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Nim Him Sewwa

2023-10-07T14:08:47Z

Shababanwer: Created page

{{Short description|1978 Sri Lankan song by W.D. Amaradeva}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Nim Him Sewwa
| cover = File:Seetha_Devi_(1978_Sinhala_film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = A still of [[Mamata Shankar]] from the 1978 movie ''Seetha Devi''
| type =
| artist = [[W.D. Amaradeva]]
| album =
| released = 1978
| written =
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Indian classical music|Indian classical]]
| length = 2:40
| label =
| writer = [[Nimal Mendis]]
| producer =
}}
'''"Nim Him Sewwa Ma Sasare'''" ({{lang-si|නිම් හිම් සෙව්වා මා සසරේ}}; {{trans|I searched the limits of [[Saṃsāra|Samsara]]}}), commonly referred to simply as '''"Nim Him Sewwa'''", is a [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]]-language song by Sri Lankan singer [[W. D. Amaradeva|Pandit W. D. Amaradeva]]. The song first appeared in the 1978 Sri Lankan movie ''Seetha Devi'', an adaptation of the [[Ramayana]]. It is the only song in the movie, and has since gained massive popularity.<ref>Patra, Parichay & Bhattacharya, Amitendu (22 September 2023). ''Frontiers of South Asian Culture: Nation, Trans-Nation and Beyond''.</ref>

==History==
Nim Him Sewwa was written by [[Nimal Mendis]] in dedication to his wife, poet Ranjani Mendis. The song was made for the 1978 [[Sinhala language|Sinhalese]]-language Sri Lankan movie ''Seetha Devi'', an adaptation of the [[History of India|ancient Indian]] [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]] [[Indian epic poetry|epic]] known as [[Ramayana]]. The film was directed by Manik Sandrasagra, and starred popular Sri Lankan actor [[Gamini Fonseka]], alongside Indian actress [[Mamata Shankar]].<ref>[https://www.films.lk/seetha-devi-sinhala-film-1916.html Seetha Devi / සීතා දේවි]. Films.lk. Retrieved on 6 October 2023.</ref> It was performed in the movie by Pandit W.D. Amaradeva.

The song has an [[English language|English]] version titled "Yesterday, Today or Tomorrow" which was also featured in the film, and sung by [[Desmond de Silva]]. The English version was later re-arranged by Diliup Gabadamudalige and sung by Gresha Schuilling. This re-arrangement was released in the [[United Kingdom]] under Mendis' company, Media Eye Productions, to notable success<ref>Corea, Ivan (7 November 2010). [https://vernoncorea.wordpress.com/2010/11/07/ranjani-mendis-passes-away-in-sri-lanka/ "Ranjani Mendis passes away in Sri Lanka"]. Vernon Corea 1927-2002, WordPress. Retrieved on 29 September 2023.</ref><ref>goonewj (20 February 2014). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTWjwGtI2KI "Nimal Mendis' Song Yesterday Today & Tomorrow - Gresha Schuilling"]. via YouTube. Retrieved on 29 September 2023.</ref>

==Cover Versions==
Both the Sinhalese and English language versions of Nim Him Sewwa have been covered by many artists over the years.

Most notably, in November 2020, the judges of [[The Voice (franchise)|The Voice Sri Lanka]] ([[Bathiya and Santhush|BNS]], [[Umaria Sinhawansa|Umaria]], [[Sashika Nisansala]], and [[Kasun Kalhara]]) did a collaborative cover of the song to promote the singing competition show, fusing both the Sinhalese and English versions. The video has 1.09 million views on [[YouTube]] as of October 2023.<ref>M Entertainments [@MEntertainmentsPL] (28 November 2020). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9uv-RtIijJE "Nim Him Sewwa (නිම් හිම් සෙව්වා) - The Voice Sri Lanka Edition - BnS | Kasun | Umaria | Shashika"]. via YouTube. Retrieved on 27 September 2023.</ref> Since then, Umaria has commonly performed the song at her concerts.<ref>Marians (April 30, 2021). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s%20-hiSeRb%20U&t=250s "Umaria Sinhawansa ( උමාරියා ) - Trico වසන්තය with MARIANS"]. via YouTube. Retrieved on 29 September 2023.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sri Lankan music]]

2023 King's Cup squads

2023-09-12T12:49:06Z

Shababanwer: Created fresh page content.

{{Short description|International football tournament}}
{{EngvarB}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
The [[2023 King's Cup]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aiff-draws-busy-calendar-for-national-team-as-india-will-take-part-in-kings-cup-merdeka-cup-and-asian-games/articleshow/99041892.cms?from=mdr|title=AIFF draws busy calendar for national team as India will take part in King’s Cup, Merdeka Cup and Asian Games|access-date=27 March 2023|first=Mergulhao|last=Marcus|publisher=[[Times of India]]|url-status=live|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327185035/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aiff-draws-busy-calendar-for-national-team-as-india-will-take-part-in-kings-cup-merdeka-cup-and-asian-games/articleshow/99041892.cms?from=mdr}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Chiang Mai set to host King’s Cup again |language=en |work=Bangkok Post |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/sports/2610735/chiang-mai-set-to-host-kings-cup-again |access-date=2023-08-16 |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904045625/https://www.bangkokpost.com/sports/2610735/chiang-mai-set-to-host-kings-cup-again |url-status=live }}</ref> is an international football tournament that is currently being held in Thailand from 7 to 10 September 2023. The 4 national teams involved in the tournament are required to register a squad of 23 players.

Players marked (c) were named as captain for their national squad. Number of caps counts until the start of the tournament, including all [[FIFA]]-recognised pre-tournament friendlies. Player's age is their age on the opening day of the tournament.

== {{fb|THA}} ==
Coach: {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Alexandré Pölking]]

The following 23 players were called up for the [[2023 King's Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Final Squad |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=832380738242765&set=a.802496514564521 |website=Facebook |publisher=War Elephants |language=Thai}}</ref>
''Caps and goals as of 10 September 2023, after the match against [[Iraq national football team|Iraq]].''

{{nat fs g start|background=#0202FF|color=white}}
{{nat fs g player|no=1|pos=GK|name=[[Chatchai Budprom]]|age={{birth date and age|1987|4|4|df=y}}|caps=19|goals=0|club=[[BG Pathum United F.C.|BG Pathum United]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=20|pos=GK|name=Chirawat Wangthaphan|age={{birth date and age|1998|7|21|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Khon Kaen United F.C.|Khonkaen United]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=23|pos=GK|name=[[Patiwat Khammai]]|age={{birth date and age|1994|12|24|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=0|club=[[Bangkok United F.C.|Bangkok United]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs break|background=#0202FF}}
{{nat fs g player|no=2|pos=DF|name=[[Peerapat Notchaiya]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|2|4|df=y}}|caps=36|goals=1|club=[[Bangkok United F.C.|Bangkok United]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=3|pos=DF|name=[[Theerathon Bunmathan]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]|age={{birth date and age|1990|2|6|df=y}}|caps=87|goals=7|club=[[Buriram United F.C.|Buriram United]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=4|pos=DF|name=[[Pansa Hemviboon]]|age={{birth date and age|1990|7|8|df=y}}|caps=40|goals=6|club=[[Buriram United F.C.|Buriram United]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=5|pos=DF|name=[[Kritsada Kaman]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1999|3|18}}|caps=26|goals=0|club=[[Chonburi F.C.|Chonburi]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=12|pos=DF|name=[[Nicholas Mickelson]]|age={{birth date and age|1999|7|24|df=y}}|caps=6|goals=1|club=[[Odense Boldklub|OB]]|clubnat=DEN}}
{{nat fs g player|no=13|pos=DF|name=[[Chalermsak Aukkee]]|age={{birth date and age|1994|8|25|df=y}}|caps=9|goals=0|club=[[Port]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=14|pos=DF|name=[[Elias Dolah]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|4|24|df=y}}|caps=9|goals=1|club=[[Bali United]]|clubnat=INA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=15|pos=DF|name=[[Nitipong Selanon]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|5|25|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=0|club=[[Bangkok United F.C.|Bangkok United]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs break|background=#1445c3}}
{{nat fs g player|no=6|pos=MF|name=[[Sarach Yooyen]]|age={{birth date and age|1992|5|30|df=y}}|caps=72|goals=5|club=[[BG Pathum United F.C.|BG Pathum United]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=8|pos=MF|name=[[Thitiphan Puangchan]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|9|1|df=y}}|caps=56|goals=7|club=[[Bangkok United F.C.|Bangkok United]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=11|pos=MF|name=[[Bordin Phala]]|age={{birth date and age|1994|12|20|df=y}}|caps=34|goals=6|club=[[Port F.C.|Port]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=16|pos=MF|name=[[Rungrath Poomchantuek]]|age={{birth date and age|1992|5|17|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=0|club=[[Bangkok United F.C.|Bangkok United]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=17|pos=MF|name=[[Worachit Kanitsribampen]]|age={{birth date and age|1997|8|24|df=y}}|caps=14|goals=2|club=[[Port F.C.|Port]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=18|pos=MF|name=[[Ben Davis (footballer, born 2000)|Ben Davis]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|11|24}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Chonburi F.C.|Chonburi]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=19|pos=MF|name=[[Pathompol Charoenrattanapirom]]|age={{birth date and age|1994|4|21|df=y}}|caps=19|goals=1|club=[[Port F.C.|Port]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=21|pos=MF|name=[[Pokklaw Anan]]|age={{birth date and age|1991|3|4|df=y}}|caps=46|goals=6|club=[[Bangkok United F.C.|Bangkok United]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=22|pos=MF|name=[[Weerathep Pomphan]]|age={{birth date and age|1996|9|19|df=y}}|caps=21|goals=0|club=[[Muangthong United F.C.|Muangthong United]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs break|background=#1445c3}}
{{nat fs g player|no=7|pos=FW|name=[[Supachok Sarachat]]|age={{birth date and age|1998|5|22|df=y}}|caps=26|goals=6|club=[[Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo]]|clubnat=JPN}}
{{nat fs g player|no=9|pos=FW|name=[[Poramet Arjvirai]]|age={{birth date and age|1998|7|20|df=y}}|caps=10|goals=1|club=[[Muangthong United F.C.|Muangthong United]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=10|pos=FW|name=[[Teerasil Dangda]]|age={{birth date and age|1988|6|6|df=y}}|caps=126|goals=64|club=[[BG Pathum United F.C.|BG Pathum United]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs end|background=#0202FF}}

== {{fb|IRQ}} ==
Coach: {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jesús Casas]]

The following 23 players were called up for the [[2023 King's Cup]]<ref>{{cite web |title=September Squad |url=https://twitter.com/IraqFootballPod/status/1693189826466468018|website=Twitter |publisher=Iraq Football Podcast|language=Arabic |access-date=20 August 2023}}</ref>
''Caps and goals correct as of 10 September 2023, after the game against [[Thailand national football team|Thailand]]''
{{nat fs g start}}
{{nat fs g player|no=12|pos=GK|name=[[Jalal Hassan]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]|age={{birth date and age|1991|5|18|df=y}}|caps=73|goals=0|club=[[Al-Zawraa SC|Al-Zawraa]]|clubnat=IRQ}}
{{nat fs g player|no=1|pos=GK|name=[[Fahad Talib]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|10|21}}|caps=19|goals=0|club=[[Sanat Naft Abadan F.C.|Sanat Naft Abadan]]|clubnat=IRN}}
{{nat fs g player|no=22|pos=GK|name=[[Ahmed Basil Fadhil|Ahmed Basil]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|8|19}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Al-Shorta SC|Al-Shorta]]|clubnat=IRQ}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs g player|no=6|pos=DF|name=[[Ali Adnan Kadhim|Ali Adnan]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|12|19|df=y}}|caps=86|goals=7|club=[[Mes Rafsanjan]]|clubnat=IRN}}
{{nat fs g player|no=2|pos=DF|name=[[Rebin Sulaka]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|4|12}}|caps=30|goals=0|club=[[Brommapojkarna]]|clubnat=SWE}}
{{nat fs g player|no=19|pos=DF|name=[[Frans Putros]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|7|14|df=y}}|caps=12|goals=0|club=[[Port F.C.|Port]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=23|pos=DF|name=[[Merchas Doski]]|age={{birth date and age|1999|12|7|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=0|club=[[1. FC Slovácko|Slovácko]]|clubnat=CZE}}
{{nat fs g player|no=5|pos=DF|name=[[Ahmed Yahya]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1997|5|27}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Al-Shorta]]|clubnat=IRQ}}
{{nat fs g player|no=3|pos=DF|name=[[Hussein Ali (footballer, born 2002)|Hussein Ali]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2002|3|1}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[SC Heerenveen]]|clubnat=NED}}
{{nat fs g player|no=4|pos=DF|name=[[Masies Artien]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|8|8}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[SV Spakenburg|Spakenburg]]|clubnat=NED}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs g player|no=14|pos=MF|name=[[Amjad Attwan]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1997|3|12}}|caps=75|goals=4|club=[[Zakho SC|Zakho]]|clubnat=IRQ}}
{{nat fs g player|no=13|pos=MF|name=[[Bashar Resan]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|12|22}}|caps=55|goals=3|club=[[Qatar SC|Qatar]]|clubnat=QAT}}
{{nat fs g player|no=7|pos=MF|name=[[Hussein Ali Al-Saedi]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|11|29}}|caps=50|goals=6|club=[[Al-Shorta SC|Al-Shorta]]|clubnat=IRQ}}
{{nat fs g player|no=8|pos=MF|name=[[Ibrahim Bayesh]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|5|1}}|caps=42|goals=6|club=[[Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya]]|clubnat=IRQ}}
{{nat fs g player|no=20|pos=MF|name=[[Osama Rashid]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|1|17}}|caps=26|goals=0|club=[[F.C. Vizela|Vizela]]|clubnat=POR}}
{{nat fs g player|no=16|pos=MF|name=[[Amir Al-Ammari]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1997|7|27}}|caps=19|goals=1|club=[[Halmstads BK|Halmstads]]|clubnat=SWE}}
{{nat fs g player|no=17|pos=MF|name=[[Ahmed Farhan]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1999|1|1}}|caps=8|goals=0|club=[[Al-Shorta SC|Al-Shorta]]|clubnat=IRQ}}
{{nat fs g player|no=11|pos=MF|name=[[Zidane Iqbal]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2003|4|27}}|caps=5|goals=0|club=[[FC Utrecht|Utrecht]]|clubnat=NED}}
{{nat fs g player|no=26|pos=MF|name=[[André Alsanati]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|1|6}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[IK Sirius|Sirius]]|clubnat=SWE}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs g player|no=18|pos=FW|name=[[Aymen Hussein]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|3|22}}|caps=64|goals=16|club=[[Raja CA]]|clubnat=MAR}}
{{nat fs g player|no=10|pos=FW|name=[[Ali Al-Hamadi]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2002|3|1}}|caps=7|goals=1|club=[[AFC Wimbledon]]|clubnat=ENG}}
{{nat fs g player|no=9|pos=FW|name=[[Pashang Abdulla]]|age={{birth date and age|1994|5|29|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Degerfors IF|Degerfors]]|clubnat=SWE}}
{{nat fs g player|no=21|pos=FW|name=[[Amin Al-Hamawi]]|age={{birth date and age|2003|12|17|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Helsingborgs IF|Helsingborgs]]|clubnat=SWE}}
{{nat fs end}}

== {{fb|LBN}} ==
Coach: {{flagicon|SER}} [[Aleksandar Ilić (footballer, born 1969)|Aleksandar Ilić]]

The following players were called up for the [[2023 King's Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ar:استدعاء 23 لاعبًا لمنتخب لبنان للمشاركة في البطولة الودية في تايلاند |trans-title=23 players called up for the friendly tournament in Thailand |url=https://the-lfa.com.lb/news/ntlist_28823.php |access-date=2 September 2023 |publisher=[[Lebanese Football Association]] |language=ar}}</ref>
{{block indent|left=1.5|1=''Information correct as of 28 August 2023''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lebanon Current Squad|url=https://www.falebanon.com/list/lebanon-current-squad/|access-date=28 August 2023|website=FA Lebanon}}</ref>}}
{{nat fs g start}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Mehdi Khalil]]|sortname=Khalil, Mahdi|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1991|9|19}}|caps=52|goals=0|club=[[Al-Faisaly SC|Al-Faisaly]]|clubnat=JOR}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Mostafa Matar]]|sortname=Matar, Mostafa|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1995|9|10}}|caps=16|goals=0|club=[[Al Ahed FC|Ahed]]|clubnat=LBN}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Antoine Al Douaihy]]|sortname=Douaihy, Antoine|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1999|3|18}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Salam Zgharta FC|Salam Zgharta]]|clubnat=LBN}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Kassem El Zein]]|sortname=Zein, Kassem|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1990|12|2}}|caps=32|goals=0|club=[[Nejmeh SC|Nejmeh]]|clubnat=LBN}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Hussein Zein]]|sortname=Zein, Hussein|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1995|1|27}}|caps=25|goals=0|club=[[Al Ahed FC|Ahed]]|clubnat=LBN}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Maher Sabra]]|sortname=Sabra, Maher|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1992|1|14}}|caps=17|goals=1|club=[[Nejmeh SC|Nejmeh]]|clubnat=LBN}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Walid Shour]]|sortname=Shour, Walid|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1996|6|10}}|caps=14|goals=0|club=[[Al Ahed FC|Ahed]]|clubnat=LBN}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Jihad Ayoub]]|sortname=Ayoub, Jihad|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1995|3|30}}|caps=7|goals=0|club=[[PSS Sleman]]|clubnat=IDN}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Abdallah Moughrabi]]|sortname=Moughrabi, Abdallah|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1995|8|14}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Nejmeh SC|Nejmeh]]|clubnat=LBN}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Mohamad Haidar]]|sortname=Haidar, Mohamad|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1989|11|8}}|caps=81|goals=4|club=[[Al Ahed FC|Ahed]]|clubnat=LBN}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Nader Matar]]|sortname=Matar, Nader|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1992|5|12}}|caps=62|goals=3|club=[[Al Ansar FC|Ansar]]|clubnat=LBN}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Bassel Jradi]]|sortname=Jradi, Bassel|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1993|7|6}}|caps=17|goals=1|club=[[Bangkok United F.C.|Bangkok United]]|clubnat=THA}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Mahdi Zein]]|sortname=Zein, Mahdi|age={{birth date and age|df=y|2000|5|23}}|caps=13|goals=1|club=[[Nejmeh SC|Nejmeh]]|clubnat=LBN}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Hassan Kourani]]|sortname=Kourani, Hassan|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1995|01|22}}|caps=8|goals=1|club=[[Nejmeh SC|Nejmeh]]|clubnat=LBN}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Ali Tneich]]|sortname=Tneich, Ali|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1992|7|16}}|caps=8|goals=0|club=[[Al Ansar FC|Ansar]]|clubnat=LBN}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Hasan Srour]]|sortname=Srour, Hasan|age={{birth date and age|df=y|2001|12|18}}|caps=6|goals=0|club=[[Al Ahed FC|Ahed]]|clubnat=LBN}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Majed Osman]]|sortname=Osman, Majed|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1994|6|9}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Dewa United F.C.|Dewa United]]|clubnat=IDN}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Hassan Maatouk]]|sortname=Maatouk, Hassan|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1987|8|10}}|caps=109|goals=23|club=[[Al Ansar FC|Ansar]]|clubnat=LBN|other=[[captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Hilal El-Helwe]]|sortname=Helwe, Hilal|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1994|11|24}}|caps=44|goals=9|club=[[Bourj FC|Bourj]]|clubnat=LBN}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Soony Saad]]|sortname=Saad, Soony|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1992|8|17}}|caps=30|goals=7|club=[[Penang F.C.|Penang]]|clubnat=MAS}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Karim Darwich]]|sortname=Darwich, Karim|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1998|11|2}}|caps=15|goals=1|club=[[Al Ahed FC|Ahed]]|clubnat=LBN}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Ali Al Haj]]|sortname=Haj, Ali|age={{birth date and age|df=y|2001|2|2}}|caps=8|goals=1|club=[[Al Ahed FC|Ahed]]|clubnat=LBN}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Daniel Lajud]]|sortname=Lajud, Daniel|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1999|1|22}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Atlante F.C.|Atlante]]|clubnat=MEX}}
{{nat fs end}}

== {{fb|IND}} ==
Coach: {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Igor Štimac]]

The following 21 players were named in the squad for the [[2023 King's Cup]] matches to be hold on 7 and 10 September 2023.<ref>{{cite news|title=Igor Stimac names 23-member squad for 49th King's Cup|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/igor-stimac-names-23-member-squad-for-49th-kings-cup|publisher=AIFF|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829112403/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/igor-stimac-names-23-member-squad-for-49th-kings-cup|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1698584887274479890|user=IndianFootball|title=The #BlueTigers 🐯 will travel with a 2⃣1⃣-member squad to Thailand for the 49th King's Cup. Amrinder Singh & Subhasish Bose will not travel with the team.|access-date=2023-09-04|author=Indian Football Team|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904134644/https://twitter.com/IndianFootball/status/1698584887274479890?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet|archive-date=2023-09-04|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Caps and goals are correct as of 4 July 2023, after the match against {{fb|KUW}}.''

{{nat fs g start|background=#0B0B3F|color=#ffffff}}
{{nat fs g player|no=1|pos=GK|name=[[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]|age={{birth date and age|1992|2|3|df=y}}|caps=62|goals=0|club=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=13|pos=GK|name=[[Gurmeet Singh (footballer)|Gurmeet Singh]]|age={{birth date and age|1999|12|3|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]|clubnat=IND}}

{{nat fs break|background=#800000|color=white}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Asish Rai]]|age={{birth date and age|1999|01|27|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan SG]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=4|pos=DF|name=[[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali]]|age={{birth date and age|2000|8|28|df=y}}|caps=16|goals=1|club=[[Mohun Bagan SG]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=5|pos=DF|name=[[Sandesh Jhingan]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|7|21|df=y}}|caps=55|goals=5|club=[[FC Goa|Goa]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=6|pos=DF|name=[[Akash Mishra]]|age={{birth date and age|2001|11|27|df=y}}|caps=20|goals=0|club=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=18|pos=DF|name=[[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]]|age={{birth date and age|1998|5|5|df=y}}|caps=7|goals=0|club=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=21|pos=DF|name=[[Nikhil Poojari|Nikhil Poojary]]|age={{birth date and age|1995|9|3|df=y}}|caps=16|goals=1|club=[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Lalchungnunga]]|age={{birth date and age|2000|12|25|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}

{{nat fs break|background=#800000|color=white}}
{{nat fs g player|no=7|pos=MF|name=[[Anirudh Thapa]]|age={{birth date and age|1998|1|15|df=y}}|caps=49|goals=4|club=[[Mohun Bagan SG]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Brandon Fernandes]]|age={{birth date and age|1994|9|20|df=y}}|caps=20|goals=0|club=[[FC Goa|Goa]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Sahal Abdul Samad]]|age={{birth date and age|1997|4|1|df=y}}|caps=30|goals=3|club=[[Mohun Bagan SG]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=12|pos=MF|name=[[Suresh Singh Wangjam]]|age={{birth date and age|2000|8|7|df=y}}|caps=17|goals=1|club=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=14|pos=MF|name=[[Jeakson Singh]]|age={{birth date and age|2001|6|21|df=y}}|caps=17|goals=0|club=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=19|pos=MF|name=[[Rohit Kumar (footballer)|Rohit Kumar]]|age={{birth date and age|1997|4|1|df=y}}|caps=9|goals=0|club=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]|clubnat=IND}}

{{nat fs break|background=#800000|color=white}}
{{nat fs g player|no=8|pos=FW|name=[[Naorem Mahesh Singh]]|age={{birth date and age|1999|3|1|df=y}}|caps=11|goals=1|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Rahim Ali]]|age={{birth date and age|2000|4|21|df=y}}|caps=12|goals=0|club=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]|age={{birth date and age|1995|11|7|df=y}}|caps=34|goals=6|club=[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan SG]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=14|pos=FW|name=[[Rahul K. P.|Rahul KP]]|age={{birth date and age|2000|2|16|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=17|pos=FW|name=[[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]|age={{birth date and age|1997|6|8|df=y}}|caps=28|goals=7|club=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=22|pos=FW|name=[[Ashique HarmanBajwaniyan]]|age={{birth date and age|1997|6|18|df=y}}|caps=33|goals=2|club=[[Mohun Bagan SG]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs end}}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [http://fathailand.org/news Football Association of Thailand] – FAT official site {{in lang|th}}

{{King's Cup}}

[[Category:King's Cup]]
[[Category:Football in Thailand]]
[[Category:September 2023 sports events in Thailand|King's Cup]]
[[Category:2023 in Thai football|King's Cup]]
[[Category:2023 in Asian football]]
[[Category:2023 in Thai football cups]]

Organic Mama Hybrid Alludu

2023-07-19T14:23:06Z

Shababanwer:

{{No plot}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Organic Mama Hybrid Alludu
| director = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
| writer = S. V. Krishna Reddy
| producer = Koneru Kalpana
| starring = Syed Sohel [[Mrinalini Ravi]]
| cinematography = [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|C. Ramprasad]]
| editing = [[Prawin Pudi]]
| music = '''Songs:''' S. V. Krishna Reddy '''Score:''' S. Chinna
| studio = Ammu Creations Kalpana Chitra
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|3|3}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Organic Mama Hybrid Alludu''''' is a 2023 Indian Telugu-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] and starring [[Syed Sohel]] and [[Mrinalini Ravi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director SV Krishna Reddy: Organic Mama Hybrid Alludu has a message and will entertain crowds too |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/director-sv-krishna-reddy-organic-mama-hybrid-alludu-has-a-message-and-will-entertain-crowds-too/167e28e001101 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330142332/https://www.ottplay.com/interview/director-sv-krishna-reddy-organic-mama-hybrid-alludu-has-a-message-and-will-entertain-crowds-too/167e28e001101 |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherukuri |first=Abhilasha |title=Organic Mama Hybrid Alludu Trailer Out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/feb/28/organic-mama-hybrid-alludu-trailer-out-40495.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506070419/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/feb/28/organic-mama-hybrid-alludu-trailer-out-40495.html |archive-date=6 May 2023 |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Syed Sohel as Vijay
*[[Mrinalini Ravi]] as Haasini
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Venkatramana
*[[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
*[[Varun Sandesh]]
*[[Rashmi Gautam]]
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Munikonda
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
*[[Ajay Ghosh]]
*[[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]]
*[[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]
*[[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Munikonda's mother
*[[Raja Ravindra]]
*[[Prudhvi Raj]]
*[[Shanoor Sana]]
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Munikonda's father
*[[Krishna Bhagavaan]]
*Surekha Vani
*[[Harsha Chemudu]]
*Rocket Raghava
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]].
*"Vaisakha Maasam" – Sreerama Chandra, Sahithi Chaganti
*"Nammukora" – [[L. V. Revanth|Revanth]]
*"Kotha Rakam" – Shanmukha Priya, [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
*"Allasani" – Harini, Sri Krishna

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote that "The SV Krishna Reddy directorial borrows heavily from the past, leaving them devoid of effective drama".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherukuri |first=Abhilasha |title=Organic Mama Hybrid Alludu Movie Review: This romantic drama is outdated and insipid |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2023/mar/03/organic-mama-hybrid-alludu-movie-review-this-romantic-drama-is-outdated-and-insipid-40623.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511060554/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2023/mar/03/organic-mama-hybrid-alludu-movie-review-this-romantic-drama-is-outdated-and-insipid-40623.html |archive-date=11 May 2023 |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[123telugu]]'' wrote that "On the whole Organic Mama Hybrid Alludu is an outdated family entertainer that lacks any novelty".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review : Organic Mama Hybrid Alludu – Lacks freshness |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/organic-mama-hybrid-alludu-telugu-movie-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403054201/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/organic-mama-hybrid-alludu-telugu-movie-review.html |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=[[123telugu]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "This family entertainer works in parts but disappoints as a package because of its archaic storytelling and banal humour in the second half".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nicodemus |first=Paul |title=Organic Mama Hybrid Alludu Movie Review : Typical family entertainer; lacks novelty |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/organic-mama-hybrid-alludu/movie-review/98391819.cms |url-status=live |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303140650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/organic-mama-hybrid-alludu/movie-review/98391819.cms |archive-date=3 March 2023}}</ref> A critic from ''[[OTTplay]]'' wrote that "Organic Mama Hybrid Alludu is a disappointing comeback film from SV Krishna Reddy, ailed by a weak plot and a snoozefest of a screenplay".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |title=Organic Mama Hybrid Alludu review: SV Krishna Reddy's comeback film disappoints |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/organic-mama-hybrid-alludu-review-sv-krishna-reddys-comeback-film-is-a-disappointment/b81aa4d9f7444 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324130108/https://www.ottplay.com/review/organic-mama-hybrid-alludu-review-sv-krishna-reddys-comeback-film-is-a-disappointment/b81aa4d9f7444 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt23043386}}
{{S. V. Krishna Reddy}}
[[Category:2020s Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Kranti (community development block)

2023-07-15T14:18:02Z

Shababanwer: Just published an influential work.

#REDIRECT [[Kranti (C.D. block)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Krishna Nandan Prasad Verma

2023-07-14T17:10:38Z

Shababanwer: Just completed a fresh chapter.

{{Short description|Former cabinet minister in Government of Bihar}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =Krishna Nandan Prasad Verma
| image = File:Krishnanand Prasad Verma with Upendra Kushwaha.jpg
| caption = Krishna Nandan Prasad Verma (right) with [[Upendra Kushwaha]] at Patna University centenary celebration.
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence =
| constituency1 = [[Makhdumpur Assembly constituency]]
|constituency2=[[Ghosi, Bihar Assembly constituency|Ghosi Assembly constituency]]
| office1 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] 
| office2 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|office3=Minister for Education, [[Government of Bihar]].
| term_start1 = 2005
| term_end1 = 2010
| term_start2 = 2015
| term_end2 = 2020
|term_start3 = 2015
| term_end3 =2020
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]][[File:Janata Dal (United) Flag.svg|20px]]
| alma_mater =
| parents = Sukhdev Prasad Verma (father)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=730|title=KRISHNA NANDAN PRASAD VERMA|website=Myneta.info|accessdate=13 July 2023|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329121339/https://www.myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=730|url-status=live}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| otherparty =
| spouse =
| nationality = Indian
| children =
}}'''Krishna Nandan Prasad Verma''' is an Indian politician, who was elected to [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from Ghosi Assembly constituency in 2015 Bihar Assembly elections. Verma is a member of [[Janata Dal (United)]] and has served as Minister for Education in Nitish Kumar's cabinet. He was also given charge of Social Justice ministry, after resignation of [[Manju Verma]] from this position, who resigned after being implicated in [[Muzaffarpur shelter case|Muzaffarpur Shelter case]]. Verma has represented [[Makhdumpur Assembly constituency|Mukhdumpur Assembly constituency]] as well. He lost to [[Suday Yadav]] of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] in 2020 Bihar Assembly elections, in a triangular contest involving Indu Devi Kashyap, a defector from [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] as third important candidate from this constituency, apart from himself and Yadav.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/aug/09/education-minister-krishnandan-varma-gets-social-welfare-charge-after-manju-vermas-resignation-1855552.html|title=Education minister Krishnandan Varma gets social welfare charge after Manju Verma's resignation|website=new indian express|accessdate=13 July 2023|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025033/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/aug/09/education-minister-krishnandan-varma-gets-social-welfare-charge-after-manju-vermas-resignation-1855552.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/jehanabad-bihar-election-news-jehanabad-seat-krishnanandan-prasad-verma-lost-to-rjd-suday-yadav-stronghold-bihar-election-2020-cgnt-3325744.html|title=Bihar Election News: नीतीश के मंत्री कृष्णनंदन प्रसाद वर्मा हारे, RJD के सुदय यादव ने 34 हजार वोटों से हराया|website=News18|accessdate=13 July 2023|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130014849/https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/jehanabad-bihar-election-news-jehanabad-seat-krishnanandan-prasad-verma-lost-to-rjd-suday-yadav-stronghold-bihar-election-2020-cgnt-3325744.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/bihar-election-jehanabad-people-leased-out-at-education-minister-krishna-nandan-verma-over-constituency-change/1539348/|title=Bihar Election: आप तो घोसी से विधायक थे, ऐसा कौन सा काम किया कि यहां भेज दिया, सीट बदलने पर जहानाबाद में शिक्षा मंत्री को को लोगों ने सुनाई खरी-खरी|website=Jansatta|accessdate=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713201657/https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/bihar-election-jehanabad-people-leased-out-at-education-minister-krishna-nandan-verma-over-constituency-change/1539348/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-india-bihar-education-minister-krishnandan-prasad-vermas-aide-charged-for-hosting-feast-2214645|title=Bihar Education Minister's Aide Charged For Hosting Feast Amid Lockdown|website=NDTV|accessdate=13 July 2023|archive-date=30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430152924/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-india-bihar-education-minister-krishnandan-prasad-vermas-aide-charged-for-hosting-feast-2214645|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political career==
Verma became a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] for his first term in 2005. He was elected from Makhdumpur Assembly constituency. In 2015, he was again elected, this time from Ghosi Assembly constituency. Following this victory, he was made a minister in [[Fifth Nitish Kumar ministry|Fifth]] and [[Sixth Nitish Kumar ministry|Sixth Nitish Kumar cabinet]] and was assigned education ministry. As a minister, he worked for education reforms and later, when he was assigned Social Welfare ministry, as a replacement to Manju Verma, he worked for social welfare as well. In 2020 Bihar Assembly elections, Janata Dal United made him a candidate from Jahanabad Assembly constituency. He lost to [[Suday Yadav]], with a large share of votes also polling in favour of Indu Devi Kashyap, a defector of Bhartiya Janata Party, who contested as a candidate of [[Lok Janshakti Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/assembly-election-2020/bihar-chunav/krishannandan-prasad-verma-s04a216c03-janata-dal-united-profile/|title=Bihar Candidate Krishna Nandan Prasad Verma|website=News18|accessdate=13 July 2023|archive-date=17 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217095048/https://hindi.news18.com/assembly-election-2020/bihar-chunav/krishannandan-prasad-verma-s04a216c03-janata-dal-united-profile/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/india-news/muzaffarpur-case-krishna-nandan-prasad-verma-gets-additional-charge-of-social-welfare-department-740337|title=Muzaffarpur case: Krishna Nandan Prasad Verma gets additional charge of social welfare department|website=Abplive|accessdate=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713201655/https://news.abplive.com/india-news/muzaffarpur-case-krishna-nandan-prasad-verma-gets-additional-charge-of-social-welfare-department-740337|url-status=live}}</ref>

The reshuffle which occurred by assigning him Social Welfare ministry after Manju Verma was seen by many political observers of Bihar as effort to placate [[Kushwaha]] caste, after resignation of Manju Verma, as both he and Manju belonged to this caste.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/education-minister-krishnandan-varma-gets-social-welfare-charge-after-manju-verma-s-resignation-118080901149_1.html|title=Education minister Krishnandan Varma gets social welfare charge after Manju Verma's resignation|website=Business Standard|accessdate=13 July 2023|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729083240/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/education-minister-krishnandan-varma-gets-social-welfare-charge-after-manju-verma-s-resignation-118080901149_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During his tenure as education minister, Verma worked for ensuring error free conduction of Bihar Board examination, which was prone to various mismanagements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/1162391|title=बिहार में पिछले वर्ष की तुलना में बेहतर रहेंगे मैट्रिक और इंटर के रिजल्ट : शिक्षा मंत्री|website=Prabhat khabar|accessdate=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713201656/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/1162391|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Verma as education minister ordered inquiry against a government run school of Lalganj, which was alleged for segregating students in different sections on the basis of caste and religion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/bihar-school-segregates-students-on-caste-lines-probe-ordered-5498941/|title=School segregating students on the basis of caste and religion ordered probe|website=Indian express|accessdate=13 July 2023|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219125857/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/bihar-school-segregates-students-on-caste-lines-probe-ordered-5498941/|url-status=live}}</ref>

However, in the end of his term in education ministry, the issue of contract teachers caused sentiment of anti-incumbency against the government. The contractual teachers sat on strike, demanding equal perks with those of permanent teachers, leaving more than fifty dead due to hunger strike. But Verma and the government failed to take action, in order to solve the issue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/bihar-s-striking-contractual-teachers-left-to-fend-for-themselves-amid-lockdown-70685|title=Bihar's striking contractual teachers left to fend for themselves amid lockdown|website=Down To Earth|accessdate=13 July 2023|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005161204/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/bihar-s-striking-contractual-teachers-left-to-fend-for-themselves-amid-lockdown-70685|url-status=live}}</ref> Though, in his tenure, vacancy for primary teachers were announced in an effort to create more jobs in public sector, the finalisation of this project couldn't be done until the end of his term as minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/wages-caste-and-family-pride-in-play-at-jehanabad/story-F7EnRBCd5NWRwevgcOiYAL.html|title=Wages, caste and family pride in play at Jehanabad|website=Hindustan Times|accessdate=13 July 2023|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531052910/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/wages-caste-and-family-pride-in-play-at-jehanabad/story-F7EnRBCd5NWRwevgcOiYAL.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Ajit Kumar Mehta]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]

Nagla Raja

2023-07-13T02:39:03Z

Shababanwer: Wrote an insightful write-up.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nagla Raja
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.09316|N|78.97332|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.619
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 111
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nagla Raja''' ([[Devanagari]]: नागला राजा {{IAST|Nāglā Rājā}}) is a village in [[Karhal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 111, in 19 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Nagla Raja had a population of 111, in 19 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|149}} This population was 55.0% male (61) and 45.0% female (50). The 0-6 age group numbered 17 (14 male and 3 female), or 15.3% of the total population. No residents were members of Scheduled Castes.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|112-3}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Nagla Raja as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 57 people (29 male and 28 female), in 11 households and 9 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 153 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lviii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Nagla Raja had 1 primary school; it did not have any kind of healthcare facility. Drinking water was provided by well, hand pump, and tube well; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|149-54}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution of India

2022-12-14T15:03:00Z

Shababanwer: Added a new post to the platform.

#REDIRECT [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India]]

Swastika

2022-05-13T20:36:53Z

Shababanwer: Created an enlightening manuscript.

{{Short description|Transcultural religious symbol}}
{{other uses}}

{{Use dmy dates}}
[[File:Four-swastika collage (transparent).png|thumb|The swastika is a symbol with many styles and meanings and can be found in many cultures.]]
[[File:National Socialist swastika.svg|thumb|The [[Cultural appropriation|appropriation]] of the swastika by the [[Nazi Party]] and [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazis]] is the most recognisable modern use of the symbol in the [[Western world]].]]
The '''swastika''' ('''卐''' or '''卍''') is an ancient religious and cultural symbol, predominantly in various [[Eurasia]]n, as well as some [[Indigenous peoples of Africa|African]] and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|American]] cultures, now also widely recognized for its [[Cultural appropriation|appropriation]] by the [[Nazi Party]] and by [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazis]].<ref name="britswast">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/swastika |title=Swastika |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online |access-date=2022-05-22}}</ref><ref name="bbcmag">{{cite magazine |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29644591 |title=How the world loved the swastika – until Hitler stole it |first=Mukti Jain |last=Campion |magazine=[[BBC News Magazine]] |access-date=2022-01-11}}</ref><ref name="Roden" /><ref name="Olson">{{Cite journal |last=Olson |first=Jim |title=The Swastika Symbol in Native American Art |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2453170975 |journal=Whispering Wind |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=23–25 |issn=0300-6565 |id={{ProQuest|2453170975}} |via=ProQuest}}</ref> It continues to be used as a symbol of divinity and spirituality in [[Indian religions]], including [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Jainism]].<ref name="Sullivan2001p216" /><ref name="snodgrass82" /><ref name="Cort 2001 17">{{cite book |last=Cort |first=John E. |author-link=John E. Cort |title=Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PZk-4HOMzsoC|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0195132342 |page=17}}</ref><ref name="p.97" /><ref name="britswast" /> It generally takes the form of a [[cross]],{{efn-ua|In a broader sense, swastika is a [[rosette (design)|rosette]] with any number of rays bent in one direction,<ref name="GRE" /> such as [[triskelion]] or ''[[arevakhach]]''.}} the arms of which are of equal length and perpendicular to the adjacent arms, each bent midway at a right angle.<ref name="MigSym" /><ref name="CambDict" />

The word ''swastika'' comes from {{lang-sa|[[wikt:स्वस्तिक#Sanskrit|स्वस्तिक]]|svastika}}, meaning 'conducive to well-being'.<ref name="etymology" /><ref name="britswast" /> In [[Hinduism]], the right-facing symbol (clockwise) ({{char|卐}}) is called {{lang|sa-Latn|swastika}}, symbolizing {{lang|sa-Latn|[[surya]]}} ('sun'), prosperity and good luck, while the left-facing symbol (counter-clockwise) ({{char|卍}}) is called '''{{lang|sa-Latn|sauwastika}}''', symbolising night or [[Tantra|tantric]] aspects of [[Kali]].<ref name="britswast" /> In [[Jain symbols|Jain symbolism]], it represents [[Suparshvanatha]]{{snd}}the seventh of 24 [[Tirthankara]]s ([[spiritual teacher]]s and [[Salvation|saviours]]), while in [[Buddhist symbols|Buddhist symbolism]] it represents the auspicious footprints of the [[Buddha]].<ref name="britswast" /><ref name="silverblatt109" /><ref>{{cite book |first1=Mohan |last1=Pant |first2=Shūji |last2=Funo |title=Stupa and Swastika: Historical Urban Planning Principles in Nepal's Kathmandu Valley |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=W-K5_Z8qsJEC |publisher=National University of Singapore Press |isbn=978-9971-69-372-5 |page=231 with note 5}}</ref> In several major [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] religions, the swastika symbolises lightning bolts, representing the [[thunder god]] and the [[king of the gods]], such as [[Indra]] in [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic Hinduism]], [[Zeus]] in the [[ancient Greek religion]], [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]] in the [[Religion in ancient Rome|ancient Roman religion]], and [[Thor]] in the [[Germanic mythology|ancient Germanic religion]].<ref name="Greg">{{cite book |last1=Greg |first1=Robert Philips |title=On the Meaning and Origin of the Fylfot and Swastika |url=https://archive.org/details/onmeaningandori00londgoog |publisher=Nichols and Sons |pages=[https://archive.org/details/onmeaningandori00londgoog/page/n11 6], 29}}</ref> The symbol is found in the archeological remains of the [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus Valley Civilisation]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Faience button seal|url=https://www.harappa.com/indus4/45.html|quote=Faience button seal (H99-3814/8756-01) with swastika motif found on the floor of Room 202 (Trench 43).}}</ref> and [[Samarra culture|Samarra]], as well as in early [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] and [[Christian art]]work.<ref name="p.97" />

Although used for the first time by far-right Romanian politician [[A. C. Cuza]] as a symbol of international antisemitism prior to [[World War I]],<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=B'nai B'rith |title=The National Jewish Monthly |volume=55–56 |page=181 |access-date=28 July 2022 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTIlAQAAMAAJ&q=%22as%20an%20emblem%22 |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728230502/https://books.google.ro/books?id=fTIlAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22as%20an%20emblem%22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFZpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22brandishing%22 |title=Nicholas M. Nagy-Talavera, Center for Romanian Studies, 1998, ''Nicolae Iorga: A Biography'', p. 102 |isbn=9789739809177 |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105083200/https://books.google.ro/books?id=NFZpAAAAMAAJ&dq&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22brandishing%22 |url-status=live |last1=Nagy-Talavera |first1=Nicholas M. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOUPsUNhO6wC&pg=PA28 |title=Ion C. Butnaru, Renee Spodheim, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992, ''The Silent Holocaust: Romania and Its Jews'', p. 28 |isbn=9780313279850 |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105083151/https://books.google.ro/books?id=sOUPsUNhO6wC&pg=PA28 |url-status=live |last1=Butnaru |first1=Ion C. |last2=Spodheim |first2=Renee }}</ref> it was [[Western use of the swastika in the early 20th century|a symbol of auspiciousness and good luck for most of the Western world]] until the 1930s,<ref name="bbcmag" /> when the German Nazi Party adopted the swastika as an emblem of the [[Aryan race]]. As a result of [[World War II]] and [[the Holocaust]], in the West it continues to be strongly associated with [[Nazism]], [[antisemitism]],<ref name="holocaust2009" /><ref name="wiener463" /> [[white supremacy|white supremacism]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stollznow |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dsf3DwAAQBAJ&dq=Swastika+%2522symbol+of+white+supremacy%2522&pg=PA134 |title=On the Offensive: Prejudice in Language Past and Present |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-49627-8 |page=134}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Langman |first1=Lauren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dk4PDQAAQBAJ&dq=Swastika+%2522symbol+of+white+supremacy%2522&pg=PA89 |title=God, Guns, Gold and Glory: American Character and its Discontents |last2=Lundskow |first2=George |publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-32863-1 |page=89}}</ref> or simply [[evil]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lander |first1=Janis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IH5iAgAAQBAJ&dq=swastika+%2522symbol+of+evil%2522&pg=PA28 |title=Spiritual Art and Art Education |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-66789-5 |page=28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wagoner |first1=Brady |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWeMAgAAQBAJ&dq=swastika+%2522symbol+of+evil%2522&pg=PA13 |title=Symbolic Transformation: The Mind in Movement Through Culture and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-15090-7 |page=13}}</ref> As a consequence, its use in some countries, including Germany, is prohibited by law.{{efn-ua|Except for religious use.}} However, the swastika remains a symbol of good luck and prosperity in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain countries such as Nepal, India, Thailand, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, China and Japan, and by some peoples, such as the [[Navajo]] people of the Southwest United States. It is also commonly used in Hindu marriage ceremonies and [[Divali|Dipavali]] celebrations.

==Etymology and nomenclature==

[[File:Snoldelevsunwheel.jpg|thumb|Drawing of a swastika on the [[Snoldelev Stone]] (9th century)]]

The word ''swastika'' has been used in the [[Indian subcontinent]] since 500 [[Common Era|BCE]]. The word was first recorded by the ancient linguist [[Pāṇini]] in his work ''[[Ashtadhyayi]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zimmer |first1=Heinrich |title=Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization |publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref> It is alternatively spelled in contemporary texts as ''svastika'',<ref>{{cite book |first1=F. R. |last1=Allchin |first2=George |last2=Erdosy |title=The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kI02_zW70C&pg=PA180 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-37695-2 |page=180}}</ref> and other spellings were occasionally used in the 19th and early 20th century, such as ''suastika''.<ref>First recorded 1871 ([[OED]]); alternative historical English spellings include ''suastika'', ''swastica'', and ''svastica''; see, for example: {{cite book |title=Notes and Queries|issue= 170|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=C2AEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA259 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=259}}</ref> It was derived from the [[Sanskrit]] term ([[Devanagari]] {{lang|sa|[[wikt:स्वस्तिक|स्वस्तिक]]}}), which transliterates to ''{{IAST|svastika}}'' under the commonly used IAST transliteration system, but is pronounced closer to ''swastika'' when letters are used with their English values.

An important early use of the word ''swastika'' in a European text was in 1871 with the publications of [[Heinrich Schliemann]], who discovered more than 1,800 ancient samples of the swastika symbol and its variants while digging the [[Hisarlik]] mound near the Aegean Sea coast for the history of Troy. Schliemann linked his findings to the Sanskrit {{lang|sa-Latn|swastika}}.<ref name="boissoneaultsm" /><ref>{{cite web |first=Douglas |last=Harper |url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=swastika |title=Swastika |work=Etymology Dictionary}}</ref>{{sfnp|Mees|2008|pp=57–58}}

The word ''swastika'' is derived from the Sanskrit root {{lang|sa-Latn|swasti}}, which is composed of {{lang|sa-Latn|su}} 'good, well' and {{lang|sa-Latn|asti}} 'is; it is; there is'.<ref name="Schliemann347" /> The word {{lang|sa-Latn|swasti}} occurs frequently in the [[Vedas]] as well as in classical literature, meaning 'health, luck, success, prosperity', and it was commonly used as a greeting.<ref name="M-W" /><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/vedicconcordance00bloouoft#page/1053/mode/1up A Vedic Concordance], Maurice Bloomfield, Harvard University Press, pp. 1052–1054</ref> The final {{lang|sa-Latn|ka}} is a common suffix that could have multiple meanings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Sanskrit_Grammar_by_Whitney_p1.djvu/494|title=Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/494 – Wikisource, the free online library|website=en.wikisource.org|access-date=2019-06-10}}</ref> According to [[Monier-Williams]], a majority of scholars consider it a [[solar symbol]].<ref name="M-W" /> The sign implies something fortunate, lucky, or auspicious, and it denotes auspiciousness or well-being.<ref name="M-W" />

The earliest known use of the word swastika is in [[Pāṇini]]'s ''Ashtadhyayi'', which uses it to explain one of the Sanskrit grammar rules, in the context of a type of identifying mark on a cow's ear.<ref name="Schliemann347" /> Most scholarship suggests that Pāṇini lived in or before the 4th century BCE,<ref>{{cite journal |first=Frits |last=Staal |author-link=Frits Staal |title=Euclid and Pāṇini |journal=Philosophy East and West |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=99–116|jstor=1397332 |doi=10.2307/1397332 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Pāṇini: A Survey of Research |last=Cardona |first=George |author-link=George Cardona |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1494-3 |page=268 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=adWXhQ-yHQUC&pg=PA268 |via=Google Books}}</ref> possibly in 6th or 5th century BCE.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ashtadhyayi |title=Panini (Indian Grammarian) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Hartmut |last=Scharfe |title=Grammatical Literature |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2_VbnWkZ-SYC&pg=PA88 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-01706-0 |pages=88–89 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

By the 19th century, the term ''swastika'' was adopted into the English lexicon,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Oxford English Dictionary |entry=Swastika |entry-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.120833/page/n1120/mode/1up |page=290 |volume=X. Sole{{ndash}}Sz |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> replacing ''gammadion'' from Greek {{lang|grc|γαμμάδιον}}. In 1878, Irish scholar [[Charles Graves (bishop)|Charles Graves]] used ''swastika'' as the common English name for the symbol, after defining it as equivalent to the [[French language|French]] term {{lang|fr|croix gammée}}{{snd}}a cross with arms shaped like the Greek letter [[gamma]] (Γ).<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AHcTAAAAYAAJ |title=On the Croix Gammée, or Swastika |last=Graves |first=Charles |authorlink=Charles Graves (bishop) |journal=The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy |volume=27 |pages=41–46 |publisher=[[Royal Irish Academy]]}} Read by Graves to the Royal Irish Academy on 13 May 1878.</ref> Shortly thereafter, British antiquarians [[Edward Thomas (antiquarian)|Edward Thomas]] and [[Robert Sewell (historian)|Robert Sewell]] separately published their studies about the symbol, using ''swastika'' as the common English term.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UIOAAAAQAAJ |title=The Indian Swastika and Its Western Counterparts |first=Edward |last=Thomas |authorlink=Edward Thomas (antiquarian) |publisher=[[Royal Numismatic Society]] |journal=Numismatic Chronicle |volume=20 |pages=18–48}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRYHAAAAQAAJ |title=Notes on the Swastika |first=Robert |last=Sewell |authorlink=Robert Sewell (historian) |journal=[[The Indian Antiquary]] |volume=9 |pages=65–73}}</ref>

The concept of a "reversed" swastika was probably first made among European scholars by [[Eugène Burnouf]] in 1852, and taken up by [[Heinrich Schliemann|Schliemann]] in ''Ilios'' (1880), based on a letter from [[Max Müller]] that quotes Burnouf. The term {{lang|sa-Latn|sauwastika}} is used in the sense of 'backwards swastika' by [[Eugène Goblet d'Alviella]] (1894): "In India it [the ''gammadion''] bears the name of {{lang|sa-Latn|swastika}}, when its arms are bent towards the right, and {{lang|sa-Latn|sauwastika}} when they are turned in the other direction."<ref>[http://sacred-texts.com/sym/mosy/mosy06.htm#page_40 ''The Migration of Symbols''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225075221/https://sacred-texts.com/sym/mosy/mosy06.htm#page_40 }}, by [[Eugène Goblet d'Alviella]], (1894), p. 40 at [[sacred-texts.com]]</ref>

Other names for the symbol include:
* {{lang|grc-Latn|tetragammadion}} (Greek: {{lang|grc|τετραγαμμάδιον}}) or ''cross gammadion'' ({{lang-la|crux gammata}}; French: {{lang|fro|croix gammée}}), as each arm resembles the Greek letter Γ ({{lang|grc-Latn|[[gamma]]}})<ref name="MigSym" />
* ''hooked cross'' (German: {{lang|de|Hakenkreuz}}), ''angled cross'' ({{lang|de|Winkelkreuz}}), or ''crooked cross'' ({{lang|de|Krummkreuz}})
* ''cross cramponned'', ''cramponnée'', or ''cramponny'' in heraldry, as each arm resembles a [[Crampon (heraldry)|crampon]] or angle-iron ({{lang-de|Winkelmaßkreuz}})
* ''[[fylfot]]'', chiefly in heraldry and architecture
* {{lang|grc-Latn|tetraskelion}} (Greek: {{lang|grc|τετρασκέλιον}}), literally meaning 'four-legged', especially when composed of four conjoined legs (compare [[Triskelion|triskelion/triskele]] [Greek: {{lang|grc|τρισκέλιον}}])<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tetraskelion |title=tetraskelion |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |edition=Online |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>
* {{lang|lv|[[ugunskrusts]]}} (Latvian for 'fire cross, cross of fire"; other names{{snd}} {{lang|lv|pērkonkrusts}} ('cross of thunder', 'thunder cross'), cross of [[Perun]] or of [[Perkūnas]]), cross of branches, cross of [[Laima]])
* ''whirling logs'' (Navajo): can denote abundance, prosperity, healing, and luck<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/08/07/melissa-codys-whirling-logs-dont-you-dare-call-them-swastikas-150782 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130811070916/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/08/07/melissa-codys-whirling-logs-dont-you-dare-call-them-swastikas-150782 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2013 |title=Melissa Cody's Whirling Logs: Don't You Dare Call Them Swastikas |work=Indian Country Today Media Network}}</ref>

In various European languages, it is known as the ''[[fylfot]]'', {{lang|grc-Latn|gammadion}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|tetraskelion}}, or {{lang|fro|cross cramponnée}} (a term in Anglo-Norman [[heraldry]]); [[German Language|German]]: {{lang|de|Hakenkreuz}}; [[French Language|French]]: {{lang|fr|croix gammée}}; [[Italian Language|Italian]]: {{lang|it|croce uncinata}}; [[Latvian Language|Latvian]]: {{lang|lv|[[ugunskrusts]]}}. In [[Mongolian Language|Mongolian]] it is called {{lang|mn-Latn|хас}} ({{lang|mn-Latn|khas}}) and mainly used in seals. In [[Chinese language|Chinese]] it is called 卍字 ({{lang|cmn-Latn|wànzì}}), pronounced {{lang|ja-Latn|manji}} in [[Japanese Language|Japanese]], {{lang|ko-Latn|manja}} (만자) in [[Korean Language|Korean]] and {{lang|vi|vạn tự}} or {{lang|vi|chữ vạn}} in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]. In [[Baltistan|Balti]]/[[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]] language it is called {{lang|bft-Latn|yung drung}}.{{citation needed}}

==Appearance==
{{multiple image
| image_gap = 5
| align = right
| image1 = Swastika.svg
| width1 = 90
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Swastika right-facing.svg
| width2 = 90
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Left: the left-facing sauwastika is a sacred symbol in the [[Bon]] and [[Mahāyāna|Mahāyāna Buddhist]] traditions. Right: the right-facing swastika appears commonly in [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]] and [[Sri Lankan Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Powers |title=Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cy980CH84mEC&pg=PA509 |date=2007 |publisher=Shambhala Press |isbn=978-1-55939-835-0 |page=509 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Luciano |last=Chessa |title=Luigi Russolo, Futurist: Noise, Visual Arts, and the Occult |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=P2NGRnEFfmQC&pg=PA34 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-95156-3 |page=34 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
}}

All swastikas are bent crosses based on a [[chiral]] symmetry, but they appear with different [[Geometry|geometric]] details: as compact crosses with short legs, as crosses with large arms and as motifs in a pattern of unbroken lines. Chirality describes an absence of [[reflective symmetry]], with the existence of two versions that are [[mirror image]]s of each other. The mirror-image forms are typically described as left-facing or left-hand (卍) and right-facing or right-hand (卐).

The compact swastika can be seen as a chiral irregular [[icosagon]] (20-sided [[polygon]]) with fourfold (90°) [[rotational symmetry]]. Such a swastika proportioned on a 5{{spaces}}×{{spaces}}5 square grid and with the broken portions of its legs shortened by one unit can [[Tessellation|tile the plane]] by [[Translation (geometry)|translation]] alone. The Nazi swastika used a 5{{spaces}}×{{spaces}}5 diagonal grid, but with the legs unshortened.<ref>"[http://flagspot.net/flags/de%271933.html Swastika Flag Specifications and Construction Sheet (Germany)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208032141/http://flagspot.net/flags/de%271933.html }}". ''[[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]]''.</ref>

===Written characters===
{{multiple image
| image_gap = 5
| align = right
| image1 = Cangjie NX.svg
| width1 = 90
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Cangjie VX.svg
| width2 = 90
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = 卍 and 卐 characters.
}}
The swastika was adopted as a standard character in [[Written Chinese|Chinese]], "{{script|Hant|[[:wikt:卍#Translingual|卍]]}}" ({{zh|p=wàn}}) and as such entered various other [[East Asian languages]], including [[Chinese character|Chinese script]]. In Japanese the symbol is called {{nihongo|"{{lang|ja|[[:wikt:卍#Japanese|卍]]}}"||manji|lead=yes}} or {{nihongo|"{{lang|ja|[[:wikt:卍字#Japanese|卍字]]}}"||manji}}.

The swastika is included in the [[Unicode]] character sets of two languages. In the Chinese block it is U+534D [[:wikt:卍|卍]] (left-facing) and U+5350 for the swastika [[:wikt:卐|卐]] (right-facing);<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U4E00.pdf#page=35&zoom=auto,-76,166 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030916074204/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U4E00.pdf |archive-date=2003-09-16 |url-status=live |title=CJK Unified Ideographs }} {{small|(4.83 MB)}}, ''The Unicode Standard, Version 4.1''. Unicode, Inc. 2005.</ref> The latter has a mapping in the original [[Big5]] character set,<ref>Big5: C9_C3, according to [[Wenlin]]</ref> but the former does not (although it is in Big5+<ref>Big5+: 85_80, according to [[Wenlin]]</ref>). In Unicode 5.2, two swastika symbols and two swastikas were added to the [[Tibetan (Unicode block)|Tibetan block]]: swastika {{unichar|0FD5|right-facing svasti sign}}, {{unichar|0FD7|right-facing svasti sign with dots}}, and swastikas {{unichar|0FD6|left-facing svasti sign}}, {{unichar|0FD8|left-facing svasti sign with dots}}.<ref>[http://unicode-table.com/en/0FD5/ "Right-Facing Svasti Sign"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522080734/http://unicode-table.com/en/0FD5/ }} (click "next" three times)</ref>

==Meaning==
European hypotheses of the swastika are often treated in conjunction with [[cross symbol]]s in general, such as the [[sun cross]] of [[prehistoric religion|Bronze Age religion]]. Beyond its certain presence in the "[[proto-writing]]" symbol systems, such as the [[Vinča script]],<ref>Paliga S., ''The tablets of Tǎrtǎria'' Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 19, n°1, 1993. pp. 9–43; [http://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1993_num_19_1_2073 (Fig. 5 on p. 28)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106214611/https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1993_num_19_1_2073 }}</ref> which appeared during the [[Neolithic]].<ref>Freed, S. A. and R. S., "Origin of the Swastika", ''Natural History'', January 1980, 68–75.</ref>

===North pole===
[[File:Precessional north pole (Běijí 北极) in α Ursae Minoris, drawing a wàn 卍 in the four phases of time.svg|right|thumb|300px|Approximate representation of the {{lang|chm-Latn|Tiānmén}} {{lang|zh|天門}} ('Gate of Heaven') or {{lang|chm-Latn|Tiānshū}} {{lang|zh|天樞}} ('Pivot of Heaven') as the precessional north celestial pole, with [[Polaris|α Ursae Minoris]] as the [[pole star]], with the spinning [[Big Dipper|Chariot]] constellations in the four phases of time. {{lang|chm-Latn|[[Tiān]]}}, generally translated as 'heaven' in [[Chinese theology]], refers to the northern [[celestial pole]] ({{lang|zh|北極}} ''Běijí''), the pivot and the vault of the sky with its spinning constellations. The celestial pivot can be represented by ''wàn'' {{lang|zh|卍}} ('myriad things').]]
According to [[René Guénon]], the swastika represents the north pole, and the rotational movement around a centre or immutable axis ({{lang|la|[[axis mundi]]}}), and only secondly it represents the [[Sun]] as a reflected function of the north pole. As such it is a symbol of life, of the vivifying role of the supreme principle of the universe, the [[absolute (philosophy)|absolute]] [[God]], in relation to the cosmic order. It represents the activity (the Hellenic {{lang|grc-Latn|[[Logos]]}}, the Hindu {{lang|sa-Latn|[[Om]]}}, the Chinese {{lang|chm-Latn|[[Chinese theology|Taiyi]]}}, 'Great One') of the principle of the universe in the formation of the world.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guénon|first1=René|author-link1=René Guénon|last2=Fohr|first2=Samuel D.|title=Symbols of Sacred Science|publisher=Sophia Perennis|isbn=978-0900588785|pages=64–67, 113–117}}</ref> According to Guénon, the swastika in its polar value has the same meaning of the [[yin and yang]] symbol of the Chinese tradition, and of other traditional symbols of the working of the universe, including the letters Γ ([[gamma (letter)|gamma]]) and G, symbolising the [[Great Architect of the Universe]] of [[Freemasonry|Masonic]] thought.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guénon|first1=René|author-link1=René Guénon|last2=Fohr|first2=Samuel D.|title=Symbols of Sacred Science|publisher=Sophia Perennis|isbn=978-0900588785|pages=113–117, 130}}</ref>

According to the scholar Reza Assasi, the swastika represents the north [[ecliptic north pole]] centred in [[Zeta Draconis|ζ Draconis]], with the constellation [[Draco (constellation)|Draco]] as one of its beams. He argues that this symbol was later attested as the four-horse chariot of [[Mithra]] in ancient [[Iran]]ian culture. They believed the cosmos was pulled by four heavenly horses who revolved around a fixed centre in a clockwise direction. He suggests that this notion later flourished in Roman [[Mithraism]], as the symbol appears in Mithraic iconography and astronomical representations.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Assasi|first=Reza|title=Swastika: The Forgotten Constellation Representing the Chariot of Mithras|url=https://www.academia.edu/4087681|type=Supplement: Šprajc, Ivan; Pehani, Peter, eds. ''Ancient Cosmologies and Modern Prophets: Proceedings of the 20th Conference of the European Society for Astronomy in Culture''|journal=Anthropological Notebooks|volume=XIX|number=2|publisher=Slovene Anthropological Society|location=Ljubljana|issn=1408-032X}}</ref>

According to the Russian archaeologist [[Gennady Zdanovich]], who studied some of the oldest examples of the symbol in [[Sintashta culture]], the swastika symbolises the universe, representing the spinning constellations of the [[celestial north pole]] centred in [[Polaris|α Ursae Minoris]], specifically the [[Little Dipper|Little]] and [[Big Dipper]] (or Chariots), or Ursa Minor and Ursa Major.<ref name="ru-sled.ru">[[Gennady Zdanovich]]. [http://ru-sled.ru/o-mirovozzrenii-drevnix-zhitelej-strany-gorodov/ "О мировоззрении древних жителей «Страны Городов»"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725145444/http://ru-sled.ru/o-mirovozzrenii-drevnix-zhitelej-strany-gorodov/ }}. ''Русский след'', 26 June 2017.</ref> Likewise, according to René Guénon the swastika is drawn by visualising the Big Dipper/Great Bear in the four phases of revolution around the pole star.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guénon|first1=René|author-link1=René Guénon|last2=Fohr|first2=Samuel D.|title=Symbols of Sacred Science|publisher=Sophia Perennis|isbn=978-0900588785|page=117}}</ref>

===Comet===
[[File:Mawangdui_Astrology_Comets_Ms.JPG|thumb|left|Depiction of comets from the ''[[Book of Silk]]'', [[Han dynasty]], 2nd century BCE]]

In their 1985 book ''[[Comet (book)|Comet]]'', [[Carl Sagan]] and [[Ann Druyan]] argue that the appearance of a rotating [[comet]] with a four-pronged tail as early as 2,000 years BCE could explain why the swastika is found in the cultures of both the [[Old World]] and the {{nowrap|[[pre-Columbian Americas]]}}. The [[Han dynasty]] ''[[Book of Silk]]'' (2nd century BCE) depicts such a comet with a swastika-like symbol.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sagan|first1=Carl|url=https://archive.org/details/cometsaga00saga/page/181/mode/2up|title=Comet|last2=Druyan|first2=Ann|publisher=Random House|isbn=0-394-54908-2|edition=1st|location=New York|pages=181–187|oclc=12080683}}</ref>

Bob Kobres, in a 1992 paper, contends that the swastika-like comet on the Han-dynasty manuscript was labelled a "long tailed pheasant star" (''dixing'') because of its resemblance to a bird's foot or footprint.<ref name="kobres" /> Similar comparisons had been made by J.{{Nbsp}}F. Hewitt in 1907,<ref>{{cite book|author=Hewitt|first=J. F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QvQeAAAAMAAJ&q=peacock+foot+tracks+su+astika+flying+star+bird&pg=PA145|title=Primitive Traditional History: The Primitive History and Chronology of India, South-eastern and South-western Asia, Egypt, and Europe, and the Colonies Thence Sent Forth|publisher=J. Parker and Company|volume=1|location=Oxford|pages=145}}</ref> as well as a 1908 article in ''[[Good Housekeeping]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Good Housekeeping |volume=47 |publisher=C. W. Bryan & Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHgQcMFTSwsC&q=swastika%20chicken%20tracks&pg=PA421}}</ref> Kobres goes on to suggest an association of mythological birds and comets also outside of China.<ref name="kobres" />

===Four winds===
[[File:Pima Swastika.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|[[Pima people|Pima]] symbol of the four winds]]
In [[Native American culture]], particularly among the [[Pima people]] of [[Arizona]], the swastika is a symbol of the four winds. Anthropologist [[Frank Hamilton Cushing]] noted that among the Pima the symbol of the four winds is made from a cross with the four curved arms (similar to a broken [[sun cross]]), and concludes "the right-angle swastika is primarily a representation of the circle of the four wind gods standing at the head of their trails, or directions."<ref>[[Frank Hamilton Cushing]]: "Observations Relative to the Origin of the Fylfot or Swastika", ''[[American Anthropologist]]'' vol 9, no. 2, June 1907 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/659592 p. 335] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220134853/https://www.jstor.org/stable/659592 }} at [[JSTOR]]</ref>

==Prehistory==
[[File:لاخ مزار.jpg|thumb|Prehistoric stone in Iran]]
According to [[Joseph Campbell]], the earliest known swastika is from 10,000 BCE{{snd}}part of "an intricate meander pattern of joined-up swastikas" found on a late [[paleolithic]] figurine of a bird, carved from [[mammoth]] ivory, found in [[Mezine]], [[Ukraine]]. It has been suggested that this swastika may be a stylised picture of a [[stork]] in flight.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Flight of the Wild Gander |last=Campbell |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Campbell |page=117}}</ref> As the carving was found near [[Phallus|phallic]] objects, this may also support the idea that the pattern was a fertility symbol.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29644591|title=How the world loved the swastika – until Hitler stole it|first=Mukti Jain|last=Campion|work=BBC News|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

In the mountains of Iran, there are swastikas or spinning wheels inscribed on stone walls, which are estimated to be more than 7,000 years old. One instance is in Khorashad, [[Birjand]], on the holy wall [[Lakh Mazar]].<ref>''Persian Sea'' magazine (2014). [https://parssea.persianblog.ir/Dvbe4xKanwIp7mnqw7yn-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%8C-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C "The global role of the swastika in Iranian treasures, idols and carpets"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506210234/https://parssea.persianblog.ir/Dvbe4xKanwIp7mnqw7yn-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%8C-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C }}. Iranian Studies. Accessed 19 April 2021. In [[Persian language|Persian]].</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://civilica.com/doc/541074/|title = کتیبه های خوسف ولاخ مزار بیرجند، جک گویی پارتها (Parthians Joking) یا کتیبه های درست دینان سلطنت قباد؟|journal= Civilica |language= fa |date = 25 September 1395 |access-date= 18 February 2022}}</ref>

Mirror-image swastikas (clockwise and counter-clockwise) have been found on ceramic pottery in the [[Devetashka cave]], [[Bulgaria]], dated to 6,000 BCE.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/4220126|title=Eight Thousand Years Ago Proto-Thracians Depicted the Evolution of the Divine – English|first=Stefania|last=Dimitrova|journal=Courrier of UNESCO|via=www.academia.edu}}</ref>

Some of the earliest archaeological evidence of the swastika in the [[Indian subcontinent]] can be dated to 3,000 BCE.<ref name="Kathleen M. Nadeau 2010 87" /> The investigators put forth the hypothesis that the swastika moved westward from the Indian subcontinent to [[Finland]], [[Scandinavia]], the [[Scottish Highlands]] and other parts of [[Europe]].<ref>Staff (ndg) [https://www.ancient-code.com/researchers-find-the-swastika-predates-indus-valley-civilization/ "Researchers find the Swastika predates the Indus Valley Civilization"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016123605/https://www.ancient-code.com/researchers-find-the-swastika-predates-indus-valley-civilization/ }} ''Ancient Code''; citing :lead project investigator" Joy Sen from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]]</ref>{{better source needed}} In [[England]], neolithic or Bronze Age stone carvings of the symbol have been found on [[Ilkley Moor]], such as the [[Swastika Stone]].

Swastikas have also been found on pottery in archaeological digs in Africa, in the area of [[Kingdom of Kush|Kush]] and on pottery at the [[Jebel Barkal]] temples,<ref>Dunham, Dows "A Collection of 'Pot-Marks' from Kush and Nubia", Kush, 13, 131–147, 1965</ref> in [[Iron Age]] designs of the northern [[Caucasus]] ([[Koban culture]]), and in [[Neolithic China]] in the [[Majiabang culture|Majiabang]]<ref name="xinhua" /> and [[Majiayao culture|Majiayao]]<ref name="Daghlian Collection of Chinese Art" /> cultures.

Other Iron Age attestations of the swastika can be associated with [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]] cultures such as the [[Illyrians]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLcWAQAAIAAJ&q=swastika|title=The Illyrians: history and culture|first=Aleksandar|last=Stipčević|publisher=Noyes Press|access-date=14 February 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0815550525}}</ref> [[Indo-Iranians]], [[Celt]]s, [[Ancient Greeks|Greeks]], [[Swastika (Germanic Iron Age)|Germanic peoples]] and [[Slavs]]. In [[Sintashta culture]]'s "[[Country of Towns]]", ancient [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]] settlements in southern [[Russia]], it has been found a great concentration of some of the oldest swastika patterns.<ref name="ru-sled.ru"/>

The swastika is also seen in [[Egypt]] during the Coptic period. Textile number T.231-1923 held at the V&A Museum in London includes small swastikas in its design. This piece was found at Qau-el-Kebir, near [[Asyut]], and is dated between 300 and 600 CE.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O184378/textile-fragment-unknown/ | title=Textile fragment | publisher=V&A Museum | access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref>

The ''Tierwirbel'' (the German for "animal whorl" or "whirl of animals"<ref>a term coined by Anna Roes, "Tierwirbel", IPEK, 1936–1937</ref>) is a characteristic motif in Bronze Age Central Asia, the [[Eurasian Steppe]], and later also in Iron Age [[Scythian]] and [[Iron Age Europe|European]] ([[Baltic peoples|Baltic]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Marija Gimbutas |url=http://www.vaidilute.com/books/gimbutas/gimbutas-07.html |title=The Balts before the Dawn of History |website=Vaidilute.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110165543/http://www.vaidilute.com/books/gimbutas/gimbutas-07.html |archive-date=10 January 2012 |author-link=Marija Gimbutas }}</ref> and [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]]) culture, showing rotational symmetric arrangement of an [[Animal style|animal motif]], often four birds' heads. Even wider diffusion of this "Asiatic" theme has been proposed, to the Pacific and even North America (especially [[Moundville Archaeological Site|Moundville]]).<ref>[[Claude Lévi-Strauss]], ''Structural Anthropology'' (1959), p. 267.</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200">
File:The petroglyph with swastikas, in Geghama mountains, Armenia.jpg|The petroglyph with swastikas, [[Gegham mountains]], [[Armenia]], circa 8,000 – 5,000 BCE<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundamentalarmenology.am/Article/9/180/ROCK-CARVINGS-OF-ARMENIA.html|title=Rock Carvings of Armenia, Fundamental Armenology, v. 2, 2015, pp. 1-22|first=K.S.|last=Tokhatyan|publisher=Institute of History of NAS RA}}</ref>
File:Samarra bowl.jpg|The [[Samarra culture|Samarra]] bowl, from [[Iraq]], circa 4,000 BCE, held at the [[Pergamonmuseum]], Berlin. The swastika in the centre of the design is a reconstruction.<ref>Freed, Stanley A. ''Research Pitfalls as a Result of the Restoration of Museum Specimens'', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Volume 376, The Research Potential of Anthropological Museum Collections pp. 229–245, December 1981.</ref>
File:IndusValleySeals swastikas.JPG|Swastika seals from [[Mohenjo-daro]], [[Pakistan]], of the [[Indus Valley civilisation]], circa 2,100 – 1,750 BCE, preserved at the [[British Museum]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dutta |first=Rita |title=Swastika Symbol on Bharhut Stone Railing: A Case Study |url=http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/articles/10.5334/aa.10211/ |journal=Ancient Asia |language=en |volume=2 |pages=147–154 |doi=10.5334/aa.10211 |issn=2042-5937}}</ref>
File:Swastika iran.jpg|A swastika necklace excavated from [[Marlik]], [[Gilan]] province, northern [[Iran]], circa 1,200 – 1,050 BCE
</gallery>

==Historical use==
In [[Asia]], the swastika symbol first appears in the archaeological record around<ref name="Kathleen M. Nadeau 2010 87" /> 3000 BCE in the Indus Valley Civilisation.<ref name="Heller 2008" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Stupa and Swastika: Historical Urban Planning Principles in Nepal's Kathmandu Valley|page=16|author=Mohan Pant, Shūji Funo|publisher=NUS Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-K5_Z8qsJEC&q=swastika&pg=PR16|isbn=978-9971693725}}</ref> It also appears in the [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age]] cultures around the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Caspian Sea]]. In all these cultures, the swastika symbol does not appear to occupy any marked position or significance, appearing as just one form of a series of similar symbols of varying complexity. In the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] religion of [[Ancient Persia|Persia]], the swastika was a symbol of the revolving sun, infinity, or continuing creation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.websters-dictionary-online.com/definitions/swastika|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419073535/http://www.websters-dictionary-online.com/definitions/swastika?cx=partner-pub-0939450753529744%3Av0qd01-tdlq&cof=FORID%3A9&ie=UTF-8&q=swastika&sa=Search%23906|archive-date=19 April 2013|url-status=dead|title=Dictionary – Definition of swastika}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unique-design.net/library/word/symbol.html|title=A symbol is a thought, a drawing, an action, an archetype, etcetera of the conceptualization of a thing that exists either in reality or in the imagination.|first=Morning Star Athbhreith Athbheochan Kwisatz Haderach|last=Druid|access-date=17 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205165736/http://www.unique-design.net/library/word/symbol.html|archive-date=5 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is one of the most common symbols on [[Mesopotamia]]n coins.<ref name="britswast" />

The icon has been of spiritual significance to Indian religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.<ref name="p.97" /><ref name="britswast" /> The swastika is a sacred symbol in the [[Bön]] religion, native to [[Tibet]].

===South Asia===
====Hinduism====
{{multiple image|perrow=4|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| title = Hindu Swastikas
| image1 = HinduSwastika.svg|caption1=Hindu swastika
| image2 = Sauwastika.svg|caption2=Sauwastika
}}
The swastika is an important Hindu symbol.<ref name="p.97" /><ref name="britswast" /> The swastika symbol is commonly used before entrances or on doorways of homes or temples, to mark the starting page of financial statements, and [[mandala]]s constructed for rituals such as weddings or welcoming a newborn.<ref name="britswast" /><ref name="Lander2013p27" />

The swastika has a particular association with [[Diwali]], being drawn in ''[[rangoli]]'' (coloured sand) or formed with [[deepak]] lights on the floor outside Hindu houses and on wall hangings and other decorations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiatribune.com/significance-of-swastika-in-diwali-celebrations/ |title=Significance of Swastika in Diwali celebrations |author= |website=indiatribune.com |access-date=11 November 2018 }}</ref>

In the diverse traditions within Hinduism, both the clockwise and counterclockwise swastika are found, with different meanings. The clockwise or right hand icon is called ''swastika'', while the counterclockwise or left hand icon is called ''sauwastika'' or ''sauvastika''.<ref name="britswast" /> The clockwise swastika is a solar symbol ([[Surya]]), suggesting the motion of the Sun in India (the northern hemisphere), where it appears to enter from the east, then ascend to the south at midday, exiting to the west.<ref name="britswast" /> The counterclockwise ''sauwastika'' is less used; it connotes the night, and in tantric traditions it is an icon for the goddess [[Kali]], the terrifying form of [[Devi]] [[Durga]].<ref name="britswast" /> The symbol also represents activity, karma, motion, wheel, and in some contexts the lotus.<ref name="Sullivan2001p216" /><ref name="snodgrass82" /> According to Norman McClelland its symbolism for motion and the Sun may be from shared prehistoric cultural roots.<ref>{{cite book|author= Norman C. McClelland |title= Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Leq4U5ihkC&pg=PA263 |publisher= McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-5675-8|pages=263–264}}</ref>
{{clear}}
<gallery class="center" caption="A swastika is typical in Hindu temples" mode="packed">
Jaipur 03-2016 38 Garh Ganesh Temple.jpg|A Hindu temple in [[Rajasthan]], India
हनुमान जयन्ति.png|A swastika inside a temple
A Hindu Swastika at Goa Lawah Temple Bali Indonesia.jpg|The [[Balinese Hinduism|Balinese Hindu]] [[pura Goa Lawah]] entrance
Bali 014 - Ubud - swastika.jpg|A Balinese Hindu shrine
</gallery>

====Buddhism====
[[File:Buddhist Swastika with 24 Beads.svg|thumb|upright|Sauwastika with 24 beads [[japamala]], primarily used in Malaysian Buddhism]]In [[Buddhism]], the swastika is considered to symbolise the auspicious footprints of the Buddha.<ref name="britswast" /><ref name="silverblatt109" /> The left-facing sauwastika is often imprinted on the chest, feet or palms of [[Buddha]] images. It is an aniconic symbol for the Buddha in many parts of Asia and homologous with the [[Dharmachakra|''dharma wheel'']].<ref name="snodgrass82" /> The shape symbolises eternal cycling, a theme found in the ''[[Saṃsāra (Buddhism)|samsara]]'' doctrine of Buddhism.<ref name="snodgrass82" />

The swastika symbol is common in [[esoteric Buddhism|esoteric tantric traditions of Buddhism]], along with Hinduism, where it is found with [[chakra]] theories and other meditative aids.<ref name="Lander2013p27" /> The clockwise symbol is more common, and contrasts with the counter clockwise version common in the Tibetan [[Bon]] tradition and locally called ''yungdrung''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Chris Buckley|title=Tibetan Furniture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDfrAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Sambhala|isbn=978-1-891640-20-9|pages=5, 59, 68–70}}</ref>

====Jainism====
[[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|thumb|upright|Jain symbol (''Prateek'') containing a swastika]]

In [[Jainism]], it is a symbol of the seventh ''[[Tirthankara|tīrthaṅkara]]'', [[Suparshvanatha|Suparśvanātha]].<ref name="britswast" /> In the [[Śvētāmbara]] tradition, it is also one of the ''[[ashtamangala|aṣṭamaṅgala]]'' or eight auspicious symbols. All [[Jain temple]]s and holy books must contain the swastika and ceremonies typically begin and end with creating a swastika mark several times with rice around the altar. Jains use rice to make a swastika in front of statues and then put an offering on it, usually a ripe or dried fruit, a sweet ({{lang-hi|मिठाई}} {{IAST|miṭhāī}}), or a coin or currency note. The four arms of the swastika symbolise the four places where a soul could be reborn in ''[[Saṃsāra (Jainism)|samsara]]'', the cycle of birth and death{{snd}}''[[svarga]]'' "heaven", ''[[Naraka (Jainism)|naraka]]'' "hell", ''manushya'' "humanity" or ''tiryancha'' "as flora or fauna"{{snd}}before the soul attains ''[[moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'' "salvation" as a ''[[Siddha#Siddha in Jainism|siddha]]'', having ended the cycle of birth and death and become [[omniscience|omniscient]].<ref name="Cort 2001 17"/>{{clear left}}

===East Asia===
{{Main|Chinese_auspicious_ornaments_in_textile_and_clothing#Wan|List of Chinese symbols, designs, and art motifs}}
The swastika is an auspicious symbol in China where it was introduced from India with [[Buddhism]].<ref name="pacificasiamuseum">{{Cite web |title=Symbols – USC Pacific Asia Museum |url=https://pacificasiamuseum.usc.edu/exhibitions/past/exhibitions-at-usc-pam-prior-to-2011/rank-and-style-power-dressing-in-imperial-china/index-to-resources/symbols/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=pacificasiamuseum.usc.edu}}</ref> In 693, during the [[Tang dynasty]], it was declared as "the source of all good fortune" and was called {{Transliteration|zh|wan}} by [[Wu Zetian]] becoming a Chinese word.<ref name="pacificasiamuseum" /> The Chinese character for {{Transliteration|zh|wan}} ({{Lang-zh|p=wàn}}) is similar to the swastika in shape and can be appeared into two different variations:《{{Linktext|卐}}》and 《{{Linktext|卍}}》. As the Chinese character {{Transliteration|zh|wan}} ({{Lang-zh|c=卐|labels=no}} and/or {{Lang-zh|labels=no|c=卍}}) is homonym for the Chinese word of "ten thousand" ({{Lang-zh|c=万|labels=no}}) and "infinity", as such the Chinese character is itself a symbol of immortality<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese Symbols – USC Pacific Asia Museum |url=https://pacificasiamuseum.usc.edu/exhibitions/past/online-exhibition-chinese-ceramics/chinese-symbols/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=pacificasiamuseum.usc.edu}}</ref> and infinity.<ref name="Dusenberry-2004">{{Cite book |last=Dusenberry |first=Mary M. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55016186 |title=Flowers, dragons and pine trees : Asian textiles in the Spencer Museum of Art |publisher=Hudson Hills Press |others=Carol Bier, Helen Foresman Spencer Museum of Art |isbn=1-55595-238-0 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=55016186}}</ref>{{Rp|page=175}} It was also a representation of [[longevity]].<ref name="Dusenberry-2004" />{{Rp|page=175}}

The Chinese character {{Transliteration|zh|wan}} could be used as a stand-alone《{{Lang-zh|c=卐|labels=no}}》or《{{Lang-zh|labels=no|c=卍}}》or as be used as pairs《{{Lang-zh|c=卐|labels=no}} {{Lang-zh|labels=no|c=卍}}》in Chinese visual arts, decorative arts, and clothing due to its auspicious connotation.<ref name="Dusenberry-2004" />{{Rp|page=175}}

Adding the character {{Transliteration|zh|wan}} ({{Lang-zh|c=卐|labels=no}} and/or {{Lang-zh|labels=no|c=卍}}) to other auspicious Chinese symbols or patterns can multiply that wish by 10,000 times.<ref name="pacificasiamuseum" /><ref name="Dusenberry-2004" />{{Rp|page=175}} It can be combined with other Chinese characters, such as the Chinese character {{Transliteration|zh|[[Shou (character)|shou]]}}《{{Linktext|壽}}》for longevity where it is sometimes even integrated into the Chinese character {{Transliteration|zh|shou}} to augment the menaning of longevity.<ref name="Dusenberry-2004" />{{Rp|page=175}}

The paired swastika symbols ({{Lang-zh|c=卐|labels=no}} and {{Lang-zh|labels=no|c=卍}}) are included, at least since the [[Liao Dynasty]] (907–1125 CE), as part of the [[Chinese character|Chinese writing system]] and are [[variant Chinese characters|variant characters]] for 《萬》 or 《万》 (''wàn'' in Mandarin, 《만》(''man'') in Korean, Cantonese, and Japanese, ''vạn'' in Vietnamese) meaning "[[myriad]]".<ref>{{cite book
| last =[[Kangxi Emperor]]
| title =Kangxi Dictionary
| date =1716
| location =[[Qing Empire]]
| pages =156
| language =zh-hant
| url =http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/0156.gif
}}</ref>

The character {{Transliteration|zh|wan}} can also be stylized in the form of the {{Transliteration|zh|[[Xiangyun (Auspicious clouds)|xiangyun]]}}, Chinese auspicious clouds.

<gallery>
File:Shou Swastika.svg|Chinese character {{Transliteration|zh|wan}} integrated into one of the stylistic versions of the Chinese character {{Transliteration|zh|[[Shou (character)|shou]]}}
File:Robe, dragon, man's (AM 9838-33).jpg|Paired character wan on a [[dragon robe]], Qing dynasty
</gallery>

==== Japan ====
[[File:Japanese_Crest_Maru_ni_Hidari_Mannji.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|The [[mon (emblem)|mon]] (family crest) of the [[Hachisuka clan]]]]
When the Chinese writing system was introduced to Japan in the 8th century, the swastika was adopted into the Japanese language and culture. It is commonly referred as the ''manji'' (lit. "10,000-character"). Since the Middle Ages, it has been used as a ''[[mon (emblem)|mon]]'' by various Japanese families such as [[Tsugaru clan]], [[Hachisuka clan]] or around 60 clans that belong to [[Tokugawa clan]].<ref>(Japanese) Hitoshi Takazawa, ''Encyclopedia of [[Mon (emblem)|Kamon]]'', Tōkyōdō Shuppan, 2008. {{ISBN|978-4-490-10738-8}}.</ref> On [[Japanese map symbols|Japanese maps]], a swastika (left-facing and horizontal) is used to mark the location of a Buddhist temple. The right-facing swastika is often referred to as the {{nihongo|''gyaku manji''|逆卍||lit. "reverse swastika"}} or {{nihongo|''migi manji''|右卍||lit. "right swastika"}}, and can also be called {{nihongo|''kagi jūji''|鉤十字||literally "hook cross"}}.

[[File:Sayagata.svg|thumb |left |upright=0.5 |Sayagata pattern]]
In [[Chinese art|Chinese]] and [[Japanese art]], the swastika is often found as part of a repeating pattern. One common pattern, called ''sayagata'' in Japanese, comprises left- and right-facing swastikas joined by lines.<ref>"Sayagata　紗綾形". ''[http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/s/sayagata.htm Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404210851/http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/s/sayagata.htm }}''.</ref> As the negative space between the lines has a distinctive shape, the sayagata pattern is sometimes called the ''key fret'' motif in English.{{citation needed}}

===Eastern Europe and Caucasus===
[[File:Arevakhach.svg|thumb|100px|Armenian ''[[arevakhach]]'']]

In [[Armenia]] the swastika is called the "[[arevakhach]]" and "kerkhach" ({{lang-hy|կեռխաչ}})<ref name="Concise Armenian Encyclopedia p. 663" />{{dubious}} and is the ancient symbol of eternity and eternal light (i.e. God). Swastikas in [[Armenia]] were found on petroglyphs from the copper age, predating the Bronze Age. During the Bronze Age it was depicted on [[cauldron]]s, belts, [[medallion]]s and other items.<ref>T. Wilson [https://archive.org/details/theswastika00wilsuoft The swastika, the earlist known symbol and its migrations], pp. 807, 951</ref> Among the oldest petroglyphs is the seventh letter of the Armenian alphabet: Է{{spaces}}("E" which means "is" or "to be") depicted as a half-swastika.

Swastikas can also be seen on early Medieval churches and fortresses, including the principal tower in Armenia's historical capital city of [[Ani]].<ref name="Concise Armenian Encyclopedia p. 663" /> The same symbol can be found on [[Armenian carpet]]s, cross-stones (''[[khachkar]]'') and in medieval manuscripts, as well as on modern monuments as a [[Armenian eternity sign|symbol of eternity]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Epec69LGa0IC&q=symbol+of+eternity+modern+armenia&pg=PA148|title=Armenia|isbn=978-1841623450|last1=Holding|first1=Nicholas|last2=Holding|first2=Deirdre|page=148}}</ref>{{clear left}}

Old [[petroglyph]]s of four-beam and other swastikas were recorded in [[Dagestan]], in particular, among the [[Avars (Caucasus)|Avars]].<ref name="Debirov">{{cite book |surname=Debirov |given=Paruk M. |title=Резьба по камню в Дагестане |trans-title=Stone carving in Dagestan |language=ru |url=https://instituteofhistory.ru/library/publications/rezba-po-kamnyu-v-dagestane |place=Moscow |publisher=[[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]] }}</ref> According to [[Vakhushti of Kartli]], the tribal banner of the [[Avar Khanate|Avar khans]] depicted a wolf with a standard with a double-spiral swastika.<ref>[[Vakhushti of Kartli]]. ''[[Description of the Kingdom of Georgia]]''.</ref>

Petroglyphs with swastikas were depicted on medieval [[Vainakh tower architecture]] (see sketches by scholar Bruno Plaetschke from the 1920s).<ref name="Plaetschke">{{cite book |surname=Plaetschke |given=Bruno |title=Die Tschetschenen: Forschungen zur Völkerkunde des nordöstlichen Kaukasus auf Grund von Reisen in den Jahren 1918–20 und 1927/28 |trans-title=The Chechens |language=de |url= https://nahcheworld.com/книга-бруно-плечке-чеченцы/ |series=Veröffentlichungen des Geographischen Instituts der [[University of Königsberg|Universität Königsberg]] Pr., 11 |publisher=Friedrichsen, de Gruyter & Co m. b. H. |place=Hamburg}}</ref> Thus, a rectangular swastika was made in engraved form on the entrance of a residential tower in the settlement [[Khimoy]], [[Chechnya]].<ref name="Plaetschke" />

<gallery>
File:Swastika of Avars Daghestan.JPG|[[Avars (Caucasus)|Avar]] old petroglyph<ref name="Debirov" />
File:Swastika avarian Dagh.JPG|[[Avars (Caucasus)|Avar]] folk swastika
File:Armenian Khachkar with Swastikas Sanahin Armenia 1.jpg|[[Khachkar]] with swastikas and [[hexafoil]]s in [[Sanahin]], Armenia
File:Символы_свастики_на_арке_средневековой_башни_в_Чечне.jpg|Swastika on the medieval tower arche in [[Khimoy]], Chechnya
</gallery>

===Northern Europe===
====Germanic Iron Age====
{{Main|Swastika (Germanic Iron Age)}}
The swastika shape (also called a ''fylfot'') appears on various Germanic [[Migration Period]] and [[Viking Age]] artifacts, such as the 3rd-century [[Værløse Fibula]] from Zealand, Denmark, the [[Goths|Gothic]] spearhead from [[Brest-Litovsk]], today in [[Belarus]], the 9th-century [[Snoldelev Stone]] from [[Ramsø]], Denmark, and numerous Migration Period [[bracteate]]s drawn left-facing or right-facing.<ref name="OLDTIDENS" />

The [[Anglo-Saxon paganism|pagan]] [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] [[ship burial]] at [[Sutton Hoo]], England, contained numerous items bearing the swastika, now housed in the collection of the [[Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge|Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology]].<ref name="DAVIDSON83" />{{Failed verification}} The swastika is clearly marked on a hilt and sword belt found at [[Bifrons]] in [[Kent]], in a grave of about the 6th century.

[[Hilda Ellis Davidson]] theorised{{Clarify|reason=Please check whether this usage of the word "theory" is correct. "Hypothesis" may actually be meant.}} that the swastika symbol was associated with [[Thor]], possibly representing his [[Mjolnir]]{{snd}}symbolic of thunder{{snd}}and possibly being connected to the Bronze Age sun cross.<ref name="DAVIDSON83" /> Davidson cites "many examples" of the swastika symbol from Anglo-Saxon graves of the pagan period, with particular prominence on cremation urns from the cemeteries of East Anglia.<ref name="DAVIDSON83" /> Some of the swastikas on the items, on display at the Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, are depicted with such care and art that, according to Davidson, it must have possessed special significance as a [[funerary art|funerary symbol]].<ref name="DAVIDSON83" /> The [[runic inscription]] on the 8th-century [[Sæbø sword]] has been taken as evidence of the swastika as a symbol of Thor in [[Norse paganism]].

====Celts====
The bronze frontispiece of a ritual pre-Christian ({{circa|350–50 BCE}}) shield found in the [[River Thames]] near [[Battersea Bridge]] (hence "[[Battersea Shield]]") is embossed with 27 swastikas in bronze and red enamel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/compass/ixbin/hixclient.exe?_IXDB_=compass&_IXSR_=wt9&_IXSS_=%2524%2bwith%2ball_unique_id_index%2bis%2b%2524%3dOBJ1172%26_IXNOMATCHES_%3dgraphical%252fno_matches%252ehtml%26_IXMAXHITS_%3d1%26_IXDB_%3dcompass%26_IXSESSION_%3d7q_PyrzUX1l%26_IXFIRST_%3d1&_IXFIRST_=1&_IXMAXHITS_=1&_IXSPFX_=graphical/full/&_IXimg=ps260150.jpg&submit-button=summary|title=The Battersea Shield|publisher=[[British Museum]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070324011256/http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/compass/ixbin/hixclient.exe?_IXDB_=compass|archive-date=24 March 2007}}</ref> An [[Ogham]] stone found in Anglish, [[Co Kerry]], [[Ireland]] ([[CIIC]] 141) was modified into an early Christian gravestone, and was decorated with a [[cross pattée]] and two swastikas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/cisp/database/stone/aglis_1.html |title=CISP entry |publisher=Ucl.ac.uk |access-date=2 March 2010}}</ref> The [[Book of Kells]] ({{circa|800 CE}}) contains swastika-shaped ornamentation. At the Northern edge of [[Ilkley Moor]] in [[West Yorkshire]], there is a swastika-shaped pattern engraved in a stone known as the [[Swastika Stone]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aenigmatis.com/prehistoric-sites/england/england-3.htm|title=Megalithic Sites in England – Photo Archive|author=Martin J Powell}}</ref> A number of swastikas have been found embossed in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galician]] metal pieces and carved in stones, mostly from the [[Castro culture]] period, although there also are contemporary examples (imitating old patterns for decorative purposes).<ref>Domínguez Fontela, J. (1938): [http://paxinasdaguarda.blogspot.com.es/2015/02/ceramica-de-santa-tecla-ii.html ''Cerámica de Santa Tecla. Un hallazgo importantísimo''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323155012/http://paxinasdaguarda.blogspot.com.es/2015/02/ceramica-de-santa-tecla-ii.html }} in Faro de Vigo.</ref><ref>Romero, Bieito (2009): Xeometrías Máxicas de Galicia. Ir Indo, Vigo.</ref>

====Balto-Slavic====
{{multiple image
| total_width = 227
| image_style = border:none;
| image1 = ReceBogaSwargi.svg
| width1 = 96
| footer = Ancient symbol the [[Ashtray from Biała#Hands of God|Hands of God]] or "Hands of Svarog" (Polish: ''Ręce Swaroga'')<ref>{{cite book |last=Grzegorzewic |first=Ziemisław |title=O Bogach i ludziach. Praktyka i teoria Rodzimowierstwa Słowiańskiego |trans-title=About the Gods and people. Practice and theory of Slavic Heathenism |language=pl |location=Olsztyn |publisher=Stowarzyszenie "Kołomir" |page=57 |isbn=978-83-940180-8-5}}</ref>
}}
The swastika is an ancient [[Balts|Baltic]] thunder cross symbol (''pērkona krusts;'' also fire cross, ''[[ugunskrusts]]''), used to decorate objects, traditional clothing and in [[Excavation (archaeology)|archaeological excavations]].<ref name="Guénon-2001">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQRWnf2JflQC&q=lithuania+use+of+swastika&pg=PA62|title=The Symbolism of the Cross|last=Guénon|first=René|publisher=Sophia Perennis|isbn=978-0900588655|page=62|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://latvians.com/index.php?en/CFBH/Zimes/zimes-10-rhetoric.ssi#WIKFN3|title=Latvia and the Swastika|website=latvians.com|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref>

According to painter Stanisław Jakubowski, the "little sun" (Polish: ''słoneczko'') is an [[Early Slavs|Early Slavic]] pagan symbol of the Sun; he claimed it was engraved on wooden monuments built near the final resting places of fallen Slavs to represent eternal life. The symbol was first seen in his collection of Early Slavic symbols and architectural features, which he named ''Prasłowiańskie motywy architektoniczne'' (Polish: ''Early Slavic Architectural Motifs''). His work was published in 1923.<ref name="Old Slavic Symbols" />

The [[Boreyko coat of arms]] with red swastika was used by several noble families in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].<ref>{{cite book |surname=Gajl |given=Tadeusz |authorlink=Tadeusz Gajl--> |title=Polish Armorial Middle Ages to 20th Century |url= http://gajl.wielcy.pl/herby_nazwiska.php?lang=en&herb=borejko |place=Gdańsk |publisher=L&L |isbn=978-83-60597-10-1 |via=Gajl.wielcy.pl}}</ref>

The [[Russians]], according to [[Boris Kuftin]], unlike of some other Slavic peoples, the swastika was often used as a decorative element and was the basis of the ornament on traditional weaving products.<ref name="Kuftin">{{cite book |surname=Kuftin |given=Boris A.  |title=Материальная культура Русской Мещеры. Ч. 1: Женская одежда: рубаха, понева, сарафан |trans-title=Material culture of Russian Meshchera. Part 1: Women's clothing: shirt, poniova, sarafan |series=Proceedings of the State Museum of the Central Industrial Region, 3 |language=ru |place=Moscow |oclc=490308640 |pages=62–64 |url=https://www.perunica.ru/tradicii/9947-kuftin-ba-materialnaja-kultura-russkoj-meschery-1926-pdf-rus.html}}</ref> Many samples are described on the instance of a women's folk costume at the [[Meshchera Lowlands]].<ref name="Kuftin" />

According to some authors, Russian names popularly associated with the swastika include ''veterok'' ("breeze"),<ref name="echoMsk" /> ''ognevtsi'' ("little flames"), "geese", "hares" (a towel with a swastika was called a towel with "hares"), or "little horses".<ref name="Bogdasarov2002" /> At the same time, similar word "''koleso''" ("wheel") for the name of rosette-shaped amulets, such as a [[hexafoil]]-"thunder wheel" (e.g. [[File:Thunder mark (1).svg|30px]]), are presents in authentic folklore, in particular, of the [[Russian North]].<ref name="Ivanits">{{cite book |surname=Ivanits |given=Linda J. |title=Russian Folk Belief |publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]] |pages=14, 17 |isbn=9780765630889}}</ref><ref name="Garshol">{{cite journal |surname=Garshol |given=Lars Marius |title=Olav's Rose, Perun's Mark, Taranis's Wheel |url=https://digital.kenyon.edu/perejournal/vol7/iss4/7/|journal=Peregrinations: Journal of Medieval Art and Architecture |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=121–151}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Laimas krusts Lielvardes josta.jpg|Swastika on the [[Lielvārde Belt]], [[Latvia]]
File:POL COA Boreyko.svg|[[Boreyko coat of arms]]
</gallery>

====Sami====
An object very much like a hammer or a double axe is depicted among the magical symbols on the drums of [[Sami people|Sami]] ''[[noaidi]]'', used in their religious ceremonies before Christianity was established. The name of the Sami thunder god was [[Horagalles]], thought to derive from "Old Man Thor" (''Þórr karl''). Sometimes on the drums, a male figure with a hammer-like object in either hand is shown, and sometimes it is more like a cross with crooked ends, or a swastika.<ref name="DAVIDSON83" />

===Southern Europe===
====Greco-Roman antiquity====
[[File:Ottův slovník naučný - obrázek č. 2643.svg|thumb|Various [[meander (art)|meander]] patterns, a.k.a. ''Greek keys'']]
[[Ancient Greek]] architectural, clothing and coin designs are replete with single or interlinking swastika motifs. There are also gold plate [[fibula (brooch)|fibulae]] from the 8th century BCE decorated with an engraved swastika.<ref>Biers, W.R. 1996. ''The Archaeology of Greece'', p. 130. Cornell University Press, Ithaca/London.</ref> Related symbols in classical Western architecture include the cross, the three-legged triskele or [[triskelion]] and the rounded [[lauburu]]. The swastika symbol is also known in these contexts by a number of names, especially ''gammadion'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/image?lookup=1990.26.0822 |title=Perseus:image:1990.26.0822 |website=Perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=2010-03-02}}</ref> or rather the tetra-gammadion. The name ''gammadion'' comes from its being seen as being made up of four Greek [[gamma]] (Γ) letters. Ancient Greek architectural designs are replete with the interlinking symbol.

In [[Art in Ancient Greece|Greco-Roman]] art and architecture, and in [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and [[Gothic art]] in the West, isolated swastikas are relatively rare, and the swastika is more commonly found as a repeated element in a border or tessellation. The swastika often represented perpetual motion, reflecting the design of a rotating windmill or watermill. A meander of connected swastikas makes up the large band that surrounds the [[Augustus|Augustan]] [[Ara Pacis]].

A design of interlocking swastikas is one of several [[tessellation]]s on the floor of the [[Amiens Cathedral|cathedral]] of [[Amiens]], France.<ref>Robert Ferré. "[http://www.labyrinth-enterprises.com/amiens.html Amiens Cathedral] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207145025/http://www.labyrinth-enterprises.com/amiens.html }}". ''Labyrinth Enterprises''. Constructed from 1220 to 1402, Amiens Cathedral is the largest [[Gothic Architecture|Gothic]] cathedral in France, a popular tourist attraction and since 1981 a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. During World War I, [[Amiens]] was targeted by German forces but remained in Allied territory following the [[Battle of Amiens (1918)|Battle of Amiens]].</ref> A border of linked swastikas was a common Roman architectural motif,<ref>Gary Malkin. "[http://romanbristol.tripod.com/avon/tockington.html Tockington Park Roman Villa]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040521150446/http://romanbristol.tripod.com/avon/tockington.html }}". ''The Area of Bristol in Roman Times''. 9{{spaces}}December 2002.</ref> and can be seen in more recent buildings as a neoclassical element. A swastika border is one form of [[meander (art)|meander]], and the individual swastikas in such a border are sometimes called [[Meander (art)|''Greek keys'']]. There have also been swastikas found on the floors of [[Pompeii]].<ref>Lara Nagy, Jane Vadnal, "Glossary Medieval Art and Architecture", [http://www.pitt.edu/~medart/menuglossary/greekkey.htm "Greek key or meander"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920012603/http://www.pitt.edu/~medart/menuglossary/greekkey.htm }}, [[University of Pittsburgh]] 1997–1998.</ref>

<gallery>
File:Tetraskele.svg|Greek tetraskelion ([[lauburu]])
Greek Silver Stater of Corinth.jpg|Swastika on a Greek silver [[stater]] coin from [[Ancient Corinth|Corinth]], 6th century BCE
File:Ancient Roman Mosaics Villa Romana La Olmeda 007 Pedrosa De La Vega - Saldaña (Palencia).JPG|Roman mosaic of [[La Olmeda]], Spain
</gallery>

====Illyrians====
The swastika was widespread among the [[Illyrians]], symbolising the Sun. The Sun cult was the main Illyrian cult; the Sun was represented by a swastika in clockwise motion, and it stood for the movement of the Sun.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stipčević |first=Aleksandar |title=The Illyrians: history and culture |publisher=Noyes Press |isbn=978-0815550525 |pages=182, 186 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NLcWAQAAIAAJ&q=swastika}}</ref>

===Medieval and early modern Europe===
Swastika shapes have been found on numerous artefacts from [[Iron Age]] Europe.<ref name="Concise Armenian Encyclopedia p. 663" /><ref>Jacob G. Ghazarian (2006), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cKHYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Armenian+symbol+of+eternity%22 The Mediterranean legacy in early Celtic Christianity: a journey from Armenia to Ireland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105083219/https://books.google.com/books?id=cKHYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Armenian+symbol+of+eternity%22&redir_esc=y }}'', Bennett & Bloom, pp. 263, p. 171 "...{{spaces}}Quite a different version of the Celtic triskelion, and perhaps the most common pre-Christian symbolism found throughout Armenian cultural tradition, is the round clockwise (occasionally counter-clockwise) whirling sun-like spiral fixed at a centre{{snd}}the Armenian symbol of eternity."</ref><ref>K. B. Mehr, M. Markow, ''Mormon Missionaries enter Eastern Europe'', Brigham Young University Press, 2002, pp. 399, p. 252 "...{{spaces}}She viewed a tall building with spires and circular windows along the top of the walls. It was engraved with sun stones, a typical symbol of eternity in ancient Armenian architecture."</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLcWAQAAIAAJ&q=swastika|title=The Illyrians: history and culture|last=Stipčević|first=Aleksandar|publisher=Noyes Press|isbn=978-0815550525|language=en}}</ref><ref name="MigSym" />

In Christianity, the swastika is used as a hooked version of the [[Christian Cross]], the symbol of Christ's victory over death. Some Christian churches built in the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] eras are decorated with swastikas, carrying over earlier Roman designs. Swastikas are prominently displayed in a [[mosaic]] in the St. Sophia church of [[Kyiv]], Ukraine dating from the 12th century. They also appear as a repeating ornamental motif on a tomb in the Basilica of St. Ambrose in [[Milan]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n8YNAQAAIAAJ&q=Basilica+of+St.+Ambrose+in+Milan+swastika&pg=PA541|title=The Open Court|last=Carus|first=Paul|publisher=Open Court Publishing Company|language=en}}</ref>

A ceiling painted in 1910 in the church of St Laurent in [[Grenoble]] has many swastikas. It can be visited today because the church became the archaeological museum of the city. A proposed direct link between it and a swastika floor mosaic in the [[Cathedral of Our Lady of Amiens]], which was built on top of a pagan site at [[Amiens]], France in the 13th century, is considered unlikely. The [[Stole (vestment)|stole]] worn by a priest in the 1445 [[Seven Sacraments Altarpiece|painting of the Seven Sacraments]] by [[Rogier van der Weyden]] presents the swastika form simply as one way of depicting the cross.

Swastikas also appear in art and architecture during the [[Renaissance]] and [[Baroque]] era. The fresco ''The School of Athens'' shows an ornament made out of swastikas, and the symbol can also be found on the facade of the ''Santa Maria della Salute'', a Roman Catholic church and minor basilica located at Punta della Dogana in the Dorsoduro sestiere of the city of [[Venice]].

In the Polish First Republic the symbol of the swastika was also popular with the nobility. According to chronicles, the [[Rus' (people)|Rus']] prince [[Oleg of Novgorod|Oleg]], who in the 9th century [[Rus'-Byzantine War (907)|attacked Constantinople]], nailed his shield (which had a large red swastika painted on it) to the city's gates.<ref name="distedu.ru" /> Several noble houses, e.g. Boreyko, Borzym, and Radziechowski from Ruthenia, also had swastikas as their [[coat of arms]]. The family reached its greatness in the 14th and 15th centuries and its crest can be seen in many heraldry books produced at that time.

The swastika was also a heraldic symbol, for example on the [[Boreyko coat of arms]], used by noblemen in Poland and Ukraine. In the 19th century the swastika was one of the Russian Empire's symbols, and was used on coinage as a backdrop to the [[Coat of arms of Russia#1721–1917: Russian Empire|Russian eagle]].<ref name="klk.pp.ru">{{cite web |url=http://klk.pp.ru/2007/01/26/svastika_istoricheskie_korni.html |author=Vladimir Nikolaevich |title=The Swastika, the historical roots |publisher=Klk.pp.ru |language=ru |access-date=2 March 2010 |archive-date=22 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822003629/http://klk.pp.ru/2007/01/26/svastika_istoricheskie_korni.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ruskolan.xpomo.com" />

<gallery class="center">
File:Bashkort symbol of Sun.svg|[[Bashkirs]] symbol of the sun and fertility
File:ShaveyZion1.jpg|Mosaic swastika in an excavated [[Byzantine]] church in [[Shavei Tzion]], (Israel)
File:Jewish swastika.jpg|A swastika composed of Hebrew letters as a mystical symbol from the Jewish [[Kabbalah|Kabbalistic]] work "Parashat Eliezer", from the 18th century or earlier
File:Winchestercathedralheadonwilliamedingtontomb crop.jpg|Swastikas on the vestments of the effigy of Bishop [[William Edington]] (d. 1366) in [[Winchester Cathedral]]
File:Swastika Stone, Ilkley (reproduction) - geograph.org.uk - 48282.jpg|The Victorian-era reproduction of the [[Swastika Stone]] on [[Ilkley Moor]], which sits near the original to aid visitors in interpreting the carving
</gallery>

===Non-Eurasian samples===
====Africa====
Swastikas can be seen in various African cultures. In [[Ethiopia]] the Swastika is carved in the window of the famous 12th-century [[Biete Maryam]], one of the [[Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela]].<ref name="Roden">{{cite journal|first=David Roden |last=Buxton |title=The Christian Antiquities of Northern Ethiopia |journal=Archaeologia |publisher=[[Society of Antiquaries of London]] |volume=92 |pages=11 & 23 |doi=10.1017/S0261340900009863 }}</ref> In Ghana, the swastika is among the [[adinkra symbols]] of the [[Akan people]]s. Called ''nkontim'', swastikas could be found on [[Ashanti people|Ashanti]] [[Akan goldweights|gold weights]] and clothing.<ref>Claire Polakoff. ''Into Indigo: African Textiles and Dyeing Techniques''. 1980</ref>
<gallery class="center">
File:Brooklyn Museum 74.218.25 Weight.jpg|[[Ashanti Empire|Ashanti]] weight in Africa
File:Ghana-nkontim.svg|''Nkontim'' [[adinkra symbols|adinkra symbol]] from Ghana, representing loyalty and readiness to serve
File:Skastika symbol in the window of Lalibela Rock hewn churches.jpg|Carved fretwork forming a swastika on the [[Biete Maryam]] in Ethiopia
</gallery>

====Americas====
[[File:Chromesun 4 uktenas design.jpg|thumb|A digital illustration of [[Horned Serpent]] by the artist Herb Roe. Based on an engraved shell cup in the ''Craig B style'' (designated ''Engraved shell cup number 229'' <ref>{{cite journal|title=Linking Spiro's artistic styles : The Copper Connection| author1=Brown, James A. |author2= Rogers, J. Daniel|journal =Southeastern Archaeology| volume=8 |issue= 1 |pages= | publisher=Allen Press | url= http://projectpast.org/caddo/topic4/brown1989.pdf}}</ref>) from [[:en:Spiro Mounds|Spiro]], Oklahoma.]]
The swastika has been used by multiple Indigenous groups, including the [[Hopi]], Navajo, and [[Tlingit]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=David |first=Gary A |title=The Four Arms of Destiny: Swastikas in the Hopi World & Beyond |url=https://www.academia.edu/8661508 |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=The Orion Zone}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Michael |title=Art in Daily Life: Native American Collections at the State Historical Society of Iowa |pages=102 |work=Iowa Heritage Illustrated |url=https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/ihi/article/id/1388/download/pdf/ |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref> Swastikas were founds on pottery from the Mississippi valley and on copper objects in the [[Hopewell Culture National Historical Park|Hopewell Mounds]] in [[Ross County, Ohio]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Willoughby |first=C. C. |title=An Analysis of the Decorations upon Pottery from the Mississippi Valley |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/533845 |journal=The Journal of American Folklore |volume=10 |issue=36 |pages=9–20 |doi=10.2307/533845 |jstor=533845 |issn=0021-8715}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Freed |first1=Stanley A |url=https://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/63402/article_rip661_part6.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Swastika: A New Symbolic Interpretation |last2=Freed |first2=Ruth S |publisher=Rice University Studies |pages=93 |language=en}}</ref> It is a [[Navajo]] symbol for good luck, also translated to "whirling log".<ref name="Sanchez-2018">{{Cite web |last=Sanchez |first=Hayley |title=Those are sacred Navajo Symbols, Not Swastikas, On That Pueblo Art Collector's Rug |url=https://www.cpr.org/2018/08/15/those-are-sacred-navajo-symbols-not-swastikas-on-that-pueblo-art-collectors-rug/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Colorado Public Radio |language=en}}</ref>

In the 20th century, traders encouraged Native American artists to use the symbol in their crafts, and it was used by the US Army 45th Infantry Division, an all-Native American division.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Swastika |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-swastika |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deepa |first=Bharath |title=Faith groups seek to save sacred swastikas |url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2022/nov/28/faith-groups-seek-to-save-sacred-swastikas/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Arkansas Online |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ayres-2021">{{Cite web |last=Ayres |first=Steven |title=Reclaiming Sacred Heritage |url=https://www.5ensesmag.com/article/reclaiming-sacred-heritage |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=5enses Magazine}}</ref> The symbol lost popularity in the 1930s due to its associations with Nazi Germany. In 1940, partially due to government encouragement, community leaders from several different Native American tribes made a statement promising to no longer use the symbol.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indians Denounce Nazis, Forego Use of Swastika |pages=1 |work=St. Joseph Gazette |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36417593/indians-denounce-swastika/}}</ref><ref name="Sanchez-2018" /><ref name="Kane-2017" /><ref name="Ayres-2021" /> However, the symbol has continued to be used by Native American groups, both in reference to the original symbol and as a memorial to the 45th Division, despite external objections to its use.<ref name="Olson" /><ref name="Ayres-2021" /><ref name="Kane-2017">{{Cite web |last=Kane |first=Rich |title=A group of protesters demanded that a Native American swastika be removed from an SLC market — but were they right? |url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2017/08/29/uproar-at-salt-lake-city-market-raises-decades-old-question-will-the-ancient-native-american-swastika-always-be-a-symbol-of-nazi-hate/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324143526/https://www.sltrib.com/news/2017/08/29/uproar-at-salt-lake-city-market-raises-decades-old-question-will-the-ancient-native-american-swastika-always-be-a-symbol-of-nazi-hate/ |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=Salt Lake City Tribune}}</ref><ref>Brown, Jerome F. "ANTI-SEMITISM ON CAMPUS: THE SWASTIKA OF NMSU." ''Shofar'' (1986): 22-32.</ref><ref>Heller, Steven. ''The swastika: symbol beyond redemption?'' Simon and Schuster, 2010.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Swastika or Whirling Logs? Should the Ancient Native Symbol Stolen by the Nazis Be Reclaimed? |url=https://ictnews.org/archive/swastika-or-whirling-logs-tattoo-artist-reignites-debate-over-ancient-native-symbol |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=ICT News |language=en}}</ref> The symbol was used on state road signs in [[Arizona]] from the 1920s until the 1940s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.route66news.com/2006/10/26/swastikas-on-old-arizona-road-maps/|title=Swastikas on old Arizona road maps?|last=Warnick|first=Ron|website=Route 66 News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-05}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Early 20th century==
{{Main|Western use of the swastika in the early 20th century}}
In the Western world, the symbol experienced a resurgence following the archaeological work in the late 19th century of [[Heinrich Schliemann]], who discovered the symbol in the site of ancient [[Troy]] and associated it with the ancient migrations of [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]], whose proto-language was not coincidentally termed "Proto-Indo-Germanic" by German language historians. He connected it with similar shapes found on ancient pots in Germany, and hypothesized that the swastika was a "significant religious symbol of our remote ancestors", linking it to ancient [[Teutons]], Greeks of the time of [[Homer]], and Indians of the [[Vedas|Vedic]] era.<ref>Schliemann, Heinrich, ''Troy and Its Remains'', London: Murray, 1875, pp. 102, 119–120.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/library/arts/072900tank-swastika.html|title=One of the World's Great Symbols Strives for a Comeback|first=Sarah|last=Boxer|access-date=7 May 2012 |work=The New York Times|at="Think Tank" section}}</ref> By the early 20th century, it was used worldwide and was regarded as a symbol of good luck and success.

Schliemann's work soon became intertwined with the political ''[[Völkisch movement|völkisch]]'' movements, which used the swastika as a symbol for the "[[Aryan race]]"{{snd}}a concept that theorists such as [[Alfred Rosenberg]] equated with a [[Nordic race|Nordic]] [[master race]] originating in northern Europe. Since its adoption by the [[Nazi Party]] of [[Adolf Hitler]], the swastika has been associated with Nazism, fascism, racism in its [[white supremacy]] form, the [[Axis powers]] in World War II, and [[the Holocaust]] in much of the West. The swastika remains a core symbol of neo-Nazi groups.

The Benedictine choir school at [[Lambach Abbey]], Upper Austria, which Hitler attended for several months as a boy, had a swastika chiseled into the monastery portal and also the wall above the spring grotto in the courtyard by 1868. Their origin was the personal [[coat of arms]] of Abbot [[Theoderich Hagn]] of the monastery in Lambach, which bore a golden swastika with slanted points on a blue field.<ref>[http://www.humanitas-international.org/holocaust/1889-99t.htm Holocaust Chronology] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120801224433/http://www.humanitas-international.org/holocaust/1889-99t.htm }}</ref>

===Europe===
{{Further|Western use of the swastika in the early 20th century#Europe}}

====Britain====
The British author and poet [[Rudyard Kipling]] used the symbol on the cover art of a number of his works, including ''[[The Five Nations]]'', 1903, which has it twinned with an elephant. Once Adolf Hitler and the Nazis came to power, Kipling ordered that the swastika should no longer adorn his books.{{citation needed}} In 1927, a red swastika [[Defacement (flag)|defaced]] by a Union Jack was proposed as a flag for the [[Union of South Africa]].<ref>{{cite book |first=William |last=Crampton |title=The World of Flags |publisher=Studio Additions |pages=154–155 |isbn=1851704264 }}</ref>

====Denmark====
[[File:Elefantporten Ny Carlsberg.jpg|thumb|Carlsberg's [[Elephant Gate and Tower, Carlsberg|Elephant Tower]]]]

The Danish brewery company [[Carlsberg Group]] used the swastika as a logo<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fiveprime.org/hivemind/Tags/carlsberg,swastika |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710060411/http://fiveprime.org/hivemind/Tags/carlsberg,swastika |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2012 |title=Flickr Album; "Probably the Best Photo's of Swastikas in the World" |publisher=Fiveprime.org |access-date=1 May 2011 }}</ref> from the 19th century until the middle of the 1930s when it was discontinued because of association with the Nazi Party in neighbouring Germany. In [[Copenhagen]] at the entrance gate, and tower, of the company's headquarters, built in 1901, swastikas can still be seen. The tower is supported by four stone elephants, each with a swastika on each side. The tower they support is topped with a spire, in the middle of which is a swastika.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.carlsbergdanmark.dk/omos/historie/ijacobsensfodspor/valby/pages/elefanttaarnet.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804100143/http://www.carlsbergdanmark.dk/omos/historie/ijacobsensfodspor/valby/pages/elefanttaarnet.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-08-04|title=Carlsberg Group Website}}</ref>

====Iceland====
The swastika, or the Thor's hammer as the logo was called, was used as the logo for [[Eimskip|H/f. Eimskipafjelag Íslands]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eimskip.is/um-eimskip/saga-eimskips/|title=Saga Eimskips|website=Eimskip|language=en|access-date=2019-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821050702/https://www.eimskip.is/um-eimskip/saga-eimskips/|archive-date=21 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> from its founding in 1914 until the [[World War II|Second World War]] when it was discontinued and changed to read only the letters Eimskip.

====Ireland====
The [[Swastika Laundry]] was a laundry founded in 1912, located on Shelbourne Road, [[Ballsbridge]], a district of [[Dublin]], Ireland. In the 1950s, [[Heinrich Böll]] came across a van belonging to the company while he was staying in Ireland, leading to some awkward moments before he realised the company was older than Nazism and totally unrelated to it. The chimney of the boiler-house of the laundry still stands, but the laundry has been redeveloped.<ref name="IT" /><ref name="Comehere" />

====Finland====
In Finland, the swastika ({{lang|fi|vääräpää}} meaning "crooked-head", and later {{lang|fi|hakaristi}}, meaning "hook-cross") was often used in traditional folk-art products, as a decoration or magical symbol on textiles and wood. The swastika was also used by the [[Finnish Air Force]] until 1945, and is still used on air force flags.

The {{lang|fi|[[tursaansydän]]}}, an elaboration on the swastika, is used by [[Scouting|scouts]] in some instances,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://pitva.partio.net |title=Partiolippukunta Pitkäjärven Vaeltajat ry |work=Pitva.Partio.net |access-date=2 March 2010}}</ref> and by a student organisation.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kainuun Kerho |url= http://ppo.osakunta.fi/kainuunkerho/ |title=Kainuun Kerho |work=PPO.Osakunta.fi |access-date=2 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091005010249/http://ppo.osakunta.fi/kainuunkerho/ |archive-date=5 October 2009 }}</ref> The Finnish village of Tursa uses the {{lang|fi|tursaansydän}} as a kind of a certificate of authenticity on products made there, and is the origin of this name of the symbol (meaning "heart of Tursa"),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tursa.fi/info/tursaansydan.html |title=Tursan Sydän |work=Tursa.fi |language=fi |access-date=2 March 2010 |archive-date=3 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003182704/http://tursa.fi/info/tursaansydan.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> which is also known as the {{lang|fi|mursunsydän}} ("walrus-heart"). Traditional textiles are still made in Finland with swastikas as parts of traditional ornaments.

=====Finnish military=====
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Finnish air force roundel 1934-1945 border.svg
| width1 = 120
| caption1 = The aircraft roundel and insignia of the Finnish Air force from 1934 to 1945
| image3 = Order_of_the_Cross_of_Liberty_of_Finland_(heraldic).svg
| width3 = 120
| caption3 = Order of the Cross of Liberty of Finland
}}

The [[Finnish Air Force]] used the swastika as an emblem, introduced in 1918, until January 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Allen|first=Claudia|title=Finland's air force quietly drops swastika symbol|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53249645|access-date=2020-07-02}}</ref> The type of swastika adopted by the air-force was the symbol of luck for the Swedish count [[Eric von Rosen]], who donated one of its earliest aircraft; he later became a prominent figure in the Swedish Nazi movement.

The swastika was also used by the women's paramilitary organisation [[Lotta Svärd]], which was banned in 1944 in accordance with the [[Moscow Armistice]] between Finland and the [[Allies of World War II|allied]] [[Soviet Union]] and [[United Kingdom|Britain]].

The [[president of Finland]] is the grand master of the [[Order of the White Rose]]. According to the protocol, the president shall wear the Grand Cross of the White Rose with collar on formal occasions. The original design of the collar, decorated with nine swastikas, dates from 1918 and was designed by the artist [[Akseli Gallen-Kallela]]. The Grand Cross with the swastika collar has been awarded 41 times to foreign heads of state. To avoid misunderstandings, the swastika decorations were replaced by fir crosses at the decision of president [[Urho Kekkonen]] in 1963 after it became known that the [[president of France]], [[Charles De Gaulle]], was uncomfortable with the swastika collar.

Also a design by Gallen-Kallela from 1918, the [[Order of the Cross of Liberty|Cross of Liberty]] has a swastika pattern in its arms. The Cross of Liberty is depicted in the upper left corner of the standard of the president of Finland.<ref>[http://www.tpk.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=41443&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 Flag] {{webarchive|url= https://archive.today/20110720194040/http://www.tpk.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=41443&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 }} The President of the Republic Of Finland</ref>

In December 2007, a silver replica of the World War II-period Finnish air defence's relief ring decorated with a swastika became available as a part of a charity campaign.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://rautasormus.fi |title=Campaign site rautasormus.fi (campaign now closed) |publisher=Rautasormus.fi |access-date=2 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221232818/http://www.rautasormus.fi/ |archive-date=21 December 2007 }}</ref>

The original war-time idea was that the public swap their precious metal rings for the state air defence's relief ring, made of iron.

In 2017, the old logo of Finnish Air Force Command with swastika was replaced by a new logo showing golden eagle and a circle of wings. However, the logo of Finland's air force academy still keeps the swastika symbol.<ref>{{cite news |title=Finland's air force quietly drops swastika symbol |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53249645 |access-date=3 July 2020 |work=BBC News }}</ref>

====Latvia====
[[File:Roundel of Latvia (1926-1940).svg|thumb|upright=.5|Latvian Air Force roundel until 1940]]

Latvia adopted the swastika, for its [[Latvian Air Force|Air Force]] in 1918/1919 and continued its use until the [[Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940|Soviet occupation]] in 1940.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/lv%5Eair.html|title=Latvia – Airforce Flag and Aircraft Marking|website=fotw.info|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IPv1gjLhtZ4C&q=latvian+army+swastika&pg=PA39|title=Latvia in World War II|last=Lumans|first=Valdis O.|publisher=Fordham Univ Press|isbn=978-0823226276|page=39|language=en}}</ref> The cross itself was maroon on a white background, mirroring the colors of the Latvian flag. Earlier versions pointed counter-clockwise, while later versions pointed clock-wise and eliminated the white background.<ref>[http://www.insigniamag.com/afs005.html Latvian Air Force 1918–1940] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217215841/http://www.insigniamag.com/afs005.html }}. Retrieved 30 September 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.latvianaviation.com Spārnota Latvija] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204035446/http://latvianaviation.com/ }}. Retrieved 30 September 2008.</ref> Various other [[Latvian Army]] units and the Latvian War College<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vitber.lv/lv/lot/20294|title=Nozīme, Apvienotā Kara skola, 1938. gada izlaidums, Nr. 937, sudrabs, Latvija, 20.gs. 20-30ie gadi, 44.3 x 34.2 mm, 15.60 g, darbnīca V. F. Millers|website=Vitber|language=lv|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref> (the predecessor of the [[National Defence Academy of Latvia|National Defence Academy]]) also had adopted the symbol in their battle flags and insignia during the [[Latvian War of Independence]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://latvianmilitaryhistory.wordpress.lv/2012/10/01/latvijas-armijas-nacionalo-brunoto-speku-un-citi-karogi/|title=Latvijas armijas, Nacionālo Bruņoto Spēku un citu iestāžu karogi.|work=latvianmilitaryhistory|access-date=2018-11-08|language=lv}}</ref> A stylised fire cross is the base of the [[Order of Lāčplēsis]], the highest military decoration of Latvia for participants of the War of Independence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lnvm.lv/en/?p=1242|title=Exhibition "The Lāčplēsis Military Order" ← National History Museum of Latvia|website=lnvm.lv|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref> The [[Pērkonkrusts]], an ultra-nationalist political organisation active in the 1930s, also used the fire cross as one of its symbols.

====Lithuania====
The swastika symbol ([[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]: ''sūkurėlis'') is a traditional Baltic ornament,<ref name="Guénon-2001" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.efhr.eu/2012/02/03/swastika-historical-heritage-of-lithuania/|title=Swastika – historical heritage of Lithuania |website=European Foundation of Human Rights|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref> found on relics dating from at least the 13th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sarmatas.lt/02/svastika-musu-proteviu-lietuviu-simbolis/|title=Svastika Mūsų protėvių lietuvių simbolis {{!}} Sarmatai|website=www.sarmatas.lt|date=7 February 2010|language=lt|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref> The swastika for Lithuanians represent the history and memory of their Lithuanians ancestors as well as the [[Balts|Baltic people]] at large.<ref name="sarmatas.lt-2010">{{Cite web|title=Svastika – Mūsų protėvių – lietuvių simbolis [Swastika Is the Symbol of Our Ancestors Lithuanians] (in Lithuanian)|url=http://www.sarmatas.lt/02/svastika-musu-proteviu-lietuviu-simbolis/|website=sarmatas.lt}}</ref> There are monuments in Lithuania such as the Freedom Monument in [[Rokiškis]] where the swastika can be found.<ref name="sarmatas.lt-2010" />

====Sweden====
[[File:ASEA logo pre 1933.svg|thumb|upright=.5|ASEA logo before 1933]]

The Swedish company [[ASEA]], now a part of [[ABB]], in the late 1800s introduced a company [[logo]] featuring a swastika. The logo was replaced in 1933, when [[Adolf Hitler]] came to power in [[Germany]]. During the early 1900s, the swastika was used as a symbol of electric power, perhaps because it resembled a [[waterwheel]] or [[turbine]]. On maps of the period, the sites of hydroelectric [[power station]]s were marked with swastikas.

====Norway====
Starting in 1917, [[Mikal Sylten]]'s staunchly [[antisemitic]] periodical, ''[[Nationalt Tidsskrift (magazine)|Nationalt Tidsskrift]]'' took up the swastika as a symbol, three years before [[Adolf Hitler]] chose to do so.<ref name="ØS">{{cite book|title=Fra Hitler til Quisling|last=Sørensen |first=Øystein |author-link=Øystein Sørensen |publisher=J.W. Cappelens Forlag |location=Oslo|isbn=82-02-11992-8 |pages=93–94 }}</ref>

The headquarters of the [[Oslo]] Municipal [[Power station|Power Station]] was designed by architects ''Bjercke and Eliassen'' in 1928–1931. Swastikas adorn its wrought iron gates. The architects knew the swastika as a symbol of ''electricity'' and were probably not yet aware that it had been usurped by the German Nazi party and would soon become the foremost symbol of the German [[Reich]]. The fact that these gates survived the cleanup after the [[German occupation of Norway]] during [[WW II]] is a testimony to the innocence and good faith of the power plant and its architects. The architects Bjercke and Eliassen knew the swastika as a symbol of power plants on maps in Scandinavia, and as the logo of Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget, ASEA.<ref>Knut Are Tvedt (ed.) (2010). ''Oslo Byleksikon''. Kunnskapsforlaget. Entry: Sommerrogata, p. 527.</ref>

===Russia===
The left-handed swastika was a favorite sign of the last Russian Empress [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|Alexandra Feodorovna]]. She wore a talisman in the form of a swastika, put it everywhere for happiness, including on her suicide letters from [[Tobolsk]],<ref>{{cite book |surname=Rollin |given=Henri |title=L'Apocalypse de notre temps |language=fr |place=Paris |publisher=Gallimard |pages=61–62}}</ref> later drew with a pencil on the wall and in the window opening of the room in the [[Ipatiev House]], which served as the place of the last imprisonment of the royal family and on the wallpaper above the bed.<ref>{{cite book |surname=Gilliard |given=Pierre |authorlink=Pierre Gilliard |title=Thirteen Years at the Russian Court |publisher=Online open source |url=http://www.alexanderpalace.org/2006pierre/introduction.html |via=Alexanderpalace.org}}</ref>

The [[Russian Provisional Government]] of 1917 printed a number of new bank notes with right-facing, diagonally rotated swastikas in their centres.<ref>{{cite web |title=Русские бумажные деньги, цену денежных знаков России, местных и частных денежных знаков, боны и валюты. |trans-title=Russian paper money, price list of Russia banknotes, currency, local and private banknotes |language=ru |url=http://atsnotes.com/banknotes/russia.html |website=atsnotes.com}}</ref> The banknote design was initially intended for the Mongolian national bank but was re-purposed for [[Russian ruble]] after the February revolution. Swastikas were depicted and on some Soviet credit cards ([[sovznak]]s) printed with clichés that were in circulation in 1918–1922.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nikolaiev, R. |url =http://www.bonistikaweb.ru/miniatur/1992-7.htm |title=Советские "кредитки" со свастикой? |trans-title=Soviet "credit cards" with a swastika? |language=ru |website=bonistikaweb.ru |access-date=2022-05-20}}</ref>

During the [[Russian Civil War]], the swastika was present in the symbolism of the uniform of some units of the [[White Army]] [[Asiatic Cavalry Division]] of [[Roman von Ungern-Sternberg|Baron Ungern]] in Siberia and [[Bogd Khanate of Mongolia]], which is explained by the significant number of Buddhists within it.<ref>{{cite journal |surname=Tsvetkov |given=Vasily |title=Р. Ф. Унгерн и попытки организации центра антибольшевистского сопротивления в Монголии (1918–1921 годы). 1-я часть |trans-title=R. F. Ungern and attempts to organize a center of anti-Bolshevik resistance in Mongolia (1918–1921). Part 1 |journal=Новый исторический вестник [New Historical Bulletin] |language=ru |volume=45 |number=3 |pages=145–172}}</ref> The [[Red Army]]'s ethnic [[Kalmyk people|Kalmyk]] units wore distinct armbands featuring the swastika with "РСФСР" (Roman: "RSFSR") inscriptions on them.<ref>{{cite web |title=Приказ войскам Юго-Восточного фронта от 03.11.1919 № 213 |trans-title=Order to the troops of the South-Eastern Front dated 11/03/1919 No. 213 |url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82_03.11.1919_%E2%84%96_213 |website=ru.wikisource.org |language=ru}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Red-Army-Swastika-1919.jpg|Badges worn by the Kalmyk formations of the Red Army in 1919
File:Flag of Tannu Tuva (1921-1926) alternate.svg|[[Flag of Tuva]]{{snd}}[[Tuvan People's Republic]] (1921–1926)
</gallery>

===North America===
{{Further|Western use of the swastika in the early 20th century#North America}}
The swastika motif is found in some traditional [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] art and iconography. Historically, the design has been found in excavations of [[Mississippian culture|Mississippian]]-era sites in the [[Ohio River|Ohio]] and [[Mississippi River]] valleys, and on objects associated with the [[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex#Motifs|Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (S.E.C.C.)]]. It is also widely used by a number of [[Southwestern United States|southwestern]] tribes, most notably the [[Navajo Nation|Navajo]], and [[Plains Indians|plains nations]] such as the [[Dakota people|Dakota]]. Among various tribes, the swastika carries different meanings. To the [[Hopi]] it represents the wandering Hopi clan; to the Navajo it is one symbol for the whirling log (''tsin náálwołí''), a sacred image representing a legend that is used in healing rituals.<ref>Dottie Indyke. "[http://www.collectorsguide.com/fa/fa086.shtml The History of an Ancient Human Symbol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041205011620/http://www.collectorsguide.com/fa/fa086.shtml }}". 4{{spaces}}April 2005. originally from ''The Wingspread Collector's Guide to [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], [[Taos, New Mexico|Taos]] and [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]]'', Volume 15.</ref> A brightly coloured [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] saddle featuring swastika designs is on display at the [[Royal Saskatchewan Museum]] in Canada.<ref>Photo and text, [http://www.royalsaskmuseum.ca/research/faqs/ex_8.shtml "Why is there a Swastika on the saddle in the First Nations Gallery?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118021210/http://www.royalsaskmuseum.ca/research/faqs/ex_8.shtml }}, Royal [[Saskatchewan]] Museum</ref>

Before the 1930s, the symbol for the [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|45th Infantry Division of the United States Army]] was a red diamond with a yellow swastika, a tribute to the large Native American population in the southwestern United States. It was later replaced with a [[Thunderbird (mythology)|thunderbird]] symbol.

The town of [[Swastika, Ontario|Swastika, Ontario, Canada]], and the hamlet of [[Swastika, New York]] were named after the symbol.

From 1909 to 1916, the [[K-R-I-T Motor Car Company|K-R-I-T automobile]], manufactured in Detroit, Michigan, used a right-facing swastika as their trademark.

<gallery class="center" widths="187" heights="187" caption="The swastika in North America">
File:William Neptune, Passamaquoddy chief, 1920.jpg|Chief William Neptune of the [[Passamaquoddy]], wearing a headdress and outfit adorned with swastikas
File:Native American basketball team crop.jpg|[[Chilocco Indian Agricultural School]] basketball team in 1909
File:Patch of the 45th Infantry Division (1924-1939).svg|Original insignia of the [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|45th Infantry Division]]
File:The Girls Club of Ladies Home Journal 1912 pillow cover (cropped).jpg|Pillow cover offered by the Girls' Club in ''The Ladies Home Journal'' in 1912
File: Arizona 2 1927.jpg|Arizona state highway marker (1927)
</gallery>

==Association with Nazism==
===Use in Nazism (1920–1945)===

{{Further|Fascist symbolism|Nazi symbolism|Occultism in Nazism|#Swastika as distinct from Hakenkreuz debate}}
{{multiple image
| perrow = 3
| total_width = 300
| caption_align = center
| title = Nazi Party Emblems
| image1 = NSDAP-Logo.svg
| caption1 = Party badge
| image2 = Parteiadler Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (1933–1945).svg
| caption2 = [[Parteiadler]] ("Party eagle")
| image3 = Golden Nazi Party Badge.svg
| caption3 = [[Golden Party Badge]]
}}

The swastika was widely used in Europe at the start of the 20th century. It symbolised many things to the Europeans, with the most common symbolism being of good luck and auspiciousness.<ref name=holocaust2009 /> In the wake of [[Western use of the Swastika in the early 20th century|widespread popular usage]], in [[Weimar Republic|post-World War I Germany]], the newly established [[Nazi Party]] formally adopted the swastika in 1920.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007453|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|title=History of the Swastika|access-date=9 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2018/03/18/mysterious-wwii/|last=A.|first=Aleksandra|title=Planted in 1933 this mysterious forest swastika remained unnoticed until 1992 – it was then quickly cut down|newspaper=Thevintagenews |publisher=The Vintage News|access-date=10 September 2018}}</ref> The Nazi Party emblem was a black swastika rotated 45 degrees on a white circle on a red background. This insignia was used on the party's flag, badge, and armband. Hitler also designed his personal standard using a black swastika sitting flat on one arm, not rotated.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Der Flaggenkurier |journal=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Flaggenkunde |location=Achim und Berlin |number=16/2002 bis 30/2009 |issn=0949-6173|language=de}} [{{cite journal |title=The Flag Courier |journal=Journal of the German Society for Flags}}]</ref>

Before the Nazis, the swastika was already in use as a symbol of German {{lang|de|völkisch}} nationalist movements ({{lang|de|[[Völkisch movement|Völkische Bewegung]]}}).
[[File:Flag of the Order of New Templars.svg|thumb|Flag of the [[Order of the New Templars]] designed 1907 with a swastika used as [[:Völkisch movement|''völkisch'']] (German ethno-nationalist) symbol]]
José Manuel Erbez says:
{{Blockquote|The first time the swastika was used with an "Aryan" meaning was on 25 December 1907, when the self-named [[Order of the New Templars]], a secret society founded by [[Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels|Lanz von Liebenfels]], hoisted at [[Werfenstein Castle]] ([[Austria]]) a yellow flag with a swastika and four [[fleur-de-lys|fleurs-de-lys]].<ref>José Manuel Erbez. "[http://flagspot.net/flags/de%7Dns_or.html#ont Order of the New Templars 1907] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208034139/http://flagspot.net/flags/de%7Dns_or.html#ont |date=8 February 2005 }}". ''[[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]]''. 21 January 2001.</ref>}}

However, Liebenfels was drawing on an already-established use of the symbol.<ref name="Goodrick-Clarke1997/2006">{{cite book |first=Nicholas |last=Goodrick-Clarke |title=Die okkulten Wurzeln des Nationalsozialismus |trans-title=The occult roots of National Socialism |chapter=Graz 1997, S. 98, and 2006, S. 93 f. |isbn=9783937715483 |oclc=76560810 |publisher=Marix-Verl |location=Wiesbaden |language=de}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Flag of the NSDAP (1920–1945).svg
| width1 = 120
| caption1 = The flag of the [[Nazi Party]] (National Socialist German Workers' Party, NSDAP)
| image2 = Flag_of_the_German_Reich_(1935–1945).svg
| width2 = 120
| caption2 = The national flag of [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] (1935–1945), which differs from the NSDAP flag in that the white circle with the swastika is off-center
}}

In his 1925 work {{lang|de|[[Mein Kampf]]}}, Adolf Hitler writes: "I myself, meanwhile, after innumerable attempts, had laid down a final form; a flag with a red background, a white disk, and a black hooked cross in the middle. After long trials I also found a definite proportion between the size of the flag and the size of the white disk, as well as the shape and thickness of the hooked cross."

When Hitler created a flag for the Nazi Party, he sought to incorporate both the swastika and "those revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past and which once brought so much honor to the German nation". (Red, white, and black were the colours of the [[Flag of Germany#North German Confederation and the German Empire (1867–1918)|flag of the old German Empire]].) He also stated: "As National Socialists, we see our program in our flag. In red, we see the social idea of the movement; in white, the nationalistic idea; in the hooked cross, the mission of the struggle for the victory of the [[Aryan race|Aryan]] man, and, by the same token, the victory of the idea of creative work."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200601.txt |title=text of ''Mein Kampf'' at Project Gutenberg of Australia |publisher=Gutenberg.net.au |access-date=2 March 2010}}</ref>

The swastika was also understood as "the symbol of the creating, effecting life" ({{lang|de|das Symbol des schaffenden, wirkenden Lebens}}) and as "race emblem of Germanism" ({{lang|de|Rasseabzeichen des Germanentums}}).<ref>Walther Blachetta: {{lang|de|Das Buch der deutschen Sinnzeichen}} (The book of German sense characters); reprint of 1941; p. 47</ref>

The concept of [[racial hygiene]] was an ideology central to Nazism, though it is [[scientific racism]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis |page=[https://archive.org/details/racialhygiene00robe/page/n265 220] |publisher=Harvard University Press |author=Robert Proctor |url=https://archive.org/details/racialhygiene00robe|url-access=registration |isbn=978-0674745780 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iX0IOWHsoAUC |page=43 |author=Mark B. Adams |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195363838 }}</ref> High-ranking Nazi theorist [[Alfred Rosenberg]] noted that the [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] were both a model to be imitated and a warning of the dangers of the spiritual and racial "confusion" that, he believed, arose from the proximity of races. The Nazis co-opted the swastika as a symbol of the Aryan master race.

On 14 March 1933, shortly after Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany, the NSDAP flag was hoisted alongside Germany's national colors. As part of the [[Nuremberg Laws]], the NSDAP flag{{snd}}with the swastika slightly offset from center{{snd}}was adopted as the sole national flag of Germany on 15 September 1935.<ref>[[James Whitman|James Q. Whitman]], "Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law", (Princeton: [[Princeton University Press]], 2017), p. 28.</ref>

<gallery>
File:Treu Deutsch Nr. 11 12 10. September 1918 Nachrichten des Deutschen Volksrates Einheit völkischer Verbände Herausgegeben von Dr. Heinrich Pudor. Hakenkreuz early swastika Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig (City Museum) 2015 adjusted.jpg|[[Heinrich Pudor]]'s ''völkisch'' ''Treu Deutsch'' ('True German') 1918 with a swastika. From the collections of Leipzig City Museum.
File:Pre-Nazi Swastika. Stahlhelm M 1916 mit Hakenkreuzbemalung. Marinebrigade Ehrhardt. Lüttwitz-Kapp-Putsch 1920. Deutsches Historisches Museum.jpg|German World War I helmet with swastika used by a member of the [[Marinebrigade Ehrhardt]], a right-wing paramilitary free corps, participating in the [[Kapp Putsch]] 1920
File:Standarte Adolf Hitlers.svg|[[Personal standard of Adolf Hitler]] (a [[war flag]] or {{lang|de|Standarte}} in German) used from 1934 to 1945
File:Deutsches Reich Mother's Cross of Honour.jpg|[[Cross of Honour of the German Mother]] (1939–1945) given to German mothers of four or more children
</gallery>

===Use by the Allies===
[[File:Flight Lieutenant Dennis Barnham of No. 601 Squadron RAF in the cockpit of his Supermarine Spitfire Mk VB at Luqa, Malta, with Pilot Officer M H Le Bas, June 1942. GM1001.jpg|thumb|Swastikas marking downed German aircraft on the fuselage sides of a RAF Spitfire]]During World War II it was common to use small swastikas to mark air-to-air victories on the sides of Allied aircraft, and at least one British fighter pilot inscribed a swastika in his logbook for each German plane he shot down.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/10764884/Battle-of-Britain-heros-medals-to-go-under-the-hammer.html|title=Battle of Britain hero's medals to go under the hammer|first=Miranda|last=Prynne|via=www.telegraph.co.uk|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414083020/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/10764884/Battle-of-Britain-heros-medals-to-go-under-the-hammer.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Post–World War II stigmatisation===
Because of its use by Nazi Germany, the swastika since the 1930s has been largely associated with Nazism. In the aftermath of World War II it has been considered a symbol of hate in the West,<ref>{{cite book|author=Verhulsdonck, Gustav|title=Digital Rhetoric and Global Literacies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ed9GAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94|publisher=IGI|isbn=978-1-4666-4917-0|page=94}}</ref> and of white supremacy in many Western countries.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dawn Perlmutter|title=Investigating Religious Terrorism and Ritualistic Crimes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QPnKBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA242|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-4104-0|page=242}}</ref>

As a result, all use of it, or its use as a Nazi or hate symbol, is prohibited in some countries, including Germany. In some countries, such as the United States (in the 2003 case ''[[Virginia v. Black]]''), the highest courts have ruled that the local governments can prohibit the use of swastika along with other symbols such as cross burning, if the intent of the use is to intimidate others.<ref name=wiener463 />

====Germany====
{{Further|Strafgesetzbuch section 86a{{!}}''Strafgesetzbuch'' section 86a}}

The German and Austrian postwar [[Strafgesetzbuch|criminal code]] makes the public showing of the swastika, the [[sig rune]], the [[Celtic cross]] (specifically [[Celtic cross#White nationalism and white supremacy|the variations used by white power activists]]), the {{lang|de|[[wolfsangel]]}}, the [[odal (rune)|odal rune]] and the {{lang|de|[[Totenkopf]]}} skull illegal, except for scholarly reasons. It is also censored from the reprints of 1930s railway timetables published by the {{lang|de|[[Reichsbahn]]}}. The swastikas on Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain temples are exempt, as religious symbols cannot be banned in Germany.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.dw.com/en/germany-wont-seek-eu-wide-ban-on-swastikas/a-2330716 |title = Germany Won't Seek EU-Wide Ban on Swastikas |work = [[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref>

A controversy was stirred by the decision of several police departments to begin inquiries against anti-fascists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spcm.org/Journal/article.php3?id_article=1869 |work=Le Journal Chrétien |title=Stuttgart Seeks to Ban Anti-Fascist Symbols |publisher=Spcm.org |access-date=2 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420011238/http://www.spcm.org/Journal/article.php3?id_article=1869 |archive-date=20 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In late 2005 police raided the offices of the [[punk rock]] label and mail order store "Nix Gut Records" and confiscated merchandise depicting crossed-out swastikas and fists smashing swastikas. In 2006 the {{lang|de|[[Stade]]}} police department started an inquiry against anti-fascist youths using a placard depicting a person dumping a swastika into a trashcan. The placard was displayed in opposition to the campaign of right-wing nationalist parties for local elections.<ref>{{in lang|de}} [http://www.tageblatt.de/main.cfm?DID=747071 Tageblatt] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113164205/http://www.tageblatt.de/main.cfm?DID=747071 }} 23 September 2006</ref>

On Friday, 17 March 2006, a member of the {{lang|de|[[Bundestag]]}}, [[Claudia Roth]] reported herself to the German police for displaying a crossed-out swastika in multiple demonstrations against [[neo-Nazis]], and subsequently got the Bundestag to suspend her immunity from prosecution. She intended to show the absurdity of charging anti-fascists with using fascist symbols: "We don't need prosecution of non-violent young people engaging against right-wing extremism." On 15 March 2007, the [[Federal Court of Justice of Germany]] ({{lang|de|Bundesgerichtshof}}) held that the crossed-out symbols were "clearly directed against a revival of national-socialist endeavors", thereby settling the dispute for the future.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://juris.bundesgerichtshof.de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bgh&Art=pm&Datum=2007&Sort=3&Seite=5&anz=200&pos=164&nr=39349&linked=urt&Blank=1&file=dokument.pdf |title=3 StR 486/06 |publisher=[[Federal Court of Justice of Germany]] |access-date=2 March 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://juris.bundesgerichtshof.de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bgh&Art=pm&Datum=2007&Sort=3&Seite=5&nr=39202&pos=164&anz=200 |title=Bundesgerichtshof press statement No. 36/2007 |publisher=[[Federal Court of Justice of Germany]] |access-date=2 March 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,471880,00.html |title=Anti-Nazi-Symbole sind nicht strafbar |trans-title=Anti-Nazi symbols are not forbidden |work=Der Spiegel |language=de |access-date=2 March 2010 }}</ref>

On 9 August 2018, Germany lifted the ban on the usage of swastikas and other Nazi symbols in video games. "Through the change in the interpretation of the law, games that critically look at current affairs can for the first time be given a USK age rating," USK managing director Elisabeth Secker told CTV. "This has long been the case for films and with regards to the freedom of the arts, this is now rightly also the case with computer and videogames."<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/08/09/germany-lifts-ban-nazi-symbols-video-games/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/08/09/germany-lifts-ban-nazi-symbols-video-games/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Germany Lifts Ban on Nazi Symbols in Video Games |author= |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/germany-lifts-ban-on-swastikas-in-videogames/ |first=Andy |last=Chalk |title=Germany Lifts Ban on Swastikas in Videogames |work=[[PC Gamer]]}}</ref>

====Legislation in other European countries====
* Until 2013 in [[Hungary]], it was a criminal misdemeanour to publicly display "totalitarian symbols", including the swastika, the [[SS]] insignia, and the [[Arrow Cross]], punishable by custodial arrest.<ref name=hu-const-court /><ref>{{cite web|title=Act C of 2012 on the Criminal Code, Section 335: Use of Symbols of Totalitarianism|url=http://thb.kormany.hu/download/a/46/11000/Btk_EN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222194128/http://thb.kormany.hu/download/a/46/11000/Btk_EN.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-22 |url-status=live|page=97|website=Ministry of Interior of Hungary|access-date=21 February 2017|quote=Any person who: a) distributes, b) uses before the public at large, or c) publicly exhibits, the swastika, the insignia of the SS, the arrow cross, the sickle and hammer, the five-pointed red star or any symbol depicting the above so as to breach public peace{{snd}}specifically in a way to offend the dignity of victims of totalitarian regimes and their right to sanctity{{snd}}is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by custodial arrest, insofar as it did not result in a more serious criminal offense.}}</ref> Display for academic, educational, artistic or journalistic reasons was allowed at the time. The [[communist symbol]]s of [[hammer and sickle]] and the [[red star]] were also regarded as totalitarian symbols and had the same restriction by Hungarian criminal law until 2013.<ref name=hu-const-court />
* In [[Latvia]], public display of Nazi and Soviet symbols, including the Nazi swastika, is prohibited in public events since 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/latvia-bans-nazi-symbols-in-public-1.5283630|title=Latvia Bans Nazi, Soviet Symbols at Public Events|work=Haaretz|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Latvian-bill-would-ban-Soviet-Nazi-symbols/58631371833846/|title=Latvian bill would ban Soviet, Nazi symbols|work=UPI|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en}}</ref> However, in a court case from 2007 a regional court in Riga held that the swastika can be used as an ethnographic symbol, in which case the ban does not apply.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://lvportals.lv/skaidrojumi/255373-ka-aizliegt-to-kas-jau-ir-aizliegts-2013|title=Kā aizliegt to, kas jau ir aizliegts? |last=lvportals.lv|access-date=2018-11-08|language=lv}}</ref>
* In [[Lithuania]], public display of Nazi and Soviet symbols, including the Nazi swastika, is an administrative offence, punishable by a fine from 150 to 300 [[euros]]. According to judicial practice, display of a non-Nazi swastika is legal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jurist.org/paperchase/2010/05/lithuania-court-rules-swastikas-are-part-of-historic-legacy.php |title=Lithuania court rules swastikas are part of historic legacy |last=Stemple |first=Hillary |website=[[JURIST]]}}</ref>
* In Poland, public display of Nazi symbols, including the [[Nazi]] swastika, is a criminal offence punishable by up to eight years of imprisonment. The use of the swastika as a religious symbol is legal.<ref name=tele-che />

====Attempted ban in the European Union====
The [[European Commission|European Union's Executive Commission]] proposed a European Union-wide anti-racism law in 2001, but European Union states failed to agree on the balance between prohibiting racism and freedom of expression.<ref name=EthanMcNern /> An attempt to ban the swastika across the EU in early 2005 failed after objections from the British Government and others. In early 2007, while Germany held the European Union presidency, Berlin proposed that the European Union should follow German Criminal Law and criminalise the [[Holocaust denial|denial of the Holocaust]] and the display of Nazi symbols including the swastika, which is based on the Ban on the Symbols of Unconstitutional Organisations Act. This led to an opposition campaign by Hindu groups across Europe against a ban on the swastika. They pointed out that the swastika has been around for 5,000 years as a symbol of peace.<ref>Staff. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6269627.stm Hindus opposing EU swastika ban] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119204834/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6269627.stm }}, [[BBC]] online, 17 January 2007.</ref><ref>Staff (source dgs/[[Reuters]])[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,460259,00.html Hindus Against Proposed EU Swastika Ban] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129141033/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,460259,00.html }} [[Der Spiegel]] online, 17 January 2007</ref> The proposal to ban the swastika was dropped by Berlin from the proposed [[Fundamental Rights Agency|European Union wide anti-racism laws]] on 29 January 2007.<ref name=EthanMcNern />

====Latin America====
* The manufacture, distribution or broadcasting of the swastika, with the intent to propagate Nazism, is a crime in [[Brazil]] as dictated by article 20, paragraph 1, of federal statute 7.716, passed in 1989. The penalty is a two to five years prison term and a fine.<ref>[https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/LEIS/L7716.htm Brazilian Federal Statute 7.716] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515033324/http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL_03/LEIS/L7716.htm }} 1989-05-01, (Portuguese)</ref>
* The former flag of the [[Guna Yala]] autonomous territory of [[Panama]] was based on a swastika design. In 1942 a ring was added to the centre of the flag to differentiate it from the symbol of the [[Nazi Party]] (this version subsequently fell into disuse).<ref name="Panama - Native Peoples" />

====United States====
The public display of [[Nazi]]-era German flags (or any other flags) is protected by the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution]], which guarantees the right to [[freedom of speech]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shuster|first1=Simon|title=How the Nazi Flags in Charlottesville Look to a German|url=http://time.com/4900385/charlottesville-nazi-kkk-swastika-germany-reaction/|access-date=15 August 2017|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> The Nazi ''[[Reichskriegsflagge]]'' has also been seen on display at white supremacist events within United States borders, side by side with the [[Flags of the Confederate States of America#Battle flag|Confederate battle flag]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article29557972.html |title=How Germany dealt with its symbols of hate |last=Schofield |first=Matthew |website=mcclatchydc.com |publisher=McClatchy DC Bureau |access-date=18 August 2017 |quote=It’s notable that when Ku Klux Klan members recently rallied in South Carolina, they carried both the battle flag and the Nazi swastika. The two flags in recent years have been commonly seen together at white supremacist groups and gatherings.}}</ref>

In 2010 the [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) downgraded the swastika from its status as a Jewish hate symbol, saying "We know that the swastika has, for some, lost its meaning as the primary symbol of Nazism and instead become a more generalised symbol of hate."<ref name="Dickter">{{cite web | last1=Dickter | first1=Adam | last2=Lipman | first2=Steve | last3=Savage | first3=Nigel| title=ADL Downgrades Swastika As Jewish Hate Symbol | website=Jewish Week | date=Jun 1, 2010 | url=http://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/adl-downgrades-swastika-as-jewish-hate-symbol/ | access-date=Apr 23, 2020}}</ref> The ADL notes on their website that the symbol is often used as "shock graffiti" by juveniles, rather than by individuals who hold white supremacist beliefs, but it is still a predominant symbol amongst American white supremacists (particularly as a tattoo design) and used with antisemitic intention.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swastika|url=https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/swastika|access-date=2020-07-31|website=Anti-Defamation League|language=en}}</ref>

====Australia====
In 2022, [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] was the first Australian state to ban the display of the Nazi's swastika. People who intentionally break this law will face a one-year jail sentence or A$22,000 (£12,300; $15,000) fine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-61890577 | title=Swastika: Victoria bans display of Nazi symbol in Australian first | date=22 June 2022 | publisher=BBC News |access-date= 22 June 2022 }}</ref>

====Media====
In 2010, [[Microsoft]] officially spoke out against use of the swastika by players of the [[first-person shooter]] ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops]]''. In ''Black Ops'', players are allowed to customise their name tags to represent, essentially, whatever they want. The swastika can be created and used, but [[Stephen Toulouse]], director of [[Xbox Live]] policy and enforcement, said players with the symbol on their name tag will be banned (if someone reports it as inappropriate) from Xbox Live.<ref name="Goldman 2010">{{cite web |last=Goldman |first=Tom |title=Black Ops Swastika Emblems Will Earn Xbox Live Ban |website=escapistmagazine.com |url=https://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/105501-Black-Ops-Swastika-Emblems-Will-Earn-Xbox-Live-Ban |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123135409/https://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/105501-Black-Ops-Swastika-Emblems-Will-Earn-Xbox-Live-Ban |archive-date=2010-11-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the ''[[Indiana Jones Stunt Spectacular]]'' in [[Disney Hollywood Studios]] in Orlando, Florida, the swastikas on German trucks, aircraft and actor uniforms in the reenactment of a scene from ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' were removed in 2004. The swastika has been replaced by a stylised [[Christian cross variants#Basic forms|Greek cross]].<ref name="Telotte 2008 p.201">{{cite book|title=The Mouse Machine: Disney and Technology|page=201|last=Telotte |first=Jay P. |author-link=Jay Telotte |url=https://archive.org/details/mousemachinedisn0000telo/page/201/mode/2up|url-access=registration|isbn=978-0252092633|oclc=811409076}}</ref>

====Swastika as distinct from ''Hakenkreuz'' debate ====
Beginning in the early 2000s, partially as a reaction to the publication of a book titled ''The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption?'' by [[Steven Heller (design writer)|Steven Heller]],<ref name="Heller 2008">{{cite book |last1=Heller |first1=Steven |title=The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption? |publisher=Allworth Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-58115-507-5 }}</ref> there has been a movement by [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[indigenous peoples]], [[Jainism|Jain]] historians, [[anthropologist]]s, [[Linguistics|linguists]], and other scholars to "reclaim" what was seen as "their" swastika symbol "... until Hitler stole it."<ref name="How the world loved the swastika - until Hitler stole it – BBC – Mukti Jain Campion">{{cite news |last1=Campion |first1=Mukti Jain |title=How the world loved the swastika – until Hitler stole it |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29644591 |access-date=15 February 2022}}</ref> These groups argue that the swastika is distinct from the Nazi symbol. A key part of this argument rests on the fact that Adolf Hitler, writing in [[German (language)|German]], referred to the symbol as a hooked cross ({{lang-de|Hakenkreuz}}).

The main barrier to the effort to "reclaim", "restore", or "reassess" the swastika comes from the decades of extremely negative association in the Western world following the Nazi Party's adoption of it in the 1930s. As well, [[white supremacist]] groups still cling to the symbol as an icon of power and identity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swastika – General Hate Symbols – Neo-Nazi Symbols |url=https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/swastika |website=www.adl.org |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |access-date=15 February 2022}}</ref>

Many media organizations in the West also continue to describe neo-Nazi usage of the symbol as a swastika, or sometimes with the "Nazi" adjective written as "Nazi Swastika"<ref name="USA Today, Marc Ramirez, August 28, 2022">{{cite news |last=Ramirez |first=Marc |title=Is the swastika a symbol of hate or peaceful icon? Faith groups try to save reviled emblem |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2022/08/28/swastika-hate-symbol-link-dharmic-faiths/10342050002/ |website=USA Today |access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Teitel |first=Emma |title=Truck protest teaches timely lessons about the current face of antisemitism |url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/star-columnists/2022/02/11/truck-protest-teaches-timely-lessons-about-the-current-face-of-antisemitism.html |website=Toronto Star |access-date=15 February 2022}}</ref> groups that oppose this media terminology do not wish to censor such usage, but rather to shift coverage of antisemitic and hateful events to describe the symbol in this context as a "{{lang|de|Hakenkreuz}}" or "hooked cross".<ref>>{{cite web |last1=Heller |first1=Steven |title=The Daily Heller: Anti-hate Symbol Law Will Foster More Hate |url=https://www.printmag.com/daily-heller/the-daily-heller-anti-hate-symbol-law-will-foster-more-hate/ |website=Print Magazine |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>

==Contemporary use==
===Asia===
====Central Asia====
In 2005, authorities in [[Tajikistan]] called for the widespread adoption of the swastika as a national [[symbol]]. President [[Emomali Rahmonov]] declared the swastika an [[Aryan]] symbol, and 2006 "the year of Aryan culture", which would be a time to "study and popularise Aryan contributions to the history of the world civilisation, raise a new generation (of Tajiks) with the spirit of national self-determination, and develop deeper ties with other ethnicities and cultures".<ref>{{cite web|last=Saidazimova |first=Gulnoza |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/12/27f36005-4b37-4ada-87e0-034f33867c8e.html |title=Tajikistan: Officials Say Swastika Part Of Their Aryan Heritage – Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty © 2008 |publisher=Rferl.org |access-date=2 March 2010}}</ref>

====East and Southeast Asia====
In [[East Asia]], the swastika is prevalent in Buddhist monasteries and communities. It is commonly found in Buddhist temples, religious artifacts, texts related to Buddhism and schools founded by Buddhist religious groups. It also appears as a design or motif (singularly or woven into a pattern) on textiles, architecture and various decorative objects as a symbol of luck and good fortune. The icon is also found as a sacred symbol in the Bon tradition, but in the left-facing orientation.<ref>{{cite book|author= John Powers|title= Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cy980CH84mEC&pg=PA509 |publisher= Shambhala|isbn= 978-1-55939-835-0|pages=508–509}}</ref><ref name=lee86 />

Many [[Chinese folk religion|Chinese religions]] make use of the swastika symbol, including [[Guiyidao]] and [[Shanrendao]]. The [[Red Swastika Society]], formed in China in 1922 as the philanthropic branch of Guiyidao, became the largest supplier of emergency relief in China during [[World War II]], in the same manner as the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]] in the rest of the world. The Red Swastika Society abandoned mainland China in 1954, settling first in Hong Kong then in Taiwan. They continue to use the red swastika as their symbol.<ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook on Religion in China |editor=Stephan Feuchtwang |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |pages=36, 194, 203 |isbn=9781786437969}}</ref>

In Japan, the swastika is also used as a [[List of Japanese map symbols|map symbol]] and is designated by the Survey Act and related Japanese governmental rules to denote a [[Buddhist temple]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gsi.go.jp/MAPSAKUSEI/25000SAKUSEI/zushiki-zushiki.html#tatemono |script-title=ja:平成１４年２万５千分１地形図図式 |publisher=Geospatial Information Authority of Japan |language=ja |trans-title=2002 1:25000 Topographical Map Scheme |access-date=21 April 2012 |archive-date=19 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419205803/http://www.gsi.go.jp/MAPSAKUSEI/25000SAKUSEI/zushiki-zushiki.html#tatemono |url-status=dead }}</ref> Japan has considered changing this due to occasional controversy and misunderstanding by foreigners.<ref name="telegraph290721">{{Cite web|title=Japan to remove swastikas from maps as tourists 'think they are Nazi symbols'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/12105102/Japan-to-remove-swastikas-from-maps-as-tourists-think-they-are-Nazi-symbols.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/12105102/Japan-to-remove-swastikas-from-maps-as-tourists-think-they-are-Nazi-symbols.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-29|website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The symbol is sometimes censored in international versions of Japanese works, such as anime.<ref name="CBR-2021">{{Cite web|title=Buddhist Manji Removed from Crunchyroll's Release of Tokyo Revengers|url=https://www.cbr.com/buddhist-manji-crunchyroll-tokyo-revengers/|access-date=2021-09-29|website=CBR|language=en-US}}</ref> Censorship of this symbol in Japan and in Japanese media abroad has been subject to occasional controversy related to freedom of speech, with critics of the censorship arguing it does not respect history nor freedom of speech.<ref name="telegraph290721" /><ref name="CBR-2021" />

The city of [[Hirosaki]] in [[Aomori Prefecture]] designates this symbol as its official flag, which stemmed from its use in the emblem of the [[Tsugaru clan]], the lords of [[Hirosaki Domain]] during the [[Edo period]].{{Citation needed}}

Among the predominantly Hindu population of [[Bali]], in [[Indonesia]], the swastika is common in temples, homes and public spaces. Similarly, the swastika is a common icon associated with Buddha's footprints in Theravada Buddhist communities of Myanmar, Thailand and Cambodia.<ref name="lee86" />
<gallery>
File:Swastika-seoel (xndr).jpg|Swastika on a temple in Korea
File:Wanguo Daodehui.svg|Symbol of [[Shanrendao]], a [[Taoism|Confucian-Taoism]] religious movement in [[Northeast China]]
File:Red swastika flag.svg|Flag of the [[Red Swastika Society]], the largest emergency relief group in China during [[World War II]]
</gallery>

====Indian subcontinent====

In Bhutan, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka, the swastika is common. Temples, businesses and other organisations, such as the Buddhist libraries, [[Ahmedabad Stock Exchange]] and the Nepal Chamber of Commerce,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nepalnews.com/today/frontpic/2008/mar/mar30.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203035/https://www.nepalnews.com/today/frontpic/2008/mar/mar30.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2021 |title=daily picture (News from Nepal as it happens) |publisher=Nepalnews.com |access-date=2 March 2010 }}</ref> use the swastika in reliefs or logos.<ref name=lee86 /> Swastikas are ubiquitous in Indian and Nepalese communities, located on shops, buildings, transport vehicles, and clothing. The swastika remains prominent in Hindu ceremonies such as weddings. The left facing ''sauwastika'' symbol is found in tantric rituals.<ref name=britswast />

[[Musaeus College]] in Colombo, [[Sri Lanka]], a Buddhist girls' school, has a left facing swastika in their school logo.

In India, ''Swastik'' and ''Swastika'', with their spelling variants, are first names for males and females respectively, for instance with [[Swastika Mukherjee]]. The [[Emblem of Bihar]] contains two swastikas.{{clear left}}

In Bhutan, the swastika motif is found in architecture, fabrics and religious ceremonies.

===Europe and North America===
====Use by neo-Nazis====
As with many [[neo-Nazi]] groups across the world, the [[American Nazi Party]] used the swastika as part of its flag before its first dissolution in 1967. The symbol was chosen by the organisation's founder, [[George Lincoln Rockwell]].<ref>Frederick J. Simonelli (1995), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24451464 "The American Nazi Party, 1958–1967"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427075108/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24451464 }}, ''The Historian'', Vol. 57, No.{{spaces}}3 (Spring 1995), pp. 553–566</ref> It was "re-used" by successor organisations in 1983, without the publicity Rockwell's organisation enjoyed.{{citation needed}}

The swastika, in various iconographic forms, is one of the hate symbols identified in use as [[graffiti]] in US schools, and is described as such in a 1999 US Department of Education document, "Responding to Hate at School: A Guide for Teachers, Counselors and Administrators", edited by Jim Carnes, which provides advice to educators on how to support students targeted by such hate symbols and address hate graffiti. Examples given show that it is often used alongside other white supremacist symbols, such as those of the [[Ku Klux Klan]], and note a [[Triskelion|"three-bladed" variation]] used by [[White power skinhead|skinheads]], white supremacists, and "[[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging|some South African extremist groups]]".<ref>Carnes, Jim (1999), [http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED437466.pdf Responding to Hate at School: A Guide for Teachers, Counselors and Administrators] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224190200/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED437466.pdf }}, ERIC, Department of Education, US Government, pp. 9–11, 33, 49–50</ref>

The neo-Nazi [[Russian National Unity]] group's branch in [[Estonia]] is officially registered under the name "Kolovrat" and published an extremist newspaper in 2001 under the same name.<ref name="Lihachev" /> A criminal investigation found the paper included an array of racial epithets. One Narva resident was sentenced to one year in jail for distribution of ''Kolovrat''.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Mudde |editor-first1=Cas |title=Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe |page=61 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge studies in extremism and democracy |isbn=978-0415355933 }}</ref> The Kolovrat has since been used by the Rusich Battalion, a Russian militant group known for its operation during the [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|war in Donbas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theinsider.ua/politics/55cdd8ccea6a8/|title=Сомнительная символика в лагере Азовец: зачем выглядеть, как сторонники ДНР? |trans-title=Doubtful symbols in the Azovets camp: why look like DNR supporters? |language=Ukrainian |website=www.theinsider.ua}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Likhachev |first1=Vyacheslav |title=The Far Right in the Conflict between Russia and Ukraine |url=https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/rnv95_uk_likhachev_far-right_radicals_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026151159/https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/rnv95_uk_likhachev_far-right_radicals_final.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-26 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Russie.NEI.Visions in English]] |pages=18–26 }}</ref> In 2014 and 2015, members of the Ukrainian [[Azov Regiment]] were seen with swastika tattoos.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukrainian Soldiers Seen Wearing Helmets With Nazi Swastika and SS Symbols |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2014-09-09/ty-article/ukrainian-soldiers-seen-wearing-nazi-symbols/0000017f-e17a-d568-ad7f-f37b64d50000 |agency=Haaretz}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Azov fighters are Ukraine's greatest weapon and may be its greatest threat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/10/azov-far-right-fighters-ukraine-neo-nazis |agency=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Azov Battalion:The neo-Nazis of Ukraine |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/the-azov-battalion-the-neo-nazis-of-ukraine/article65239935.ece |agency=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Inside Azov, the far-Right brigade killing Russian generals and playing a PR game in the Ukraine war |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/03/18/inside-azov-neo-nazi-brigade-killing-russian-generals-playing/ |agency=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Flag of the American Nazi Party.svg|Flag of the [[American Nazi Party]]
File:Blason du National Socialist Movement usa.svg|Logo of the [[National Socialist Movement (United States)|National Socialist Movement]] (U.S.)
File:Russian National Unity Emblem.svg|Logo of the [[Russian National Unity]]
</gallery>

====Western misinterpretation of Asian use====
Since the end of the 20th century, and through the early 21st century, confusion and controversy has occurred when personal-use goods bearing the traditional Jain, Buddhist, or Hindu symbols have been exported to the West, notably to North America and Europe, and have been interpreted by purchasers as bearing a Nazi symbol. This has resulted in several such products having been boycotted or pulled from shelves.

When a ten-year-old boy in [[Lynbrook, New York]], bought a set of [[Pokémon Trading Card Game|Pokémon cards]] imported from Japan in 1999, two of the cards contained the left-facing Buddhist swastika. The boy's parents misinterpreted the symbol as the right-facing Nazi swastika and filed a complaint to the manufacturer. [[Nintendo of America]] announced that the cards would be discontinued, explaining that what was acceptable in one culture was not necessarily so in another; their action was welcomed by the [[Anti-Defamation League]] who recognised that there was no intention to offend, but said that international commerce meant that "Isolating [the Swastika] in Asia would just create more problems."<ref name="Heller 2008" />

In 2002, [[Christmas cracker]]s containing plastic toy red pandas sporting swastikas were pulled from shelves after complaints from customers in Canada. The manufacturer, based in China, said the symbol was presented in a traditional sense and not as a reference to the Nazis, and apologised to the customers for the cross-cultural mixup.<ref>[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC News]] 30 December 2002: [http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2002/12/30/swastika021230.html Toy pandas bearing swastikas a cultural mix-up]</ref>

In 2020, the retailer [[Shein (company)|Shein]] pulled a necklace featuring a left-facing swastika pendant from its website after receiving backlash on social media. The retailer apologized for the lack of sensitivity but noted that the swastika was a Buddhist symbol.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lewis |first1=Sophie |title=Popular online retailer Shein apologizes for selling swastika necklace after backlash |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/shein-nazi-symbol-swastika-necklace/ |access-date=27 June 2021 |work=CBS News |publisher=[[CBS]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809110705/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/shein-nazi-symbol-swastika-necklace/ |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===New religious movements===
Besides its use as a religious symbol in [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]], which can be traced back to pre-modern traditions, the swastika is also used by adherents of a large number of [[new religious movements]] which were established in the modern period.

====Theosophy====
In the 1880s, the U.S.-origined [[Theosophical Society]] adopted a swastika as part of its seal, along with an [[Om]], a hexagram or [[star of David]], an [[Ankh]], and an [[Ouroboros]]. Unlike the much more recent [[Raëlian movement]], the Theosophical Society symbol has been free from controversy, and the seal is still used. The current seal also includes the text "There is no religion higher than truth."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ts-adyar.org/content/emblem-or-seal|title=Emblem or the Seal | TS Adyar|website=www.ts-adyar.org}}</ref>

====Raëlism====
{{multiple image
| total_width = 227
| image_style = border:none;
| image1 = Raelian_symbol.svg
| width1 = 96
| image2 = Raelian_symbol_alternate.svg
| width2 = 96
| footer = The Raëlian symbol with the swastika (left) and the alternative spiral version (right)
}}
The [[Raëlism|Raëlian Movement]], whose adherents believe extraterrestrials created all life on earth, use a symbol that is often the source of considerable controversy: an interlaced [[star of David]] and a swastika. The Raelians say the Star of David represents infinity in space whereas the swastika represents infinity in time{{snd}}no beginning and no end in time, and everything being cyclic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.proswastika.org |title=Pro-Swastika |publisher=Pro-Swastika |access-date=2 March 2010}}</ref> In 1991, the symbol was changed in order to remove the swastika, out of respect to the victims of [[the Holocaust]], but as of 2007 it has been restored to its original form.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://raelianews.org/news.php?item.206.3 |title=The Official Raelian Symbol gets its swastika back |publisher=Raelianews |access-date=2 March 2010}}</ref>

====Ananda Marga====
The [[Tantra]]-based new religious movement [[Ananda Marga]] (Devanagari: आनन्द मार्ग, meaning 'Path of Bliss') uses a motif similar to the Raëlians, but in their case the apparent star of David is defined as intersecting triangles with no specific reference to Jewish culture.

====Falun Gong====
The [[Falun Gong]] [[qigong]] movement uses a symbol that features a large swastika surrounded by four smaller (and rounded) ones, interspersed with [[yin and yang|yin-and-yang]] symbols.<ref>{{cite book |author=Daniel Rancour-Laferriere |title=The Sign of the Cross: From Golgotha to Genocide |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=167 |isbn=978-1351474214 }}</ref>

====Heathenry====
The swastika is a holy symbol in [[neopaganism|neopagan]] [[Heathenry (new religious movement)|Germanic Heathenry]], along with the [[Mjölnir|hammer of Thor]] and [[runes]]. This tradition{{snd}}which is found in Scandinavia, Germany, and elsewhere{{snd}}considers the swastika to be derived from a Norse symbol for the sun. Their use of the symbol has led people to accuse them of being a neo-Nazi group.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra|author2=Brian P. Levack|author3=Roy Porter|title=Witchcraft and Magic in Europe, Volume 6: The Twentieth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IurTAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-485-89105-8|pages=111–114}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Stefanie von Schnurbein|title=Norse Revival: Transformations of Germanic Neopaganism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrdejgEACAAJ|publisher= Brill Academic|isbn=978-90-04-29435-6}}</ref>{{sfnp|Mees|2008|pp=141, 193–194, 210–211, 226–227}}

====Baltic neopaganism====
A ''[[ugunskrusts]]'' ('fire cross') is used by the [[Baltic neopaganism]] movements [[Dievturība]] in [[Latvia]] and [[Romuva (religion)|Romuva]] in [[Lithuania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@subhashkak1/romuva-and-the-vedic-gods-of-lithuania-3aae469ff2f1|title=Romuva and the Vedic Gods of Lithuania|last=Kak|first=Subhash|website=Subhash Kak|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref>

====Slavic Native Faith====
A variant of the swastika, the non-traditional eight-armed ''kolovrat'' ({{lang-ru|коловрат}}, literally '[[wheel and axle|spinning wheel]]'), is the most commonly used religious symbol within neopagan [[Slavic Native Faith]] (a.k.a. Rodnovery).<ref>{{cite journal |surname=Schnirelmann |given=Victor A. |title=Perun, Svarog and Others: Russian Neo-Paganism in Search of Itself |journal=The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology |volume=21 |number=3 |page=25 |jstor=23818709}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |surname1=Pilkington |given1=Hilary |surname2=Popov |given2=Anton |contribution=Understanding Neo-paganism in Russia: Religion? Ideology? Philosophy? Fantasy? |title=Subcultures and New Religious Movements in Russia and East-Central Europe |editor=George McKay |page=282 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3039119219}}</ref>

In the early 1990s, the former dissident and one of the founders of Russian neo-paganism [[Alexey Dobrovolsky]] first gave the name "kolovrat" to a four-beam swastika, identical to the Nazi symbol, and later transferred this name to an eight-beam rectangular swastika.<ref>''[[Alexey Dobrovolsky|Dobroslav]]''. Природные корни русского национального социализма // Russkaya Pravda. 1996. Спецвыпуск № 1 (3). С. 3.</ref> According to the historian and religious scholar Roman Shizhensky, Dobrovolsky took the idea of the swastika from the work "The Chronicle of [[Oera Linda Book|Oera Linda]]"<ref>{{cite book|last= Wirth|first= Herman|author-link= Herman Wirth|title= Хроника Ура-Линда. Древнейшая история Европы |trans-title=Chronicle of Ura-Linda. Ancient history of Europe |location= [[Moscow]]|publisher= Вече|page= 454|isbn=|language=ru}}</ref> by the Nazi ideologist [[Herman Wirth]], the first head of the [[Ahnenerbe]].<ref name ="Shizhensky 2012">{{cite web |last=Shizhensky |first=Roman |title=Роман Шиженский: Опыт сравнительного анализа текстов А.А. Добровольскогои Г.Ф. Вирта (к вопросу об источниковой базе российских неоязычников) |trans-title=The experience of comparative analysis of the texts of A. A. Dobrovolsky and G. F. Wirth (to the question of the source base of Russian neo-pagans) |url= http://www.mesoeurasia.org/archives/8604 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221091003/http://www.mesoeurasia.org/archives/8604 |archive-date=2016-02-21 |url-status=dead |language=ru}}</ref>

Aleksey Dobrovolsky introduced the eight-beam "kolovrat" as a symbol of "resurgent paganism."<ref>{{cite book |last= Kavykin |first= Oleg |title= "Rodnovery". Self-identification of neo-pagans in modern Russia |url= http://www.inafran.ru/sites/default/files/page_file/rodnoveri.pdf |location= [[Moscow]] |publisher= Institute for African Studies RAS |page= 232 |isbn=978-5-91298-017-6 |language=ru}}</ref> He considered this version of the Kolovrat a pagan sign of the sun and, in 1996, declared it a symbol of the uncompromising "national liberation struggle" against the "[[Zhyd]] yoke".<ref>{{cite book |last=Dobrovolsky |first=Alexey Alexandrovich |title= Природные корни русского национального социализма |trans-title=The Natural Roots of Russian National Socialism |publisher=[[Russkaya Pravda]] |year=1996 |lang=ru}}</ref> According to Dobrovolsky, the meaning of the "kolovrat" completely coincides with the meaning of the Nazi swastika.<ref>{{cite book |last= Schnirelmann |first= Victor |author-link= Victor Schnirelmann |title= Aryan myth in the modern world |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Aa8qCwAAQBAJ |location= |publisher= New literary review |page= |isbn=9785444804223 |language=ru}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Kolovrat (Коловрат) Swastika (Свастика) - Rodnovery.svg|{{lang-pl|Słoneczko}} ("little sun"); ''kolovrat'' ("[[spinning wheel]]")
File:Kolovrat.svg|A kolovrat flag, introduced by [[Alexey Dobrovolsky]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|India|Religion|Germany|Asia}}
* {{Annotated link |Arevakhach}}
* {{Annotated link |Borjgali}}
* {{Annotated link |Brigid's cross}}
* {{Annotated link |Camunian rose}}
* {{Annotated link |Fasces}}
* {{Annotated link |Fascist symbolism}}
* {{Annotated link |Flash and circle}}
* {{Annotated link |Fylfot}}
* {{Annotated link |Lauburu}}
* {{Annotated link |Nazi symbolism}}
* {{Annotated link |Sun cross}}
* {{Annotated link |Svastikasana}}
* {{Annotated link |Triskelion}}
* {{Annotated link |Tursaansydän}}
* {{Annotated link |Ugunskrusts}}
* {{Annotated link |Valknut}}
* {{Annotated link |Yoke and arrows}}
* [[Z (military symbol)]] – sometimes called a zwastika

==Notes==
{{Notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{Reflist |refs=
<ref name="p.97">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3804Ud9-4IC |title=The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols |first=Robert |last=Beer |date=2003 |publisher=Serindia Publications, Inc. |via=Google Books|isbn=978-1932476033 }}{{page needed}}</ref>
<ref name="etymology">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/swastika?s=t |title='Swastika' Etymology |dictionary=[[Dictionary.com]] |access-date=8 June 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="silverblatt109">{{cite book |author1=Art Silverblatt |author2=Nikolai Zlobin |title=International Communications: A Media Literacy Approach |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_mfxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109
|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-46760-1 |page=109|quote=Buddha's footprints were said to be swastikas.}}</ref>
<ref name="CambDict">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDHCFSRmjSMC |title=Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary |publisher=Cambridge University Press |via=Google Books |isbn=978-3125179882}}</ref>
<ref name="GRE">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Свастика |trans-title=Swastika |lang=ru |encyclopedia=Большая российская энциклопедия/[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]] Online |url=https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3539594}}</ref>

<ref name="MigSym">{{Cite web|url=http://sacred-texts.com/sym/mosy/index.htm|title=The Migration of Symbols Index|website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>
<ref name="boissoneaultsm">Lorraine Boissoneault (6 April 2017), [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/man-who-brought-swastika-germany-and-how-nazis-stole-it-180962812/ The Man Who Brought the Swastika to Germany, and How the Nazis Stole It] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601082056/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/man-who-brought-swastika-germany-and-how-nazis-stole-it-180962812/ }}, Smithsonian Magazine</ref>
<ref name="Schliemann347">{{cite book |author=Heinrich Schliemann |title=Ilios |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PkoXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA347 |publisher=J. Murray |pages=347–348}}</ref>
<ref name="M-W">[[Monier Monier-Williams]] (1899). ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary'', s.v. ''[http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/1300/mw__1316.html svastika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304021143/http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/1300/mw__1316.html }}'' (p. 1283).</ref>
<ref name="kobres">{{cite web |url=http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/bronze.html |title=Comets and the Bronze Age Collapse |first=Bob |last=Kobres |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908045814/http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/bronze.html |archive-date=8 September 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="Kathleen M. Nadeau 2010 87">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife |publisher=ABL-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-35066-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas00leej |url-access=registration |author=Kathleen M. Nadeau |editor=Lee, Jonathan H. X. |access-date=21 March 2011 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas00leej/page/n19 87]}}</ref>
<ref name="xinhua">{{in lang|zh}} Bao Jing [https://web.archive.org/web/20040110125540/http://news.xinhuanet.com/book/2004-01/06/content_1262054.htm " "卍"与"卐"漫议 ("卍" "and "卐" Man Yee)"]. 6{{spaces}}January 2004, news.xinhuanet.com</ref>
<ref name="Daghlian Collection of Chinese Art">[http://daghlian.qc.cuny.edu/portfolio-item/jar-with-swastika-design/ "Jar with swastika design Majiayao culture, Machang type (Gansu or Qinghai province)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109165010/http://daghlian.qc.cuny.edu/portfolio-item/jar-with-swastika-design/ }}. Daghlian Collection of Chinese Art</ref>
<ref name="Sullivan2001p216">{{cite book |author=Bruce M. Sullivan |title=The A to Z of Hinduism |url=https://archive.org/details/atozofhinduism2001sull |url-access=registration |publisher= Scarecrow Press |isbn= 978-1-4616-7189-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/atozofhinduism2001sull/page/216 216]}}</ref>
<ref name="snodgrass82">{{cite book |author=Adrian Snodgrass |title=The Symbolism of the Stupa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzqK8dDCM0UC&pg=PA82 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0781-5 |pages=82–83}}</ref>
<ref name="Lander2013p27">{{cite book |author=Janis Lander |title=Spiritual Art and Art Education |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IH5iAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-66789-5 |pages=27–28}}</ref>
<ref name="OLDTIDENS">[[Margrethe II of Denmark|Margrethe, Queen]], Poul Kjrum, Rikke Agnete Olsen (1990). ''Oldtidens Ansigt: Faces of the Past'', p. 148. {{ISBN |978-87-7468-274-5}}</ref>
<ref name="DAVIDSON83">H.R. Ellis Davidson (1965). ''Gods and Myths of Northern Europe'', p. 83. {{ISBN |978-0-14-013627-2}}</ref>
<ref name="Old Slavic Symbols">{{cite web |title=Prasłowiańskie motywy architektoniczne |url=http://slowianie.republika.pl/drzeworyty.htm |access-date=19 May 2014 |archive-date=11 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011213412/http://www.slowianie.republika.pl/drzeworyty.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Lihachev">[http://www.sova-center.ru/files/xeno/nazi2002.pdf Вячеслав Лихачев. Нацизм в России. с.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081026100325/http://error.caravan.ru/404.html }}{{snd}}about symbolic of neo-nazi party "[[Russian National Unity|RNU]]"</ref>
<ref name="echoMsk">{{cite web |url=http://www.echo.msk.ru/programs/victory/559590-echo/ |title=Свастика: благословение или проклятие |last=Багдасаров |first=Роман |work=Цена Победы |publisher=[[Echo of Moscow]] |access-date=7 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710110211/http://echo.msk.ru/programs/victory/559590-echo/ |archive-date=10 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}
A 2008 interview with historian Roman Bagdasarov. Bagdasarov states that "for some reason, Russian people think that 'kolovrat' is the ancient name of the swastika. But this is absolutely not the case. [...] According to ethnographic records, when I went on expeditions, and so on, the swastika, for example, was called 'veterok' ['breeze']."
</ref>
<ref name="Bogdasarov2002">{{cite book |author = Багдасаров Р. В. |chapter=Русские имена свастики |chapter-url=http://bagdasarovr.narod.ru/swastika.htm#imena |script-title=ru:Свастика: священный символ. Этнорелигиоведческие очерки |edition= 2nd |url= http://bagdasarovr.narod.ru/swastika.htm |location=Moscow |publisher= Белые Альвы |orig-year=2001 |language=ru |isbn= 978-5-7619-0164-3}}</ref>
<ref name="Concise Armenian Encyclopedia p. 663">Concise Armenian Encyclopedia, Yerevan, v. II, p. 663</ref>
<ref name="distedu.ru">{{cite web |url=http://www.distedu.ru/mirror/_hist/clarino2.narod.ru/suasti.htm |title=Swastika (Kolovrat) – Historical Roots |language=ru |publisher=Distedu.ru |access-date=2 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831052611/http://www.distedu.ru/mirror/_hist/clarino2.narod.ru/suasti.htm |archive-date=31 August 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="ruskolan.xpomo.com">{{cite web |url=http://ruskolan.xpomo.com/liter/kolovrat.htm |title=Kolovrat – Historical Roots – Collection of articles |publisher=Ruskolan.xpomo.com |author=Vladimir Plakhotnyuk |language=ru |access-date=2 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419080636/http://www.ruskolan.xpomo.com/liter/kolovrat.htm |archive-date=19 April 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="IT">{{cite news |title=Swastika chimney |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/commercialproperty/2007/0328/1175003340664.html |access-date=3 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520072007/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/commercialproperty/2007/0328/1175003340664.html |archive-date=20 May 2011 }}</ref>
<ref name="Comehere">{{cite web |url= http://comeheretome.wordpress.com/2010/04/26/swastika-laundry-1912-1987/ |title=Swastika Laundry (1912–1987) |work=Come here to me! |publisher=Comeheretome.wordpress.com |access-date=3 October 2010}}</ref>
<ref name="Panama - Native Peoples">[http://www.fotw.us/flags/pa-nat.html ''Panama{{snd}}Native Peoples''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630200335/http://www.fotw.us/flags/pa-nat.html }}, from Flags of the World. Retrieved 20 February 2006.</ref>
<ref name=holocaust2009>{{cite book |title=Holocaust Encyclopedia |chapter=History of the Swastika |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |chapter-url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007453}}</ref>
<ref name=wiener463>{{cite journal |last1=Wiener |first1=Richard L. |last2=Richter |first2=Erin |title=Symbolic hate: Intention to intimidate, political ideology, and group association. |journal=Law and Human Behavior |publisher=American Psychological Association |volume=32 |issue=6 |doi=10.1007/s10979-007-9119-3 |pmid=18030607 |pages=463–476|s2cid=25546323 }}</ref>
<ref name=hu-const-court>{{cite news |title=Hungary, hammer and sickle ban declared illegal |url=http://www.ansa.it/nuova_europa/en/news/sections/news/2013/02/24/visualizza_new.html_1844118137.html |publisher=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata|ANSA]] |access-date=12 November 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=tele-che>Day, Matthew (23 April 2009) [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/5207669/Poland-to-ban-Che-Guevara-image.html "Poland 'to ban' Che Guevara image"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414083007/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/5207669/Poland-to-ban-Che-Guevara-image.html }} ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''</ref>
<ref name=EthanMcNern>Ethan McNern. [http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/world/Swastika-ban-left-out-of.3342365.jp Swastika ban left out of EU's racism law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805064029/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/world/Swastika-ban-left-out-of.3342365.jp }}, ''[[The Scotsman]]'', 30 January 2007</ref>
<ref name=lee86>{{cite book |author1=Jonathan H. X. Lee |author2=Kathleen M. Nadeau |title=Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BrfLWdeISoC |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-35066-5 |pages=86–87}}</ref>

}}

===Sources===
{{Reflist|group=1}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title=The Science of the Swastika |first=Bernard |last=Mees |isbn=978-9639776180 |location =Budapest |publisher=Central European University Press }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==

* {{citation |last=Quinn |first=Malcolm |title=The Swastika: Constructing the Symbol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExqIAgAAQBAJ |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-85495-0}}
* [http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007453 History of the Swastika] ''(US Holocaust Memorial Museum)''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4183467.stm The Origins of the Swastika] ''BBC News''
*{{cite book |last1=McKay |first1=George |title=Subcultures and New Religious Movements in Russia and East-Central Europe |page=282}}

{{Amulets and Talismans}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Nazism}}

[[Category:Swastika| ]]
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