = 0|draw_KID = 1|loss_KID = 3|gf_KID = 2|ga_KID = 9|status_KID = 
|win_MOH = 3|draw_MOH = 1|loss_MOH = 0|gf_MOH = 10|ga_MOH = 1|status_MOH = C
|win_BHA = 2|draw_BHA = 1|loss_BHA = 1|gf_BHA = 7|ga_BHA = 5|status_BHA = 



|res_col_header = Q
|result1= C |result2= Q |result3 =Q |result6 =WD |col_WD=black2 |text_WD=Withdrew
|col_C = gold | text_C = '''Champions'''
|col_Q = green2 | text_Q = Eligible for [[I-League 2]]{{efn|If the top teams are already playing in national leagues, then the next highest ranked team(s) would be eligible for [[I-League 2]].}}


|class_rules=1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored; 4) head-to-head points; 5) head-to-head goal difference; 6) fair play ranking; 7) drawing of lots
}}
{{notelist}}</onlyinclude>

=== Results ===
{{#invoke:sports results|main
|source= [https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/calcutta-premier-division/2022/quarter-finals/r66753/ Soccerway]
|update= 1 November 2022
|matches_style=FBR
|team_header=Team 1 \ Team 2


|team1 = ARY
|team2 = BHA
|team3 = EAB
|team4 = KID
|team5 = MOH


|name_EAB = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
|name_MOH = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|name_BHA = [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
|name_ARY = [[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]]
|name_KID = [[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]


|match_ARY_BHA=1-1
|match_ARY_EAB=1-1
|match_ARY_KID=2-1
|match_ARY_MOH=0-3


|match_BHA_EAB=2-0
|match_BHA_KID=4-1
|match_BHA_MOH=0-3


|match_EAB_KID=0-0
|match_EAB_MOH=1-1


|match_KID_MOH=0-3


}}

===Positions by round===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=br|header=Round
|team3 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
|team5 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|team2 = [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
|team1 = [[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]]
|team4 = [[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]

| pos1= 5/4/4/3/3
| pos2= 4/5/2/2/2
| pos3= 2/2/3/4/4
| pos4= 3/3/5/5/5
| pos5= 1/1/1/1/1

| color_1 = gold |text_1= Champions
|toptext= The table lists the positions of teams after each round mentioned in official fixtures.
}}

===Results by games===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Match
|team3 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
|team5 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|team2 = [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
|team1 = [[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]]
|team4 = [[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]

| pos1= L/D/W/D
| pos2= L/W/W/D
| pos3= D/D/L/D
| pos4= D/L/L/L
| pos5= W/W/W/D

|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss

|source= [https://www.flashscore.in/football/india/calcutta-premier-division-a/standings/ Flashscore]
}}

==Season statistics==
===Top scorers===
:''As of 30 September 2022''
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center" |1
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naro Hari Shrestha]]
|align="left" |Calcutta Customs
|rowspan="1" align="center" |9
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center" |2
|align="left" |{{flagicon|CMR}} Aristide Vaillant
|align="left" |Aryan
|rowspan="1" align="center"|7
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center" |3
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jiten Murmu]]
|align="left" |Bhawanipore
|rowspan="2" align="center" |6
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|CIV}} [[Gnohere Krizo]]
|align="left" |Bhawanipore
|-
|rowspan="5" align="center" |4
|align="left" |{{flagicon|LBR}} [[Ansumana Kromah]]
|align="left" |Tollygunge Agragami
|rowspan="5" align="center" |5
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|GHA}} Chabala
|align="left" |Railway
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Robi Hansda]]
|align="left" |Calcutta Customs
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|UGA}} Juma Balinya
|align="left" |Peerless
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikhil Kadam]]
|align="left" |Bhawanipore
|-
|rowspan="5" align="center" |5
| align="left" |{{flagicon|TRI}} [[Willis Plaza]]
|align="left" |Bhawanipore
|rowspan="5" align="center" |4
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|TRI}} [[Marcus Joseph]]
|align="left" |Mohammedan
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|ZIM}} Davis Kamanga
|align="left" |United
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|GHA}} Kwesi Sesey
|align="left" |BSS
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sougata Hansda
|align="left" |George Telegraph
|}

===Hat-tricks===
'''Note:''' ''In the result, the score of the player's team is mentioned before.''
{|class="wikitable"
!Player
!For
!Against
!style="text-align:center" | Result
!Date
|-
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} Davis Kamanga
|United
|Peerless
|align="center" |5–1
|{{dts|2022|8|2|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Subrata Murmu
|United
|Tollygunge Agragami
|align="center" |5–3
|{{dts|2022|8|8|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|LBR}} [[Ansumana Kromah]]
|Tollygunge Agragami
|United
|align="center" | 3–5
|{{dts|2022|8|8|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jiten Murmu]]
|Bhawanipore
|George Telegraph
|align="center" | 6–2
|{{dts|2022|8|23|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikhil Kadam]]
|Bhawanipore
|Kidderpore
|align="center" |4–1
|{{dts|2022|10|20|format=dmy}}
|}

===Clean sheets===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Clean
sheets
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center" |1
|align="Left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Priyant Singh]]
|align="Left" |Kidderpore
|rowspan="1" align="center" |3
|-
|}

==Premier Division B==
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = CFL Premier Division B
| logo =
| image =
| pixels =
| caption =
| season = 2022
| dates = 2 August – 29 September<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_premier-b_2022/premier-b_result.html/|title=IFA CFL 2022 PREMIER DIVN - B ALL RESULT|website=kolkatafootball.com|publisher=KolkataFootball|location=Kolkata|date=29 September 2022|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023170319/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_premier-b_2022/premier-b_result.html/|archive-date=23 October 2022}}</ref>
| winners = [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]
| promoted = [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]<br>[[Rainbow AC|Asos Rainbow]]
| relegated = [[Wari AC|Wari]]<br>[[West Bengal Police]]
| matches = 56
| total goals = 124
| best player =
| league topscorer =
| best goalkeeper =
| biggest win = Pathachakra 5–0 [[West Bengal Police]]
| highest scoring =
| attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason = [[2019 CFL Premier Division#Premier Division B|2019]]
| nextseason = 2023
| updated =
}}

This year the league followed the double round-robin format after a gap of two years due to COVID-19 pandemic. [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]] and [[Rainbow AC|Asos Rainbow]] were relegated from the Premier Division A last time it was held, while [[Wari AC|Wari]] and [[Kolkata Police|Police AC]] were promoted from the CFL 1st Division.

===Standings===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section = Premier Division B
|update = 29 September 2022
|source = [https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_premier-b_2022/premier-b_result.html/ Kolkata Football]


|team1 = KMS |team2 = ARN |team3 = PLC |team4 = ERL |team5 = FCI |team6 = PAT |team7 = WAR |team8 = WBP
|result1 = P |result2 = P |result7 = R |result8 = R


|win_ARN= 9 |draw_ARN = 3 |loss_ARN = 2 |gf_ARN = 27 |ga_ARN = 9 |status_ARN = P 
|win_ERL = 3 |draw_ERL = 7 |loss_ERL = 4 |gf_ERL = 12 |ga_ERL = 13 |status_ERL = 
|win_FCI = 4 |draw_FCI = 4 |loss_FCI = 6 |gf_FCI = 11 |ga_FCI = 13 |status_FCI = 
|win_KMS = 11 |draw_KMS = 1 |loss_KMS = 2 |gf_KMS = 26 |ga_KMS = 11 |status_KMS = P 
|win_PAT = 4 |draw_PAT = 4 |loss_PAT = 6 |gf_PAT = 14 |ga_PAT = 17 |status_PAT = 
|win_PLC = 5 |draw_PLC = 4 |loss_PLC = 5 |gf_PLC = 16 |ga_PLC = 15 |status_PLC = 
|win_WAR = 4 |draw_WAR = 4 |loss_WAR = 6 |gf_WAR = 7 |ga_WAR = 13 |status_WAR = R 
|win_WBP = 1 |draw_WBP = 3 |loss_WBP = 10 |gf_WBP = 11 |ga_WBP = 33 |status_WBP = R 


|name_ARN = [[Rainbow AC|Asos Rainbow]]
|name_ERL = [[Eastern Railway F.C.|Eastern Railway]]
|name_FCI = [[Food Corporation of India FC|FCI (East Zone)]]
|name_KMS = [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]
|name_PLC = [[Kolkata Police|Police AC]]
|name_PAT = Pathachakra
|name_WAR = [[Wari AC|Wari]]
|name_WBP = [[West Bengal Police FC]]

|res_col_header = QR
|col_P = #cfc | text_P = Promotion to '''[[Calcutta Football League|Premier Division A]]'''
|col_R = red1 | text_R = Relegation to '''First Division'''

|show_limit=5
}}</onlyinclude>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Calcutta Football League}}
{{2022–23 in Indian football}}

[[Category:CFL Premier Division seasons]]
[[Category:2022–23 in Indian football leagues]]
[[Category:2022–23 in Indian football]]