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Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)

2026-05-06T23:41:50Z

Shah am: started bio

{{Short description|Indian actor and film producer}}
{{About|the actor|other people with the same name|Mansur Ali Khan (disambiguation){{!}}Mansoor Ali Khan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mansoor Ali Khan
| birth_name =
| image = Mansoor Ali Khan (JPG).jpg
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Dindigul District|Dindigul]], Tamil Nadu, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actor, film producer, composer, politician
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| children = 4
| parents =
| years_active = 1990-present
}}

'''Mansoor Ali Khan''' is an Indian actor, composer, screenwriter, film producer and politician. He has predominantly appeared in [[Tamil films]], mostly in antagonistic and supporting roles.

He got a breakthrough role as an antagonist in ''[[Captain Prabhakaran]]'' (1991). After the success of this film, he got a lot of acting opportunities. He has acted in over 250 films and has produced and directed numerous films. He has also acted in some [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/interview/6126.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024091139/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/interview/6126.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 October 2004|title=Jai Akash|work=IndiaGlitz|access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref>

== Early and personal life ==
Mansoor Ali Khan was born in [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. His parents are Meesaikaara Abdul Salam Rowther and Sagorammal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Sankaran |date=2022-05-27 |title=பாரதிராஜாவோட அறிமுகம்னா சும்மாவா…இவரு மட்டும் இந்தப்படத்துல நடிச்சிருந்தாருன்னா எங்கேயோ போயிருப்பாரு…! - CineReporters Actor Mansoor alikahn old memories |url=https://cinereporters.com/actor-mansoor-alikahn-old-memories/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> Khan has three sons and a daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-02 |title=Mansoor's kids turn actors! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020316/mansoor-s-kids-turn-actors.html |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

==Film career==
Khan has often played antagonist roles and a few lead roles. He got a breakthrough role as an antagonist in Tamil cinema industry with the [[R.K. Selvamani]] directorial ''[[Captain Prabhakaran]]'' (1991) starring [[Vijayakanth]] which became a blockbuster, fetching him a lot of acting opportunities. He did an acting course in [[Anupam Kher]]'s acting school in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Grill-Mill-Mansoor-Ali-Khan/article15774594.ece | title=Grill Mill - Mansoor Ali Khan | date=9 October 2010 | newspaper=The Hindu | first=S. R. Ashok | last=Kumar | access-date=26 February 2020 }}</ref>

In 1993, he took a hero avatar through the film ''[[Rajadhi Raja Raja Kulothunga Raja Marthanda Raja Gambeera Kathavaraya Krishna Kamarajan]]''. This movie was directed by [[Balu Anand]] and Mansoor Ali Khan composed the music too.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actor/mansoor-ali-khan|title = Mansoor Ali Khan}}</ref> He also starred in and produced the films ''[[Ravanan (1994 film)|Ravanan]]'' (1994) and ''[[Vaazhga Jananayagam]]'' (1996).

He has worked in a large number of films directed by [[R. K. Selvamani]], such as ''[[Captain Prabhakaran]]'' (1991), ''[[Chembaruthi]]'' (1992), ''[[Athiradi Padai]]'' (1994), ''[[Kanmani (film)|Kanmani]]'' (1994), ''[[Raja Muthirai]]'' (1995), ''[[Makkal Aatchi]]'' (1995), ''[[Arasiyal]]'' (1997), ''[[Kuttrapathirikai]]'' (2007) and ''[[Pulan Visaranai 2]]'' (2015). He also collaborated with the director [[K. S. Ravikumar]] in films such as ''[[Pistha (1997 film)|Pistha]]'' (1997), ''[[Natpukkaga]]'' (1998), ''[[Padayappa]]'' (1999), ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' (1999), ''[[Minsara Kanna]]'' (1999), ''[[Paarai (film)|Paarai]]'' (2003) and ''[[Varalaru]]'' (2006). Most of his roles, he did was villainy, and in between, he did some character roles too.

Later, he acted as lead roles in the comedy films such as ''[[Ennai Paar Yogam Varum]]'' (2007), ''Lollu Dha Dha Parak Parak'' (2013), ''[[Athiradi]]'' (2015) and ''Sarakku'' (2023). He played comedy roles with [[Kalyaan]]'s directorial in ''[[Gulaebaghavali]]'' (2018), ''[[Jackpot (2019 film)|Jackpot]]'' (2019) and ''[[80s Buildup]]'' (2023).

==Political career==

In his early career, Mansoor Ali Khan tried his hand at politics by supporting the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK). At the [[1999 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu]], he contested from [[Periyakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Periyakulam]] as a candidate of the [[Puthiya Tamilagam]] (PT), he secured about one lakh votes and finished at the third position.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/krishnasamys-gamble-in-andipatti/article27828650.ece|title=Krishnasamy's gamble in Andipatti|newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 January 2002|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/1999/sep/09peri.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: Constituency/ 'The voters will take their money, but will vote for us'|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> At the [[2009 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu]], he stood as an independent candidate and the opposition pressed criminal charges against him for moving around in a vehicle with a propaganda banner breaching the moral conduct code.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/20/stories/2009042059000800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422170617/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/20/stories/2009042059000800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Case booked against cine actor|access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Poster-ban-for-poll-candidates-stays/articleshow/4352153.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103083214/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-03/chennai/27998050_1_candidates-symbols-poster-ban|url-status=dead|title=Poster ban for poll candidates stays |website=The Times of India|archive-date=3 January 2013}}</ref> At the [[2019 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu]], he contested from [[Dindigul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindigul]] as a candidate of the [[Naam Tamilar Katchi]] (NTK).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/its-different-roles-for-mansoor-ali-khan-to-woo-voters/articleshow/68605568.cms | title=It's different roles for Mansoor Ali Khan to woo voters | date=28 March 2019 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=26 February 2020 }}</ref>

==Electoral career==
===Lok Sabha Elections Contested===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="font-size: 95%"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Opposition Candidate
! Opposition Party
! Opposition vote %
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election]] || [[Periyakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Periyakulam]]|| [[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]] || {{Lost}} ||13.1 || [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]|| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] || 45.6
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election]] || [[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirappalli]]|| [[Independent Candidate|Independent]] || {{Lost}} ||0.24 || [[P. Kumar]]|| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] || 41.65
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election]] || [[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency|Dindigul]]|| [[Naam Tamilar Katchi|NTK]] || {{Lost}} ||4.76 || [[P. Velusamy]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || 64.60
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election]] || [[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]]|| [[Independent Candidate|Independent]] || TBD ||TBD || TBD|| TBD || TBD
|}

===Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Elections Contested===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="font-size: 95%"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Opposition Candidate
! Opposition Party
! Opposition vote %
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]]|| [[Independent Candidate|Independent]] || {{Lost}} ||0.19 || [[S. P. Velumani]]|| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] || 53.89
|}

==Controversies==
Khan was arrested in July 1998 for causing a roadblock and obstructing traffic while protesting against the pirate showings of his film ''[[Vettu Onnu Thundu Rendu]]'' (1998) on cable television. His activity led to film distributor Chinthamani Murugesan releasing a press statement condemning the television's actions and prompted a shut down of cinema halls across [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] for one day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/01-01-99/yearhig2.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620181502/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/01-01-99/yearhig2.htm|title=dinakaran|archive-date=20 June 2008|publisher=Dinakaran.com|access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref>

Khan was convicted on the charge of rape and awarded seven years of imprisonment on 27 March 2001 by a Sessions court. Later, in 2012, the Madras High court found the woman had made false accusations against him and ordered her to pay Rs 50 lakh as damages to the actor for malicious prosecution and defamation.<ref>{{cite news |title=7 years RI for actor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/03/28/stories/04282236.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 July 2019 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Woman to pay Rs 50 lakh for accusing actor of rape |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/17563842.cms |access-date=9 July 2019 |agency=Times of India}}</ref>

Khan was arrested in January 2012 on [[land grabbing]] charges after it was alleged that he had illegally constructed a 16-storeyed property in Arumbakkam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=746700|title=Tamil Actor Mansoor Ali Khan Held on Land Grab Charges|publisher=News.outlookindia.com|access-date=5 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108041844/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=746700|archive-date=8 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Actor-Mansur-Ali-held-on-charges-of-grabbing-land/articleshow/11394276.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103172002/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-07/chennai/30601345_1_land-koyambedu-police-officer|url-status=dead|title=Actor Mansur Ali held on charges of grabbing land |website=The Times of India|archive-date=3 January 2013}}</ref>

Khan was arrested on 17 June 2018, along with environmentalist [[Piyush Manush]], while protesting the proposed 270-kilometre superhighway connecting Salem and Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/in-tamil-nadu-activist-piyush-manush-arrested-for-protesting-proposed-salem-chennai-highway-1869692|title=Tamil Nadu Activist Protesting Highway Arrested For "Instigating Enmity"|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-06-20}}</ref>

Khan was arrested in April 2021 for spreading rumours about [[COVID-19]] vaccination and ordered to pay 2 lakhs to the health secretary.<ref name="The Times of India 2021">{{cite web | title=Madras high court orders actor Mansoor Ali Khan to pay Rs 2 lakh for Covishield procurement - Chennai News | website=The Times of India | date=2021-04-29 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-high-court-orders-actor-mansoor-ali-khan-to-pay-rs-2-lakh-for-covid-19-vaccine-procurement/articleshow/82305786.cms | access-date=2022-07-25}}</ref>

In 2023, Khan said in an interview that he expected to do a rape scene with actress [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] in ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' movie but didn't get a chance to share the screen with her. The statement was criticized by social media commentators. Trisha replied to his statement, "I strongly condemn this and find it sexist, disrespectful, misogynistic, repulsive and in bad taste. He can keep wishing but I am grateful never to have shared screen space with someone as pathetic as him and I will make sure it never happens for the rest of my film career as well. People like him bring a bad name to mankind.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/trisha-krishnan-reacts-to-mansoor-ali-khans-sexist-remarks-people-like-him-bring-a-bad-name-to-mankind-1259505?amp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119215509/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/trisha-krishnan-reacts-to-mansoor-ali-khans-sexist-remarks-people-like-him-bring-a-bad-name-to-mankind-1259505?amp| title=Trisha Krishnan reacts to Mansoor Ali Khan’s sexist remarks: ‘People like him bring a bad name to mankind'|archivedate=19 November 2023|website=PINKVILLA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/trisha-vows-to-never-work-with-mansoor-ali-again-his-shocking-comment-on-rape-scenes-101700362725078.html|title=Trisha vows to never work with Mansoor Ali again after his shocking comment|date=19 November 2023 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mansoor-ali-khan-clarifies-his-statement-on-trisha-says-everyone-knows-that-i-respect-my-fellow-actresses/articleshow/105327257.cms?from=mdr|title=Mansoor Ali Khan clarifies his statement on Trisha; says, Everyone knows that I respect my fellow actress|newspaper=Times of India|date=19 November 2023 }}</ref> He then apologized to Trisha and she responded by saying "To err is human, to forgive is divine".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Mansoor Ali Khan Apologises To Trisha For His Comment |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/actor-mansoor-ali-khan-apologises-to-trisha-for-his-comment-4601985 |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Tamil films===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!! style="width:250px;" | Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Velai Kidaichuduchu]]'' || Maari ||
|-
|rowspan="4"| 1991 || ''[[Thangamana Thangachi]]'' || Lakshmi's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Captain Prabhakaran]]'' || Veerabhadran ||
|-
| ''[[Moondrezhuthil En Moochirukkum]]'' || Moses ||
|-
| ''[[Rudhra (film)|Rudhra]]'' || Kedi Mayandi||
|-
|rowspan="11"| 1992 ||''[[Chembaruthi]]'' || Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Therku Theru Machan]]'' || Devaraj ||
|-
| ''[[Idhuthanda Sattam]]'' || Kaali ||
|-
| ''Chinna Poovai Killathey'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Magudam]]'' || Thillainathan's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Pandithurai]]'' || Narasimma ||
|-
| ''[[Thai Mozhi]]'' || Mariyaraj ||
|-
| ''[[Pangali]]'' || Abdul Khidr||
|-
| ''[[Samundi]]'' || Rajangam ||
|-
| ''Deiva Kuzhanthai'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Naalaiya Theerpu]]'' || Inspector ||
|-
|rowspan="6"| 1993 || ''Kadal Pura'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ezhai Jaathi]]'' || Rajarathinam's son ||
|-
| ''[[Rajadhi Raja Raja Kulothunga Raja Marthanda Raja Gambeera Kathavaraya Krishna Kamarajan]]'' || Kulothungan || Also producer, music director
|-
| ''[[Thalattu]]'' || Jeeva||
|-
| ''[[Moondravadhu Kann]]'' || Subbarayan ||
|-
| ''[[Sabash Babu]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="4"| 1994 || ''[[Ravanan (1994 film)|Ravanan]]'' || Ravanan || Also producer
|-
| ''[[Athiradi Padai]]'' || Selva||
|-
| ''[[Uzhiyan]]'' || Govindaraj ||
|-
| ''[[Kanmani (film)|Kanmani]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="9"| 1995 || ''[[Gangai Karai Paattu]]'' || Sitapati ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Muthirai]]'' || Poli Samiyar ||
|-
| ''[[Deva (1995 film)|Deva]]'' || Periyavar ||
|-
| ''Sandhaikku Vantha Kili'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Asuran (1995 film)|Asuran]]'' || Veerabhadran ||
|-
| ''[[Gandhi Pirantha Mann]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sindhu Bath]]'' || Mayilsamy ||
|-
| ''[[Makkal Aatchi]]'' || Valaiyapathi ||
|-
| ''[[Seethanam]]'' || Marimuthu ||
|-
|rowspan="8"| 1996 || ''[[Thayagam]]'' || Snobir (Snow Bear) ||
|-
| ''[[Musthaffaa]]'' || Kaalaiya ||
|-
| ''[[Vaazhga Jananayagam]]'' || Bhagat Singh || Also producer, music director
|-
| ''[[Vasantha Vaasal]]'' || Ganesh ||
|-
| ''[[Maanbumigu Maanavan]]'' || Politician ||
|-
| ''[[Rajali]]'' || Rani's uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Manikkam]]'' || Karuvayan ||
|-
| ''[[Aavathum Pennale Azhivathum Pennale]]'' || Prabhakaran ||
|-
|rowspan="4"| 1997 || ''[[Pistha (1997 film)|Pistha]]'' || Adv. Adhimoolam||
|-
| ''[[Kadavul]]'' || K. Shanmugam ||
|-
| ''[[Arasiyal]]'' || Venkatraman (R. K. V) ||
|-
| ''[[Pagaivan]]'' || Dharman||
|-
|rowspan="7"| 1998 || ''[[Maru Malarchi]]'' || Mannaru ||
|-
| ''[[Vettu Onnu Thundu Rendu]]'' || Singaram ||
|-
| ''[[Jolly (film)|Jolly]]'' || Chakravarthy's father ||
|-
| ''[[Natpukkaga]]'' || Perusu ||
|-
| ''[[Dharma (1998 film)|Dharma]]'' || Daas ||
|-
| ''[[Urimai Por]]'' || Balu ||
|-
| ''[[Cheran Chozhan Pandian]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
|rowspan="6"| 1999 || ''[[Padayappa]]'' || Krishnasamy Mudaliar ||
|-
| ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' || Kabilan ||
|-
| ''[[Antahpuram]]'' || Shekhar ||
|-
| ''[[Minsara Kanna]]'' || Vedhachalam ||
|-
| ''[[Jayam (1999 film)|Jayam]]'' || Anand ||
|-
| ''[[Kanmani Unakkaga]]'' || Karan ||
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2000 || ''[[Vallarasu]]'' || Politician ||
|-
| ''[[Kannaal Pesavaa]]'' || Mookiah ||
|-
| ''[[Unnai Kann Theduthey]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Puratchikkaaran]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Krodham 2]]'' || Selvakumar ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2001 || ''[[Thaalikaatha Kaaliamman]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Seerivarum Kaalai]]'' || Kamakshi's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Ponnana Neram]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2002 || ''[[Raajjiyam]]'' || Inspector Kabilan ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Virus]]'' || Himself || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[En Mana Vaanil]]'' || Gajendran ||
|-
| ''[[Andipatti Arasampatti]]'' || Arasampatti ||
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2003 || ''[[Parasuram (2003 film)|Parasuram]]'' || Home Minister Vishwanathan ||
|-
| ''[[Paarai (film)|Paarai]]'' || Vijayan's son ||
|-
| ''[[Thennavan (film)|Thennavan]]'' || S. R. S. ||
|-
| ''[[Anjaneya (film)|Anjaneya]]'' || Contractor ||
|-
| ''Oru Thadava Sonna'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2004 || ''[[Maanasthan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Arasatchi]]'' || Inspector India Ganesan ||
|-
| ''[[Neranja Manasu]]'' || Masanam ||
|-
| ''Arumugaswamy'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2005 || ''[[Aayudham (2005 film)|Aayudham]]'' || Minister Andiappan ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna (2005 film)|Chinna]]'' || Chinna's friend ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2006 || ''[[Sudesi]]'' || Police inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Perarasu (film)|Perarasu]]'' || Sivapprakasam ||
|-
| ''[[Varalaru]]'' || Divya's brother ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2007 || ''[[Ennai Paar Yogam Varum]]'' || Jaga || Also producer, storywriter
|-
| ''[[Kuttrapathirikai]]'' || Sivarasan ||
|-
| ''[[Rasigar Mandram]]'' || Rameshkanth, Peethamparam ||
|-
| 2008 || ''Thithikkum Ilamai'' || Inspector Dharma ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2009 || ''[[Kanthaswamy]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Aadatha Aattamellam]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2010 || ''[[Thillalangadi]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Virudhagiri]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2011 || ''[[Puli Vesham]]'' || Govindan ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2012 || ''[[Kadhal Paathai]]'' || Drunkard ||
|-
|''[[Mirattal]]'' || Shankar's father ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2013 || ''Lollu Dhadha Parak Parak'' || || Also music director<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Songs-to-sing-along/article12556506.ece|title=Songs to sing along|first=S. R. Ashok|last=Kumar|newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 October 2012|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Singam II]]'' || Sub Inspector Karim Bhai ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2014 || ''[[Tenaliraman (film)|Tenaliraman]]'' || Cannibal tribe leader || Uncredited role
|-
| ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'' || Contract Kannaiah ||
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2015 || ''[[Pulan Visaranai 2]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Athiradi]]'' || || Also producer, writer, music director
|-
| ''[[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan]]'' || Mansoor ||
|-
| ''[[Vedalam]]'' || Manimaran ||
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2016 || ''[[Unnodu Ka]]'' || Kasi ||
|-
| ''[[Enakku Innoru Per Irukku]]'' || || Cameo Appearance
|-
| ''[[Adra Machan Visilu]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Veera Sivaji]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2017 || ''[[Bruce Lee (2017 film)|Bruce Lee]]'' || Minister Mansoor Ali Khan ||
|-
| ''[[Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen]]'' || Veerasingam ||
|-
| ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]'' || Kennedy ||
|-
| ''[[Konjam Konjam]]'' || Kodumudi Babu ||
|-
|rowspan="8"| 2018 || ''[[Gulaebaghavali]]'' || Nambi ||
|-
| ''[[Yenda Thalaiyila Yenna Vekkala]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Semma]]'' || 'Attack' Balu ||
|-
| ''[[Itly]]'' || Kalluthu ||
|-
| ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]'' || Khalid ||
|-
| ''[[Evanukku Engeyo Matcham Irukku]]'' || Sengalvaraayan ||
|-
| ''[[Silukkuvarupatti Singam]]'' || Nilakkottai Narayanan ||
|-
| ''[[Inba Twinkle Lilly]]'' || Kalluthu ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2019 || ''[[Pottu (film)|Pottu]]'' || Swami ||
|-
| ''[[Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma]]'' || Don ||
|-
| ''[[Jackpot (2019 film)|Jackpot]]'' || Bhai ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2022 ||''[[The Legend (2022 film)|The Legend]]'' || Politician ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2023 || ''[[Bakasuran]]'' || || Cameo Appearance
|-
|''[[Pichaikkaran 2]]'' || ACP Gopal ||
|-
| ''[[Kick (2023 film)|Kick]]'' || Ganesh ||
|-
| ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' || Hridayaraj D'Souza ||
|-
| ''[[80s Buildup]]'' || Diamond Thief ||
|-
| ''Sarakku'' || Thirupathi ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024|| ''[[Joshua: Imai Pol Kaakha]]'' || Don Shiva ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gautham Vasudev Menon's Joshua Imai Pol Kaakha gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/feb/16/gautham-vasudev-menons-joshua-imai-polkaakhagets-release-date-52104.html |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=16 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vasco Da Gama (film)|Vasco Da Gama]]'' || Police Inspector ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-29 |title=Third single 'Padida Parama' from Nakkhul's Vasco Da Gama out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/29/third-single-padida-parama-from-nakkhuls-vasco-da-gama-out |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kanguva]]'' || Francis's friend || Cameo Appearance
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2025 || ''[[Rajaputhiran]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-10-01 |title=First look of Prabhu-Vetri starrer Rajaputhiran out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/01/first-look-of-prabhu-vetri-starrer-rajaputhiran-out |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Surrender (2025 film)|Surrender]]'' || Himself ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-07-23 |title=Surrender Trailer: Need for money and a culture of guns raise stakes in this film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/23/surrender-trailer-need-for-money-and-a-culture-of-guns-raise-stakes-in-this-film |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Padaiyaanda Maaveeraa]]'' || Kodukkan ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Karuppu Pulsar]]'' || Kaveri ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-26 |title='Karuppu Pulsar' trailer out: Attakathi Dinesh stuns in dual role; dark rural thriller to release January 30 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karuppu-pulsar-trailer-out-attakathi-dinesh-stuns-in-dual-role-dark-rural-thriller-to-release-january-30/articleshow/127540453.cms |access-date=2026-02-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== Malayalam films ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year!! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Shubhayathra]]'' || || Uncredited role
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Ponnu Chami]]'' || Ratnam ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Sukham Sukhakaram]]'' || ||
|-
| 1995 || ''Hijack'' || Vishwanathan ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1996 || ''Kinnam Katta Kallan'' || Bindran Billa ||
|-
| ''Man of the Match'' || Udumbu Rajappan ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1999 || ''Jananaayakan'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Red Indians (film)|Red Indians]]'' || Vayanadan ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Sathyam Sivam Sundaram (2000 film)|Sathyam Sivam Sundaram]]'' || Andra Ponnan ||
|-
|2001 || ''[[Soothradharan]]'' || Zamindar ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Aavesham (2024 film)|Aavesham]]'' || Reddy ||<ref>{{Cite web |title='Aavesham' teaser out: Fahadh Faasil is a massy gangster in this action-comedy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/aavesham-teaser-out-fahadh-faasil-is-a-massy-gangster-in-this-action-comedy-2493034-2024-01-24 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=India Today |date=24 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Telugu films ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1993 || ''Vaasthavam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mutha Mestri]]'' || Inspector || Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Manbhumigu Maistri''
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Athiradi Padai|Samaram]]'' || ||
|-
| 2002 || ''Sahasa Baludu Vichitra Kothi'' || Pallappa ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Samba (2004 film)|Samba]]'' || McDowell Mani ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Naayudamma]]'' || ||
|}

=== Kannada films ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1996 || ''Boss'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1997 || ''Yuva Shakthi'' || ||
|-
| ''Lady Commissioner'' || ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Diggajaru]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Diggajaru Movie Review |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2022-diggajaru-movie-review.html |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=[[Chitraloka.com]] |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113045146/https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2022-diggajaru-movie-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Masti (2007 film)|Masti]]'' || ||
|-
|}

===Singer===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year!! style="width:250px;"|Film !! Song !! Composer !! Language !! Notes
|-
|1993|| ''[[Rajadhi Raja Raja Kulothunga Raja Marthanda Raja Gambeera Kathavaraya Krishna Kamarajan]]''||"Mama Mama"|| rowspan="2"|himself|| rowspan="6"|Tamil ||
|-
|1996||''[[Vaazhga Jananayagam]]'' ||"Kodambakkam"||
|-
|1996||''Rajali''||"Wrong Route"|| Aravind||
|-
|1998||''Maru Malarchi''||"Rettakili Rettakili"|| S. A. Rajkumar||
|-
|2007||''[[Ennai Paar Yogam Varum]]'' ||"Koyambedu"||A. K. Vaasagan||
|-
|2015||''[[Athiradi]]''||"En Kathirikka", "Edho Paarka", "Thanniyadichu", "Yenda Thenna"||himself||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|nm1658967}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Mansoor Ali}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Naam Tamilar Katchi politicians]]

Bharatiya Janata Party – Sikkim

2026-05-06T07:30:36Z

Shah am: started some entry more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}{{short description|Sikkim affiliate of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| native_name = भारतीय जनता पार्टी – सिक्किम བྷ་ར་ཏི་ཡ་ ཇ་ན་ཏ་ ཚོགས་པ། - འབྲས་ལྗོངས 
| logo = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|150px]]
|name=| abbreviation = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| president = [[Dilli Ram Thapa|D.R.Thapa]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sikkim New BJP Sikkim state President demands clarity on SC verdict|url=https://theprint.in/politics/dr-thapa-who-led-protests-against-scs-foreign-tag-for-sikkimese-nepali-is-new-bjp-state-chief/1353952/|work=The Print}}</ref> ({{small|[[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Former MLA]] from [[Upper Burtuk Assembly constituency]]}})
| general_secretary =
| headquarters = BJP State Office, Golitar, Singtam, District Pakyong, Sikkim
<ref name="auto">https://www.bjp.org/sikkim-state-office</ref>
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#FF9900}} (as of 2024)
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#FF9900}}(as of [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Sikkim|2024]])
| state_seats_name = [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|0|32|hex=#FF9933}} (as of [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]])
| state2_seats_name =
| state2_seats =
| website = {{URL|https://www.bjp.org/sikkim}}
| symbol = [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]] [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|130px]]
| leader = [[Narendra Kumar Subba|N.K. Subba]]<ref>{{cite news |title=N.K.Subba Demands clarity on SC verdict|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/sikkim/story/sikkim-bjp-leader-demands-clarity-on-sikkimese-word-blames-government-to-take-issue-lightly-509621-2023-02-08|work=India Today NE}}</ref> 
({{small|[[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Former MLA]] from [[Maneybong–Dentam Assembly constituency]]}})
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|p=y|1980|4|6|br=y}}
| flag = BJP Flag.svg{{!}}border
| eci =
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance]] [[North East Democratic Alliance]]
| ideology = {{ubl|[[Integral humanism (India)|Integral humanism]]|[[Social conservatism]]|[[Economic nationalism]]|[[Hindu nationalism]]|[[Cultural nationalism]] '''Faction''' [[Buddhism]]}}
| youth = [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]]
| women = [[BJP Mahila Morcha]]
| publication = '''[[Kamal Sandesh]]'''
| founder={{ubl
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
}} {{cslist
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref>
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
}}
| predecessor =
* [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (1951–1977)
* [[Janata Party]] (1977–1980)
| split = [[Janata Party]]
| labour = [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Need to Know BJP-led BMS is biggest labour union in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ohkSVkDnWYnxvZyuzggTsL/Need-to-Know--BJPled-BMS-is-biggest-labour-union-in-India.html |access-date=17 March 2020 |work=live mint |date=15 January 2008 |author=Pragya Singh }}</ref>
| peasants = [[Bharatiya Kisan Sangh]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Sejuta Das|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQiKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172|pages=172–173|title= Class, Politics, and Agricultural Policies in Post-liberalisation India|isbn=978-1-108-41628-3|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2019e}}</ref>
| international =
* [[International Democrat Union]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/indias-bharatiya-janata-party-joins-union-of-international-conservative-parties|title=India's Bharatiya Janata Party Joins Union of International Conservative Parties — The Diplomat|first=Akhilesh|last=Pillalamarri|work=The Diplomat|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228053454/https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/indias-bharatiya-janata-party-joins-union-of-international-conservative-parties/|archive-date=28 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Members|url = https://www.idu.org/members/|publisher = [[International Democrat Union]]|access-date = 25 September 2019|website = idu.org}}</ref>
* [[Asia Pacific Democrat Union]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idu.org/asia-pacific-democrat-union-apdu/|title=International Democrat Union » Asia Pacific Democrat Union (APDU)|work=International Democrat Union|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616235358/http://idu.org/asia-pacific-democrat-union-apdu/|archive-date=16 June 2017|access-date=12 June 2017}}</ref>
}}

The '''Bharatiya Janata Party – Sikkim''', or simply, '''BJP Sikkim''' ('''BJP'''; {{IPA|hns|bʱaːɾət̪iːjə dʒənət̪aː paːrtiː||Hindi-Bharatiya Janata Party.ogg|pronunciation}}; {{lit|Indian People's Party}}),
is the state unit of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] of the Sikkim. Its head office is situated at Panchsheel, New Market [[Gangtok]]-737 101, [[Sikkim]], [[India]].<ref name="auto"/> The current president of BJP Sikkim is Shri Dilli Ram Thapa (DR Thapa).<ref>https://www.bjp.org/state-president-sikkim</ref>

==[[Lok Sabha]] election history==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Candidate
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Change in seats
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|National Result
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| Dinesh Chandra Nepal
| 0
| {{steady}} 0
| style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Government
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| Laten Tshering Sherpa
| 0
| {{steady}} 0
| style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Government
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| Nar Bahadur Khatiwada
| 0
|{{steady}} 0
| style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Government
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| Padam Br. Chettri
| 0
| new
| style="background-color:#808080; color:white"|Opposition
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|colspan=3|Not contested
| style="background-color:#808080; color:white"|Opposition
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|colspan=3|Not contested
| style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Government
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|colspan=3|Not contested
| style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Government
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|colspan=3|Not contested
| style="background-color:#F8C8B0; color:white"|Government, later Opposition
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|colspan=3|Not contested
| style="background-color:#808080; color:white"| Opposition
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|colspan=3|Not contested
| style="background-color:#808080; color:white"| Opposition
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|colspan=3|Not contested
| style="background-color:#808080; color:white"| Opposition
|}

==[[Rajya Sabha]] Members==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|No.
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Name !! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"| Term start !! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"| Term end !! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"| Term
|-
|style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"| '''1.'''
|'''[[Dorjee Tshering Lepcha]]'''
|'''24-Feb-2024'''
|'''23-Feb-2030'''
|'''1'''
|}

==State election history==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Year || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Election || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Seats won || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Change of Seats || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Popular votes || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Vote% || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Change of Vote% ||style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Outcome
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1994|| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|5th Assembly (Sikkim)]] || {{Composition bar|0|32|hex=#FF9933}} || new || 274 || 0.16% || new || style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:white"|None
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1999|| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|6th Assembly (Sikkim)]] || {{Composition bar|0|32|hex=#FF9933}} || {{steady}} || || || || style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:white"|None
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2004|| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|7th Assembly (Sikkim)]] || {{Composition bar|0|32|hex=#FF9933}} || {{steady}} || 667 || 0.34% || || style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:white"|None
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2009|| [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|8th Assembly (Sikkim)]] || {{Composition bar|0|32|hex=#FF9933}} || {{steady}} || 1,966 || 0.78% || -- || style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:white"|None
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2014|| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|9th Assembly (Sikkim)]]|| {{Composition bar|0|32|hex=#FF9933}} || {{steady}} || 2,208 || 0.7% || {{steady}} || style="background-color:#808080; color:white"|Outside support to [[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2019|| [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|10th Assembly (Sikkim)]] || {{Composition bar|0|32|hex=#FF9933}} || {{steady}} || 5,700 || 1.62% || {{increase}} 0.92% || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Allied Government with [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2024|| [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|11th Assembly (Sikkim)]] || {{Composition bar|0|32|hex=#FF9933}} || {{steady}} || 19,956|| 5.18% || {{increase}} 3.56% || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Allied Government with [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party – Arunachal Pradesh]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party – Assam]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party – Nagaland]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party – Manipur]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party – Mizoram]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party – Meghalaya]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party – Tripura]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party – West Bengal]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party – Bihar]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party – Jharkhand]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party – Odisha]]
*[[National Democratic Alliance]]
*[[North East Democratic Alliance]]
*[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party - Sikkim}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|Sikkim]]
[[Category:Political parties in Sikkim]]

2018 Varanasi flyover collapse

2026-05-05T15:52:36Z

Shah am: started new pg w/ sources!

{{Short description|Bridge collapse in Varanasi, India}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox event
| date = 15 May 2018
| time = Evening
| location = [[Varanasi]]
| fatalities = at least 18
| cause = Flyover collapse
}}

On 15 May 2018, a [[overpass|flyover bridge]] collapsed in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], killing at least 18 and injuring many.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-15 |title=India flyover collapse kills at least 18 in Varanasi |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-44128439 |access-date=2023-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=Huizhong |date=2018-05-16 |title=India overpass collapse kills at least 15 in Varanasi |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/16/asia/india-overpass-collapse-varanasi-15-dead-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-15 |title=Seven dead, 30 feared trapped after part of flyover collapses in Indian city |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL3N1SM5Z7/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

a segment of a flyover under construction by a government-owned corporation collapsed onto a bustling street in Varanasi, resulting in at least 18 people <ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-16 |title=At least 18 killed as under-construction flyover collapses in Varanasi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/under-construction-flyover-collapses-in-varanasi-atleast-12-dead/articleshow/64177996.cms |access-date=2024-03-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> fatalities as it smashed into a minibus, cars, and motorcycles.

There are concerns that the death toll could increase.{{who|date=June 2025}}

Even hours after the incident, it is suspected that individuals remain trapped beneath the debris of the flyover, with multiple cranes mobilized to remove the concrete girder that fell at approximately 4 pm on the road leading to the Varanasi-Allahabad highway.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2018 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Bridge disasters in India]]
[[Category:2018 road incidents in Asia]]
[[Category:Bridge disasters caused by construction error]]
[[Category:Transport disasters in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:May 2018 in India]]
[[Category:Road incidents in India]]
[[Category:Building and structure collapses in 2018]]
[[Category:History of Varanasi]]
[[Category:Building and structure collapses in India]]
[[Category:Bridge collapses]]

{{India-hist-stub}}

Neel Pawan Baruah

2026-04-29T17:40:51Z

Shah am: started new pg

{{Short description|Indian painter (1936–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Neel Pawan Baruah নীলপৱন বৰুৱা
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1936|6|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Teok]] in [[Jorhat district]], [[Assam]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|28|1936|6|1|df=y}}
| death_cause =
| occupation = Painter
| children =
| spouse = [[Dipali Barthakur]]
| parents = [[Binanda Chandra Barua]] Lavanya Prabha Barua
| years_active =
| height =
| alma_mater =
| death_place = [[Guwahati]], India
| other_names =
| known_for = Paintings
| notable_works =
| awards = [[Assam Saurabh]], 2021
}}

'''Neel Pawan Baruah''' (also spelt '''Nilpawan Baruah'''; 1 June 1936 – 28 October 2022) was an Indian painter from Assam. In 2021, he was awarded the [[Assam Saurabh]] Award, the second-highest civilian honor of [[Assam]] by the [[Government of Assam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Himanta Biswa Announces Names of 19 Awardees in 3 Categories, Assam Baibhav, Saurav & Gaurav Award|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/himanta-biswa-announces-names-of-19-awardees-in-3-categories-assam-baibhav-saurav-gaurav-award-566187
|access-date=18 December 2021 |work=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]] |date=12 December 2021}}</ref> Some of his notable paintings include ''Green Bird'', ''[[Kaliya]] Daman'', ''Shankhachakra Gadapadma'', ''Sleeping Man'', ''Victory of Vietnam'', ''Scream'', ''Three Powers'', ''Patchitra'' and ''The Three Faces of the Godde''.<ref name="Asomiya">কেনভাছ উকা কৰি গ’লগৈ নীলপৱন, 29 October 2022, [[Asomiya Pratidin]], [[Guwahati]], pg. 1, 10.</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Baruah was born on 1 June 1936, in Tamulisiga village near [[Teok]] in [[Jorhat district]], Assam. His father was [[Binanda Chandra Barua]] and his mother was Lavanya Prabha Barua. He started his education at Dulia Gaon Primary School No. 54, Teok. He attended Teok High School, Jorhat Polytechnic School, Mariani High School and Kamrup Academy in Guwahati.<ref name=bip /> After passing the high school examination several times, he did not pursue a college education to concentrate on agriculture and social work.<ref name=art /><ref name="Asomiya"/>

He was inspired by the book by Pramathanath Basu and came to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] to study at [[Santiniketan|Shantiniketan]]. Initially, he wanted to study agriculture but became attracted to painting after seeing the paintings and teaching classes at [[Santiniketan|Shantiniketan]]. He joined Shantiniketan in 1961. After completing his painting studies at Shantiniketan, he studied [[Glaze (pottery)|glazed pottery]] at [[Sriniketan]]. He later studied painting at the Garhi Studios in [[New Delhi]].<ref name=bip>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Manish |title=Celebrating Colours |url=http://www.oocities.org/bipuljyoti/art/neel.html |access-date=4 November 2022 |agency=[[The Assam Tribune]] |publisher=OoCities}}</ref><ref name=art />

== Work ==
In 1966, Neel Pawan Baruah came to [[Assam]] from [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and joined the [[Government College of Art & Crafts Assam|Guwahati Art College]] as a teacher.<ref name=bip /> In 1969, he became involved in artwork in collaboration with the archaeological department at Srisurya Hills in Mornai.<ref name="Asomiya"/> He asked the [[Government of Assam]] for a piece of land to open a film archive on a hill in [[Sonapur, Assam|Sonapur]] area. He also sought sponsors to paint a 180-foot-long mural called 'Vrindavani Prachir'.<ref name="নীলপৱন বৰুৱা">{{cite book | title=Story 100 (Editors: Shonit Vijay Das, Munin Bayon) | publisher=Katha| author=Manoj Barpujari | authorlink=Manoj Barpujari | year=2006| location=[[Guwahati]] | pages=208–209 | isbn=81-89148-14-1}}</ref>

In 1971, he founded the Assam Charu-Karu Kala Parishad and the first private art school in Assam, Basundhara Kala Niketan. Since then, he has been involved in painting. His paintings have been exhibited at the Birla Academy of Art and Culture, Calcutta, [[Lucknow College of Arts and Crafts|Lucknow Fine Arts Academy]], Bhubaneswar and other places. His paintings represented Assam at the [[Lalit Kala Akademi|Lalit Kala Academy]], Delhi.<ref name="নীলপৱন বৰুৱা"/>

In 1982, he opened a folk art center called ''Lokkala'' and conducted three-month workshops on folk art and Vaishnava mask art of Assam under this center. The workshop was attended by mask artists from [[Majuli]].<ref name="নীলপৱন বৰুৱা"/>

Baruah worked to revive the weaving industry of [[Vrindavani vastra]] and created designs based on Vrindavani textiles. Baruah has created a special style by painting miniature paintings on Charminar cigarette boxes and matchboxes. He mentioned that he started painting cigarette boxes in the 1960s and 1970s when smoking became his habit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Neel Pawan Baruah's paintings on display at State Art Gallery |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-06/guwahati/30597485_1_paintings-cigarette-packs-art-collectors |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 January 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905212642/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-06/guwahati/30597485_1_paintings-cigarette-packs-art-collectors#selection-773.0-778.0 |archive-date=5 September 2012}}</ref>

Baruah was involved in various organizations during his lifetime. He began his active public life in 1945 through the Jaihind Chhatra Sansad. In 1991, he inaugurated the Dudhanai Session of the Assam Sahitya Sabha Book Fair and Exhibition. He was the president of the Artists and Literary Assistance Trust of the Sadao Assam Chhatra Sanstha and the representative of Assam at the Academy of Fine Arts in New Delhi. The All India Artists Camp was organized by the Lalit Kala Academy at Srimanta Sankardev Kalakshetra and conducted by Baruah.<ref name="দ্য ছেণ্টিনেল">{{cite news | url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assams-renowned-artist-neel-pawan-baruah-tests-covid-positive-541519 | title=Assam's Renowned Artist Neel Pawan Baruah Tests COVID Positive | newspaper=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]]| date=5 June 2021}}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
In 1976, he married [[Dipali Barthakur]], a singer. After her marriage, he took care of Dipali Barthakur until her death.<ref name=art>{{cite news |title=The Strand Art Room |url=http://www.artslant.com/ind/events/show/131548-hieroglyphs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022020037/http://www.artslant.com/ind/events/show/131548-hieroglyphs |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-10-22 |work=Artslant.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gani |first1=Abdul |title=From real to reel: Classic love story of 'Nightingale of Assam' and husband Neel Pawan Barua |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/from-real-to-reel-classic-love-story-of-nightingale-of-assam-and-husband-neel-pawan-barua/cid/1751051 |publisher=[[Telegraph India]] |date=4 March 2020}}</ref>

On 5 June 2021, he was diagnosed with [[COVID-19]].<ref name="দ্য ছেণ্টিনেল"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Assam CM Himanta Biswa Sarma Dials GMCH Principal, Reviews Condition of Artist Neel Pawan Baruah |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-cm-himanta-biswa-sarma-dials-gmch-principal-reviews-condition-of-artist-neel-pawan-baruah-541726 |newspaper=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]] |date=7 June 2021}}</ref> At 86, he died on 28 October 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-28 |title=Assam's eminent artist Neel Pawan Baruah passes away at age 84 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/assams-eminent-artist-neel-pawan-baruah-passes-away-at-age-84-101666966748163.html |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> at the [[Gauhati Medical College and Hospital]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Agnihotri |first1=Akanksha |title=Assam's eminent artist Neel Pawan Baruah passes away at age 84 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/assams-eminent-artist-neel-pawan-baruah-passes-away-at-age-84-101666966748163.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=28 October 2022}}</ref> The [[Governor of Assam]], [[Jagdish Mukhi]] expressed his condolence and said, ''It is a sad day for Assam as the state has lost one of its most celebrated painters.''<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam Governor Prof Jagdish Mukhi mourns death of Neel Pawan Baruah |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/assam-governor-prof-jagdish-mukhi-mourns-death-of-neel-pawan-baruah-620691 |newspaper=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]] |date=29 October 2022}}</ref>

Political leaders from various parties, including [[Bimal Bora]], the culture minister of Assam and artists, paid their tribute to him. His last rites were performed at Nabagraha crematorium in Guwahati with state honour.<ref>{{cite news |title=Neel Pawan Baruah's last rites performed with full state honours |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/neel-pawan-baruahs-last-rites-performed-with-full-state-honours/articleshow/95174768.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 October 2022}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
The state government of Assam awarded him the Silpi Pension in 1989. He was honoured with the [[Bishnu Rabha|Bishu Rabha Award]] in 2005 and the Rabindra Jayanti Silpi Sanman in 2008. In 2018, he received an honorary PhD from [[Gauhati University]]. The [[Government of Assam]] honoured him with the Assam Saurav, the second highest [[civilian award]] of the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Legendary artist Neel Pawan Baruah bids adieu, state mourns |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/legendary-artist-neel-pawan-baruah-bids-adieu-state-mourns-620681 |newspaper=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]] |date=29 October 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baruah, Neel Pawan}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian modern painters]]
[[Category:Artists from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Jorhat district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Assam Saurabh]]

Sera Monastery

2026-04-24T23:37:14Z

Shah am:

{{Short description|Buddhist monastery near Lhasa, Tibet, China}}
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery
|name =Séra Monastery
|image = Sera Mey.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Monks assembled outside the Sera Me Tratsang college of Sera Monastery in India in December 2006.
|t=<big>སེ་ར་ཐེག་ཆེན་གླིང་།</big>
|w=se ra theg chen gling
|to =
|ipa=
|z=
|thdl=
|e=
|tc=色拉寺
|s=色拉寺
|p=
|map_type = China Tibet
|coordinates = {{coord|29|41|53|N|91|8|0|E|type:landmark_region:CN|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption = Location within Tibet Autonomous Region
|country = China
|location= Wangbur Mountain, [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], [[China]]
|founded_by =[[Jamchen Chojey]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1419}}
|year_completed = 1419
|date_renovated =
|religious_affiliation = [[Tibetan Buddhism]]
|sect = [[Gelug]]
|dedicated_to = [[Je Tsongkhapa]]
|head_lama =
|architecture =
|footnotes = Its counterpart set up at [[Bylakuppe]], near [[Mysore]] in [[Karnataka]] by [[Tibetan diaspora]]
}}
{{Tibetan Buddhism}}

'''Sera Monastery''' ({{bo-tw|t=སེ་ར་དགོན་པ|w=se ra dgon pa}} "Wild Roses Monastery";<ref name="LonelyPlanetWildRoses">{{cite web |title=Drepung & Sera Monastery on Budget-Lhasa Day Tour |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/activities/drepung-sera-monastery-on-budget-lhasa-day-tour/a/pa-act/v-12288P48/355904 |website=Lonely Planet |access-date=28 October 2018 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821070235/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/activities/drepung-sera-monastery-on-budget-lhasa-day-tour/a/pa-act/v-12288P48/355904 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{lang-zh|t=色拉寺|p=Sèlā Sì}}) is one of the "great three" [[Gelug]] [[gompa|university monasteries]] of [[Tibet]], located {{convert|1.25|mi|km}} north of [[Lhasa]] and about {{cvt|5|km}} north of the [[Jokhang]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhMeAAAAMAAJ&q=Sera+Monastery|author1=Majupuria, Trilok Chandra |author2=Majupuria, Indra |title=Tibet, a guide to the land of fascination: an overall perspective of Tibet of the ancient, medieval, and modern periods|publisher=S. Devi|year=1988|page=312}}</ref> (The other two are [[Ganden Monastery]] and [[Drepung Monastery]].) The original Sera Monastery is responsible for some 19 [[Hermitage (religious retreat)|hermitages]], including four nunneries, which are all located in the foothills north of Lhasa.<ref name=Sera>{{Cite web |url= http://kekexili.typepad.com/life_on_the_tibetan_plate/2007/03/sera_monastery.html |title= Buddhist Monk of Sera Monastery, Lhasa, Tibet |pages=9–12|access-date=2010-02-09}}</ref><ref name=guide>{{Cite web |url= http://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/tibet/lhasa/sera.htm |title= Travel China guide:Sera Monastery|access-date= 27 February 2010}}</ref>

The Sera Monastery, as a complex of structures with the Great Assembly Hall and three colleges, was founded in 1419 by Jamchen Chojey of Sakya Yeshe of Zel Gungtang (1355–1435), a disciple of [[Je Tsongkhapa]].<ref name=Dorje>{{Cite book |last= Dorje |first=Gyumye |title= Tibet handbook: with Bhutan |work= Sights in North and east Lhasa:Sera Tekchenling Monastery |pages= 119–122–130 |access-date= 26 February 2010|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xul-VmZBUKoC&q=Keutsang+Hermitage&pg=PA181 |publisher= Footprint Travel Guides |year=1999 |isbn= 1-900949-33-4}}</ref>
During the 1959 revolt in Lhasa, Sera monastery suffered severe damage, with its colleges destroyed and hundreds of monks killed.<ref name=Mayhew>{{Cite book|last=Mayhew|first= Bradley|author2=Michael Kohn |title= Tibet|work=Sera Monastery|pages=123–125|access-date=1 March 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPTkWmFhikkC&q=Sera+Monastery&pg=PA122|publisher= Lonely Planet|year= 2005|isbn=1-74059-523-8}}</ref> The origin of its name is attributed to a fact that during construction, the hill behind the monastery was covered with blooming wild roses (or "sera" in Tibetan).<ref name="LonelyPlanetWildRoses" /> (An alternate etymology holds that the location that was surrounded by [[raspberry]] shrubs called 'Sewa' in Tibetan, that formed like a 'Rawa' in Tibetan, meaning "Fence".)<ref name=History/>

After the Dalai Lama took asylum in [[India]], many of the monks of Sera who survived the attack moved to [[Bylakuppe]] in [[Mysore]], India. After initial tribulations, they established a parallel Sera Monastery with Sera Me and Sera Je colleges and a Great Assembly Hall on similar lines to the original monastery, with help from the [[Government of India]]. There are now 3000 or more monks living in Sera, India and this community has also spread its missionary activities to several countries by establishing Dharma centres, propagating knowledge of Buddhism.<ref name="History" /><ref name="thlib" />

==Background==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-KA-09-028, Tibetexpedition, Blick auf Kloster Sera.jpg|thumb|Sera Monastery in 1938]]
[[File:Abbots of Sera Monastery.jpg|thumb|Abbots of Sera Monastery, 1920-1921]]

The original Sera Monastery is a complex of structures founded in 1419 by Jamchen Chojey Sakya Yeshe of Zel Gungtang (1355–1435), a disciple of Je Tsongkhapa. Prior to establishing this monastery, Tsongkhapa, assisted by his disciples, had set up hermitages at higher elevations above [[Sera Utsé Hermitage]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

The Sera complex is divided into two sectors by pathways; the eastern part contains the Great Assembly Hall and the dwellings and the western part has the well-known three colleges: the Sera Je Dratsang, the Sera Me Dratsang; and the Ngakpa Dratsang, all instituted by Tsongkhapa as monastic universities that catered to monks in the age range 8-70. All the structures within this complex formed a clockwise pilgrimage circuit, starting with the colleges (in the order stated), followed by the hall, the dwelling units and finally ending at the hermitage of Tsongkhapa above the Great Assembly Hall.<ref name=guide/><ref name=Dorje/><ref name=sera>{{Cite web|url=http://www.b-i-a.net/sera%20monastery.htm|title= Sera Monastery and the Sera Mey College|access-date=27 February 2010}}</ref>

The Jé and Mé colleges were established to train monks, over a 20-year programme of ''tsennyi mtshan nyid grwa tshang'' (philosophical knowledge), which concludes with a [[geshe]] degree. The Ngakpa college, which predated the other two colleges, was exclusively devoted to the practice of [[tantra|tantric]] ritual. Before 1959, the administration of each college comprised an [[abbot]] with council of ten [[lama]]s for each college.<ref name=thlib/>

Over the years, the monastery developed into a hermitage where about 6000 monks resided. The monastery was one of the finest locations in Tibet to witness the debate sessions, which were held according to a fixed schedule.<ref name= schedule>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/essays/#essay=/dreyfus/drepung/monasticed/s/b43|title=The Schedule of Debating Institutions|access-date=11 March 2010|publisher=The Tibetan Himalayan Library|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126100834/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/essays/#essay=/dreyfus/drepung/monasticed/s/b43|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The monastery belongs to the Gelug Order and was one of the largest in Lhasa.<ref name=Sera/><ref name=under>{{Cite web|url=http://buddhism.about.com/od/vajrayanabuddhism/ig/Tibetan-Buddhism-Under-Guard/Monk-looks-out-door.htm|title=Buddhist Monk of Sera Monastery, Lhasa, Tibet|access-date=9 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615064218/http://buddhism.about.com/od/vajrayanabuddhism/ig/Tibetan-Buddhism-Under-Guard/Monk-looks-out-door.htm|archive-date=15 June 2011}}</ref>

==History==
The history of the monastery is strongly connected to Master Lama Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), the founder of the [[Gelukpa|Gelukpa Order]], a much-venerated and highly-learned guru in Buddhist scriptures. It was under his tutelage — seen by followers as divine — that his disciple Jetsun Kunkhen Lodroe Rinchen Senge established the Sera Jey Monastery complex in the early 15th century AD. Kunkhyen Lodroe Rinchen Senge initially served as a teacher in the [[Drepung Monastery]] before he formed the Sera Jey.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

The religious legend holds that the site was chosen because Tsongkhapa had a vision in which he saw the full text of [[Prajnaparamita]]'s 20 [[slokas]] on ''Shunyata'' captioned in the sky. This vision gave him a full insight into the ''Tsawasehrab'' (Fundamentals of [[Madhyamika]] or [[Shunyata]]) text.<ref name=History>{{Cite web|url=http://www.serajeymonastery.org/history.htm |title=Sera Jey Monastery: Introductory History |access-date=9 February 2010 |publisher=Sera Jey Monastery.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022093053/http://www.serajeymonastery.org/history.htm |archive-date=22 October 2009 }}</ref>

Further, he also perceived the "vision of a rain like 'AA' characters descending from the sky". It was only 12 years later that one of his pupils, Jamchen Choje, fulfilled the prophecy of his guru by establishing the Sera Je as a seat of learning knowledge of the complete teachings and practices of the Mahayana tradition.<ref name=History/>

King Nedong Dagpa Gyaltsen supported the noble venture with required finances. In 1419, he performed the foundation laying ceremony for construction of the monastery. Lama Tsongkhapa oversaw further details including installing sacred images, idols, and other objects of worship. The monastery soon came to be known as "the Seat of Theckchen ling ([[Mahayana|Mahayana Tradition]])".<ref name=History/>

===Post-1959 events===
{{see also|1959 Tibetan uprising}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Sera Bylakuppe.jpg
| width1 = 180
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Winterdebate.jpg
| width2 = 180
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Left: Sera Monastery, India at [[Bylakuppe]], [[Mysore]]. Right: The Debate session in Bylakuppe during winter, a practice inherited from the Tibet Sera
}}
The [[14th Dalai Lama]] [[Dalai Lama's escape from China|fled to India]] in 1959 and sought asylum there. Starting from 18 March, Sera Jey Monastery was subject to bombardment,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://walleahpress.com.au/FR34Gibson.html |author=Gibson, Jen |accessdate= 31 August 2022|title=1959 Uprising in Lhasa |publisher=Walleah Press}}</ref> which resulted in death of hundreds of monks (in 1959, the count of monks living in Sera Jey was 5629), apart from destruction of ancient texts and loss of innumerable, invaluable, ancient and antique works of art. Many of those who survived (monks and common people) this onslaught by the Chinese fled to India, under severe winter weather conditions, across the [[Himalayas]]. Following this mass exodus of people from Tibet (including, a few hundred Sera Jey lamas, geshes and monks), when they arrived in India, they were resettled at [[Bylakuppe]] near [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]] state among many other locations spread across the country, as one of the exclusive Tibetan establishments with ready assistance forthcoming from the [[Government of India]].{{cn|date=April 2026}}

It was in 1970 that the group of 197 Sera Jey monks with 103 of Sera Mey monks established a special monastery within the resettlement of Bylakuppe as a counterpart of the Tibetan Sera Jey Monastery. As none of the monks of the Ngagpa Dratsang (Tantric College) had survived the invasion, only the Sera Mey College and Sera Jey College were re-formed in India. The Bylakuppe Monastery now houses 5,000 Buddhist monks comprising some migrants and many other Tibetans who were not born in their ancestral homeland.<ref name=History/><ref name=Rock>{{Cite book|last=Rock|first= Sheila|title=Sera: the way of the Tibetan monk|work= Book overview|access-date=2010-02-27|url=https://archive.org/details/serawayoftibetan0000rock|url-access=registration|quote=Sera Monastery.|publisher= Columbia University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-231-12890-8}}</ref>
{{multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = Trijang-Rinpoche-01.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Sera Mey monks in the main temple.jpg
| width2 = 200
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Left: Statue of Trijang Rinpoche, tutor of the present 14th Dalai Lama, Sera Mey Monastery, Bylakuppe, India.. Right: Monks in the Assembly Hall of Sera Mey in Bylakuppe}}
With forest land allotted by the Government of India, two arms of the Sera Monastery, representing the migrant monks of the Tibetan Sera Je and Sera Me colleges were established; 193 Sera je monks got {{convert|147.75|acre|ha}} and 107 monks of Sera Me got an allotment of the balance area. Further, 38 tenements were built with grants by the Government of India for the Monks to reside and pursue their vocation of monkshood coupled with tilling the surrounding allotted land for raising food crops for survival. Well established as an organised Monastery with dedicated efforts of the monks, an Assembly Prayer Hall that could accommodate 1500 monks was also completed in 1978. This Monastery is now the nodal monastery, with its affiliation to several smaller monasteries spread across various regions in Tibet; its popularity could be gauged by the 3000 or more monks living here now. Encouraged by this success and noting the pressure on existing infrastructure, an additional, much larger and an impressive Assembly hall (measuring {{convert|23275|ft2|m2}}, {{convert|31|ft|m}} high with 110 pillars) has been built that can accommodate 3500 monks to assemble for prayers. With this development, Sera has now two facets, the original “Tibetan Sera” and the Bylakuppe “New Sera” of the “Tibetan Diaspora” with the counterpart Jé, Mé monasteries, with the Ngakpa college counterpart also added recently. The Sera-India monk community of the Bylakuppe Monastery, has gone global with their missionary activity by establishing “dharma centres” in many parts the world, thus removing the cultural isolation of pre-1959 years in Tibet.<ref name=History/><ref name=thlib>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/#essay=/cabezon/sera/intro/|title=Introduction to Sera Monastery|access-date=27 February 2010|publisher=Sera Monastery|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011073421/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/#essay=/cabezon/sera/intro/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Sera Monastery2.jpg
| width1 = 180
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Retreat-Sera11.JPG
| width2 = 180
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Left: Monastery complex. Right: Retreat House of Sera Monastery and Lhasa valley down below.
}}
The monastery is located on the northern outskirts of [[Lhasa]], the capital of [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]. As built in 1419, it encompassed an area of {{convert|28|acre|ha}}.<ref name=Sera/><ref name=monk>{{Cite web|url=http://buddhism.about.com/od/vajrayanabuddhism/ig/Tibetan-Buddhism-Under-Guard/Monk-looks-out-door.htm|title=Buddhist Monks Wait at the Sera monastery in Lhasa, Tibet|access-date=9 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615064218/http://buddhism.about.com/od/vajrayanabuddhism/ig/Tibetan-Buddhism-Under-Guard/Monk-looks-out-door.htm|archive-date=15 June 2011}}</ref>

Its geographical location is at the base of Pubuchok mountain, also known as Tatipu Hill, located in the northern suburb of Lhasa City, which forms the watershed of the basins formed by Kyi Chi and Penpo Chu rivers.<ref name=guide/><ref name=Dorje/>

==Architecture==
The monastery complex, encompassing {{convert|28|acre|ha}} of land, housed several institutions in its precincts. The structures of notability were the Coqen Hall Tsokchen (Great Assembly Hall), the three Zhacangs (colleges) and Kamcun (dormitory) also called Homdong Kangtsang. In the main hall, scriptures (scripted with gold powder), statues, scent cloth and murals were seen in profusion. The descriptions given here relate to the scenario that existed at the monastery prior to the 1959 invasion by [[China]] but most of the monasteries are stated to be since restored, though the strength of the monks are said to be small.<ref name=guide/>

===Great Assembly Hall===
[[File:Sera Monastery front.jpg|thumb|right|Sera Monastery]][[File:Lhasa 1996 172.jpg|thumb|right|Gilt images of a bodhisattva and lamas in Sera Monastery]]
The Great Assembly Hall, the ‘Tsokchen' or 'Coqen Hall', dated to 1710, a four-story structure to the north east of the monastery, facing east, is where several religious rituals and rites are conducted. The hall measured an area of {{convert|2000|m2|ft2}} built with 125 pillars (86 tall and 39 short columns) and was constructed by Lhazang Qan. The entry portico had ten columns.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

The five chapels in this building have statues or images of [[Maitreya]], [[Shakyamuni]], [[Arhats]], Tsongkhapa, and [[Kwan-yin]] with one thousand hands and eleven faces. The ancient and delicately written scriptures ‘the Gangyur of Tripitaka’ also spelt '[[Kangyur]]' (dated 1410) in 105 volumes (original 108 volumes) written in Tibetan is the treasured possession of the monastery. It is said that Chengzhu, emperor of the [[Ming dynasty]], presented these scriptures (printed on wood blocks with gold cover engraved in red [[lacquer]] and made in China) to Jamchen Chojey, the builder of the monastery.<ref name=guide/><ref name="Dorje p.121-122">Dorje, pp. 121-122</ref>

The entrance to the hall was through a portico built on 10 columns. Large [[appliqué]] [[Thangka]]s were suspended from the ceiling on the side walls. A skylight at the centre provided the light in the hall during the day. Image of the founder of the monastery Jamchen Choje Shakya Yeshe was deified as the central image. Other deities installed were of Maitreya ({{convert|5|m|ft}} height and gilded) flanked by statues of two lions, Dalai Lamas V, VII and XII, Tsongkhapa (with his favourite disciples), Chokyi Gyeltsen, [[Desi Sangye Gyatso]] and many more.<ref name="Dorje p.122">Dorje, p. 122</ref>

The three inner chapels, sequentially, are the Jampa Lhakhang, the Neten Lhakhang and Jigje Lhakhang. A {{convert|6|m|ft}} high image of Maitreya was deified in Jampa Lhakhang ensconced by Eight [[Bodhisattva]]s, the treasured Kagyur and guarded by [[Hayagriva]] and [[Acala]] at the entrance. Jigje Lhakhang houses the image of [[Bhairava]] with his consort [[Bhairavi]], [[Palden Lhamo|Shri Devi]] and other protector deities.<ref name="Dorje p.122"/>

On the second floor, there were three chapels: the Zhelre Lhakhang from where Maitreya could be seen embossed with a small Tsongkhapa on its heart; the Tu-je Chenpo Lhakhang that had an Avalokiteshvara with eleven faces (found at Pawangka), [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] and six–armed [[Mahakala]]. The idol of [[Shakyamuni Buddha]] flanked by images of Gelukpa Lamas were placed in the Shakyamuni Lhakhang.<ref name="Dorje p.122"/>

The third and the fourth floors were used as private apartments for the Dalai Lamas and the preceptors of the Main Assembly Hall.<ref name="Dorje p.122"/>

===Sera Me Tratsang===
[[File:Sera Monastery.jpg|upright|thumb|right|Sera Monastery, 2008]]
Sera Me Tratsang or Sera Me Zhakan was the oldest college built here. It was established in 1419 during the Ming dynasty reign, initially for elementary or basic education in Buddhist religion. The college adopted a step-by-step approach to the studies of Buddhist doctrines; a practice particular to the Gelukpa or [[Yellow Hat sect]] of [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. The college was built over an area of {{convert|1,600|m2|ft2}} with 30 dwelling units. However, in 1761 lightning struck the main hall which was rebuilt in 1761. The hall, as finally refurbished, had 70 pillars (8 tall and 62 short pillars) which housed a galaxy of statues of Buddhist gurus with the main deity of Shakyamuni Buddha made in copper. The other Bodhisattvas enshrined along with the main deity were of Maitreya, [[Manjushri]], Amatyas, Bhavishyaguru, Tsongkhapa (with his students), Dalai Lama VII, Pawanga Rinpoche and several other past teachers of the college.<ref name=guide/><ref name=Dorje/><ref name="Dorje p.119">Dorje, p. 119</ref>

The college had five chapels with plethora of statues and frescoes, which from west to east were: Tawok Lhkhang with images of Tawok, protection deity of the east, the Je Rinpoche Lhakhang with images of Tsongkhapa and Shakyamuni, the Neten Lhakhang
with images of Buddha of Three Times in the company of 'Sixteen Elders' depicted in their mountain caves, volumes of the sacred [[Prajnaparamita]] text; the Jowokhang with large Buddha image (replaced an earlier image of Miwang Jowo Shakyamuni) along with Eight Bodhisattvas, and gatekeepers Hayagriva and Acala; and the Tsongkhapa Lhakhang, the last chapel on the right, with several images – Je Rinpoche, [[Atisha]], [[Dromtonpa]], Dalai Lamas I-III, Dalai Lama V, Jamchen Shakya Yeshe, Gyeltsen Zangpo (first teacher of Sera), Kunkhen Jangchub Penpa (founder of Sera Me) and many more.<ref name="Dorje p.120">Dorje, p. 120</ref>

The second floor of the college had the Nyima Lhakhang where image of Shakhyamuni Buddha was deified along with Tuwang Tsultrim, and the Khangyur Lhakhang with 1000 images of Tara which replaced the sacred texts that were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. The third floor was reserved for the Dalai Lamas.<ref name="Dorje p.120">Dorje, p. 120</ref>
[[File:Sera Monastery4.jpg|left|thumb|Coqen Hall]]

===Sera Je College===
Sera Je Tretsang (College) or Zhekong, the largest college in Sera complex, measured an area of {{cvt|17,000|m2|ft2}}. It was initially a three storied building; a fourth floor was added in the 18th century by strengthening the building with a total of 100 columns. It had a statue of the [[Hayagriva]] (said to have been sculpted by [[Lodro Rinchen Sengge|Lodro Rinchen]] himself in gilded copper), also known popularly as [[Avalokiteśvara]], which was considered the protective deity of the monastery. This wrathful deity was worshipped as dispeller of obstacles with healing powers. Tokden Yonten Gonpo, worshipped this deity first and on divine injunction initiated his son Kunkhepa, to follow this tradition. Kunkhepa, with the blessings of Lama Tsongkhapa, institutionalised the name of Hayagriva or Tamdin Yangsang as the supreme protector deity of the monastery. The assembly hall of the college depicted frescoes of Buddha's life achievements, the thrones of the Dalai Lamas and [[Panchen Lama]]s; seen on its north wall were stupas (reliquaries) and images of Dalai Lama VIII and Dalai Lama XIII, Reting Telkus II and IX, and Lodro Rinchen (founder of Sera).<ref name=guide/><ref name=History/><ref name="Dorje p.120-121">Dorje, pp. 120-121</ref>
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-KA-07-064, Tibetexpedition, Statuen.jpg|right|thumb|Images of deities in a Chapel in the Sera]]
The Chapels which were circumambulated sequentially are: the Dusum Sangye Lhakhang which housed statues of “Buddhas of Three Times” and Eight Bodhistavas; the Tamdrin Lhakhang housed the main image of Hayagriva; the Jhampa Lhakhang contained images of Maitreya, Eleven-faced Mahakarunika, and Tsongkhapa with his disciples amidst a coveted library; the Tsongkhapa Lhakhang with images of Tsongkhapa with his best students, main Lamas of Sera Je, [[Nagarjuna]] and other Buddhist commentators of India, gate keepers Havagriva and Acala; the Jampeyang Lhakhang to the north-east had two images of Manjushri, one in a Dharmacakramudra (teaching pose) looking towards the Debating Courtyard.<ref name="Dorje p.121">Dorje, p. 121</ref>

The second floor of the monastery on the west called the Zelre Lhakhang provided an overview of the main Hayagriva image in the floor below, and also a small image of Nine-headed Hayagriva along with images of [[Padmasambhava]], the [[5th Dalai Lama]] and the protector deities. One floor above this was the Namgyel Lhakhang and the last floor above this was the living quarters of the Dalai Lamas and teachers of Sera Je.<ref name="Dorje p.121"/>

===Ngakpa Tratsang===
[[File:Sera Ngakpa 2018 01.jpg|thumb|left|Ngakpa Tratsang.]]
The Ngakpa Tratsang, also spelled Ngaba Zhacang, was the smallest of the three colleges that was set up in the complex.<ref name=guide/> It was a three storied building originally built in 1419 by Jetsun Kunkhen Lodroe Rinchen Senge. It was refurbished in the 18th century by [[Lhazang Khan]]. Devoted to tantric studies, the college had an assembly hall and two chapels in the ground floor. The Assembly hall was built with four tall and 42 short columns with elegantly carved capitals. The main image in the centre of the hall was of Jamchen Chojey (wearing a black hat), founder of the monastery. It was believed that the [[Yongle Emperor]] (1360–1424) presented this image to Sera. Other images enshrined in the hall were of Maitreya, Gyeltsen Zangpo (first religious teacher of Sera), Pawangka Rinpoche, Tsongkhapa (with his principle disciples), Dalai Lama XIII, Chokyi Gyeltsen and Lodro Rinchen (founder of Sera Je). The two chapels housed many statues; in the Neten Lhakhang chapel of Shakyamuni Buddha along with images of 16 elders in double series (Upper series made in Tibetan style and the lower series in Chinese lacquer given by the Chinese Emperor); and the Jigje Lakhang chapel housed the 15th century image of [[Bhairava]] along with those of [[Mahakala]], [[Dharmapala|Dharmaraja]], [[Palden Lhamo|Shridevi]] and many others. While the third story was the residence of the Dalai Lama, the second floor had the images [[Amitayus]] and also eight 'Medicine Buddhas', as also reliquaries (stupas) of Gyeltsen Zangpo and Jetsun Chokyi Gyeltsen.<ref name="Dorje p.120"/> However, as per reports, this college was destroyed and all resident monks also died in the bombardment done by the Chinese in 1959.<ref name=History/>

===Homdong Khangtsang===
Homdong Khangtsang, also spelt ‘Kamcuns’ in Tibetan language, are the main dwelling units or dormitories which house the monks of the monastery; there are thirty-three Kamcuns surrounding the central courtyard. The size of the Kamcuns varied, depending on the strength of monks housed. Monks of the same village are housed together; however each monk is given a separate cell. Each Kamcun also has a prayer hall for exclusive study of Buddhist doctrine and also has annexed tea house. However, the main assembly hall here had minor images of Tsongkhapa, Choyi Gyeltsen, Shakhyamuni Buddha, Three Deities of Longevity, and two inner chapels – the Jampakhang with ‘speaking’ image of Tara (protector of the springs in Sera) and Lama Tubten Kunga (who renovated Sera Me) and Gonkhang chapel with the image of the protector deity Gyelchen Karma Trinle.<ref name=guide/><ref name="Dorje p.121"/>

====Choding Khang====
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Choding Khang is the hermitage located just behind the Great Assembly Hall (on the hill slope of Sera Utse). This is where Je Tsongkhapa meditated. The hermitage is accessed through a track where painted rock carvings of Tsongkhapa, Jamchen and Dharma Raja (the protector) are seen flanking the stepped approaches, along the route. A new building has been constructed in place of the old hermitage, which was destroyed during the Revolution. Below the hermitage are the Upper Tantric College (Gyuto) and Lower Tantric College (Gyu-me) of Lhasa). A further climb up the hill leads to caves where Tsongkhapa meditated.<ref name="Dorje p.121"/>
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==Hermitages and nunneries==
Sera Monastery that developed over the centuries into a renowned place of learning, which trained hundreds of scholars who attained name and fame in the Buddhist nations, has under its affiliation 19 hermitages, including four nunneries, which are all located in the foothills above Lhasa. The nunneries established are the [[Chupzang Nunnery]], the [[Garu Nunnery]], the [[Negodong Nunnery]] and the [[Nenang Nunnery]] and a few nuns of some of these nunneries held protest marches against the Chinese rule, and as a result suffered incarceration and indignities.<ref name=History/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/#wiki=/access/wiki/site/0b308aa3-d044-469b-009a-d34c7841413d/sera%20hermitages%20-%20left1.html|title=Essays on Individual Hermitages|access-date=2010-03-03|publisher=The Tibetan Himalayan Library|archive-date=2010-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407164652/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/#wiki=/access/wiki/site/0b308aa3-d044-469b-009a-d34c7841413d/sera%20hermitages%20-%20left1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name= Schwartz>{{Cite book|last= Schwartz|first= Ronald D.|title= Circle of protest: political ritual in the Tibetan uprising|pages= 99–101|access-date=2010-03-01|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_7WkbZAaWEC&q=Garu+Nunnery&pg=PA101|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publisher|year=1996|isbn=81-208-1370-7}}</ref><ref name=watch>{{Cite book|title= Political prisoners in Tibet|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8ymVeC7PX1wC/page/n59 57]|access-date=2010-03-01|url= https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8ymVeC7PX1wC|quote= Garu Nunnery.|author= Human Rights Watch (Organization)| publisher= Human Rights Watch|year=1992|isbn= 1-56432-055-3}}</ref> Brief details of the hermitages and nunneries are:

===Hermitages===

====Pabongkha Hermitage====
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[[Pabonka Hermitage]] (''pha bong kha ri khrod''), the largest and most important of the Sera hermitages is located about {{cvt|8|km}} northwest of Lhasa in the [[Nyang bran|Nyang bran Valley]] on the slopes of Mount Parasol.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

The site, which is over 1,300 years old, dates back to [[Songtsän Gampo]], the founder of the [[Tibetan Empire]], and was amongst the first buildings built in the [[Lhasa]] area by him during the 7th century after settlement.<ref name="Lonely Planet">{{cite book|author=Mayhew, B. |author2=Kelly, R. |author3=Vincent, J.|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanettibe00brad_1|url-access=registration |quote=Pabonka Hermitage. |title=Tibet|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] Country Guides|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanettibe00brad_1/page/135 135]–137 | isbn=978-1-74104-569-7|year=2008 }}</ref> Although originally the site of his castle or fort, the ''[[Tibetan Annals]]'' have revealed that Pabonka was converted into a monastery, possibly under the reign of the second great Buddhist king of Tibet [[Trisong Detsen]]. Detsen, along with [[Guru Rinpoche]] and the first seven monks of the new Tibetan Empire used to meditate at the hermitage and it became one of Tibet's very earliest Buddhist monasteries, possibly even pre-dating [[Jokhang]].<ref name="Lonely Planet"/>
The original nine-storied monastery was partially destroyed by King [[Langdharma]] in 841 AD during his campaign to destroy monastic Buddhism; it was rebuilt in the 11th century as a two-storied structure that housed 200 monks.<ref name="Lonely Planet"/><ref name="Dorje 1999, p. 123">Dorje (1999), p. 123.</ref>
[[File:Tsongkhapa.jpg|upright|thumb|right|Je Tsongkhapa, who lived for some time as a hermit in Pabonka]]
[[Je Tsongkhapa]] (1357–1419) lived at the site as a hermit, and it eventually became a scholarly institution. The [[Fifth Dalai Lama]] was known to be fond of the monastery and funded the building of an upper floor for Pabonka.<ref name="Lonely Planet"/><ref name="Dorje 1999, p. 123"/>

Before 1959, Pabonka was independent of Sera Monastery,<ref>Dowman 91988), p. 65.</ref> and from 1960 to the mid-1980s it was controlled by the Chinese. It then came under the control of Sera, whose monks renovated it and are continuing its traditions.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

This temple is noted for its many shrines, and its blue and carved gold mantra in the hallway, inscribed with words meaning, "Hail to the jewel in the lotus".<ref name="Lonely Planet"/> A number of stone relics were buried during the [[Cultural Revolution]] but when Sera monks restored the hermitage they excavated the relics and restored most of them.<ref name="Lonely Planet"/> A central shrine, dating back 1300 years to Gampo, is located in the temple and depicts [[Chenresig]], [[Jampelyang]] and [[Chana Dorje]], the so-called "Rigsum Gompo Trinity" from which the temple takes its name.<ref name="Lonely Planet"/> Up the hill from the hermitage, past a group of [[chortens]], is Palden Lhamo Cave, a cave known to have been a meditation chamber of Songstan Gampo himself and contains statues of himself, his two wives and a rock carving of [[Palden Lhamo]], the protectress.<ref name="Lonely Planet"/>

The hermitage notably has its own tradition of monthly and yearly ritual cycles. The most important of these yearly ritual events (at least for the laity) are the six-day (three sets of two-day) [[Avalokiteśvara]] fasting rituals that take place during the Tibetan New Year ([[Losar]]) celebrations, the sixteen-day (eight sets of two-day) Avalokiteśvara fasting rituals that take place during the fourth [[Tibetan calendar|Tibetan month]] (they attract many people from Lhasa and the surrounding districts), and a ritual and other events that take place during the “Sixth-Month Fourth-Day” pilgrimage.<ref>The Tibetan and Himalayan Library</ref>
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====Drakri Hermitage====
[[Drakri Hermitage]] (''brag ri ri khrod''), also known as Bari Hermitage (''sba ri ri khrod'') lies about three kilometres north and slightly east of central Lhasa. Drakri, believed to have been founded by the abbot of Pha bong kh in the 18th century, was used as a meditational retreat by Klong rdol bla ma ngag dbang blo bzang (1719–1794), one of the most renowned scholars of the Lhopa Regional House (Lho pa khang tshan) of the Jé College (Grwa tshang byes). Drakri Hermitage had control over [[Garu Nunnery]] since its early history and supervised the training of the Garu nuns until 1959. In 1959, the monks of the hermitage were evicted and the hermitage was turned into the notorious [[Drapchi Prison]], which gained a reputation for being one of the most severe penal institutions run by the Chinese in Tibet.<ref name="Drakri">{{cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_drakri.pdf|title=Drakri Hermitage (brag ri ri khrod)|publisher=The Tibetan & Himalayan Library|access-date=2010-02-28|archive-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409193450/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_drakri.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the 1980s a citizen of Lhasa re-established the monastery under the [[Nyingma]] sect to remember his late mother. After receiving permission from the Lhasa municipal government, he began renovating the site, although a former official of the Bari Lama's estate who had previously controlled the monastery initially objected to it being converted into Nyingma practice centre.Today the hermitage, still partly ruined, consists of five major sections; a main temple compound around a central courtyard with a temple, kitchen, and some of the monks’ living quarters, an extensive ruined terraced complex just south of the main temple which before 1959 served as the meeting rooms and the living quarters of the workers and business managers of the Drakri Lama's estate, a building that had served as the living quarters for the eight fully ordained monks who formed the ritual core of the monastic community, a stable for mdzo, a yak-cow hybrid and several huts. The main temple contains statues of [[Guru Rinpoche]] and several tantric deities and a three-dimensional model of Guru Rinpoche's celestial palace, the Glorious Copper-Coloured Mountain (''Zangs mdog dpal ri''). Today there are four tantric priests residing in the main temple compound and two nuns living in huts to the southeast.<ref name="Drakri"/>

====Jokpo Hermitage====
The ruins of [[Jokpo Hermitage]] (''’jog po ri khrod'') is located in the far western end of the Nyang bran Valley. The former property of the Jokpo Lama’s estate before the Chinese invasion in 1959, it originally served as the meditation retreat of a monk named ’Jog po rin po che of the Sera Mé College. The monk was a great meditator and according to tradition, after he died, his body remained in a state of perpetual meditative equipoise and was kept inside the Zhungpa Regional House temple where the monks reported that his hair and nails continued to grow even after his death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_jokpo.pdf|title=Jokpo Hermitage ('Jog po ri khrod)|publisher=The Tibetan & Himalayan Library|access-date=2010-02-28|archive-date=2016-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207224213/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_jokpo.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Before the Chinese invasion his body was buried and decayed and when the regional house (khang tshan) was rebuilt in the 1980s, his bones were exhumed. These are today placed inside the altar's clay statue in the regional house temple.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

====Keutsang Hermitage====
[[File:Keutsang Hermitage.jpg|thumb|right|[[Keutsang Hermitage]]]]
[[Keutsang Hermitage]] (''Ke’u tshang ri khrod'') was a precariously perched cave hermitage inhabited by the great Tibetan guru Tsongkhapa. However, the original cave collapsed in a landslide. What is present now was rebuilt, adjoining the ruined Keutsang West Hermitage, at a safer location. As it exists now, Keutsang is located to the east of Sera on a hill side above Lhasa’s principal cemetery. Rakhadrak Hermitage is located below this hermitage, within a close distance. This hermitage is also part of the Sera Mountain Circumambulation Circuit (se ra’i ri ’khor) that pilgrims undertake during the ‘Sixth-Month Fourth-Day (drug pa tshe bzhi)’ celebrations. The hermitage had smooth relationship with Sera all through its history so much so that every official monk of the hermitage enjoyed de facto status of a monk of the Hamdong Regional House (''Har gdong khang tshan'') of the Jé College also. The monastery also observes all ritualistic practices.<ref name=Keutsang>{{cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_keutsang.pdf|title=Keutsang Hermitage (ke'u tshang ri khrod))|publisher=The Tibetan & Himalayan Library|access-date=2010-03-03|archive-date=2016-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207224214/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_keutsang.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Some special aspects of the temple complex are: the belief that Maitreya (Byams pa) assures rebirth to those whose remains are brought to the cemetery below Keu tshang and it is also believed that light rays are exchanged between the Maitreya image here and the Maitreya Chapel at the northern end of the Barskor in Lhasa.<ref name=Keutsang/>

During the 1959 Cultural Revolution, the present and the fifth Keutsang incarnation (''Keutshang sku phreng lnga pa'') was incarcerated for a time and later he sought asylum in India in the 1980s.<ref name=Keutsang/>

The hermitage was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. Rebuilding it was started by a former monk of the hermitage in 1991 and was completed by 1992. The rebuilt hermitage now houses 25 monks.<ref name=Keutsang/>

====Keutsang East Hermitage====
[[File:Ruins of K'eu tshang.jpg|thumb|Ruins of 16 Arhats of Keutsang or Keutsang East Hermitage, destroyed after 1959<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_keutsang_shar.pdf|title=Keutsang East (Ke'u tshang shar)|website=The Tibetan and Himalayan Library|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601104549/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_keutsang_shar.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2017|access-date=11 November 2017|quote="Like all of Se ra’s hermitages, this one had an assembly hall and monks’ quarters, and was home to about ten permanent monk residents. It was renowned for having a particularly holy statue of Avalokiteśvara. Like the Maitreya (Byams pa) statue at Keutsang West, this Avalokiteśvara was supposed to emit rays of light to guide to the pure land the minds of deceased persons brought to the funeral grounds located at the base of the mountain."}}</ref>]]
[[Keutsang East Hermitage]] (''ke’u tshang shar ri khrod''), a small hermitage exists now only in ruins between Keutsang West (''Ke’u tshang nub''), (now part of Kuetsang Hermitage) and the Purchok Hermitage. Its location is to the north of Lhasa. Prior to 1959, the hermitage belonged to Purchok Hermitage. It consisted of an assembly hall and monks’ quarters and was famous for the divine image of Avalokiteśvara who blessed the dead at the funeral ground here. There were ten resident monks. However, at present there no plans to rebuild the hermitage due to lack of funds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_keutsang_shar.pdf|title=Keutsang East Hermitage (ke'u tshang shar ri khrod)|publisher=The Tibetan & Himalayan Library|access-date=2010-03-03|archive-date=2017-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601104549/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_keutsang_shar.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Keutsang West Hermitage====
[[Keutsang West Hermitage]] is also in ruins and at present the Keutsang Hermitage has been built next to these ruins.<ref name=Keutsang/>

====Khardo Hermitage====
[[Khardo Hermitage]] (''Mkhar rdo ri khrod'') is a historical hermitage in the Dodé Valley, to the northeast of Lhasa and Sera monastery, which is named after the local deity (''gnas bdag''), known as ''Mkhar rdo srong btsan''. Its setting is in a charnel ground ideal to perform tantric rites. The hermitage known as the "abode of saints" is surrounded by mountains on three sides which are all assigned divine names such as the ‘Soul Mountain of the Buddhas of the Five Families (''Rgyal ba’i rigs lnga bla ri'')' for a group of hills behind the monastery, 'Soul Mountain of Cakrasamvara (''Bde mchog bla ri)'' where hand implements and bone ornaments of the deity were found, and the ‘Birth Deity Peak (''Khrungs ba’i lha ri or ’Khrungs’ fro'')' for the hill to the left of the hermitage. A cave here is known by the name the 'Offering Place Cave (''Brag mchod sa'')', (a copy of the holy Scriptures (''Bka’gyur'') is said to have been found here). Several local legends are narrated in respect of the history of founding the hermitage by Bzod pa rgya mtsho who lived in a cave here under the direction of the local deity. It was established in 1706.<ref name=Khardo>{{cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_khardo.pdf|title=Panglung Hermitage (Spangs lung ri khrod)|publisher=The Tibetan & Himalayan Library|access-date=2010-03-03|archive-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409193620/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_khardo.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The hermitage, now in ruins, was originally built in three tiers (one above the other): the lowest tier was the hermitage or the main compound, the middle tier was known as the Upper Residence (''Gzims khang gong ma'') and top tier was the Temple of the Sixteen Arhats (''Gnas bcu lha khang''). The Seventh Dalai Lama, who was a student, fully supported Bzod pa rgya mtsho to build the first temple (Temple of the Sixteen Arhats) and also a residence for himself to stay during his visits to the hermitage, which came to be known as the 'Upper Residence'. The Dalai Lama's reverence for his guru was so deep that when the Bzod pa rgya mtsho died, he even performed the last rites for him, got installed his funerary stūpa and statue. He also located the Incarnate Lama of his guru at 'Phan po' near Lhasa. The second Bzod pa rgya mtsho also had excellent equation with the Eighth Dalai Lama, Jampel Gyatso (''Da lai bla ma sku phreng brgyad pa ’jam dpal rgya mt''sho). This power equation resulted in two more monasteries being built as satellite monasteries.<ref name=Khardo/>

====Panglung Hermitage====
[[Panglung Hermitage]] (''spangs lung ri khrod'') is located in the valley, northeast and downhill from Phur lcog. Panglung lies completely in ruins although it once had a large temple and a Rdo rje shugs ldan oracle; an individual who would go into trance to make prognostications while possessed by the god. Panglung was attempted to be renovated in the 1990s, but met opposition from the local people because the site had always been associated with this controversial protector deity, so redevelopment was prevented.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_panglung.pdf|title=Panglung Hermitage (Spangs lung ri khrod)|publisher=The Tibetan & Himalayan Library|access-date=2010-02-28|archive-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409193950/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_panglung.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Purbuchok Hermitage====
[[File:Purbuchok Hermitage.jpg|thumb|right|[[Purbuchok Hermitage]]]]
[[Purbuchok Hermitage]] (''Phur bu lcog ri khrod'') is situated in the Lhasa suburb of ''Dog bde'' in the northern mountains at the north-east corner of the Lhasa Valley. It is the last hermitage to be visited on the “Sixth-Month Fourth-Day” (''drug pa tshe bzhi'') pilgrimage circuit. Fairly fully rehabilitated, it is considered an attractive hermitage. The hills surrounding the monastery have been given name tags of the three protectors of the divine paradise namely the Avalokiteśvara, Mañjuśrī and Vajrapāni. It is also identified with the six syllables divine mantra (''sngags'')- "OM Mani Padme Hum".<ref name=Purbo>{{cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_purbuchok.pdf|title=Purbochok Hermitage (Phur bu lcog ri khrod)|publisher=The Tibetan & Himalayan Library|access-date=2010-03-03|archive-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409193958/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_purbuchok.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

History of the hermitage is traced to the 9th century when Padmasambhava (''Padma ’byung gnas'') meditated here. The main cave where he did penance is known as the ‘Cavern of Dochung Chongzhi (''Rdo cung cong zhi’i phug pa'')’. Over the centuries, the monastery has seen many leading lights of the Tibetan monastic order playing a role in its building, such as the Zhang ’gro ba’i mgon po g.yu brag pa (1123–1193), female saint Ma cig lab sgron, Sgrub khang dge legs rgya mtsho's (1641–1713), Ngawang Jampa (Phur lcog sku phreng dang po ngag dbang byams pa, 1682–1762) and Pan chen blo bzang ye shes (1663–1737). Royal family members like the Queen Tsering Trashi (''Rgyal mo tshe ring bkra shis'') and the Tibetan King Pho lha nas (1689–1747) also supported the activities of the hermitage. However, the most significant face of development occurred during the third Purchok incarnation Lozang Tsültrim Jampa Gyatso (Phur lcog sku phreng gsum pa blo bzang tshul khrims byams pa rgya mtsho) who was teacher of the 13th and 14th Dalai Lamas.<ref name=Purbo/>

However, the Cultural Revolution of 1959 saw almost total destruction of the hermitage. Since 1984, with approval of the local government, a reconstruction face was begun and the hermitage has been substantially restored now to its past glory.<ref name=Purbo/>

====Rakhadrak Hermitage====
[[File:Rakhadrak and K'eu tshang , Lhasa.jpg|right|thumb|Rakhadrak Hermitage]]
[[Rakhadrak Hermitage]] (''Ra kha brag ri khrod'') is a historical hermitage, belonging to the Sera Monastery. It is located to the northeast of Sera and to the north of [[Lhasa]]. Mother of the [[Fifth Dalai Lama]] (Da lai bla ma sku phreng lnga pa) was the hermitage's benefactor. Under her patronage, the upper temple complex was built as a formal monastery. The hermitage was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution of 1959. In the 1980s, Sera took control of the hermitage complex. However, rebuilding activity has been sporadic and monastic rituals are not held.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_rakhadrak.pdf|title=Rakhadrak Hermitage (ra kha brag ri khrod|publisher=The Tibetan & Himalayan Library|access-date=2010-03-03|archive-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409194021/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_rakhadrak.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Sera Chöding Hermitage====
[[Sera Chöding Hermitage]] (''Se ra chos sdings ri khrod'') was a tantric college (''rgyud smad grwa tshang'') before the 1959 Cultural Revolution. Located close to Sera and facing south, it has a yellow retreat house which was built first for the Tsongkhapa. The interesting story of this house is that a local 'site-spirit' (''gzhi bdag'') used to visit Tsongkhapa through a narrow window in the house. Tsong kha pa's mural image is seen here on the wall, which is credited with special powers as an “image that speaks” or known as speaking-statue (''gsung byon ma''). It was Tsongkhapa's favourite hermitage where he spent substantial time and composed his magnum opus, the “Great Commentary on the Prajñāmūla (''Rtsa shes Dīk chen''). He also taught here. It is also known as the hermitage where Tsongkhapa assigned his Tantric teachings to Rje shes rab seng ge (1383–1445), the founder of the Tantric Colleges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_choding.pdf|title=Sera Chöding Hermitage (se ra chos sdings ri khrod)|publisher=The Tibetan & Himalayan Library|access-date=2010-02-28|archive-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409194141/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_choding.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Sera Gönpasar Hermitage====
[[Sera Gönpasar Hermitage]] (''se ra dgon pa gsar ri khrod'') is derived from the Tibetan name dgon pa gsar, meaning “new monastery.” Today it lies completely in ruins but the hermitage belonged to the bla mas of the Dgon pa gsar
incarnation lineage and was established as a Dge lugs hermitage by the first Gönpasar incarnation, Ngawang Döndrup. The hermitage was run by thirteen fully ordained monks before its destruction in 1959. Some foundations and fragments of walls remain, including some notable rock carvings and a large stupa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_gonpasar.pdf|title=Sera Gönpasar Hermitage (se ra dgon pa gsar ri khrod)|publisher=The Tibetan & Himalayan Library|access-date=2010-02-28|archive-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409194349/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_gonpasar.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Sera Utsé Hermitage====
[[File:Sera Monastery3.jpg|thumb|right|Sera Utsé Hermitage]]
[[Sera Utsé Hermitage]] (''se ra dbu rtse ri khrod''), meaning “Sera Peak” is located on the mountain directly behind Sera Monastery itself, which is about {{cvt|5|km}} north of the [[Jokhang]], about a 1{{frac|1|2}}-hour walk up the hill from the main complex of Sera. It is reputedly older than Sera Gompa.<ref>Dowman (1988), pp. 63, 66.</ref> According to tradition, the site contained one of [[Tsongkhapa]]’s (1357–1419) meditation huts and Sgrub khang dge legs rgya mtsho (1641–1713) was reputed to have meditated here at end of the seventeenth or early eighteenth century.<ref name="Sera Utse">{{cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_utse.pdf|title=Sera Utsé Hermitage (se ra dbu rtse ri khrod)|publisher=The Tibetan & Himalayan Library|access-date=2010-02-28|archive-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409194757/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_utse.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was a distinguished meditator, who brought his knowledge of the philosophical tradition to Sera Utsé and attracted many students, amongst them included Phur lcog ngag dbang byams pa (1682–1762), and Mkhar rdo bzod pa rgya mtsho (1672–1749).{{cn|date=April 2026}}

Historically the monastery was of substantial size but following its destruction by the Chinese in 1959 it was drastically reduced and only a section rebuilt.<ref name="Sera Utse"/> Sera Utsé has a two-storied chapel and monks' quarters with magnificent views over the city of Lhasa. There is a protector shrine to [[Pehar]] and [[Palden Lhamo|Shridevi]].<ref>Gyurme (1999), p. 122.</ref> A small assembly hall remains, which was once believed to contain a large metal statue of Vajrabhairava (''Rdo rje ’jigs byed''), a great statue of Yamāntaka Ekavīra, statues of the Buddha and the Sixteen Arhats, a speaking Tārā (Sgrol ma) statue, large images of Tsongkhapa and his two disciples, and statues of the ''bla mas'' of the Drupkhang incarnation (''Sgrub khang sprul sku'') lineage. Today the hall is inhabited by three monks but is not in use for central worship.<ref name="Sera Utse"/>

The bla ma’s residence which was inhabited by Sgrub khang bla also still exists and consists of two rooms with a central waiting room between them. There is also Sgrub khang pa's meditation hut, a small protector deity chapel, a Dharma enclosure (chos rwa), a ruined kitchen and various smaller huts, which are used mostly for storage today.<ref name="Sera Utse"/>

====Takten Hermitage====
[[Takten Hermitage]] (''Rtags bstan ri khrod'') is situated to the east of [[Trashi Chöling Hermitage]] and to the northeast of Sera. According to a legend, [[Dge-lugs]] ''[[bla-ma]]'' [[Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo|Pha bong kha bde chen snying po]], on a visit to this area to find a retreat in the hills north of Sera, had a vision of a crow which spoke to him. He interpreted it as a “revealed sign” to build his hermitage here. The hermitage mostly consists of caves with fascia at the entrance to the caves. It belongs to the Pabongkha Lama's estate (''Pha bong kha bla brang''). Dge-lugs nuns, who have carried out restoration works at the hermitage, now live here.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_takten.pdf|title=Takten Hermitage (rtags bstan ri khrod)|access-date=2010-03-03|publisher=The Tibetan and Himalayan Library|archive-date=2016-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207224242/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_takten.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Trashi Chöling Hermitage====
[[Trashi Chöling Hermitage]] (''Bkra shis chos gling ri khrod''), which means “The Place of Auspicious Dharma” is located {{cvt|3|km}} from Sera on the hills to the north-west of Sera. The hermitage, which is south facing, is part of the pilgrimage of the "Sera Mountain Circumambulation Circuit (se ra ri ’khor)". The hermitage that was substantially destroyed during the Cultural Revolution was rebuilt during the 1990s. The hermitage is now a part of the Pabongkha Lama's estate, the present incarnation, (after his recent return to Tibet) and is stated to be functioning as an autonomous institution with minimum allegiance to Sera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_trashi_choling.pdf|title=Trashi Chöling Hermitage (Bkra shis chos gling ri khrod)|access-date=2010-03-03|publisher=The Tibetan and Himalayan Library|archive-date=2012-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220192555/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_trashi_choling.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Nunneries===

====Chupzang Nunnery====
[[File:Chubchang (Nunnery).jpg|left|thumb|Chubzang Nunnery]]
The [[Chupzang Nunnery|hermitage]] is believed to have been founded by Phrin las rgya mtsho (d. 1667), who was the regent of Tibet from 1665 to his death. He was a student of the [[Fifth Dalai Lama]] and requested his permission to build a hermitage for eight to sixteen monks in the foothills above his native Nyangbran and invited the Fifth Dalai Lama to perform a “site investigation” (''sa brtag'') to determine the most auspicious location on which to build the monastery. The Dalai Lama made the treasure (''gter'') discovery of the self-arisen stone image of the Buddha that is still located in Chupzang's lower temple. However, the initial hermitage fell into ruin and the official founding of the monastery is credited to Phrin las rgya mtsho's nephew, Sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho, in around 1696.<ref name="Chupzang">{{cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_chupzang.pdf|title=Chupzang Nunnery (Chu bzang dgon)|publisher=The Tibetan & Himalayan Library|access-date=2010-02-28|archive-date=2012-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220192616/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_chupzang.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The hermitage belonged to Chubzang ye shes rgya mtsho for sometime who built a four-pillar temple with rear chapel and porticos at the site. It was later under the possession of Byang chub chos ’phel (1756–1838) and Khri byang sku phreng gsum pa blo bzang yeshes, who was a junior tutor to the living [[14th Dalai Lama]].<ref name="Chupzang"/>

In 1921, Pha bong kha bde chen snying po (1878–1941) stayed at Chubzang and published his teachings through his most famous work, ''Liberation in Our Hands'' (Rnam grol lagbcangs).<ref name="Chupzang"/>

In the 1950s, the site began to be used as a religious retirement community by elderly Lhasans, who constructed small huts in which they could live out the final years of their lives in intensive Buddhist practice. Nuns began to renovate the site in the 1980s and founded the modern nunnery, as it is seen today, in 1984, and has since grown into one of the largest nunneries in the Lhasa Valley. However, somewhat unusually, the houses are owned individually by the nuns, but the nunnery has an administrative body and a site for communal gathering.<ref name="Chupzang"/>

====Gari Nunnery====
[[Gari Nunnery]] is located north of [[Lhasa]]. The nunnery has an ancient history traced to the 11th century when ''Pha dam pa sangs rgyas''), the [[Buddhist]] preceptor, visited this location. He not only named the place as "Garu" but also ordained that it shall be a "Nunnery" not a monastery of monks, on the basis of prophetic events that occurred during his visit to the place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_garu.pdf|title=Gari Nunnery (Ga ru dgon pa)|access-date=2010-03-02|publisher=The Tibetan and Himalayan Library|archive-date=2016-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207224211/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_garu.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Nunnery's fame in recent years is the leading and bold role that some of the nuns have played in organizing silent demonstrations against the Chinese rule, and seeking freedom of Tibet. Many of the protesting nuns were arrested, incarcerated, brutally handled and released only after protracted detention.<ref name="Schwartz"/>

====Negodong Nunnery====
[[Negodong Nunnery]], a historical hermitage, is located in the Lhasa suburb of ''Dog bde'', northeast of Sera (and also of Lhasa). It is believed that it was originally a retreat of the Buddhist scholar of the Sera Jé College's (Grwa tshang byes) Gomdé Regional House (''Sgom sde khang tshan''), ''Nam mkha’ rgyal mtshan''. It was initially founded as a monastery with seventeen monks but later allotted in 1930 for exclusive use as a nunnery to provide personal security to the nuns who were then residing in a remote nunnery at ''Gnas nang'' (in a remote higher valley to the east) away from the present location at Nedong Nunnery ''Gnas sgo gdong'' (about a one-hour walk). The monks were shifted to ''Gnas nang''(the original home of the nuns).<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_negodong.pdf|title= Negodong Hermitage (Gnas sgo gdong ri khrod)|access-date= 2010-03-03|publisher= The Tibetan and Himalayan Library|archive-date= 2010-04-09|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100409193637/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_negodong.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref>

====Nenang Nunnery====
[[Nenang Nunnery]] (''Gnas nang dgon pa'') is located to the east of Negodong Nunnery (''Gnas sgo gdong dgon pa'') in Lhasa prefecture. It is associated with [[Padmasambhava]] who is stated to have meditated in two nearby caves in the 9th century. Founding the hermitage as a nunnery is credited to a nun (interpreted as a [[Dakini]]) by name Jetsün (or Khachö) Dröldor Wangmo (''Rje btsun nam mkha’ spyod sgrol rdor dbang mo''). It functioned well as nunnery during her time and also during the next generation but went into decline thereafter. It was then brought under the jurisdiction of the Khardo Hermitage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_nenang.pdf|title=Nenang Nunnery (Gnas nang dgon pa)|access-date=2010-03-03|publisher=The Tibetan and Himalayan Library|archive-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409193655/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_nenang.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Debates==
{{multiple image
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Debates among monks on the Buddhist doctrines are integral to the learning process in the colleges in the Sera Monastery complex. This facilitates better comprehension of the [[Buddhist philosophy]] to attain higher levels of study. This exemplary debating tradition supplemented with gestures is said to be exclusive to this monastery, among the several other monasteries of Lhasa. Visitors also attend to witness these debates that are held as per a set schedule, every day in the 'Debating Courtyard' of the monastery.<ref name=guide/><ref name=debate>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/essays/#essay=/dreyfus/drepung/monasticed/s/b41|title=Procedure and rules of debate|access-date=2010-03-11|publisher=The Tibetan Himalayan Library|archive-date=2021-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126100834/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/essays/#essay=/dreyfus/drepung/monasticed/s/b41|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Gestures>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/essays/#essay=/dreyfus/drepung/monasticed/s/b42|title=The Physicality of Tibetan Debates|access-date=2010-03-11|publisher=The Tibetan Himalayan Library|archive-date=2021-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126100834/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/essays/#essay=/dreyfus/drepung/monasticed/s/b42|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Procedures and rules===
[[File:Monks debating at Sera monastery, 2013.webm|thumb|left|Monks debating at Sera monastery, Tibet, 2013]]
The debate among monks unfolds in the presence of their teachers, with a very well set rules of procedure for the defender and the questioners. The tradition of such debates is traced to the ancient ‘Hindu Orthodoxy’ in India and this practice permeated into Buddhist orthodoxy in Tibet in the eighth century. Such debates usually take place within the monastery's precincts. The defender has the onus to prove his point of view on the subject proposed for debate. The debate opens with an invocation to Manjushri recited in a loud and high pitched tone. The roles of the debater and the questioner are well defined; the questioner has to succinctly present his case (all on Buddhism related topics) and the defender has to answer within a fixed time frame. The finality of the debate is with specific answers like: “I accept (do), the reason is not established (ta madrup) or there is no pervasion (Kyappa majung)”. Many a time, the questions mooted are meant to mislead the defender. If the defender does not reply within a time frame, an expression of derision is witnessed. In the Tibetan debating sessions, there is no role for a witness and there is normally no adjudicator. This leads to “conflicting opinions of participants and listeners.” When there is direct contradiction on the defenders part, the outcome is, however, formally decided.<ref name=debate/>

===Physical gestures===
[[File:IMG 1125 Lhasa Sera.jpg|thumb|right|Monks practicing their debating skills following afternoon meditation, Sera Monastery]][[File:Debating Monks.JPG|thumb|right|Debating monks at Sera Monastery]]
Debates are punctuated with vigorous gestures which enliven the ambience of the occasion. Each gesture has a meaning. The debater presents his case with subtlety, robed in a formal monk's attire. Some of the gestures (said to have symbolic value), made during the debates, generally subtle dramatic gestures are: clapping after each question; holding right hand and stretching left hand forward and striking the left palm with the right palm; clapping hands loudly to stress the power and decisiveness of the defender's arguments denoting his self-assurance; in case of wrong answer presented by the defender, the opponent gestures three circles with his hand around the defenders head followed by loud screaming to unnerve the defender; opponent's mistake is demonstrated by wrapping his upper robe around his waist; loud clapping and intense verbal exchange is common; and the approach is to trap the defender into a wrong line of argument. Each time a new question is asked, the teacher strikes his outstretched left palm with his right palm. When a question is answered correctly, it is acknowledged by the teacher bringing the back of his right hand to his left palm. When the defender wins the debate he makes an allegorical dig at the questioner by questioning his basic wisdom as a Buddhist.<ref name=Gestures/>

===Schedule===
The tradition of conducting debates in the Gelukpa tradition was set in many monasteries of the Gelukpa sect, including the [[Ganden Monastery]], the Sera Monastery, and the Drepung Monastery, not only in pre-modern Tibet but also in other similar monasteries established in exile, such as in Sera, India. At each location in Tibet, the debates are held under eight debating schedules in a year, depending on the rituals and festivals observed during the whole year. Each daily session is held between eight breaks when students debate on issues of Buddhist scriptures and related subjects. In the Sera monastery, the debate alternated by rituals has a daily schedule (with alterations to suit the climatic season) of the Morning debate (07:00 to 10:00), Noon debate (11:00 to 13:00), Afternoon debate (14:00 to 16:00) and Night debate (08:30 to 09:30).<ref name="schedule"/>

==Festivals==
The monastery hosts an impressive festival, popularly known as the ‘Sera Bengqin Festival’, which is largely attended by monks and devotees. The festival is held some time in February as per the [[Gregorian calendar]] corresponding to specific date fixed by the monastery according to the [[Tibetan calendar]]. On the festival day, a Dorje Pestle is ceremoniously taken to the [[Potala Palace]]. The Dalai Lama offers prayers to the Buddha to bestow strength and blesses the Pestle. Thereafter, the pestle is briefly placed on the heads of the monks and disciples by the Khenpo (president) of the Ngaba Zhacang.<ref name=guide/>

Another popular festival witnessed by visitors and locals is the [[Sho Dun Festival]] held in the month of August in the Gregorian calendar. The festival represents the symbolic Buddha-Unfolding, where worship of the Buddha is the essential part.<ref name=guide/>

==Notable alumni==
Graduates of Sera Jey and Mey College who are known in the West include:

*Geshe Ngawang Tsondu, Wisdom of The Staten Island, Dharma Centre, The Meditation Factory, and Tibet House, [[New York City]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://soulseekrecords.org/geshe_la_Tsondu/index.htm|title=Teachings of Tibetan Buddhism|author=Geshe Ngawang Tsondu|access-date=2010-03-16|publisher=Staten Island Dharma Center|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728041431/http://soulseekrecords.org/geshe_la_Tsondu/index.htm|archive-date=2011-07-28}}</ref>
*Geshe [[Lhundub Sopa]], professor emeritus at the [[University of Wisconsin]], Madison.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpmt.org/teachers/sopa.asp|title=Venerable Geshe Sopa Rinpoche|access-date=2010-04-10|publisher=Foundation for the Preservation of Mahayana Tradition}}</ref>
*Geshe Rabten, an eminent monk who directed Tharpa Chloing Buddhist Center in Mont Pelerin, [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rabten.eu/GesheRabten_CHen.htm |title=Geshe Rabten Rinpoche |access-date=2010-03-16 |publisher=Rabten Choling Buddhist Centre for Higher Buddhist Studies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081114083739/http://www.rabten.eu/GesheRabten_CHen.htm |archive-date=November 14, 2008 }}</ref>
*[[Kyabje Choden Rinpoche]], Sera Jey's debate representative for the occasion of the 14th [[Dalai Lama]]'s Geshe examinations; renowned scholar and yogi who spent 19 years in solitary dark retreat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chodenrinpochedharma.com/en/in-meditation-for-nineteen-years/|title=In Meditation for 19 years|date=7 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://anandadharmacenter.org/index.html|title=Ananda Dharma Center, CA}}</ref>
*Lama [[Thubten Yeshe]], founder of the [[Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition]] (FPMT).{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}
*Lama [[Thubten Zopa Rinpoche]], a student of Lama Yeshe and presently director of FPMT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lawudo.com/Lama-Zopa-Teachers.html|title=Lama Zopa Rinpoche's Teachers: Thubten Zopa Rinpoche|access-date=2010-04-10|archive-date=2011-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713191903/http://www.lawudo.com/Lama-Zopa-Teachers.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo]] — Author of ''Liberation in the Palm of Your Hands'' - a highly revered Lama who lived in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and was the Spiritual Guide of [[Trijang Rinpoche]], the 14th Dalai Lama's own Spiritual Guide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lamayeshe.com/index.php?sect=author&subsect=bio&id=47|title=Pabongka Rinpoche's Biography|publisher=Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive|year=2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610114503/http://www.lamayeshe.com/index.php?sect=author&subsect=bio&id=47|archive-date=2011-06-10}}</ref>
*[[Sermey Khensur Lobsang Tharchin|Sermey Khensur Rinpoche Geshe Lobsang Tharchin]]—former abbot of Sera Mey university in Bylakuppe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.acidharma.org/directors/kr_passing.html|title=Sermey Khensur Lobsang Tharchin Rinpoche: 1921-2004|access-date=2010-04-10}}</ref>
*Geshe [[Tenzin Zopa]], attendant of [[Geshe Lama Konchog]], and the subject of the 2008 documentary film ''[[Unmistaken Child]]''.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}
*[[Kyabje Rinpoche|Kyabje Khensur Kangurwa Lobsang Thubten Rinpoche]], [http://www.serajeymonastery.org/abbot/77-about-us-special-picture/former-abbots-picture/127-69th-khensur-lobsang-thupten 69th Abbot],<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Bodhicittavivaraṇa : with the interwoven commentary of Ngawang dragpa and the oral commentary of Khensur Kangyur Lobsang thubten|last1=Ilia|first1=Durovic|last2=century|first2=Ngawang dragpa, active 15th|author3=Khensur Kangyur Lobsang thubten|isbn=9780987142108|oclc=893526017|year = 2014|publisher=Jamgon }}</ref> Founder of the Tibetan Sponsorship Scheme and Tibetan Buddhist Institute

== Recent Events ==

Sera, Tibet that housed more than 5,000 monks in 1959, though badly damaged during the 1959 uprising, is still functional after restoration.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

In 2011, according to local sources, there are about 300 monks. The reason for this decline is attributed to the [[2008 Tibetan unrest]].<ref name=History/><ref name=thlib/>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="160px" heights="190px">
File:Woodblock printing, Sera, Tibet.JPG|Young monks printing scriptures. Sera Monastery, 1993
File:Kitchen at Sera Monastery, Lhasa. 1993.JPG|Kitchen at Sera Monastery, 1993
File:Cooking at Sera Monastery, Lhasa. 1993.jpg|Cooking at Sera Monastery, Lhasa. 1993
File:Sera Monastery - monks in the courtyard.jpg|Monks in an intense debating session
File:Retreat-Sera13.JPG|Sera Utsé Hermitage
File:Woodblocks for printing, Sera monastery in Tibet.jpg|Woodblocks for printing, Sera monastery in Tibet, 2013
File:Old Chorten at Sera, 1993.jpg|Old Chorten at Sera, 1993
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Radoi Monastery#Tibetan Buddhist Institute|Tibetan Buddhist Institute]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last=Booz |first=Elizabeth B. |year=1986 |title=Tibet: A Fascinating Look at the Roof of the World, Its People and Culture |publisher=Passport Books |location=Chicago}}
*{{cite book |first=Gyurme |last=Dorje |year=1999 |title=Footprint Tibet Handbook with Bhutan |edition=2nd |publisher=Footprint Handbooks Ltd. |location=Bristol, England |isbn=9780844221908}}
*{{cite book |last=Dowman |first=Keith |year=1988 |title=The Power-places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |location=London and New York |isbn=9780710213709}}
*{{cite book |last=Vitali |first=Roberto |year=1990 |title=Early Temples of Central Tibet |publisher=Serindia Publications |location=London |isbn=0-906026-25-3}}
*von Schroeder, Ulrich. 2001. ''Buddhist Sculptures in Tibet''. Vol. One: ''India & Nepal''; Vol. Two: ''Tibet & China''. (Volume One: 655 pages with 766 illustrations; Volume Two: 675 pages with 987 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. {{ISBN|962-7049-07-7}}. Sera: Byams pa lha khang («champa lhakhang»), pp. 925, 948–949; Figs. XV–7, XV–9–10; Pls. 225–228; Sera: Tshogs chen («tsokchen»), pp. 719, 925, 948, 949, 1004; Figs. XI–5, XV–7, XV–9–10.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sera Monastery}}
*[http://www.serajeymonastery.org/ Official Website (Indian Branch)]
*[http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/ The Sera Monastery Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011073421/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/ |date=2017-10-11 }}
*[http://kekexili.typepad.com/life_on_the_tibetan_plate/2007/03/sera_monastery.html Life on the Tibetan Plateau: Sera Monastery]
*[http://www.christravelblog.com/tibet-drepung-and-sera-monastery-in-lhasa-with-monks-debating/ Chris Worldwide Travel Blog:Tibet Sera Monastery Travel Experience]
{{Buddhist monasteries in Tibet}}
{{Lhasa Prefecture}}
{{Buddhism topics}}

{{good article}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sera Monastery| ]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1419]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in the 1410s]]
[[Category:1419 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in the 1410s]]
[[Category:Buddhist caves in Tibet]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Chengguan District, Lhasa]]
[[Category:Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet]]
[[Category:Buddhist schools in Tibet]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mysore district]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples in Karnataka]]

Rudrapur–Kichha Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:20:03Z

Shah am: Created New Info

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rudrapur–Kichha
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| established = 2002
| abolished = 2012
| district = [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
| type= SLA
}}

'''Rudrapur–Kichha Legislative Assembly constituency''' was one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]]. It was abolished in 2012 following the delimitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |website=Ceo.uk.gov.in |accessdate=2016-11-13}}</ref><ref name="results2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3226-uttarakhand%092002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttarakhand |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=16 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |title=Ac_pc |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060201/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |title=Assembly Constituencies |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060144/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rudrapur–Kichha Legislative Assembly constituency was a part of [[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || rowspan=2 | [[Tilak Raj Behar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|''Major boundary changes''
|-
|colspan="4"| This Assembly constituency has been bifurcated into [[Rudrapur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rudrapur]] and [[Kichha (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kichha]] Assembly constituencies
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Rudrapur–Kichha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tilak Raj Behar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,800 |percentage=40.31% |change={{increase}}8.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajesh Shukla]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=40,568 |percentage=34.94% |change={{increase}}13.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tasawwar Khan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=23,126 |percentage=19.92% |change={{increase}}11.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vimlesh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,433 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagesh Tripathi |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=947 |percentage=0.82% |change={{decrease}}20.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=833 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khalik Beg |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=594 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,232 |percentage=5.37% |change= {{decrease}}5.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,16,099 |percentage=73.82% |change= {{increase}}16.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,57,292 |ref = |change= {{increase}}33.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Rudrapur–Kichha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tilak Raj Behar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,614 |percentage=31.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kumar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=14,576 |percentage=21.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,522 |percentage=21.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manvendra Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,483 |percentage=8.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anupam |party=Samata Party |votes=4,196 |percentage=6.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Srivastava |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=2,492 |percentage=3.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rita |party=Independent politician |votes=1,540 |percentage=2.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hans Pandey |party=Independent politician |votes=1,040 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Batra |party=Independent politician |votes=648 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anwar |party=Independent politician |votes=531 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,038 |percentage=10.41% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,597 |percentage=57.54% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,17,472 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Rudrapur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)]]
* [[Kichha (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|28.94|79.45|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rudrapur-Kichha (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Udham Singh Nagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Nandapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T11:17:31Z

Shah am: started details

{{Short description|Former legislative assembly constituency in Odisha, India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nandapur
| type = SLA
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Koraput district|Koraput]]
| established = 1951, Reestablished 1964
| reservation = ST
| abolished = 1956–1964, Re-abolished 1973
| electors = 69,729
}}

'''Nandapur''' was a constituency of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] of the [[Koraput district]], Odisha state in India. It was established in 1951, abolished first in 1954, then reestablished in 1964, finally abolished in 1973.<ref name=dpaco1951>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Orissa) Order (1951)|page=5 (210 of the PDF)}}</ref><ref name=dpaco1953-55>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3962-final-order-dc-1953-1955/ |title=S.R.O. 2827. Notification of the Delimitation Commission of India |date=30 August 1954|place=New Delhi |page=354 (364 of the PDF)}}</ref><ref name=dpaco1964>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3947-delimitation-commission-1964/ |title=S.O. 2813 Notification of the Delimitation Commission of India |date=17 August 1964|place=New Delhi |page=700 (445)}}</ref><ref name=dpaco1965>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3944-delimitation-orders-1967/ |title=S.O. 2916. Notification of the Delimitation Commission |place=New Delhi |date=16 September 1965|page=862 (336)}}</ref> It was replaced and subsumed by the constituencies of [[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi]] and [[Koraput Assembly constituency|Koraput]].<ref name=dpaco1973>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3959-delimitation-orders-vol-part-ii-1956/ |title=S.O. 801(E) Notification of the Delimitation Commission of India |date=31 December 1973|place=New Delhi |page=2968 (267)}}</ref> It was unreserved in 1951; then 1964 onwards it was reserved for the Scheduled Tribes.

==Historical Extent==
*1964: Semiliguda, Pottangi and Padwa police stations and Nandapur police station (excluding Petta and Bonomaliput grama panchayats) in Koraput sub-division.<ref name=dpaco1964/>
*1954–1964: [Abolished] [Subsumed by [[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi]] and [[Koraput Assembly constituency|Koraput]]]<ref name=dpaco1953-55/>
*1951: Nandapur, Potangi and Similiguda police stations of Koraput sub-division.<ref name=dpaco1951/>

==Elected members==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=270px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|1971|{{party color|Utkal Congress}}|34.42}}
{{bar percent|1967|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.39}}
{{bar percent|1951|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.85}}
}}

3 elections was held in between 1951 and 1973. List of elected members:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Bhagaban Khemundu Naik
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan="4"| {{center|''1957-1967 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1967 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Malu Santa
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1971 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| Disari Sanu
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
===1971===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandapur (ST)<ref name="OdishaECI1971">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3621-orissa-1971/ |pages=4, 14, 150|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1971 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa | publisher=Election Commission of India | date=August 16, 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Utkal Congress
|candidate = Disari Sanu
|votes = 3,898
|percentage = 34.42%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pangi Musari Santa
|votes = 2,738
|percentage = 24.18%
|change = {{decrease}} 30.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Swatantra Party
|candidate = Sanu Majhi
|votes = 2,264
|percentage = 19.99%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (Organisation)
|candidate = Balaram Pangi
|votes = 1,619
|percentage = 14.30%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Orissa Jana Congress
|candidate = Malu Santa
|votes = 805
|percentage = 7.11%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box total valid no change
|votes = 11,324
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box rejected
|votes = 1,016
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 12,340
|percentage = 17.70%
|change = {{increase}} 3.13
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 69,729
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 1,160
|percentage = 10.24%
|change = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 1.45
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no change
|winner = Utkal Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandapur (ST)<ref name="OdishaECI1967">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3620-orissa-1967/ |pages=4, 14, 151|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa | publisher=Election Commission of India | date=August 16, 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = M. Santa
|votes = 4,042
|percentage = 54.39%
|change = {{increase}} 5.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Swatantra Party
|candidate = B. Alayya
|votes = 3,389
|percentage = 45.61%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8742
|percentage = 14.57%
|change = {{decrease}} 21.4
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 60,001
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 653
|percentage = 8.79%
|change = {{decreaseNeutral}} 8.29
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}} 5.54
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1951===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1952 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandapur<ref name="OdishaECI1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3617-orissa-1951/ |pages=4, 11, 117 |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa | publisher=Election Commission of India | date=August 16, 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bhagaban Khemundu Naik
|votes = 8,132
|percentage = 48.85%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = All India Ganatantra Parishad
|candidate = Biswanath Uttarkabat
|votes = 5,887
|percentage = 35.36%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Nikantho Sahu
|votes = 2,629
|percentage = 15.79%
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
|votes = 16,648
|percentage = 36.05%
}}
{{Election box registered electors no change|
|reg. electors = 46,183
}}
{{Election box margin of victory no change
|votes = 2,245
|percentage = 13.49%
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Koraput district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coords|21.90|85.74|display=title}}

[[Category:Koraput district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 disestablishments in India]]

Sheikh Abdul Jabbar

2026-04-12T11:49:27Z

Shah am: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sheikh Abdul Jabbar
| image = Image of Sheikh Abdul Jabbar Cabinet Minister, MLA, MLC.jpg
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kangan Assembly constituency]]
| term = 1983–1986
| office1 = Law Minister of Jammu & Kashmir
| term_start1 = 1984
| term_end1 = 1986
| birth_date = 1931
| birth_place = Qasba Lar Ganderbal Kashmir
| death_date = 18 April 1990
| death_place = [[Lar, Jammu and Kashmir|Lar]], [[Ganderbal]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] [[Awami National Conference]]
| spouse =
| children = Ishfaq Ahmad Sheikh, 1 daughter
| occupation = Politician, Freedom fighter
}}

'''Sheikh Abdul Jabbar''' was an Indian politician and freedom fighter from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He held various positions in his political career, including serving as a Cabinet Minister, MLA, and MLC.

In 1984, Sheikh Abdul Jabbar left the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] to join the rebel faction led by [[Ghulam Mohammad Shah]]. During Shah's tenure as Chief Minister, Abdul Jabbar was appointed as the Law Minister of Jammu & Kashmir. Previously, Sheikh Abdul Jabbar was regarded as a close associate of [[Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah]] of the National Conference.<ref name=kashmirlife>{{cite news
|title=Ishfaq Jabbar pays tributes to his father, urges people to remain indoor
|url=https://kashmirlife.net/ishfaq-jabbar-pays-tributes-to-his-father-urges-people-to-remain-indoor-229932/
|work=[[Kashmir Life]]
|date=17 April 2020
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Who is Sheikh Ishfaq Jabbar?
|url=https://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=130789
|publisher=Early Times
|date=3 September 2014
}}</ref>

He was assassinated on 18 April 1990, in his hometown of [[Lar, Jammu and Kashmir|Lar]] [[Ganderbal district|Ganderbal]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Kashmir]].<ref name=kashmirlife/> He was killed by four terrorists who had connections with the Allah Tigers and had returned from [[Azad Kashmir]] as members of [[Hizbul Mujahideen]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=Manoj |title=The Lost Rebellion: Kashmir in the Nineties |date=24 May 2019 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |isbn=9788184752632 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pd2ZDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sheikh+Abdul+Jabbar+Minister&pg=PT95 |quote=Similar pressures saw the creation of the Al Barq, a tanzeem linked to the People's Conference of Abdul Ghani Lone. In 1990, in the first flush of militancy, four boys who had links with the Allah Tigers and had returned from Azad Kashmir as Hizb members, killed Sheikh Abdul Jabbar, a former minister of the National Conference government. After his death, Shah and his family went to Sheikh's house to condole with his family. The Hizb elements resented this and put up posters warning Mushtaq Ahmad not to go there again.}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdul Jabbar, Sheikh}}
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:People from Ganderbal district]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1983–1986]]
[[Category:Members of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Asian politicians assassinated in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Indian politicians assassinated in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Assassinated Indian activists]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 1990]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference politicians]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

Anilda Thomas

2026-03-27T12:48:00Z

Shah am: started first stub needs work!

{{short description|Indian sprinter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Anilda Thomas
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[400 metres]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|5|6}}
| birth_place = [[Kothamangalam]], [[Kerala]], India
| height=
| weight=
}}
'''Anilda Thomas''' (born 6 May 1993)<ref>{{cite web|title=THOMAS Anilda - Olympic Athletics |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/anilda-thomas |work=[[Rio 2016 Olympics]] |accessdate=12 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817090651/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/anilda-thomas |archive-date=17 August 2016 }}</ref> is an Indian [[Sprint (running)|sprinter]] who specialises in the [[400 metres]] event. She participated in the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] in the [[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|women's 4 × 400 metres relay]] event.

Running with [[Nirmala Sheoran]], [[M. R. Poovamma]] and [[Tintu Lukka]], the quartet clocked 3:27.88 at [[Bangalore]] in July 2016, finishing with the 12th best time in the world as top 16 relay teams qualified for the Olympics.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ninan|first1=Susan|title=Indian men's, women's 4x400 relay teams seal Rio spots|url=http://www.espn.in/athletics/story/_/id/16952867/indian-mens-women-4x400-relay-teams-seal-rio-spots|accessdate=10 August 2016|work=ESPN.in|date=13 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ninan|first1=Susan|title=4x400 women's relay team a strong medal hope: Usha|url=http://www.espn.in/athletics/story/_/id/16973485/usha|accessdate=10 August 2016|work=ESPN.in|date=11 July 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{World Athletics}}
* {{Olympics.com|anilda-thomas}}
* {{Olympedia}}
* {{CGF profile}}
* {{2014 Commonwealth Games profile|athletics/1073920/anilda_thomas}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Anilda}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women sprinters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Athletes from Kerala]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Kerala]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Olympic women sprinters]]
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]

Reena Roy

2026-03-26T20:03:49Z

Shah am: Created New Pg

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Reena Roy
| image = Evelyn-Sharma-snapped-attending-the-Knight-Frank-India-event-2 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Roy in 2018
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Mohsin Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]]|1983|1992|end=divorced}}
| birth_date =
| birth_name = Saira Ali
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], India
| yearsactive = 1972–1985, 1999–2022
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| height =
| othername =
| website =
}}
'''Reena Roy''' (born '''Saira Ali''') is an Indian actress. She made her film debut as a teenager with B R Ishara's ''[[Zaroorat]]'' (1972), but gained wider public recognition with ''[[Jaise Ko Taisa]]'' (1973) and the romance-action film ''[[Zakhmee]]'' (1975). In 1976, Roy entered the top league after starring in two of the biggest box-office hits, the action thriller ''[[Kalicharan]]'' and the horror-fantasy film ''[[Nagin (1976 film)|Nagin]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2012 |title=Top Actress |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201201504/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |archive-date=1 February 2012 |access-date=23 July 2021 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> She consolidated her position at the top with ''[[Vishwanath (1978 film)|Vishwanath]]'' (1978) and ''[[Aasha (1980 film)|Aasha]] (1''980'').''

Roy won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for her performance in the drama ''[[Apnapan]]'' (1977), but declined it due to categorical issues. Her success nevertheless continued throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s when she featured in several notable films including the horror film ''[[Jaani Dushman]]'' (1979), the dramas ''[[Aasha (1980 film)|Aasha]]'' (1980), ''[[Arpan]]'' (1983) and ''[[Asha Jyoti]]'' (1984), multi starrer ''[[Naseeb (1981 film)|Naseeb]]'' (1981) and the romantic comedy ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (1982 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]'' (1982).

In 1983, Roy married cricketer [[Mohsin Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] and announced a sabbatical. She shifted to [[Pakistan]] with her husband and gave birth to their daughter, Jannat, better known as Sanam Khan. She returned to [[India]] in 1992 after divorcing Khan.

Roy made a comeback in [[Hindi cinema]] with the drama ''[[Aadmi Khilona Hai]]'' (1993). She acted in a few supporting roles notably ''[[Ajay (1996 film)|Ajay]]'' (1996), ''[[Gair (film)|Gair]]'' (1999) and ''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]'' (2000). Thereafter she has primarily focused on raising her daughter, and made the occasional appearance on television, the most recentl being ''[[Indian Idol]]''. Along with her sister Barkha, Roy also runs an acting school.

== Personal life and background ==
Roy was born Saira Ali, the third daughter of Sadiq Ali, a small-time actor and Sharda Rai, who acted in film ''[[Bawre Nain#Cast|Bawre Nain]]'' and later produced the film [[Gunehgar Kaun]]. She has three siblings who all disowned their father after the parents divorced. Her mother renamed all the four children after the divorce. Roy was initially renamed Roopa Rai, which was changed to "Reena Roy" by the producer of her first film, ''Zaroorat''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} Roy started acting in films in her teens. She disputed reports that her decision to enter films was to financially support her mother and siblings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-13/news-interviews/34430485_1_reena-roy-cricketer-first-film |title=Sonakshi doesn't look like me: Reena Roy - Times of India |website=The Times of India |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017044749/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-13/news-interviews/34430485_1_reena-roy-cricketer-first-film |archive-date=17 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Roy has two sisters, Barkha and Anju and a brother, Raja. Following a highly-publicised love affair with [[Shatrughan Sinha]], in 1983, Roy decided to quit the film industry and marry Pakistani cricketer [[Mohsin Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]]. The couple later divorced; Roy found it difficult to adjust with Khan's flamboyant lifestyle.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} Roy had initially lost custody of their daughter Sanam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indya.com/news/reenaroy_bday.html |title=Untitled |access-date=9 April 2007 |archive-date=1 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501083430/http://www.indya.com/news/reenaroy_bday.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Debut and breakthrough (1970–76) ===
In 1971, Roy was cast by director [[B. R. Ishara]] in ''[[Nai Duniya Naye Log|Nayi Duniya Naye Log]]'' opposite [[Danny Denzongpa]], but the film was temporarily shelved and eventually released in 1973. Ishara offered Roy the leading role in another directorial venture, ''[[Zaroorat]]''. Roy was initially reluctant to select the project due to its risque subject and potentially controversial scenes. ''Zaroorat'' was theatrically released in 1972, failing at the box office, but Roy's sensual performance was noticed. Roy's initial roles focused on her sex appeal, such as in ''[[Jaise Ko Taisa]]'' (1973), which became known for the track "Ab Ke Sawan Mein Jee Dare" in which the lead couple dance in rain. The film was a box-office hit,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2012 |title=Box Office 1973 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=179&catName=MTk3Mw== |url-status=live |access-date=31 July 2021 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120135108/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=179&catName=MTk3Mw== |archive-date=20 January 2012}}</ref>as also was jer next release ''[[Zakhmee]]'' (1975),<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2012 |title=Box Office 1975 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=181&catName=MTk3NQ== |url-status=live |access-date=31 July 2021 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120095727/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=181&catName=MTk3NQ== |archive-date=20 January 2012}}</ref> where she had a supporting role, prompting filmmakers to approach her for more roles in several significant films.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3dTAAAAYAAJ |title=Film World |date=1977 |publisher=T. M. Ramachandran |language=en}}</ref>

[[Subhash Ghai]]'s action thriller ''[[Kalicharan]]'' (1976) made her popular among directors and audiences. Initially, there was low expectation with Kalicharan, since Subhash Ghai, a failed actor, was making his directorial debut, and Shatrugan Sinha, an actor known for his villainous roles, was making his first mark as the lead hero but the film turned out to be a surprise hit, and established Reena and Shatrugan'as a hit-pair on- screen and off-screen. n a mixed review, ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]]'' lamented that Roy was used in the film for aesthetic purposes,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKuvh2fgQzsC |title=The Illustrated Weekly of India |date=1976 |publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press |language=en}}</ref> but the film emerged as a major commercial success,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=20 January 2012 |title=Box Office 1976 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=182&catName=MTk3Ng== |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120101614/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=182&catName=MTk3Ng== |archive-date=20 January 2012 |access-date=31 July 2021 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> turning Roy as well as Sinha into [[Bollywood]] stars.

She also starred in another hit family drama ''[[Udhar Ka Sindur]]'' alongside ''[[Jeetendra]]''. Roy's career-turning point was complete with ''[[Rajkumar Kohli|Rajkumar Kohli's]]'' thriller ''[[Nagin (1976 film)|Nagin]]'', which featured her in the title rrole along with an ensemble cast that included [[Sunil Dutt]], Jeetendra, [[Rekha]] and [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]]. The film became a huge hit and was also appreciated by critics.<ref name=":1" /> Analysing the film, writer Meheli Sen commented, "Reena Roy as the nagin is unabashed in her sexuality; [...] she embodies a kind of feral sexuality that remains remarkable in its directness."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Meheli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cq70DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 |title=Haunting Bollywood: Gender, Genre, and the Supernatural in Hindi Commercial Cinema |date=1 March 2017 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-1-4773-1160-8 |pages=95 |language=en}}</ref> Roy also received a nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] at the [[24th Filmfare Awards]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Reena Roy's Awards {{!}} List of Nominations and Awards of Reena Roy |url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/celebrity/award/reena-roy |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=Indian Film History |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Box Office India]]'' published that Roy established herself as a leading actress of Bollywood with the success of ''Kalicharan'' and ''Nagin''.

=== Stardom and establishment (1977–1985) ===
In 1977, Roy garnered critical acclaim for playing Kamini, a [[Gold digger|gold-digger]] who abandons her husband (Jeetendra) for an older and richer man[[Iftekhar|Ifthekar]] in [[J. Om Prakash]]'s ''[[Apnapan]]''. [[Vijay Lokapally]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that Roy "lives the role" and rated her performance superior to that of Jeetendra and [[Sulakshana Pandit]]. However, when Roy won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] at the [[25th Filmfare Awards]],<ref name=":2" /> she refused to accept it, citing that her role was parallel to Pandit's.

1978 saw Roy collaborating with Subhash Ghai for the second time on the action film ''[[Vishwanath (1978 film)|Vishwanath]]'' opposite Sinha. In 1979 she reunited with Rajkumar Kohli for the horror film ''[[Jaani Dushman]]'' (1979). Both films emerged as box-office hits.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2012 |title=Box Office 1978 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=184&catName=MTk3OA== |url-status=live |access-date=31 July 2021 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120225741/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=184&catName=MTk3OA== |archive-date=20 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2012 |title=Box Office 1979 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=185&catName=MTk3OQ== |url-status=live |access-date=31 July 2021 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120122809/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=185&catName=MTk3OQ== |archive-date=20 January 2012}}</ref> Regarding her performance in the latter, ''Film World'' remarked, "Reena Roy is easy on the eye and acts with effortless ease in a role which demands nothing.".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3lTAAAAYAAJ |title=Film World |date=1979 |publisher=T.M. Ramachandran |language=en}}</ref> IShe also starred in Raj Kumar Kohli's {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Muqabla (1979 film)|Muqabla]]}} alongside her then rumoured boyfriend [[Shatrughan Sinha]].The film was successful at box office.

In 1980, Roy appeared as a rebellious daughter-in-law of [[Lalita Pawar]] in Vijay Sadanah's melodrama ''[[Sau Din Saas Ke]]''. Although the film was only a moderate financial success, Roy's work was picked up by critics for praise.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHpTAAAAYAAJ |title=Film World |date=1980 |publisher=T.M. Ramachandran |language=en}}</ref> Her most significant release was the musical hit ''[[Aasha (1980 film)|Aasha]]'' (1980) alongside Jeetendra, in which she played the title role. She received a second nomination for Filmfare Award in the Best Actress category for her portrayal.<ref name=":2" /> In 1981 she met success with ''[[Naseeb (1981 film)|Naseeb]]'', a [[Masala film|"masala" film]] directed by [[Manmohan Desai]], which featured Roy alongside Sinha, [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Hema Malini]]. ''[[India Today]]'' described the film as "enjoyable but terrible for your health",<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Sunil Sethi |date=21 November 2013 |title=Film review: Naseeb, starring Amitabh Bachchan, Hema Malini, Shatrughan Sinha, Rishi Kapoor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19810531-film-review-naseeb-starring-amitabh-bachchan-hema-malini-shatrughan-sinha-rishi-kapoor-772951-2013-11-21 |access-date=2 August 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref> but [[Shahid Khan (actor)|Shahid Khan]] of ''Planet Bollywood'' commented that Roy nevertheless, "leaves a mark in her few dramatic scenes."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naseeb review (by Shahid Khan) |url=https://planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=041706120837 |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Planet Bollywood}}</ref> Roy also appeared in a parallel role with debutante [[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[Tina Ambani|Tina Munim]] in Sunil Dutt's ''[[Rocky (1981 film)|Rocky]]'' (1981).

Her off-screen relationship with Shatrugan ended when he got married which helped Reena Roy concentrate more on her career, and stayed in the top league. In 1982 she had thirteen releases, by far more than any of her contemporaries.Her off-screen relationship with Shatrugan ended when he got married and Reena Roy concentrated more on her career, and stayed in the top league.

After the box office success of Aasha, Reena Roy became a leading lady in demand for heroine-oriented movies and she appeared in Box Office India's " Top Actresses" list from 1976 to 1983 and ranked first one time (1980). In 1982 she had thirteen releases, by far more than any of her contemporaries. Top directors like Prakash Mehra, Raj Khosla and Sultan Ahmad offered her good roles. Her characters became more versatile. She played the defiant widow who reforms the egotistical Rajesh Khanna in ''[[Dhanwan (1981 film)]]''; the beautiful 'actress' that dies on stage performing her last 'mujra' for Dharmendra in ''[[Naukar Biwi Ka]]'' (1983); the talented psychiatrist determined to cure Vinod Khanna in Jail Yatra (1981). She acted in many multi-heroine movies like ''[[Prem Tapasya]]'' (1983) and {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Asha Jyoti]]}}. Her characters became more versatile, as did her dances, and she effortlessly shifted from classical 'natyam' (Rocky (1981)) to "Disco Station" ''[[Haathkadi (1982 film)]]''. The sophisticated, glamorous model of ''[[Karishmaa]]'', 1984 was equally seductive as the village belle of ''[[Dharam Kanta]]'' in 1982. Her profile was further enhanced with a double role in the Muslim social, Ladies Tailor (1981), opposite Sanjeev Kumar. Reena's desire to prove herself found expression in a number of female-oriented films. With an author-backed role in Bezubaan (1982), she gives a realistic portrayal of a woman whose past returns to threaten her present married life. But it was Roy's presentation, Lakshmi (1982) that glorified the presence of Reena Roy in Bollywood cinema. Playing the role of a misfortune tawaif she dances to her never-ending tragedies. Reena, anguished by the commercial failure of Lakshmi, found solace in the sensational success of her other home production - the musical comedy, Sanam Teri Kasam (1982), opposite upcoming Kamal Hasan and produced by her sister Barkha Roy. This series of successful films continued in 1983 with Prakash's drama ''[[Arpan]]'', also starring Jeetendra and [[Parveen Babi]]. And finally, her screen image as a sacrificing symbol of Indian womanhood is glorified in the immensely popular ''[[Arpan]]''. Roy also appeared in [[T. Rama Rao]]'s action film ''[[Andhaa Kaanoon|Andha Kanoon]]'' (1983) and the comedy ''[[Naukar Biwi Ka]]'' (1983), Kohli's epic ''[[Raaj Tilak]]'' (1984) and [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]'s melodrama {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Asha Jyoti]]}} (1984).

In 1985 she announced a sabbatical from films after marrying Mohsin Khan. In the following years, a number of Roy's previously completed films were released, notably [[J. P. Dutta]]'s action-drama ''[[Ghulami]], B. S. Glaad's'' Hum Dono and Satpal's ''[[Do Waqt Ki Roti]]'' (1988).

Reena Roy-Shatrugan Sinha have delivered 9 hits out of the 16 tfilms hey did together as the lead pair. Reena's chemistry with Jeetendra in 17 marital dramas like Badaltey Rishtey (1978) and Pyaasa Sawan (1982) also helped ber soaring career. Jeetendra-Reena Roy have worked in 22 films together and in 17 movies they were paired romantically. The duo produced three well-known films together: Apnapan (1977), Aasha (1980) and Arpan (1983). Reena's dance in "Aasha" to the melody of "Shisha Ho Yah Dil" characterized her as an icon of desire and tragedy. Her dark-shaded role in "Apnapan", as the selfish gold-digger that abandons her husband and child, won her the Best Supporting Actress Filmfare Award, beating out Nutan and Asha Parekh. (This was similar to the role that Meryl Streep played in "Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)).

=== Sabbatical and sporadic work (1992—present) ===
Roy returned to Bollywood in 1992, taking up a supporting role as a sister-in-law (bhabhi) in ''[[Aadmi Khilona Hai]]'' (1993) but could not repeat her success of the early days of her career. Her last film appearance was in J. P. Dutta's ''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]'' (2000). She then turned to acting in television serials, such as Eena Meena Deeka produced by her sister Barkha. After the serial ended, the sisters opened an acting school in 2004. Roy has also campaigned for the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-week.com/24mar21/mumbaimasala_home.htm |title=The Week |website=the-week.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305223259/http://www.the-week.com/24mar21/mumbaimasala_home.htm |archive-date=5 March 2005}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="sortable wikitable collapsible"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="3" |1972
| ''[[Zaroorat]]''
| Anju
|
|-
| ''[[Milap (1972 film)|Milap]]''
| Rani 'Chalava'/Rukmani
|
|-
| ''[[Jangal Mein Mangal]]''
| Leela
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1973
| ''[[Nai Duniya Naye Log]]''
| Sandhya
|
|-
| ''[[Jaise Ko Taisa]]''
| Roopa
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1974
| ''[[Madhosh (1974 film)|Madhosh]]''
| Minal
|
|-
| ''[[Goonj (1974 film)|Goonj]]''
| Meena
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|1975
| ''[[Vardaan]]''
| Lata
|
|-
| ''[[Umar Qaid]]''
|Reena
|
|-
| ''[[Rani Aur Lalpari]]''
| Lalpari
|
|-
| ''[[Apne Dushman]]''
| Reshma (Reshu)
|
|-
| ''[[Zakhmee]]''
| Nisha Ganguly
|
|-
|rowspan="6"|1976
| ''[[Sangram (1976 film)|Sangram]]''
| Poonam
|
|-
| ''[[Gumrah (1976 film)|Gumrah]]''
| Reena
|
|-
| ''[[Barood (1976 film)|Barood]]''
| Sapna—Bakshi's Assistant
|
|-
| ''[[Nagin (1976 film)|Nagin]]''
| Nagin (female serpent)
|
|-
| ''[[Kalicharan]]''
| Sapna Mathur
|
|-
| ''[[Udhar Ka Sindur]]''
| Rekha
|
|-
|rowspan="9"|1977
| ''[[Zamaanat]]''
| Reshma
|
|-
| ''[[Taxi Taxie]]''
| Neelam
|
|-
| ''[[Sat Sri Akal]]''
| Shree
|
|-
| ''[[Paapi]]''
| Aasha
|
|-
| ''[[Jagriti]]''
| Barkha
|
|-
| ''[[Daku Aur Mahatma]]''
| Kiran
|
|-
| ''[[Apnapan]]''
| Kamini Agarwal
|
|-
| ''[[Jadu Tona]]''
| Varsha
|
|-
| ''[[Jay Vejay]]''
| Maharani Ambika
|
|-
|rowspan="7"|1978
| ''[[Karmayogi (1978 film)|Karmayogi]]''
| Kiran
|
|-
| ''[[Daku Aur Jawan]]''
| Ganga
|
|-
| ''[[Chor Ho To Aisa]]''
| Champa
|
|-
| ''[[Vishwanath (1978 film)|Vishwanath]]''
| Soni
|
|-
| ''[[Aakhri Daku]]''
|Champa
|
|-
| ''[[Badalte Rishtey]]''
| Savitri Devi
|
|-
| ''[[Bhookh (1978 film)|Bhookh]]''
| Bina
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|1979
| ''[[Muqabla (1979 film)|Muqabla]]''
| Laxmi
|
|-
| ''[[Heera-Moti]]''
| Neelam
|
|-
| ''[[Gautam Govinda]]''
| Dancer
|
|-
| ''[[Jaani Dushman]]''
|Reshma
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1980
| ''[[Khanjar]]''
|Nisha/Preeti
|
|-
| ''[[Yari Dushmani]]''
| Pammi
|
|-
| ''[[Sau Din Saas Ke]]''
| Durga
|
|-
| ''Ganga Aur Suraj''
| Poonam
|
|-
| ''Kashish''
| Docter Seema
|
|-
| ''[[Aasha (1980 film)|Aasha]]''
| Asha
|
|-
| ''[[Be-Reham]]''
| Kiran
|
|-
| ''[[Jawalamukhi|Jwalamukhi]]''
| Anju
|
|-
|rowspan="8"|1981
| ''[[Vilayati Babu]]''
| Billo
|
|-
| ''Dushman Dost''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Naseeb (1981 film)|Naseeb]]''
| Julie
|
|-
| ''Ladies Tailor''
| Niqat
|
|-
| ''[[Rocky (1981 film)|Rocky]]''
| Lajwanti/Hirabai
|
|-
| ''[[Dhanwan (1981 film)|Dhanwan]]''
| Asha
|
|-
| ''[[Pyaasa Sawan]]''
| Manorama
|
|-
| ''[[Jail Yatra (1981 film)|Jail Yatra]]''
| Shanu
|
|-
|rowspan="14"|1982
| ''[[Main Intequam Loonga]]''
| Mala Bajpai
|
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi]]''
| Lakshmi
|
|-
| ''[[Kachche Heere]]''
| Rani
|
|-
| ''[[Jeeo Aur Jeene Do]]''
| Renu
|
|-
| ''[[Do Ustad (1982 film)|Do Ustad]]''
| Roopa
|
|-
| ''[[Dard Ka Rishta]]''
| Asha
|
|-
| ''[[Baghavat]]''
| Channo
|
|-
| ''[[Haathkadi (1982 film)|Hathkadi]]''
| Rosie
|
|-
| ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (1982 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]''
| Nisha
|
|-
| ''[[Badle Ki Aag]]''
| Geeta
|
|-
| ''[[Insaan (1982 film)|Insaan]]''
| Sona
|
|-
| ''[[Dharm Kanta]]''
| Bijli
|
|-
| ''[[Deedar-E-Yaar]]''
| Qawalli Singer
|
|-
| ''[[Bezubaan]]''
| Kalpana
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|1983
| ''[[Andhaa Kanoon]]''
| Meena Srivastav
|
|-
| ''[[Arpan]]''
| Shobha
|
|-
| ''[[Prem Tapasya]]''
| Devi
|
|-
| ''[[Naukar Biwi Ka]]''
| Sandhya
|
|-
|rowspan="6"|1984
| ''[[Yaadon Ki Zanjeer]]''
| Usha
|
|-
| ''[[Raaj Tilak]]''
| Madhumati
|
|-
| ''[[Maati Maangey Khoon]]''
| Sharda
|
|-
| ''[[Asha Jyoti]]''
| Jyoti
|
|-
| ''[[Inteha (1984 film)|Inteha]]''
| Anita
|
|-
| ''[[Karishmaa]]''
| Nisha
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|1985
| ''[[Kali Basti]]''
| Lajjo
|
|-
| ''[[Ghulami]]''
| Moran
|
|-
| ''[[Ek Chitthi Pyar Bhari]]''
| Aarti Saxena
|
|-
| ''[[Hum Dono (1985 film)|Hum Dono]]''
| Rani
|
|-
||1986
| ''[[Mangal Dada]]''
| Lakshmi
|
|-
||1987
| ''[[Faqeer Badshah]]''
| Dancer
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1988
| ''[[Dharam Shatru]]''
| Renu
|
|-
| ''[[Do Waqt Ki Roti]]''
| Shalini/Shalu
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1993
| ''[[Bedardi (1993 film)|Bedardi]]''
| Preeti Saxena
|
|-
| ''[[Aadmi Khilona Hai]]''
| Ganga Verma
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|1995
| ''[[Policewala Gunda]]''
| Sudha
|
|-
| ''[[Janam Kundli]]''
| Rita Mehra
|
|-
| ''[[Kalyug Ke Avtaar]]''
| Reena
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|1996
| ''[[Smuggler (1996 film)|Smuggler]]''
| Usha
|
|-
| ''[[Rajkumar (1996 film)|Rajkumar]]''
| Rani Maa
|
|-
| ''[[Ajay (1996 film)|Ajay]]''
| Durga
|
|-
||1997
| ''[[Jeena O Shaan Se]]''
| Lata
|
|-
||1999
| ''[[Gair (film)|Gair]]''
| Sharda Oberoi
|
|-
||2000
| ''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]''
| Amina Mohammad
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
|-
| [[24th Filmfare Awards|1977]]
|[[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| ''[[Nagin (1976 film)|Nagin]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[26th Filmfare Awards|1979]]
|[[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| ''[[Apnapan]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[28th Filmfare Awards|1981]]
|[[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| ''[[Aasha (1980 film)|Aasha]]''
| {{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0747155}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|reena-roy}}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20010508162759/http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Cinema/2623/reena.html
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050426113700/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/slideshows/80s/ReenaRoy.htm Hindustan Times]
* http://www.parinda.com/profile/994/reena-roy {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513045505/http://www.parinda.com/profile/994/reena-roy |date=13 May 2014 }}

{{FilmfareBestSupportingActressAward}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Reena}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]

Female suicide bomber

2026-03-21T15:34:31Z

Shah am: improve section and improved wording

{{Short description|Woman who carries out a suicide attack}}
[[File:US Navy 090813-N-7498L-032 Master-at-Arms 1st Class Larry Hardison assists Gas Turbine System Mechanic 3rd Class Alahnna Taylor in removing a simulated suicide vest.jpg|thumb|A U.S. Navy servicewoman poses as a captured female suicide bomber during the [[OPFOR]] exercise in [[Pearl Harbor, Hawaii]]]]
'''Female suicide bombers''' are women who undertake [[suicide attacks]], wherein the bomber kills herself while simultaneously killing targeted people. Suicide bombers are normally viewed as male political radicals, but since the [[1960s#Politics and wars|1960s]], female suicide attacks have been on the rise. Through 1985–2006, 15% of all suicide attacks were conducted by female suicide bombers.<ref name=":0">Davis, Jessica. "Evolution of The Global Jihad: Female Suicide Bombers in Iraq". ''Studies in Conflict & Terrorism'' 36.4 (2013): 279–291. Academic Search Complete. Web November 16, 2015.</ref>

There are many organizations, such as [[Boko Haram]] (which is the first group to use females in a majority of their [[suicide bombings]] and surpassed the [[Tamil Tigers]] in using more female suicide bombers than any other terrorist group in history),<ref name="veconomist">{{cite news|author=R.S.|title=Why Boko Haram uses female suicide-bombers|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2017/10/economist-explains-19|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=23 October 2017}}</ref> [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]], [[ISIS]] and the [[Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade]], that recently started using women as tools in their attacks, since they are normally viewed as less of a threat than their male counterparts. This includes women having the element of surprise, a hesitancy to search females, increased publicity for female suicide bombing attacks, and the female stereotype as non-violent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB408.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051006051237/http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB408.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 6, 2005 |title=Female Suicide Bombers |access-date=2018-05-14}}</ref>

Research shows that female suicide bombers tend to replace depleted male cadres and tend to exhibit little active participation or inadequate training.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|title=The Veil of Gender: De-Sensationalizing the Lethality of Female Suicide Terrorism|url=https://academic.oup.com/jogss/article/doi/10.1093/jogss/ogaf030/8317102|journal=Journal of Global Security Studies|date=2025|issn=2057-3170|volume=10|issue=4|doi=10.1093/jogss/ogaf030|language=en|first=Seung-Whan|last=Choi|first2=Benjamin|last2=Acosta|url-access=subscription}}</ref> An analysis of suicide attacks over the period 1985-2017 finds that female suicide bombers inflict fewer fatalities than their male counterparts.<ref name=":8" />

== Background ==
Women have an extensive and complex history in political violence. While the typical terrorist of the 1960s tended to be an educated male from an upper-middle-class background, many left-wing terrorist groups in the 1960s and 1970s had prominent women active within these groups. [[Ulrike Meinhof]], a German left-wing terrorist and journalist, co-founded the [[Red Army Faction]] and participated in a range of bombings and bank robberies. The [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP)'s [[Leila Khaled]] is considered to be the first woman to hijack an airplane, drawing international attention.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/leila-khaled-first-female-hijacker-profile/|title='I Had to Be the Voice of Women': The First Female Hijacker Shares Her Story|work=Broadly|access-date=2017-05-08|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Fusako Shigenobu]] founded and led the [[Japanese Red Army]], a communist militant group that conducted hijackings and massacres. A number of Italian women were active in Italian terrorist organizations between 1970 and 1984.<ref name="Weinberg 241–262">{{Cite journal|last1=Weinberg|first1=Leonard|last2=Eubank|first2=William Lee|title=Italian women terrorists|journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism|volume=9|issue=3|pages=241–262|doi=10.1080/10576108708435630|year=1987}}</ref> Females played fundamental roles in Puerto Rican nationalist movements such as the [[Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña|Puerto Rican Armed Forces of National Liberation]] (FLAN) and the [[Boricua Popular Army|Boricua Popular Army (Los Macheteros)]], two groups designated as terrorist organizations. Women served visible roles in American groups, such as the [[Symbionese Liberation Army]]. Women also served as mobilizing agents for [[Weather Underground]], recruiting people into the organization.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Outlaw woman: a memoir of the war years, 1960–1975|url=https://archive.org/details/outlawwomanmemoi00dunb|url-access=registration|last=Ortiz|first=Roxanne Dunbar|publisher=City Lights|year=2001|location=San Francisco, CA|page=[https://archive.org/details/outlawwomanmemoi00dunb/page/154 154]|isbn=9780872863903 }}</ref> Women have been more active in left-wing groups as these groups' ideologies tend to be more conducive to women's participation in combatant and other non-traditional roles.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Women and Crime|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00nico|url-access=registration|last=Hahn Rafter|first=Nicole|publisher=Onyx Press|year=2000|location=Phoenix, AZ|isbn=9781573562140 }}</ref>

Organizations have differing stances on female suicide bombers. For example, in 2002, the spiritual leader of Hamas "categorically renounced the use of women as suicide bombers". In early 2002, he reported that "Hamas was far from enthusiastic about the inclusion of women in warfare, for reasons of modesty." This stance shifted in 2004, when the first female suicide bomber was used. Officials exclaimed that the act was a "significant evolution in our fight. The male fighters face many obstacles ... women are like the reserve army―when there is a necessity, we use them."<ref name=":5"/> The [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] attracted thousands of women and their militarization shaped women's identity from the "traditional ideal of the auspicious, fecund wife to the androgynous Armed Virgin".<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Erin|first=Alexander|date=2014|title=Women of War: The Female Fighters of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|url=http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1186/women-of-war-the-female-fighters-of-the-liberation-tigers-of-tamil-eelam|journal=Cornell International Affairs Review|language=en|volume=7|issue=2}}</ref> [[Rajani Thiranagama|Rajini Thiranagama]] stated, "One cannot but be inspired when one sees the women of the LTTE in the night with their AKs slung over the shoulder. ... One cannot but admire the dedication and toughness of their training. ... One could see the nationalist fervor and the romantic vision of women in arms defending the nation."<ref name=":7" />

=== Characteristics of female suicide bombers ===
There is much variation among female suicide bombers. A number of studies have attempted to compare suicide attackers across different suicide groups. It was found that groups that used women the least were Islamist fundamentalist groups.<ref name=":4" /> When dealing with age, female suicide bombers followed the same age trend as males, typically falling within the early to mid 20s.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Zedalis|first=Debra|date=June 2004|title=Female suicide bombers|url=https://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pdffiles/PUB408.pdf}}</ref> They also tend to have more secular ties than presumed. Some are married while others are widows. Socioeconomic status also varies among female attackers.

Women's involvement is mediated differently than men's; they are more likely to be involved through personal contacts or family members, while men's process of involvement is more likely to stem from movement affiliation and disenchantment with nonviolent forms of political activism.<ref name="Weinberg 241–262"/> Differences in men and women's need for revenge (and subsequent use of suicide attacks) has been studied, with inconsistent findings reported. Some argue men are more vengeful than women, while others find no such claims.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mullins|first1=Christopher W.|last2=Wright|first2=Richard|last3=Jacobs|first3=Bruce A.|date=2004-11-01|title=Gender, Streetlife and Criminal Retaliation*|journal=Criminology|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=911–940|doi=10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00540.x|issn=1745-9125}}</ref>

=== Examples ===
* In 1780, an Indian woman named [[Kuyili]] applied [[ghee]] and oil onto her body and set herself ablaze. She then jumped into an armoury of the [[East India Company]], causing it to explode. This suicide attack helped to secure victory for her queen, [[Velu Nachiyar]], in the battle to secure freedom for [[Sivaganga estate|Sivaganga]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu to build memorial for freedom fighter Kuyili |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-to-build-memorial-for-freedom-fighter-Kuyili/articleshow/20075937.cms |access-date=13 August 2014|newspaper=Times of india |date=16 May 2013 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Velu Nachiyar & Kuyili: The Women Who Took Down The British 85 Yrs Before 1857! |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/157316/news-india-independence-women-fighters-british-raj/ |access-date=28 August 2018|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>[https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remembering-queen-velu-nachiyar-sivagangai-first-queen-fight-british-55163 Remembering Queen Velu Nachiyar of Sivagangai, the first queen to fight the British]. ''The News Minute''. 3 January 2017</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Of woman power and Tamizh glory|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/of-woman-power-and-tamizh-glory-375394.html|newspaper=IBN Live|date=14 June 2011|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Veeramangai Velu Nachiyar|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/cover/veeramangai-velu-nachiyar/article26016399.ece|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|date=18 January 2019|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
* In a meeting about ways to assassinate General [[Evelyn Barker]], the British Army commander in [[Mandatory Palestine]], [[List of Lehi members |a young woman volunteered]] to do the assassination as a [[suicide bombing]].<ref name="Raskin" /><ref name="page 800" /><ref name="Lehi Forest" /> They refer to it as a "{{ill|Let me die with the Philistines|he|תמות נפשי עם פלשתים| lt =Let my soul die with the Philistines}}" proposal ({{langx|he|תמות נפשי עם פלשתים}}) as a reference to the words of Samson in (Judges 16:30), or a "[[Samson option]]".<ref name="Judges 16" /><ref name="Raskin" /><ref name="page 800" /><ref name="Lehi Forest" /> On that occasion other members of the group allegedly rejected her offer. She also had a physical disability that might have made her unable to carry out the plan the group had in mind.<ref name="Raskin" /><ref name="Lehi Forest" /><ref name="page 800" /> The Lehi memorialize her among their martyrs and fallen combatants ({{langx|he|הללי לח"י}}), but her cause of death is not described.<ref name="LHs" /><ref name="page 800" /><ref name="Lehi Forest" />{{efn| The Lehi did kill one of their own young men, and a teenage boy from the Irgun, in a joint suicide operation that they attempted to orchestrate in [[Museum of Underground Prisoners |Jerusalem Central Prison]]. }}
* [[Sana'a Mehaidli]], a 16-year-old Christian member of the [[Syrian Social Nationalist Party]] (SSNP/PPS), a pro-Syrian Lebanese organization, is believed to have been the first female suicide bomber. On 9 April 1985, she blew up herself and a truck of explosives next to an Israeli convoy in Lebanon during the [[South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)|Israeli occupation of South Lebanon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbiic.gov/public/2008/sept/NCTC%20Did%20you%20know%20the%20first%20suicide%20bombing%20may%20have%20occurred%20in%201881.pdf|title=A Fact Sheet form the Worldwide Incidents Team. Retrieved 2017-14-04}}</ref> She worked at a video store where she recorded her will, saying "I am very comfortable with carrying out this operation. I choose to do this because I am fulfilling my duty towards my land and my people ... Now I am loving my country, sacrificing my life and respecting the people of the south".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/general/2010/04/2010413115916795784.html|title=Lebanon's women warriors|last=Khrais|first=Bilal|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=2017-05-17}}</ref>
* [[Kalaivani Rajaratnam|Thenmozhi Rajaratnam]] (born Kalaivani Rajaratnam; [[soubriquet]]: "Dhanu") is thought to have been a member of the [[Tamils|Tamil]] militant organization [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) in [[Sri Lanka]], was involved in the [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]], the former [[Prime Minister of India]], and sixteen other bystanders in 1991.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/nigeria/11416837/Some-of-the-deadliest-and-most-notable-suicide-attacks-carried-out-by-women.html|title=Revealed: world's deadliest female terrorists|access-date=2016-09-06|date=2015-02-17|last1=Blair|first1=David}}</ref> She had allegedly been raped by [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] soldiers and her four brothers were killed.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Dying to Win|url=https://archive.org/details/dyingtowinstrate0000pape|url-access=registration|last=Pape|first=Robert A.|publisher=Random House Trade Paperback|year=2005|isbn=978-0812973389|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/dyingtowinstrate0000pape/page/226 226]}}</ref> The LTTE unit known as the [[Black Tigers]] committed suicide bombing attacks, most of which were done by women.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ransirini|first=Shamara|date=2015|title=Becoming Militant: Narrative of (Dis?) embodiment in Visakesa Chandrasekaram's Tigers Don't Confess|url=http://www.outskirts.arts.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/2814413/Outskirts-Ransirini.pdf|journal=Outskirts|volume=33|access-date=September 6, 2016|archive-date=October 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005043855/http://www.outskirts.arts.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/2814413/Outskirts-Ransirini.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> A female suicide bomber attempted to kill Sri Lanka's Army Commander [[Sarath Fonseka]] in 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2006-04-25 |title=Suicide attack on Sri Lanka's top military commander leaves 8 dead |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/25/world/asia/suicide-attack-on-sri-lankas-top-military-commander-leaves-8-dead.html |access-date=2022-02-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Fonseka survived, but seven others were killed in the attack. Sri Lanka's Fisheries Minister and former militant [[Douglas Devananda]] was the target of a female suicide bomber in 2007. She detonated the bomb during a body check.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Lanka: At least 17 dead, over 43 injured in two blasts in Colombo – Sri Lanka |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-least-17-dead-over-43-injured-two-blasts-colombo |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=ReliefWeb |date=28 November 2007 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Wafa Idris]] detonated a 22-pound bomb in the center of [[Jerusalem]] outside a shoe store on [[Jaffa Road]], killing herself and Pinhas Tokatli (81), and injuring more than 100 others.<ref name="DT0128">Inigo Gilmore: [https://web.archive.org/web/20071209133105/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/01/28/wmid28.xml Woman suicide bomber shakes Israelis], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 28 January 2002</ref> The attack took place on 27 January 2002 but the identity of the bomber was not confirmed until 30 January 2002.<ref name="bbc2002-01-30">{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/1791800.stm|title=Female bomber's mother speaks out|date=2002-01-30|publisher=BBC|access-date=15 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="DT0128"/> Idris carried the bomb in a backpack, rather than strapped to her body. Since, prior to this attack, women had only helped plant bombs, the use of a backpack and the lack of the usual note or video led to confusion regarding her suicide motives and speculation that she did not intend to detonate the bomb, but that the explosion was accidental. However, after investigation of the explosion, Israel declared Idris a suicide bomber around 9 February 2002.<ref>James Bennet: [https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20810FA39580C7A8CDDAB0894DA404482 Israelis Declare Arab Woman Was in Fact a Suicide Bomber], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 9 February 2002 (req. subscr.)</ref> Prior to this Idris called for an "Army of Roses". She served under [[Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade]]. Wafa was born in a refugee camp, and her father died when she was a child. During the [[First Intifada]], she served on the refugee camp's women's committee, helping prisoners' families and distributing food. When she delivered a stillborn and was told she would never be able to carry a baby to full-term, her husband divorced her.<ref>{{Cite book|title=From freedom fighters to terrorists : women and political violence|author=Eager, Paige Whaley|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780754672258|oclc=950471809}}</ref>
* [[Muriel Degauque]] was a Belgian convert to Islam who died in a suicide car bomb attack on 9 November 2005 against a U.S. military convoy in Iraq. One soldier was wounded. She originally worked at a bakery and after marrying a Muslim man, she moved to Iraq and became radicalized.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=Craig S.|date=2005-12-06|title=Raised as Catholic in Belgium, She died as a Muslim Bomber|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/06/world/europe/raised-as-catholic-in-belgium-she-died-as-a-muslim-bomber.html|access-date=2021-12-24|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* [[Zeynep Kınacı]] was a Kurdish member of the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK) and known for having committed its [[1996 Tunceli bombing]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1996-07-01 |title=SUICIDE BOMBER KILLS 9 SOLDIERS IN TURKEY |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1996-07-01-9607010160-story.html}}</ref>
* The [[2010 Moscow Metro bombings]] were suicide bombings carried out by two female Islamist terrorists from the Caucasus during the morning rush hour of March 29, 2010, at two stations of the Moscow Metro (Lubyanka and Park Kultury), with roughly 40 minutes in between. At least 40 people were killed, and over 100 injured. The women were identified as Dzhennet Abdurakhmanova and Mariam Sharipova.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811161243/http://www.sify.com/news/militant-behind-moscow-metro-blasts-killed-news-international-kivrEecefeg.html Militant behind Moscow metro blasts killed]. Sify.com (21 August 2010). Retrieved 27 January 2011.</ref>
* On 14 February 2011, a female suicide bomber killed a Russian serviceman and wounded four others at a [[Dagestan]] police station in Gubden, a village around 150 km (100 miles) south of the provincial capital of [[Makhachkala]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/suicide-bomber-kills-russian-officer-in-dagestan-idUSTRE71D5S7|title=Suicide bomber kills Russian officer in Dagestan |language=en-GB|date=14 February 2011|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=30 August 2024}}</ref>
* Blasts from two female suicide bombers at a crowded fish market in Nigeria's northeastern city of [[Maiduguri]] killed at least 20 people on 22 June 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33232146|title=Nigeria violence: Bomb at fish market kills at least 20 |language=en-GB|access-date=2016-09-06|publisher=BBC News|date=2015-06-22}}</ref>
* On 23 December 2016, the first female suicide bomber in [[Bangladesh]] detonated her explosive during a police raid while holding her 7-year-old daughter in one hand and chanting: "We will go to heaven! We will go to heaven!" She was identified as Jebunnahar Islam Shila.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/bangladeshs-new-generation-of-militants/|title=Bangladesh's new generation of militants |newspaper=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref>
* In 2018, in [[Surabaya]], East Java, Indonesia, a Muslim family, composed of three men (father Dita Oepriarto and sons Firman and Yusuf, aged 15 and 17) and three women (mother Puji Kuswati, Indonesia's first female suicide bomber, and daughters Famela and Fadhila, aged 8 and 12), died carrying out bombings at [[2018 Surabaya churches bombings|three Catholic and Christian churches]], killing 12 people and injuring at least 40.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/18/world/asia/indonesia-surabaya-terrorism-dita-oepriarto.html Indonesia: Surabaya terrorism], nytimes.com, May 18, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/05/13/surabaya-church-bombings-what-we-know-so-far.html Surabaya church bombings: what we know so far], thejakartapost.com. May 13, 2018. Accessed January 3, 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/13/asia/indonesia-attacks-surabaya-intl/index.html Indonesia attacks: Surabaya], cnn.com. May 13, 2018. Accessed January 3, 2024.</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Kate Lamb |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/13/deaths-bomb-attacks-churches-indonesia-surabaya |title=Indonesia church bombings: police say one family and their children behind attacks |newspaper=The Guardian |date= 2018-05-13|access-date=2018-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/indonesias-first-female-suicide-bomber-a-mum-of-4-0 |title=Indonesia's first female suicide bomber a mum of 4, SE Asia News & Top Stories |newspaper=The Straits Times |date= 2018-05-13|access-date=2018-05-14}}</ref>
* On 26 April 2022, [[University of Karachi bombing|Shari Baloch]], a 30-year-old science teacher and mother of two, detonated her explosives in the [[University of Karachi]] in Pakistan, killing three Chinese teachers. The separatist militant group [[Balochistan Liberation Army]] (BLA) claimed responsibility for the incident, claiming her as the organisation's first female suicide bomber.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Female graduate student behind Pakistan university attack: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/27/female-graduate-student-behind-pakistan-university-attack-report |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-26 |title=Pakistan attack: Chinese killed in blast in Karachi |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-61229589 |access-date=2022-04-26}}</ref>

== Causes and reasons ==
There are a number of reasons as to why female suicide bombers are used by groups. Terrorists use bombers as they are cheaper than purchasing arms. They are considered a low risk weapon and require low technology.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Nolen|first=Elizabeth|date=Spring 2016|title=Female Suicide Bombers: Coerced or Committed?|journal=Global Security Studies|volume=7}}</ref> They do not require much training, do not leave much of a trace behind, have the element of surprise, have easier access to targeted populations as well as soft targets, and tend to frighten the general population.<ref name=":1" /> As female combatants are seen as less likely to engage in lethal actions and can thus avoid suspicion, they are regarded as ideal combatants.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Wood|first1=Reed M|last2=Thomas|first2=Jakana L|date=2017-01-24|title=Women on the frontline|journal=Journal of Peace Research|language=en|volume=54|issue=1|pages=31–46|doi=10.1177/0022343316675025|s2cid=152263427|url=https://repository.essex.ac.uk/27099/1/wood_thomas_final.pdf}}</ref> Dress and gender stereotypes are often utilized by women to bypass security defenses. For example, women who appear pregnant appropriate related expectations and stereotypes to their benefit, discouraging invasive body searchers.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Bloom|first=Mia|date=2011-06-01|title=Bombshells: Women and Terror|journal=[[Gender Issues (magazine)|Gender Issues]]|language=en|volume=28|issue=1–2|pages=1–21|doi=10.1007/s12147-011-9098-z|s2cid=143682884|issn=1098-092X}}</ref> Women may also "westernize" their appearance in an attempt at covering their actions and avoiding detection. Women are also deployed as suicide bombers as they tend to "elicit greater public sympathy and publicity for an organization".<ref name=":2" /> By some research, female bombers receive eight times more press coverage than their male counterparts.<ref name=":6" />

Insurgent groups also face pressure when it comes to recruiting members, causing the group to expand their bases to sustain the group's position. It has been argued that the introduction of women and girls into combat "generally came about in response to logistical demands: the mounting number of casualties, the intensified crackdowns by government, and the ability to escape detection more easily than men".<ref name="Ness 353–373">{{Cite journal|last=Ness|first=Cindy D.|date=2005-09-01|title=In the Name of the Cause: Women's Work in Secular and Religious Terrorism|journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism|volume=28|issue=5|pages=353–373|doi=10.1080/10576100500180337|s2cid=143769756|issn=1057-610X}}</ref> An example of this was in January 2002 when [[Sheikh Ahmed Yassin]], the spiritual leader of Hamas, renounced the use of female bombers. Later on in the same year, Hamas was not enthusiastic about adding women into their ranks. Hamas subsequently reversed their stance, deploying their first female suicide bomber in January 2004.<ref name=":5" /> On average, it is calculated that terrorist groups that use suicide bombing as a tactic wait around 13.5 years before employing women.<ref name=":0" /> However, women are reported to have higher kill rates than men, on average killing four times as many people as men do.<ref name=":3" />

Terrorist and insurgent groups may also appropriate media coverage to benefit from the portrayal of female suicide bombers. Women's media portrayal may help various organizations recruit and motivate men, and coverage of women in the media allows groups to differentiate themselves from one another.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Women-and-Jihad-The-motivation-of-female-suicide-bombers-480666|title=Women and Jihad: The motivation of female suicide bombers|work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=2017-05-12}}</ref> It also may help deliver group-based messages. For example, media coverage may highlight that the group, by using women, had been driven to extreme measures. Media attention on female suicide bombers tends to examine emotional explanations for women's involvement, as opposed to ideological justifications.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

== Individual motivations ==
There are different causes and reasons why female suicide bombers perform these deadly actions. For one, many cite personal feelings of sacrifice in conducting such missions. The missions become more esteemed to the public when they are framed as forms of sacrifice. Society would be "hard pressed to accept, that a female who offers her life in this context is seen as engaging in the most profound form of selflessness".<ref name="Ness 353–373"/> Other research suggests that women resort to terrorism to "redeem their fallen reputations, such as being barren, divorced, defiled, unchaste, and so on".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Salem|first=Edmar|date=2015-09-02|title=Attitudes towards female suicide bombers in Palestine and Tamil Sri Lanka|journal=Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression|volume=7|issue=3|pages=200–209|doi=10.1080/19434472.2015.1009482|s2cid=143979032|issn=1943-4472}}</ref> Struggling for the pursuit of freedom through the LTTE can be seen as a way in which women can redeem themselves. Tamil rape victims tend to be prohibited from marriage and childbearing. Conceptualizing female bombers as mothers allows suicide bombings to serve as offerings for women who cannot become mothers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=CUNNINGHAM|first=KARLA J.|date=2003-05-01|title=Cross-Regional Trends in Female Terrorism|journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism|volume=26|issue=3|pages=171–195|doi=10.1080/10576100390211419|s2cid=110362253|issn=1057-610X}}</ref>

In the literature on female suicide bombers, exploitation of women is a distinctive factor that separates them from male suicide bombers. Research has examined cases of women's exploitation by their own families, often for monetary compensation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/comment/register/article/deadly-secret-of-the-black-widows-7fsd3fqgfz0 |title=Deadly secret of the black widows |last=Vinogradova |first=Luba |access-date=2017-05-08 |language=en}}</ref>

Women can also be motivated by political/and or historical contexts to take action against their enemy. For example, in the context of the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], it has been noted that Palestinian female suicide bombers are often motivated by anti-Zionism and the Israeli occupation of their homeland to take action. According to Palestinian legal scholar [[Noura Erakat]], the "Israeli military occupation [is] a significant, if not the most significant, factor contributing to the subjugation of Palestinian women's rights."<ref name="Erakat, Noura 2011">Erakat, Noura. "Arabiya Made Invisible: Between Marginalization of Agency and Silencing of Dissent" in ''Arab & Arab American Feminisms: Gender, Violence, & Belonging''. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2011. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. November 18, 2015</ref> They are often motivated by the politics of their environment to take action in this situation. Western feminist critic Amal Amireh notes examples of how the women exercise their political agency in the conflict, including the fact that the bomber often declares in public her political group and nationalism, as well as the fact that they commit the act in public as a spectacle to be observed.<ref name="auto1">Amireh, Amal. "Palestinian Women's Disappearing Act: The Suicide Bomber Through Western Feminist Eyes" in ''Arab & Arab American Feminisms: Gender, Violence, & Belonging''. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2011. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. November 18, 2015</ref> There is also a case to be made toward religion/political indoctrination. Some recruiters, like the LTTE, would concentrate on recruiting orphans due to their young age, making it much easier to indoctrinate and condition.<ref name=":5" />

Individual motivations to become suicide bombers vary. Motives include "to avenge a personal loss, to redeem the family name, to escape a life of sheltered monotony and achieve fame, or to equalize the patriarchal societies in which they live".<ref name=":3" /> The death of a relative triggers the decision to commit a suicide attack. Some women join to seek revenge. For example, studies have shown that some women join the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam seeking revenge against crimes the government has committed against the group, from disappearances to torture. Government oppression has only emboldened the LTTE, and women have increasingly become more publicly involved.

In Chechnya, female bombers originally became involved for more personal reasons, avenging the deaths of Chechen male relatives killed by Russian forces. They are referred to as "Black Widows" because many were the wives, mothers, sisters, or female relatives of men killed in battle. The activities of the Black Widows are regarded to support the theory that suicide bombings may alter societal gender norms. With militant involvement usually seen as being performed by men, engaging in violent actions counters notions of women's traditional roles, such as raising children. Clara Beyler, a counter-terrorism analyst writes that "There is a difference between men and women suicide attackers: women consider combat as a way to escape the predestined life that is expected of them. When women become human bombs, their intent is to make a statement not only in the name of a country, a religion, a leader, but also in the name of their gender".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ict.org.il/Article.aspx?ID=854|title=Messengers of Death – Female Suicide Bombers|website=www.ict.org.il|language=en|access-date=2017-05-08|archive-date=2016-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018012422/https://www.ict.org.il/Article.aspx?ID=854|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Effects ==
=== Deadliness ===
According to a 2021 study, female suicide attacks "are more deadly in countries where women are largely absent from the workforce, civil society, and protest organizations". However, "female attack lethality is declining with time, suggesting that security forces eventually adapt to women's participation in terrorism".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Jakana L.|date=2021|title=Wolves in Sheep's Clothing: Assessing the Effect of Gender Norms on the Lethality of Female Suicide Terrorism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/wolves-in-sheeps-clothing-assessing-the-effect-of-gender-norms-on-the-lethality-of-female-suicide-terrorism/D9BFE04ECEDC0DC9E96818C0FBA6DE8B|journal=International Organization|volume=75|issue=3|pages=769–802|language=en|doi=10.1017/S0020818321000035|s2cid=233710309|issn=0020-8183|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Organizations of female suicide bombers ===
The [[Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades]] is a known terrorist organization that has trained many female suicide bombers since their uprising as political weapons. In January 2002, the group claimed responsibility for the first female suicide bombing attack inside of Israel, in efforts to push Israel settlers out of West Bank and to form an entirely Palestinian state. The group is known to be most active in the Gaza Strip, but also attacks inside of Israel and the West Bank.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

=== Chechnya ===
The [[Shahidka]], commonly referred to as the [[Black Widow (Chechnya)|"Black Widows"]] are a group of [[Islamist]] [[Chechnya|Chechen]] separatist suicide bombers. Khava Barayeva blew herself up at a Russian Army outpost on June 7, 2000. In 2001,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-glyn-williams/the-brides-of-allah-the-t_b_4761027.html|title=The Brides of Allah: The Terror Threat of Black-Widow Suicide Bombers to the Winter Olympics. Web Retrieved 2017-14-04|website=[[HuffPost]]|date=2014-02-13}}</ref> [[Aiza Gazuyeva]] killed Russian general [[Gaidar Gadzhiyev]] in a suicide bombing, the first female suicide bombing of the Chechen insurgency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.24sata.hr/news/zene-ljudske-bombe-tjeraju-u-smrt-i-curice-stare-10-godina-448041|title=Women – 'human bombs': They make the death and girls aged 10 years. web Retrieved 2017-14-04|date=24 November 2015 }}</ref> The group carried out the [[Moscow theater hostage crisis]] and a number of them were involved in the [[Beslan school siege]]. A bombing that killed 10 people at [[Rizhskaya (Moscow Metro)|Rizhskaya metro station in Moscow]] was thought to be carried out by a woman who was identified as a Beslan school captor. The [[2004 Russian aircraft bombings]] are believed to be carried out by female bombers. Two of the perpetrators of the [[2010 Moscow Metro bombings]] were women; Dzhanet Abdullayeva, who was married to a militant, and Maryam Sharipova.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> The [[October 2013 Volgograd bus bombing]] was carried out by a woman.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

=== Palestinian bombers ===
{{Expand section|date=December 2021}}
On the same day [[Darine Abu Aisha]] committed a suicide bombing, [[Sheikh Ahmed Yassin]], the religious leader of [[Islamist]] militant group [[Hamas]], issued a fatwa, or religious rule, that gave permission to women to participate in suicide attacks as well as listing the rewards in "paradise" that these female martyrs would receive upon their deaths. He also promised Hamas would send many female suicide bombers to strike Israelis. Reactions to this in the Islamic world were mixed. While many hailed the female suicide bomber and urged full involvement of all in ''[[Jihad]]'', some criticized the cruelty of tearing mothers from their children and sending them to explode themselves.

Notable female Palestinian suicide bombers include:
* [[Wafa Idris]] – first suicide bomber (bombing date: January 27, 2002)
* [[Darine Abu Aisha]] – second suicide bomber (bombing date: February 27, 2002)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3HCBQAAQBAJ|title=Rationality, Democracy, and Justice: The Legacy of Jon Elster|last1=López-Guerra|first1=Claudio|last2=Maskivker|first2=Julia|date=2015-02-05|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-12373-7|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ayat al-Akhras]] – third suicide bomber ([[Kiryat HaYovel supermarket bombing|bombing date: March 29, 2002]])
* [[Andalib Suleiman]] – fourth suicide bomber (bombing date: April 12, 2002)
* [[Hiba Da'arma]] – fifth suicide bomber (bombing date: May 19, 2003)<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/2003-05-21/ty-article/female-bombers-show-shift-in-thinking/0000017f-db47-db5a-a57f-db6f8a700000 Female bombers show shift in thinking], haaretz.com, May 21, 2003. Accessed January 4, 2023.{{subscription required}}</ref>
* [[Hanadi Jaradat]] – sixth suicide bomber (bombing date: October 4, 2003)
* [[Reem Riyashi|Reem Al-Reyashi]] – eighth suicide bomber (bombing date: January 15, 2004). Al-Reyashi, a 22-year-old mother of two, detonated an explosive pack at the [[Erez]] crossing point on the frontier of the Gaza Strip. Two Israeli soldiers, a policeman and a civilian security worker were killed. Seven other Israelis and four Palestinians were injured.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/jan/15/israel|title=Human-bomb mother kills four Israelis at Gaza checkpoint|last=McGreal|first=Chris|date=2004-01-14|access-date=2016-09-06|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{reflist|colwidth=30em| refs =
<ref name="LHs" > 128 Lehi Martyrs: {{cite web | title = חללי לח"י – העמותה להנצחת מורשת לח״י | url = https://lehi.org.il/he/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99-%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%99/ |language=he-IL}} – Memorial day: {{cite news | trans-title = Memorial Day ceremony for the fallen of Israel's armed forces, victims of hostilities, and 128 martyrs of the Lehi movement… | title = טקס יום הזיכרון לחללי מערכות ישראל, נפגעי פעולות האיבה ו-128 חללי לח"י, יום רביעי, 30.4.25, ב' באייר תשפ"ה, בשעה 10:30 – העמותה להנצחת מורשת לח״י | url = https://lehi.org.il/he/%d7%98%d7%a7%d7%a1-%d7%99%d7%95%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%96%d7%99%d7%9b%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%9f-%d7%9c%d7%97%d7%9c%d7%9c%d7%99-%d7%9e%d7%a2%d7%a8%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%aa-%d7%99%d7%a9%d7%a8%d7%90%d7%9c-%d7%a0%d7%a4%d7%92/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250417050159/https://lehi.org.il/he/%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1-%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%94%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99-%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%92/ | archive-date = 17 April 2025 | access-date = 17 April 2025 |language=he-IL}}</ref>
<ref name="Lehi Forest" >{{cite web| script-title = he: רסקין פַניה – "מרגלית" – העמותה להנצחת מורשת לח״י | url = https://lehi.org.il/he/%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%a7%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%a4%d6%b7%d7%a0%d7%99%d7%94/ | quote = הנצחה באנדרטה ביער לח"י במשמר איילון … שמה של פניה רסקין חרוט על לוח באנדרטה ביער לח"י | trans-quote = Commemoration at the monument in the Lehi Forest in Mishmar Ayalon … Fania Raskin's name is engraved on a plaque at the Lehi Forest memorial. |language=he-IL}} – Description: In the close up image, her name is the last on the list, with her Hebrew alias in brackets {{langx|he| פניה רסקין (מרגלית) |Fania Raskin (Margalit)}}.</ref>
<ref name="Raskin" >{{cite web | title= Raskin, Fania – Freedom Fighters of Israel Heritage Association | url = https://lehi.org.il/en/raskin-fania/ | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220707020736/https://lehi.org.il/en/raskin-fania/ | archive-date= 7 July 2022 | quote = "Fania then spoke up and volunteered herself. She was sure that for an operation such as this, she would find the strength to stand and walk. "My life is no life anyway" she added. This was a "{{ill|Let me die with the Philistines|he|תמות נפשי עם פלשתים| lt =Let my soul die with the Philistines}}" proposal, the Samson option. Of course, her suggestion was rejected. Fania Raskin passed away on 20 July 1947, in Jerusalem. She was thirty-one."}}</ref>
<ref name="page 800" >{{cite book | title = Lehi People | script-title = he: לח"י אנשים | date = 2002 | location = Tel Aviv |page=800| url = https://books.lehi.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%99-%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D-2-%D7%93%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99.pdf | access-date = 21 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241221184320/https://books.lehi.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%99-%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D-2-%D7%93%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99.pdf | archive-date= 21 December 2024 | quote = כאשר תוכננה התנקשות בגנרל בארקר, מפקד הצבא הבריטי בארץ־ישראל, הועלה רעיון, שבחורה תטייל עם עגלת תינוק, שתתפוצץ כאשר הגנרל יעבור לידה. נשאלה השאלה איך הבחורה תצליח להסתלק לפני ההתפוצצות. כאן התפרצה פניה והציעה את עצמה. בשביל פעולה כזאת, אמרה, היא תמצא כוחות לעמוד וללכת. ״ממילא חיי אינם חיים״, הוסיפה היא התכוונה לפעולת ״תמות נפשי עם פלשתים״. הצעתה נדחתה, כמובן. פניה רסקין הלכה לעולמה ב־-20.7.1947ג׳ מנחם אב תש״ז, בירושלים והיא בת 31 |language=he-IL}}</ref>
<ref name="Judges 16" > From [[Judges 16]]:30 – Usually translated as '' 'Let me die with the Philistines' '' – {{cite web| title = Judges 16: Hebrew – English Bible – Mechon-Mamre | url = https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0716.htm | website = mechon-mamre.org }} '''English:''' 30 And Samson said: 'Let me die with the Philistines'. And he bent with all his might; and the house fell upon the lords, and upon all the people that were therein. So the dead that he slew at his death were more than they that he slew in his life. '''Hebrew:''' {{lang|he|ל וַיֹּאמֶר שִׁמְשׁוֹן, תָּמוֹת נַפְשִׁי עִם-פְּלִשְׁתִּים, וַיֵּט בְּכֹחַ, וַיִּפֹּל הַבַּיִת עַל-הַסְּרָנִים וְעַל-כָּל-הָעָם אֲשֶׁר-בּוֹ; וַיִּהְיוּ הַמֵּתִים, אֲשֶׁר הֵמִית בְּמוֹתוֹ, רַבִּים, מֵאֲשֶׁר הֵמִית בְּחַיָּיו.}}</ref>
}}
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Berko, Anat, and Elizabeth Yuval. ''The smarter bomb: women and children as suicide bombers''. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2012. {{ISBN|9781442219526}}
* Rajan, V. G. Julie. ''Women Suicide Bombers: Narratives of Violence''. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2011. {{ISBN|9780415552257}}
* Skaine, Rosemarie. ''Female Suicide Bombers''. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2006. {{ISBN|0786426152}}
* Victor, Barbara. ''Army of Roses: Inside the World of Palestinian Women Suicide Bombers''. [Emmaus, Pa.?]: Rodale, 2003. {{ISBN|157954830X}}
* Naber, Nadine Christine, Evelyn Alsutany, and [[Rabab Abdulhadi]]. ''Arab & Arab American Feminisms: Gender, Violence, & Belonging''. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2011. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. November 18, 2015
* {{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/07/suicide-bomber-strikes-cameroon-night-spot-150726024720051.html |title='Female' suicide bomber strikes Cameroon night spot }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/10/five-female-suicide-bombers-strike-in-nigeria.php |title=5 female suicide bombers strike in Nigeria|work=The Long War Journal }}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/08/06/female-suicide-bombers-are-not-a-new-phenomenon/ |title=Female suicide bombers are not a new phenomenon |author=Mia Bloom|date=6 August 2014 |newspaper=The Washington Post |author-link=Mia Bloom }}
* Bircu Pinar Alacok (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=_IcZUMS_Y2kC&dq=Darine%20Abu%20Aisha&pg=PP1 "The Motivations of Female Suicide Bombers from a Communication Perspective"] Proquest.
* {{cite book |first=Paige Whaley |last=Eager |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_IFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 |title=From Freedom Fighters to Terrorists: Women and Political Violence |location=New York, NY |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=9781317132288 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.snagfilms.com/films/title/female_suicide_bombers |title=Watch "Female Suicide Bombers" Full Documentary Online - Snagfilms |author=Snagfilms |work=Snagfilms |access-date=2015-12-08 |archive-date=2017-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609032015/http://www.snagfilms.com/films/title/female_suicide_bombers |url-status=usurped}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Female suicide bombers| ]]
[[Category:Suicide bombers]]

Siege of Dansborg (1644)

2026-03-19T13:57:34Z

Shah am: created...

{{Short description|Siege in Tranquebar, India 1644}}{{For|other sieges on Dansborg|Siege of Dansborg (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Dansborg (1644)
| place = [[Fort Dansborg]], [[Tranquebar]]
| image = Dansborg 1777.jpg
| caption = Dansborg in 1777, Tranquebar
| date = 20–30 December 1644
| image_size = 300
| coordinates = {{coord|11.03|79.84|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| territory = [[Status quo ante bellum]]
| result = Inconclusive
| combatant1 = {{flag|Danish India}}
| combatant2 = [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayak]] '''Supported by:''' {{Flagicon|VOC}} [[Dutch India]]<ref name=":0" /> {{Flagicon|Portuguese Empire}} [[Karaikal|Portuguese Carical]]
| commander1 = {{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Willem Leyel]] {{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Anders Nielsen (colonist)|Anders Nielsen]]{{WIA}}
| commander2 = Tiagepule Regnapule
| casualties1 = 1 wounded
| casualties2 = 17 killed
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Danish colonial conflicts}}
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Large
}}

The '''siege of Dansborg''' ([[Danish language|Danish]]; ''belejringen af Dansborg'') or the '''siege of Fort Dansborg''' (Danish; ''belejringen af Fort Dansborg''), was a short siege lasting from 20 to 30 December 1644, between general Tiagepule of [[Thanjavur]] and the Danish command at [[Fort Dansborg]]. The conflict started over the Danish rejection of the general's demand to tax [[Tharangambadi|Tranquebar]], and as a result, a series of confrontations followed. The confrontations had no major result, and an armistice may have been signed.

== Background ==
{{Further|Fort Dansborg}}
[[Danish India]] was established in 1620 at [[Tranquebar]]. A fort to secure the land and commerce in the area was constructed, given the name of [[Fort Dansborg]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Navneforskning |first=Afdeling for |date=2021-05-03 |title=Tranquebar – Danmarks første tropekoloni og dens navne |url=https://navn.ku.dk/maanedens_navn/tranquebar/ |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=navn.ku.dk |language=da}}</ref> Tranquebar would go on to be the center of commerce and trade conducted by Danish merchants in the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramadurai |first=Charukesi |title=English - www.foreningen-trankebar.dk |url=http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45934011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016135042/http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45934011 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=123hjemmeside.dk |language=da-DK}}</ref> Tranquebar was surrounded by the [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom]] on land, and was to give an annual tribute to the [[Nayak (title)|Nayak]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Proceedings |publisher=Indian History Congress |year=2007 |volume=66 |pages=457 |language=}}</ref> though this right to [[tax]] Tranquebar was quickly surrendered to the Danes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bredsdorff |first=Asta |title=The Trials and Travels of Willem Leyel |publisher=[[Museum Tusculanum Press]] |year=2009 |location=Copenhagen |pages=138–141}}</ref>

=== Prelude ===
On 20 December 1644 the [[Thanjavur]]ian general, Tiagepule, had appeared with a large army outside Tranquebar.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Nielsen |first=Andersen |title=Letter from Anders Nielsen to William Leyel |year=1644 |language=Danish}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Leyel |first=William |url=https://www.sa.dk/ao-soegesider/da/other/index-creator/149/103799/23436633 |title=Rentekammerafdelingen: Willum Leyels arkiv (1639 - 1648) |publisher=Danske Kancelli |year=1644}}</ref> He demanded 600 [[Danish rigsdaler]] from the Danes in Tranquebar as a present.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/928692.pdf |title=Søhistoriske Skrifter |publisher=Handels- og Søfartsmuseet Kronborg |year=1999 |volume=XXI |location=Copenhagen |language=Danish}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Regnapule, a brother of the Thanjavurian general, was granted a [[lease]] of [[Karaikal]] and the southern region of Thanjavur in exchange fosustainedt of 900,000 rigsdaler to the nayak.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> As part of the agreement, Regnapule had the authority to levy taxes on the residents at his discretion in order to raise the necessary funds for the payment.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> However, the Nayak had previously renounced his right to tax Tranquebar, leading to rejection from the local inhabitants towards the general's demands.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| header = [[Fort Dansborg]]
| image1 = Prevost1753.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Views of the fort of Tranquebar, or "Dansborg", from Antoine François Prévost: ''Histoire générale des Voyages'' 15 vol. 1746–1759
| image2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
}}

== Siege and skirmishes ==
In response to the Danish rejection, General Tiagepule surrounded the town, resulting in the halting of commercial [[goods]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> This status could not be sustained for a long period of time for the Danes at Tranquebar, and therefore the commander, [[Anders Nielsen (colonist)|Anders Nielsen]], subsequently made a [[sortie]] with his men and drove the Thanjavurians away.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />

A couple of days later, on [[Christmas]], while the Christian Danes were attending [[church service]], Tiagepule attacked the northern part of Tranquebar, burning numerous houses and taking a quantity of [[textile]]s belonging to the [[Danish East India Company]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Nielsen remained in church until the [[sermon]] was over, yet directly after, he hastily assembled some of Dansborg's soldiers and again drove Tiagepule's army away.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

The Thanjavurian army then launched a second attack during the night and burned a few more houses.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> In reaction, Nielsen collected a large company and at dawn the next morning the two opposing sides met in battle.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> The battle ensued for three hours.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Tiagepule lost 17 men, while the Danes had one wounded, being commander Nielsen himself, who had a bullet strike his left arm.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />

== Aftermath ==
There seems to be no more skirmishes after this, and the belligerents may have agreed to an [[armistice]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> The reason that no skirmish occurred afterwards may be because of the Danish lack of gunpowder. At least on 30 December 1644 Anders Nielsen writes to William Leyel "''you should know that we have no more powder in store.''"<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Negotiations with the Nayak ===
{{See also|Vijaya Raghava Nayak}}{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| header = Map
| image1 = Tanjore Nayak Kingdom.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Approximate extent of the Thanjavur Nayak Kingdom, {{abbr|c|circa}} 1572
| image2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
}}
Later, the nayak, [[Vijaya Raghava Nayak|Vijaya Raghava]], sent a message to the Danes demanding they present him with gifts.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

Notably the nayak suggested a suitable gift would be goods to the value of 8.000–10.000 Danish Rigsdaler.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> This value could not be gathered in Tranquebar, and the council at Dansborg therefore decided to send Anders Nielsen.<ref name=":0" /> With an [[Asian elephant]], and other minor goods, such as silk and cloth, Nielsen led out for the Nayak.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Nielsen was given a kind reception by the nayak, and the two then started discussing Tiagepule's attacks.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />

The nayak seems to have encouraged Nielsen to wait a couple of days for Tiagepule himself to arrive for discussing the [[war reparations]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Yet, the nayak's emotions quickly changed and suddenly he demanded the Danes to, again, [[Tributary state|pay an annual tribute]] and additionally assist the nayak in his foreign wars.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Despite complaining about the demands, Nielsen finally agreed to them and signed the agreement.<ref name=":0" />

In the end, the nayak's anger seized, and he agreed to pay the damages for the destruction caused by Tiagepule.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
* {{Annotated link|Dano-Mughal War}}
* {{Annotated link|Cattle War}}
* {{Annotated link|Ove Gjedde}}
* {{Annotated link|Thanjavur Maratha kingdom}}
* {{Annotated link|Dannemarksnagore}}
* {{Annotated link|Tillali Massacre}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dansborg 1644}}
[[Category:Sieges involving Denmark–Norway]]
[[Category:History of Thanjavur]]
[[Category:1644 in India]]
[[Category:Danish colonisation in Asia]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1644]]
[[Category:Tranquebar]]
[[Category:1640s in Danish India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Danish East India Company]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Dutch East India Company]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Dutch Republic]]
[[Category:Attacks during Christmas celebrations]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in India]]
[[Category:Residential building arson attacks in India]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Indian kingdoms]]
[[Category:Battles involving Thanjavur Nayaks]]

Prahalad Chunnilal Vaidya

2026-03-13T11:53:32Z

Shah am: update formatting as per guidelines and fixed typos for consistency

{{Short description|Indian physicist and mathematician (1918-2010)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Like resume|date=June 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Prahladbhai Chunilal Vaidya
| image = Prof PC Vaidya at his Ahmedabad residence, November 2005 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Professor P. C. Vaidya
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1918|5|23}}
| birth_place = Shahpur, [[Junagadh]], Gujarat, [[British Raj|India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2010|3|12|1918|5|23}}
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, India
| doctoral_students =
| spouse = Vidyadevi Vaidya
| citizenship = [[India]]
| fields = [[Physics]], [[Mathematics]]
| workplaces = [[Banaras Hindu University]] [[Varanasi]] [[India]] [[TIFR|Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] [[Vallabh Vidyanagar|V.V. Nagar Science College]] [[Visnagar|Visnagar Science College]] [[Gujarat University]]
| known_for = [[Vaidya Metric]] [[Vaidya–Patel solution]] [[Einstein field equations]]
}}
'''Prahalad Chunnilal Vaidya''' (P.C.Vaidya; 23 May 1918 – 12 March 2010), was an Indian [[physicist]] and [[mathematician]], renowned for his instrumental work in the [[general theory of relativity]]. Apart from his [[Science|scientific]] career, he was also an educationist and a follower of [[Gandhian]] philosophy in post-independence [[India]], specifically in his domicile state [[Gujarat]].

== Biography ==

===Early life ===
'''P. C. Vaidya''' was born in Shahpur of [[Junagadh]] district, [[Gujarat]], [[India]] on 23 May 1918.

He completed most of his schooling in [[Bhavnagar]], and went to [[Mumbai]] (formerly known as Bombay) for higher studies. There, after finishing high school at Ismail Yusuf College, he joined the [[The Institute of Science, Mumbai|Institute of Science]] (then known as ''Royal Institute of Science'') in [[Mumbai]]. He received a BSc degree, majoring in Mathematics and [[Physics]]. He completed a MSc degree with [[Applied Mathematics]] major.

Vaidya's first stint at teaching was at the [[Dharmendra Singhji College]] in [[Rajkot]], where he joined as a lecturer in 1940, soon after completing his MSc examinations. Vaidya taught trigonometry and arithmetic to undergraduate students. The college was then managed by the [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St Xavier's College]], [[Bombay]] for half the term, after which the royal family of Rajkot under His Highness [[Pradyumansinhji Lakhajirajsinhji]], the 14th Thakore Saheb of [[Rajkot]], took control of the college. Due to differences with the new management, Vaidya resigned in 1941 and subsequently started with freedom fighter [[Prithvi Singh Azad]] at the Ahimsak Vyayam Sangh institute of physical education, where he was the principal for non-violent struggle training programme for youths.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vaidya|first1=P. C.|title=Me, an astronomer?|journal=Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India |year=1997 |volume=25 |page=209 |bibcode=1997BASI...25..209V}}</ref> Meanwhile, he continued teaching mathematics by conducting private tuition for school students.<ref>Vaidya, PC: ''Chalk ane Duster'' (Chalk and duster, Vaidya's memoirs as a teacher) (2011) Suganitam Prakashan, Ahmedabad</ref>

In 1942, P. C. Vaidya wrote to Professor [[Vishnu Vasudev Narlikar]], father of Indian physicist [[Jayant Narlikar]], expressing his desire to study [[Theory of relativity|relativity]]. Narlikar approved this, and Vaidya immediately moved to [[Banaras Hindu University]](BHU), [[Varanasi]], where Narlikar was a faculty member at the school of relativity. Vaidya was at Banaras for about ten months.

At that time, [[Indian independence movement|India's freedom struggle]] was at full steam with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] leading the [[Quit India]] movement. The political situation was also chaotic due to [[World War II]]. Vaidya was living with his wife Vidya and six-month-old daughter Kumud and surviving solely on his earlier savings. Gandhi went on a prolonged fast then, which led to a period of great uncertainty as the fast had affected his health adversely. Desperate to know the developments, Vaidya would eagerly await the Hindi evening daily ''Aaj''. Amid the tension, the idea of [[spacetime]] geometry sprouted in his mind. Within a week, Vaidya came up with the [[Vaidya Metric]].<ref>''Professor Vaidya, a film on Prof. P. C. Vaidya'', Vigyan Prasar department, Government of India (2007)</ref>

Professor Vaidya obtained his [[Doctorate|Doctoral]] degree (PhD) in mathematics in 1949.{{Citation needed|reason=1948 according to http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_098_10_1389_1389_0.pdf|date=June 2017}}

=== Professional career ===
[[File:Gujarati Vishwakosh33.jpg|thumb|Vaidya inaugurating 19th volume of ''[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]]'', beside him is [[Shrenik Kasturbhai Lalbhai]]; 22 January 2005|350px]]
After his research stint at [[Banaras Hindu University|BHU]], he went to a number of places to teach mathematics, including science institutions in [[Surat]], [[Rajkot]] and [[Mumbai]]. During a small period of 1947 – 48, he went to [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] as a research associate. There he became associated with [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]], father of India's nuclear program. Due to accommodation constraints, he left [[Mumbai]], and continued the rest of his academic career in [[Gujarat]]. From 1948 to 1971, he taught at various colleges including: V. P. College, Vallabh Vidyanagar; [[Gujarat College]], Ahmedabad; M.N. College, Visnagar; and University School of Sciences, [[Gujarat University]].

Vaidya was a recipient for the Bombay University's Springer Research Scholarship. Vaidya's initial research under this scholarship resulted in a paper that he sent to [[Robert Oppenheimer]], who appreciated the paper and sent it to the [[American Physical Society]] journal [[Physical Review]]. The journal published the paper in 1951.<ref>Vaidya, PC (1951): "Nonstatic Solutions of Einstein's Field Equations for Spheres of Fluids Radiating Energy", Phys. Rev. 83, 10</ref>

In 1971, he was appointed Chairman of Gujarat Public Service Commission. This was followed by [[Union Public Service Commission]] membership during 1977 – 78, during which he served Central Government. His final professional benchmark was the Vice-Chancellorship of [[Gujarat University]] during 1978 – 80.

=== International contributions ===
During 1964 to 1973, Vaidya served as visiting professor at number of international universities, including:

* Visiting professor of mathematics at [[Washington State University]], [[Pullman, Washington|Pullman]], Washington, US.
* Visiting professor of mathematics at [[London University]] (Queen Elizabeth College), [[York University]] and [[Newcastle University]] in UK.
* Visiting Scientist at [[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies]], Dublin, Ireland.
* Visiting Scientist at [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]] at [[Trieste]], Italy.

In June 1971, he delivered a very informative course of lectures at the [[Institut Henri Poincare]], Paris in June 1971. In July 1971, he attended the 6th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation at Copenhagen.

=== Death ===
For the last several years, Vaidya had confined himself to his Shardanagar house in [[Ahmedabad]] due to deteriorating health. He was diagnosed with a kidney ailment in January 2010. He died on 12 March 2010 at Ahmedabad.<ref name="DeshGujarat 2010">{{cite web | author=DeshGujarat | title=Veteran Gandhian Mathematician P.C.Vaidya passes away | website=DeshGujarat | date=12 March 2010 | url=http://deshgujarat.com/2010/03/12/veteran-gandhian-mathematician-p-c-vaidya-passes-away/ | accessdate=1 February 2015}}</ref>

He had four daughters, Kumud, Smita, Darshana and Hina.

== Work ==
[[Albert Einstein]]'s theory of gravity is described by a set of equations which use the mathematics of [[Riemannian geometry]]. Professor Vaidya took up on this mission, and accomplished pioneering work which led to conception of such a solution. The result was the Vaidya Metric.

Professor Vaidya's research on [[general theory of relativity]] was started when he went to [[Banaras Hindu University]] in 1942, where he joined the school of relativity started by Professor V. V. Narlikar. It was only ten months that he spent at [[Banaras Hindu University|BHU]] at that time, during which the revolutionary idea of developing a [[spacetime]] geometry was born within him, which would describe the gravitational potentials in the exterior of a radiating star.

There was pioneering work done around the same area, but it was helpful up to some extent. The well-known [[Schwarzschild Solution]] describes the geometry around a [[spherical]] star. However, it necessarily assumes the exterior of the star to be empty. Vaidya generalised this case to incorporate the [[radiation]] from the [[star]], and the resulting solution was the famous [[Vaidya metric]]. Vaidya is known to be one of the pioneers of the [[Golden age of general relativity]].

His discovery of the [[Vaidya Metric]] gave him a worldwide reputation at the age of 24, even before the beginning of his professional career.

=== The Vaidya Metric ===
Vaidya Metric applies to a set Einstein's equations that describes the gravitational field of a star which has a sizeable radiation. It pioneered the key idea of using the light rays as a co-ordinate frame. In other words, it was an idea of a null co-ordinate, which eventually played extremely significant role in subsequent research in gravitation theory during forthcoming decades. The Vaidya metric has by now found many applications in [[gravitation]] theory. It is widely used and internationally cited to study many problems in gravitation and general relativity.

=== Contributions to scientific community ===
In February 1969, in an occasion to felicitate Professor V. V. Narlikar on his 60th birthday, Professor Vaidya made a proposition to found a society of Indian relativists. The result was the Indian Association for General Relativity and Gravitation (IAGRG),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.physics.iitm.ac.in/~iagrg/|title=Indian Association for General Relativity and Gravitation|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027085814/http://www.physics.iitm.ac.in/~iagrg/|archive-date=2018-10-27|url-status=dead|access-date=}}</ref> and Professor V. V. Narlikar assumed the position of founder President.

At his suggestion, [[Vikram Sarabhai]] laid foundation of mathematics laboratory in [[Ahmedabad]], a pioneering institute of its kind in India. It is known today as the [[Vikram Sarabhai Community Science Centre|Community Science Center]].

Professor Vaidya also established the Gujarat Mathematical Society.

=== Professional affiliations ===

* Founder member of the Indian Association for General Relativity and Gravitation (IAGRG).
* Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (F.A.Sc.).
* Fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (F.N.A).
* President of [[Calcutta Mathematical Society]] for 2 years.
* Honorary Fellow of [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]] (IUCAA), [[Pune]].
* President of the [[Indian Mathematical Society]] – 1976 and 1977.
* A Founder Member of an International Journal "General Relativity and Gravitation", which is published from Berne, Switzerland.
* Member of Indian National Committee on Astronomy- 1976 to 1979.
* President of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] Committee on Relativity and Cosmology.
* Participated in activities that led to revision of state-level syllabi of Mathematics textbooks.
* Founded Gujarat Ganit Mandal in 1964 in [[Bhavnagar]]. He presided over it in 1964 and 1988. Since inception, it organises programs in rural areas periodically to spread mathematics across all layers of society.

=== Literary work ===
Professor Vaidya's profound scientific contributions had phenomenal impact in journals and publications. During his life, he authored or co-authored more than thirty research papers in General Relativity and Gravitation. They are cited quite frequently in the field research since their publication.

In his efforts to popularise mathematics among Indian students, Professor Vaidya started 'Suganitam' mathematics magazine in 1960s. Since its inception, it has been continually read in numerous schools and colleges, and has inspired generations of mathematics teachers and students alike.

He authored several popular science books in Gujarati:

* Akhil Brahamandman ("In the entire Universe")
* Dashansh Paddhati Sha Mate? ("Why Decimal System?")
* Dadaji Ni Vato ("Grandpa's Tales") – a collection of science stories for children
* What is Modern Mathematics?
* Ganit Darshan ("Discourses in Mathematics"). This book won the 1970–71 prize for Gujarati Scientific Literature from the Gujarat State Government.

Besides, Vaidya published several memoirs from his days as a teacher, such as 'Chalk ane Duster' (Chalk and Duster), and 'America ane apne' (America and Us), which are from his days as a visiting professor at the Washington State University.

He also wrote mathematical and scientific articles in the leading Gujarati cultural magazine, Kumar, founded by Kalaguru [[Ravishankar Raval]], the leading painter, art teacher, art critic, journalist and essayist from Gujarat.

=== Thought ===

Professor Vaidya was known among his colleagues and friends as staunch follower of Gandhian principles – simplicity and honesty. Even in his old age, he used to ride a bicycle. He strongly believed that for a mathematician, his brain was the best tool in itself, and research had very less dependency over resources or money. His lectures, always delivered using a chalk and black board, never failed to captivate the student. His memoirs of his teaching and research are titled 'Chalk and Duster' – his tools of learning and teaching mathematics. Rather than being limited to opinions, he was quite pragmatic in living out his principles.

Honesty in public and personal life was his another remarkable trait. According to his close aides, even during peak years of his scientific career, he exercised extreme prudence and wisdom in using his influence for personal gains of his family, or people related to him.

Spending his senior years in [[Gujarat University]], he initiated statewide efforts to revolutionise mathematics and [[science education]] – his motivation being "I am the highest paid mathematics teacher in [[Gujarat]]. It cannot be (limited) for teaching MSc classes."

As a visionary educationist, he felt a top-down need to change the way mathematics training was imparted to students, and began programs to educate mathematics teachers on "How to teach mathematics." He frequently interacted with primary students, and tried to awaken their curiosity in mathematics. His foundation of [[Gujarat Mathematical Society]] in [[Bhavnagar]], 1964 was aimed at this objective. He tried to reach to farthest rural areas, and aimed the society's efforts to empower teachers and eradicate fear of the subject from students' minds.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.imsc.res.in/~iagrg/ IAGRG (Indian Association for General Relativity and Gravitation) Website]
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4382862622658562253# A biographical film on Professor Vaidya]
* [http://deshgujarat.com/2010/03/12/veteran-gandhian-mathematician-p-c-vaidya-passes-away# Obituary of Professor Vaidya]
* [http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/jaa/3/325-334.pdf# Exact Relativistic Model for a Superdense Star by P. C. Vaidya and R. Tikekar]
* [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02830102 Rotating type II null fluids by P. C. Vaidya]
* [http://suganitamtrust.org Suganitam Trust]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaidya, P. C.}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Relativity theorists]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Indian Mathematical Society]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Gujarat University]]
[[Category:People from Junagadh district]]
[[Category:Ismail Yusuf College alumni]]

M. R. Raghava Varier

2026-03-13T05:17:36Z

Shah am: started a stub

{{short description|Indian historian (b. 1936)}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M . R. Raghava Varier
| image = MR_Raghava_variyar.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1936|01|15}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = Epigraphist Academic
| known_for = Kerala History
| notable_works =
| alma_mater =
*University of Calicut (under-graduate degree, graduate and doctoral degree)
*Office of the Chief Epigraphist to the Government of India, Mysore
*Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi (M. Phil)
}}

'''M. R. Raghava Varier''' (born 15 January 1936), also '''M. R. Raghava Warrier''', is an Indian [[Epigraphy|epigraphist]] and historian, formerly a Professor at the [[University of Calicut]], from [[Kerala]]. He currently lives in Cheliya, Edakkulam-[[Koyilandy|Koyilandi]] in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/academic-historians-express-anguish-at-prevailing-intolerance/article7817979.ece|title=Academic historians express serious anguish at prevailing conditions|author=Staff Reporter|date=2015-10-29|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-12-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/A-21st-century-find-spotlights-prehistoric-rock-art/article17183867.ece|title=A 21st century find spotlights prehistoric rock art|last=Shaji|first=K. a|date=2017-02-03|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-12-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Profile2">[http://malayalamuniversity.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/CV-ENG.pdf M. R. Raghava Varier (Profile)]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Varier is generally considered as left historian by political analysts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/kerala/story/19981130-ichr-member-lashes-out-at-panel-of-editors-chosen-to-write-cultural-history-of-kerala-827455-1998-11-30|title=ICHR member lashes out at panel of editors chosen to write cultural history of Kerala|date=30 November 1998|first=M. G.|last=Radhakrishnan|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2021-03-12}}</ref>

==Education==
Varier graduated from the University of Calicut in 1972 and was trained in epigraphy at the Office of the Chief Epigraphist to the Government of India, Mysore (1973). He holds a post-graduate degree in "Malayalam Language and Literature" from Calicut University (1976), M. Phil (1977–80) in History from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi and doctoral degree (1986) on folk songs of northern Kerala from the University of Calicut. From 1997 to 1999, he served as Senior Fellow in the Cultural Department, Government of India (New Delhi).<ref name="Profile2"/>

==Awards and recognitions==
Varier has been invited to a number of institutions, including Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, [[Paris]] under the Indo-French Programme (2004), [[University of Exeter|Exeter University]] (funded by Art and Humanities Research Board, London), [[University of Tokyo]] (2010), [[De Montfort University]], London and the [[British Museum]] (2012). He served as the President - Epigraphy, Historical Archaeology and Numismatics in 1998 [[Indian History Congress]].<ref name="Profile2"/>

Varier is one of the few Indian scholars to examine medieval Malayalam manuscripts collected in ''Bibliotec Nazionale de Roma,'' Rome and ''Apostoloca Vaticana,'' Vatican. He is also a member of several federal bodies, committees, trusts, and university senates.<ref name="Profile2"/> He has been involved in a number of projects, including a Japanese project to explore the Chinese pottery in Kerala (1988), and a project on the Historical Atlas of South India (funded by the [[Ford Foundation]]) where he was a consultant. He is also associated with the Muziris Heritage Project as a "Consultant" since 2009.<ref name="Profile2"/> He translated ancient inscriptions to [[Malayalam]], it's published and highlighted in the [[South Indian Inscriptions]] Volume 43 released by [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baiju |first1=KM |title=Now, read ancient inscriptions in Malayalam |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/books-news/now-read-ancient-inscriptions-in-malayalam-1.5392690 |publisher=english.mathrubhumi.com |date=28 Jan 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021 |archive-date=29 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929212337/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/books-news/now-read-ancient-inscriptions-in-malayalam-1.5392690 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''Cultural History of Kerala'' (1999), written by Varier with [[Rajan Gurukkal]], is a standard textbook for the history of Kerala.<ref>Syllabus - University of Delhi - M A History http://www.du.ac.in/du/uploads/PG-Syllabus/Pg_syll/121011_MA_History.pdf</ref> His work ''Jainamatham Keralathil'' received the [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] in 2012 in the scholarly literature category.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/article/news/2516/ |title=ലോനപ്പന്‍ നമ്പാടനും സുസ്‌മേഷ് ചന്ദ്രോത്തിനും അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |date=18 July 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718173704/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/article/news/2516/ |archive-date=18 July 2013 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref> He also received the [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] for overall contribution (T. K. Ramakrishnan Award) in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/amp/news/kerala/abudhabi-sakthi-award-2022/1049757 |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാർഡുകൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; ശക്തി ടി കെ രാമകൃഷ്‌ണൻ പുരസ്‌കാരം ഡോ. എം ആർ രാഘവ വാര്യർക്ക്‌ |newspaper=[[Deshabhimani]] |date=15 October 2022 |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104170107/https://www.deshabhimani.com/amp/news/kerala/abudhabi-sakthi-award-2022/1049757 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2023, he received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi fellowships announced |language= |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Jul/26/kerala-sahitya-akademi-fellowships-announced |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=26 July 2024 |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref>

===Publications===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+
!Year of publication
!Work
!Reference
|-
|1990
|{{cite journal |last1=Varier |first1=M. R. |title=Trade Relations between Kerala and China 1200-1500 AD. |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=51 |pages=690–698}}
|<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Varier |first1=M. R. Raghava |title=Trade Relations between Kerala and China 1200-1500 AD |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1990 |volume=51 |pages=690–698 |jstor=44148316 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148316}}</ref>
|-
|1988
|{{cite journal |last1=Varier |first1=M. R. |title=Marine Technology in Ancient Tamilakam |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=49 |pages=114–121}}
|<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Varier |first1=M. R. Raghava |title=Marine Technology in Ancient Tamilakam |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1988 |volume=49 |pages=114–121 |jstor=44148360 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148360}}</ref>
|-
|2020 || Varier, M. R. ''A Brief History of Ayurveda.'' || <ref>{{cite book |last1=Varier |first1=M. R. Raghava |title=A Brief History of Ayurveda |date=12 June 2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-099210-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSvsDwAAQBAJ&dq=M.+R.+Raghava+Varier&pg=PT6 |language=en}}</ref>
|-

|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varier, M. R. Raghava}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian social scientists]]
[[Category:University of Calicut alumni]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kerala]]
[[Category:Historians of Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]

Turquoise Throne

2026-03-12T06:18:00Z

Shah am: done

{{Short description|A jewel-studded royal throne in Medieval India}}
The '''Turquoise Throne''' or '''Takht-i-Firoza''' ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: ''Takht-e-fīrozā'', [[Telugu language|Telugu]]: ''{{transliteration|hi|ISO|Vaiḍhūrya simhāsanam}}''<ref name="TelugunameReference">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.390230|title=Kondaveeti Prabhavam-Srinathuni Vaibhavam|publisher= Sujatha Publications, Vijayawada|author= Polavarapu Koteswara Rao |language=Telugu|year=1997|page=45}}</ref>) was a famous jewel-studded royal [[throne]] of the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani]] Sultans of Deccan in India. It was a gift by [[Musunuri Nayaks|Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka]], then king of Warangal (or ''Telingana''), during the [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1362–1367)|Bahmani-Vijayanagar War]], where the Bahmanis defeated the latter.<ref name="TakhtefirozaReference">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551/page/n99/mode/1up|title=The Bahmanis Of The Deccan-An Objective Study|publisher= Krishnavas International Printers, Hyderabad Deccan|author= Haroon Khan Sherwani|year=1946}}</ref>{{rp|77-78}} Over some time, this throne became one of the most important icons of the Bahmani royalty and heritage.<ref name="Thronedismantlingreference"/>
==Origin of turquoise throne==
===Political situation in Deccan in early 1320s===
The Tughluq empire covered most of India at its height in the 1320s but for only a short time. The Deccan region slipped out of its hands within a few decades beset by rebellions. Two kingdoms arose from these developments: one being the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] founded by Alauddin Hasan Gangu Bahman Shah or Zafar Khan,<ref>{{Cite web |author=Abdul Qadir Husaini (Saiyid)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5CAIAQAAIAAJ |title=Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom |date=1960 |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay}}</ref> and the other the Telingana kingdom at [[Warangal]] under the [[Musunuri Nayakas|Musunuri Nayaks]]. The two kingdoms warred with each other for a period, eventually reaching a truce. During the reign of Mohammad Bin Tughluq, two new kingdoms arose in the south of Deccan, namely, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and the [[Madurai Sultanate]]. A precursor of this truce was a joint attack by the Kapaya Nayaka and the Vijayanagara forces to capture the Raichur fort being foiled by [[Mohammed Shah I|Muhammad Shah Bahmani]].<ref name="RubyReference"/>{{rp|45}}

===A gift for truce===
This turquoise throne was originally commissioned in Warangal, intended for the Delhi Sultan, [[Muhammad ibn Tughluq]].<ref name="ferishtaenglishtranslationreference"/>{{rp|22}}{{refn|group=note|Firishta mentions that the throne was prepared by the Rai of Telingana,<ref name="ferishtaenglishtranslationreference"/>{{rp|22}} but from his work it is not sure if it was Kapaya Nayaka or his predecessor Prolaya Nayaka who commissioned it.}} But the Tughluq rule was overthrown in Warangal before it could be delivered to Delhi. Telangana region was liberated by Musunuri Nayaks in the early 1330s. Nearly after three decades, the King of Telangana (or [[Warangal]]) Kapaya Nayaka came up with a proposal that caught the imagination of the Bahmani sultan. Kapaya Nayaka agreed to present the Bahmani with ''such a wonderful gift that is worthy only to be offered to a great king'' if they accept a truce and fix a frontier between the two kingdoms.<ref name="ferishtaenglishtranslationreference"/>{{rp|21-22}} This came after Nagadeva,{{refn|group=note|In some accounts, son of Kapaya Nayaka was referred to as {{transliteration|te|ISO|Vinayāka}}. Also, Kapaya Nayaka was referred to as {{transliteration|te|ISO|Kānhayya}}.<ref name="vinayakareference">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283073|title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India|publisher= Cambridge University Press|first1=J.|last1=Allen|first2=T.|last2=Wolseley Haig|first3=H. H.|last3=Dodwell|year=1934|page=279}}</ref>}} son of Kapaya Nayaka was brutally killed aftermath of a war with the Bahmani Sultanate.<ref name="ferishtaenglishtranslationreference"/>{{rp|18-19}} Kapaya Nayaka also gave an undertaking that he would not ally with the newly founded Hindu Vijayanagara empire in the south.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi3cAAAAMAAJ|title=A Military History of Medieval India|publisher= Vision Books |author= Gurcharn Singh Sandhu|isbn=9788170945253|year=2003}}</ref>{{rp|320}}

That treaty between the [[Bahmani sultanate]] and Telangana kingdom occurred at Kaulas and Golconda was fixed as the frontier between the two.<ref name="ferishtaenglishtranslationreference">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/ferishtashistory01firi/page/n11/mode/2up|title=Ferishta's History of Dekkan, From the first Muhammedan Conquests, Vol. 1|publisher= J. and W. Eddowes, London|author= Jonathan Scott|year=1794}}</ref>{{rp|21-23}} The throne was packed in a large wooden box at Warangal and was concealed so that its contents remain unknown until it is presented to the Sultan Mohammed Shah I at Gulbarga.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=60mIdu85E7wC|title=Journal of Indian History, Volumes 21-22|publisher= Department of Modern Indian History|year=1943|page=190}}</ref>

When ascending the new throne, Sultan named it ''{{transliteration|fa|ISO|taxt-i-fīrozā}}'' due to the color of the enamel work and predominant precious stones.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126812|title=The War Of The Goldsmiths Daughter|first=Adam|last=Watson|publisher= Chatto & Windus, London|year=1964|page=88}}</ref> Firishta mentioned that Sultan first sat on the new throne on [[Nowruz]], the Persian new year following the autumnal [[solstice]] in 764AH.<ref name="TakhtefirozaReference"/>{{rp|102}}
{{refn|group=note|Firishta mentioned that on March 23rd, 1363CE, this throne replaced the earlier Throne made of silver on which [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]], the first Bahmani sultan used to sit.}} After this truce, Kapaya Nayaka had peace with the Bahmani Sultans.<ref name="trucereference"/> He was however faced with rebellions from other Telugu chieftains, eventually getting killed in battle at [[Bheemaram]] in 1368 CE.<ref name="DeathofKapayaNayakaReference">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32066|title=History Of The Reddi Kingdoms|publisher= Andhra University, Waltair|author= Mallampalli Somasekhar Sarma|year=1946|page=22}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|This Bhimavaram village was supposed to be near [[Warangal]], [[Telangana]] and should not be confused with the [[Bhimavaram]] located in the [[West Godavari district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="BhimavaramReference">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/AfterTheKakatiyas|title=After the Kākatīyas|publisher= Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi|author= V. Yashoda Devi|year=1975|page=64}}</ref> This Bhimavaram village is now known as "{{transliteration|ur|ISO|Bhīmāram}}".}}

==Description of the throne==
This throne was taken to then capital [[Gulbarga]] for installation in the Royal 'Durbar hall'. That event was marked by great festivities and pomp where three hundred singers arrived from Delhi. The erstwhile silver throne used by his father, the very first Bahmani Sultan got shifted to the treasury.<ref name="installationfestivitiesReference">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9PYRAAAAYAAJ|title=A History of the Deccan, Volume 1|publisher= Luzac and Company |author= James Dunning Baker Gribble |year=1896|pages=39–40}}</ref>

Persian historian Firishta stated that the imperial throne was studded with precious stones such as emeralds.<ref name="trucereference">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CT1uAAAAMAAJ|title=History of Medieval Deccan, 1295-1724: Mainly political and military aspects|publisher= Print. and Publication Bureau, Government of Andhra Pradesh |author= Haroon Khan Sherwani |year=1973|page=536}}</ref> It originally had a hue of turquoise and according to him ''exceeded splendour and intrinsic value every other in the world''. <ref name="firishta">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzrN2oNBAL4C|title=History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India: Till the Year A. D. 1612, Volume 2|publisher= Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |author= John Briggs|year=1829}}</ref>{{rp|520}}
Originally made of ebony, it got gold plated and studded with precious stones when it was presented. Also, when the throne got presented it was coated with enamel which gave it a turquoise color and thus the name ''takht-i-firoza'', turquoise throne. The word 'firoza' means [[turquoise]] in Persian.<ref name="firoza">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3l0DwAAQBAJ|title=Persian-English Dictionary: Including Arabic Words and Phrases in Persian Literature|publisher= Taylor & Francis|author= F. Steingass |isbn=9781136852480|year=2018}}</ref>{{rp|944}} The dimension of the throne was supposed to be three feet broad and nine feet long.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KJCAAAAYAAJ|title=Crowns & Coronations: A History of Regalia|publisher= Chatto and Windus|author= William Jones|year=1883|page=487}}</ref> The Takht-i-Firoza symbolizied the craftsmanship of the Telugu artisans that impressed the Bahmani Sultan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIJzAwAAQBAJ|title=Sky Blue Stone: The Turquoise Trade in World History|publisher= University of California Press|author= Arash Khazeni |isbn=9780520958357|year=2014|pages=57–58}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oi4nBwAAQBAJ|title=Sultans of Deccan India, 1500-1700: Opulence and Fantasy|publisher= Metropolitan Museum of Art|author= Navina Najat Haidar, Marika Sardar|isbn=9780300211108|year=2015|page=32}}</ref> Firishta mentioned that over a period of time, each Sultan added more embellishments which made it fully covered with jeweled stones by the time he saw it. Around eighteen Sultans sat on this fabulous throne and above it, a canopy was fixed. That canopy was studded with a very precious large ruby stone that was present by one of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara Emperors]].<ref name="RubyReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq5oDwAAQBAJ|title=Rebel Sultans: The Deccan from Khilji to Shivaji|publisher= Juggernaut|author= Manu S. Pillai |isbn=9789386228734|year=2018}}</ref>{{rp|39}}

Ever since the capital was shifted from Gulbarga to Bidar by [[Ahmad Shah I Wali|Ahmad Shah]], the Takht-i-Firoza throne was placed in the ''grand hall of audience'' {{refn|group=note|It was known in Persian as {{transliteration|ur|ISO|dīwān-i-ām}} ({{langx|fa|ديوان عام}}) and also referred to as {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Jāli-maḥall}}.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rfehDwAAQBAJ|title=A Study of Historical Monuments in Bidar District (1st Century-17th Century CE) |author=Dr. Ratnakar D. Hosamani|year=1947|page=287|publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=9780359779970}}</ref>}} and surrounded on its two sides by silver chairs used as seats for the holy men.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6xpQpOCtzAC|title=Bidar, Its History and Monuments|publisher= Oxford University Press |author=Ghulam Yazdani|year=1947|pages=10–11}}</ref>

==Dismantling of the throne==
This throne was used by every Bahmani sultan starting from [[Mohammed Shah I]]. However, at the very end of the Bahmani sultanate, Sultan [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II]] extracted its jewels to repay his expenditure.<ref name="Thronedismantlingreference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761|publisher= Taylor & Francis|author= Richard M. Eaton |isbn=9780521254847|year=2005|page=50}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|[[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II]] indulged more in pleasures and became a puppet ruler.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-v6DAAAQBAJ|title=The Role of Religions in the European Perception of Insular and Mainland Southeast Asia: Travel Accounts of the 16th to the 21st Century|isbn=9781443899222|publisher= Cambridge Scholars Publishing|editor= Jürgen Sarnowsky, Monika Arnez|year=2016|page=22}}</ref> Instead of the Sultan, Malik Na'ib, [[Nizam-ul-Mulk Malik Hasan Bahri]] ran the sultanate. Within a decade after Mahmood Shah, the Bahmani sultanate ended and the five [[Deccan sultanates]] took control of its lands.}} At the time of [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II|Mahood Shah]] the jewels of the throne was evaluated by then jewellers whose estimate was around one [[crore]] of pagodas or three and half crores of rupees.<ref name="installationfestivitiesReference"/>
==See also==
*[[Peacock Throne]]
*[[Bahmani Sultanate]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

[[Category:Bahmani Sultanate]]
[[Category:Thrones]]
[[Category:Individual thrones]]
[[Category:History of Telangana]]

Bhatkhora

2026-03-06T18:37:47Z

Shah am: started initial data w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Village in Madhepura, Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhatkhora
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.9187216|N|86.9079977|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Bihar
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Madhepura
| subdivision_type3 = Block
| subdivision_name3 = Murliganj
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| governing_body = Bhatkhora Gram Panchayat
| population_total = 8,521
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi, Urdu
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 852114
| registration_plate = BR-43
}}

'''Bhatkhora''' is a village located in the [[Murliganj (community development block)|Murliganj block]] of [[Madhepura district]], [[Bihar]], India. It falls under the jurisdiction of the Bhatkhora Gram Panchayat.<ref name="census">{{Cite web |title=Bhatkhora Village Population - Murliganj, Madhepura, Bihar |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/225995-bhatkhori-bihar.html |website=Census 2011 |access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Bhatkhora has a population of 8,521, with 4,317 males and 4,204 females.<ref name="census" /> Children aged 0–6 years number 1,883, which is 22.1% of the total population.<ref name="census" /> The average sex ratio is 974, higher than the Bihar state average of 918.<ref name="census" /> The overall literacy rate is 50.03%. Male literacy is 61.15%, while female literacy is 38.70%.<ref name="census" />

== Postal services ==
Bhatkhora is served by the Bhatkhora Branch Office, a sub-post office under the Saharsa postal division.
The village has the postal code '''852114'''.<ref name="abp">{{Cite web |title=Bhatkhora Pin Code – 852114 |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/bihar/madhepura/bhatkhora-pincode-852114.html |website=ABP Live |access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
The village has basic infrastructure facilities including road connectivity and access to electricity. Educational institutions and healthcare facilities are available in nearby areas.<ref name="mapsofindia">{{Cite web |title=Bhatkhori Village in Murliganj, Madhepura, Bihar |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/bihar/madhepura/murliganj/bhatkhori.html |website=Maps of India |access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref>

== Transport ==
The nearest railway station is Bhairopatti Halt railway station (BHTH), located about 3 km from the village.<ref name="railyatri">{{Cite web |title=Bhairopatti Halt Railway Station – BHTH |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/bhairopatti-halt-bhth |website=RailYatri |access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatkhora}}
[[Category:Villages in Murliganj block]]

Mitti Aur Sona

2026-03-03T23:48:12Z

Shah am: corrected lead additionally and added references as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mitti Aur Sona
| image =

| caption =
| director = Shiv Kumar
| producer = [[Pahlaj Nihalani]]
| writer = [[Mulraj Rajda]] Debu Sen
| narrator =
| starring = [[Chunky Panday]] [[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]] [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1989|07|28|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mitti Aur Sona''''' (transl. '''''Clay and Gold''''') is a 1989 Indian [[Bollywood]] [[Action film|action]] film directed by Shiv Kumar and produced by [[Pahlaj Nihalani]]. The film stars [[Chunky Panday]], [[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]], and [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]] in lead roles.

== Plot ==
Vijay (Chunky Panday) is a college student from a wealthy family. Anupama (Neelam) is his best friend and the parents of both expect them to get married. But when Vijay meets Neelima (Sonam), he falls in love with her. But his parents are against the match as Neelima is an orphan who is poor and also of questionable character. Vijay leaves home to work as a truck driver for the sake of being with Neelima.

==Cast==
* [[Chunky Panday]] as Vijay Bhushan
* [[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]] as Anupama / Neelima
* [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]] as Asha / Anupama
* [[Vinod Mehra]] as Inspector Sunil
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Advocate Yashwant Sinha
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Chinoy
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as J.C.
* [[Om Shivpuri]] as Brij Bhushan
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Kitty

==Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "One Two Three"
| [[Amit Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Mitti Ban Jaye"
| Amit Kumar, Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Mara Jisko"
| [[Shabbir Kumar]], Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Pyar Kiya Hai"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], Shabbir Kumar
|-
| "Tum Bewafa Ho"
| Shabbir Kumar
|-
|}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt0363824}}

[[Category:1989 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Neeku Naaku

2026-03-03T04:29:10Z

Shah am: started details

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Neeku Naaku Oru Kadhalan Oru Kadhali
| image =
| caption =
| writer = Radha Krishnan
| starring = Sarath Chander [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] [[Raai Laxmi|Lakshmi Rai]]
| director = Selvendran
| producer = Sai Rathnam
| music = [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]
| cinematography = B. Thivaakar
| studio = Sri Sarva Sai Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2006|10|27|Telugu|2009|09|25|Tamil|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu Tamil
| editing = B. S. Vasu - Saleem
}}

'''''Neeku Naaku''''' ({{translation|For you, for me}}) is a bilingual drama film, written and directed by Selvendran and produced by Sai Rathnam in Telugu and Tamil. The film stars Sarath Chander, [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] and [[Raai Laxmi|Lakshmi Rai]]. Music for the film was composed by [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]] and while the Telugu version released in October 2006, the Tamil version '''''Oru Kadhalan Oru Kadhali''''' ({{translation|A boyfriend and a girlfriend}}) was released in September 2009.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*Sarath Chander as Charan
*[[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Lakshmi
*[[Raai Laxmi|Lakshmi Rai]] as Saranya
*[[Abhinayashree]] as Lakshmi
*[[R. Sundarrajan]]
*[[Giri Babu]] / [[Manobala]] as Ramaiah
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]]
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Lingesu
*[[Brahmanandam]] / [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as the college professor
*[[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]]
*[[Telangana Shakuntala]]
*Keerthana
*Bakya
*Kavitha
*[[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]] as Sumathi
*[[Kadhal Sukumar]] as College student
*[[Suman Setty]] as College student
*Babloo as College student
*[[Rajyalakshmi]] as Charan's mother (uncredited)
}}

==Production==
The director of the film, Selvendran, who had previously worked under director [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] for ''[[Kaadhalan]]'', ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'' and ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'', made his directorial debut with the project.<ref name="TPV">{{Cite web |last=அலி |first=ஜுல்பிஹார் |date=28 March 2023 |title=Selventhiran : பரிதாப நிலையில் ஷங்கரின் உதவி இயக்குனர் |trans-title=Selventhiran: Shankar's assistant director in a pitiful state |url=https://timepassonline.vikatan.com/memes/cinema/shankars-assistant-director-in-a-miserable-condition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202063216/https://timepassonline.vikatan.com/memes/cinema/shankars-assistant-director-in-a-miserable-condition |archive-date=2 December 2023 |access-date=28 April 2025 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan|Time Pass Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film marked a comeback for actress [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] after a period away from Tamil films, and she signed on to star in the film in early 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-08-04 |title=Ramba returns |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/ramba-returns/article28585048.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905090325/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/ramba-returns/article28585048.ece |archive-date=2025-09-05 |access-date=2025-09-05 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]], with lyrics written by [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]].

;Tamil version
* Galagalagalappa - [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
* Maama Maama - [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Gayatri
* Yei Thagathaga - [[Suchitra]]
* Thiruttu Payalae - [[Saindhavi]]
* Muddulagumma Maddulagumma - Reshmi

==Release==
''Oru Kadhalan Oru Kadhali'' was released on 25 September 2009 alongside five other films,<ref>{{Cite web |title=September 25- Racy Friday for 5 films |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/september-25-racy-friday-for-5-films_100251040.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416015650/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/september-25-racy-friday-for-5-films_100251040.html |archive-date=2010-04-16 |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=thaindian.com}}</ref> and it was a box office failure, eventually pushing the director into poverty.<ref name="TPV"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bharani (composer)]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Daku Ramkali

2026-03-03T04:02:23Z

Shah am: General improvements to article content

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Daku Ramkali
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Kanti Shah]]
| producer = Gulab Seikh
| writer = Basir Babar Dev Kohli Jail Singh
| starring = [[Shakti Kapoor]] [[Rajesh Vivek]] [[Mohan Joshi]] [[Kiran Kumar]]
| music =Sawan Kumar
| cinematography = Salim Suma
| editing = Vikas
| studio = Gulab Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2000|02|18}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| language = [[Hindi]]
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Daku Ramkali''''' is a [[Hindi]]-language [[action drama film]] of [[Bollywood]] directed by [[Kanti Shah]] and produced by Gulab Seikh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/circuit_collection.php?movieid=2186&cityid=8&area=domestic|title=DAKU RAMKALI|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref> This film was released on 18 February 2000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopalan |first=Lalitha |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Cinema_of_Interruptions/lcFPEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Daku+Ramkali&pg=PT98&printsec=frontcover |title=Cinema of Interruptions: Action Genres in Contemporary Indian Cinema |date=2019-07-25 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-83871-505-2 |language=en}}</ref> under the banner of Gulab Pictures.

==Plot==
Sher Singh and Arjun Singh are identical twin brothers. Arjun is an honest police officer, but Sher Singh becomes a dacoit under the influence of Bajrang and his gang. Sher Singh's daughter Champa and Arjun Singh's daughter Raamkali are also twins. Bajrang's goon Dhanraj kills Arjun Singh, and he falsely blames Sher Singh. Sher Singh becomes imprisoned and escapes from jail. Although he tries to kill Dhanraj, Dhanraj kills him. In the meantime, Champa falls in love with Dhanraj's son Shankar, who is also a police officer. Raamkali wants to take revenge for her father's death and target Dhanraj.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/daku-ramkali/cast/|title=Daku Ramkali|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=18 February 2000 |access-date=1 August 2017}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Sapna (actress)|Sapna]] as Daku Ramkali / Champa
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Abu Alu
* [[Mohan Joshi]] as Dhanraj
* [[Kiran Kumar]] as Arjun/ Sher Singh
* [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] as Bajrang
* [[Joginder]] as Daku Hakim Singh
* [[Rajesh Vivek]] as Daku Bhairav Singh
* [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] as Takla
* Anil Nagrath as Daku Gabbar Singh
* Razzak Khan as Daku Godbole
* Ishrat Ali as Daku Lambu Atta

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1027807}}

[[Category:2000 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]
[[Category:Films about outlaws]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:2000 action drama films]]
[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kanti Shah]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

1974 elections in India

2026-02-27T21:35:15Z

Shah am: small edit

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 1972 elections in India
| previous_year = 1972
| election_date = 1974 bye election
| next_election = 1975 elections in India
| next_year = 1975
}}
{{Politics of India}}

==Overall Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Date(s)
!State
! colspan="2" |Government before election
!Chief Minister before election
! colspan="2" |Government after election
!Chief Minister after election
!Maps
|-
|12–16 February 1974
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|Nagaland]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nagaland Nationalist Organisation}}
|[[Hokishe Sema]]
| {{party color cell|United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)}}
| United Democratic Front (Nagaland)
| [[Vizol Koso]]
| [[File:IN-NL.svg|50px]]
|-
|19–25 February 1974
|[[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|Manipur]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{Full party name with color|Manipur People's Party}}
|[[Mohammed Alimuddin]]
|[[File:IN-MN.svg|50px]]
|-
| 24 February 1974
| [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|Pondicherry]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. Ramassamy]]
| [[File:IN-PY.svg|50px]]
|-
|24 and 26 February 1974
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna|Hemwati Bahuguna]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna|Hemwati Bahuguna]]
| [[File:IN-UP.svg|50px]]
|-
|
| [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|Odisha]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Nandini Satpathy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Nandini Satpathy]]
| [[File:IN-OD.svg|50px]]
|}

==Legislative Assembly elections==
===[[Manipur]]===
{{Main|1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Manipur Legislative Assembly 1974.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=164717|seats1=13|sc1=–4
|party2=[[Manipur Peoples Party]]|votes2=134493|seats2=20|sc2=+5
|party3=[[Manipur Hills Union]]|votes3=55879|seats3=12|sc3=New
|party4=[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes4=35349|seats4=2|sc4=–1
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes5=33039|seats5=6|sc5=+1
|party6=[[Kuki National Assembly]]|votes6=17592|seats6=2|sc6=New
|party7=[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]|votes7=8764|seats7=0|sc7=–1
|party8=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes8=3347|seats8=0|sc8=0
|party11=Independents|votes11=143241|seats11=5|sc11=–14
|total_sc=0
|invalid=12701
|electorate=719971
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3704-manipur-1974/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref>
}}

===[[Nagaland]]===
{{Main|1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1974.svg]]
|party1=[[Nagaland Nationalist Organisation]]|votes1=103515|seats1=23|sc1=+1
|party2=[[United Democratic Front (Nagaland)|United Democratic Front]]|votes2=87005|seats2=25|sc2=New
|party3=Independents|votes3=99379|seats3=12|sc3=+4
|total_sc=+20
|invalid=7731
|electorate=400322
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3634-nagaland-1974/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 15 August 2021}}</ref>
}}

===[[Odisha]]===
{{Main|1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election}}
Source:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3622-orissa-1974/ |title=1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Party
! No. of candidates
! No. of elected
! No. of votes
! %
|-
| [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
| 135
| 69
| 2152818
|| 37.44%
|-
| [[Utkal Congress]]
| 95
| 35
| 1521064
|| 26.45%
|-
| [[Swatantra Party]]
| 56
| 21
| 694473
| 12.08%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 14
| 7
| 279738
| 4.87%
|-
| [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]
| 17
| 2
| 101789
| 1.77%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 8
| 3
| 67600
| 1.18%
|-
| [[Orissa Jana Congress]]
| 42
| 1
| 67169
| 1.17%
|-
| [[Jharkhand Party]]
| 12
| 1
| 34786
| 0.60%
|-
| [[Indian National Congress (Organization)]]
| 17
| 0
| 29103
| 0.51%
|-
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
| 12
| 0
| 23335
| 0.41%
|-
| [[All India Jharkhand Party]]
| 8
| 0
| 15360
| 0.27%
|-
| [[Socialist Unity Centre of India]]
| 4
| 0
| 10214
| 0,18%
|-
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| 2
| 0
| 1080
| 0.02%
|-
| [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]]
| 1
| 0
| 478
| 0.01%
|-
| Independents
| 299
| 7
| 750818
| 13.06%
|-
| '''Total:'''
| 722
| 146
| 5749825
|
|}

===[[Pondicherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]]===
{{Main|1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election}}
Source:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |title=Puducherry 1974}}</ref>
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Pondicherry Legislative Assembly 1974.svg]]
|party1=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes1=60812|seats1=12|sc1=New
|party2=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes2=47823|seats2=2|sc2=–13
|party4=[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]|votes4=41348|seats4=5|sc4=New
|party5=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes5=34840|seats5=7|sc5=–3
|party6=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes6=18468|seats6=2|sc6=–1
|party7=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes7=2737|seats7=1|sc7=+1
|party21=Independents|votes21=12470|seats21=1|sc21=–1
|total_sc=0
|invalid=6830
|electorate=264103
|source=ECI<ref name=election1974>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly of Pondicherry |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref>
}}

===[[Uttar Pradesh]]===
{{Main|1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly 1974.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=8868229|seats1=215|sc1=+4
|party2=[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]|votes2=5826256|seats2=106|sc2=+8
|party3=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes3=4701972|seats3=61|sc3=+12
|party4=[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]|votes4=2296883|seats4=10|sc4=New
|party5=[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party (India)]]|votes5=795770|seats5=5|sc5=New
|party6=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes6=672881|seats6=16|sc6=+12
|party7=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes7=378221|seats7=1|sc7=New
|party8=[[Swatantra Party]]|votes8=311669|seats8=1|sc8=–4
|party9=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes9=194257|seats9=2|sc9=+1
|party10=Shoshit Samaj Dal|votes10=190259|seats10=1|sc10=New
|party11=[[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes11=81829|seats11=1|sc11=0
|party12=Others|votes12=327246|seats12=0|sc12=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=2815747|seats21=5|sc21=–13
|total_sc=–1
|invalid=849448
|electorate=49743193
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3249-uttar-pradesh-1974/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:1974 elections in India]]
[[Category:1974 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1974 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Indian Airlines

2026-02-21T21:00:42Z

Shah am: improved page and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|Defunct airline of India (1953–2011)}}
{{About|a defunct airline|other airlines of India|List of airlines of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}{{Infobox airline
| airline = Indian Airlines
| logo = Indian airlines.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| image = Airbus A320-231, Indian Airlines JP6779807.jpg
| caption = An Indian Airlines [[Airbus A320-200]]
| IATA = IC
| ICAO = IAC
| callsign = INDAIR{{Cn|date=October 2024}}
| founded = {{start date|1953|||df=yes}}
| commenced = {{start date|1953|08|01|df=yes}}
| ceased = {{end date|2011|02|27|df=yes}} (merged with [[Air India]])
| hubs = * [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]
* [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]
| secondary_hubs = * [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]]
* [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]]
* [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport|Thiruvananthapuram]]
* [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]]
| focus_cities = * [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]]
* [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]]
* [[Cochin International Airport|Kochi]]
| frequent_flyer = {{ubl|class=nowrap
| Flying Returns
| InterMiles }}
| subsidiaries =
| fleet_size = 55
| destinations = 63
| parent = [[Air India Limited]]
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| key_people = Rajiv Bansal (Chief Managing Director)
| website = {{URL|www.airindia.in}}
}}

'''Indian Airlines''' was a state-owned airline in India that later became a [[Division (business)|division]] of [[Air India Limited]] before ultimately ceasing operations. It was based in [[Delhi]] and focused primarily on domestic routes, along with several international services to neighbouring countries in Asia and limited flights to the Middle East and Southeast Asia. It was a [[Division (business)|division]] of [[Air India Limited]] after the merger of eight pre-Independence domestic airlines.

On 10 December 2005, the airline was rebranded as '''Indian''' for advertising purposes as a part of a program to revamp its image in preparation for an [[initial public offering]] (IPO).<ref name="rediff2">{{cite web |date=7 December 2005 |title=Indian Airlines to be called 'Indian' now |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/dec/07ia.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109062406/https://www.rediff.com/money/2005/dec/07ia.htm |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=10 December 2005 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> The airline operated closely with [[Air India]], India's national overseas carrier. [[Air India Regional|Alliance Air]] was a fully owned subsidiary of Indian.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 June 2005 |title=Why one large airline makes economic sense |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/06/30/stories/2005063000250800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930225059/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/06/30/stories/2005063000250800.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007 |publisher=The Hindu Businessline |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2007, the Government of India announced that Indian Airlines would be merged into Air India Limited as its wholly owned [[subsidiary]]. As part of the merger process, a new company called the National Aviation Company of India Limited (now called Air India Limited) was established, into which both Air India (along with [[Air India Express]]) and Indian (along with Alliance Air) would be merged. Once the merger was completed on 26 February 2011, the airline – called Air India – would continue to be headquartered in Mumbai and would have a fleet of over 130 aircraft.<ref>[http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/WebPages/We-are-Changing.aspx AI/IC complete merger] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301045018/http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/WebPages/We-are-Changing.aspx|date=1 March 2011}}</ref>

==History==
===Merger of regional airlines===
[[File:Indian_Airlines.svg|thumb|240x240px|Older orange logo of Indian Airlines until the 2005 rebrand]]
The airline was set up under the ''Air Corporations Act, 1953'' with an initial capital of ₹32 million and started operations on 1 August 1953. It was established after legislation came into force to [[Nationalization|nationalise]] the entire airline industry in India. Two new national airlines were to be formed along the same lines as happened in the United Kingdom with [[British Overseas Airways Corporation]] (BOAC) and [[British European Airways]] (BEA). Air India took over international routes and Indian Airlines Corporation (IAC) took over the domestic and regional routes.

Eight pre-Independence domestic airlines, [[Deccan Airways Limited|Deccan Airways]], Airways India, Bharat Airways, [[Himalayan Aviation]], [[Kalinga Airlines]], [[Indian National Airways]], [[Air Services of India]] and the domestic wing of Air India, were merged to form the new domestic national carrier Indian Airlines Corporation. International operations of Air India Ltd. was taken over by the newly formed Air India International. Indian Airlines Corporation inherited a fleet of 99 aircraft including 74 [[Douglas DC-3|Douglas DC-3 Dakotas]], 12 [[Vickers Viking|Vickers Vikings]], 3 [[Douglas DC-4|Douglas DC-4s]] and various smaller types from the seven airlines that made it up.

=== Early fleet ===
[[File:Indian_Airlines_Caravelle_Groves.jpg|thumb|Indian Airlines Sud Aviation Caravelle III parked at Mumbai Airport]]
[[File:HS_748_(HAL)_VT-DXJ_Ind_Als_BOM_080974_edited-2.jpg|thumb|[[HS 748]] built in India, operated by Indian Airlines, at Mumbai Airport in 1974]]
[[File:Indian_Airlines_Boeing_737-2A8;_VT-EGE,_December_1998_BUI_(5404996252).jpg|thumb|Indian Airlines Boeing 737-200 in 1998]]
[[Vickers Viscount|Vickers Viscounts]] were introduced in 1957 with [[Fokker F27|Fokker F27 Friendships]] being delivered from 1961. The 1960s also saw [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748|Hawker Siddeley HS 748s]], manufactured in India by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]], join the fleet. The jet age began for IAC with the introduction of the pure-jet [[Sud Aviation Caravelle]] airliner in 1964, followed by [[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-200s]] in the early 1970s. April 1976 saw the first three [[Airbus A300]] wide-body jets being introduced. The regional airline, [[Vayudoot]], which had been established in 1981, was later reintegrated. By 1988, [[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320-200s]] were introduced. The [[Liberalization|economic liberalisation]] process initiated by the Government of India in the early 1990s ended Indian Airlines' dominance of India's domestic air transport industry.

===Post liberalisation===
The Indian Government liberalised the private sector in Early 90s and with the emergence of new competitors, Indian Airlines faced tough competition from [[Jet Airways]], [[JetKonnect|Air Sahara]], [[East-West Airlines (India)|East-West Airlines]], [[Damania Airways|Skyline NEPC]] and [[ModiLuft]]. Yet, until 2005, Indian Airlines was the second-largest airline in India after Jet Airways while Air Sahara controlled 17% of the Indian aviation industry. During that time few other domestic carriers like East-West Airlines, Skyline NEPC and ModiLuft discontinued their flight operations.

Also, during 1993, another government-established regional feeder airline called [[Vayudoot]] was merged with Indian Airlines, but still operated as a standalone division until 1997 after which its entire flight operations were transferred to Indian Airlines and its employees absorbed into Indian Airlines and Air India.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022|reason=Put some references for the said statements.}}

===Low-cost carrier era===
Since 2003, the rise of [[Low-cost carrier|low-cost]] domestic competitors [[Air Deccan]], [[SpiceJet]], [[IndiGo]], [[GoAir]] and [[Kingfisher Airlines]] along with its low-cost arm [[Kingfisher Red]] led Indian Airlines to reduce airfares. However, as of 2006, Indian Airlines was still a profit-making airline; in fact during 2004–2005 it made a record profit of {{INR|656.1 million}}.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051229174419/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/28/stories/2005122805141800.htm Indian Airlines profit up 48 p.c.], The Hindu, 28 December 2005</ref> Indian Airlines Limited was partly owned by the [[Government of India]] (51% of share capital) through a holding company and had 19,300 employees as of March 2007.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 April 2007 |title=Directory: World Airlines |work=[[Flight International]] |pages=92–93}}</ref> Its annual turnover, together with that of its subsidiary [[Air India Regional|Alliance Air]], was well over {{INR|40 billions}} (around {{USD|1 billion}}). Together with its subsidiary, Alliance Air, Indian Airlines carried a total of over 7.5 million passengers annually.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nargundkar |first1=Rajendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmURYsMEC5MC |title=Services Marketing 2E |date=2006 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-0-07-061631-8 |pages=412 |language=en |access-date=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226185209/https://books.google.com/books?id=LmURYsMEC5MC |archive-date=26 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Air India merger===
In 2007, the [[Government of India]] announced the merger of Air India and Indian Airlines. While the "Indian" branding was replaced with the Air India branding in the public eye by then, the "IC" and "IAC" codes of IATA and ICAO, respectively, and callsign "INDAIR" continued to be used on flights that were operated by the Airbus A320 family aircraft until 26 February 2011, when Indian Airlines ceased operating under its own brand and codes and completed its merger with Air India.<ref>[http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/WebPages/We-are-Changing.aspx AI/IC complete merger] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301045018/http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/WebPages/We-are-Changing.aspx|date=1 March 2011}}</ref>

The last plane to bear the final Indian Airlines livery, an Airbus A319 registered as VT-SCF was repainted in the Air India livery in 2018.

==Destinations==
===Codeshare agreements===
Indian had [[Codeshare agreement|codeshare agreements]] with the following airlines:<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Flying Returns |url=https://www.flyingreturns.co.in/html/ap_cs.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226002445/https://www.flyingreturns.co.in/html/ap_cs.php |archive-date=26 February 2012 |access-date=21 March 2018 |website=www.flyingreturns.co.in}}</ref>

* [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]
* [[GMG Airlines]]
* [[Gulf Air]]
* [[Uzbekistan Airways]]

== Fleet ==
[[File:Indian_Airlines_Airbus_A320_Vyas.jpg|thumb|Indian Airlines Airbus A320-200 in its old livery]]
[[File:Airbus_A320-231,_Indian_Airlines_JP7675627.jpg|thumb|Indian Airlines Airbus A320-231 in its old livery at night]]
[[File:SINGAPORE_MARCH_2004_INDIAN_AIRLINES_AIRBUS_A320_VT-EPS_01.jpg|thumb|Indian Airlines 50th Anniversary livery in 2003]]
[[File:Airbus_A320-231,_Indian_Airlines_AN1470949.jpg|thumb|Indian Airlines Airbus A320-200 in the airline's final 2005 livery]]
As of 2007, Indian operated an all-Airbus A320 family fleet.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Indian Airlines fleet{{Cn|date=October 2024}}
! rowspan="2" |Aircraft
! rowspan="2" |In Service
! colspan="3" |Passengers
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
!<abbr title="Business">J</abbr>
!<abbr title="Economy">Y</abbr>
!Total
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Airbus A319-100]]
| rowspan="3" |6
|14
|106
|120
| rowspan="3" |Operated by [[NACIL]]
|-
|8
|114
|122
|-
|—
|144
|144
|-
|[[Airbus A320-200]]
|49
|20
|126
|146
|
|-
|[[Airbus A321-200]]
|2
|20
|152
|172
|In [[Air India]] livery
|-
!Total
!57
! colspan="4" |
|}

===Former fleet===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Indian Airlines former fleet<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Airlines fleet |url=http://aerobernie.bplaced.net/Indian%20Airlines.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091714/http://aerobernie.bplaced.net/Indian%20Airlines.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=February 20, 2021 |website=aerobernie.bplaced.net}}</ref>
!Aircraft
!Total
!Introduced
!Retired
!Notes
|-
|[[Airbus A300B2|Airbus A300B2-100]]
|10
|1976
|2003
|
|-
|[[Airbus A300B4|Airbus A300B4-200]]
|4
|1982
|2008
|
|-
|[[Beechcraft 17]]
|1
|1953
|1968
|
|-
|[[Beechcraft 18]]
|1
|1953
|1957
|
|-
|[[Boeing 737-200]]
|31
|1970
|1999
|
|-
|[[Boeing 737-200F]]
|5
|1980
|2008
|
|-
|[[de Havilland Heron]]
|8
|1955
|1968
|
|-
|[[Dornier 228]]
|4
|1997
|2007
|
|-
|[[Douglas C-47 Skytrain]]
|53
| rowspan="2" |1953
|1978
|
|-
|[[Douglas C-54 Skymaster]]
|6
|1974
|
|-
|[[Fokker F-27 Friendship]]
|17
|1961
|1994
|
|-
|[[Hawker Siddeley HS 748]]
|19
|1967
|1991
|
|-
|[[Lockheed L-749 Constellation]]
|4
|1962
|1981
|Taken from [[Air India]]
|-
|[[Sud Aviation Caravelle]]
|12
|1963
|1976
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Tupolev Tu-154B]]
|1
|1989
|1990
|Leased from [[Aeroflot]]
|-
|1
|1992
|1993
|Leased from [[Uzbekistan Airways]] and written off<ref>{{cite web |title=Accident description |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19930109-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109062403/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19930109-1 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=September 5, 2013 |publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vickers VC.1 Viking]]
|12
|1953
|1959
|
|-
|[[Vickers Viscount|Vickers Viscount 700]]
|16
|1957
|1974
|
|}

== Livery ==
[[File:Indian_Airlines_Logo.svg|thumb|200x200px|IA logo designed by National Institute of Design]]
The [[aircraft livery]] used while the company was called '''Indian Airlines''' was one of the longest in continuous use in the entire airline industry. The logo (IA) and the livery were designed by [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]]. Its aircraft were mainly white, with the belly painted in light metallic grey. Above the windows, "Indian Airlines" was written in English on the starboard side and in Hindi on port side. The tail was bright orange, with its logo in white. In most of the aircraft, the logo was also painted on the engines over its bare metal colour. Also, when the company was under the title of Indian Airlines, to celebrate its 50th year of service the airline put the slogan "50 years of flying" in gold on many of their aircraft.

After the name change to '''Indian''', the company's aircraft sported a new look inspired by the Sun Temple at [[Konark]] in [[Odisha]]. The tail of their aircraft had a partial blue wheel since practically over half of it is cut off. The wheel is over an orange background with the carrier's name "Indian" written in English on one side of the fuselage, and in Hindi on the other. On 15 May 2007, the Government of India released the new merger livery, which was sent to Boeing in Seattle to repaint all the new fleet coming into the new Air India. Most of the old fleets of Air India and Indian Airlines have also been painted in the new livery.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 May 2018 |title=Air India like you've never seen before |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/revisiting-the-golden-age-of-travel-with-air-india/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405214207/https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/revisiting-the-golden-age-of-travel-with-air-india/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=[[Architectural Digest]] India}}</ref>

==Service==
[[File:In_flight_snack_indian_airlines.jpg|right|thumb|In-flight meal]]
Indian operated [[short-haul]] [[Airbus A320 family]] aircraft. It offered 2 classes on most sectors: Economy Class and Executive Class. Economy Class had the typical 3-3 seating of a narrow-body Airbus aircraft. Passengers were offered complimentary meals. The Executive Class seat configuration was 2-2 with a generous recline. Meals were more lavish.

==Incidents and accidents==

=== 1950s ===
*On 12 December 1953, [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain]] VT-CHF crashed on takeoff from [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport|Sonegaon Airport]], following loss of engine power and an attempt to return to the airport. Of the 14 people onboard, only the captain survived.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/335221|title=Loss of control Accident Douglas C-47A-DK (DC-3) VT-CHF, Saturday 12 December 1953|website=aviationsafety.net}}</ref>
*On 2 February 1955, [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain]] VT-CVB crashed on climb out after takeoff from [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport|Sonegaon Airport]] while making a turn, all 10 occupants killed.<ref>{{cite web|url= |title= Loss of control Accident Douglas C-47A-20-DK (DC-3) VT-CVB, Wednesday 2 February 1955|website=aviationsafety.net}}</ref>
*On 15 May 1956, [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain]] VT-DBA overran [[Tribhuvan International Airport|Tribhuvan Airport]] after landing too fast. 14 out of the 33 onboard did not survive, a person on the ground also died.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://asn.flightsafety.org/wikibase/334689|title=Runway excursion Accident Douglas C-47A-20-DK (DC-3) VT-DBA, Tuesday 15 May 1956|website=aviationsafety.net}}</ref>
*On 24 March 1958, [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain]] VT-CYN stalled and crash on approach to [[Tribhuvan International Airport|Tribhuvan Airport]] following navigational error in poor weather conditions, all 20 occupants killed.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://asn.flightsafety.org/wikibase/334279#:~:text=Accident%20Douglas%20C%2D47A%2D85,CYN%2C%20Monday%2024%20March%201958&text=Narrative%3A,the%20aircraft%20stalled%20and%20crashed.%7D|title=Accident Douglas C-47A-85-DL (DC-3) VT-CYN, Monday 24 March 1958|website=aviationsafety.net}}</ref>
*On 29 March 1959, [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain]] VT-CGI experienced structural failure and crashed while on approach to [[Silchar Airport]] in bad weather, all 24 onboard died.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/wikibase/334041|title=Accident Douglas C-47A-90-DL (DC-3) VT-CGI, Sunday 29 March 1959|website=aviationsafety.net}}</ref>

=== 1960s ===

* On 15 November 1961, [[Vickers Viscount]] VT-DIH was damaged beyond economic repair when the co-pilot retracted the undercarriage during landing at [[Ratmalana Airport]], [[Colombo]], [[Ceylon]].<ref name="ASN151161c2">{{cite web |title=Accident description |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19611115-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025083122/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19611115-2 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=2 October 2009 |publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref>
*On 3 June 1963, [[Douglas DC-3]] VT-AUL crashed after takeoff from [[Pathankot Airport]], breaking up in midair after jammed rudder. None of the 29 passengers and crew onboard survived.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/wikibase/333087|title=Accident Douglas DC-3 Hiper VT-AUL, Monday 3 June 1963|website=aviationsafety.net}}</ref>
* On 11 September 1963, [[Vickers Viscount]] VT-DIO crashed {{convert|51|km|mi}} south of [[Agra]], killing all 18 people on board.<ref name="ASN1109632">{{cite web |title=Accident description |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19630911-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025085950/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19630911-1 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=6 October 2009 |publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref>
*On 7 February 1966, [[Fokker F27 Friendship]] PH-SAB chartered by [[Schreiner Airways]] struck the mountain range of [[Pir Panjal Range|Pir Panjal]] in [[Banihal Pass]] following navigational error, all 33 onboard killed.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://asn.flightsafety.org/wikibase/332436|title=Accident Fokker F-27 Friendship 200 PH-SAB, Monday 7 February 1966|website=aviationsafety.net}}</ref>
* On 18 February 1969, [[Douglas DC-3]] VT-CJH crashed on take-off from [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur – Sanganer Airport]] on a scheduled passenger flight. The aircraft was overloaded and take-off was either downwind or with a crosswind. All 30 people on board survived.<ref name="ASN180269a2">{{cite web |title=VT-CJH Accident Description |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19690218-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103130939/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19690218-0 |archive-date=3 November 2012 |access-date=23 January 2011 |publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref>
* On 21 April 1969, a [[Fokker F27 Friendship]] plane crashed in a thunderstorm while crossing East Pakistani (now Bangladeshi) airspace on its flight from [[Agartala]] to [[Calcutta]], killing all 44 people on board.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aviation-Safety.net |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19690421-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808012028/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19690421-0 |archive-date=8 August 2018 |access-date=7 August 2018}}</ref>

=== 1970s ===

* On 29 August 1970, a [[Fokker F27]] flew into high terrain near [[Silchar]] shortly after takeoff, killing the five crew members and their 34 passengers.
* On 30 January 1971, in the [[1971 Indian Airlines hijacking]], a [[Fokker F27]] on a scheduled flight from [[Srinagar]] to [[Jammu]] was hijacked to [[Lahore]] by Ashraf and Hashim Qureshi, two Kashmiri terrorists. Passengers were returned to India on 2 February, but the hijackers destroyed the aircraft. India and Pakistan, blaming each other's intelligence services, each banned the other country's overflights and India-Pakistan flights until 1976.
* On 9 August 1971, a [[Vickers Viscount]] VT-DIX was damaged beyond economic repair when it overran the runway at [[Jaipur Airport]]. The aircraft was landed with a tailwind on a wet runway.<ref name="ASN0908712">{{cite web |title=Accident description |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19710809-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025102942/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19710809-0 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=8 October 2009 |publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref>
* On 9 December 1971, a [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748]] near [[Chinnamanur]] was descending into [[Madurai]] when it flew into high terrain about {{convert|50|mi|km|abbr=on}} from the airport, killing the four crew members and all 17 passengers. The accident occurred in reduced visibility during daylight hours.<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20121114134551/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=12809155&tabId=4&BV_ID=@@@ Music]. Manorama Online (4 April 2014).</ref><ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/1971/Dec09/index.html The Liberation Times : Commemorating 30 Years since India's Greatest Victory] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015060558/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/1971/Dec09/index.html|date=15 October 2012}}. Bharat-rakshak.com. Retrieved on 21 May 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.hwh22.it/xit/S02_documenti/doc_aercrash.html#1971 HWH 22 aircrash] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729140557/http://www.hwh22.it/xit/S02_documenti/doc_aercrash.html|date=29 July 2013}}. Hwh22.it. Retrieved on 21 May 2014.</ref>
* On 11 August 1972, a [[Fokker F27]] at New Delhi lost altitude and crashed after aborting a landing. The four crew members and the 14 passengers were killed.
* On 15 March 1973, a [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748|HAL 748-224 Series 2]] (VT-EAU) crashed near Begumpet Airport during a training flight, killing all three crew on board and one person on the ground. The pilots were drunk.
* On 31 May 1973, [[Indian Airlines Flight 440|Flight 440]], a [[Boeing 737]] ''(registered VT-EAM)'', crashed and burned during landing at New Delhi, killing five of the seven crew members and 43 of the 58 passengers.
* On 12 October 1976, [[Indian Airlines Flight 171|Flight 171]], a [[Sud Aviation Caravelle|Sud Aviation SE 210 Caravelle]], had its right engine catch fire shortly after takeoff from Bombay. The crew attempted to return, but fuel flow to the engine was not stopped. When the fire spread through the [[fuselage]] and the [[Hydraulic drive system|hydraulic system]] failed, the aircraft controls failed before landing. All six crew members and their 89 passengers were killed.
* On 17 December 1978, a [[Boeing 737-200|Boeing 737-2A8]] (VT-EAL) slid off the runway at Begumpet Airport following a wheels-up landing when the leading edge devices failed to deploy on takeoff, killing one of 132 on board and another three on the ground.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19781217-0|title=VT=EAL}}</ref>
* On 4 August 1979, a [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748|HAL 748-224 Series 2]] (VT-DXJ) aircraft was approaching Bombay Airport at night and in poor weather when it flew into high terrain approximately {{convert|6|mi|km|abbr=on}} from the airport, killing the four crew members and their 41 passengers.

=== 1980s ===

* On 19 August 1981, Flight 557, a [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748|HAL 748]] (VT-DXF) overshot the {{convert|5783|ft}} runway at [[Mangalore Airport (India)|Mangalore Airport]] in wet weather. The aircraft came to a halt just beyond the runway edge. While there were no fatalities, the aircraft was damaged beyond repair and was written off. One of the passengers on board was [[Veerappa Moily]], the then Finance Minister of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 May 2010 |title=Moily's close shave in Mangalore 30 years ago |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article435656.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322083907/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article435656.ece |archive-date=22 March 2014 |access-date=24 June 2010 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
* On 24 August 1984, Seven young hijackers demanded an [[1984 Indian Airlines IC 421 hijacking|Indian Airlines jetliner IC 421]], on a domestic flight from Delhi to Srinagar with 100 passengers on board, be flown to the United States. The plane was taken to Lahore, [[Karachi]] and finally to [[Dubai]] where the defense minister of UAE negotiated the release of the passengers. This hijack was related to the secessionist struggle in the Indian state of Punjab. The hijacker was subsequently extradited by UAE authorities to India, who handed over the pistol recovered from the hijacker.<ref>{{cite web |date=1984-09-15 |title=Longest hijack in Indian aviation history by Khalistan activists meets anti-climactic end |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19840915-longest-hijack-in-indian-aviation-history-by-khalistan-activists-meets-anti-climactic-end-803264-1984-09-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109062405/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19840915-longest-hijack-in-indian-aviation-history-by-khalistan-activists-meets-anti-climactic-end-803264-1984-09-15 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Wadhwaney |first=Kishin R. |title=Indian Airports (Shocking Ground Realities) |year=2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-2A8 Advanced VT-EFK Dubai Airport (DXB) |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19840824-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806231635/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19840824-2 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-06 |website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref>
* On 29 September 1986, an [[Airbus A300|Airbus A300B2-1C]] ''(registered VT-ELV)'' overrun the runway at [[Chennai International Airport]] during aborted takeoff caused by [[bird strike]]. None of 196 people on board were injured but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Accident Description |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19860929-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109062405/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19860929-0 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=17 December 2016 |publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref>
* On 19 October 1988, [[Indian Airlines Flight 113|Flight 113]], a [[Boeing 737]] ''(registered VT-EAH)'' hit an electric mast {{convert|5|mi|km|abbr=on}} out on approach to Ahmedabad in poor visibility, killing the six crew members and all but two of the 129 passengers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-2A8 VT-EAH Ahmedabad Airport (AMD) |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19881019-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223074613/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19881019-0 |archive-date=23 February 2019 |access-date=30 June 2019 |website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref>

=== 1990s ===

* On 14 February 1990, [[Indian Airlines Flight 605|Flight 605]], an [[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320]] crashed on [[Final approach (aviation)|final approach]] at [[HAL Bangalore International Airport|HAL Airport]], Bangalore. 92 people on board were killed and 54 survived.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A320-231 VT-EPN Bangalore-Hindustan Airport (BLR) |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19900214-2&lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024012749/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19900214-2&lang=en |archive-date=24 October 2012 |access-date=21 March 2018 |website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref>
* On 16 August 1991, [[Indian Airlines Flight 257|Flight 257]], a [[Boeing 737]] ''(registered VT-EFL)'' crashed on its descent into Imphal, killing all 69 occupants. The flight operating on the Calcutta-Imphal sector crashed into Thangjing Hills, about 20 nautical miles (40 km) south-west of the Imphal airport. The aircraft had taken off from Calcutta and began a descent into Imphal airport with the visibility at that time being seven kilometers. However, the aircraft lost contact with Imphal airport on the Instrument Landing System. The search and rescue efforts were hampered by bad weather conditions and a slushy terrain. The probable cause of the accident was attributed to an "error on the part of the Pilot-in-Command in not adhering to the operational flight.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-2A8 Advanced VT-EFL Imphal Municipal Airport (IMF) |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19910816-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106192139/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19910816-1 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |access-date=30 June 2019 |website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref>
* On 26 April 1993, [[Indian Airlines Flight 491|Flight 491]], a [[Boeing 737]] ''(registered VT-ECQ)'' started its takeoff from Aurangabad's runway 09 in hot and humid temperatures. After lifting off almost at the end of the runway, it heavily collided with a lorry on a highway at the end of the runway. The left main landing gear, left engine bottom cowling and thrust reverser impacted the left side of the truck at a height of nearly seven feet from the level of the road. Thereafter the aircraft hit the high tension electric wires nearly 3 km North-East of the runway and hit the ground, causing 63 Injuries and 55 fatalities.
* On 15 November 1993, Indian Airlines Flight 440, an [[Airbus A300]] ''(registered VT-EDV)'' executed a missed approach at [[Begumpet Airport|Hyderabad's Begumpet Airport]] due to poor visibility, but the [[Flap (aircraft)|flaps]] failed to retract. After trying to solve the problem while flying in the vicinity of Hyderabad, the crew eventually diverted the aircraft to Chennai. The delay in diverting, and the need to fly slower due to the extended flaps, resulted in the aircraft [[Fuel starvation|running out of fuel]] on the way. The aircraft force-landed in a [[paddy field]] and was damaged beyond repair. All 262 people on board survived. [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] actors [[Chiranjeevi]] and [[Balakrishna (actor)|Bala Krishna]] and [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] survived this crash attracting widespread attention.<ref>[http://www.greatandhra.com/viewnews.php?id=28964&cat=1&scat=4 Chiranjeevi 'Weeping With Fear'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731165849/http://www.greatandhra.com/viewnews.php?id=28964&cat=1&scat=4|date=31 July 2017}}. greatandhra.com (8 May 2011).</ref>
* On 24 December 1999, [[Indian Airlines Flight 814|Flight 814]], an [[Airbus A300|Airbus A300B2-101]] ''(registered VT-EDW)'' was hijacked just after taking off from Kathmandu, Nepal to Delhi. The plane flew around different points in the [[India|subcontinent]] and the Middle east. It finally landed in Kandahar, Afghanistan, as officials of the government of India and the [[Taliban]] negotiated. One passenger was killed and some were released. On 31 December 1999, the rest of the hostages were freed in exchange for the release of [[Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar]], [[Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh]] and [[Maulana Masood Azhar]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brandi |first1=Costa |date=2 April 2020 |title=How to Deal with Travel Anxiety |url=https://www.wiki.meramaal.com/2020/04/02/how-to-deal-with-travel-anxiety/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109063916/https://wiki.meramaal.com/2020/04/02/how-to-deal-with-travel-anxiety/ |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=24 April 2020 |publisher=Meramaal}}</ref> Indian Airlines, India's sole domestic airline up to 1993, was hijacked 16 times, from 1971 to 1999.

==Financials==
Given below is a chart of trend of profitability of Indian Airlines as published in the 2004 annual report by ''Ministry of Civil Aviation'' with figures in millions of Indian Rupees.<ref>{{cite web |title=2004 Annual Report |url=http://civilaviation.nic.in/reports/an_rep0405eng.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128135124/http://civilaviation.nic.in/reports/an_rep0405eng.pdf |archive-date=28 November 2010 |access-date=30 August 2010}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Operating Revenues
!Operating Profit (Loss)
|-
|2002
|Rs. 41,015 million
|Rs. 1,347 million
|-
|2003
|Rs. 46,498 million
|Rs. 1,251 million
|}

==References==
<references responsive="1"></references>

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

* [https://web.archive.org/*/http://www.indianairlines.in/ Indian Airlines] (Archive)
* [https://web.archive.org/*/http://indian-airlines.nic.in/ Indian Airlines] (Archive) – earlier material
{{Air India}}{{Airlines of India}}{{Portalbar|India|Companies|Aviation}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian (Airline)}}
[[Category:Indian Airlines| ]]
[[Category:Companies based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Defunct airlines of India]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 1953]]
[[Category:Government-owned transport companies of India]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:Companies nationalised by the Government of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1953]]
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 2011]]

Garhbeta I

2026-02-18T00:22:35Z

Shah am: added structure further and improved wording per sources

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Garhbeta I
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Garhbeta-I in Paschim Medinipur (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.86|N|87.36|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 361.87
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 41
| population_total = 228,513
| population_as_of = 20i1
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 721121 (Amlagora) 721127 (Garhbeta) 721165 (Kharkusma)
| area_code = 03227
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-34
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 72.21%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Garbeta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Garbeta]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.bdogarhbeta1.com//}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Garhbeta I''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Medinipur Sadar subdivision]] of [[Paschim Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==

In Garhbeta I CD block, 85% of the cultivated area has [[alluvium|alluvial]] soil and 15% has [[laterite|lateritic]] soil. Garbeta I CD block is drought prone.<ref name="geography">{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur | work = May 2011. Page 26 (Predominant Soil), Pages 265-268 (Identification of Flood prone areas, Names of drought-prone blocks) | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 8 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329040941/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | archive-date = 29 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Garbeta is located at {{coord|22.86|N|87.36|E|format=dms|}}.

Garhbeta I CD block is bounded by [[Taldangra (community development block)|Taldangra]], [[Bishnupur, Bankura (community development block)|Bishnupur]], [[Joypur, Bankura (community development block)|Joypur]] and [[Kotulpur (community development block)|Kotulpur]] CD blocks in Bankura district in the north, [[Goghat II]] CD block in Hooghly district and [[Chandrakona I]] and [[Chandrakona II]] CD blocks in the east, [[Garhbeta III]] CD block in the south and [[Garhbeta II]] CD block in the west.

It is located 58 km from [[Midnapore]], the district headquarters.

Garhbeta I CD block covers {{cvt|361.87|km2}}. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 12 [[gram panchayat]]s, 162 gram sansads (village councils), 371 [[mouza]]s and 306 inhabited villages. [[Garhbeta#Police station|Garhbeta]] and [[Goaltore#Police station|Goaltore]] police stations serve this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Paschim Medinipur |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 10 September 2020}}</ref> The headquarters of this CD block is at [[Garbeta]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1918_PART_A_DCHB_PASCHIM%20MEDINIPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Paschim Medinipur | work= Map of Paschim Medinipur with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 November 2016 }}</ref>

Garhbeta I CD block had a forest cover of 7,460 hectares, against a total geographical area of 36,117 hectares in 2005-06.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur | work = May 2011. Page 28, Table 2.4 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 8 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329040941/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | archive-date = 29 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Gongoni Danga]], a [[canyon]]-like formation on the banks of the [[Shilabati River]] is rich in mythology and history.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://wbtourismgov.in/destination/attractions_activities/paschim_medinipur | title =Attractions of Paschim Medinipur | work =Gangani | publisher =Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal | access-date =17 September 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Garhbeta I block/ panchayat samiti are: Agra, Amkopa, Amlagora, Baramura, Benachapra, Dhadika, Garanga, Garhbeta, Kadrauttarbil, Kharkusma, Sandhipur and Shyamnagar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Paschim Medinipur - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 August 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Garhbeta I CD block had a population of 228,513, of which 218,239 were rural and only 10,274 were urban. There were 116.620 (51%) males and 111,893 (49%) females. Population in the age-range 0–6 years was 28,076. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 55,133 (24.13%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 18,134 (7.93%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 3 May 2016}}</ref>

As per the 2001 census, Garhbeta I block had a total population of 200,393, out of which 102,687 were males and 97,706 were females. Garhbeta I block registered a population growth of 18.59 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the combined Midnapore district was 14.87 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url =http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_15.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, (erstwhile) Medinipur District | access-date = 22 July 2016 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205819/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_15.htm|archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 17 July 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census Town]]s in Garhbeta I CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Garbeta]] (5,109) and [[Amlagora]] (5,165).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Garhbeta I CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Khar Kusum (5,428) and Lapuria (4,787).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Garhbeta I CD block include (2011census figures in brackets): Bera Chapra (2,079), Agra (1,042), Dhadhika (2,566), Shyamnagar (1,565), Garanga (1,179) and Amkopa (396).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate people in Garhbeta I CD block was 144,728 (72.21% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 80,544 (78.80% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 64,184 (65.41% of the female population over 6 years).The gender gap in literacy rates was 13.39%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Paschim Medinipur district|collapsible=y}}

===Languages and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Garhbeta I CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|75.05}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|22.21}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|maroon|2.58}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.16}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 171,514 and formed 75.05% of the population in Garhbeta I CD block. Muslims numbered 50,743 and formed 22.21% of the population. Others numbered 6,256 and formed 2.74% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 29 July 2016}}</ref> Christians and other religious communities. In 2001, Hindus were 78.15%, Muslims 20.18% and tribal religions 3.15% of the population respectively.<ref name=censusreligion2001>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls|title = Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=2001}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Garhbeta I CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 92.72 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 6.79 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.49 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 92.72% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 6.79% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==BPL families==
In Garhbeta I CD block 36.17% families were living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2007.<ref name=bpl>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur | work = May 2011|page=177 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 8 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329040941/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | archive-date = 29 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

According to the District [[Human Development Report]] of Paschim Medinipur: The 29 CD blocks of the district were classified into four categories based on the poverty ratio. Nayagram, Binpur II and Jamboni CD blocks have very high poverty levels (above 60%). Kharagpur I, Kharagpur II, Sankrail, Garhbeta II, Pingla and Mohanpur CD blocks have high levels of poverty (50-60%), Jhargram, Midnapore Sadar, Dantan I, Gopiballavpur II, Binpur I, Dantan II, Keshiari, Chandrakona I, Gopiballavpur I, Chandrakona II, Narayangarh, Keshpur, Ghatal, Sabang, Garhbeta I, Salboni, Debra and Garhbeta III CD blocks have moderate levels of poverty (25-50%) and Daspur II and Daspur I CD blocks have low levels of poverty (below 25%).<ref name=bpl/>

==Economy==
===Infrastructure===
303 or 82% of mouzas in Garhbeta I CD block were electrified by 31 March 2014.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Paschim Medinipur | work = Tables 2.1, 8.2, 16.1, 17.2, 18.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 14 September 2020}}</ref>

308 mouzas in Garhbeta I CD block had drinking water facilities in 2013-14. There were 304 fertiliser depots, 485 seed stores and 53 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Agriculture===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture in Garhbeta I CD block'''
|value1 = 5.42
|label1 = Bargadars
|value2 = 28.40
|label2 = Patta holders
|value3 = 4.51
|label3 = Small farmers
|value4 = 21.27
|label4 = Marginal farmers
|value5 = 40.39
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}

Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title=District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work= (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33|publisher= Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal|date=2009| access-date = 7 August 2016}}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Garhbeta I CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 5.42%, patta (document) holders 28.40%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 4.51%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 21.27% and agricultural labourers 40.39%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2005-06 the nett cropped area in Garhbeta I CD block was 18,452 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 17,826 hectares.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur | work = May 2011. Table 2.4, Page 28 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 8 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329040941/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | archive-date = 29 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The extension of irrigation has played a role in growth of the predominantly agricultural economy.<ref>{{cite book| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur | date = May 2011 |chapter=Chapter V: Economic Livelihoods|pages=129–131 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 8 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329040941/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | archive-date = 29 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Garhbeta I CD block was 18,960 hectares, out of which 800 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 510 hectares by tank water, 6,615 hectares by deep tubewells, 9,655 hectares by shallow tube wells, 340 hectares by river lift irrigation, 380 hectares by open dug wells and 660 hectares by other methods.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, Garhbeta I CD block produced 34,153 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 19,350 hectares, 5,126 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 2,443 hectares, 1,556 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 522 hectares, 86 tonnes of wheat from 40 hectares and 72,472 tonnes of potatoes from 5,789 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Garhbeta I CD block had offices of 11 commercial banks and 1 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin bank]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
Garhbeta I CD block has 9 ferry services and 18 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The Kharagpur-Adra line of South Eastern Railway passes through this CD block and there are two stations at [[Garbeta railway station|Garbeta]] & Bogri Road.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/kharagpur-adra-passenger-58601-kgp-to-adra/5528/167/956 |title = 58601 Kharagpur-Adra Passenger |work= Time Table |publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 25 July 2016}}</ref>

[[National Highway 14 (India)|NH 14]], (old numbering [[National Highway 60 (India, old numbering)|NH 60]]), running from Morgram (in Murshidabad district) to Kharagpur (in Paschim Medinipur district), passes through this CD block.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=5 August 2016|location=New Delhi|archive-date=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Garhbeta I CD block had 180 primary schools with 14,190 students, 22 middle schools with 2,184 students, 7 high schools with 6,728 students and 15 higher secondary schools with 17,955 students. Garhbeta I CD block had 1 general college with 1,925 students and 435 institutions for special and non-formal education with 17,780 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The [[United Nations Development Programme]] considers the combined primary and secondary enrolment ratio as the simple indicator of educational achievement of the children in the school going age. The infrastructure available is important. In Garhbeta I CD block out of the total 177 primary schools in 2008-2009, 102 had pucca buildings, 10 partially pucca, 3 kacha and 62 multiple type.<ref name=humandev2>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur | date = May 2011|page=60 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 8 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329040941/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | archive-date = 29 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Garhbeta College]] was established at [[Garbeta]] in 1948 and is affiliated to [[Vidyasagar University]]. It offers honours in English, Bengali, history, philosophy, geography, physics, chemistry, mathematics, botany and zoology.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/GarhbetaCollege/Garhbeta_College.shtml | title = Garhbeta College | publisher = GC | access-date = 5 January 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Garhbeta I CD block had 1 rural hospital, 3 primary health centres, and 1 private nursing home with total 85 beds and 7 doctors. It had 37 family welfare sub centres and 1 family welfare centre. 9,424 patients were treated indoor and 138,809 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Garbeta Rural Hospital, with 60 beds at [[Garbeta]] is the major government facility in the Garhbeta I CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Sandhipur (with 10 beds), Parbatipur (PO Kharkusma)(with 6 beds) and Nohari (with 4 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 September 2020 | archive-date = 8 October 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 September 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Serajuddin Ahmad]], MLA for Midnapore

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Paschim Medinipur topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Paschim Medinipur district]]

Dornala

2026-02-17T05:22:15Z

Shah am:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dornala
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = Nallamallafar.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Nallamalla Hills near Dornala
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Thoranala
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.9000|N|79.1000|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = Dornala
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook – Prakasam |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2818_PART_B_DCHB_PRAKASAM.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=27 April 2019 |pages=156 |format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 24.50
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 208
| population_total = 11993
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web |title=Population statistics |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=669069 |website=Census of India |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=27 April 2019}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Dornala''' is a village in [[Markapuram district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the mandal headquarters of Dornala [[mandal]] in [[Markapur revenue division]].<ref name="census" />{{rp|16}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Part III, District and Sub-District (Mandals) |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=27 April 2019 |pages=118, 171 |format=PDF}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Doranala is located at {{coord|15.9000|N|79.1000|E|}} and is surrounded by [[Nallamala Forest]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Doranala.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Doranala, India|work=fallingrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-04-21/Wild-animals-losing-lives-while-searching-for-water-food/294942|title=Wild animals losing lives while searching for water, food|last=India|first=The Hans|date=2017-04-21|website=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref> It is located at {{convert|49|km|mi}} distance to Srisailam the famous jyothirlinga kshetram of 12.

== Transport ==
The KG road passes through the village which connects the towns Kurnool and Guntur. Nearest Railway Station is Markapur road which is {{convert|32|km|mi}} away. Hyderabad city is {{convert|277|km|mi}} away by Srisailam road.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Dornala}}

[[Category:Villages in Markapuram district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Markapuram district]]

V. Sasisekharan

2026-02-12T03:20:01Z

Shah am: done

{{short description|Indian biophysicist (born 1933)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = V. Sasisekharan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1933|6|28}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Molecular biology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[National Institutes of Health]] | [[University of Madras]] | [[Princeton University]] | [[University of California, San Francisco]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Madras]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Conformation of [[biopolymers]]
| awards = 1978 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] 1981 FICCI Award 1983 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] J. C. Bose Medal 1985 Hari Om Ashram J. C. Bose Award 1987 Watumull Honor Summus Medal 1989 [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]]
}}

'''Viswanathan Sasisekharan''' (born 1933) is an Indian biophysicist known for his work on the structure and conformation of [[biopolymer]]s. He introduced the use of torsion angles to describe [[polypeptide]] and [[protein]] conformation, a central principle of the (φ, ψ) plot (later known as the [[Ramachandran plot]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Sasisekharan|first=V|title=Stereochemical Criteria for Polypeptide and Protein Structures|work=Collagen|publisher=John Wiley|year=1962|editor-last=Ramanathan|editor-first=N|location=New York|pages=39–77}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Ramachandran|first1=G. N.|last2=Ramakrishnan|first2=C.|last3=Sasisekharan|first3=V.|date=1963|title=Stereochemistry of polypeptide chain configurations|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology|volume=7|pages=95–99|doi=10.1016/s0022-2836(63)80023-6|issn=0022-2836|pmid=13990617}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Hollingsworth|first1=Scott A.|last2=Karplus|first2=P. Andrew|date=2010-10-01|title=A fresh look at the Ramachandran plot and the occurrence of standard structures in proteins|journal=BioMolecular Concepts|volume=1|issue=3–4|pages=271–283|doi=10.1515/bmc.2010.022|issn=1868-503X|pmc=3061398|pmid=21436958}}</ref> Additionally, he was the first to introduce alternative models of DNA structure that provided insights beyond the standard [[Nucleic acid double helix|double helix]] model.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Sasisekharan|first1=V|last2=Pattabiraman|first2=N|date=1976|title=Double stranded polynucleotides: two typical alternative conformations for nucleic acids|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/cs/Downloads/article_id_045_22_0779_0783_0.pdf|journal=Current Science|volume=45|pages=779–783|access-date=21 June 2020|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213033536/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/cs/Downloads/article_id_045_22_0779_0783_0.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Sasisekharan|first1=V.|last2=Pattabiraman|first2=N.|date=1978|title=Structure of DNA predicted from stereochemistry of nucleoside derivatives|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/275159a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=275|issue=5676|pages=159–162|doi=10.1038/275159a0|pmid=692688|bibcode=1978Natur.275..159S|s2cid=4145327|issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Sasisekharan|first1=V.|last2=Pattabiraman|first2=N.|last3=Gupta|first3=G.|date=1978-09-01|title=Some implications of an alternative structure for DNA.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=75|issue=9|pages=4092–4096|doi=10.1073/pnas.75.9.4092|issn=0027-8424|pmc=336057|pmid=279899|bibcode=1978PNAS...75.4092S|doi-access=free}}</ref> For his contributions to the biological sciences, he was awarded the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of India’s highest science awards, in 1978.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref>

== Education and career ==
V. Sasisekharan was born on 28 June 1933 in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He earned his Ph.D. from the [[University of Madras]] in 1959.<ref name="Indian Fellow - Sasisekharan">{{cite web|date=2016|title=Indian Fellow - Sasisekharan|url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N80-0706|access-date=23 September 2016|publisher=Indian National Science Academy|archive-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925015242/http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N80-0706|url-status=dead}}</ref> From 1959–1963, he was a lecturer at the University of Madras, and from 1963–1964, he was a visiting scientist at the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIDDK).<ref name="Indian Fellow - Sasisekharan" /> In 1964, he joined the University of Madras as a reader at the Centre of Advanced Study in Physics and served as a professor and administrative head of the Department of Physics from 1968–1970 and 1971–1972.<ref name="Indian Fellow - Sasisekharan" /> He was a visiting professor at [[Princeton University]] at their Frick Chemical Laboratory from 1970–1971.<ref name="Indian Fellow - Sasisekharan" />

In 1972, Sasisekharan moved to the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) Bangalore, where he served as the professor and chairman of the [http://mbu.iisc.ac.in/ Molecular Biophysics Unit]; chairman of the Division of Chemical and Biological Sciences; and dean of the Faculty of Science. He was a visiting professor at the [[University of Chicago]], and was an adjunct professor at the School of Pharmacy, [[University of California, San Francisco]].<ref name="Pharmacy1979">{{cite book|author=University of California, San Francisco. School of Pharmacy|title=UCSF School of Pharmacy Bulletin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hPw2AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA45|year=1979|publisher=The University.|pages=4–}}</ref>

== Research ==
As a graduate student, Sasisekharan studied the structure of [[collagen]] chains and developed methods to generate the coordinates of constituent atoms of peptides with a high degree of accuracy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sasisekharan|first=V|date=1959|title=Structure of collagen and related compounds|journal=PhD Thesis, University of Madras}}</ref> Using this approach and published crystal structures, he identified allowable non-bonded distances between atoms of consecutive amino acids.<ref name=":0" /> For the first time, he used torsion angles to describe the conformation of polypeptide chains and determined the allowable regions for the two torsion angles (originally named φ and φ’, later as φ and ψ).<ref name=":0" /> This formed the basis for the (φ, ψ) plot, which was expanded and later became known as the [[Ramachandran plot]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Citation|last1=Ramachandran|first1=G.N.|title=Conformation of Polypeptides and Proteins|date=1968|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0065323308604027|journal=Advances in Protein Chemistry|volume=23|pages=283–437|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|doi=10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60402-7|isbn=978-0-12-034223-5|access-date=2020-06-21|last2=Sasisekharan|first2=V.|pmid=4882249|url-access=subscription}}</ref> While Sasisekharan calculated these allowable regions using only a few available protein [[Protein Crystallography|crystal structures]] at the time, the (φ, ψ) plot has remained nearly unchanged for 60 years.<ref name=":2" />

Later in his career, part of Sasisekharan’s work focused on the structure of nucleic acids. He and his coworkers demonstrated that the available experimental results were compatible with both right- and left-handed double helical models for DNA. They also showed the enormous degree of conformational flexibility in the basic units of DNA and highlighted the concept of sequence specific conformation and DNA conformational polymorphism. In addition, they proposed a structure of DNA consisting of alternating left- and right-handed helical segments, known as the side-by-side (S-B-S) model, an alternative to the right-handed double helix model.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> The S-B-S model offered greater structural flexibility that could facilitate the uncoiling of the double helix without topological rearrangement during replication or other processes.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bansal|first=Manju|date=2003|title=DNA structure: Revisiting the Watson–Crick double helix|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24110017|journal=Current Science|volume=85|issue=11|pages=1556–1563|jstor=24110017|issn=0011-3891}}</ref>

His son, [[Ram Sasisekharan]], is a bioengineer<ref name="Sugary route to success">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130610/jsp/knowhow/story_16989842.jsp#.V-U47Zh97IU | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615235749/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130610/jsp/knowhow/story_16989842.jsp#.V-U47Zh97IU | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 June 2013 | title=Sugary route to success | publisher=The Telegraph | date=10 June 2013 | first=T.V. | last=Jayan | access-date=26 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ram Sasisekharan, PhD {{!}} MIT Department of Biological Engineering|url=https://be.mit.edu/directory/ram-sasisekharan|access-date=2020-06-21|website=be.mit.edu|language=en}}</ref> and a co-author of some of his publications.<ref>{{cite book|title=Fundamentals of Advanced Omics Technologies: From Genes to Metabolites|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s75CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA280|date=14 February 2014|publisher=Newnes|isbn=978-0-444-62670-7|pages=280–}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded Sasisekharan the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] (one of India’s highest science awards) in 1978 for his contributions to the fields of biopolymers and DNA structure analysis.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees" /> He received the FICCI Award of the [[Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] in 1981, and the [[Indian National Science Academy]] awarded him the Jagadis Chandra Bose Medal in 1983.<ref name="The Jagadis Chandra Bose Medal">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#34 | title=The Jagadis Chandra Bose Medal | publisher=INSA | date=2016 | access-date=24 September 2016 | archive-date=16 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#34 | url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1985, he held the ASTRA chair in Biological Sciences at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] and received the Jagdish Chandra Bose Award for Research in Life Sciences from the [[University Grants Commission of India]].<ref name="Indian Fellow - Sasisekharan" /> He was awarded the Honor Summus Medal of the Watunull Foundation in 1987 and was selected as a Fogarty Scholar-In-Residence at the [[National Institutes of Health]] in 1988. He received the [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] in 1989.<ref name="OPB Awards">{{cite web | url=http://www.opbfawards.com/biotechnology.html | title=OPB Awards | publisher=Om Prakash Bhasin Foundation | date=2014 | access-date=23 September 2016 | archive-date=6 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106195352/http://www.opbfawards.com/biotechnology.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Sasisekharan was elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] in 1969<ref name="Fellow Profile">{{cite web|date=2016|title=Fellow Profile|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Sasisekharan,_Prof._Vishwanathan|access-date=24 September 2016|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 1980.<ref name="Indian Fellow - Sasisekharan" />

== See also ==
* [[Ramachandran plot]]
* [[G. N. Ramachandran]]
* [[Nucleic acid double helix]]
{{portal|India|Biology}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sasisekharan, V.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Tamil scientists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian molecular biologists]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Madras]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Princeton University faculty]]
[[Category:National Institutes of Health faculty]]
[[Category:University of California, San Francisco faculty]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil academics]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Roshni Act controversy

2026-01-30T16:05:18Z

Shah am: Created A Article...

{{Short description|20th century political corruption in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Roshni Act controversy''', also referred to as '''Roshni Act scam''' or '''Roshni land scam''', is an alleged scam in the Indian [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|union territory of Jammu and Kashmir]], involving the illegal transfer of 20,46,436 [[kanal (unit)|kanal]]s{{efn|Some sources, including ''[https://thewire.in/government/jammu-kashmir-roshni-act-state-land-evictions The Wire]'' suggest 20,64,972 kanals}} ({{Approx.|1,03,520 hectares}}) of [[state land]],<ref name="d607"/> valued at approximately [[Indian rupee|₹]]25,000 [[crore]] ({{Approx.|3 billion [[United States dollar|USD]]}}) to 400 beneficiaries, whose legal status or claims remain contested, under the now-[[repeal]]ed [[Roshni Act]].<ref name="u013">{{cite web | last=Tiwary | first=Deeptiman | title=Former ministers, officers in list of illegal land deal beneficiaries in J&K | website=The Indian Express | date=24 Nov 2020 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/former-ministers-officers-in-list-of-illegal-land-deal-beneficiaries-in-jk-7063033/ | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref> The scam includes allegations of [[political corruption]], favoritism, and illegal land transfers made under the Act.<ref name="i264"/><ref name="i023">{{cite web | last=Devadas | first=David | title=Jammu And Kashmir Roshni Land Scam: How Bureaucrats Kept Corruption Afloat | website=TheQuint | date=11 Dec 2020 | url=https://www.thequint.com/opinion/jammu-kashmir-roshni-land-scam-bjp-leadership-administration-bureaucracy-corruption-charges | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref>

The Act became the subject of widespread [[controversy]], following the allegations against [[List of Kashmiri people#Politicians|Kashmiri politicians]], businessmen, and [[List of Kashmiri people#Administrators, diplomats, bankers and jurists|bureaucrat]]s. Over time, the scheme was reportedly marred by alleged [[Corruption in India|corruption]], manipulation of [[revenue]] [[document|record]]s, and [[Fraudulent conveyance|illegal transfer]]s of land, leading to significant public losses and [[Political scandal|political controversy]].<ref name="u800">{{cite web | title=How J&K's Roshni Act Was Used to Keep the Poor in the Dark | website=The Wire | date=30 Sep 2019 | url=https://thewire.in/government/jammu-kashmir-roshni-act-state-land-evictions | access-date=18 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="c024">{{cite web | title=J&K Land Encroachments Under Roshni Act Biggest Land Scam Of India: Anurag Thakur | website=NDTV.com | date=22 Feb 2019 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/anurag-thakur-j-k-land-encroachments-under-roshni-act-biggest-land-scam-of-india-2329776 | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref> It is considered one of the biggest land scams in the [[history of Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="s120">{{cite web | title=Rs 25,000-crore Roshni land scam: CBI to probe role of top Jammu and Kashmir leaders | website=India News | date=23 Nov 2020 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/rs-25000-crore-roshni-land-scam-cbi-to-probe-role-of-top-jammu-and-kashmir-leaders/685679 | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="s986">{{cite web | title=Roshni scheme one of 'biggest land scams' in J&K history: BJP | website=Deccan Herald | date=12 Oct 2020 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/roshni-scheme-one-of-biggest-land-scams-in-jk-history-bjp-901121.html | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="u276">{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Arun | title=Rs 25,000 cr: CAG sees biggest ever J&K land scam | website=The Indian Express | date=10 Mar 2014 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/rs-25000-cr-cag-sees-biggest-ever-jk-land-scam/ | access-date=18 Oct 2024}}</ref>

In 2011, a controversy emerged over allegations of land grabbing in [[Jammu]], initiated by a [[writ petition]] filed by professor S.K. Bhalla, then principal of [[Government Degree College, Mendhar]].<ref name="d607">{{cite web | last=Joshi | first=Swati | title=How Roshni Became Dark in Kashmir | website=Kashmir Observer | date=22 Jun 2022 | url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2022/06/22/how-roshni-became-dark-in-kashmir/ | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref> Bhalla accused several influential individuals, including politicians, bureaucrats, and [[police officer]]s, of unlawfully occupying land in Jammu. His petition sought the establishment of a [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] (SIT) to hold those responsible [[accountable]]. In 2014, three years after Bhalla's petition, Ankur Sharma, a law student from Kathua, filed a [[public interest litigation]] (PIL) before the [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]], challenging the legality of the Act.<ref name="d607"/>

Sharma's PIL sought the disclosure of the [[beneficiary|beneficiaries]] of the Act and the retrieval of over 2 million kanals of land, which he alleged had been [[violation of law|unlawfully]] occupied by [[land mafia]]s. The High Court probed alleged [[Squatting|occupying land]] including cases involving 784 kanals of land in Gole village, 154 kanals owned by the Jammu Development Authority (JDA), and 66,436 kanals transferred to the government by the JDA. The court criticized [[Jammu and Kashmir police|local investigating authorities]] for their inaction and alleged collusion with those involved.<ref name="d607"/>

== Background ==
The Roshni Act sought to 'illuminate' the state's [[finance]]s—derived from the term 'roshni,' meaning 'light' in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]]—by channeling the proceeds from land sales into public welfare projects. This objective is reflected in its name, the 'Roshni Act.<ref name="s538">{{cite web | last=Dutta | first=Prabhash K | title=Why land grab scheme of J&K is called Roshni Act and how it happened | website=India Today | date=25 Nov 2020 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/why-land-grab-scheme-of-j-k-is-called-roshni-act-and-how-it-happened-1743822-2020-11-25 | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref>

The Act was introduced in 2001 by the government of [[Farooq Abdullah]], the then [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir]], with the stated goal of raising [[Funding|fund]]s for [[Power station|power project]]s by selling state land to [[Squatting|illegal occupant]]s at market rates. The target was to raise an estimated [[Indian rupee|₹]]25,000 [[crore]] by regularizing unauthorized occupation of approximately 20.46 [[lakh]] [[Kanal (unit)|kanal]]s (over 1 million acres) of state land. During the period when the Act was introduced, Farooq Abdullah's [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] was a constituent of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA). His son, [[Omar Abdullah]], served as a minister in the government of the then prime minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref name="s538"/>

It allowed [[landholder]]s, especially those occupying large tracts of government land [[Wrongdoing|illegally]], to gain [[ownership]] by paying a fee determined by the government. Over time, amendments were made to the Act, particularly in 2005 by the government led by [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]], which significantly reduced the fee that illegal [[Possession (law)|occupant]]s had to pay.<ref name="k218">{{cite web | last=Khajuria | first=Ravi Krishnan | title=Roshni land scam: J&K admn set to post list of beneficiaries on govt website | website=Hindustan Times | date=24 Nov 2020 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/roshni-land-scam-j-k-admn-set-to-post-list-of-beneficiaries-on-govt-website/story-d4JjNxMZ9rkGHY6SWsQp0I.html | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref>

By 2007, the administration changed the scope of the Act to benefit a wider section of society, extending [[right to property|ownership rights]] even to [[Commerce|commercial]] and [[Agricultural land|agricultural]] landholders, as well as reducing the prices further.<ref name="k218"/>

== Allegations ==
The Roshni Act became a subject of scrutiny due to widespread [[allegation]]s of [[corruption]], [[fraud]], and mismanagement. Political leaders, government officials, and other high-profile individuals were accused of illegally acquiring prime [[state land|government land]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] at significantly undervalued prices.<ref name="n845">{{cite web | last=Rashid | first=D A | title=CBI court frames charges against 3 former IAS officers, 3 others | website=Greater Kashmir | date=18 Jul 2023 | url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/uncategorized/roshni-scam-cbi-court-frames-charges-against-3-former-ias-officers-3-others/ | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="i264">{{cite web | last=Zulfikar Majid | first=DHNS | title=Farooq, Omar Abdullah figure in Rs 25,000 crore Roshni land scam in J&K | website=Deccan Herald | date=24 Nov 2020 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/farooq-omar-abdullah-figure-in-rs-25000-crore-roshni-land-scam-in-jk-919424.html | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref>

The [[Land registration|land records]] were deliberately manipulated or destroyed to facilitate illegal transfers of land. This led to questions about the [[Authentication (law)|authenticity]] of ownership claims by many beneficiaries. The land under the scheme was reportedly undervalued, with beneficiaries acquiring land at prices far below the [[market rate]]. This resulted in huge losses to the state exchequer.<ref name="u800"/>

It was alleged that several prominent political figures, including leaders of mainstream political parties, including the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] (JKNC), the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] (JKPDP), the [[Indian National Congress]], and the leaders of [[People's Alliance for Gupkar Declaration]] in Jammu and Kashmir, were beneficiaries of the scam. This led to widespread accusations that the Act was used to reward political allies and supporters. Instead of reducing illegal [[Structural encroachment|encroachment]]s, the Act was said to have encouraged further encroachments on state land, as occupants believed they could eventually regularize the land at low rates under the scheme.<ref name="q348">{{cite web | last=Zargar | first=Safwat | title=What exactly is the 'land scam' in which Kashmiri parties are implicated? | website=Scroll.in | date=4 Dec 2020 | url=https://scroll.in/article/980114/what-exactly-is-the-land-scam-in-which-kashmiri-parties-are-implicated | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref>

While the Act was expected to generate ₹25,000 crore, the actual revenue collected was a mere ₹76 crore ({{approx.|[[United States dollar|$]]9.12 million USD}}), suggesting the scale of alleged [[Graft (politics)|mismanagement]] and [[political corruption|corruption]] in the implementation of the Act.<ref name="e171">{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Arun | title='Loot to own': J&K High Court hands Rs 25,000 crore land scam probe to CBI | website=The Indian Express | date=14 Oct 2020 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/loot-to-own-jk-high-court-hands-rs-25000-crore-land-scam-probe-to-cbi-6724088/ | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref>

== Investigations ==
In 2014, the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] indicated serious [[Asymmetry|irregularities]] in the implementation of the Roshni Act, particularly pointing to the involvement of officials in facilitating illegal land transfers and causing significant losses to the public exchequer.<ref name="k218"/>

The scam gained public [[attention]] and led to [[legal]] challenges in the [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]], where [[petition]]s were filed seeking the cancellation of illegal land transfers and [[prosecution]] of those involved.<ref name="i017">{{cite web | last=Krishnan | first=Murali | title=Roshni Land Scam and Jammu & Kashmir High Court judgment explained | website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news | date=10 Dec 2020 | url=https://www.barandbench.com/columns/litigation-columns/roshni-land-scam-jammu-kashmir-high-court-judgment | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref>

In 2018, the Jammu and Kashmir government, under governor [[Satya Pal Malik]], repealed the Roshni Act, stating that it had failed to meet its objectives and was being [[Abuse|misused]]. The government also conducted a series of [[detective|investigation]]s and probes into the [[allegation]]s of fraud.<ref name="k218"/>

=== CBI investigation ===
Following the High Court's order, the CBI began investigations into the scam, [[scrutiny|scrutinizing]] over cases of illegal land transfers. The CBI focused on identifying beneficiaries of the scam, including political figures, [[bureaucrat]]s, and businessmen.<ref name="w123">{{cite web | last=Dar | first=Mohsin | title=Roshni Act has worked to facilitate illegal vesting of State lands: J&K HC while ordering CBI probe into Roshni Land scam | website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news | date=12 Oct 2020 | url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/jk-hc-orders-cbi-probe-in-roshni-land-scam | access-date=18 Oct 2024}}</ref>

By late 2020, the CBI had filed multiple [[first information report]]s (FIRs) and [[charge sheet]]s against individuals involved in the scam. The investigation was expected to uncover further [[evidence]] of corruption and mismanagement in the implementation of the Roshni Act.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cbi.gov.in/assets/files/fir/33b13db1-1a65-46ba-a611-afda20928b46RC1232021A0004.pdf |title=high court of jammu and kashmir | website=CBI}}</ref>

The CBI in its investigation, suggested implicating [[Farooq Abdullah]]. As the architect of the Roshni Act, Abdullah is accused of illegally constructing the Alishan Bungalow in Sunjuwan area on land owned by the Forest Department, with reported costs running into crores of rupees.<ref name="n792">{{cite web | last=Dubey | first=Ravi | title=Roshni Act land scam: Jammu and Kashmir land grab loot saga | website=DNA India | date=25 Nov 2020 | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/news-roshni-act-land-scam-jammu-and-kashmir-land-grab-loot-saga-farooq-abdullah-national-conference-demography-distortion-2858338 | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref> Additionally, his sister, Suraiya Mattu, allegedly benefitted from the Act by acquiring 3 Kanal and 12 [[Marla (unit)|marla]]s of land.<ref name="a117">{{cite web |title=Farooq, Omar Abdullah named illegal encroachers of land under Roshni Act |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/farooq-omar-abdullah-named-illegal-encroachers-of-land-under-roshni-act/2136122/ |website=Financial Express |date=2021-09-03 |access-date=2024-10-18}}</ref>

To [[proclamation|formalize]] his land ownership under the [[Law of India|provision]]s of the Roshni Act, Abdullah was reportedly required to deposit one crore rupees into the government [[treasury]]. However, records indicate that this payment has not been made to date. Abdullah is also accused of utilising the Roshni Act to secure additional land near the National Conference's office in [[Jammu]] and the Trust office in [[Srinagar]].<ref name="n792"/> However, leaders, including Farooq and Omar Abdullah have consistently denied these claims, asserting that they have never obtained land under the Roshni Act.<ref name="i190">{{cite web | title=Abdullahs' name emerges in 'Roshni land scam', J&k admin says house built on encroached land | website=The New Indian Express | date=24 Nov 2020 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/Nov/24/abdullahsname-emergesin-roshni-land-scam-jk-admin-says-house-built-onencroached-land-2227507.html | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref>

== High court rulings ==
In October 2020, the Jammu and Kashmir High Court declared the Roshni Act "unconstitutional" calling it "illegal, unsustainable, and contrary to [[Law of India|law]]." The court ordered the government to annul all land transfers made under the Act, reclaim the land from illegal occupants, and publish the names of all beneficiaries.<ref name="q348"/><ref name="b744">{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Arun | title=Roshni land scam: After waving 'tainted list,' J&K seeks HC review | website=The Indian Express | date=7 Dec 2020 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/roshni-land-scam-after-waving-tainted-list-jk-seeks-hc-review-7094531/ | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref>

The high court directed the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) to investigate the land allotments made under the Roshni Act and file [[criminal charge]]s against those involved, including high-ranking officials and political figures. This indicated a significant turning point in the case, as the court took action against illegal beneficiaries and sought to [[Civil recovery|recover]] state land.<ref>{{cite web | last=Rashid | first=D A | title=CBI court frames charges against 3 former IAS officers, 3 others | website=Greater Kashmir | date=18 Jul 2023 | url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/uncategorized/roshni-scam-cbi-court-frames-charges-against-3-former-ias-officers-3-others/ | access-date=18 Oct 2024}}</ref>

=== Disclosure ===
As part of the High Court's order, the government was [[Court order|directed]] to publish the names of all individuals and entities who had [[Well-being|benefited]] from the Roshni Act. This led to the release of a list of over 400 individuals who had acquired land under the scheme.<ref name="u013"/>

The disclosure of the names caused a major political stir, as it implicated several high-profile figures in the land scam.<ref name="z575">{{cite web | title=HC orders CBI probe into Roshni land scam in J&K | website=The Hindu | date=10 Oct 2020 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/hc-orders-cbi-probe-into-roshni-land-scam-in-jk/article32818909.ece | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref>

== Implicated politicians ==
In addition to [[Farooq Abdullah]], his son [[Omar Abdullah]],<ref name="c233">{{cite web | title=J&K Govt puts up Roshni 'scam' list; top politicians, businessmen among beneficiaries | website=The Kashmir Monitor | date=24 Nov 2020 | url=https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/j-top-politicians-businessmen-among-beneficiaries/ | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref> and his brother [[Sheikh Mustafa Kamal]],<ref name="l745">{{cite web | last=Bhat | first=Sunil | title=Roshni scam: Farooq Abdullah's brother Mustafa Kamal named in J&K admin's list of encroachers | website=India Today | date=1 Dec 2020 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jammu-kashmir-roshni-scam-farooq-abdullah-brother-mustafa-kamal-name-list-encroach-1745588-2020-12-01 | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref> several other individuals are accused of grabbing state land under the now-repealed Roshni Act, including politicians and their associates. Among those implicated are [[Haseeb Drabu]], a former finance minister and former leader of the People's Democratic Party (PDP); [[K.K. Amla]], a businessman and member of the Indian National Congress and [[List of members of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council|member of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]]; Nighat Pandit, the spouse of retired IAS officer Shafi Pandit; Syed Akhoon of the National Conference; [[M.Y. Khan]], the former chairman of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Bank]]; and [[Sajjad Ahmad Kichloo]], former minister of state for Home Affairs.<ref name="s555">{{cite web | last=Pandey | first=Vijaita Singh & Devesh K. | title=J&K govt. publishes list of beneficiaries under Roshni Act; CBI registers fifth case | website=The Hindu | date=23 Nov 2020 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jk-govt-publishes-list-of-beneficiaries-under-roshni-act-cbi-registers-fifth-case/article33164288.ece | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref>

In November 2020, the Jammu and Kashmir administration accused government employees and businessmen including, [[Beli Ram]], [[Ram Dass]], and Ram Lal for illegally obtaining the land ownership. Other individuals who acquired ownership of encroached state land in Jammu—land that was physically occupied but not recorded in revenue documents—include [[Syed Akhoon]], a leader of the National Conference, and Haroon Choudhary, and former National Conference leader Aslam Goni.<ref name="a990">{{cite web | last=Jain | first=Bharti | title=J&K names & shames Roshni beneficiaries; big names on list | website=The Times of India | date=24 Nov 2020 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jk-names-shames-roshni-beneficiaries-big-names-on-list/articleshow/79378935.cms | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref>

PDP leader Talib Hussain and the [[Mehbooba Mufti]]-led PDP office have been reportedly linked to the alleged occupation of three kanals of state land in Sanjuan, Jammu. Additionally, economist and former minister Haseeb Drabu, along with his family, reportedly own four kanals of land in Gogji Bagh, Srinagar. PDP's involvement reportedly occurred during the tenure of [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]] as [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]. Former bureaucrat Tanveer Jahan is also accused of acquiring one kanal in the [[Rajbagh]], Srinagar, while former Congress treasurer and businessman K.K. Amla has been accused of acquiring 14 kanals of land under the Act in the Maulana Azad Road, [[Srinagar]], where a hotel was constructed.<ref name="c619">{{cite web | title=Roshni land scam: Mehbooba Mufti's PDP office in Sanjuan allegedly built on encroached state land | website=India News | date=25 Nov 2020 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/roshni-land-scam-mehbooba-muftis-pdp-office-in-sanjuan-allegedly-built-on-encroached-state-land/686546 | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref>

[[Baseer Ahmad Khan]], an Indian civil servant and former [[divisional commissioner]] of [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]], has been accused of involvement in a multi-crore land scam dating back to 2009 with [[legal proceeding]]s related to the case still pending.<ref name="j982">{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Ashutosh | title=Centre appoints bureaucrat accused in Gulmarg land scam as advisor to Lt Governor, Jammu and Kashmir | website=The Caravan | date=26 Mar 2020 | url=https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/centre-appoints-bureaucrat-accused-in-gulmarg-land-scam-as-advisor-to-lt-governor-jammu-and-kashmir | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref>

Other notable beneficiaries such as [[Ghulam Mohi-ud-Din Malik]], who served as [[Speaker (India)|speaker]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]], along with retired bureaucrats such as Syed Mohammad Aga, who served as [[Chief secretary (India)|chief secretary]] of the erstwhile state [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and [[Mohammad Shafi Pandit]], former chairperson of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Public Service Commission]] are also accused of acquiring the state land. Retired judges such as [[Hakim Imtiyaz Hussain]], a former judge of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court, and [[medical professional]]s such as Dr. Muneer Khan, one of the leading [[nephrologist]]s of the union territory allegedly occupied the land under the Act.<ref name="u800"/>

== Impact ==
The alleged involvement of political leaders and [[government official]]s led to significant political turmoil in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="d186"/>

The Roshni scam added to public [[distrust]] in the [[Political machine|political]] and [[machinery of government|administrative machinery]] in Jammu and Kashmir. The Act, which was initially promoted as a public welfare measure, ended up becoming a prime example of alleged [[political corruption]] and [[cronyism]].<ref name="n533">{{cite web | last=Masood | first=Bashaarat | title=Jammu and Kashmir Roshni Act: Who it helped own land, and why it has been scrapped | website=The Indian Express | date=2 Dec 2020 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/jammu-kashmir-roshni-act-scrapped-jk-ownership-rights-cbi-probe-7075927/ | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="d186">{{cite web | last=Fayyaz | first=Ahmed Ali | title=Roshni scam, a tale of full-fledged cover-up | website=The Hindu | date=9 Mar 2014 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/roshni-scam-a-tale-of-full-fledged-cover-up/article61937807.ece | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref>

The Act had a significant impact on [[Kashmiris|residents of Jammu and Kashmir]], particularly after the administration's decision to reclaim land allotted under the Act. Many individuals, including those from [[lower middle class|lower-income groups]], acquired plots and [[investment|invested]] in building homes and businesses. Investigations into the Roshni Act suggested alleged irregularities in the allotment process, such as the [[forgery|falsification]] of [[revenue|land]] [[document|record]]s.<ref name="u800"/>

The government's decision to retrieve land affected individuals who had [[Property law|legally purchased property]], raising concerns about potential [[internally displaced person|displacement]]. Thousands of families, including those with [[legal instrument|official land document]]s, faced the prospect of losing their homes.<ref name="u800"/>

== Later development ==
On 12 October 2023, the [[Supreme Court of India]] declined to examine appeals, citing both the government of Jammu and Kashmir and various beneficiaries under the Roshni Act had filed [[review petition]]s concerning the High Court's [[judgment]] issued on 9 October.<ref name="y478"/>

The decision was made by a three-judge bench, consisting of Justices [[N. V. Ramana]], [[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]], and [[Aniruddha Bose]], during a [[Hearing (law)|hearing]] of multiple appeals challenging the High Court's directive for a Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) inquiry into the alleged scam.<ref name="y478">{{cite web | title=Roshni Land Scam: Supreme Court refrained from examining appeals | website=The Dispatch | date=10 Dec 2020 | url=https://www.thedispatch.in/roshni-land-scam-supreme-court-refrained-from-examining-appeals/ | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
[[List of scandals in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{notelist}}

[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party controversies]]
[[Category:Political corruption in India]]
[[Category:Politics of the Kashmir conflict]]

Lajja (novel)

2026-01-29T03:14:53Z

Shah am: further corrected content per sources and corrected details as per guidelines

{{short description|1993 book by Taslima Nasreen}}
{{Infobox book | 
| name = Lajja
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Cover of Book named Lajja.jpg 
| caption =
| author = [[Taslima Nasrin]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[Bangladesh]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| series =
| genre = [[Novel]]
| publisher =
| release_date = 1993
| english_release_date = October 1997
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
| pages = 302
| isbn = 1-57392-165-3
| dewey= 891.4/437 21
| congress= PK1730.3.A65 L3513 1997
| oclc= 37322498
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''Lajja''''' ({{langx|bn|লজ্জা }} ''Lôjja'') (''Shame'') is a novel in Bengali by [[Taslima Nasrin]], a writer of Bangladesh. The word ''lajja/lôjja'' means "shame" in Bengali and many other [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. The book was written about the violence, rape, looting and killings of [[Bengali Hindus]] that took place in December 1992 after the destruction of Babri Masjid took place in India. The book was first published in 1993 in Bengali and was subsequently banned in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9904E1D9143AF93BA35755C0A962958260 Bangladesh Seeks Writer, Charging She Insults Islam], ''[[New York Times]]'', 8 June 1994.</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/11/reviews/30906.html Book Review], ''[[New York Times]]'', 28 August 1994.</ref> It nonetheless sold 50,000 copies in the six months after its publication,<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E05E0DA143DF930A25750C0A962958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=4 ENCOUNTERS; Crossing Cultures: The Complex Life of a Man of All Things] ''[[New York Times]]'', 13 March 1994.</ref> though Taslima fled her native Bangladesh after receiving death threats from Islamic groups.<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9904E1D71F3CF935A35754C0A962958260 Censorship by Death] ''[[New York Times]]'', 6 July 1994.</ref>

Nasrin dedicated the book "to the people of the [[Indian subcontinent]]," beginning the text with the words, "let humanity be the other name of religion." The novel is preceded by a preface and a chronology of events.

== Synopsis ==
''Lajja'' is a response of Taslima Nasrin to [[anti-Hindu]] riots that erupted in parts of Bangladesh, soon after the demolition of [[Babri Mosque|Babri Masjid]] in India on 6 December 1992. The book subtly indicates that communal feelings were on the rise, the [[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindu minority of Bangladesh]] was oppressed, and [[secularism]] was under shadow.

== Plot summary ==
In [[Ayodhya]], in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India, on 6 December 1992, Babri Masjid is demolished. The demolition has repercussions in Bangladesh. The fire of communal rioting erupts, and the Dutta family feels and faces the heat of the communal hatred. Each member of the family feels about this in his/her own way.

Sudhamoy, the [[patriarch]], feels that Bangladesh, his [[motherland]], will never let him down. Kiranmayee as a faithful wife stands by her husband's views. Suranjan, their son, believes that nationalism will be stronger than communalism but is progressively disappointed. He finds himself adopting communal reactions that contrast entirely with the ideology of patriotism he has always had faith in. Nilanjana curses her brother's apathy and coaxes his brother to take the family to a [[Muslim]] friend's house for safety.

It is a story of metamorphosis, in which disastrous events create disillusionment, resulting in violence and resentment.

== Translations ==

''Lajja'' has been translated into many languages including French, Dutch, German, English, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, Icelandic, Persian, Arabic, Assamese, Kannada, Hindi, Gujarati, Odia, Urdu, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil, Punjabi, [[Nepali language|Nepali]] Malayalam and Sinhalese.

==See also==
{{portal|Novels}}
* [[Shame society]]
* [[List of books banned by governments]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150106160314/http://taslimanasrin.com/tn_bannedbooks.html ''Lajja'' at Taslima Nasrin website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1993 novels]]
[[Category:History books about Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi novels]]
[[Category:Censorship in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Book censorship in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Anti-Hindu sentiment]]
[[Category:Novels set in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novels]]
[[Category:Censored books]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in literature]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in literature]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]

Poornachandrika

2026-01-26T22:12:01Z

Shah am:

{{Short description|Janya raga of Carnatic music}}
{{moresources|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name = Poornachandrika
| synonym =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| mela =
| chakra =
| type =
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|P|S'}}
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|R2|G3|M1|R2|S}}
| jeeva =
| chhaya =
| nyasa =
| vishesha =
| equivalent =
| similar =
}}
__NOTOC__
{{Carnatic}}
'''Poornachandrika''' is a raga in [[Carnatic music]], classical music of [[South India]]. It is a ''[[janya]]'' raga of [[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Shankarabharanam]], 29th in the 72 [[Melakarta]] ragas.

==Structure and Lakshana==
Its ''arohana-avarohana'' structure is as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ragasurabhi.com/carnatic-music/raga/raga--poornachandrika.html|title=Raga Poornachandrika : Raga Surabhi|website=www.ragasurabhi.com|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref>

''[[Arohana]]'': {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|P|S'|foot=yes}}

''[[Avarohana]]'': {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|R2|G3|M1|R2|S|foot=yes}}

==Popular Compositions==
* ''Panchanadeesha Pahimaam'' and ''Ne Jesina'' by [[Patnam Subramania Iyer]]
* ''Telisi Rama'' by [[Tyagaraja]]
* ''Palukavemi Na'' by [[Tyagaraja]]
* ''Shanka Chakra'' by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]
* ''Sri Rajarajeshwari'' by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]
* ''Sri Ranganatham Upasmahe'' by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] or Ambi Dikshitar or one of [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]'s disciples (Disputed)
* ''Varadanipuna'' by [[G.N. Balasubramaniam]]
* ''Palayamam Deva(Pada[[varnam]])'' by [[Swati Tirunal]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya}}

[[Category:Janya ragas]]

Marhia Temple

2026-01-16T19:31:34Z

Shah am: started place

{{Orphan|date=January 2026}}

'''Marhia Temple''', also known as '''Vamana Temple, Deori''' is a temple located in [[Jabalpur district]]. It is situated on the banks of the [[Ken River|Ken]] river.

==History==
The temple is ascribed to the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] period.{{sfn|Chandra|1970|p=125}}

In an 1884 report, [[Alexander Cunningham]] notes the presence of a small ruined temple, which might have been the Marhia temple. In 1968, historian [[Pramod Chandra]] along with his team surveyed the site.{{sfn|Chandra|1970|p=125}} He noted that the temple was in a dilapidated state, and was in danger of collapse.{{Sfn|Chandra|1970|p=126}} In 2025, it was added to the tentative list for the UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Serial nomination of Gupta Temples in North India |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6805/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
The temple faces west, and is situated upon a square platform about four feet high. It accessible by a flight of five steps on its western side. It consists of a square [[Garbhagriha|''garbagriha'']] (sanctum), with each side measuring 3.82 meters. The walls are constructed using [[Ashlar|ashlar masonry]], with each wall built out of two rows of stones.{{Sfn|Chandra|1970|p=126}}{{Sfn|Chandra|1970|p=129}}

The entrance to the sanctum is located on the western side, and built out of [[sandstone]]. The doorway measures {{Dimensions|1.95|1.46}} meters, and has two ''sakhas'' (bands of decoration). The inner band contains [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]] and [[Conch (instrument)|conch]] motifs. Two ''[[dvarapala]]s'' (door guardians) flank the base of the entrance, each accompanied by an attendant. The [[lintel]] contains an image of [[Vishnu]] in his [[Chaturbhuja|four-armed]] form, riding atop his eagle mount [[Garuda]], whose wings form a crescent. Vishnu's four arms and face, as well as Garuda's face, have suffered damage.{{Sfn|Chandra|1970|p=128}}

A [[Baluster|balustrade]] of stones with rounded caps, runs around the roof.{{Sfn|Meister|1974|p=87}} The square sanctum is crowned by a pyramidal [[superstructure]]. [[Pramod Chandra]] considers this to be an intermediate step in the development of the ''[[shikhara]]'' (temple tower).

An idol of [[Vamana]], dressed in a ''[[dhoti]]'' has been found outside the temple, and it is considered to be the principal deity. The idol, still in its [[Socle (architecture)|socle]], is accompanied by a ''[[makara]]'' crocodile.{{Sfn|Chandra|1970|p=128}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite journal |last=Chandra |first=Pramod |author-link=Pramod Chandra |date=1970 |title=A Vāmana Temple at Maṛhiā and Some Reflections on Gupta Architecture |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249549 |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=32 |issue=2/3 |pages=125–145 |doi=10.2307/3249549 |issn=0004-3648|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Meister |first=Michael W. |author-link=Michael W. Meister |date=1974 |title=A Note on the Superstructure of the Maṛhiā Temple |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249713 |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=36 |issue=1/2 |pages=81–88 |doi=10.2307/3249713 |issn=0004-3648|url-access=subscription }}

{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Madhya Pradesh]]

Department of Public Relations, Madhya Pradesh

2026-01-08T12:24:35Z

Shah am: started stub - done

{{Short description|Agency within the Government of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Advert|date=April 2022}}
{{Third-party|date=April 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = Department of Public Relations, Madhya Pradesh
|nativename = जनसंपर्क विभाग, मध्यप्रदेश सरकार
|nativename_a =
|nativename_r =
|logo =
|logo_width =
|logo_caption =
|seal = [[File:Emblem of Madhya Pradesh.svg|150px]]
|seal_width =
|seal_caption =
|formed =
|preceding1 =
|preceding2 =
|dissolved =
|superseding =
|jurisdiction = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|headquarters = Tagore Marg, Banganga Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462003
|employees =
|budget =
|minister1_name =
|minister1_pfo =
|chief1_name =
|chief1_position =
|chief2_name =
|chief2_position = Director
|parent_agency =
|child1_agency =
|child2_agency =
|website = {{URL|https://www.mpinfo.org|mpinfo.org}}
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Department of Public Relations, Madhya Pradesh''', commonly referred to as '''Jansamparak Madhya Pradesh''', is an agency within the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]], established by the Home Department in 2006. Its headquarter is based in the capital of [[Bhopal]] at Jansampark Sanchalanalaya.

Madhya Pradesh has been charged with "disseminating information on various activities of the Government to the people through the media and providing feedback to the Government on important matters reflected in the media. DPR is also charged with activities connected with cultural affairs."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Department of Public Relations|url=http://jansampark.mp.gov.in/|access-date=2021-09-06|website=jansampark.mp.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=.:मध्य प्रदेश डिस्ट्रिक्ट न्यूज़ पोर्टल:.|url=https://www.dprmp.org/|access-date=2021-10-14|website=www.dprmp.org}}</ref>

== Functions ==

The main functions of the Department of Public Relations are to organize visit of press representatives to different areas, accreditation of press representatives, issuing of certificates, publication, displaying classified advertisements in newspaper, centralized payment of bills, publications of publicity literature in different languages regarding the achievements, development programs of the Government, publicity of the achievements of the government within and outside the state through cultural program.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shubham |date=2023-07-27 |title=MPINFO.ORG: जनसंपर्क विभाग, मध्य प्रदेश, जानिए मध्यप्रदेश जनसंपर्क विभाग के बारे में कुछ खास बातें » Khabar Satta |url=https://khabarsatta.com/mp-news/mpinfo-public-relations-department-madhya-pradesh-know-some-special-things-about-madhya-pradesh-public-relations-department/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Khabar Satta |language=en-US}}</ref>

It also disseminates and propagates government policies, programs, schemes and achievements to enhance public awareness. The department also documents the progress and achievements of various departments.

The department assists the government in coordinating with various departments by capturing public perception and feedback on different issues and thorough analysis of news published in the media. In addition, the Department of Public Relations communicates with the government's view point among general public through media, disseminate policies, programs and achievements of various departments for educating people and mass communication by performing role of facilitator by using various, methods and resources of educating people and mass communication. Formation of creativeness for publicity of programs, schemes and achievements of various departments through poster, pamphlet, folder, booklet, etc. and to facilitate the advertisement work.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.mpinfo.org/ Department Public Relations]
* [https://mp.gov.in/public-relations-department Government of Madhya Pradesh Department Portal]
* [http://jansampark.mp.gov.in/ Jansampark MP]

[[Category:Government of Madhya Pradesh]]

Kamal Khan (singer)

2026-01-08T00:43:57Z

Shah am: cleaned up article based on references and updated info after review

{{Short description|Indian singer}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Kamal Khan
| image = Kamal Khan at Zee Cinema FilmFare Awards.jpg
| caption = Kamal Khan at [[Zee Cine Awards]] 2012, receiving "Fresh Singing Talent" 2012 Award.
| birth_name = Kamal Khan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1989|4|25}}
| birth_place = [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India]]
| instrument = Vocalist
| genre = [[Playback singer|playback singing]].
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 2010 – present
| website = {{URL|thekamalkhan.com}}
}}

'''Kamal Khan''' (born 25 April 1989) is an Indian singer known for his work as a [[playback singer]] in [[Bollywood]] films. He won the reality singing competition ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar]]'' in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kamal Khan is the Winner of Saregamapa Singing Superstar 2010|url=http://saregamapashow.com/2010/12/kamal-khan-is-the-winner-of-saregamapa-singing-superstar-2010.html|publisher=saregamapashow.com|date=25 December 2010|accessdate=1 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706044741/http://saregamapashow.com/2010/12/kamal-khan-is-the-winner-of-saregamapa-singing-superstar-2010.html|archive-date=6 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Later he won the [[Zee Cine Awards]] "Fresh Singing Talent 2012 (Male)" for the song "Ishq Sufiyana" from the film ''[[The Dirty Picture]]'' (2012).

In 2017, he released the Punjabi song "Dili Sara", featuring Kuwar Virk, as a single. The song became a super hit overnight. The video has over 150 million views on YouTube as of May 2022.

==Early life and career==
Kamal was born and brought up in Reeth kheri village, near [[Patiala]], Punjab, to Jaswant Singh and Sarabjeet Kaur (Rani Begum) who is an employee health department in Patiala. Kamal started learning music at age five from his uncle (Mama ji) Ustad Shauqat Ali Deewana ji, who became his musical mentor. His mother is also a music lover. Later he left his studies because he started taking part in singing competitions and musical shows. Until he appeared in Sa Re Ga Ma Pa, his father did not want him to become a singer. He mentioned in one of the episodes of the show, wherein his father gave a guest and surprising appearance, that upon his father's advice, he started working in a factory where his daily wage was only Rs. 40 a day. On his payday, he requested his father to collect his first salary. When his dad went there to get Kamal's first salary, he cried and realised that he should let Kamal pursue his singing. Kamal got his surname "Khan" from their listeners and friends when he was a contestant of ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa'' because he likes Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan's songs and he sings his song like him.<ref name="Shiv Pratap Singh">{{cite news | title=सिंगिंग इंडस्ट्री ने इस गायक को 'खान' सरनेम क्यों दे दिया | author=Kamal Khan |url=https://www.facebook.com/thelallantop/videos/204737393795441 |publisher=The Lallantop |date=3 Dec 2018 }}</ref><ref name=tri11>{{cite news |title=Hero's welcome for Kamal on reaching home |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110103/punjab.htm#5 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=3 January 2011 }}</ref><ref name=trilad/>

==Career==
His career turnaround came when in 2010, he was selected as a contestant on the singing reality show ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar''. He had music director duo of [[Vishal–Shekhar]] as mentor-judge. At the grand finale, held at [[Andheri Sports Complex]], Mumbai, on 25 December 2010, he went on to win the show, also getting a Grande MK II car and a Hero ZMR bike.<ref name="trilad">{{cite news |title=Patiala lad strikes the right notes: Wins Zee TV's Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar contest |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101227/main7.htm |work=The Tribune |date=27 December 2010 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092227/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101227/main7.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kamal Khan wins 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa'|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-khan-wins-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-news-national-kmzxOghjjhh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226235713/http://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-khan-wins-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-news-national-kmzxOghjjhh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 December 2010|website=[[Sify]]|date=25 December 2010|accessdate=1 November 2012}}</ref> Composer duo [[Vishal–Shekhar]], who were also mentors on the show, became his real-life mentors and eventually offered him his debut playback song, "Wallah Re Wallah" in ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]'' (2010), released a day before the show ended.<ref name="tri11" /> Later they also gave him his big break with the hit "Ishk Sufiana''"'' for ''[[The Dirty Picture]]'' (2012).<ref name="hindu12">{{cite news |title=On a good note: interview Singer Kamal Khan tracks success with "Ishq Sufiyana" |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article3453841.ece |date= 25 May 2012}}</ref> In 2013, he rose to prominence with the song "Jhooth Bolliya" from ''[[Jolly LLB]]''{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}. His 2017 song "Dilli Sara" was also popular.

==Albums & singles==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Song
! Year
! Language
|-
| Yeh Dil Hai ([[Punar Vivah]])
| 2011
| Hindi
|-
| Koi Panchi (Nai Soch)
| 2013
| Hindi
|-
| Tere Naal
| 2013
| Punjabi
|-
| Sajna Tere Aan(Saaiyan 2)
| 2014
| Punjabi
|-
| Akhiyan Di Akhiyan Ruburoo (Collaborations 3)
| 2014
| Punjabi
|-
| Sada Haal
| 2015
| Punjabi
|-
| Kadke Kaalja (Album/Music: [[Sukshinder Shinda]])
| 2015
| Punjabi
|-
| Oh Kithey (Single) ([[Sony Music India]])
| 2015
| Punjabi
|-
| Meri Heer (Single) (KBS Records)
| 2016
| Punjabi
|-
| Husan (Single) ([[T-Series (company)|T-Series]])
| 2016
| Punjabi
|-
| Saah (Single) (Sony Music India)
| 2016
| Punjabi
|-
| Do Nain (Single) (KBS Records)
| 2016
| Punjabi
|-
| Vichhrian Roohan Ft. Dr Zeus, Fateh (Single) (Speed Records)
| 2016
| Punjabi
|-
| Instagram (Music By: Rupin Kahlon) (Single) (T-Series)
| 2016
| Punjabi
|-
|Dilli Sara
|2017
|Punjabi & English
|-
|Chadra (feat. Kuwar Virk) (T-Series)
|2017
|Punjabi & English
|-
|Bottle Bond Vich Paa Ke (Bottle Khol 4) Ft. Thug Pun (Music By: Tru-Skool) (Single) (Game Killerz)
|2018
|Punjabi & English
|-
|Love Song - Kytes Media
|2018
|Punjabi & Hindi
|-
|Supna(Kaala Shah Kaala)
|2019
|Punjabi
|-
|Demand (Single) (Kamaal Records) (Music: DJ HARK)
|2019
|Punjabi
|-
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film
! Year
! Language
! Tracks
|-
| [[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|''Tees Maar Khan'']]
| 2010
| rowspan=3|Hindi
| Wallah Re Wallah
|-
| ''[[Love Express]]''
| 2011
| Rocking Shocking Family
|-
| ''[[The Dirty Picture]]''
| 2011
| Ishq Sufiana (Male)
|-
| ''[[Pata Nahi Rabb Kehdeyan Rangan Ch Raazi]]''
| 2012
| Punjabi
| Pata Nai Rab Kehdeyan Rangah Ch Raazi
|-
| ''[[Pinky Moge Wali]]''
| 2012
| Punjabi
| Hune Hune
|-
| ''Future Toh Bright Hai Jee''
| 2012
| Hindi
| Akhiyan Nu Rehan De
|-
| ''Reet''
| 2012
| Dogri
| Tere Naina
|-
| ''[[Mirza – The Untold Story]]''
| 2012
| rowspan=2|Punjabi
| Maula
|-
| ''Stupid 7''
| 2013
| Zindagi o Zindagi
|-
| ''[[Jolly LLB]]''
| 2013
| Hindi
| Jhooth Boliya
|-
| [[Sadda Haq (film)|''Sadda Haq'']]
| 2013
| rowspan=7|Punjabi
| Naina
|-
| ''Sikander''
| 2013
| SIKANDER
|-
| ''[[Jatt & Juliet 2]]''
| 2013
| Naina
|-
| [[Best of Luck (2013 film)|''Best of Luck'']]
| 2013
| Raatan Lamiyaan
|-
| ''[[Fer Mamla Gadbad Gadbad]]''
| 2013
| Dil De Varke
|-
| ''[[Heer and Hero]]''
| 2013
| Heeriye
|-
| ''Dil Saada Lutiya Gaya''
| 2013
| Maula Weh
|-
| ''[[Gori Tere Pyaar Mein]]''
| 2013
| rowspan=2|Hindi
| Naina
|-
| ''Lucky Kabootar''
| 2013
| Haal Da Marham Tu
|-
| ''Hai O Rabba Ishq Na Hove''
| 2013
| rowspan=3|Punjabi
| Haye O Rabba Ishq Na Hove
|-
| ''Kaum De Heere''
| 2014
| Gunahgar
|-
| ''[[Disco Singh]]''
| 2014
| Faisley
|-
| ''Chehra''
| 2014
| Hindi
| Aaya Nahi Saayian
|-
|''18.11 (a code of secrecy..!!)''
| 2014
| Hindi
| Allah Teri Kya Shaan
|-
| ''[[Aa Gaye Munde U.K. De]]''
| 2014
|rowspan=9|Punjabi
| Tere Hi Naal
|-
|''[[Goreyan Nu Daffa Karo]]''
| 2014
| Jane Dil
|-
|''[[Singh Of Festival]]''
| 2015
| Bole So Nihaal
|-
| ''Hero Naam Yaad Rakhin''
| 2015
| Naina
|-
|''[[Vaapsi]]''
| 2016
| Vaapsi Title Track and MAA
|-
| ''[[Qismat]]''
| 2018
| Awaaz
|-
| ''[[Sufna]]''
| 2020
| Ammi
|-
| ''[[Shava Ni Girdhari Lal]]''
| 2021
| "Jatt Nal Yaariyan"
|-
| ''[[Moh (film)|Moh]]''
| 2022
| "Meri Zuban"
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! For The Song !! Film !! Result
|-
| '''2010'''
| SaReGaMaPa Singing Superstar
| '''ZeeTv''' Singing Reality Show
|style="text-align:center;"|-
|style="text-align:center;"|-
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="8" | '''2012'''
| [[Screen Awards]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Male Playback]]
| rowspan="9" | ''Ishq Sufiana''
| rowspan="9" | [[The Dirty Picture]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Male]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Male|Fresh New Singing Talent]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[Mirchi Music Awards#Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of The Year]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Awards#Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Stardust Awards]]
| New Music Sensation (Male)
| {{won}}
|-
| [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Global Indian Music Awards (GIMA)
| Best Music Debut
| {{won}}
|-
| '''2013'''
| [[People's Choice Awards India]]
| Favorite Male Singer
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''2014'''
| [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]
| Best Playback Singer(Male)
| rowspan="2" | ''Dil De Varke''
| rowspan="2" | [[Fer Mamla Gadbad Gadbad]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]
| Most Popular Song of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
| PTC Punjabi Music Awards
| Most Romantic Balled of the Year
| ''Tere Naal''
| ''Single''
| {{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://thekamalkhan.com Official website]
*{{IMDb name|4399203}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|3346}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Kamal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Musicians from Patiala]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge winners]]

Andhra Pradesh Auto Rickshaw Drivers and Workers Federation

2026-01-05T23:44:42Z

Shah am: minor reworked structure for accuracy

{{short description|Trade union in India}}

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
'''Andhra Pradesh Auto Rickshaw Drivers and Workers Federation''' or '''Andhra Pradesh Auto Drivers and Workers' Federation''' is a [[trade union]] of [[auto rickshaw]] drivers in Andhra Pradesh, India.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article2807415.ece | title=Autorickshaw drivers seek welfare board | work=The Hindu | date=17 January 2012 | accessdate=11 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/call-for-autorickshaw-bandh-on-feb-28/article2915007.ece?textsize=large&test=1 | title=Call for auto-rickshaw bandh on Feb. 28 | work=The Hindu | date=21 February 2012 | accessdate=11 April 2013}}</ref>

APARDWF is affiliated to the [[All India Trade Union Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/as-commuters-turn-wary-of-crowded-autos-driver-unions-call-for-fare-hike/articleshow/78724633.cms|title=AP: As commuters turn wary of crowded autos, driver unions call for fare hike |website=The Times of India|date=18 October 2020 }}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}
{{Portal|Organized labour}}
{{Trade unions in India navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andhra Pradesh Auto Rickshaw Drivers And Workers Federation}}
[[Category:Trade unions in India]]
[[Category:Transport trade unions in India]]
[[Category:All India Trade Union Congress]]
[[Category:Road transport trade unions]]
[[Category:Trade unions in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rickshaws]]
[[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-trade-union-stub}}
{{AndhraPradesh-stub}}

Li (folk song)

2025-12-22T07:15:52Z

Shah am: started data

{{Short description|Music tradition of the Chakesang tribe of India}}
{{one source|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}

'''Li''' are folk songs of the [[Chakesang]] tribe of [[Nagaland]], India. Literally, Li means Folksong in the [[Chokri language]] spoken by the Chakhesang tribe of Nagaland. It often takes the place of conversation and is known to beautifully communicate feelings, ideas and engage people in a circle of warmth and friendship.<ref>{{cite web |last=[[Tetseo Sisters]] |title=Eclectic Magazine |url=http://eclecticmag.com/view_eclecticmix.php?&eclecticmix=55 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403033647/http://eclecticmag.com/view_eclecticmix.php?&eclecticmix=55 |archive-date=2013-04-03 |website=Eclectic Northeast}} </ref>

The Chakhesangs have a huge repertoire of folk songs that have been compiled into a traditional songbook, ''Li kukre kutiko'', that consists of 223 common songs. Most of the other songs have been handed down through oral tradition (much like any other Naga tribe) from generation to generation in the villages of the region. There are ''Li'' for special events, love songs, children's songs, laments, war songs and songs that are related to agriculture and its seasonal activities. The repetitive "Ho-he-ho"-"hiyo-hiyohey" choirs are shared between separate groups, either ad lib or echoing one another.<ref>[http://www.journal-ethnologie.de/Deutsch/Weltmusik/Klaenge_von_den_Nebeln_jenseits_der_Zeit/index.phtml Peter van Ham und Aglaja Stirn: ''Klänge von den Nebeln jenseits der Zeit : aus dem Liederbuch der Naga''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129111009/http://www.journal-ethnologie.de/Deutsch/Weltmusik/Klaenge_von_den_Nebeln_jenseits_der_Zeit/index.phtml|date=29 January 2015}} (www.journal-ethnologie.de, German, retrieved 1 September 2012).</ref> These songs are sometimes accompanied by the one-stringed instrument ''[[Tati (instrument)|tati]]'' or ''heka libuh'' ([[Gayal|mithun]] horn) which they play.<ref name="Vishü1">[http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3465:tetseo-sisters-cultural-ambassadors-extraordinaire&catid=18:mirror-spotlight Vishü Rita Krocha: ''Tetseo Sisters: Cultural Ambassadors extraordinaire''] (Eastern Mirror, retrieved 1 September 2012)</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{Nagaland}}

[[Category:Indian folk songs]]
[[Category:Culture of Nagaland]]

{{India-music-stub}}

Ramraiya

2025-12-20T03:58:25Z

Shah am:

{{Short description|Sikh sect founded by Ram Rai}}
{{Infobox religious group|group=Ramraiya {{Small|ਰਾਮਰਾਈਆ}}|founder=[[Ram Rai]]|religions=[[Sikhism]]|image=Painting of a Ramraiya ascetic from a folio of a manuscript of the Silsilah-i-Jogiyan, ca.1800.jpg|image_caption=Painting of a Ramraiya ascetic of Varanasi from a folio of a manuscript of the ''Silsilah-i-Jogiyan'', ca.1800|regions=[[Punjab]] • [[Uttarakhand]] ([[Dehradun]])|scriptures=|languages=[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

'''Ramraiyas''' (Gurmukhi: ਰਾਮਰਾਈਆ; ''rāmarā'ī'ā''), also referred to as ''Ram Raiyas'', are a [[Sects of Sikhism|Sikh sect]] that follow [[Baba Ram Rai|Ram Rai]], the excommunicated eldest son of [[Guru Har Rai]] (1630–61).<ref name=":0">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ram-Raiyas "Rām Rāiyā"], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> The sect was syncretic, combining [[Sikhism|Sikh]], [[Indo-Persian culture|Mughal]], and [[Pahari culture|Pahari]] traditions.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Ohri |first=Lokesh |title=Performance Traditions at the Jhanda Saheb Ramlila |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/performance-traditions-the-jhanda-saheb-ramlila |access-date=21 November 2025 |website=Sahapedia}}</ref> It was part of the larger [[Udasi]] sect, being classified as a ''udaseen parampara''.<ref name=":4" /> The followers of Ram Rai are found across [[North India]].<ref name=":4" /> Its principal centre is the [[Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib|Guru Ram Rai Darbar complex]] in [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]].

== History ==

=== Ram Rai ===
[[File:Guru Nanak’s Temple, Dehradun, India.jpg|thumb|Ramraiya sect gurdwara at Dehradun, India, c. 1857-1858, printed 1859]]
Ram Rai was sent by his father as an emissary to the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in Delhi. Aurangzeb objected to a verse in the Sikh scripture (''[[Asa di Var|Asa ki Var]]'') that stated, "the clay from a Musalman's grave is kneaded into potter's lump", considering it an insult to Islam. Baba Ram Rai explained that the text was miscopied and modified it, substituting "Musalman" with "Beiman" (faithless, evil) which Aurangzeb approved.<ref name="eosramrai">[https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r/page/n477 Ram Rai], Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor in Chief: Harbans Singh, Punjab University</ref><ref name="McLeod2014p260" /><ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Harinder |date=8 March 2017 |title=The Next Panjab Kaur |url=https://sikhri.org/articles/the-next-panjab-kaur |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Sikh Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> The willingness to change a word led Guru Har Rai to bar his son from his presence, and name his younger son as his successor. Aurangzeb responded by granting Ram Rai a ''[[jagir]]'' (fief) in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]] ([[Uttarakhand]]). The area of modern Dehradun was under the rule of King [[Fateh Shah]] of [[Garhwal Kingdom]], who had been commanded by Aurangzeb to facilitate Ram Rai and establish himself in the wilds of the valley, where he established his ''[[Durbar (court)|Durbar]]'' in 1676, with the work on the building finally being completed by his widow, Panjab Kaur, in 1699.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 May 2022 |title=Guru Ram Rai Gets a Historian |url=https://garhwalpost.in/guru-ram-rai-gets-a-historian/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Garhwal Post |language=en}}</ref> The town later came to be known as [[Dehradun#Etymology|Dehradun]], after ''[[Dera (organization)|Dehra]]'', referring to Baba Ram Rai's shrine.<ref name="McLeod2014p260">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=260–261}}</ref>

Ram Rai was connected to the earlier [[Udasi]] sect, being described as an "udaseen [[fakir]]".<ref name=":4" /> As per one narration, Ram Rai became an ''udaseen'' ("dissatisfied one") after being ex-communicated by his father, Guru Har Rai. Ram Rai is believed to have performed seventy-two miracles while he was in Delhi, including conjuring a three-legged goat.<ref name=":4" /> As per the ''Mahima Prakash'' (1776), Aurangzeb was impressed by Ram Rai's mystic powers and bestowed him with the title of ''qamil fakir'' and granted him the village Khera-Chandrawal near Majnu-ka-Tila in Delhi.<ref name=":4" /> Ram Rai died in 1689 and the darbar was managed by his widow Panjab Kaur after his death.<ref name=":4" />

=== Mahants ===
Many followers of Ram Rai settled with Ram Rai, they followed Guru Nanak, but Sikhs have shunned them.<ref name=eosramrai/><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/490354/Ram-Raiyas Rām Rāiyā], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> They were one of the Panj Mel, the five reprobate groups that Sikhs are expected to shun with contempt. The other four are the [[Mina (Sikhism)|Minas]], the [[Masand]]s, the Dhirmalias, the Sir-gums (those Sikhs who accept [[Amrit Sanskar|Amrit baptism]] but subsequently cut their [[Kesh (Sikhism)|hair]]).<ref>{{cite book|author1=Arvind-Pal S. Mandair|author2=Christopher Shackle|author3=Gurharpal Singh|title=Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79ZcAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-84634-2|pages=36–37}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=SS Kohli |title=The Sikh and Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ED0syBKqafMC&pg=PA2 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers | year=1993 |pages= 2–3}}</ref>

After the death of Ram Rai, successive ''[[mahant]]s'' of the [[Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib|Dehradun Darbar]] became the leaders of the sect, who were worshiped by its followers.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} The mahants and their [[Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib|darbar]] were patrons of [[Hindustani classical music]] in the Gwalior ''[[gharana]]''.<ref name=":4" /> The ''[[Ramlila]]'' tradition was held, with its particular style being known as the Jhanda Bazaar Shivaji Samiti Ramlila of Dehra Dun.<ref name=":4" /> After the third mahant, all of the mahants were Garhwal locals. The later mahants (head-priests of the sect) would have the [[Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib|Darbar complex]] constructed and its walls were decorated with murals.<ref name=":4" /> The constructions around the main mausoleum of Ram Rai and his wives were put-up by the mahants, which included samadhis (cenotaphs) of the mahant leaders of the sect.<ref name=":4" /> These were built as per [[Sikh architecture]].<ref name=":4" /> The Jhanda Darwaza was finished in the 1880's, with its murals being mostly painted by Tulsi Ram (1881–1950, also known as Phattu Sah) likely between ca.1885–1896 during the tenure of Mahant Prayag Das.<ref name=":4" /> Tulsi Ram's brother, Kitchlu Sah, and their father, probably painted some of the murals as well.<ref name=":4" />

== Festivals ==
The Jhanda-Ka-Mela (Jhanda Fair) is held five-days after Holi, where the ''[[Nishan Sahib|nishan]]'' (symbol) is changed and a new one is installed at the gateway.<ref name=":4" />

== Leaders ==
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Name
{{Small|(Birth–Death)}}
!Portrait
!Leadership term
!Reference(s)
|-
|1.
|[[Ram Rai]]{{Small|(1645 – 1687)}}
|[[File:Mural depicting Ram Rai from the Bhai Bahlo Darwaza of the Darbar of Ram Rai in Dehradun, circa pre-1688.jpg|229x229px]]
|? – 1687
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Kamboj |first=B. P. |title=Early Wall Painting of Garhwal |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=9788173871399 |pages=26–29}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="5" |[[Mahant]]s
|-
|2.
|Aud Das{{Efn|According to the tradition of the Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib, Aud Das was the successor to Ram Rai. However, Henry George Walton in the ''British Garhwal: A Gazetteer'', regards Har Prasad as his immediate successor, ignoring Aud Das.|group=note}}
|[[File:Sin foto.svg|200x200px]]
|1687 – 1741
|<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Mahants & Gurus, Darbar Shri Guru Ram Rai Ji Maharaj - Dehradun |url=http://www.sgrrdarbar.org/shri-mahants.aspx |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=www.sgrrdarbar.org}}</ref>
|-
|3.
|Har Prasad
|[[File:Sin foto.svg|200x200px]]
|1741 – 1766
|<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|4.
|Har Sewak
|[[File:Sin foto.svg|200x200px]]
|1766 – 1818
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kamboj |first=B. P. |title=Early Wall Painting of Garhwal |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=9788173871399 |pages=130}}</ref>
|-
|5.
|Har Swaroop Das
|[[File:Sin foto.svg|200x200px]]
|1818 – 1842
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|6.
|Preetam Das
|[[File:Sin foto.svg|200x200px]]
|1842 – 1854
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|7.
|Narayan Das
|[[File:Mural of mahant Naraian Das (alt. spelt as Narayan Das) standing at a half-open door.jpg|271x271px]]
|1854 – 1885
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|8.
|Prayag Das
|[[File:Detail of a mural depicting mahant Prayag Das seated on a chair.jpg|234x234px]]
|1885 – 1896
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|9.
|Laxman Das
|[[File:Mural of the coronation of mahant Lakshman Das, the mahant is with dignitaries of the Dehradun Darbar.jpg|227x227px]]
|1896 – 1945
|<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Gopi Nath |title=Haqiqat bahida: 27-37 |publisher=Maharana Mewar Research Institute |year=1992 |series=Haqiqat bahida: H.H. Maharana Fateh Singhji, 24th Dec. 1884 to 24 May 1930 |pages=98}}</ref>
|-
|10.
|Indiresh Charan Das
{{Small|(14 November 1919 – 10 June 2000)}}
|[[File:Sin foto.svg|200x200px]]
|1945 – 2000
|<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandola |first=Anoop |title=In the Himalayan Nights: Tales from Two Continents |publisher=Savant Books and Publications |year=2012 |isbn=9780982998700 |pages=178}}</ref>
|-
|11.
|Davendra Das
|[[File:Sin foto.svg|200x200px]]
|2000 – present
|<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=5 April 2023 |title=Doon Sikh Welfare Society thanks Mahant Devendra Das |url=https://garhwalpost.in/doon-sikh-welfare-society-thanks-mahant-devendra-das/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Garhwal Post |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[Namdhari]]s
*[[Nirankari]]s
*[[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmala]]
*[[Sewapanthi]]s
*[[Radha Soami]]s
*[[Ramgharia]]
*[[Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikh groups and sects]]

List of songs recorded by Bombay Jayashri

2025-11-27T06:05:13Z

Shah am: added page for accuracy further and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{| class="infobox" style="width: 30em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+ List of songs recorded by [[Bombay Jayashri|Jayashri]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Bombay Jayashree in concert.jpg|thumb|[[Bombay Jayashri|Jayashri]] in a concert]]
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
!style="vertical-align: middle;"| Category
| style="background;text-align:center; font-size:8pt; width:60px;"| Songs
|- style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
; Tamil Film Songs
| {{center|70
}}
|- style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
; Telugu Film Songs
|{{center|30}}
|- style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
; Malayalam Film Songs
|{{center|14}}
|- style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
; Kannada Film Songs
|{{center|7}}
|- style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
; Hindi Film Songs
|{{center|7}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| '''Total'''
| colspan="2" width=50 {{won|124}}
|}

The following is the list of songs recorded by the popular carnatic vocalist [[Bombay Jayashri|Jayashri]] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Hindi]] movies.
Jayashri has sung several film songs for movies under music directors like [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[Ilayaraja]], [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Yuvan shankar raja]], [[Harris Jayaraj]], [[Dhina]], [[M. M. Keeravani]], [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], [[R. P. Patnaik]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] – [[Lesle Lewis (composer)|Lesle Lewis]], [[D. Imman]] and [[Srikanth Deva]]. She shot to fame after singing the classical duet song "Narumugaiye" for the film ''[[Iruvar]]'' along with [[Unni Krishnan]] and composed by [[A. R. Rahman]]. Her other playback career highlighting song was "Vaseegara" for the film ''[[Minnale]]'' in 2001, composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]]. This song was sung again by herself in the Telugu version of the film ([[Minnale|Cheli]]) also. She had given many hit songs with [[Harris Jayaraj]] in various languages. She has a mesmerising voice which makes all class of listeners to pay attention on her songs.<ref>[http://www.tfmpage.com/forum/27550.10.03.45.html "Discussion about Bombay Jayashri by various Tamil fans in tfmpage"]</ref> She has rendered her voice to popular actresses like [[Jyothika]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Asin]], [[Divya Spandana]], [[Rakshitha]], [[Reema Sen]], [[Madhoo]], Karthika, [[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]], [[Meera Jasmine]], [[Kajal Agarwal]], [[Kamalini Mukherjee]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Charmi]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]] and [[Silk Smitha]].

==Film discography==

===Tamil songs===
Source:<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/bombay-jayashree/filmography.html "Bombay Jayashri Filmography"]</ref>

She has worked with the music Maestro [[M.S. Viswanathan]] in a devotional album called "Arul tharum Abirami".

====1980s====
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
!Movie!! Song title !! Music director !! Co-singers
|-
| rowspan="4"|1983
! rowspan="4" |'''[[Sivakumar|''Thambathigal'']]'''
| "Vaada Kanna" || rowspan="4" |[[M. S. Viswanathan]] || rowspan="2"| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| "Oruvan Oruthi"
|-
| "Nenjai Kilappi" || rowspan="2"| Solo
|-
| "Maniyachu"
|-
|}

====1990s====
{|class="wikitable"
! Year<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140405091712/http://spicyonion.com/singer/bombay-jayashree-movies-list/ "Bombay Jayashri Tamil Songs"]}}</ref>
!Movie!! Song title !! Music director !! Co-singers
|-
| 1994
!'''[[Vietnam Colony (1994 film)|''Vietnam Colony'']]'''
| "Kaiyil Veenai Yendhum" ||[[Ilayaraja]] || Solo
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997
!'''''[[Iruvar]]'''''
| "Naramugaiye Naramugaiye" ||[[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Unni Krishnan]]
|-
!'''''[[Love Today (1997 film)|Love Today]]'''''
| "Yen Pennendru"(Duet) || [[Shiva]] || [[Mohammed Aslam]]
|-
| 1998
!'''[[Ilaiyaraaja|''Kanmani Oru Kavithai'']]'''
| "Raagam Azhaithu" ||[[Ilayaraja]] || Arun Mozhi, [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|}

====2000s====
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
!Movie!! Song title !! Music director !! Co-singers
|-
| rowspan="2"|2000
!'''''[[James Pandu]]'''''
| "Kannenna Minsarama" ||[[S. A. Rajkumar]] || [[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]]
|-
!'''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|''Bharathi'']]'''
| "Ninnai charan" ||[[Ilayaraja]] || rowspan="2"|Solo
|-
| rowspan="2"|2001
!'''''[[Minnale]]'''''
| "Vaseegara" || rowspan="2" |[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|-
!'''''[[Majunu]]'''''
| "Mudhal Kanave" ||[[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2002
! rowspan="2" |'''''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]'''''
| "Theenda Theenda[Duet]" || rowspan="2" |[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || [[Unni Krishnan]]
|-
| "Theenda Theenda[Solo]" || Solo
|-
| 2003
!'''''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]'''''
| "Ondra Renda" ||[[Harris Jayaraj]] ||Solo
|-
| rowspan="2"|2004
!'''[[Pudhukottaiyilirundhu Saravanan|''Pudhukottayilirundhu Saravanan'']]'''
| "Malargale" ||[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] ||Solo
|-
!'''[[Jana (film)|''Jana'']]'''
| "Thithi Thidave" ||[[Dhina]] ||Solo
|-
| rowspan="3"|2005
!'''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|''Ghajini'']]'''
| "Suttum Vizhi" || rowspan="2" |[[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[Sriram Parthasarathy]]
|-
!'''''[[Thotti Jaya]]'''''
| "Uyire En Uyire" ||[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
|-
!'''''[[Pon Megalai]]'''''
| "Unnai Thedum" ||[[Ilayaraja]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006
!'''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu|''Vettaiyadu Vilayadu'']]'''
| "Paartha Mudhal" ||Harris Jayaraj||[[Unni Menon]]
|-
!'''[[Nenjirukkum Varai (2006 film)|''Nenjirukkum Varai'']]'''
| "Pudichirukku Pudichirukku" ||[[Srikanth Deva]] || [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
| rowspan="4"|2007
!'''[[Polladhavan (2007 film)|''Pollathavan'']]'''
| "Minnalgal Koothadum" ||[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
!'''''[[Sringaram]]'''''
| "Yen Indha Mayamo" ||[[Lalgudi Jayaraman]] || rowspan="2"| Solo
|-
!'''''[[Karuppusamy Kuththagaithaarar]]'''''
| "Uppu kallu" ||[[Dhina]]
|-
!'''''[[Pachaikili Muthucharam]]'''''
| "Unakkul Naane" ||[[Harris Jayaraj]] || Chorus
|-
| rowspan="6"|2008
!'''''[[Uliyin Osai]]'''''
| "Abinayam Kaatugindra" ||[[Ilayaraja]] || [[Sudha Ragunathan]]
|-
!'''''[[Dhaam Dhoom]]'''''
| "Yaaro Manadile" ||[[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[Krish (singer)|Krish]]
|-
!'''''[[Laadam]]'''''
| "Siru Thoduthalile" ||[[Dharan (music director)|Dharan]] || [[Haricharan]]
|-
!'''[[Satyam (2008 film)|''Sathyam'']]'''
| "Chellame Chellame" ||[[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[Balram]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
|-
!'''[[Nepali (film)|''Nepali'']]'''
| "Priya Ithu Sitout" ||[[Srikanth Deva]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Savitha]]
|-
!'''[[Nenu Meeku Telusa?|''Ennai Theriyuma'']]'''
| "Enna Matramo" ||[[Achu (music director)|Achu]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| rowspan="7"|2009
!'''''[[Modhi Vilayadu]]'''''
| "Paadhi Kaadhal" ||[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Lesle Lewis (composer)|Lesle Lewis]] || [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
|-
!'''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|''Unnaipol Oruvan'']]'''
| "Nilai Varuma" ||[[Shruthi Hassan]] || [[Kamal Haasan]]
|-
!'''''[[Vedigundu Murugesan]]'''''
| "Neenda Thooram[Female Version]" ||[[Dhina]] || Solo
|-
! rowspan="2" |'''[[Vignesh (actor)|''Eesa'']]'''
| "Orumurai Nee Paarthal" || rowspan="2" |[[Haran]] || rowspan="2"| [[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
| "Orumurai Nee Paarthal 2"
|-
!'''''[[Anthony Yaar?]]'''''
| "Kana Ondru Kanden" ||[[Dhina]] || [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
!'''[[Renigunta (film)|''Renigunta'']]'''
| "Vizhigalile" ||[[Ganesh Raghavendra]] || Solo
|-
|}

====2010s====
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
!Movie!! Song title !! Music director !! Co-singers
|-
| rowspan="3"|2010
!'''''[[Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam]]'''''
|"Kanna Nee" ||[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] || Naveen Iyer, D. A. Srinivas
|-
!'''[[Thittakudi (film)|''Thittakudi'']]'''
| "Nenjukulle" || Selva Nambi || Selva Nambi
|-
!'''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|''Aayirathil Oruvan'']]'''
| "Pemmane" ||[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
|2011
!'''[[Ko (film)|''Ko'']]'''
| "Venpaniye" ||[[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[Sriram Parthasarathy]]
|-
| rowspan="8" |2012
!'''[[Life of Pi (film)|''Life of Pi'']]'''
| "Pi's Lullaby" ||[[Mychael Danna]] || Solo
|-
!'''''[[Thuppakki]]'''''
| "Vennilave" ||[[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
!'''''[[Maalai Pozhudhin Mayakathilaey]]'''''
| "Yen Uyire"(Unplugged) ||[[Achu Rajamani|Achu]] ||rowspan="2"| Solo
|-
!'''[[Dhina|''Soozhnilai'']]'''
| "Otrai Viralal" ||[[Dhina]]
|-
!'''''[[Vinmeengal]]'''''
| "Ariya Paruvathil" ||[[Jubin]] || [[Rahul Nambiar]]
|-
!'''''[[Eppadi Manasukkul Vanthai]]'''''
| "Muthangal" || A. J. Daniel || [[Unni Menon]], Jai Geetha
|-
!'''[[Dhina|''Ithanai Naalai Engirunthai'']]'''
| "Neeradinom" ||[[Dhina]] || Solo
|-
![[D. Imman|''Dhik Dhik'']]
|"Uyir Ezuthae"
|[[D. Imman]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2014
!'''[[Yaan (film)|''Yaan'']]'''
| "Nee Vandhu Ponadhu" || rowspan="2" |[[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Ramya NSK]]
|-
!'''''[[Nannbenda]]'''''
| "Oorellaam Unnai Kandu" ||[[Unni Krishnan]]
|-
!'''[[Ninaivil Nindraval (2014 film)|''Ninaivil Nindraval'']]'''
| "Kalvane En Kalvane" ||[[D. Imman]] || Sricharan
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016
!'''[[Theri (film)|''Theri'']]'''
| "Thaimai" ||[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] || rowspan="2"| Solo
|-
!'''''[[Veera Sivaji]]'''''
| "Thavazhnthidum Thangapoove" ||[[D. Imman]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2017
!'''''[[Vanamagan]]'''''
| "Yemma Yea Alagamma" ||[[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[Haricharan]]
|-
!'''[[Indrajith (2017 film)|''Indrajith'']]'''
| "Semparuthi" || KP || Solo
|-
| rowspan="5" |2019
!''[[Sarvam Thaala Mayam]]''
|"Maakela Vicharamu"
|[[Tyagaraja]] (Recreated by [[A. R. Rahman]])
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]''
|"Poi Vavaraa"
| rowspan="2" |[[Darbuka Siva]]
|
|-
|"Hey Nijame"
|
|-
![[Mamangam (2019 film)|''Mamangam'']]
|"Lullaby"
|[[M. Jayachandran]]
|
|-
!''[[Dhanusu Raasi Neyargale]]''
|"Murada Murada"
|[[Ghibran]]
|-
|}

==== 2020s ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer(s)
!Co-artist(s)
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
!''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]''
|"Kanna Thoodhu"
|[[Govind Vasantha]]
|
|-
!''[[Paava Kadhaigal]]''
|"Kanne Naan Un"
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
!''[[Netrikann]]''
|"Idhuvum Kadandhu" (Reprise)
|[[Girishh G.|Girishh Gopalakrishnan]]
|
|-
!''[[Mudhal Nee Mudivum Nee]]''
|"Nee Koadugal"
|[[Darbuka Siva]]
|
|-
!''[[Enna Solla Pogirai]]''
|"Aasai"(Reprise)
|[[Vivek–Mervin]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
!''[[Hey Sinamika]]''
|"Yasissaikka"
|[[Govind Vasantha]]
|
|-
!''[[The Legend (2022 film)|The Legend]]''
|"Maayakaari"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Unni Menon]]
|-
!''[[Veetla Vishesham]]''
|"Family Paattu"
|[[Girishh G.|Girish Gopalakrishnan]]
|Ramnath, Jairam Balasubramaniam
|-
|2024
!''Kannagi''
|"Mother's Lullaby"
|[[Shaan Rahman]]
|
|}

===Telugu songs===
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
!Movie!! Song title !! Music director !! Co-singers
|-
| 1997
!''' [[Iruvar|''Iddaru'']]'''
| "Sasivadane" ||[[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Unni Krishnan]]
|-
|1998
!'''''Priyuralu'''''
|"Raani Lalitha Priyanaadham"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|mano]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2001
!'''[[Minnale|''Cheli'']]'''
| "Manohara"
| rowspan="2" |[[Harris Jayaraj]]||
|-
!'''''[[Majunu]]'''''
| "Tholivalapaa"
|[[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
| 2002
!''' ''[[Sreeram]]'''''
| "Tiya Tiyani Kalalanu" ||[[R. P. Patnaik]] || rowspan="3"|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2004
! rowspan="3" |'''''[[Morning Raga]]'''''
| "Mahaganapatim" || rowspan="3" |[[Mani Sharma]]/Amit Heri
|-
| "Mahaganapatim Jam"
|-
| "Jagada Dharana"(Kannada) ||[[Nandini Srikar]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2005
!''' [[Ghajini (2005 film)|''Ghajini'']] '''
| "Hrudayam Ekkadunnadi"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
!''[[Premikulu]]''
| "Aamani Koyilanai" || Sajan Madhav || rowspan="3"| Solo
|-
| rowspan="5" |2006
! rowspan="2" |''' ''[[Amma Cheppindi]]'' '''
| "Evaere Maina Anani" || rowspan="2" |[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
| "Yentho Dooram"(Bit Version)
|-
!'''[[Thotti Jaya|''Jalakanta'']]'''
| "Ulike O Chilake"
| rowspan="3" |[[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |'''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu|''Raghavan'']]'''
| "Banam Vesade" (Audio Version) || rowspan="2" |[[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
|"Maya Modalaye"(Film Version)
|-
| rowspan="3"|2008
!'''[[Laadam|''16 Days'']]'''
| "Anti Pettukundhuna" ||[[Dharan (music director)|Dharan]] || [[Haricharan]]
|-
!'''[[Nenu Meeku Telusa?|''Nenu Meeku Telusa'']]'''
| "Enduko Madi" ||[[Achu (music director)|Achu]] || [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]]
|-
!'''[[Satyam (2008 film)|''Salute'']]'''
| "Muddula Muddula" ||[[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[Balram]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
|-
| 2009
!'''[[Eenadu (2009 film)|''Eeenadu'']]'''
| "Eenaadu Ee Samaram" ||[[Shruthi Hassan]] || [[Kamal Haasan]]
|-
| 2011
!'''[[Ko (film)|''Rangam'']]'''
| "Ee Manchullo"
| rowspan="2" |[[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[Sriram Parthasarathy]]
|-
| 2012
!'''''[[Thuppakki]]'''''
| "Vennelave" ||[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
| 2013
!'''''Intinta Annamayya'''''
| "Kamalaasana" ||[[M. M. Keeravani]] ||
|-
| 2015
!'''[[Yaan (film)|''Nene'']]'''
| "Ninninka Chudavu" ||[[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Ramya NSK]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
!'''''Drushya Kavyam'''''
|"Naanati Bratuku Natakamu"
|Pranam kamalakr
|
|-
!'''[[Theri (film)|''Policeodu'']]'''
|"Neela Kannula"
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
! rowspan="2" |'''''[[Saakshyam]]'''''
|"Shivam Shivam"
| rowspan="2" |Harshavardhan Rameshwar
|
|-
|"Thatra Ganda"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
!''[[Sarvam Thaala Mayam]]''
|"Maakelara Vichaaramu"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|-
!''[[Dear Comrade]]''
|"O Kalala Kathala"(Reprise)
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|[[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
![[Mamangam (2019 film)|''Mamangam'']]
|"Laali Paata"
|[[M. Jayachandran]]
|
|-
|2022
!''[[Masooda]]''
|"Daachi Daachi"(Female)
|[[Prashanth R Vihari]]
|
|}

===Kannada Songs===
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
!Movie!! Song title !! Music director !! Co-singers
|-
| 2003
!'''[[Excuse Me (2003 film)|''Excuse Me'']] '''
| "Preethse Antha Prana" ||[[R. P. Patnaik]] || Solo
|-
| 2005
!'''''[[Deadly Soma]]'''''
| "Usire Usire" ||[[Sadhu Kokila]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| 2006
!'''''[[Jothe Jotheyali]]'''''
| "Summane Summane" ||[[V. Harikrishna|Harikrishna]] || rowspan="3"|Solo
|-
| 2007
!'''''Right Adhre'''''
| "Manaseega Maathanna" || Neel
|-
| rowspan="2"|2009
!'''''[[Meghave Meghave]]'' '''
| "Huduga Huduga" ||[[V. Harikrishna|Harikrishna]]
|-
!''' [[Karanji (film)|''Karanji'']]'''
| "Ee Thampu Gali" || Veer Samarth || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Fayaz Khan, Kushala
|-
| 2010
!''Janani''
| "Suvvali Suvvalali" ||[[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] || [[Unni Krishnan]]
|-
|}

===Malayalam Songs===
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
!Movie!! Song title !! Music director !! Co-singers
|-
| rowspan="3"|1992
! rowspan="3" |'''''Kudumbasametham'''''
| "Kamalambike" || rowspan="3" |[[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]|| rowspan="2"|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| "Paahimaam"
|-
| "Jagadaananda" || [[Neyveli Santhanagopalan]], Sreemathi Bindra, Sreemathi Soundaram Krishnan
|-
| 1993
!'''''[[Paithrukam]]'''''
| "Neelanjanapoovin" ||[[S.P.Venkitesh]]|| rowspan="11" |Solo
|-
| 2002
!'''''[[Mitr, My Friend]]'''''
| "Kuzhaloothi Manamellam" ||[[Bhavatharini]]
|-
| 2005
!'''''[[Daivanamathil]]'''''
| "Tanha Tanha" ||[[Pravin Mani]]
|-
| 2007
!''' ''[[Ore Kadal]]'''''
| "Pranaya Sandhya Oru" ||[[Ousepachan]]
|-
| 2011
!'''[[Indian Rupee (film)|''Indian Rupee'']]'''
| "Vaishnav Jan To" ||[[Shahabaz Aman]]
|-
| 2014
!'''''[[Peruchazhi]]'''''
| "Enthu Cheyyan" || Arrora
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2016
! rowspan="2" |'''[[Kambhoji (film)|''Kambhoji'']]'''
| "Anguli Sparsham" || rowspan="2" |[[M. Jayachandran]]
|-
| "Irakkam Varaamal"
|-
|2018
!'''[[Neeli (2018 film)|''Neeli'']]'''
|"En Anpe"
|Sharreth Vasudevan
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
!''[[Kolaambi]]''
|"Ororo Novin"
|[[Ramesh Narayan]]
|-
![[Mamangam (2019 film)|''Mamangam'']]
|"Lullaby"
|[[M. Jayachandran]]
|-
|2021
!''Backpackers''
|"Omanathinkal Kidavo"
|Sachin Shankor Mannath
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
!''[[Oruthee]]''
|"Kannuneeraal Avil Ketty"
|[[Gopi Sundar]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Lalitham Sundaram]]''
|"Nerthu Veena Manjilundaam"
| rowspan="2" |[[Bijibal]]
|
|-
|"Melle Thodanu Narumanam"
|
|-
|}

===Hindi songs===
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
!Movie!! Song title !! Music director !! Co-singers
|-
| 2001
!'''''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein]]'''''
|"Zara Zara" ||[[Harris Jayaraj]]|| rowspan="2" |Solo
|-
| 2004
!'''''[[Phir Milenge (2004 film)|Phir Milenge]]'''''
| "Khul Ke Muskurale" ||[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
|-
| 2006
!'''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu|''The Smart Hunt'']]'''
| "Pyar Hota Ayaeka" || rowspan="2" |[[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
| 2011
!'''[[Force (2011 film)|''Force'']]'''
| "Chahoon Bhi toh" ||[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015
! rowspan="2" |'''''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'''''
| "Mamta Se Bhari" || rowspan="2" |[[M. M. Keeravani]] || Solo
|-
| "Swapn Sunehere" ||Swetha Raj
|-
|2019
![[Mamangam (2019 film)|''Mamangam'']]
|"Lullaby"
|[[M. Jayachandran]]
|
|-
|}

===Lyricist===
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
!Movie!! Song title !! Music director !!
|-
|2024
![[Varshangalkku Shesham]]
|"Nyabagam"
|Amrit Ramnath
|-
|}

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1425113|Bombay Jayashri}}
* [https://bombayjayashri.com Singer & Composer {{!}} Bombay Jayashri]

[[Category:Lists of songs recorded by Indian singers|Jayashri, Bombay]]

Mughal artillery

2025-11-24T10:20:03Z

Shah am: brief refined references per sources and fixed typos per standard format

{{Short description|Artillery used by the Mughal empire}}
{{Cannon}}

'''Mughal artillery''' included a variety of cannons, rockets, and mines employed by the [[Mughal Empire]]. This gunpowder technology played an important role in the formation and expansion of the empire. In the opening lines of [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazl's]] famous text [[Ain-i-Akbari]], he claims that "except for the Mediterranean/Ottoman territories (Rumistan), in no other place was gunpowder artillery available in such abundance as in the Mughal Empire."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Iqtidar Alam |date=2009 |title=Nature of Gunpowder Artillery in India during the Sixteenth Century – a Reappraisal of the Impact of European Gunnery |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/nature-of-gunpowder-artillery-in-india-during-the-sixteenth-century-a-reappraisal-of-the-impact-of-european-gunnery/9B7DF92AA239AA30904D1713B3A92FAD |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=27–34 |doi=10.1017/S1356186300015911 |via=Cambridge Core|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Thereby subtly referring to the superiority of the empire's artillery<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Athar Ali |first=M |date=1971 |title=Presidential Address |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145330 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |publisher=Indian History Congress |volume=33 |pages=175–188 |jstor=44145330 }}</ref> over the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]] and [[Shaybanids|Shaibanids]]. During the reign of the first three Timurid rulers of India—[[Babur]], [[Humayun]], and [[Akbar]]—gunpowder artillery had "emerged as an important equipage of war, contributing significantly to the establishment of a highly centralized state structure under Akbar and to the consolidation of Mughal rule in conquered territories."<ref name=":0" />

==History==
[[File:1526-First Battle of Panipat-Ibrahim Lodhi and Babur.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Battle of Panipat<ref>{{cite web|last=unknown |url=http://warfare.uphero.com/Moghul/Baburnama/1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.htm |title=1526, First Battle of Panipat, Ibrahim Lodhi and Babur |date=1590s |work=Baburnama}}</ref>]]
Artillery was not widely employed in Central Asia prior to the 16th century, despite Chinese mortars having been known to the Mongols hundreds of years earlier. Even some use of cannon at [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] by the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] [[Husayn Bayqarah|Sultan Husayn Mirza]] in 1496 did not lead to a substantial military role for artillery in India,<ref name="Adle2004"/> nor did the presence of Portuguese ship's cannon at the 1509 [[Battle of Diu (1509)|Battle of Diu]].<ref name="Grant2010"/> However, following the decisive [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] victory over the [[Safavid Empire]] at the 1514 [[Battle of Chaldiran]], [[Babur]] incorporated artillery and Ottoman artillery tactics into his military.<ref name="Adle2004"/> Although authorities disagree about how many cannons he brought to India,<ref name="Barua2005"/> Babur's artillery played a "key role" in the establishment of the Mughal Empire.<ref name="Kinard2007"/> In 1526, the [[Battle of Panipat (1526)|First Battle of Panipat]] saw the introduction of massed artillery tactics to Indian warfare.<ref name="Barua2005"/> Under the guidance of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] gun master<ref name="Adle2004"/> [[Ustad Ali Quli]], Babur deployed cannons behind a screening row of carts. Enemy commander [[Ibrahim Lodi]] was provoked into a frontal attack against Babur's position, allowing him to make ideal use of his firepower.<ref name="Archer2002"/><ref name="Singh2011"/> This tactic also panicked Lodi's elephant cavalry, beginning the end of elephant warfare as a dominant offensive strategy in India.<ref name="Barua2005"/> These new weapons and tactics were even more important<ref name="Archer2002"/> against the more formidable army faced in the [[Battle of Khanwa]] the following year.<ref name="Barua2005"/>

[[File:Portable Cannon.jpg|thumb|Portable Cannon]]

Artillery remained an important part of the Mughal military, in both field deployment and incorporation into defensive forts. However, transportation of the extremely heavy guns remained problematic,<ref name="Archer2002"/> even as weapon technology improved during the reign of [[Akbar]].<ref name="Gommans2002"/> In 1582, [[Fathullah Shirazi]], a [[Persian people|Persian]]-[[History of India|Indian]] Mughal officer, developed a seventeen-barrelled cannon, fired with a [[matchlock]].<ref>{{citation |title=Science and technology in early modern Islam, c.1450-c.1850 |first=William Gervase |last=Clarence-Smith |url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/economicHistory/GEHN/GEHNPDF/ScienceandTechnology-WGCS.pdf |publisher=Global economic history network, [[London School of Economics]] |page=7 }}</ref> Shirazi also invented an anti-infantry [[volley gun]] with multiple [[gun barrel]]s similar to a [[hand cannon]].<ref name="Autocannon">{{Citation|first=A. K.|last=Bag|year=2005|title=Fathullah Shirazi: Cannon, Multi-barrel Gun and Yarghu|publisher=Indian Journal of History of Science|pages=431–436|postscript=.}}</ref>

Later emperors paid less attention to the technical aspects of artillery, allowing the Mughal Empire to gradually fall behind in weapon technology,<ref name="Richards1996"/> although the degree to which this decline affected military operations is debated.<ref name="Gommans2002"/> Under [[Aurangzeb]], the Mughal technology remained superior to that of the breakaway [[Maratha Empire]],<ref name="Barua2005"/> but traditional Mughal artillery tactics were difficult to employ against Maratha guerrilla raids.<ref name="Chaurasia2011"/> In 1652 and 1653, during the [[Mughal–Safavid War (1649–1653)|Mughal–Safavid War]], prince [[Dara Shikoh]] was able to move light artillery through the [[Bolan Pass]] to assist in the siege of [[Qandahar]].<ref name="Gommans2002"/> But problems with the accuracy and reliability of the weapons,<ref name="Richards1996"/> as well as the inherent defensive strengths of the fort,<ref name="Chandra2000"/> failed to produce a victory. By the 18th century, the obsolete bronze guns of the declining empire were unable to compete with newer cast-iron weapons,<ref name="Gommans2002"/> and performed poorly against forces that employed them, such as [[Jean Law de Lauriston]]'s French troops.<ref name="Regani1988"/>

==Weaponry==
[[File:Yarghu.jpg|thumb|"Yarghu": machine for cleaning gun barrels]]
Archaeological research has recovered guns made of [[bronze]] from [[Kozhikode]], dating from 1504, and [[Diu, India]] which dates from 1533.<ref name="Partington226">{{cite book |last=Partington |first=James Riddick |title=A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekfi00part/page/226 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekfi00part/page/226 226] |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1960 |place=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-5954-0 |author-link=J. R. Partington}}</ref>

Mughal [[cannon]] making skills advanced during the 17th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=Modern World System and Indian Proto-industrialization: Bengal 1650–1800 |volume=1 |first=Abhay Kumar |last=Singh |pages=351–352 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |location=New Delhi |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-7211-201-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwNUblS-jpwC&pg=PA351 |access-date=30 September 2012}}</ref> One of the most impressive Mughal cannons is known as the Zafarbaksh, which is a very rare composite cannon, the production of which required skills in both wrought-iron forge welding and [[bronze]]-casting technologies as well as in-depth knowledge of the qualities of both metals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balasubramaniam |first1=R. |last2=Chattopadhyay |first2=Pranab K. |year=2007 |title=''Zafarbaksh'' – The Composite Mughal Cannon of Aurangzeb at Fort William in Kolkata |url=http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol42_2_5_RBalasubramaniam.pdf |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=42 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081939/http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol42_2_5_RBalasubramaniam.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> Some devices to support the maintenance of these cannons also developed, such as a machine invented by the Mughal officer [[Fathullah Shirazi]] known as the ''"Yarghu"'' which could clean sixteen gun barrels simultaneously and was operated by a cow.<ref name="FS">{{Cite book |last1=Alvi |first1=M.A. |last2=Rahman |first2=Abdur |title=Fathullah Shirazi: A Sixteenth Century Indian Scientist |publisher=National Institute of Sciences of India |year=1968 |location=New Delhi |language=en}}</ref> Shirazi also developed an early multi-gun shot. Similar to the [[polybolos]] and [[repeating crossbow]]s which were used in [[ancient Greece]] and China respectively, Shirazi's rapid-firing [[hand cannon]] had multiple [[gun barrel]]s that fired gunpowder, akin to a [[volley gun]].<ref name="Fathullah Shirazi">{{Cite journal |last=Bag |first=A.K. |year=2005 |title=Fathullah Shirazi: Cannon, Multi-barrel Gun and Yarghu |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=431–436 |issn=0019-5235}}</ref>

The ''Ibrahim Rauza'' was a famed cannon which was well known for its multiple barrels.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDRbAAAAQAAJ |title=Bombay and western India: a series of stray papers |volume=2 |first=James |last=Douglas |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston & Company |year=1893}}</ref> [[François Bernier]], the personal physician to Aurangzeb, observed Mughal gun-carriages each drawn by two horses, an improvement over the bullock-drawn gun-carriages used elsewhere in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Iqtidar Alam |editor-last=Buchanan |editor-first=Brenda J. |chapter=The Indian Response to Firearms, 1300–1750 |title=Gunpowder, Explosives And the State: A Technological History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7n6Cg9znFrUC&pg=PA59 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2006 |page=59 |isbn=978-0-7546-5259-5}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Daulatabad fort N-MH-A50-3.JPG|Daulatabad cannon
File:Kalak Bangadi,Janjira Fort.jpg|Kalak Bangadi cannon.
File:Daulatabad cannon1.jpg|One of the Daulatabad cannons
File:Kilkila cannon.jpg|Kilkila cannon
File:Aurangabad - Daulatabad Fort (69).JPG|Aurangabad cannon
</gallery>

The Mughal military employed a broad array of gunpowder weapons larger than personal firearms, from rockets and mobile guns to an enormous cannon, over {{convert|14|ft|m|abbr=on}}, once described as the "largest piece of ordnance in the world."<ref name="Irvine1903"/> This array of weapons was divided into heavy and light artillery.<ref name="Gommans2002"/><ref name="Irvine1903"/><ref name=":0" /> According to [[historian]] [[Irfan Habib]], one cannot "estimate the amount of metal used in the artillery of the Mughal army, or the amount of gunpowder it consumed, but in view of the numbers employed in the artillery (over 40,000 men), it is certain that at any time some tens of thousands of matchlocks (surely not less than 25,000, on these numbers) must have been in use; and we know that excessively heavy cannon were much favored in India."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Habib |first=Irfan |date=2011 |title=Potentialities of Capitalistic Development in the Economy of Mughal India |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/abs/potentialities-of-capitalistic-development-in-the-economy-of-mughal-india/1817BC3259C3D46D38D4579E3D3950FE |journal=The Journal of Economic History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=32–78 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700097825 |via=Cambridge Core|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[File:Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during the attack on Ranthambhor Fort.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort<ref>{{cite web |last=Unknown |url=http://warfare2.likamva.in/Moghul/Akbar/1568-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.htm |title=Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort |date=1590–95 |work=the Akbarnama |access-date=2014-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519132308/http://warfare2.likamva.in/Moghul/Akbar/1568-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.htm |archive-date=2014-05-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]

===Heavy artillery===
Extremely heavy artillery was an important part of the Mughal military, especially under its early emperors.

Emperor Babur reportedly deployed guns capable of firing cannonballs weighing between {{convert|225|and|315|lb|kg|abbr=on}} during a 1527 siege, and had previously employed a cannon capable of firing a {{convert|540|lb|kg|abbr=on}} stone ball. [[Humayun]] did not field such massive artillery at the [[Battle of Kannauj]] in 1540, but still had heavy cannons capable of firing 46 pound lead balls at a distance of one ''[[farsakh]]''.<ref name="Schimmel2004"/> These large weapons were often given heroic names, such as Tiger Mouth (''Sher Dahan''), Lord Champion (''Ghazi Khan''), or Conqueror of the Army (''Fath-i-Lashkar''),<ref name="Irvine1903"/><ref name="Mason1974"/> and inscriptions, sometimes in verse. They were not only considered weapons, but real works of art.<ref name="Schimmel2004"/>

These heavy artillery pieces were not easy to move. Rugged passes and water crossings were insurmountable barriers,<ref name="Irvine1903"/> and even when they could be moved, it was a slow process requiring sixteen<ref name="Schimmel2004"/> or twenty oxen for relatively moderate cannons such as Humayun's. [[Muhammad Azam Shah]] was forced to abandon his heavy artillery en route to the [[Battle of Jajau]].<ref name="Irvine1903"/> The largest such weapons, such as [[Muhammad Shah]]'s "Fort Opener", required a team of "four elephants and thousands of oxen" and only rarely reached their siege targets.<ref name="Smith2012"/>

Other heavy artillery used by the Mughals were ''Wökhul''<ref>{{harvtxt|James Prinsep |year=2007|volume= 65 part 1 |2007|p=294}}</ref> ([[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]]).<ref name="Gommans2002"/><ref name="Irvine1903"/> The largest recorded Mughal mortar was designed by Shirazi, which when used during the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|Siege of Chittorgarh]] were capable firing a cannonball as heavy as 3,000 lbs.<ref name="Masters of Warfare Fifty Underrated Military Commanders from Classical Antiquity to the Cold War; Pinzelli; Akbar">{{cite book |author1=Eric G. L. Pinzelli |title=Masters of Warfare Fifty Underrated Military Commanders from Classical Antiquity to the Cold War |date=2022 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |isbn=9781399070157 |pages=140–142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W62ZEAAAQBAJ |access-date=14 April 2024 |language=En}}</ref> Mines were also deployed by sappers against fortress walls.<ref name="Irvine1903"/> Although these weapons had noticeable successes, such as the victory at the Siege of Chittorgarh in 1567, their preparation and deployment came at the cost of substantial Mughal losses.<ref name="Schimmel2004"/><ref>{{cite book |author1=Asiatic Society, Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Kolkata, India|title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 65, Part 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hOnRAAAAMAAJ|date=2007 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |isbn=978-9693519242 |page=294 |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref> Another recorded usage of mortars also occurred in 1659 during the conflict between Aurangzeb against his brother, [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=James Prinsep |editor1-last=Sarkar |editor1-first=Jadunath |editor1-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (first published in 1896) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WHf7oZgguEC |year=2007|volume= 65 part 1 |publisher=Asiatic Society, Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Kolkata, India |isbn=978-9693519242 |page=187 |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=William Irvine |editor1-last=Sarkar |editor1-first=Jadunath |editor1-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=Later Mughals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOk2AQAAMAAJ |year=2007|series= Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |publisher=Asiatic Society, Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Kolkata, India |isbn=978-9693519242 |page=199 |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref>

The Mughals artillery corps employed hand [[grenade|grenades]]<ref name="Irvine1903">{{cite book |author=Irvine W. |author-link=William Irvine (historian) |title=The Army Of The Indian Moghuls: Its Organization And Administration |url=https://archive.org/details/armyofindianmogh00irvirich |publisher=Luzac |year=1903 |pages=113–159}}</ref> and [[rocket artillery]].<ref name="The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-1605" />{{rp|48}}<ref name="Throwing Fire Projectile Technology Through History" />{{rp|133}} Under [[Akbar]]'s reign, Mughal [[rockets]] began to use [[metal]] casing, which made them more weatherproof and allowed a larger amount of gunpowder, increasing their destructive power.<ref name="The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-1605" />{{rp|48}} Mughal ''ban'' [[iron]] rockets were described by European visitors, including [[François Bernier]] who witnessed the 1658 [[Battle of Samugarh]] fought between brothers [[Aurangzeb]] and [[Dara Shikoh]].<ref name="Throwing Fire Projectile Technology Through History" />{{rp|133}} Mughal rockets are considered a predecessor to the [[Mysorean rockets]] later employed by [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] in the 18th century.

By the 17th century, Indians were manufacturing a diverse variety of firearms; large guns in particular became visible in [[Tanjore]], [[Dacca]], [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] and [[Murshidabad]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Partington |first=James Riddick |title=A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekfi00part/page/225 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekfi00part/page/225 225] |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1960 |place=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-5954-0}}</ref>

{{clear|left}}

===Light artillery===
[[File:Reminiscences of Imperial Delhi Camel Artillery Man.PNG|thumb|Camel-mounted swivel gun (''zamburak'')]]
Mughal light artillery, also known as artillery of the stirrup,<ref name="Gommans2002"/><ref name="Chandra2000"/> consisted of a variety of smaller weapons. Animal-borne [[swivel guns]] saw widespread use in several forms.<ref name="Richards1996"/> Elephants carried two pieces of "elephant barrel" (''gajnal'' and ''hathnal'') artillery and two soldiers to fire them. The elephants served only to transport the weapons and their crew and they dismounted before firing. "Camel guns" (''shutarnal'' or ''[[zamburak]]'') and "swivel guns" on the other hand were carried on camel-back and were fired while mounted.''<ref name="Irvine1903" />'' Other light guns were mounted on wheeled carts, pulled by oxen<ref name="Irvine1903" /> or horses.<ref name="Grant2010" />

Mobile field artillery was a core part of the military power of the Mughal empire that distinguished Mughal troops from most of their enemies. A status symbol for the emperor, pieces of artillery would always accompany the Mughal emperor on his journeys through the empire. The main role of Mughal artillery in battle was to counter hostile [[war elephant]]s which were common in warfare on the Indian subcontinent. But although emperor [[Akbar]] personally designed gun carriages to improve the accuracy of his cannons, Mughal artillery was more effective at scaring the opponent's elephants off the battlefield. The ensuing chaos in the hostile ranks would enable the Mughal armies to defeat the enemy's troops.<ref name=Rothermund/>

[[Grenadier]]s and rocket-bearing soldiers were also considered part of the Mughal light artillery corps.<ref name="Irvine1903"/> The Mughal artillery corps employed rockets,<ref name="The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-1605">{{cite book |author1=Andrew de la Garza |title=The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500–1605 |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781317245315 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGERDAAAQBAJ |access-date=6 December 2023 |language=En}}</ref>{{rp|48}}<ref name="Throwing Fire Projectile Technology Through History">{{cite book |author1=Alfred W. Crosby |title=Throwing Fire Projectile Technology Through History |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521791588 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyFxldb2GJQC |access-date=6 December 2023 |language=En |format=Hardcover}}</ref>{{rp|133}} which are considered to be the predecessor of [[Mysorean rockets]] that employed by [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]]<ref>"{{cite book |author1=Will Slatyer |title=The Life/Death Rhythms of Capitalist Regimes – Debt Before Dishonour Timetable of World Dominance 1400–2100 |date=2015 |publisher=Partridge Publishing Singapore |isbn=9781482829617 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tprrCQAAQBAJ |access-date=6 December 2023 |language=En |quote=rockets were upgraded versions of Mughal rockets utilised during the Siege of Jinji by the progeny of the Nawab of Arcot}}</ref> Despite packing a considerable punch on the battlefield, the rockets were quite lightweight and easy to transport, as it was recorded that a camel can carry up to 20 Mughal rockets.<ref name="The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-1605" /> During the reign of [[Akbar]], he ordered many rockets. It is recorded that he once ordered 16,000 rockets for a single garrison.<ref name="The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-1605" />

{{clear|both}}

==See also==
* [[Mughal weapons]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Adle2004">{{cite book |veditors=Adle C, Habib I, Baipakov KM |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in Contrast : from the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century |publisher=United Nations Educational |year=2004 |isbn=978-9231038761 |pages=474–475}}</ref>

<ref name="Archer2002">{{cite book |vauthors=Archer CI, Ferris JR, Herwig HH, ((Travers THE)) |title=World History of Warfare |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0803244238 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryofwa00arch/page/182 182–195] |url=https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryofwa00arch/page/182 }}</ref>

<ref name="Barua2005">{{cite book |author=Barua PP. |title=The State at War in South Asia |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0803213449}}</ref>

<ref name="Chandra2000">{{cite book |author=Chandra S. |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals, Volume 2 |edition=Revised |publisher=Har-Anand |year=2000 |page=228 |isbn=978-81-241-1066-9}}</ref>

<ref name="Chaurasia2011">{{cite book |author=Chaurasia RS. |title=History of Modern India: 1707 A.D. to 2000 A.D. |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |year=2011 |isbn=978-8126900855 |page=7}}</ref>

<ref name="Gommans2002">{{cite book |author=Gommans JJL. |title=Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500-1700 |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=978-0415239899}}</ref>

<ref name="Grant2010">{{cite book |author=Grant RG. |title=Warrior: A Visual History of the Fighting Man |publisher=DK Adult |year=2010 |isbn=978-0756665418 |pages=126–127}}</ref>

<ref name="Irvine1903">{{cite book |author=Irvine W. |author-link=William Irvine (historian) |title=The Army Of The Indian Moghuls: Its Organization And Administration |url=https://archive.org/details/armyofindianmogh00irvirich |publisher=Luzac |year=1903 |pages=113–159}}</ref>

<ref name="Kinard2007">{{cite book |author=Kinard J. |title=Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |isbn=978-1851095568 |pages=95–96}}</ref>

<ref name="Mason1974">{{cite book |author=Mason P. |title=A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, Its Officers and Men |publisher=Jonathan Cape Limited |year=1974 |isbn=978-0224009782 |page=47}}</ref>

<ref name="Regani1988">{{cite book |author=Ragani S. |title=Nizam-British Relations 1724–1857 |publisher=Concept Publishing |year=1988 |orig-year=1st. pub. 1963 |isbn=978-81-7022-195-1 |page=101}}</ref>

<ref name="Richards1996">{{cite book |author=Richard JF. |title=The Mughal Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0521566032 |pages=288–289}}</ref>

<ref name=Rothermund>{{cite magazine|title=Akbar 'Der Große' |trans-title=Akbar 'The Great' |language=de |magazine=[[Damals]] |first=Dietmar |last=Rothermund |author-link=Dietmar Rothermund |year=2014 |issue=1 |volume=46 |pages=24–29}}</ref>

<ref name="Schimmel2004">{{cite book |author=Schimmel A. |title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-1861891853 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/87 87–89] |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/87 }}</ref>

<ref name="Singh2011">{{cite book |author=Singh H. |title=Cannons Versus Elephants: The Battles of Panipat |publisher=Pentagon Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-8182745018}}</ref>

<ref name="Smith2012">{{cite book |vauthors=Smith BG, Van De Mieroop M, von Glahn R, Lane K |title=Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples |publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's |year=2012 |isbn=978-0312410179 |pages=627–628}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==

# Khan, Iqtidar Alam. (1991). "The Nature of Handguns in Mughal India: 16th and 17th Centuries." ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', ''52'', 378–389. {{JSTOR|44142632}}
# Khan, Iqtidar Alam. (2004). ''Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India.'' Delhi, Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0195665260}}
# Khan, Iqtidar Alam. (2005). "Gunpowder and Empire: Indian Case." ''Social Scientist'', ''33''(3/4), 54–65. {{JSTOR|3518112}}
# Nath, Pratyay. (2019). ''Climate of Conquest: War, Environment, and Empire in Mughal North India''. Delhi, Oxford University Press. {{doi|10.1093/oso/9780199495559.001.0001}}
# Roy, Kaushik. (2012). "Horses, guns and governments: A comparative study of the military transition in the Manchu, Mughal, Ottoman and Safavid empires, circa 1400 to circa 1750''." International Area Studies Review, 15(2), 99–121.'' {{doi|10.1177/2233865912447087}} Accessed here: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2233865912447087?journalCode=iasb
# {{cite book |author1=Francisco Bethencourt |author2=Cátia A.P. Antunes |author1-link=Francisco Bethencourt |title=Merchant Cultures A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800 |date=2022 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004506572 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mplcEAAAQBAJ |access-date=21 March 2024 |language=En}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline|Mughal artillery}}

[[Category:Indo-Persian weaponry]]
[[Category:Military of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Artillery of India]]
[[Category:Warfare of the early modern period]]

Saikawt

2025-10-28T15:09:21Z

Shah am: details...

{{Short description|Village in Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Saikawt
| native_name =
| other_name = Saikot
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.33140|N|93.72758|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1919
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2486.<ref>{{cite book |title="Saikot", District Census Handbook Churachandpur |date=2011 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations Manipur |page=36}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://churachandpur.nic.in/document/2011-census-documents-of-churachandpur/|title=2011 Census Documents of Churachandpur | Churachandpur District, Government of Manipur | India}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hmar language|Hmar]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 795143
| registration_plate = MN
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Saikawt''' ([[Anglicisation|anglicized]]: Saikot) is a [[Hmar people|Hmar]] village<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://churachandpur.nic.in/std-pin-codes/|title=STD & PIN Codes | Churachandpur District, Government of Manipur | India}}</ref> in [[Churachandpur district]], [[India]]. Saikawt is a [[Subdivision in India|Sub-division]] and a [[Block (district subdivision)|Block]] of [[churachandpur district]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://churachandpur.nic.in/administrative-setup/subdivision-blocks/|title=Subdivision & Blocks | Churachandpur District, Government of Manipur | India}}</ref>

== Miracle Plant of Saikot ==
The Miracle plant of Saikot<ref>{{cite web | title=Croton caudatus Geiseler | Species | url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/245857 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shantabi |first1=Longjam |title=Anticancer activity of an ehnomedicinal plant Croton caudatus Geiseler, Kam sabut in cultured HeLa cells |journal=Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology |date=2020 |volume=23 |page=5 |article-number=101500 |doi=10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101500}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Miracle' plant from Saikot : 11th jun08 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=1..110608.jun08 |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Guite |first1=Nemthianngai |chapter=Intellectual Property Rights in Indigenous Medicinal Knowledge: A Case of 'Saikot Cancer Medicine' in Manipur |title=Ethnomedicine and Tribal Healing Practices in India |series=People, Cultures and Societies: Exploring and Documenting Diversities |date=2023 |pages=265–276 |doi=10.1007/978-981-19-4286-0_17|isbn=978-981-19-4285-3 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Medicinal Plants {{!}} PDF {{!}} Plants {{!}} Botany |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/268464243/Medicinal-Plants |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> is a [[common name]] given to a shrub (''Croton caudatus''), which received notability for its 'healing' properties, particularly [[Cancer]], back in 2008. A purported 'founder' of the local 'medicine', Mr. Chawilien, resided in Saikawt (Saikot) hence giving the shrub its name. It is also locally known as 'Cancer Damdawi' (''[[Hmar language|Hmar]]'': Cancer Medicine), 'Chawilien Damdawi', 'Ranlung Damdawi'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Saikawt Phenomena |url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.EI.Robert_Baite.The_Saikawt_Phenomena |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Governance ==
Saikawt is governed by a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati raj]] system called 'Saikawt Village Authority' and is chaired by the village's chief. The current chief of the village is '''James Cole''', a [[Hmar people|Hmar]].

[[Saikot Assembly constituency]] is named after the village and its incumbent MLA is [[Paolienlal Haokip]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST OF POLLING STATION FOR 59-SAIKOT (ST) ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCY | Churachandpur District, Government of Manipur | India |url=https://churachandpur.nic.in/list-of-polling-station-for-59-saikot-st-assembly-constituency/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Constituencies | Churachandpur District, Government of Manipur | India |url=https://churachandpur.nic.in/administrative-setup/assembly-constituencies/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paolienlal Haokip(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SAIKOT (ST)(CHURACHANDPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/manipur2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=144 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Transport ==
[[Manipur]] state highway known as '[[Sugnu]] Road' traverses through Saikawt.<ref>{{Cite web |last=HYNews |title=Public settling Alongside Indo-Burma Sugnu, Chakpikarong Road Pleaded Government to Repair Dilapidated Road |url=https://hynews.in/article/state/public-settling-alongside-indo-burma-sugnu-chakpikarong-road-pleaded-government-to-repair-dilapidated-road/https%3A%2F%2Fhynews.in%2Farticle%2Fstate%2Fpublic-settling-alongside-indo-burma-sugnu-chakpikarong-road-pleaded-government-to-repair-dilapidated-road%2F3290 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=hynews.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold painted road between Churachandpur and Sugnu KhamLianLal Zou |url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.Gold_painted_road_between_Churachandpur_and_Sugnu_KhamLianLal_Zou |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref> The village is approximately 2.5 km from the district's HQ, [[Churachandpur]].

== Public Utility ==
Saikawt hosts an annual state-level football tournament, ''Hmar Martyrs' Trophy'', wherein its playground serves as the venue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hmar Martyrs Day observed |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/5/16/CCpur-May-16-32nd-Hmar-Martyrs-Day-was-observed-on-Monday-at-Saikot-playground-in-Churachandpur-di.html |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=Hmars observe Martyrs' Day |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2012/05/17/hmars-observe-martyrs-day/ |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-17 |title=Jaipong FC Lift Hmar Martyrs' Trophy - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/jaipong-fc-lift-hmar-martyrs-trophy/ |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KPA Saikul wins 7th Hmar Martyrs State Level Football tournament |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/sports/kpa-saikul-wins-7th-hmar-martyrs-state-level-football-tournament |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref> The village also has a Community Health Centre (CHC).<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Health Mission - Manipur |date=2013 |title=List of all CHCs & Pvt. Hospitals |url=https://nrhmmanipur.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Functional-Delivery-Point-KPI-2013-14-up-to-1st-QTR-Manipur.doc |website=nrhmmanipur.org}}</ref>

== Notable people ==

* [[T. N. Haokip]]
* [[Paolienlal Haokip]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Churachandpur district]]

{{Manipur-geo-stub}}

Shri Bhavnath railway station

2025-10-05T12:39:11Z

Shah am: stub

{{Short description|Railway station in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Shri Bhavnath railway station
| system = [[Indian Railways]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Bichhiwara]] Road, Ora Bara, [[Dungarpur district]], [[Rajasthan]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.814591|73.5854|display=inline}}
| line = [[Ahmedabad–Udaipur line]]
| other =
| elevation =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 1
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 1
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| opened = 1879
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SBHN
| zone = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Ajmer}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = North Western Railway
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=North Western Railway zone|left=Bechhiwara|right=Shalashah Thana|type=[[Ahmedabad–Udaipur Line]]}}
| map_locator =
}}

'''Shri Bhavnath railway station''' is a railway station on [[Ahmedabad–Udaipur Line]] under the [[Ajmer railway division]] of [[North Western Railway zone]]. This is situated beside [[Bichhiwara]] Road at Ora Bara in [[Dungarpur district]] of the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aryan|title=Shri Bhavnath Railway Station Map/Atlas NWR/North Western Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/shri-bhavnath-sbhn/9019|access-date=2021-08-10|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri Bhavnath Railway Station (SBHN) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/shri-bhavnath-sbhn-station|access-date=2021-08-10|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1879]]
[[Category:Ajmer railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Dungarpur district]]

Óscar Sonejee

2025-09-16T14:53:44Z

Shah am: new

{{short description|Andorran footballer}}
{{family name hatnote|Sonejee|Masand|lang=Catalan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Óscar Sonejee
| image = Oscar Sonejee 2015.jpg
| caption = Sonejee playing for [[Andorra national football team|Andorra]] in 2015
| full_name = Óscar Sonejee Masand<ref name="Soccerway">{{Soccerway|40553|access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1976|3|26}}
| birth_place = [[Santa Coloma d'Andorra|Santa Coloma]], Andorra
| height = 1.84 m<ref name="Soccerway"/>
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub =
| years1 = 1997–2001
| clubs1 = [[FC Andorra]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2001–2002
| clubs2 = [[UE Sant Julià|Sant Julià]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2002
| clubs3 = [[FC Andorra]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2002–2003
| clubs4 = [[FC La Seu|La Seu]]
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| years5 = 2003–2008
| clubs5 = [[FC Andorra]]
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| years6 = 2008–2012
| clubs6 = [[FC Santa Coloma]]
| caps6 =
| goals6 =
| years7 = 2012–2013
| clubs7 = [[FC Lusitanos|Lusitanos]]
| caps7 = 13
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2013–2014
| clubs8 = [[FC Andorra]]
| caps8 = 26
| goals8 = 3
| years9 = 2014–2015
| clubs9 = [[FC Lusitanos|Lusitanos]]
| caps9 = 17
| goals9 = 3
| years10 = 2015–2016
| clubs10 = [[UE Sant Julià|Sant Julià]]
| caps10 = 14
| goals10 = 3
| years11 = 2016–2017
| clubs11 = [[FC Lusitanos|Lusitanos]]
| caps11 = 4
| goals11 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 1997–2015
| nationalteam1 = [[Andorra national football team|Andorra]]
| nationalcaps1 = 106
| nationalgoals1 = 4
| manageryears1 = 2014–2015
| managerclubs1 = Andorra U16
| manageryears2 = 2016–2017
| managerclubs2 = [[Andorra national under-17 football team|Andorra U17]]
}}

'''Óscar Sonejee Masand''' (born 26 March 1976) is an Andorran former professional [[association football|footballer]] who played as a [[midfielder]].

He began his club career as a youth player with [[UE Sant Julià|Sant Julià]] before playing for several teams based in Andorra, including three spells with [[FC Andorra]] and three with [[FC Lusitanos|Lusitanos]]. He also spent four years with [[FC Santa Coloma]], helping the side win two [[Primera Divisió]] titles. He retired from playing at the age of 40 in January 2017 during his third spell with Lusitanos.

He made his international debut for [[Andorra national football team|Andorra]] in 1997 during a defeat to [[Estonia national football team|Estonia]]. He scored the goal in 2000 that secured the nation's first ever point in a competitive international fixture when they drew 1–1 with [[Malta national football team|Malta]]. He went on to become his country's most [[Cap (sport)|capped]] international player until 2015 when his record was surpassed by [[Ildefons Lima]] and he was the first Andorran player to reach 100 international caps. He finished his career with [[List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps|106 caps]] and four goals for the Andorra national team, placing him second to Ildefons Lima in both categories.<ref name="EU Football">{{cite web |url=http://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=19717 |title=Óscar Sonejee |work=EU Football |access-date=28 September 2014 |archive-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015121740/https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=19717 |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 2016 and 2017, he managed the [[Andorra national under-17 football team|Andorra under-17 side]].

==Early life==
Sonejee was born on 26 March 1976 in [[Santa Coloma d'Andorra|Santa Coloma]], Andorra.<ref name="Soccerway"/> His parents were both Indian but had decided to emigrate from their home in [[Delhi]] in the 1970s with their first two sons before Sonejee was born.<ref name="gain">{{cite web |url=https://m.sportskeeda.com/football/oscar-sonejee-a-champions-league-footballer-who-was-indias-loss-and-andorra-gain |title=Oscar Sonejee: A Champions League footballer, who was India's loss and Andorra's gain |website=sportskeeda.com |last=Basu |first=Suromitro |date=21 October 2016 |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427232757/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/oscar-sonejee-a-champions-league-footballer-who-was-indias-loss-and-andorra-gain |archive-date=27 April 2023 }}</ref><ref name="el">{{cite web |url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/deportes/futbol/2015-06-29/oscar-sonejee-cumplio-su-sueno-de-bollywood-con-la-seleccion-de-andorra_905044/ |title=Óscar Sonejee cumplió su sueño de Bollywood con la selección de Andorra |publisher=El Confidencial |last=Ruiz |first=David |language=Spanish |date=29 June 2015 |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001182053/https://www.elconfidencial.com/deportes/futbol/2015-06-29/oscar-sonejee-cumplio-su-sueno-de-bollywood-con-la-seleccion-de-andorra_905044/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After living in [[Paris]], his father moved to [[Barcelona]] where he spent a year. However, he quickly looked to move on after believing the city was too suited to tourists and instead moved to Andorra, a small principality in the [[Pyrenees]] mountains, on the recommendation of other local Hindu merchants. After settling in the country, his wife and two sons moved to live with him and the family remained there once it gained independence in March 1993.<ref name="gain"/><ref name="el"/> Sonejee was born soon after, being the only member of the family born outside India.<ref name="el"/>

Sonejee's first sporting participation was in winter sports, traditionally more popular in the mountainous region. However, in sixth grade, he played [[Association football|football]] for the first time and quickly took up the game. He speaks fluent Catalan and Hindi and can speak some English.<ref name="gain"/>

==Club career==
Sonejee began his career as a youth player with his local side [[UE Sant Julià|Sant Julià]]. His early performances for Andorra at youth level led to him being offered a trial with [[La Liga]] side [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] after being spotted by one of the club's scouts. However, the trial was ultimately unsuccessful.<ref name="gain"/> He instead joined [[FC Andorra]], an Andorran team that competes in the [[Spanish football league system]]. He featured eleven times for the club in the [[Segunda División B]] during the [[1997–98 Segunda División B|1997–98 season]] as they suffered relegation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j302111.html |title=Óscar: Óscar Sonejee Masand |website=bdfutbol.com |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001182253/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j302111.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2008, Sonejee was approached over a potential move to his parents' homeland India, receiving offers from [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] and [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]. He originally signed a deal with East Bengal but later decided to accept the offer from Goa-based Churchill Brothers as he believed the culture in the city was more European based and would be easier to acclimatise to and the club was closer to the home of his wife's parents.<ref name="toi">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Sonejee-Masand-set-to-join-Churchill-Brothers/articleshow/5091754.cms |title=Sonejee Masand set to join Churchill Brothers |work=The Times of India|last=Mergulhao |first=Marcus |date=6 October 2009 |access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref> However, he later discovered that his original contract with East Bengal was still valid and both clubs claimed ownership. When Churchill attempted to register Sonejee, the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF) blocked the move as they had already received a registration request by East Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2009/10/11/1553798/i-league-your-itc-request-for-sonejee-cant-be-processed-aiff |title=I-League: Your ITC Request For Sonejee Can't Be Processed – AIFF To Churchill Brothers |website=goal.com |last=Bali |first=Rahul |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001220553/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2009/10/11/1553798/i-league-your-itc-request-for-sonejee-cant-be-processed-aiff |url-status=live }}</ref> The situation eventually led to Sonejee backing out of a move to India, having spent a month training with Churchill,<ref name="el"/> and instead signing for [[FC Santa Coloma|Santa Coloma]] in his home nation.<ref name="gain"/>

The most successful period of his career came during a four-year spell with Santa Coloma between 2008 and 2012 where he helped the side to win back-to-back [[Primera Divisió]] titles during the [[2009–10 Primera Divisió|2009–10]] and [[2010–11 Primera Divisió|2010–11 seasons]]. He also won two [[Copa Constitució]] titles in [[2009 Copa Constitució|2009]] and [[2012 Copa Constitució|2012]].<ref name="Soccerway"/>

After returning to his first team Sant Julià in 2015, Sonejee undertook his coaching badges alongside his playing career, obtaining a UEFA [[UEFA A Licence|A]] and [[UEFA B Licence|B Licence]].<ref name="gain"/> He returned to [[FC Lusitanos|Lusitanos]] the following year after being convinced by coach Raul Canete to postpone his retirement for another season.<ref name="incom">{{cite web |url=https://www.bondia.ad/esports/oscar-sonejee-lincombustible |title=Òscar Sonejee, l'incombustible |publisher=Bondia |last=Duaso |first=Victor |language=Catalan |date=26 August 2016 |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=21 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021211751/http://www.bondia.ad/esports/oscar-sonejee-lincombustible |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in January 2017, he officially announced his retirement from playing at the age of 40.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/internacional/20170117/413447506816/andorra-retira-oscar-sonejee.html |title=Óscar Sonejee anuncia su retirada |publisher=Mundo Deportivo |last=Aguilar |first=Àxel |language=Spanish |date=17 January 2017 |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001142442/https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/internacional/20170117/413447506816/andorra-retira-oscar-sonejee.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==International career==
[[File:Óscar Sonejee.jpg|thumb|upright|Sonejee playing for Andorra in 2009]]
Sonejee began his career at the same time as Andorra declared independence and formed its own footballing governing body, the [[Andorran Football Federation]] (AFF) in 1994. As such, he was present in his nation's youth sides as they began competing in international matches.<ref name="gain"/> He made his international debut in 1997 in a 4–1 [[Exhibition match|friendly]] loss to [[Estonia national football team|Estonia]] at the [[Kuressaare linnastaadion]] in Andorra's second international fixture following their independence. In his second game three days later, he scored his first goal, in a defeat by the same margin to [[Latvia national football team|Latvia]] at the [[Daugava Stadium (Riga)|Daugava Stadium]] in [[Riga]]. He captained the team for the first time on 12 October 2005 against [[Armenia national football team|Armenia]], scoring an [[own goal]] in a 0–3 home defeat in [[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification]].<ref name="EU Football"/>

Despite making his debut, Sonejee was still eligible to represent his parents' country [[India national football team|India]] as he did not possess an Andorran passport at the time. He later admitted that, had he received a call up, he would have switched allegiance to India but stated "since I saw nobody was interested, I decided to continue playing for Andorra, and obtained that passport."<ref name="gain"/> In February 2000, he scored for Andorra, helping the side gain their first ever point in an international fixture by drawing 1–1 with [[Malta national football team|Malta]] in the [[2000 Rothmans International Tournament]].<ref name="gain"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/ando-intres.html |title=Andorra – List of International Matches |publisher=The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |last=Di Maggio |first=Roberto |access-date=6 October 2018 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629022537/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/ando-intres.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 28 March 2007, during a [[UEFA Euro 2008]] [[UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying|qualifier]], he was involved in a spat with England striker [[Wayne Rooney]], resulting with both players being booked and Rooney was substituted soon after by England manager [[Fabio Capello]] for fear of being sent off.<ref name="toi"/> Sonejee later accused Rooney of being arrogant and insulting him during the match.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/england/2685097/Fabio-Capello-urges-England-to-keep-their-World-Cup-cool-in-Andorra-Football.html |title=Fabio Capello urges England to keep their World Cup cool in Andorra |newspaper=The Telegraph |last=Winter |first=Henry |date=5 September 2008 |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001182631/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/england/2685097/Fabio-Capello-urges-England-to-keep-their-World-Cup-cool-in-Andorra-Football.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 6 June 2015, Sonejee became the first Andorran to earn [[List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps|100 caps]], when he captained the side to a 1–0 friendly home defeat to [[Equatorial Guinea national football team|Equatorial Guinea]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Duaso|first1=Victor|title=Òscar Sonejee, el primer centenari|trans-title=Óscar Sonejee, the first centurion|url=http://www.bondia.ad/esports/oscar-sonejee-el-primer-centenari|access-date=8 June 2015|publisher=Bon Dia|date=7 June 2015|language=Catalan|archive-date=1 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901045904/https://www.bondia.ad/esports/oscar-sonejee-el-primer-centenari|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to kick-off, he was presented with an honorary cap and medal by [[Victor Santos (football official)|Victor Santos]], the president of the AFF.<ref name="el"/>

Sonejee retired from international football on 12 November 2015, with his final game for Andorra coming in a 1–0 friendly home defeat to [[Saint Kitts and Nevis national football team|Saint Kitts and Nevis]]; his national record of 106 caps was surpassed by [[Ildefons Lima]] in August 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ildefons Lima: l'home rècord |trans-title=Ildefons Lima: the record man |url=https://www.elperiodic.ad/noticia/59552/lhome-record |access-date=31 August 2018 |work=El Periòdic |date=17 August 2017 |language=Catalan |archive-date=1 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901003743/https://www.elperiodic.ad/noticia/59552/lhome-record |url-status=live }}</ref> At the time of his last cap, he was also Andorra's oldest ever international player at 39 years and 230 days. However, his record was surpassed in 2018 by [[Juli Sánchez]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.11v11.com/teams/andorra/tab/stats/option/oldest/ |title=Andorra national football team statistics and records: oldest players |website=11v11.com |publisher=AFS Enterprises |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001220601/https://www.11v11.com/teams/andorra/tab/stats/option/oldest/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Managerial career==
Sonejee managed the Andorra under-16 team at two UEFA youth tournaments, in Luxembourg in 2014 and Montenegro in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://m.andorradifusio.ad/esports/seleccio-sub-16-prepara-lestrena-europa |title=La selecció sub-16 prepara l'estrena a Europa |publisher=Andorra Difusio |language=Catalan |date=11 April 2014 |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001182918/http://m.andorradifusio.ad/esports/seleccio-sub-16-prepara-lestrena-europa |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.andorradifusio.ad/esports/sub-16-vol-repetir-gesta-contra-luxemburg |title=La sub-16 vol repetir gesta contra Luxemburg |publisher=Andorra Difusio |language=Catalan |date=14 April 2015 |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001185258/http://m.andorradifusio.ad/esports/sub-16-vol-repetir-gesta-contra-luxemburg |url-status=live }}</ref> He was appointed as manager of the [[Andorra national under-17 football team|Andorra under-17 side]] in January 2016, remaining in charge until October 2017.<ref name="Soccerway"/>

==Personal life==
Sonejee is of Indian heritage and works as an [[insurance]] salesman.<ref name="gain"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/captain-insurance-salesman-everything-you-7735125 |title=Their captain is an insurance salesman... Everything you need to know about Andorra ahead of Euro 2016 qualifier with Wales |publisher=WalesOnline |last=Bywater |first=Alex |date=8 September 2014 |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002020044/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/captain-insurance-salesman-everything-you-7735125 |url-status=live }}</ref> His wife is also from India, hailing from [[Bandra]],<ref name="gain"/> and the pair married in [[Jaipur]].<ref name="el"/> They have two children together.<ref name="incom"/> He is a fan of [[Bollywood]] cinema.<ref name="el"/>

== Career statistics ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=3 | [[Andorra national football team|Andorra national team]]<ref>{{NFT player|pid=179}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Óscar Sonejee Masand |url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=19717 |website=eu-football.info |access-date=16 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|-
|1997||2||1
|-
|1998||7||0
|-
|1999||9||0
|-
|2000||8||1
|-
|2001||6||0
|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||7||0
|-
|2004||7||0
|-
|2005||8||0
|-
|2006||5||0
|-
|2007||9||0
|-
|2008||4||0
|-
|2009||6||1
|-
|2010||2||0
|-
|2011||4||0
|-
|2012||3||0
|-
|2013||3||1
|-
|2014||3||0
|-
|2015||7||0
|-
!Total||106||4
|}

''Scores and results list Andorra's goal tally first''<ref name="EU Football" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/malta-v-andorra-08-february-2000-268030/|title=Malta v Andorra, 08 February 2000|publisher=11v11.com|first=|last=|language=|date=|access-date=5 November 2022|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105104516/https://www.11v11.com/matches/malta-v-andorra-08-february-2000-268030/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"
! scope=col| No.
! scope=col| Date
! scope=col| Venue
! scope=col| Opponent
! scope=col| Score
! scope=col| Result
! scope=col| Competition
|-
| 1. || 25 June 1997 || [[Daugava Stadium (Riga)|Daugava Stadium]], [[Riga]], Latvia || {{fb|LAT}} || '''1'''–2 || 1–4 || [[Friendly match|Friendly]]
|-
| 2. || 8 February 2000 || [[Ta' Qali National Stadium]], [[Attard]], Malta || {{fb|Malta}} || '''1'''–1 || 1–1 || Friendly
|-
| 3. || 9 September 2009 || [[Estadi Comunal d'Aixovall]], [[Andorra la Vella]], Andorra || {{fb|KAZ}} || '''1'''–3 || 1–3 || [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2010 World Cup qualification]]
|-
| 4. || 14 August 2013 || [[Zimbru Stadium]], [[Chişinău]], Moldova || {{fb|MDA}} || '''1'''–0 || 1–1 || Friendly
|-
|}

==Honours==
'''FC Santa Coloma'''<ref name="Soccerway"/>
* [[Primera Divisió]] winner: [[2009–10 Primera Divisió|2009–10]], [[2010–11 Primera Divisió|2010–11]]
* [[Copa Constitució]] winner: [[2009 Copa Constitució|2009]], [[2012 Copa Constitució|2012]]

'''FC Lusitanos'''<ref name="Soccerway"/>
* [[Andorran Supercup]] winner: 2013–14

==See also==
* [[List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/sonejee-intl.html RSSSF profile]
*[http://www.fedandfut.com/default.asp?idioma=cat&navpage=page2&showjugador=yes&idjugador=14&seleccio=1 Federació Andorrana de Futbol profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sonejee, Oscar}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andorran people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Andorran men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Andorra la Vella]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Andorra men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Primera Divisió players]]
[[Category:UE Sant Julià players]]
[[Category:Segunda División B players]]
[[Category:Tercera División players]]
[[Category:FC Andorra players]]
[[Category:FIFA Men's Century Club]]
[[Category:FC Santa Coloma players]]
[[Category:FC Lusitanos players]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]

Chetan Maddineni

2025-08-29T22:45:02Z

Shah am: started a entry

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{family name hatnote|Maddineni|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chetan Maddineni
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 29 January<ref name="sakshipost">{{cite web|url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/sandalwood/actor-chetan-maddineni-ready-entertainer-after-learning-method-acting-168244|website=sakshipost.com|title=Actor Chetan Maddineni Is Ready With An Entertainer After Learning Method Acting|date=30 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| nationality =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2016{{ndash}}present
}}

'''Chetan Krishna Maddineni''' is an Indian actor who appears in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=123telugu |date=20 November 2019 |title=Interview : Chetan Maddineni- Small films need more support from the audience {{!}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{!}} Movie reviews {{!}} OTT Updates, OTT |url=https://www.123telugu.com/interviews/interview-chetan-maddineni-small-films-need-more-support-from-the-audience.html |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}</ref> He has debuted with [[Rojulu Marayi (2016 film)|''Rojulu Marayi'']] (2016) and got recognition through [[1st Rank Raju (2019 film)|''1st Rank Raju'']] (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2 October 2024 |title=Chetan Maddineni's striking transformation takes social media by storm |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/chetan-maddinenis-striking-transformation-takes-social-media-by-storm-911525 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Chetan was born on 29 January in [[Visakhapatnam]], India. He moved to the United States and came back during his [[Third grade|third standard]]. He continued his education and later joined Satyanand Acting Institute in Visakhapatnam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Chetan Maddineni about First Rank Raju by Maya Nelluri - Telugu cinema actor |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/chetanmaddineni-firstrankraju.html |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>

He was introduced to [[Maruthi]] through a family friend. Maruthi was the writer of his debut film [[Rojulu Marayi (2016 film)|''Rojulu Marayi'']]. He got recognition through 2019 film [[1st Rank Raju (2019 film)|''1st Rank Raju'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2019 |title='ఫస్ట్ ర్యాంక్ రాజు' మూవీ రివ్యూ! |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/first-rank-raju-movie-review-87853.html |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}</ref> His immediate next ''[[Beach Road Chetan]]'' was his directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2023 |title=Birthday special! Chetan Maddineni: My upcoming film will be on the lines of 'Ready', 'Dhee' and 'Chiru Navvutho' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/birthday-special-chetan-maddineni-my-upcoming-film-will-be-on-the-lines-of-ready-dhee-and-chiru-navvutho/articleshow/97414367.cms |access-date=4 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2016
|[[Rojulu Marayi (2016 film)|''Rojulu Marayi'']]
|Aswadh
|
|-
|2017
|[[Gulf (film)|''Gulf'']]
|Shiva
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|[[1st Rank Raju (2019 film)|''1st Rank Raju'']]
|Raju
|
|-
|''[[Beach Road Chetan]]''
|Chetan
|Also director and producer
|-
|2024
|''[[Dhoom Dhaam (2024 film)|Dhoom Dhaam]]''
|Karthik
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=10057054}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maddineni, Chetan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]

Ranchi Lake

2025-07-30T23:38:09Z

Shah am: Created New Post...

{{short description|Freshwater lake in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''Ranchi Lake''', popularly known as '''Ranchi Talab''' or '''Bada Talab''', is a [[freshwater lake]] in [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]. It is situated at the base of Ranchi Hill and spans over 53 acres. It has a 33-feet statue of [[Swami Vivekananda]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-26 |title=Ranchi Lake - Things You Must Know Before Visiting - Cities2Explore |url=https://cities2explore.com/ranchi-lake/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2019 |title=33-feet tall bronze statue of Vivekananda unveiled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/33-feet-tall-bronze-statue-of-vivekananda-unveiled/articleshow/67505784.cms |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ranchi's tribute to Vivekananda stands tall |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/ranchi-s-tribute-to-vivekananda-stands-tall/cid/1681581 |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2019 |title=Vivekananda's 33 feet tall bronze statue to be installed at Ranchi Lake |url=https://jharkhandstatenews.com/article/readers-choice/655/vivekananda-s-33-feet-tall-bronze-statue-to-be-installed-at-ranchi-lake |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=Jharkhand State News}}</ref>

{{Infobox body of water
| name = Ranchi Lake
| other_name = Ranchi Talab Bada Talab
| location = [[Ranchi]], Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.367|N|85.317|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Lake|Freshwater lake]]
| date-built = 1842
| length = {{convert|0.4|km|abbr=on}}
| area = {{convert|28|km2|abbr=on}}
}}

== History ==
The lake was created in 1842 by a British agent, Colonel Onsely. Constructed during the colonial period, the lake was a vital source of water supply for the city, reflecting the strategic urban planning of the time. Over the years, however, the purpose of Ranchi Lake has transcended mere utility; it has metamorphosed into a cultural and recreational focal point for the city.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Raj |date=31 December 2018 |title=Ranchi gets a new hangout, around cleaned up lake |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/ranchi-gets-a-new-hangout-around-cleaned-up-52-acre-lake/cid/1680465 |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Ranchi Lake is strategically positioned at the base of Ranchi Hill, providing a breathtaking backdrop to the shimmering waters. The geographical setting, surrounded by hills and greenery, adds to the overall aesthetic appeal of the lake. The vast expanse of water reflects the skies above, creating a mesmerizing play of colors during sunrise and sunset.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukesh |first=ASRP |date=7 September 2023 |title=RMC gets floating excavator to desilt historic Ranchi Lake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/rmc-gets-floating-excavator-to-desilt-historic-ranchi-lake/articleshow/103449358.cms |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dey |first=Sanjoy |date=22 August 2016 |title=British-era Ranchi Lake to get Rs 14 crore makeover |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/british-era-ranchi-lake-to-get-rs-14-crore-makeover/story-rgB3u9FCB0xdGRhqGqvmSP.html |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of lakes of India]]
* [[Pahari Mandir]]
* [[Ranchi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lakes of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Ranchi]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Artificial lakes of India]]

Srirampur, Burdwan

2025-07-27T10:27:11Z

Shah am:

{{other uses|Shrirampur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Srirampur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4056|N|88.3382|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.4
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 19
| population_total = 19,830
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| website = {{URL|purbabardhaman.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Srirampur''' is a [[census town]] in [[Purbasthali I]] CD Block in [[Kalna subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|21|30|N|88|17|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Kalna subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious place, C: craft centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|20|55|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Kalna | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Kalna, India]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|24|20|N|88|19|17|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Srirampur | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Srirampur, Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black 
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|21|30|N|88|19|32|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Hatsimla | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Hatsimla]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|20|30|N|88|20|44|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Jaluidanga | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Jaluidanga]] (CT)|shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|18|54|N|88|19|32|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Gopinathpur | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Gopinathpur, West Bengal]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|18|36|N|88|20|20|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Nasratpur | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Nasratpur]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|16|43|N|88|18|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Dhatrigram | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Dhatrigram]] (CT)|shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|15|27|N|88|20|32|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Piarinagar | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Piarinagar]] (CT)|shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|15|4|N|88|19|21|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9=Uttar Goara | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Uttar Goara]] (CT)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|12|45|N|88|22|45|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Shashpur | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Shashpur]] (CT)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|22|35|N|88|15|6|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Nadanghat| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Nadanghat]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|28|0|N|88|19|58|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Purbasthali| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Purbasthali]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|25|21|N|88|6|27|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Monteswar| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Monteswar]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|14|30|N|88|20|27|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Rangapara| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Rangapara, Kalna]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|10|15|N|88|17|9|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Singarkone| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Singarkone]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|26|57|N|88|18|49|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Parulia| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Parulia, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|16|32|N|88|16|36|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17=Atgharia| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Atgharia]] (R)| shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|9|24|N|88|16|53|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=Badla| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Badla, Purba Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|19|55|N|88|19|17|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Samudragarh| numbered19=C| mark-title19= [[Samudragarh]] (C)| shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|34|7|N|88|17|15|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Patuli| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Patuli]] (R)| shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|9|20|N|88|14|45|E}} | label-pos21=left|gummed label21= Baidyapur Jora Deul| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Baidyapur Jora Deul]] (H)| shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23.1327|88.4529}}| label22=Hooghly| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22=-90| label-pos22=right| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none
|mark-coord23={{coord|23.1787|88.4579}}| label23=River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=-45| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|23.4564|88.2065}}| label24=Khari River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=55| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none}}

===Location===
Srirampur is located at {{coord|23.4056|N|88.3382|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 19 [[metre]]s (62 [[foot (length)|feet]]).

It is located between the [[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi]], [[Ajay River|Ajay]] and [[Damodar River|Damodar]] rivers.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}} , Vol I, p. 15, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref> Temperatures in this region varies from 17-18 °C in winter to 30-32 °C in summer.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p. 19</ref> it is on the banks of Balluka river, which then joins the Behula and flows into the Bhagirathi.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p. 37</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of [[Purbasthali I]] CD block are located at Srirampur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1909_PART_B_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Barddhaman | work= Map of Barddhaman with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 17 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2110 |title = BDO Offices under Burdwan District | work= Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal |publisher= West Bengal Public Library Network | access-date = 8 February 2019 }}</ref>

===Urbanisation===
87.00% of the population of Kalna subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 13.00% of the population live in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 25 January 2019 }}</ref> The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] Srirampur had a total population of 19,830, of which 10,181 (51%) were males and 9,649 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,728. The total number of literates in Srirampur was 15,218 (84.07% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 28 February 2017 }}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Srirampur had a population of 17,715. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Srirampur has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 77%, and female literacy is 63%. In Srirampur, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Infrastructure==
As per the District Census Handbook 2011, Srirampur covered an area of 1.4 km2. It had 15 km roads. Amongst the medical facilities, the nearest nursing home was 3 km away and the nearest veterinary hospital was 23 km away. Amongst the educational facilities it had were 11 primary schools and 1 middle school. The nearest secondary school was at Samudragarh 4 km away.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Bardhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Statement I: Growth History, Pages 1179-1181; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 1188-1191; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 1191-1195; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 1196-1199; Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities 2009, Pages 1200-1209| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 3 February 2019}}</ref>

==Education==
Srirampur has eight primary and two secondary schools.<ref>[http://bardhaman.gov.in/education/schudir.asp 7th All-India School Education Survey 2003] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927042635/http://bardhaman.gov.in/education/schudir.asp |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref>

==People==
The two main poets of ''Dharmamngal'' [[kavya]], Rupram Chakraborty and Ghanaram Chakraborty belong to Srirampur.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p. 233</ref>

==Healthcare==
Srirampur Rural Hospital at Srirampur, PO Vidyanagar (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Purbasthali I CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Dogachhia, PO Rai Dogachhia (with 4 beds), [[Nadanghat]] (with 10 beds) and Nowapara (with 4 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 19 January 2019}}</ref>

See also - [[Healthcare in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Purba Bardhaman district]]

Bambusa multiplex

2025-07-20T18:58:24Z

Shah am: made first info added tags

{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Bambusa multiplex.JPG
|image_caption = at Kerala Forest Research Institute Veluppadam, Kerala, India
|genus = Bambusa
|species = multiplex
|authority = ([[João de Loureiro|Lour.]]) [[Ernst Adolf Raeuschel|Raeusch.]] ex [[Julius Hermann Schultes|Schult.f.]]
| synonyms = {{species list |header = [[Synonym (taxonomy)|Homotypic Synonyms]] |hidden = yes
|Arundarbor multiplex |(Lour.) Kuntze
|Arundo multiplex |Lour.
|Bambusa multiplex var. normalis |Sasaki}}
{{species list |header = [[Synonym (taxonomy)|Heterotypic Synonyms]] |hidden = yes
|Arundarbor aurea |Kuntze
|Arundarbor nana |(Roxb.) Kuntze
|Arundinaria glaucescens |(Willd.) P.Beauv.
|Bambos nana |(Roxb.) Hitchc. & Chase
|Bambusa albifolia |T.H.Wen & J.J.Hua
|Bambusa alphonse-karrii |Mitford ex Satow
|Bambusa argentea |Nehrl.
|Bambusa argentea var. vittata |Nehrl.
|Bambusa aurea |Siebold ex Miq.
|Bambusa caesia |Siebold & Zucc. ex Munro
|Bambusa dolichomerithalla |Hayata
|Bambusa floribunda f. viridistriata |(Makino ex I.Tsuboi) Nakai
|Bambusa glaucescens |(Willd.) Merr.
|Bambusa glaucescens f. albostriata |Muroi & Sugim.
|Bambusa glaucescens f. albovariegata |(Makino) Muroi & Sugim.
|Bambusa glaucescens f. alphonso-karrii |(Mitford ex Satow) Hatus.
|Bambusa glaucescens f. elegans |(Koidz.) Muroi & Sugim.
|Bambusa glaucescens var. floribunda |(Buse) Hatus.
|Bambusa glaucescens f. fu-komachi |Muroi & Sugim.
|Bambusa glaucescens f. gimmei |Muroi & Kasahara
|Bambusa glaucescens f. kimmei-suhou |Muroi & Kasahara
|Bambusa glaucescens var. lutea |(T.H.Wen) T.H.Wen
|Bambusa glaucescens f. midori |Muroi & Sugim.
|Bambusa glaucescens f. midori-beni |Muroi & H.Hamada
|Bambusa glaucescens var. pubivagina |(W.T.Lin & Z.J.Feng) N.H.Xia
|Bambusa glaucescens var. riviereorum |(Maire) L.C.Chia & H.L.Fung
|Bambusa glaucescens var. shimadae |(Hayata) L.C.Chia & But
|Bambusa glaucescens f. shirosuji |Muroi & H.Okamura
|Bambusa glaucescens f. solida |(Muroi & Maruy.) Muroi & Sugim.
|Bambusa glaucescens f. solida |K.J.Mao & C.H.Zhao
|Bambusa glaucescens f. tukushi-komachi |Muroi & Yu.Tanaka
|Bambusa glaucescens f. variegata |(E.G.Camus) Muroi & Sugim.
|Bambusa glaucescens f. viridistriata |(Makino ex I.Tsuboi) Muroi & Sugim.
|Bambusa liukiuensis |Hayata
|Bambusa multiplex f. albovariegata |(Makino) Muroi
|Bambusa multiplex f. alphonse-karrii |(Mitford ex Satow) Nakai
|Bambusa multiplex var. elegans |(Koidz.) Muroi
|Bambusa multiplex var. gracillima |(E.G.Camus) Sad.Suzuki
|Bambusa multiplex var. incana |B.M.Yang
|Bambusa multiplex var. lutea |T.H.Wen
|Bambusa multiplex var. nana |(Roxb.) Keng f.
|Bambusa multiplex var. pubivagina |W.T.Lin & Z.J.Feng
|Bambusa multiplex var. riviereorum |Maire
|Bambusa multiplex var. shimadae |(Hayata) Sasaki
|Bambusa multiplex f. solida |Muroi & Maruy.
|Bambusa multiplex var. solida |B.M.Yang
|Bambusa multiplex var. strigosa |(T.H.Wen) Keng f. ex Q.F.Zheng & Y.M.Lin
|Bambusa multiplex f. variegata |(E.G.Camus) Hatus.
|Bambusa multiplex f. viridistriata |(Makino ex I.Tsuboi) Muroi
|Bambusa nana |Roxb.
|Bambusa nana f. albovariegata |Makino
|Bambusa nana var. alphonse-karrii |(Mitford ex Satow) Kawam.
|Bambusa nana f. alphonse-karrii |(Mitford ex Satow) Kawam.
|Bambusa nana var. gracillima |E.G.Camus
|Bambusa nana var. normalis |Makino & Shiras.
|Bambusa nana var. typica |Makino ex I.Tsuboi
|Bambusa nana var. variegata |E.G.Camus
|Bambusa nana f. viridistriata |Makino ex I.Tsuboi
|Bambusa nana f. vittateargentea |Makino ex I.Tsuboi
|Bambusa pubivaginata |W.T.Lin & Z.M.Wu
|Bambusa shimadae |Hayata
|Bambusa sterilis |Kurz ex Miq.
|Bambusa strigosa |T.H.Wen
|Bambusa textilis var. persistens |B.M.Yang
|Ischurochloa floribunda |Buse
|Leleba amakusensis |Nakai
|Leleba dolichomerithalla |(Hayata) Nakai
|Leleba elegans |Koidz.
|Leleba floribunda |(Buse) Nakai
|Leleba floribunda f. viridistriata |(Makino ex I.Tsuboi) Nakai
|Leleba liukiuensis |(Hayata) Nakai
|Leleba multiplex f. variegata |(E.G.Camus) Nakai
|Leleba shimadae |(Hayata) Nakai
|Ludolfia glaucescens |Willd.
|Triglossum arundinaceum |Gamble}}
|synonyms_ref =<ref name=POWO/><ref name=t/>
}}
'''''Bambusa multiplex''''' is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the family ''[[Poaceae]]''.<ref name=POWO>{{cite web |url= https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1097548-2 |title= Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Raeusch. ex Schult.f. |author= |date=n.d. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=July 16, 2025}}</ref><ref name=COL>{{cite web |url= https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/KJM9 |title= Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Raeusch. ex Schult.f. |author= |date=n.d. |website=Catalogue of Life |publisher=Species 2000 |access-date=July 16, 2025}}</ref>

'''''B. multiplex''''' forms a medium-sized clump with slender culms (stems) and dense foliage. This bamboo is suitable for hedges and live fences since the stems and foliage form a dense growth that create an effective barrier. The height of the stems under ideal conditions is about 10 ft. Propagation is through rhizome offsets and rooted culm (stem) cuttings. Micro propagation too is feasible through axillary bud proliferation.

==Distribution==
This [[bamboo]] native to [[China]] (provinces of [[Guangdong]], [[Guangxi]], [[Hainan]], [[Hunan]], [[Jiangxi]], [[Sichuan]], [[Yunnan]]), [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Taiwan]], and northern [[Indochina]]. It is also naturalized in [[Japan]], [[Iraq]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mauritius]], [[Seychelles]], [[Pakistan]], parts of [[South America]], the [[West Indies]], and the southeastern [[United States]] ([[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Alabama]]).<ref name=t>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=398886 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200024943 Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 30, 孝顺竹 xiao shun zhu, Bambusa multiplex (Loureiro) Raeuschel ex Schultes & J. H. Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7(2): 1350. 1830. ]</ref><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Bambusa%20multiplex.png Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution map]</ref><ref>Press, J.R. et al. (2000). Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal: i-x, 1-430. Natural History Museum, London.</ref><ref>Noltie, H.J. (2000). Flora of Bhutan 3(2): 457-883. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.</ref><ref>Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590.</ref><ref>Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bambusa multiplex {{!}} Bamboo Info |url=https://www.bambooinfo.in/species/db/bambusa-multiplex.asp |website=www.bambooinfo.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3339098}}

[[Category:Bambusa|multiplex]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indomalayan realm]]
[[Category:Flora of Indo-China]]
[[Category:Flora of Southeast China]]
[[Category:Flora of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Flora of Nepal]]
[[Category:Flora of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Flora of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Flora of South-Central China]]
[[Category:Flora of Hainan]]
[[Category:Flora of Assam (region)]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1832]]
[[Category:Taxa named by João de Loureiro]]

{{Bamboo-stub}}

Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology

2025-04-22T05:31:29Z

Shah am:

{{Short description|Engineering college in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox university
|name= Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology (RIT Chennai)
|image=
|logo=
|motto= "Believe In The Possibilities"
|established = 2008
|type = [[Private university|Private]], [[technology]], [[education]], [[Engineering|Technical]] [[research institution]], [[Engineering College]]|
|city= [[Chennai]]
|coor={{coord|13.038964|80.044928|display=inline,title}}
|state= [[Tamil Nadu]]
|country= [[India]]
|campus = Poonamalle, Chennai
|chairman = S. Meganathan, B.E., F.I.E.
|principal= Dr.N.Balaji, Principal
|free_label = Accreditation
|free = [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]], [[NIRF2022]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]], [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]]
|nickname = RIT
|affiliations =[[Anna University]], [[Chennai]]
|website =https://www.ritchennai.org/
}}
'''Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology''' (RIT) is an Autonomous engineering college in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. RIT is approved by [[AICTE]] and affiliated with [[Anna University]], [[Chennai]] and accredited with 'A++' Grade in [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]. RIT is located in Chennai-Bangalore National Highway near satellite city and opposite to EVP film city. RIT is one of the [[NIRF]] 2022 ranked youngest institute in the state.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

The Institution has signed MoU’s with several leading industries and Foreign Universities. Sports facilities such as volleyball, badminton, cricket and track field apart from traditional indoor games.

The college is currently offering the following Under Graduation courses.
B.Tech. Artificial Intelligence & Data Science,
B.Tech Computer Science and Business Systems,
B.E. Computer & Communication Engineering,
B.E. Computer Science & Engineering,
B.E. Electronics & Communication Engineering,
B.E. Mechanical Engineering.
B.E. Computer Science & Engineering (AI&ML)
B.E. Electronics Engineering (VLSI Design & Technology)
M.E. VLSI Design*
M.B.A. Logistics and Supply Chain Management*
{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

== Rankings ==
{{Infobox India university ranking|NIRF_E_2024=151-200|type=University}}The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF)]] ranked KCT between 151-200 in the engineering rankings in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Education|Engineering|India}}

* [[Rajalakshmi Institutions]]
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{Rajalakshmi Institutions}}
{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Chennai Topics|left}}
{{Chennai district}}
{{Kanchipuram district}}
{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajalakshmi Institute Of Technology}}
[[Category:Rajalakshmi Institutions]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Chennai]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Anna University]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

{{TamilNadu-university-stub}}

Nanded-Waghala Municipal Corporation

2025-03-16T15:19:49Z

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#REDIRECT [[Nanded-Waghala City Municipal Corporation]]

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T.H Lewin

2025-01-14T10:41:01Z

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Tripura women's football team

2024-12-21T21:29:55Z

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#REDIRECT [[ Tripura Football Association ]]

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Ranoli railway station

2024-07-30T06:34:07Z

Shah am: revised

{{Short description|Railway station in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Ranoli
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|100px]]
| caption = Indian Railway Stations logo
| address = [[Ranoli]], [[Vadodara district]], [[Gujarat]]
| country = India
| line = [[Ahmedabad–Mumbai main line]]
| other =
| elevation = {{convert|40|m|ft}}
| coordinates = {{coord|22.404208|73.114301|format=dms|display=inline}}
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = RNO
| zone = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Vadodara}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| map_type = India#India Gujarat
| map_dot_label = Ranoli railway station
| map_size = 300
}}

'''Ranoli railway station''' is a railway station in [[Ranoli]] town of [[Vadodara district]] on the [[Western Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. Passenger, MEMU and Intercity trains halt here.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/ranoli-rno/3169|title=RNO/Ranoli |website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yatra.com/indian-railways/ranoli-rno-railway-station|title=RNO/Ranoli :Timetable|website=Yatra}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=RNO| title=RNO:Passenger Amenities Details As on : 31/03/2018 Division : Vadodara| website=Raildrishti}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/fob-portion-near-ranoli-collapses/articleshow/61028060.cms| title=FOB portion near Ranoli collapses| website=Times of India}}</ref>

Station code of '''Ranoli''' is ''''RNO''''. It has two platforms. '''Ranoli''' is well connected by rail to {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kathana}}, {{stnlnk|Anand Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Nadiad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Viramgam Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bharuch Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Mumbai Central}}.

==Major trains==

Following Intercity train halts at Ranoli railway station:

* 19036 [[Vadodara–Ahmedabad Intercity Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Gujarat}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Vadodara district]]
[[Category:Vadodara railway division]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

{{Gujarat-railstation-stub}}

Wehelpada

2024-07-08T12:52:37Z

Shah am: done...

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Wehelpada
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.8621438|N|73.1172573|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vikramgad]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 102
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2459
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551765
| footnotes =
}}
'''Wehelpada''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Vikramgad]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |access-date=2015-08-17 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Wehelpada has 452 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 52.5%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=2015-08-17 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 2459 || 1205 || 1254
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 539 || 277 || 262
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 2458 || 1204 || 1254
|-
| Literates || 1008 || 573 || 435
|-
| Workers (all) || 1327 || 671 || 656
|-
| Main workers (total) || 1130 || 588 || 542
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 397 || 204 || 193
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 712 || 372 || 340
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 5 || 3 || 2
|-
| Main workers: Other || 16 || 9 || 7
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 197 || 83 || 114
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 74 || 40 || 34
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 112 || 34 || 78
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 10 || 8 || 2
|-
| Non-workers || 1132 || 534 || 598
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikramgad taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikramgad taluka]]

Top Singer

2024-03-24T07:54:00Z

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#REDIRECT [[Top Singer (TV series)]]

Adolescent sexuality in India

2024-03-10T23:57:02Z

Shah am: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Adolescent_sexuality#In_India]]