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Mridula Vijay

2026-05-08T10:15:08Z

Serzude: creating article

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mridula Vijay
| image =
| birth_place = Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| birth_name = Sreelakshmi
| occupation = Actress
| years active = 2014–present
| parents = Vijaikumar and Rani Vijaikumar
| spouse = Yuva Krishna (m. 2021)
| children = Dhwani(br.2022)
| relatives = Parvathy Vijai (sister)
}}

'''Mridula Vijay''' is an Indian actress who predominantly works in the [[Malayalam]] television industry as well as in a few [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/bharya-serial-fame-mridula-vijais-new-instagram-post/articleshow/74910287.cms |title=പൂക്കാലം വരവയായി സീരിയൽ; പുതിയ സന്ദേശവുമായി മൃദുല വിജയ് ! |website=malayalam.samayam.com}}</ref>

==Early life==

Mridula was born as Sreelakshmi to Vijaikumar and Rani Vijaikumar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/w-with-rekha-pookalam-varavayi-actress-mridula-vijay-as-guest-in-show/articleshow/79039076.cms?minitv=true |title=ഈ ലോകത്തോട് മുഴുവനും വിളിച്ചു പറയണം; ദൈവം തന്ന നിധിയാണ് ഞങ്ങൾക്ക് ഇവളെ; മൃദുലയെ കുറിച്ച് അമ്മ!}}</ref> She later changed her name to Mridula and is settled in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. She has a younger sister, Parvathy, who is also a television actress.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kudumbavilakku-fame-parvathy-looks-radiant-and-happy-with-sister-mridhula-vijai-in-these-pictures-from-her-babyshower/articleshow/88522263.cms |title=Kudumbavilakku fame Parvathy looks radiant and happy with sister Mridhula Vijai in these pictures from her baby shower |date=27 December 2021 |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Mridula got engaged to television actor Yuva Krishna on 23 December 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/its-official-actors-yuva-krishna-and-mridhula-vijai-get-engaged-watch/articleshow/79916657.cms |work=The Times of India |title=It's official! Actors Yuva Krishna and Mridhula Vijai get engaged |date=23 December 2020 |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref> The couple married on 8 July 2021 at [[Attukal Temple]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/tv-actors-mridhula-vijai-and-yuva-krishna-get-hitched-see-pics/articleshow/84228542.cms |work=The Times of India |title=TV actors Mridhula Vijai and Yuva Krishna get hitched; see pics |date=8 July 2021 |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref> They have a daughter named Dhwani Krishna, born in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/09/17/mridhula-vijay-baby-name-tv-artist-dwani-krishna.html |title=Mridhula Vijay announces baby’s name, shares pictures with little one |work=On Manorama}}</ref>

==Career==
Mridula played a minor role in the Tamil film ''Nooram Naal'' directed by Raja Desingu. She made her debut as a lead actress in the Tamil movie ''Jennifer Karuppayya'', playing the role of Rosy. She was associated with two projects, 'Infinity’ and 'Next Token Number’, which did not materialize. She also acted in the Malayalam film ''Celebration'', which was a box office failure.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

In 2015, she made her television debut with ''Kalyanasougandhikam'' on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], and later, her popularity increased with the series ''Krishnathulasi'' on [[Mazhavil Manorama]]. Mridula replaced [[Sonu Satheesh Kumar]] in the series ''Bharya'', portraying the character Rohini.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.malayalivartha.com/cinema/star-trek/75955 |title=സിനിമ-സീരിയല്‍ അവസരങ്ങള്‍ നഷ്ടമായതിനെക്കുറിച്ച് തുറന്ന് പറഞ്ഞ് നടി മൃദുല വിജയ്‌... |website=malayalivartha.com}}</ref> She has participated in reality shows such as ''Dancing Stars'', ''Comedy Stars'', ''Ammayimaar Varum Ellaam Sheriyaakum'', ''Star War'', ''Surya Jodi No.1'', ''Tamar Patar'', ''Let's Rock & Roll'', and ''Star Magic''.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
|-
|2014||''Nooram Naal''||Sumathi||Tamil
|-
|2015||''Jennifer Karuppayya''||Rosy||Tamil
|-
|2015||''Kadan Anbai Murikum''||Malar||Tamil
|-
|2016||''Celebration''||Kaumudy||Malayalam
|-
|2019||''British Bungalow''||Veena||Malayalam
|-
|}

==Television==
===Serials===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2015-2016 || ''Kalyana Sougandhikam'' || Arya ||Asianet|| || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/actress-mridula-vijay-shares-her-happiness-after-ten-years-in-the-film-and-serial-industry-r3t6gy |title=വലിയ വിശേഷം ആരാധകർ പറഞ്ഞറിഞ്ഞു, കണ്ണും മനസും നിറഞ്ഞ് മൃദുല |work=Asianet News |language=ml |access-date=9 March 2022 |date=8 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2016-2017 || ''[[Krishnathulasi]]'' || Krishna || rowspan=2|Mazhavil Manorama|| || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/glitz-n-glamour/serial-actress-mridula-vijay.html# |title=എത്ര മൃദുലം ഈ കൃഷ്ണതുളസി |date=29 July 2016 |first=എ.ആർ |last=ജോൺസൺ |work=Manorama Online |language=ml |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2015? || ''Manjurukum Kalam'' || || || {{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|-
| 2017-2019 || ''[[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]]'' || Rohini || Asianet || Replaced [[Sonu Satheesh Kumar]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/rohini-still-haunts-me-says-bharya-actress-mridhula-vijai/articleshow/69263129.cms |title='Rohini' still haunts me, says Bharya actress Mridhula Vijai |first=Radhika |last=Nair |date=10 May 2019 |work=The Times of India |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2019–2021 || ''[[Pookkalam Varavayi (TV series)|Pookkalam Varavayi]]'' || rowspan=5|Samyuktha || rowspan=5|Zee Keralam || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/pookkalam-varavayi-completes-101-episodes-team-celebrates-the-achievement/articleshow/72109460.cms |title=Pookkalam Varavayi completes 101 episodes, team celebrates the achievement |work=The Times of India |access-date=9 March 2022 |date=18 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Sumangali Bhava]]'' || Cameo in promo ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Kaiyethum Doorath (TV series)|Kaiyethum Doorath]]'' || Cameo in promo ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Manam Pole Mangalyam]]'' || Guest appearance ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Mrs. Hitler]]'' || Cameo in promo ||
|-
| 2021-2022 || ''[[Thumbapoo]]'' || Veena ||rowspan=2|Mazhavil Manorama || Replaced by Niyuktha Prasad || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mridhula-vijai-on-thumbapoo-the-story-of-a-girl-who-doesnt-bother-about-her-looks-but-life-goals-this-one-liner-attracted-me-to-the-show/articleshow/87084067.cms |title=Mridhula Vijai on 'Thumbapoo': The story of a girl who doesn't bother about her looks but life goals, this one-liner attracted me to the show |date=17 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Rani Raja]]'' || Anamika/Aami || Replaced [[Archana Kavi]] ||
|-
| 2024-2026 || ''[[Ishtam Mathram]]'' || Ishitha ||Asianet || || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/actress-mridula-vijay-new-serial-sgx3ep|title=മഹേഷും ഇഷിതയും; പുതിയ വിശേഷങ്ങൾ പങ്കുവച്ച് മൃഷ്ണും|date=20 July 2024|work=Asianet News|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025|| ''Premapooja'' |||| Surya TV||||
|-
|2025||''Pavithram'' || Dr Ishitha ||Asianet ||extended cameo||
|}

===Reality shows===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| || ''Dancing Stars'' || Contestant || || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Star War'' || Herself || [[Surya TV]] || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Tamar Patar'' || Herself || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]] || ||
|-
| 2020 || ''Let's Rock & Roll'' || Herself || [[Zee Keralam]] || ||
|-
| 2020 || ''Suryajodi No. 1'' || Contestant || [[Surya TV]] || Pair with R. Vishwa || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/watch-heres-why-mridhula-vijay-called-suryajodi-no-1-fame-vishva-brutus/articleshow/76835389.cms |title=Watch: Here's why Mridhula Vijay called Suryajodi No. 1 fame Vishva 'brutus' |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2020- 2022 || ''Star Magic'' || Contestant || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]] || ||
|-
| 2023 || ''Shreshta Bharatham Paithruka Bharatham'' || Mentor || [[Amrita TV]] || ||
|-
|}

====Special appearances====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''Ammayimaar Varum Ellaam Sheriyaakum'' || || Asianet || Telefilm ||
|-
| 2018 || ''A Day with a Star'' || Herself|| [[Kaumudy TV]] || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Annies Kitchen'' || Herself|| [[Amrita TV]] || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Comedy Stars'' || Herself || Asianet || Guest appearance || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mridula-vijay-is-all-excited-to-appear-on-comedy-stars/articleshow/66827824.cms |title=Mridula Vijay is all excited to appear on Comedy Stars |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Badai Bungalow]]'' || Herself|| Asianet || ||
|-
| 2019 || ''Onam Bumper'' || Herself|| Zee Keralam || ||
|-
| 2021 || ''Oru Chiri Iruchiri Bumper Chiri'' || Herself || Mazhavil Manorama || ||
|-
|}

===Music videos===
* 2019 - "Kadhakal Neele"
* 2020 - "Keralam Gathi Mattum"

===YouTube===
* 2020 – present: Mridva Vlogs

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|11062587}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijay, Mridula}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kekri district

2026-05-03T10:21:19Z

Serzude: started some place basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{short description|District of Indian state of Rajasthan}}
'''Kekri''' is a not a district of the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]] it is now under ajmer division {{clarify|date=May 2026}}. It is located in central Rajasthan. It was formally established on 7 August 2023 by the Chief Minister [[Ashok Gehlot]], and was carved out from parts of [[Ajmer district]] and [[Tonk district]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/rajasthan-to-get-19-new-districts-3-new-divisions-11679080950323.html|title=Rajasthan to get 19 new districts, 3 new divisions|date=18 March 2023|website=mint}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Kekri district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|93.15}}
{{bar percent|[[Rajasthani Muslims|Islam]]|green|5.28}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Rajasthan|Jainism]]|pink|1.40}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.17}}
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, Kekri district has a population of 630,832. Kekri district has a sex ratio of 967 females per 1000 males. 85,821 (13.60%) lived in urban areas. 133,278 (21.13%) and 44,214 (7.01%) of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 - Ajmer |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1084/download/3350/DH_2011_0821_PART_A_DCHB_AJMER.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514043847/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1084/download/3350/DH_2011_0821_PART_A_DCHB_AJMER.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2022 |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><ref name="districtcensus2">{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 - Tonk |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1086/download/3358/DH_2011_0822_PART_A_DCHB_TONK.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Kekri district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] |value1 = 70.20 |color1 = firebrick
|label2 = [[Dhundari language|Dhundhari]] |value2 = 15.70 |color2 = sienna
|label3 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value3 = 6.76 |color3 = maroon
|label4 = [[Hindi]] |value4 = 6.64 |color4 = orange
|label5 = Others |value5 = 0.70 |color5 = grey
|thumb=left
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 70.20% of the population spoke [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], 15.70% [[Dhundari language|Dhundhari]], 6.76% [[Marwari language|Marwari]] and 6.64% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10220/download/13332/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Rajasthan|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Recent Updates ==
On 28 December 2024, the Cabinet of Rajasthan decided not to retain 9 new districts- Anupgarh, Dudu, Gangapur City, Jaipur Rural, Jodhpur Rural, Kekri, Neem Ka Thana, Sanchore, and Shahpura- along with the 3 newly created divisions--Banswara, Pali, and Sikar.<ref>{{cite news |title=गहलोत के बनाए 9 जिले-3 संभाग भजनलाल ने खत्म किए:21 महीने पहले बने थे; सरकार ने कहा- उपयोगिता नहीं थी, कांग्रेस बोली- फिर बनाएंगे |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/news/rajasthan-new-district-merger-update-134198307.html |access-date=28 December 2024 |agency=Dainik Bhaskar |date=28 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=9 new districts cancelled in Rajasthan; Gehlot slams government's confused decision-making {{!}} WATCH |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/rajasthan-district-division-reorganization-1.10203100 |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=English.Mathrubhumi |agency=Mathrubhumi |date=28 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

{{Districts of Rajasthan}}
{{Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Districts of Rajasthan]]

Unarchigal (2006 film)

2026-04-29T14:25:47Z

Serzude:

{{About||the 1976 film of same name|Unarchigal (1976 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Unarchigal
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[K. Rajan (producer)|K. Rajan]]
| producer = {{ubl|K. R. Ganesh|M. Anbu}}
| writer =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]]|[[Abitha]]|[[Abhinayashree]]}}
| music = R. K. Sundhar
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2006|3|24}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| studio = KR Creations
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Unarchigal''''' ({{translation|Feelings}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[K. Rajan (producer)|K. Rajan]]. The film stars [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]], [[Abitha]] and [[Abhinayashree]] in the lead roles, while K. Rajan, [[Kunal Singh|Kunal]] and [[Radha Ravi]] also appear in supporting roles. The film was released to a mixed response in March 2006.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Ramesh
*[[Abitha]] as Amrutha
*[[Abhinayashree]] as Kavitha
*[[K. Rajan (producer)|K. Rajan]] as Ramesh and Amrutha's father
*[[Kunal Singh|Kunal]] as Lakshmi's husband
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Seshadri
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
* Lakshmi as Lakshmi
*[[Manobala]] as Manager
*[[Mayilsamy]] as Kalyanaraman
* Balaji as Balaji
*[[Singamuthu]] as Broker
*[[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] as Balaji
*[[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Balaji's father
}}

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack was composed by R. K. Sundar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mio.to/album/Unarchigal+(2005)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217064141/http://mio.to/album/Unarchigal+(2005)|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2017|title = Unarchigal (2005) - Sundar RK|website=Mio.to}}</ref>
*"Mannuranga" — Manorama
*"Vithithana" — [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
*"Poomaalaiyo" — [[Saindhavi]]
*"Roopthera" — [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]]

==Release==
Upon release, the film received negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/04unarchigal.asp|title=Unarchigal|date=4 April 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060410044213/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/04unarchigal.asp|access-date=2 December 2021|archive-date=10 April 2006|work=Chennai Online|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13731148}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2006 drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{2000s-Tamil-film-stub}}

Shankara Mishra

2026-04-29T11:32:28Z

Serzude:

{{Short description|15th century Indian Vedic Philosopher}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Muslim]]
| name = Sankara Mishra
| native_name = शंकर मिश्र
| native_name_lang = mai
| other names =
| parents = Bhavanatha Mishra ([[Ayachi Mishra]])
| era = 15th Century CE
| region = [[Mithila region]]
| school = [[Vaisheshika]]
| main interests = [[Vaisheshika Sutra]], [[Nyaya]] Shastra
| occupation = Philosopher, Teacher
| known_for = [[Upaskara]] ( Commentary on Vaisheshika Sutra)
| othername =
| alma_mater = [[Ancient Mithila University]]
| alias = Shankara Mishra
| honorific prefix = Mahamahopadhyaya
}}
'''Sankara Mishra''' ([[Sanskrit]]: शंकर मिश्र), also known as Shankara Mishra, was an Indian [[Vedas|Vedic]] scholar during the 15th century in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. He was a scholar of [[Vaisheshika]] school of thought in the [[Indian philosophy]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-11-08 |title=Śaṅkara Miśra's Introduction |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/vaisheshika-sutra-commentary/d/doc427550.html |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Ajit Gargeshwari |url=https://archive.org/details/VadaVinodaSanMishraSankaraEd.GanganathJha |title=Vada Vinoda San Mishra Sankara Ed. Ganganath Jha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pritha Sundaram |url=https://archive.org/details/vaisesikaaphorismsofkanadaupaskaraofsankaramishravivrittiofjayanarayanaarchibaldedwardgough_202_11_d |title=Vaisesika Aphorisms Of Kanada Upaskara Of Sankara Mishra & Vivritti Of Jayanarayana Archibald Edward Gough}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2024-08-20 |title=3. Authors of Vaisheshika (g): Sankara Misra (1462 A.D.) |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/essay/nyaya-vaisheshika-critical-and-historical-study/d/doc1455895.html |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> Vaisheshika philosophy is one of the six schools of the Indian Philosophy.

== Early life ==
Sankara Mishra was born in a [[Maithil Brahmin]] family at [[Sarisav Pahi|Sarisab Pahi]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=भगवान शंकर खुद अयाची मिश्र के पुत्र के रूप में अवतार लिए |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/muzaffarpur/story-lord-shankar-himself-incarnated-as-the-son-of-ayyachi-mishra-1478260.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref> village of the [[Madhubani district]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of Bihar, India. He was the son of the scholar Ayachi Mishra ( Bhavanatha Mishra) of the [[Nyaya|Nyaya Shastra]].<ref name=":0" /> According to legend, it is said that [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] himself was incarnated as the son of the scholar ''Ayachi Mishra'' in the form of Sankara Mishra.<ref name=":2" /> It is said that Sankara Mishra introduced his self in ''Sanskrit Shloka'' at the court of the king [[Bhairavasimha]] of Mithila, when he was only five years old by age.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhā |first=Lakṣmīnātha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GkcAAAAMAAJ |title=Mithilā kī sāṃskr̥tika lokacitrakalā |date=1999 |publisher=Mitranātha Jhā |pages=28 |language=hi}}</ref>

The Sanskrit Shloka was,

{{Quotes|text=बालोऽहं जगदानन्द नमे बाला सरस्वती। अपूर्णे पञ्चमे वर्षे वर्णयामि जगत्त्रयम् ।।<ref>{{Cite web |last=झा |first=शिवनाथ |date=2022-04-26 |title=मिथिला के धरोहर पुरुष 'अयाची मिश्र' : बालोऽहं जगदानन्द नमे बाला सरस्वती। अपूर्णे पञ्चमे वर्षे वर्णयामि जगत्त्रयम् ।। |url=https://www.aryavartaindiannation.com/archaeology/mithila-and-heritage-of-sarisab-pahi# |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=आर्यावर्तइण्डियननेशन - aryavartaindiannation |language=en-US}}</ref>}}

The king was influenced by the prodigious poetic talent of the little boy. Then the king imparted a gold necklace to the little boy Sankara Mishra as a reward. After that Ayachi Mishra, the father of the little boy, gifted the gold necklace to the nurse-maid also called as ''Chamain''<ref>{{Cite news |title=CM hails Ayachi study model |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/cm-hails-ayachi-study-model/cid/1661551 |work=The Telegraph Online}}</ref> who helped the mother of the boy during the birth of the boy. It is said that during the birth of Sankara Mishra, his father and mother had no money to gift a reward to the nurse-maid, so they promised the nurse-maid that they would gift their son's first earning as a reward for her service of the maternity. It is also said that the nurse-maid excavated a pond in the village with the cost of the gift of the gold necklace.<ref name=":4" />

== Academic life and scholarship ==
Sankara Mishra in his texts had mentioned that his father Ayachi Mishra had given all the knowledge under the ''Kantha Vidya'' tradition. The Kantha Vidya means knowledge through oral recitation. He had mentioned that all texts written by him is the knowledge of his father. He had written the texts by listening the oral recitation from his father's mouth.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |title=जब भवनाथ मिश्र बने अयाची |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-when-bhagwan-mishra-became-the-ayachi-1429085.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref> He had written nineteen books.<ref name=":2" />

Sankara Mishra is well known for his commentary ''[[Upaskara]]'' on the [[Vaiśeṣika Sūtra|Vaisheshika Sutra]] of the Vedic sage Maharshi [[Kaṇāda|Kanaada]]. It is said that he might had composed the commentary text Upaskara before 1462 CE.<ref name=":1" />

Similarly he composed a Sanskrit text known as ''Rasarnava'' which is a very famous text in the [[Sanskrit literature]]. It was later edited by the scholar ''[[Amarnath Jha|Amaranatha Jha]]'' in 1920.<ref name=":5" />

Sankara Mishra was awarded with the honorific title ''Mahamahopadhyaya'' for his contribution to the [[Sanskrit literature]] and the [[Indian philosophy]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0b71SNQ5CQC&q=Ayachi+Mishra |title=Modern Gujarati Poetry: A Selection |date=1998 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0294-8 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{India-philosopher-stub}}

[[Category:Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]
[[Category:Philosophers of Mithila]]

Suresh Harilal Soni

2026-04-26T03:54:10Z

Serzude: Put Up A Article Needs Work...

{{Short description|Indian social worker (1944–2026)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suresh Harilal Soni
| image = File:Suresh Soni 4.jpg
| other_names = Sabarkanthano Sahayojak
| honours = [[Padma Shri]] (2025)
| website = https://www.sahyogtrust.org.in/
| caption = Suresh Harilal Soni with his wife Indira Soni in 2024
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1944|11|23}}
| birth_place = Sinor, [[Baroda State]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2026|04|23|1944|11|23}}
| death_place = Sahyog, [[Sabarkantha district]], Gujarat, India
| spouse = Indira Soni
| children = Dipak Soni, Parul
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Social worker]]|Social activist}}
}}

'''Suresh Harilal Soni''' (23 November 1944 – 23 April 2026) was an Indian social worker who worked for the welfare and rehabilitation of leprosy patients and intellectually disabled people.<ref name="DG">{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2025-01-25 |title=Padma Awards 2025 ; Tushar Shukla, Pankaj Patel, Pankaj Udhas, Chandrakant Sompura among awardees |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2025/01/25/padma-awards-2025-suresh-soni-from-sabarkantha-lavji-parmar-from-surendranagar-among-awardees/ |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref> The Government of India conferred [[Padma Shri]] award in 2025 to Soni in recognition of his social works.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-25 |title=Full list of Padma Awards 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-padma-awards-2025/article69141094.ece |access-date=2025-01-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2025-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125180026/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-padma-awards-2025/article69141094.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="PIB">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126103938/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |archive-date=2025-01-26 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-25 |title=2025 Padma Shri awards honour unsung heroes of Indian culture and social progress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2025-padma-shri-awards-honour-unsung-heroes-of-indian-culture-and-social-progress/articleshow/117561127.cms |access-date=2025-01-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Background==
Soni completed [[Master of Science|Masters of Science]] with a First Class from [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|M. S. University]], [[Vadodara]].<ref name="GS1">{{Cite news |last=Kutchi |first=Bhaven |date=2025-02-02 |title=કિસી કા દર્દ મિલ સકે તો લે ઊધાર - રવિપૂર્તિ |work=Gujarat Samachar |pages=1}}</ref> He did not want to live his life as a Maths teacher. He used to stay with the leprosy affected at Shram Mandir trust for the entire day. In the year 1988, to help and give support to the affected, he founded Sahyog trust.<ref name="BI">{{Cite web |last=Dave |first=Sanjay |date=2013-05-22 |title=Sahyog - A Unique Village For Over A 1000 Deserted People |url=https://thebetterindia.com/7204/sahyog-a-unique-village-for-over-a-1000-deserted-people/ |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>

He was called ''Sabarkantha no Sahyojak'' (co-founder of Sabarkantha District).<ref name="DG"/> Soni was assisted by his wife, Indira Soni, in his work.<ref name="GSTV"/> Before marrying he informed her of his plans to serve the needy through a letter with 17 conditions. They had two children, Dipak and Parul.<ref name="GS1"/>
[[File:Suresh Soni 1.jpg|right|200px]] It was noted that he hardly ever left Ashram.<ref name="GS1"/>

Soni died on 23 April 2026, at the age of 81.<ref>{{cite news |title=નિરાધારોના આધાર પદ્મશ્રી સુરેશ સોનીની ચિરવિદાય |url=https://navgujaratsamay.com/padma-shri-suresh-soni-champion-of-the-underprivileged-passes-away/298912.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |publisher=navgujaratsamay |date=25 April 2026}}</ref>

==Work==
Initially he established an institution for leprosy patients called ''Shram Ashram'' at Singhrot, 15 km from Vadodara. By 1978 they had 400 patients. Post this he left his job as professor and took up Social work as full time activity. Here they spent 10 years serving needy patients. Later on due to some issues with Trustees they left "Shram Mandir". <ref name="GS1"/>

Soni established a village named ‘Sahyog’, spread over an area of 30 acres near Shamaliya along the highway from Himmatnagar to Shamlaji for people suffering from leprosy. It also provides shelter to Physically handicapped and intellectually disabled people. His organization also serves HIV positive and orphan patients. The collaboration village has now become home to hundreds of people. The village has a hospital, an electoral booth, a primary school, and a grocery shop.<ref name="GF"/><ref name="BI"/> It also serves HIV positive, physically handicapped and orphan patients.<ref name="GF"/>

This village is maintained by an organization called ''Sahyog Kushtha Yagna Trust'' which was established on 14 September 1988; [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] Day, with 20 leprosy patients, on the land donated by MR. Ramu of ''Vijapur Sarvoday Ashram''.<ref name="GF">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards-2025 : ગુજરાતનાં સુરેશ સોની, લવજીભાઈ પરમારને પદ્મશ્રી એવોર્ડ, જાણો તેમના વિશે |url=https://www.gujaratfirst.com/gandhinagar/padma-awards-2025-suresh-soni-lovejibhai-parmar-of-gujarat-awarded-padma-shri/194570/ |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=Gujarat First |language=gu |archive-date=2025-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130165117/https://www.gujaratfirst.com/gandhinagar/padma-awards-2025-suresh-soni-lovejibhai-parmar-of-gujarat-awarded-padma-shri/194570/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GSTV">{{Cite web |title=Padma Award : ગુજરાતના સુરેશ સોની, પરમાર લવજીભાઈ સહિત 6 મહાનુભાવોને મળ્યો પદ્મશ્રી પુરસ્કાર, જાણો તેમના વિશે |url=https://www.gstv.in/news/gujarat/suresh-soni-and-parmar-lovejibhai-from-gujarat-received-padma-shri-award |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=GSTV News |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
[[File:The President of India, Smt Droupadi Murmu presenting the Padma Shri Award to Shri Suresh Harilal Soni at the Civil Investiture Ceremony-I at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 28, 2025.jpg|thumb|The President of India, Smt Droupadi Murmu presenting the Padma Shri Award to Shri Suresh Harilal Soni at the Civil Investiture Ceremony-I at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on 28 April 2025.]]
* International Leprosy unit & Sasakava Memorial Health Foundation (Japan) 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Activities {{!}} Awards |url=https://www.sahyogtrust.org.in/awards.html |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.sahyogtrust.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sasakawa health prize : stories from South-East Asia |url=https://search.library.ucdavis.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=01UCD_INST%3AUCD&mode=advanced&tab=Everything&isFrbr=true&docid=alma990036461160403126&query=sub%2Cexact%2CMedical+personnel+and+patient%2CAND&context=L&adaptor=Local+Search+Engine&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&lang=en |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=search.library.ucdavis.edu |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221184514/https://search.library.ucdavis.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=01UCD_INST%3AUCD&mode=advanced&tab=Everything&isFrbr=true&docid=alma990036461160403126&query=sub%2Cexact%2CMedical%20personnel%20and%20patient%2CAND&context=L&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What does ILU stand for? |url=https://www.acronymattic.com/International-Leprosy-Union-(ILU).html |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=AcronymAttic |language=en}}</ref>
* The Government of India conferred [[Padma Shri]] award in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/notifications/PadmaAwards/2025.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126163202/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/notifications/PadmaAwards/2025.pdf |archive-date=2025-01-26 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=www.padmaawards.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ગુજરાતના લવજીભાઈ પરમાર અને સુરેશ સોનીને પદ્મ શ્રી એવોર્ડ એનાયત કરાશે, જાણો કયા ક્ષેત્રે આપ્યું યોગદાન |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/padma-awards-2025-sabarkantha-suresh-soni-and-surendranagar-parmar-lavjibhai |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=www.gujaratsamachar.com |language=gu}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sahyogtrust.org.in/ Sahayog Trust Website]

{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soni, Suresh Harilal}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]

Vitthalbhai Patel & P. T. Patel Science College

2026-04-25T04:38:03Z

Serzude: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Vallabh Vidyanagar#Education and research]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Tanpho Wangnaw

2026-04-21T23:21:33Z

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{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Tangpho Wangnaw
| birth_name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1966
| birth_place =
| office1 = Member of the [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Longding–Pumao Assembly constituency|Longding–Pumao]]
| term_start1 = 2019
| term_end1 = 
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| father = Ponglam Wangnaw
| education = B.A.
| alma_mater = Jawahar Lal Nehru College, Pasighat
| profession = Businessman
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Tanpho Wangnaw''' is an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. He was elected to the [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Longding–Pumao Assembly constituency]] in [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tanpho Wangnaw |url=https://myneta.info/ArunachalPradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=4783 |website=My Neta |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Longding Pumao Assembly Result. 2019 |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/2019/longding-pumao/ |website=Latestly |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605171205/https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/2019/longding-pumao/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs">{{cite news|title=Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|accessdate=19 May 2025|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=25 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519173615/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Longding district]]
[[Category:Naga people]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Vazhapadi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:53:50Z

Serzude: Put Up The Entry Added Tags...

{{Short description|1962 Madras Assembly Election, Vazhapadi constitution}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vazhapadi
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1951
| district = [[Salem district|Salem]]
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
| abolished= 1967
}}
'''Vazhapadi''' is a former [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Salem district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It existed from the 1951 delimitation to 1967.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||Ramasamy Udayar|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]||P. Kandasamy Gounder|| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.51}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|45.43}}
}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Vazhapadi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasamy Udayar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,154 |percentage=55.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponnumalai |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=23,259 |percentage=41.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kuppusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,202 |percentage=2.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vyamalai |party=Independent politician |votes=506 |percentage=0.90% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,895 |percentage=14.07% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,121 |percentage=73.37% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,148 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Vazhapadi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kandasamy Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=16,245 |percentage=45.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. A. Rajarathnam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,290 |percentage=37.17% |change=37.17% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ramaswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,759 |percentage=7.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Podujanaupa T. V. Anganna Chettiar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,293 |percentage=6.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thiruvenginathan |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=1,168 |percentage=3.27% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,955 |percentage=8.26% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,755 |percentage=51.26% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,749 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coords|11.66|78.40|display=title}}

[[Category:Salem district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}
{{SalemIN-geo-stub}}

Pushkar Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:22Z

Serzude: started initial stub initial version - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pushkar
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-99-Pushkar.svg
| mla = [[Suresh Singh Rawat]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Ajmer district|Ajmer]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ajmer Lok Sabha constituency|Ajmer]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:251989}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 99
}}
'''Pushkar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Ajmer district|Ajmer]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="3"|Party
|-
|[[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Prabha Misra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Prabha Misra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Prabha Misra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Prabha Misra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Chiranji Lal Garg]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Suraj Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Ramzan Khan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Ramzan Khan]]

| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-

|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|[[Vishnu Modi]]

| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-

|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|[[Ramzan Khan]]

| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-

|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Dr. [[Gopal Baheti]]

| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-

|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Naseem Akhtar Insaf]]

| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-

|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Suresh Singh Rawat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[Suresh Singh Rawat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Suresh Singh Rawat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Pushkar<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Suresh Singh Rawat
|votes = {{formatnum:84619}}
|percentage = 44.63
|change = -4.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Naseem Akhtar
|votes = {{formatnum:70750}}
|percentage = 37.31
|change = -6.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Ashok Singh Rawat
|votes = {{formatnum:16052}}
|percentage = 8.47
|change = +6.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shrigopal Baheti
|votes = {{formatnum:8457}}
|percentage = 4.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:882}}
|percentage = 0.47
|change = -0.85
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13869}}
|percentage = 7.32
|change = +1.89
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:189622}}
|percentage = 75.25
|change = +0.21
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Pushkar<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Mukesh Singh Rawat
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:84860}}
|percentage = 49.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gomaram Satawariya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:75471}}
|percentage = 43.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Shahabuddin(Pappu Qureshi)
|votes = {{formatnum:4073}}
|percentage = 2.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Radheshyam Bawari
|votes = {{formatnum:2057}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2288}}
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9389}}
|percentage = 5.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:172944}}
|percentage = 75.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2013]]: Pushkar }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Suresh Singh Rawat
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum: }} |ref= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ajmer district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.49|74.54|display=title}}

[[Category:Ajmer district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Hindol Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:26Z

Serzude: started first info more to come

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Odisha}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Hindol}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hindol
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 56
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Northern Division
| district = [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhenkanal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhenkanal]]
| established = 1974
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = Simarani Nayak.jpg
| mla = [[Simarani Nayak]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,63,522{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Hindol''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Dhenkanal district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=56 |title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work= empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Hindol (56) District : Dhenkanal |accessdate= 3 March 2014 |archive-date= 4 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140304205038/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=56 |url-status= usurped }}</ref>

Area of this constituency includes Hindol block and Odapada block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp117.htm|title= 117 - Hindol (SC) Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 3 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|49.62}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|50.93}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|49.92}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|44.83}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|48.22}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|62.54}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.29}}
{{bar percent|1991 (bypoll)|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|64.27}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|78.31}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|67.18}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}|43.49}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|52.06}}
}}

Since its formation in 1974, 13 elections were held till date including one bypoll in 1993.<ref name="byElections1952-95">{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |title=Details of Assembly By- Elections since 1952 (Year-Wise) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

List of members elected from Hindol constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Hindol Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/hindol.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 2 March 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hindol Assembly Election Results 2024: Hindol Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/hindol-constituency-result-18056 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[Simarani Nayak]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=5|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
| rowspan="3" |[[Anjali Behera]]
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Maheswar Naik
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1993 (bypoll){{efn|Death of Trinath Naik}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Hindol 1993 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/1459 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|Patta Nayak
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Trinath Naik
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Rabinarayan Naik
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Trinath Naik
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Bhagirathi Naik
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election Results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 25 May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2019 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Simarani Nayak]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Mahesh Sahoo]] by a margin of 11,827 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Hindol}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Simarani Nayak]]
|votes = 97,795
|percentage = 49.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Mahesh Sahoo]]
|votes = 85,968
|percentage = 43.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gobardhan Sekhar Naik
|votes = 7,314
|percentage = 3.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,106
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,827
|percentage = 3.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,97,073
|percentage = 74.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Simarani Nayak]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Ashok Kumar Nayak by a margin of 18,905 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin|
| title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Hindol<ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Simarani Nayak]]
|votes = 93,980
|percentage = 50.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Nayak
|votes = 75,075
|percentage = 40.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Trinath Behera
|votes = 9366
|percentage = 5.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,098
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,905
|percentage = 10.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,84,525
|percentage = 72.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Simarani Nayak]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Laxmidhar Behera by a margin of 50,499 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=17 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=2014-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Hindol<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Hindol|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1856.htm?ac=56|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140617143431/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1856.htm?ac=56|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 June 2014|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=17 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Hindol (56)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=56|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140617143525/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=56|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 June 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=17 June 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Simarani Nayak]]
|votes = 84,351
|percentage = 49.92
|change = 5.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Laxmidhar Behera
|votes = 33,852
|percentage = 20.03
|change = 2.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Namita Naik
|votes = 30,978
|percentage = 18.33
|change = -15.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = [[Anjali Behera]]
|votes = 12,304
|percentage = 7.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,722
|percentage = 1.61
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 50,499
|percentage = 29.88
|change = 18.7
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,68,974
|percentage = 74.06
|change = 11.81
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,28,159
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Anjali Behera]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Rebati Behera by a margin of 15,039 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=2013-05-27 |accessdate=3 March 2014 |work=leadtech.in |quote=15039}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Hindol<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Anjali Behera]]
|votes = 60,291
|percentage = 44.83
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rebati Behera
|votes = 45,252
|percentage = 33.65
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Laxmidhar Behera
|votes = 23,157
|percentage = 17.22
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,039
|percentage = ''11.18''{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,34,530
|percentage = 62.25
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dhenkanal district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|20.61|85.20|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Dhenkanal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Sarabha Sastri

2026-04-12T16:03:32Z

Serzude: Put Up A Entry First Draft...

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{inline citations|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
'''<big>Sri Sarabha Sastri</big>''' (1872–1904) was an Indian [[venu]] flute player,<ref>{{cite book |title=South Indian Music |last=Sambamoorthy |first=P. |year=1966 |publisher=Indian Music Publishing House |oclc= 113287 |page=42 }}</ref> known as the first great [[Brahmin]] flutist.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music |last=Arnold |first=Alison |year=2000 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1 |page=389 }}</ref> He brought the flute to the mainstream Indian Carnatic concert stage – until then, it was almost exclusively a folk instrument. To Sastri goes the credit of promoting the flute to the status of a primary concert instrument from being a mere 'second fiddle' to dance.

== Early life and background ==
Sri Sarabha Sastrigal was born in 1872 to [[Viswanatha Sastri]] and Smt. Dharmambal. His mother's native place was Tiruvadi and She lived next door to Saint [[Tyagaraja]]. His father died when he and his brother (Rao Sahib) Sivakumara Sastri<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan/newnow/viswaindex.htm|title = Viswanatha Sastri}}</ref> were very young. Blind at a young age, he was initiated into a career in music under the guidance of his maternal uncle Sri Kuppusamy Sastri of [[Tiruvadi]] near [[Thiruvaiyaru]] and later by [[Manambuchavadi Venkatasubbayyar]], one of the leading disciples of Saint [[Tyagaraja]]. Sri Govinda Nayanakkar unravelled the mysteries of flute to young Sarabha Sastri.
Sri Saraba Saastri lived in Soliappa Mudali street in Kumbakonam and was married to Ambu Ammal.

== Penance at Eraharam ==
Sastri undertook penance in ErAharam -Sri Sankari Samedha Skandanadha Swamy temple, obtained divinity and brought peace and happiness to local population. Later, he organised "Sarba Kavadi", " Macha Kavadi" etc. and spread the fame of this temple.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vedas.com/eraharam/main.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 January 2011 |archive-date=11 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211020109/http://www.vedas.com/eraharam/main.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Carrying kavadi is a practice of penance or prayaschittam. [[Thaipusam]] is a festival that is marked by acts of penance such as carrying the Kavadi.<ref>http://www.myhindupage.org/index.php/thaipusam.Kavadi {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> The Kavadi itself is a physical burden through which the devotees implore for help from deity.

== Achievements ==
Blindness in childhood could do nothing to blunt the musical genius of Sarabha Sastri. By experimenting with the flute, he evolved a fingering technique by which he could produce the entire range of Indian ragas on it.

Sri Sarabha Sastrigal composed more than 500 Sahityas for Nayanmar charithrams, in various languages.

Sri Saraba Saastrigal taught a unique technique in playing the Flute (with Tu-Tu kaarams). He was also able to play the Thaanam on the Flute. Sri Saraba Saastrigal was also called "Eka Chandra Graahi", since he had the uncanny ability to grasp anything by just listening once. [[Palladam Sanjiva Rao]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-star-in-his-time/article4856358.ece|title=A star in his time|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 June 2013|last1=Sriram|first1=V.}}</ref> was a direct disciple of Sri Saraba Saastrigal. [[Palladam Sanjiva Rao]] passed this on to [[H Ramachandra Shastry]] who taught Carnatic flute at Kalakshetra until 1992. Some of the notable musicians practising this art form include [[G. S. Rajan]], Ludwig Pesch and T. Sashidhar.

Sastri was always sought after by fans, but he never practised the flute at home. Sastri who never practised would however warm up within a few seconds from the commencement of a concert and readily get into his stride. He was a confirmed believer in emotional purification through music. He was invited to serve as the "Asthana [[Vidwan]]' of Mysore samasthan by the erstwhile Maharaja of Mysore which was refused by Sastri.He was also against commercialisation of music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumbakonamramabhajanaisabha.blogspot.in/2013/03/the-hindu-dated-22nd-oct-1993-by-sri.html|title=Sri Rama Bhajanai Sabha - Mahan Sri Sarabha Sastrigal Memorial Trust: The Hindu- Dated 22nd OCT 1993 by Sri Sethurama Sharma|date=18 March 2013}}</ref>

== Origin of the Carnatic Flute ==
Until the late 19th century, the Carnatic flute (better known in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as the [[pullanguzhal]]), an 8-hole bamboo flute, the South Indian equivalent of the North Indian 6-hole [[bansuri]] flute, had never been used in Carnatic concerts. Sharaba Shastri has been characterised by his followers as a musical genius after experimenting and creating the Carnatic flute. He is also known for bringing the Carnatic flute to the fore of [[Carnatic music]] concerts as an influential instrument.
The Sharaba Shastri style or bani of playing was established and was carried on by his disciple Sanjeeva Rao. However it was the self-taught "Mali" who brought a revolution in popularising the Carnatic flute and whose legacy was carried on by Ramani and other national and international disciples of Mali.<ref>[[N. Ramani]]</ref>

The fingering technique invented by Sarabha Shastri was as highly scientific, and as accurate as a keyboard. The minutest oscillations required for the intricate gamakas of Carnatic music were covered by this fingering system. By progressing from playing only simple tunes to the ability of producing full-fledged kritis complete with the nuances of every raga, the flute came on par with the veena as a concert instrument. No recordings of his playing survive, and apart from stray references in larger works, little has been written about his music. We only know his music through his student, the legendary [[Palladam Sanjiva Rao]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetradiocity.com/musicopedia/article-instrument/Sarabha-Sastri/1984 |title=Sarabha Sastri {{!}} Music instrument {{!}} Sarabha Sastri songs {{!}} Sarabha Sastri biography |website=www.planetradiocity.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030172520/http://www.planetradiocity.com/musicopedia/article-instrument/Sarabha-Sastri/1984 |archive-date=2014-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-star-in-his-time/article4856358.ece|title=A star in his time|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 June 2013|last1=Sriram|first1=V.}}</ref>

== Sanskrit Scholar ==
Sastri was a great scholar and used to have discussions with other scholars such as Thirupalanam Panchapakesa Sastrigal, Sulamangalam Vaidyanatha Bhagavathar and others. Music scholars such as Thirukodikaval Krishna Iyer, "Fiddle" Govindasamy Pillai, Pattanam Subramaniya Iyer, Thanjavur Krishna Bhagavathar, [[Mridangam]] Narayanaswamy Appa, Mridangam Azhaga Nambi Pillai, Kumbakonam Sivakolundu and Tirumarugal Natesa Nayakarar were his contemporaries and used to accompany him in his concerts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumbakonamramabhajanaisabha.blogspot.in/2013/03/the-hindu-dated-22nd-oct-1993-by-sri.html|title=Sri Rama Bhajanai Sabha - Mahan Sri Sarabha Sastrigal Memorial Trust: The Hindu- Dated 22nd OCT 1993 by Sri Sethurama Sharma|date=18 March 2013}}</ref>

== Death ==
Sri Sarabha Sastrigal died at the young age of 32 years in the year 1904 at Kumbakonam. Sarabha Shastri, like many a great genius, lived only a short life. Upon his death at the age of 32, his work was carried on by his most celebrated disciple, Palladam Sanjeeva Rao, who perfected and elaborated on the fingering system and popularised the flute as a solo concert instrument. However the original contribution of Sarabha Shastri upgrading the flute onto the concert platform remains immortal

== Sastri's Flute ==
The flute he handled is still on display at Sri Rama Bhajanai Sabha at 110, Solaippan Street, Kumbakonam. Sri Sarabha Sastrigal's flute has been preserved for more than 100 years by Sastri's family members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumbakonamramabhajanaisabha.blogspot.in/2013/03/the-magical-flute-of-sri-sarabha-sastri.html|title=Sri Rama Bhajanai Sabha - Mahan Sri Sarabha Sastrigal Memorial Trust: The Magical Flute of Sri Sarabha Sastri !!!|date=21 March 2013}}</ref>

== Venuganam Sri Sarabha Sastrigal Memorial Trust ==
A trust under the name and style of "Venuganam Sri Sarabha Sastrigal Memorial Trust" has been formed and functioning, organising music, cultural and service-oriented programs, and the trust is managed by leading personalities. Ekadasi Bhajans and Radha Kalyanam are conducted fortnightly, during the month of Margazhi.

== Sri Rama Bhajanai Sabha ==
Sastri lived a very simple life and offered his divine music as worship to Lord Rama. Sri [[Rama Navami]] uthsavam was performed by him every year which used to be attended by all the leading musicians of those days. This tradition is continued until today by group of enthusiasts.

Sri Rama Bhajanai Sabha, Kumbakonam founded and was nurtured by the famous Venuganam Sri Sarabha Sastrigal about 125 years ago occupies a unique place among various cultural and service organisations. With the grace of lord Sri Rama, the sabha is progressing towards this vision by celebrating Sri Rama Navami Utasavams, Sri Radha Kalyana Mahotsavam every year, Sri Kanchi Kamakoti peetam Maha Periyava Jayanthi, Bhajans on every Ekadasi days, organising lectures on Srimath Valmiki Ramayana, Bhagavadham etc., and offering community services including Annadhanams during festivals.(Ramabhajanaisabha blogspot link in the reference section contains all articles published about Sarabha Sastrigal since 1904)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kumbakonamramabhajanaisabha.blogspot.in/ |title=Home |website=kumbakonamramabhajanaisabha.blogspot.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sastri, Sarabha}}
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1904 deaths]]
[[Category:Venu players]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Blind classical musicians]]
[[Category:Blind folk musicians]]
[[Category:Indian blind musicians]]
[[Category:Blind flautists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian flautists]]
[[Category:Musicians from British India]]
[[Category:Indian blind people]]

2020 Rajya Sabha elections

2026-04-05T22:05:14Z

Serzude: Added new article

{{Short description|Elections for the upper house of Indian Parliament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2019 Rajya Sabha elections
| previous_year = 2019
| next_election = 2021 Rajya Sabha elections
| next_year =2021
| election_date = April – December 2020
| seats_for_election = 78{{efn|Including 6 [[Casual vacancy|casual vacancies]]}} of the 233{{efn|excluding 12 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated seats]]}} elected seats in the [[Rajya Sabha]]
| majority_seats = 122{{efn|out of 242 (excluding 3 vacancies and including 12 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated seats)]]}} total

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Thawar Chand Gehlot.jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
| leader1 = [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader_since1 = 11 June 2019
| alliance1 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| seats_before1 = 75{{efn|excluding 8 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated members]]}}
| seats_after1 = '''85'''{{efn|excluding 8 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated members]] and [[2021_Rajya_Sabha_elections#Gujarat|one vacancy]]}}
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 10
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Ghulam Nabi Azad-cropped.JPG|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
| leader2 = [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since2 = 8 June 2014
| alliance2 = [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
| seats_before2 = 44
| seats_after2 = 36
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 8
| 1blank = Alliance seats before
| 1data1 = 99{{efn|excluding 11 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated member]]s}}
| 1data2 = 62{{efn|excluding 1 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated member]]}}
| 2blank = Alliance seats after
| 2data1 = '''107'''{{efn|excluding 12 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated members]]}}
| 2data2 = 59
| 3blank = Seat change
| 3data1 = {{increase}} 8
| 3data2 = {{decrease}} 3

| title = Majority
| posttitle = Majority after election
| before_election = ''None''
| before_party =
| after_election = ''None''
| after_party =
}}

'''2020 Rajya Sabha elections''' were the set of indirect elections by the members of State legislatures of India, to elect new members to fill vacancies in the [[Rajya Sabha]] – the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]]. The elections are held annually and throughout the year on an [[ad hoc]] basis. The elections in 2020 are for a total of 72 seats of which 55 of them were to be elected by March 26.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anshuman|first=Kumar|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rajya-sabha-dynamics-to-change-in-april/articleshow/74021135.cms?from=mdr|title=Rajya Sabha dynamics to change in April|date=2020-02-08|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref> The remaining were postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]]. The [[Election Commission of India]] later announced all the elections for the remaining 24 [[Rajya Sabha]] seats were to be held on 19 June 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajya Sabha Election Dates 2020: Elections to 24 Rajya Sabha seats on June 19: EC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/elections-to-24-rajya-sabha-seats-on-june-19-ec/articleshow/76142104.cms|access-date=2020-06-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

On 12 June 2020, Election commission of India declared unopposed victory over 4 seats of Karnataka and 1 seat of Arunachal Pradesh. Leaving behind 19 seats to go for elections on 19 June 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-06-12|title=Rajya Sabha Polls 2020: HD Deve Gowda, Mallikarjun Kharge And 2 Others Elected Unopposed|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/rajya-sabha-polls-2020-hd-deve-gowda-mallikarjun-kharge-and-2-others-elected-unopposed-1258977|access-date=2020-06-12|website=[[ABP News]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Shukla|first=Udayan|date=2020-06-12|title=नामांकन के आखिरी दिन पूर्व प्रधानमंत्री देवगौड़ा, कांग्रेस नेता खड़गे और 2 भाजपा नेता बिना विरोध के चुन लिए गए|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/national/news/hd-deve-gowda-mallikarjun-kharge-to-bjp-ashok-gasti-elected-unopposed-from-karnataka-to-rajya-sabha-polls-2020-127401996.html|access-date=2020-06-12|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref>

On 2 November 2020, Election commission of India declared unopposed victory over 10 seats of Uttar Pradesh and 1 seat of Uttarakhand.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/nov/02/up-rajya-sabha-polls-all-10-candidates-elected-unopposed-2218353.html |title=UP Rajya Sabha polls: All 10 candidates elected unopposed |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=2 November 2020 |access-date= 31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjps-naresh-bansal-declared-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-from-uttarakhand/articleshow/78999666.cms?from=mdr |title=BJP's Naresh Bansal declared elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha from Uttarakhand |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=2 November 2020 |agency=PTI |access-date= 31 May 2021}}</ref>

==Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
! Seats
! +/–
|-
|rowspan=11 {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|rowspan=11 style="text-align:center;"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|30{{efn|excluding [[2021_Rajya_Sabha_elections#Gujarat|one vacancy]]}}
|{{color|green|+10}}
|-
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|{{color|red|-2}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| style="text-align:center;"|2
| {{color|red|-1}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Bodoland People's Front}}
| [[Bodoland People's Front]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| 0
|-
| {{party color cell|Mizo National Front}}
| [[Mizo National Front]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| {{color|green|+1}}
|-
| {{party color cell|National People's Party (India)}}
| [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| {{color|green|+1}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}
| [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| 0
|-
| {{party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| [[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| {{color|green|+1}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]] ([[Sanjay Kakade]])
|style="text-align:center;"|0
|{{color|red|-1}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]] ([[Parimal Nathwani]])
|style="text-align:center;"|0
|{{color|red|-1}}
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#FEE4CB"|Total
|style="color:inherit;background:#FEE4CB;text-align:center;"|39
|style="color:inherit;background:#FEE4CB"|{{color|green|+8}}
|-
|rowspan=7 {{party color cell|United Progressive Alliance}}
|rowspan=7 style="text-align:center;"|[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="text-align:center;"|9
|{{color|red|-8}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|3
| {{color|green|+1}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| style="text-align:center;"|2
| 0
|-
| {{party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| style="text-align:center;"|2
| {{color|green|+2}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| {{color|green|+1}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]] ([[Ajit Kumar Bhuyan]])
|style="text-align:center;"|1
| {{color|green|+1}}
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#D8F5FF"|Total
|style="color:inherit;background:#D8F5FF;text-align:center;"|18
|style="color:inherit;background:#D8F5FF"|{{color|red|-3}}
|-
|rowspan=10 {{party color cell|Others}}
|rowspan=10 style="text-align:center;"|Others
|{{party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|style="text-align:center;"|4
|0
|-
|{{party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|style="text-align:center;"|4
|0
|-
|{{party color cell|YSR Congress Party}}
|[[Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|4
|{{color|green|+4}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|{{color|green|+2}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|{{color|red|-1}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|{{color|red|-1}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|{{color|red|-2}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Loktantrik Janata Dal}}
|[[Loktantrik Janata Dal]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|{{color|red|-2}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|{{color|red|-2}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| 0
|-
|}

==Members retiring & Elected==

===April Election===
==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharad Pawar, Ramdas Athawale, Udayanraje Bhosale among seven elected to Rajya Sabha |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/sharad-pawar-ramdas-athawale-udayanraje-bhosale-among-seven-elected-to-rajya-sabha/articleshow/74695518.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009222944/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/sharad-pawar-ramdas-athawale-udayanraje-bhosale-among-seven-elected-to-rajya-sabha/articleshow/74695518.cms |archive-date=9 October 2021 |access-date=21 March 2020 |website=Pune Mirror}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| 1
| [[Sharad Pawar]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|rowspan="2" |[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|02-Apr-2020
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|rowspan="2" |[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
| 2
|[[Majeed Memon]]
|02-Apr-2020
|[[Fouzia Khan]]
|-
| 3
|[[Husain Dalwai]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|02-Apr-2020
|[[Rajiv Satav]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 4
|[[Rajkumar Dhoot]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|02-Apr-2020
|[[Priyanka Chaturvedi]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
| 5
|[[Ramdas Athawale]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Republican Party of India (A)}}"|
|[[Republican Party of India (A)|RPI(A)]]
|02-Apr-2020
|[[Ramdas Athawale]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Republican Party of India (A)}}"|
|[[Republican Party of India (A)|RPI(A)]]
|-
| 6
|[[Amar Shankar Sable]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|02-Apr-2020
|[[Udayanraje Bhosale]]
|rowspan=2 width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 7
|[[Sanjay Kakade]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|02-Apr-2020
|[[Bhagwat Karad]]
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha|Odisha]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suffian |first=Mohammad |title=Odisha: All 4 BJD nominees to Rajya Sabha sail through unopposed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/odisha-all-4-bjd-nominees-to-rajya-sabha-sail-through-unopposed-1657145-2020-03-18 |website=India Today}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Ranjib Biswal]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|02-Apr-2020
|[[Subhash Chandra Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
|2
|[[Narendra Kumar Swain]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|02-Apr-2020
|[[Munna Khan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
|3
|[[Sarojini Hembram]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|02-Apr-2020
|[[Sujeet Kumar (politician)|Sujeet Kumar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
|4
| colspan="4" |'''Vacant ([[Anubhav Mohanty]])'''
|[[Mamata Mohanta]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]

|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-03-18 |title=Six elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha from Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/six-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-from-tamil-nadu-814941.html |access-date=2020-06-09 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Sasikala Pushpa]]
| rowspan=4 bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|rowspan="4" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|02-Apr-2020
|[[M. Thambidurai]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|rowspan="2" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|2
|[[Vijila Sathyananth]]
|02-Apr-2020
|[[K. P. Munusamy]]
|-
|3
|[[S. Muthukaruppan]]
|02-Apr-2020
|[[G. K. Vasan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}"|
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC]]
|-
|4
|[[K. Selvaraj]]
|02-Apr-2020
|Anthiyur P. Selvaraj
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|rowspan="3" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|5
|[[Tiruchi Siva]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|02-Apr-2020
|[[Tiruchi Siva]]
|-
|6
|[[T. K. Rangarajan]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|02-Apr-2020
|[[N. R. Elango]]
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal|West Bengal]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2020 |title=All 5 Rajya Sabha candidates in West Bengal elected unopposed |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/all-5-rajya-sabha-candidates-in-west-bengal-elected-unopposed/articleshow/74693721.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Ahmed Hassan Imran]]
| rowspan=4 bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|02-Apr-2020
|[[Dinesh Trivedi]]
| rowspan=4 bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|2
|[[K. D. Singh (politician)|Kanwar Deep Singh]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|02-Apr-2020
|[[Arpita Ghosh]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|3
|[[Jogen Chowdhury]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|02-Apr-2020
|[[Mausam Noor]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|4
|[[Manish Gupta (politician)|Manish Gupta]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|02-Apr-2020
|[[Subrata Bakshi]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|5
|[[Ritabrata Banerjee]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|02-Apr-2020
|[[Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]

|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
! Elected MP<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2020 |title=Rajya Sabha elections 2020: Jagan Reddy's ruling YSRC bags all four seats in AP |url=https://zeenews.india.com/andhra-pradesh/rajya-sabha-elections-2020-jagan-reddys-ruling-ysrc-bags-all-four-seats-in-ap-2290898.html |website=Zee News}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[T. Subbarami Reddy]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Alla Ayodhya Rami Reddy]]
| rowspan=4 bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|rowspan="4" |[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|-
|2
|[[Mohd. Ali Khan]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose]]
|-
|3
|[[Thota Seetharama Lakshmi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" rowspan=1|
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Mopidevi Venkataramana]]
|-
|4
|[[K. Keshava Rao]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}"|
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Parimal Nathwani]]
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Assam|Assam]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |author=Hemanta Kumar Nath |title=Assam: 2 NDA MPs, 1 Congress-backed independent candidate elected to Rajya Sabha unopposed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/assam-2-nda-mps-1-congress-backed-independent-candidate-elected-to-rajya-sabha-unopposed-1657139-2020-03-18 |website=India Today}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Biswajit Daimary]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}"|
|[[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Biswajit Daimary]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}"|
|[[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
|-
|2
| colspan="4" |
'''Vacant ([[Bhubaneshwar Kalita]])'''
|[[Bhubaneshwar Kalita]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|3
| colspan="4" |'''Vacant ([[Sanjaya Sinh]])'''
|[[Ajit Kumar Bhuyan]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP<ref name="auto" />
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Harivansh Narayan Singh]]
| rowspan=3 bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|rowspan="3" |[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Harivansh Narayan Singh]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|-
|2
|[[Ram Nath Thakur]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Ram Nath Thakur]]
|-
|3
|[[Kahkashan Perween]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Prem Chand Gupta]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
|rowspan="2" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|-
|4
|[[Ravindra Kishore Sinha]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Amarendra Dhari Singh]]
|-
|5
| [[C. P. Thakur]]
|09-Apr-2020
| [[Vivek Thakur]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]

|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2020 |title=Congress's K T S Tulsi, Phulo Devi Netam elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha from Chhattisgarh |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/congresss-k-t-s-tulsi-phulo-devi-netam-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-from-chhattisgarh/articleshow/74695681.cms?from=mdr |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Ranvijay Singh Judev]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[K. T. S. Tulsi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|2
|[[Motilal Vora]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Phulo Devi Netam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]

|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Manas |date=19 June 2020 |title=Rajya Sabha Election Results Gujarat: BJP bags 3 out of 4 seats |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/gujarat-rajya-sabha-elections-2020-latest-updates-9am-to-4pm-results-5pm-627571 |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Chunibhai K Gohel]]
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Abhay Bhardwaj]]
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|2
|[[Shambhuprasad Tundiya]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Ramilaben Bara]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|3
|[[Lal Sinh Vadodia]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Narhari Amin]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|4
|[[Madhusudan Mistry]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Shaktisinh Gohil]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]

|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Haryana|Haryana]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP's Jangra & Gautam, Congress's Hooda elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha | Chandigarh News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/bjps-jangra-gautam-congs-hooda-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha/articleshow/74701490.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Selja Kumari]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 09-Apr-2020
|[[Deepender Singh Hooda]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|2
| colspan="4" |'''Vacant ([[Ram Kumar Kashyap]])'''
|[[Ram Chander Jangar|Ram Chander Jangra]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP<ref>{{Cite web |author=Press Trust of India |title=BJP's Indu Goswami elected to Rajya Sabha from Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-indu-goswami-elected-to-rajya-sabha-from-himachal-pradesh-1657031-2020-03-18 |website=India Today}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| 1
|[[Viplove Thakur]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 09-Apr-2020
|[[Indu Goswami]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]

|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shibu Soren, BJP's Deepak Prakash Win Rajya Sabha Polls In Jharkhand |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jharkhand-rajya-sabha-election-result-shibu-soren-bjps-deepak-prakash-win-in-jharkhand-2249226 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Prem Chand Gupta]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Shibu Soren]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|-
|2
|[[Parimal Nathwani]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Deepak Prakash (Politician)|Deepak Prakash]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP-Congress Take Madhya Pradesh Rajya Sabha Seats 2-1 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajya-sabha-elections-bjp-congress-take-madhya-pradesh-seats-2-1-2249229 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|2
|[[Prabhat Jha (politician)|Prabhat Jha]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Sumer Singh Solanki]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|3
|[[Digvijaya Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Digvijaya Singh]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]

|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Manipur|Manipur]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
! colspan="2" | Elected MP<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-19 |title=Rajya Sabha 2020 Election Result Live: BJP wins Manipur seat amid turmoil, all eyes on MP, Gujarat and Rajasthan |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/rajya-sabha-election-2020-live-updates-results-gujarat-rajasthan-madhya-pradesh-congress-bjp-mlas-latest-updates/1996495/ |access-date=2020-06-19 |website=The Financial Express |language=en-US}}</ref>
!Party
|-
|1
|[[Bhabananda Singh]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Leishemba Sanajaoba]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]

|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taneja |first=Nidhi |date=19 June 2020 |title=Rajasthan Rajya Sabha Election Results: Congress' KC Venugopal, Neeraj Dangi win |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/rajya-sabha-election-result-rajasthan-congress-bjp-poll-results-latest-votes-counting-627561 |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
|1
|[[Narayan Lal Panchariya]]
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Rajendra Gehlot]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|2
|[[Ramnarayan Dudi]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[K. C. Venugopal]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|3
|[[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]
|09-Apr-2020
|[[Neeraj Dangi]]
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Telangana|Telangana]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP<ref>{{cite web |author=Sakshi |date=2020-03-19 |title=RS Polls: Both TRS Candidates Elected Unopposed, Formal Elections On In AP |url=https://english.sakshi.com/andhrapradesh-politics/2020/03/19/rs-polls-both-trs-candidates-elected-unopposed-formal-elections-on-in-ap |access-date=2020-06-09 |website=Sakshi Post}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Garikapati Mohan Rao]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 09-Apr-2020
|[[K. Keshava Rao]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|-
|2
|[[K. V. P. Ramachandra Rao]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 09-Apr-2020
|[[K. R. Suresh Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]

|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Meghalaya|Meghalaya]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Wansuk Syiem]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|12-Apr-2020
| [[Wanweiroy Kharlukhi]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]

|}

===June Election===

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]]====
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-12 |title=BJP wins Arunachal Pradesh Rajya Sabha seat |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-wins-arunachal-pradesh-rajya-sabha-seat/article31814766.ece |access-date=2020-06-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Mukut Mithi]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|23-Jun-2020
|[[Nabam Rebia]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka|Karnataka]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP<ref>{{cite news |title=With HD Deve Gowda, Others, Karnataka Fills 4 Rajya Sabha Seats Unopposed |website=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/karnataka-news/karnataka-rajya-sabha-election-rs-polls-with-hd-deve-gowda-others-elected-unopposed-2245433}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Prabhakar Kore]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|25-Jun-2020
|[[Ashok Gasti]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|2
|[[B. K. Hariprasad]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|25-Jun-2020
|[[Eranna Kadadi]]
|-
|3
|[[Rajeev Gowda]]
|25-Jun-2020
|[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|4
|[[D. Kupendra Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]
|25-Jun-2020
|[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]

|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Mizoram|Mizoram]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP<ref>{{Cite web |title=MNF wins RS polls, K Vanlalvena is new RS member from Mizoram |date=19 June 2020 |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/mizoram/mnf-wins-rs-polls-k-vanlalvena-is-new-rs-member-from-mizoram.html}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Ronald Sapa Tlau]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|18-Jul-2020
|[[K. Vanlalvena]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Mizo National Front}}"|
|[[Mizo National Front|MNF]]

|}

===November Election===

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Ram Gopal Yadav]]
| rowspan=4 bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|rowspan="4" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|25-Nov-2020
|[[Ram Gopal Yadav]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
|2
|[[Ravi Prakash Verma]]
|25-Nov-2020
|[[Seema Dwivedi]]
| rowspan=8 bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|rowspan="8" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|3
|[[Chandrapal Singh Yadav]]
|25-Nov-2020
|[[Hardwar Dubey]]
|-
|4
|[[Javed Ali Khan]]
|25-Nov-2020
|[[Brij Lal (police officer)|Brij Lal]]
|-
|5
|[[Hardeep Singh Puri]]
| rowspan=3 bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|25-Nov-2020
|[[Hardeep Singh Puri]]
|-
|6
|[[Arun Singh (politician, born 1965)|Arun Singh]]
|25-Nov-2020
|[[Arun Singh (politician, born 1965)|Arun Singh]]
|-
|7
|[[Neeraj Shekhar]]
|25-Nov-2020
|[[Neeraj Shekhar]]
|-
|8
|[[P. L. Punia]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 25-Nov-2020
| [[Geeta Shakya]]
|-
|9
|[[Veer Singh (politician)|Veer Singh]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|rowspan="2" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|25-Nov-2020
| [[B. L. Verma (Uttar Pradesh politician)|B. L. Verma]]
|-
|10
|[[Rajaram (politician)|Rajaram]]
|25-Nov-2020
|[[Ramji Gautam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Raj Babbar]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|25-Nov-2020
|[[Naresh Bansal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|}

===By-elections===
Aside from automatic elections, unforeseen vacancies caused by members' resignation, death or disqualification, are unless a few months before the expected natural expiry of the term of tenure, filled via [[by-election]]s, which for the Rajya Sabha often take some months to organise.

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Haryana|Haryana]]====

* On 20 January 2020 Birender Singh Resigned from membership of the Rajya Sabha from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Haryana|Haryana]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/chaudhary-birender-singh-resigns-from-rajya-sabha/story-wupUvNZdm1N9v62MZNJLAO.html|title=Chaudhary Birender Singh resigns from Rajya Sabha|date=17 November 2019|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Former MP
! colspan="2" | Party
! Date of Vacancy
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" | Party
! Term start
! Term end
|-
|1
|[[Birender Singh (politician, born 1946)|Birender Singh]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|20-Jan-2020
|[[Dushyant Kumar Gautam]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|16-Mar-2020
|01-Aug-2022
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]====

*On 8 October 2020, Union Minister Ram Vilas Paswan died.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/live-updates-ram-vilas-paswan-union-minister-and-ljp-founder-passes-away/liveblog/78523466.cms |title=Ram Vilas Paswan death news: M Modi pays last respects to Ram Vilas Paswan at the latter's residence |date=9 October 2020 |author= |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Former MP
! colspan="2"| Party
! Date of Vacancy
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term start
! Term end
|-
| 1
|[[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
| rowspan="1" width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
| 08-Oct-2020
|[[Sushil Kumar Modi]]
| rowspan="1" width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 07-Dec-2020
| 02-Apr-2024
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] ====

* On 27 March 2020 Beni Prasad Verma died.
* On 1 August 2020 Amar Singh died.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Former MP
! colspan="2" | Party
! Date of Vacancy
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! Term start
! Term end
|-
|1
|[[Beni Prasad Verma]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|27-Mar-2020
|[[Jai Prakash Nishad (Gorakhpur)|Jai Prakash Nishad]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|17-Aug-2020
|04-Jul-2022
|-
|2
|[[Amar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Amar Singh]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
| 01-Aug-2020
| [[Syed Zafar Islam]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|11-Sep-2020
|04-Jul-2022
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Kerala|Kerala]] ====

* On 28 May 2020 Veerendra Kumar died.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Former MP
! colspan="2" | Party
! Date of Vacancy
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! Term start
! Term end
|-
!1
|[[M. P. Veerendra Kumar]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
| 28-May-2020
|[[M. V. Shreyams Kumar]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Loktantrik Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Loktantrik Janata Dal|LJD]]
|24-Aug-2020
| 02-Apr-2022
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka|Karnataka]] ====

* On 17 September 2020 Ashok Gasti died.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Former MP
! colspan="2" | Party
! Date of Vacancy
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! Term start
! Term end
|-
!1
|[[Ashok Gasti]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 17-Sep-2020
| [[K. Narayan]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 24-Nov-2020
| 25-Jun-2026
|}

==Nominations==
Note:
* Listed According Date Of Retirement

=== [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Nominated]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Nominated MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term start
! Reference
|-
! 1
| [[K. T. S. Tulsi]]
| bgcolor="000000"|
|[[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated]]
|25-Feb-2020
|[[Ranjan Gogoi]]
|bgcolor="000000"|
|[[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated]]
|16-Mar-2020
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ex-cji-ranjan-gogoi-nominated-to-rajya-sabha-1656171-2020-03-16|title=Ex-CJI Ranjan Gogoi nominated to Rajya Sabha|author=India Today Web Desk New|website=India Today}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{noteslist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajya Sabha}}

[[Category:Rajya Sabha elections in India|2020]]
[[Category:2020 elections in India|Rajya]]

Rajavari Chepala Cheruvu

2026-04-05T11:16:29Z

Serzude: started basic stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian political drama film }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rajavari Chepala Cheruvu
| image = Rajavari Chepala Cheruvu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
| writer = Posani Krishna Murali
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Subrahmanyam B Rupesh Y
| starring = Posani Krishna Murali Gaina
| narrator =
| cinematography = Gadiraju Srinivas
| editing =
| music = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| studio = Lakshmi Ganapati Films
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|5|15|ref1=}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Rajavari Chepala Cheruvu''''' ({{translation|The king's fish pond}}) is a 2009 Indian [[political drama]] film directed by [[Posani Krishna Murali]] and starring himself and newcomer Gaina.

==Plot ==
The film follows MLA Raja as he investigates an acid attack case involving the MLA's brother.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Inspector Raja
*Gaina/Naina as Raja's wife
*[[Giri Babu]] as Sivaprasad
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Kota Srinivasa Rao
*Shakeel Khan as MLA
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
*[[Raghu Babu]]
*[[Brahmaji]]
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as News TV Ghajinikanth
*[[Krishna Bhagavaan]]
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]]
*[[Shanoor Sana|Sana]]
*Jockey
*ETV Prabhakar
*[[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]]
*Jubaid Khan
*[[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao]]
}}

==Production==
The film was rumoured to be produced by the Indian Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2009 |title=Rajavari Chepala Cheruvu' not against any party' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/mar/13/rajavari-chepala-cheruvu-not-against-any-party-32706.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111020253/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/mar/13/rajavari-chepala-cheruvu-not-against-any-party-32706.html |archive-date=11 November 2022 |access-date=11 November 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film has a scene similar to the nude scene in ''[[Pratighatana]]'' (1985).<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2009 |title=Nude scene in Posani's film |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news289.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111035324/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news289.html |archive-date=11 November 2022 |access-date=11 November 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "After going overboard in ''Mental Krishna'', Posani comes up with a restrained performance this time".<ref name="T">{{Cite web |title=Rajavari Chepala Cheruvu Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/rajavari-chepala-cheruvu/movie-review/4539876.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111011615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/rajavari-chepala-cheruvu/movie-review/4539876.cms |archive-date=2022-11-11 |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' stated that "There are bad films and worse films, but few strive so hard to be truly offensive. If you're ever caught in this one, all we'll say is, flush it and forget it".<ref name="h">{{Cite web |last=Garimella |first=Deepa |title=Rajavari Chepala Cheruvu Review |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/rajavari-chepala-cheruvu/telugu/rajavari-chepala-cheruvu-movie-reviews-2941-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111010259/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/rajavari-chepala-cheruvu/telugu/rajavari-chepala-cheruvu-movie-reviews-2941-2.html |archive-date=2022-11-11 |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=Full Hyderabad}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1580014}}

{{Posani Krishna Murali}}

[[Category:2000s political drama films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Posani Krishna Murali]]
[[Category:2009 Telugu-language films]]

Niani Natung

2026-04-04T21:32:32Z

Serzude: started a page initial version - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Niani Natung
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of the [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pakke-Kessang]]
| term_start = 2001
| term_end = 2004
| office1 = Minister of State for Social welfare, Women and Child development
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end1 = 2004
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1968|05|15}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|08|31|1968|05|15}}
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = [[Dera Natung]]
}}
'''Niani Natung''' (15 May 1968<ref>{{cite news |title=First in North-East India |url=https://www.oknortheast.com/2011/05/first-in-north-east-india.html |publisher=OK! North East | accessdate=27 July 2024}}</ref> – 31 August 2013) was an Indian politician from the [[Indian National Congress]]. She served as an MLA and Cabinet Minister, handling the portfolio of Social welfare, Women and Child Development. She was the wife of [[Dera Natung]].<ref name=Arunachal/>

== Political career ==
After her husband, [[Dera Natung]]'s death in a helicopter crash in May 2001, she was elected as an MLA, winning the by-election of the [[Pakke-Kessang Assembly constituency]] in [[East Kameng district]], which was conducted on 20 September 2001. She was appointed Minister of State for Social welfare, Women and Child development. She was the first lady minister from the [[Nyishi people|Nyishi community]]. Niani served as Chairperson of the Arunachal Pradesh State Social Welfare Board. She also held the position of vice president of [[Arunachal Pradesh Mahila Congress Committee]].<ref name=Arunachal>{{cite news |title=Former minister Niani Natung passes away |url=https://www.arunachaltimes.in/archives/sep13%2001.html |newspaper=The Arunachal Times |date=31 August 2013}}</ref>

== Death ==
On 31 August 2013, she died after a brief illness. Two sons and two daughters survive her.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Arunachal minister dead |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/former-arunachal-minister-dead-113090100302_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=1 September 2013}}</ref> Her last rites were performed with full state honour.<ref>{{cite news |title=Last rites of the mortal remains of former minister held at Seppa |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/38373719/issue-34-arunachaliprgovin |publisher=The Arun Information |date=6 September 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Natung, Niani}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from East Kameng district]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Urdu in Aurangabad

2026-04-02T05:03:41Z

Serzude: Put Up First Article W/ Sources

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=March 2012}}
{{Lead rewrite|date=June 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}

[[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] is one of the historical cities of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], India. It is well known for its literary and cultural traditions. As this city was the stronghold of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s, a number of civil and military officers, men of letters, citizens, etc., from Delhi came here with the result that [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] was so much influenced by the North Indian culture that it was considered to be the [[Delhi]] of the Deccan. Thus, till 1763, [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] was the seat of Government and the capital of the Deccan. Afterwards when [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] was made the capital, poets, literary men and learned people gradually left Aurangabad and this city lost its literary prominence. Still the city continued to produce men of literary genius well into the 20th century. Though, Aurangabad had gained its importance since the time of [[Malik Ambar]], up to 1700 AD the literary achievements of that city in regard to the [[Urdu]] language are not traceable.<ref name="Urdu in Maharashtra">[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Language%20and%20literature/chapter_6.pdf Urdu in Maharashtra]</ref> The Urdu spoken in Aurangabad is [[Hyderabadi Urdu]], which in itself is a form of [[Dakhini|Dakhini Urdu]].

==Early history==
'''Early period''' 
In the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] the pre-Urdu language was known as Deccani or [[Dakhani]]. This pre-Urdu was taken to different parts of the country by soldiers, saints and Sufis and common people. It was introduced to the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] by the armies and camp followers of [[Alauddin Khalji|Ala'-ad-din Khalji]] (1296–1315). Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] (1296–1316) was the first Muslim ruler who sent a large military expedition to the Deccan in the beginning of the 14th century. Later, [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad bin-Tughluq]] (1325–1351) moved the capital to [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]]. He ordered the people of [[Delhi]] to move to that town in 1327, but later in 1340 had to abandon his plan and returned to [[Delhi]].

In the Deccan this pre-Urdu developed into one of the first Urdu literary dialects. There it was influenced by regional dialects of the South and came to be known as Deccani ([[Dakhani]]) and adopted the [[Persian language|Persian script]]. It also replaced Persian in offices in Deccan while Persian in North India was still a language of Court and maintained its place as the language of higher education in Muslim India even under British colonial rule down to 1832. 
Philologically speaking there always remained a good deal of difference in the Deccan and northern India's Urdu. Deccani ([[Dakhani]]) Urdu borrowed greatly from [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and other local languages and the [[Dakhani|Dakhani Urdu]] dialects merged into a single literary language in the 16th century.

It was in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] that [[Urdu]] had its first literary efflorescence
In the courts of [[Golconda]] and [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]] after the fall of the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani Kingdom]] in the 16th century. At Golconda one of the rulers, Sultan [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]] (1580–1611) was himself a poet. He had an ear for music and was sensitive to the rhythm. So he borrowed enormous amount of vocabulary from [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and other local languages for his [[Urdu]] verse. One of his earliest collections of verse in [[Urdu]] is Kulliyyat.

In the autonomous kingdoms like [[Golconda]] and [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]], this [[Dakhani|Dakhani Urdu]] came to be cultivated as a literary language in isolation from the [[Urdu]] spoken in northern India and developed a rich literature. In the late 17th century, the Urdu in the North came to have direct contact with Dakhani after
the completion of the Mughal conquest in the Deccan ([[Golconda]] and [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]]), under [[Aurangzeb]]. The intellectual elite of [[Golconda]] and [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]] migrated to [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], the secondary capital during the second half of his reign. [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] became the meeting-place, and the habitat, for the merger of north Indian and [[Dakhani|Dakhani Urdu]], towards the end of the 17th century. 
In this way [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Augangabad]], became the center of Urdu poetry and Literature in late 17th and early 18th century.

'''Middle stage''' of Urdu development started from AD 1700 when
'''[[Wali Mohammed Wali|Wali Aurangabadi’s]]''', (1668–1744) who is called the 'Father of [[Rekhta]] (Urdu)' was from Aurangabad, the principal center of Urdu poetry in the late 17th and early 18th century visited [[Delhi]]. He was also called the father of modern Urdu poetry. His visit and
the arrival of his diwan gave a deep impact on the literary atmosphere and mark the beginning of the literary revolution in the North. He again visited Delhi in 1722. But after that, he adopted the language of the North, the Urdu-e-Mu'alla and he became a link between the old [[Dakhni]] and the new, rising, northern school of Urdu poetry, based in Delhi. Apart from the
historical role he played, he is a consummate artist in verse and a master of the [[ghazal]] style, which was soon imitated by the poets of [[Delhi]].
<ref name="Development of Urdu Language">[http://maincc.hufs.ac.kr/~isas/pdf/data_04/2_10.pdf The Origin and Development of Urdu Language]</ref>

===Contribution of the Sufis===
The contribution of the Sufis to this language is great. They were concerned with common people and found [[Hindustani language|Urdu]] the most suitable medium to convey their message to the people. It is the policy of [[Sufism|Sufis]] to use the [[Hindustani language|Urdu]] language for preaching their message of love of God and man and the equality of human beings before God. The first great leader of Chishtiya order, [[Moinuddin Chishti|Khwaja Moinuddin Hasan Ajmeri]] (1143–1237) reached the subcontinent around 1200. [[Nizamuddin Auliya|Nizamuddin Aulia]] of [[Delhi]], the fourth saint of the [[Chishti Order|Chishtiya]] order helped in popularizing this language. [[Sayyid Burhan-ud-din|Shaikh Burhanuddin Gharib]], a disciple of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya had the credit of introducing the Hindavi language in the Deccan. Others after him like [[Zar Zari Zar Baksh]] and [[Khwaja Zainuddin Shirazi]] also contributed to the development of the language.<ref name="Development of Urdu Language"/>

==Eighteenth century==
Under the influence of [[Wali Mohammed Wali|Wali Aurangabadi’s]] progressive trends in the Ghazal form; some of the poets of Aurangabad also attempted it. Some of the contemporaries of Wali, viz., Mirza Dawood, Muhammad Mah Mehram and others belonged to Aurangabad. Dawood was one of them who pushed forward the literary movement. He belonged to this period. He died in 1195 AH. Mehram was the son of Nawab Shujaat Khan, the Subedar of [[Berar Subah|Berar]]. He died in 1166 AH.

Balaji Trimbak Naik Zarra was also a good poet of the later half of this period. He composed poetry in Ghazal form and Marsiya as well. He was the pupil of Mirza Jan Rasa. His Dizoan is preserved in the [[Andhra Pradesh State Central Library|Asifiya Library]]. In one of his Ghazals, he has mentioned some of the poets of Aurangabad such as Zia, Jaffer, Yakdam, Syed, Raza and others.

During this period several poets from [[Burhanpur]] also settled at Aurangabad. One of them viz., Asi deserves a mention. Asi was in the service of [[Asaf Jah]] I. He died in 1172 AH. Besides Ghazals, he has left behind him two {{Transliteration|ur|mathnavis}}, Khulasatul Maarif and Anwa-ul-Ulus.

In the second half of the 18th century, the Deccan produced Siraj, a poet of extraordinary calibre. 
[[Siraj Aurangabadi]] was born at Aurangabad in 1127 AH. Right from his young age, he was inclined towards Sufism. He was held in high esteem in the circle of [[Sufi]]s. Up to 1147 AH he composed poems in Persian but afterwards he was inclined towards Urdu poetry. He died in 1177 AH. He has left behind him a mathnavi Bostan-i-Khyal and a collection of Ghazals. Bostan-i-Khyal is the last longest mathnavi of the Deccan. It portrays the true picture of his emotional love, the feeling that dominates the heart. It deals with Sufism. He had also compiled a small collection of Persian poetry by the name of Diwanha. A number of poets have benefited by his craftsmanship and talent. Some of them viz., Khwaja Inayatulla Futuwat (1223 AH), Khwaja Abulbarkat Ishrat (1187 AH), Syed Ashraf Ali Faza (1195 AH), Mirza Mughal Kamtar (1183 AH), Lala Jaikishan Bejan, Muhamed Raza Beg Raza and Mirza Muhammedjani are worth mentioning.

Up to the end of the 19th century Aurangabad produced some other poets of excellent repute. 
Arifuddin Ajiz (1178) is a well-known poet of this period. He held the post of a Bakshi in the regime of Asaf jah. Besides Ghazals, he has left behind him a mathnavi named Lal-O-Hohar also. A poet named '''Shahid''' (1178 AH) who hailed from Ahmedabad had settled at Aurangabad, and led the life of a Sufi. Mehar of this age has also been praised by Shafiq in his [[Tazkira (disambiguation)|Tazkira]]. Mir Miran Raz (1180 AH) was a mansabdar. He composed poetry in Urdu and Persian.

Dargahquli Khan Dargah (1180 AH) could be regarded as one of the best poets of this period. He belonged to the well-known family of [[Salar Jung family|Salarjang]]. Dargah was not only a good soldier, but in the field of literature also he has shown his craftsmanship. He was a poet of a high caliber. He composed poetry in [[Urdu]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]]. Besides Ghazals, he has shown his poetic talent in Marsiya form also.

Fazli was one of the [[Sufi]] poets of Aurangabad. Besides Ghazals, he left behind him two {{Transliteration|ur|mathnavis}}, Birah Bhaluka and Prem Luha. In prose also, he is the author of one work on Sufism, Zad-i-Azad.

Wahid and Sami were also top ranking and senior poets of this period. The ancestors of Sami had come to the Deccan with Alamgir and settled there. A good number of young poets were trained by him. Lalchand Ramjin and Abdul Hadi were some of his good students. Sami left behind him two {{Transliteration|ur|mathnavis}}, Sarvo-Shashad and Talib-o- Mohan.

Sarim was one of the mansabdars of Aurangabad. He was the son of [[Shams ud Daula Shah Nawaz Khan|Samsam-ud-Daula Shahnawaz Khan]], the author of [[Ma'asir al-umara|Massir-ul-Umra]]. For some time he was appointed Diwan of Berar. Besides he also acted as the [[nāẓir|Nazir]] of Aurangabad and Risaladar of Daulatabad. Poets Mubtila and Nudrat also belonged to the generation of good poets of Aurangabad. Both of them were mansabdars in the Asif jahi regime.

Zaka, son of [[Azad Bilgrami]], a well-known learned man was also a top ranking poet of Aurangabad. He was also a mansabdar. He composed poetry in Urdu and Persian as well.

Tamanna was a court poet in the time of Samsamul Mulk and Arastujah. Tamanna has compiled one Tazkira, Gul-i-Ajaib in 1194 A. H. The poet Qazi Muhammed Karan Bakhsh of [[Parbhani]] district was trained by Zaka. Arman, Sharar, Ashufta and Shauq among others were the students of Tamanna. Tamanna died in 1204 AH.

Mir Mhd. Sharif Maftun was also one of the Ustad poets of this period. Besides the poets mentioned above, Uruj, Anwar and Meherban also belonged to Aurangabad.

So far as Urdu prose is concerned, after 1150 A. H. several books on history, and of [[Tazkira (disambiguation)|Tazkira]]s could be traced which have been written by the writers of [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]. Tazkira Gulshan-i-Guftar tops the list. The author of this Tazkira is Khwaja Khan Hamid and the date of its compilation is 1165 A. H. In the same year a Tazkira Nikat-ush-Shaura was compiled by Mir Taqi Mir in which he mentioned Wali as Aurangabadi while Khwaja Khan who belonged to Aurangabad had mentioned Wali as Gujarati. Shams Waliulla who hailed from Aurangabad and his works are preserved in India Library. The second Tazkira of Aurangabad has been compiled by Khwaja Inayatulla. The name of the Tazkira is Riyaz-i-Hasni and the date of compilation is 1168 A. H.

After 1184 A. H. there appeared slackness in the literary activities of Aurangabad. The Nawabs, Mansabdars and the other high-ranking officers who were men of letters themselves and great patrons and lovers of art and literature, gradually left for Hyderabad as it was given the status of the capital of the [[Nizam]]'s State. The poets and other literary personalities also left Aurangabad because of want of patronage.<ref name="Urdu in Maharashtra"/>

==Nineteenth century==
Eventually, in a short time Aurangabad lost its literary impartance. Yet, in spite of the apparent slackness, up to 1859, Aurangabad could boast of some poets of extraordinary genius. 
Lala Lachmi-narian Shafiq of this period holds a high position. Shafiq was born in 1157 A. H. His father Mansaram and he held high posts in the [[Asaf Jah]]i regime. Shafiq had the rare distinction to be trained by [[Azad Bilgrami|Ghulam Ali Azad Bilgrami]]. After 1184 A. H. he had shifted to Hyderabad but he always preferred [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]. He composed poetry in Urdu and Persian as well. He left behind him several [[Tazkira (disambiguation)|Tazkira]]s of poets of which Chamanistam-i-shaura of Urdu poet’s demands special mention. His mathnavi Taswir-i-janan also is well known. Some of his other works, viz., Maasir-i-Asifi, Maasir-i-Hyderi, Bisat-ul-Ghatnaim, Mirat-ul-Hind, Nakhlistan, Tazkira-i-Guru Nanak, etc., are in prose. Shafiq's brother Lala Roop Narain Zahin also was one of the good poets of this period. He was also a mansabdar. He died in 1223 AH.

Mir Bahauddin Uruj (1230 A. H.), Mir Hasan Ali Ima (1230 AH) and Mir Abudulqadir Meherban were also well-known poets. Meherban was well versed in Persian and Arabic languages. He knew the Turkish language too. He was a student of [[Azad Bilgrami]]. It is said that he is the author of several books but none of his books are now available. Shafiq has praised his poetic talents.

Besides the poets mentioned above Murtaza Mehdi (1178 A. H.), Kanahyya Mal Haquir (1177 A. H.), Mirza Ata Zia (1182 A. H.), Syed Fakhruddin Fakhr (1190 A. H.), Shaikh Ahmed Muziar (1194 AH), Saronji Rai Lala (1200 A. H.), Mirza Muhammadi Baig Mirza (1201 A. H.), Shaikh Nuruddin Nadir (1201 A. H.), Mohan Lal Mehtab (1202 A. H.), and many others also originally belonged to [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] but later migrated to Hyderabad.

In the last decades of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, a very important and authentic Tazkira, the Chamanistan-i-Shaura, was compiled by Lala Lachminarain Shafiq. Poet Tamanna is also an author of one Tazkira named Gul-i-Ajaib. It was compiled in 1194 A. H. Uruj has also left behind him one Tazkira, the Khizan-o-Bahar.<ref name="Urdu in Maharashtra"/>

==Modern period==
In the 20th century Aurangabad produced [[Sikandar Ali Wajd]] a poet and Shaikh Chand (1906–36) produced great literary works. [[Waheed Akhtar]] (1934 — 1996) an Urdu poet, writer, critic, distinguished orator, scholar and philosopher was also from Aurangabad. His early education took place at Chelipura High School, a government school in Aurangabad. Renowned Urdu satire and humour writer Yusuf Nazim also belonged to [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] as he was born in 1918 (died 2009) at [[Jalna (city)|Jalna]] in Aurangabad district. He did his early education in Jalna and Intermediate from Osmania College Aurangabad, he graduated from [[Osmania University]] Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/urdu_wrld/u_auth/index_all.htm |title=List of Urdu Authors |access-date=18 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301184839/http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/urdu_wrld/u_auth/index_all.htm |archive-date=1 March 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ummid.com/news/July/23.07.2009/yusuf_nazim_dies_in_mumbai.htm|title=Renowned satire and humour writer Yusuf Nazim dies at 91 | ummid.com|website=www.ummid.com}}</ref> 
At [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] a society called Anjuman Tarraqqi i Urdu for the advancement of Urdu was founded by [[Maulvi Abdul Haq]]q who was the Head of Urdu section of [[Osmania University]] and was once the chief of Translation Bureau. The Anjuman used to issue a quarterly journal titled ‘Urdu’ which rendered valuable service and published noteworthy literary works in [[Urdu]]. (Published Standard English – Urdu dictionary, Aurangabad 1937). Later [[Maulvi Abdul Haq]]q moved the offices of Anjuman Taraqqi-i-Urdu from [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] (Deccan) to [[Delhi]] in 1938.

During the erstwhile [[Hyderabad State]] the Court language was [[Urdu]]. [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] was a "Suba" (province) and as headquarters of the province all the Record and Proceedings as well as Administratives files were maintained in Urdu language. On going through the oldest record, it appears that the same is consigned to record in 1296 Fasli (comparatively 1888 AD. approximately). The Head Judge of the region (province) was called as "Nazim-e-Adalat Suba" whereas the other District Judges such as Parbhani, Beed and Osmanabad were known as "Nazim-e-Adalat Zilla". The records and proceedings arising out of [[Parbhani]], [[Beed]] and [[Osmanabad]] are consigned to Central Record room of [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] being a "Suba". The Court language was Urdu even after abolition of erstwhile Hyderabad State and this continued till 1956.<ref>[http://court.mah.nic.in/courtweb/static_pages/ courts/aurangabad.htm District and Sessions Court, Aurangabad]</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Wali Mohammed Wali|Wali Aurangabadi]]
*[[Siraj Aurangabadi]]
*[[Azad Bilgrami]]
*[[Sikandar Ali Wajd]]
*[[Waheed Akhtar]]
*[[Khwaja Habib Ali Shah]]
*[[Shams ud Daula Shah Nawaz Khan|Shah Nawaz Khan]]
*[[List of Urdu language poets]]
*[[Urdu poetry]]
*[[Urdu]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External reading==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120301184839/http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/urdu_wrld/u_auth/index_all.htm List of Urdu Authors]
*[http://www.yabaluri.org/TRIVENI/CDWEB/HinduWritersofUrduLiterature.htm Hindu Writers of Urdu Literature]
* Encyclopaedic survey of Islamic culture - Mohamed Taher

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120301184839/http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/urdu_wrld/u_auth/index_all.htm List of Urdu Authors]
*[http://www.languageinindia.com/may2003/maharashtraurdu.html Language in India]

{{Urdu topics}}
{{Aurangabad district, Maharashtra topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urdu In Aurangabad}}
[[Category:Culture of Aurangabad]]
[[Category:Urdu in India]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poetry]]
[[Category:Urdu-language literature]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]

Jasdeep Singh Gill (patron)

2026-04-01T15:05:34Z

Serzude: started first bio v1

{{Short description|Indian spiritual leader}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jasdeep Singh
| image = JSG HAZUR WC-release-(2400x3000-pixels).jpg
| caption = Jasdeep Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|03|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India]]
| education = [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]] (B.Tech, M.Tech) [[University of Cambridge]] (PhD) [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (M.S.)
| known_for = Patron of [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas]]
| title = Patron and Sant Satguru Designate
| other_names = Hazur
| predecessor = [[Gurinder Singh]]
}}

'''Jasdeep Singh Gill''' (born 15 March 1979), also known as '''Hazur''', is an Indian spiritual leader and a former pharmaceutical executive. On 2 September 2024, he was appointed as the successor to [[Gurinder Singh]] and serves as the Patron and Sant Satguru Designate of [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas]] (RSSB), a spiritual organisation based in Punjab, India.<ref name="IndianExpress2024">{{cite news |date=2 September 2024 |title=Jasdeep Singh Gill to be successor of Radha Soami Satsang Beas head Gurinder Singh Dhillon |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/radha-soami-satsang-beas-jasdeep-singh-gill-successor-9546461/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref> Prior to this, Gill had a career in the management consulting and pharmaceutical industries, most recently serving as Chief Strategy Officer at [[Cipla]].<ref name="EconTimes2024">{{cite news |date=2 September 2024 |title=Who is Jasdeep Singh Gill? Radha Soami Satsang Beas' new head and former cipla-cso |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/who-is-jasdeep-singh-gill-radha-soami-satsang-beas-new-head-and-former-cipla-cso/articleshow/112991060.cms |work=The Economic Times |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>

{{anchor|Early life and family}}
==Early life and family==
Jasdeep Singh Gill was born on 15 March 1979 in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India]].<ref name="TheWeek2024">{{cite news |date=2 September 2024 |title=IIT Delhi, Cambridge alumnus Jasdeep Singh Gill to head Radha Soami sect |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/09/02/des36-pb-sect.html |work=The Week |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref> His grandfather was Sardar Tara Singh, who was amongst the few prominent figures in putting together the SGPC Act of 1925.<ref name="Sikhiwiki">{{cite news |date=14 September 2024 |title=Sardar Tara Singh |url=https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Sardar_Tara_Singh|work=Sikhiwiki |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref>

His family has been associated with Radha Soami Satsang Beas for several decades.<ref name="IndianExpress2024"/><ref name="TheWeek2024"/> Gill is a distant relative of his predecessor, [[Gurinder Singh]].<ref name="TOI2024">{{cite news |date=3 September 2024 |title=Doctorate from Cambridge, Jasdeep Singh Gill new head of Radha Soami Satsang Beas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/doctorate-from-cambridge-jasdeep-singh-gill-new-head-of-radha-soami-satsang-beas/articleshow/113010860.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="Tribune2024">{{cite news |date=2 September 2024 |title=Jasdeep Singh Gill named new head of Radha Soami Satsang Beas |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/jasdeep-singh-gill-named-new-head-of-radha-soami-satsang-beas/ |work=The Tribune |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref> He is married to a doctor, and the couple resided in Mumbai before his appointment.<ref name="TheWeek2024"/>

{{anchor|Education}}

==Education==
Gill’s early education was in a boarding school ([[Army Public School, Dagshai]]) driven by values of Army life. Gill completed an integrated B.Tech and M.Tech in Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]] between 1996 and 2001. In 2000, he achieved the All India Rank-1 in the [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering]] (GATE).<ref name="EconTimes2024"/><ref name="RSSBbio">{{cite web |url=https://rssb.org/JSG.html |title=Sant Satguru Jasdeep Singh Gill |work=Radha Soami Satsang Beas |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>

He then pursued a PhD in Chemical Engineering from the [[University of Cambridge]], which he completed in 2006. <ref name="CambridgeBio">{{cite web |url=https://como.ceb.cam.ac.uk/people/js400/ |title=Jasdeep Singh |work=como.ceb.cam.ac.uk |publisher=University of Cambridge |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref> While at Cambridge, he was a member of [[Churchill College, Cambridge|Churchill College]] and was selected for the university's Top 100 talent list in 2004.<ref name="CambridgeBio"/> Under the aegis of the [[Cambridge-MIT Institute]] he spent a semester at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] as part of the exchange program.<ref name="RoyalPatiala">{{cite news |date=2 September 2024 |title=KYC of Jasdeep Singh Gill new Dera Radha Soami Satsang Beas head |url=https://royalpatiala.in/kyc-of-jasdeep-singh-gill-new-dera-radha-soami-satsang-beas-head/ |work=Royal Patiala |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>

{{anchor|Career}}
==Career==
While completing his PhD, Gill was the president and chairman of Cambridge University Entrepreneurs, a student led society, from 2004 to 2006.<ref name="CambridgeBio"/>

After his doctorate, he worked as a consultant for the [[Monitor Group]] from 2010 to 2013, where he advised clients on strategy management.<ref name="RSSBbio"/><ref name="RozanaSpokesman">{{cite web |url=https://www.rozanaspokesman.com/news/punjab/020924/who-is-jasdeep-singh-gill-the-new-head-of-radha-soami-dera-beas-know.html |title=Who is Jasdeep Singh Gill, the new head of Radha Soami Dera Beas? Know |work=Rozana Spokesman |date=2 September 2024 |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref>

From 2013 to 2019, Gill worked at [[IQVIA]] as a Senior Principal. He was later the Consulting Head for South Asia, managing the company's consulting and services business for the region, with a focus on R&D, strategy, market access, and organizational restructuring.<ref name="JagranJosh2024">{{cite web |date=3 September 2024 |title=Who is Jasdeep Singh Gill? New Head of Radha Soami Dera Beas |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/who-is-jasdeep-singh-gill-new-head-of-radha-soami-dera-beas-1725357835-1 |work=Jagran Josh |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="RozanaSpokesman"/>

In 2019, he was appointed Chief Strategy Officer at the Indian pharmaceutical company [[Cipla]]. He resigned from this position on 15 May 2024.<ref name="EconTimes2024"/><ref name="RoyalPatiala"/>

{{anchor|Radha Soami Satsang Beas}}
==Radha Soami Satsang Beas==
Gill's family has been involved with [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas]] (RSSB) for many years.<ref name="TheWeek2024"/><ref name="IndianExpress2024"/>

On 2 September 2024, [[Gurinder Singh]] announced Gill as his successor.<ref name="TOI2024"/><ref name="IndianExpress2024"/> An official statement confirmed he would assume the role of Patron and Sant Satguru, with the authority to provide spiritual initiation (''naam'').<ref name="IndianExpress2024"/> The appointment made Gill the sixth spiritual head of the organisation since its founding in 1891.<ref name="TOI2024"/> All RSSB Masters were chosen by their predecessors during their lifetime. However, this appointment is unique as it was made while the present Master remains active. As part of succession planning, it establishes a streamlined strategy for the future leadership of the organisation.<ref name="ThePrint2024">{{cite news |date=14 September 2024 |title=Who is Jasdeep Singh Gill, new spiritual head of Punjab's powerful Dera Beas |url=https://theprint.in/india/who-is-jasdeep-singh-gill-new-spiritual-head-of-punjabs-powerful-dera-beas/2249440/ |work=ThePrint |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref>

==External links==
* [https://rssb.org/teachers.html Radha Soami Satsang Beas Official Website]

==See also==
* [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas]]

* [[Gurinder Singh]]

* [[Sant Mat]]

* [[Surat Shabd Yoga]]
* [[Contemporary Sant Mat movements]]
* [[Gurus of Shabdism]]

{{anchor|References}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Sant Mat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Jasdeep}}
[[Category:Radha Soami]]
[[Category:Surat Shabd Yoga]]
[[Category:Sant Mat gurus]]
[[Category:Sant Mat]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]

Kuldeep Kumar

2026-03-30T00:39:38Z

Serzude: quick update

{{Short description|Indian politician and Member of Delhi Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kuldeep Kumar
| image = Kuldeep_Kumar.jpg
| nickname = Monu
| office = Member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kondli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kondli]]
| term_start = 11 February 2020
| term_end = Incumbent
| predecessor = Manoj Kumar
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|04|01}}
| birth_place = Mandawali, [[Delhi]], India
| parents = Sri Prakash (Father)
| spouse = Yes
| occupation = [[Politician]], Social Worker
| education = B.A. (Hons.) 2nd Year (Shyam Lal College, DU)
}}

'''Kuldeep Kumar''' (born 1989), popularly known as '''Monu''', is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Kondli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kondli]] constituency since 2020. A prominent Dalit face of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP), he has served as the youngest councillor in the Delhi Municipal Corporation and was the party's candidate for the [[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]] in the 2024 general elections.<ref name="hindu_bio">{{cite news |title=AAP's Dalit face Kuldeep Kumar banks on development |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/delhi-assembly/aaps-dalit-face-kuldeep-kumar-banks-on-development-ambedkars-legacy-to-retain-kondli-seat/article69119694.ece |website=The Hindu |date=23 January 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Kuldeep Kumar was born and raised in a 200-sq-ft house in Mandawali, East Delhi. His father, Sri Prakash, worked as a sanitation worker (safai karmachari) and a rickshaw puller. Coming from a humble background, Kumar began his social work at the age of 18 and founded the "Ambedkar Andolan" to promote education among Dalit youth. He studied at Shyam Lal College, Delhi University.<ref name="myneta25">{{cite web |title=Candidate Affidavit: Kuldeep Kumar 2025 |url=https://www.myneta.info/Delhi2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=275 |website=MyNeta}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Kumar started his political journey as a volunteer during the Anna Hazare-led [[India Against Corruption]] movement in 2011.

* '''MCD Councillor:''' In 2017, at the age of 27, he became the youngest councillor in Delhi after winning from the Kalyanpuri ward. He also served as the Leader of Opposition in the East Delhi Municipal Corporation (EDMC).
* '''Legislative Assembly:''' He was first elected to the Delhi Assembly in 2020 from the Kondli seat. In the '''2025 Delhi Assembly Elections''', he successfully retained his seat, winning by a margin of over 6,000 votes.<ref name="results25">{{cite news |title=AAP's Kuldeep Kumar Wins Kondli Seat 2025 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/delhi-assembly-election-results-2025/kondli |website=NDTV |date=8 February 2025}}</ref>
* '''Lok Sabha Contest (2024):''' He was nominated by the AAP-INC alliance for the East Delhi seat in the [[2024 Indian general election]]. Although he secured over 5.8 lakh votes, he lost to BJP's Harsh Malhotra.<ref name="ls24">{{cite web |title=East Delhi Election Results 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Year !! Election !! Constituency !! Party !! Result !! Margin
|-
| 2017 || MCD || Kalyanpuri || AAP || {{won}} || —
|-
| 2020 || Delhi Assembly || Kondli || AAP || {{won}} || 17,907
|-
| 2024 || Lok Sabha || East Delhi || AAP || {{lost}} || 93,663
|-
| 2025 || Delhi Assembly || Kondli || AAP || {{won}} || 6,000+
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Kuldeep}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:1989 births]]

Punjabi Hindus

2026-03-27T12:53:40Z

Serzude:

{{Short description|Ethnoreligious group}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Punjabi Hindus
| native_name = ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਹਿੰਦੂ {{·}} {{Uninastaliq|پنجابی ہندو}} ''Panjābī Hindū''
| native_name_lang = pa
| image = Durgiana Temple, Amritsar.jpg
| image_caption = [[Durgiana Temple]], [[Amritsar]]
| population = {{circa|17,630,000–19,990,000 approx.}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113211224/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html | archive-date=13 November 2019 | title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/behind-the-decline/article7654960.ece | title=Behind the decline | date=16 September 2015 }}</ref>
| region1 = '''[[Punjab, India]]'''
| pop1 = 10,678,140 ([[2011 Census of India|2011 census]])<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230423/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>
| region2 = '''[[Hinduism in Delhi|Delhi]]'''
| pop2 = 4,029,110 – 5,875,780 (2011 est.)<ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|access-date=28 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref>{{efn|name=Delhi2015}}{{efn|name=Delhi1991}}{{efn|name=DelhiPopulation|Punjabi Hindus represent between 24 and 35 per cent of Delhi's population, determined from 1991 and 2015 estimates.<ref name="Sanjay2008"/><ref name="Singh2015"/> Based on the 2011 official census counts out of a total population of 16,787,941, this amounts to between 4,029,106 and 5,875,779 persons.<ref name="delhi2011"/>}}
| region3 = '''[[Haryana]]'''
| pop3 = 2,028,120 – 2,535,150 (2011 est.){{efn|name=Haryana2014|“Punjabis constitute about eight per cent of the state’s population, they are a can’t-be-ignored political constituency."<ref name="Kumar2014">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Virender |title=The 'vulnerable Punjabi' in an unthinkable post in Haryana |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/the-vulnerable-punjabi-in-an-unthinkable-post-in-haryana/ |accessdate=9 September 2021 |work=Indian Express |date=28 October 2014}}</ref>}}{{efn|name=Haryana2019|“Political experts attribute the rise of the BJP in the region to sustained consolidation among certain communities, especially the Punjabis who account for 8% of the state’s estimated population of around 28 million.”<ref name="Naqshbandi2019">{{cite news |last1=Naqshbandi |first1=Aurangzeb |title=Manohar Lal Khattar gives BJP an edge in Haryana's Punjabi belt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/khattar-gives-bjp-an-edge-in-haryana-s-punjabi-belt/story-ZcKpjfaRGekxCgHDOHzctK.html |accessdate=9 September 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 October 2019}}</ref>}}{{efn|name=Haryana2024|“From the announcement of candidates to the election campaign, the Congress primarily focused on the 22-25 percent Jat and 20-22 percent Scheduled Caste voters. In contrast, the BJP, in line with its non-Jat strategy, focused on the 30-32 percent OBCs, 9-10 percent Punjabis and 8-9 percent Brahmins.”<ref name="Manav2024">{{cite news |last1=Manav |first1=Sushil|title=Haryana numbers show Congress had best strike rate among Jats, BJP among Punjabis & Ahirs |url=https://theprint.in/politics/haryana-numbers-show-congress-had-best-strike-rate-among-jats-bjp-among-punjabis-ahirs/2309668/ |accessdate=10 December 2024 |work=[[The Print]] |date=14 October 2024}}</ref>}}{{efn|name=Haryana2025|“The Punjabi population of Haryana is considered to be 10 percent of the total population of the state. Many constituencies even put this figure at around 14 percent. Of this population, 4 percent are Sikhs and the rest are Hindus.”<ref name="Spokesman2025">{{cite news |last1=Spokesman|first1=Rozana|title=Reviving Punjabi Identity in Haryana: A Journey Through Linguistic and Cultural Progress |url=https://www.rozanaspokesman.com/opinion/250325/reviving-punjabi-identity-in-haryana-a-journey-through-linguistic-an.html |accessdate=2 June 2025 |work=Rozana Spokesman |date=25 March 2025}}</ref>}}{{efn|name=HaryanaPopulation|Punjabi Hindus represent between 8 and 10 percent of Haryana's population, determined from 2014, 2019, 2024, and 2025 estimates.<ref name="Kumar2014"/><ref name="Naqshbandi2019"/><ref name="Manav2024"/><ref name="Spokesman2025"/> Based on the 2011 official census counts out of a total population of 25,351,462, this amounts to between 2,028,117 and 2,535,146 persons.}}
| region4 = '''[[Rajasthan]]'''
| pop4 = 281,050 (2011 est.)<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14 |access-date=24 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/rsgpc-to-publicize-issue-of-punjabi-in-rajasthan/articleshow/62531214.cms | title=RSGPC to publicize issue of Punjabi in Rajasthan | newspaper=The Times of India | date=17 January 2018 }}</ref>
| region5 = '''[[Himachal Pradesh]]'''
| pop5 = 222,410 (2011 est.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachaltribune/una-amalgam-of-punjabi-and-pahari-cultures-591383|title = Una, amalgam of Punjabi and Pahari cultures}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/himachal-pradesh-youth-status-report-sex-ratio-up-but-total-fertility-rate-declining-5013052/|title=Himachal Pradesh Youth status report: Sex ratio up but total fertility rate declining|agency=Express News Service|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=5 January 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|place=Shimla|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092812/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/himachal-pradesh-youth-status-report-sex-ratio-up-but-total-fertility-rate-declining-5013052/|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region6 = '''[[Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab, Pakistan]]'''
| pop6 = 249,716 ([[2023 Census of Pakistan|2023 census]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Population by Religion |url= https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf }}</ref>
| region7 = '''[[Chandigarh]]'''
| pop7 = 94,150 (2011 est.)<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14 |access-date=24 November 2018 }}</ref>
| region8 = '''[[Jammu division|Jammu]]'''
| pop8 = 59,930 (2011 est.)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/include-punjabi-as-official-language-in-jammu-and-kashmir-punjab-cm-amarinder-204566 | title=Include Punjabi as official language in Jammu and Kashmir: Punjab CM Amarinder }}</ref><ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14 |access-date=24 November 2018 }}</ref>
| region9 = '''[[Uttarakhand]]'''
| pop9 = 27,240 (2011 est.)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ghaintpunjab.com/GhaintPunjab/Article/37944/mini-punjab-uttrakhand-punjabi-cinema-sonam-bajwa-hometown | title=A Mini Punjab in Uttrakhand That Has Given Punjabi Cinema a Superstar Diva! }}</ref><ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14 |access-date=24 November 2018 }}</ref>
| langs = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Punjabi dialects|its dialects]] [[Hindi]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]] (incl. [[Nanakpanthi]])
| related = {{flatlist|
* [[Punjabi Sikhs]]
* [[Punjabi Muslims]]
* [[Punjabi Christians]]}}
}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Punjabis}}
'''Punjabi Hindus''' are ethnic [[Punjabis]] who adhere to [[Hinduism]], and are natives of the [[Punjab region]] in [[South Asia]]. Hindus are the third-largest religious group within the Punjabi people, after [[Punjabi Muslims|Muslims]] and [[Punjabi Sikhs|Sikhs]]. Punjabi Hindus mostly inhabit the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], as well as [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], and [[Chandigarh]] today, but many have ancestry across the greater Punjab region, which was [[Partition of India|partitioned]] between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] in 1947.

Punjabi Hindus comprise a diverse range of [[Caste system in India|castes]], with the urban upper castes, particularly [[Khatri|Khatris]] and [[Arora|Aroras]], having historically played a dominant role in the region's trade, commerce, and industry. According to available demographic data, out of the Punjab state's total Hindu population of 38.5% ([[2011 census of India|2011 census]]), [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] constitute approximately 11%, while [[Other Backward Class|Other Backward Classes]] account for around 8.3%.<ref>{{cite web |last=Abbi |first=Kumool |date=2 March 2022 |title=Sharpening Caste and Religious Identity Politics in the Punjab Elections |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/sikh-formations-podcast/2022/03/02/sharpening-caste-and-religious-identity-politics-in-the-punjab-elections/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620133612/https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/sikh-formations-podcast/2022/03/02/sharpening-caste-and-religious-identity-politics-in-the-punjab-elections/ |archive-date=20 June 2025 |access-date= |website=Sikh Formations Podcast |publisher=[[University of Michigan]]}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Ancient ===
[[File:1500-1200 BCE Rigveda, manuscript page sample i, Mandala 1, Hymn 1 (Sukta 1), Adhyaya 1, lines 1.1.1 to 1.1.9, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg|thumb|[[Rig Veda]] is the oldest [[Vedic]] [[Sanskrit]] Hindu text that originated in the northwestern Punjab region.]]
[[Hinduism]] is the oldest recorded religion practiced by the [[Punjabi people]].<ref name="Nayar1">{{Cite book |last=Nayar |first=Kamala Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7pO-IZY218C&pg=PA7 |title=The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism |quote=Hinduism is the oldest of the religions practiced by the Punjabis |page=7 |date=2012 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-4070-5 |language=en}}</ref> The [[historical Vedic religion]] of the [[Vedic period]] (1500–500 BCE) constituted the religious ideas and practices in Punjab, and centred primarily in the worship of [[Indra]], the Hindu god of heaven and lightning.<ref name="Berry1996p20">{{cite book |author=Berry, Thomas |year=1996 |title=Religions of India: Hinduism, Yoga, Buddhism |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-10781-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/religionsofindia00berr/page/20 20]–21 |url=https://archive.org/details/religionsofindia00berr |url-access=registration}}</ref> The Vedic tribes moved further eastwards in the northern [[Indus Valley]] and towards the [[Ganges valley|Ganges-Yamuna doab]] during the late Vedic Period, and Brahminism developed out of the Vedic origins in the [[Kurukshetra]] area. The religion of the Vedic Period is one of the precursors of Hinduism, and the Vedic period ended when the [[Hindu synthesis]] developed out of the interaction between Brahminism, [[Śramaṇa|Sramanism]], and local religions.<ref>name="Vedic religion">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vedic-religion|title=Vedic religion|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|date=10 November 2023 |quote=It [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]] takes its name from the collections of sacred texts known as the Vedas. Vedism is the oldest stratum of religious activity in India for which there exist written materials. It was one of the major traditions that shaped Hinduism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Virdee |first=Pippa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYJIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |title=From the Ashes of 1947 |date=February 2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-42811-8 |pages=24 |language=en |quote=The Rig Veda and the Upanishads, which belonged to the Vedic religion, were a precursor of Hinduism, both of which were composed in Punjab.}}</ref>{{efn|{{harvtxt|Michaels|2004|p=38}}: "The legacy of the Vedic religion in Hinduism is generally overestimated. The influence of the mythology is indeed great, but the religious terminology changed considerably: all the key terms of Hinduism either do not exist in Vedic or have a completely different meaning. The religion of the Veda does not know the ethicised migration of the soul with retribution for acts (''karma''), the cyclical destruction of the world, or the idea of salvation during one's lifetime (''jivanmukti; moksa; nirvana''); the idea of the world as illusion (''maya'') must have gone against the grain of ancient India, and an omnipotent creator god emerges only in the late hymns of the rgveda. Nor did the Vedic religion know a caste system, the burning of widows, the ban on remarriage, images of gods and temples, Puja worship, Yoga, pilgrimages, vegetarianism, the holiness of cows, the doctrine of stages of life (''asrama''), or knew them only at their inception. Thus, it is justified to see a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions." {{cite web |first1=Stephanie |last1=Jamison |first2=Michael |last2=Witzel |year=1992 |url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdf |title=Vedic Hinduism |publisher=Harvard University |pages=3}}: "... to call this period Vedic Hinduism is a contradictio in terminis since Vedic religion is very different from what we generally call Hindu religion – at least as much as Old Hebrew religion is from medieval and modern Christian religion. However, Vedic religion is treatable as a predecessor of Hinduism." See also {{harvnb|Halbfass|1991|pp=1–2}}|name="Michaels-legacy"}}

The bulk of the [[Rigveda]] was composed in the Punjab region between circa 1500 and 1200 BCE,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Flood|first=Gavin|url=https://archive.org/details/anintroductiontohinduismgavinfloodd.oupseeotherbooks_355_z/page/37/mode/2up|title=An Introduction to Hinduism|date=13 July 1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0}}</ref> while later Vedic scriptures were composed more eastwards, between the [[Yamuna]] and [[Ganges]] rivers. An ancient Indian law book called the [[Manusmriti]], developed by [[Brahmin]] [[Hindu priest|Hindu priests]], shaped Punjabi religious life from 200 BCE onward.<ref name="Nayar">{{Cite book |last=Nayar |first=Kamala Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7pO-IZY218C&pg=PA7 |title=The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism |date=2012 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-4070-5 |language=en |pages=7–8}}</ref>

=== British colonial era ===
[[File:Sadhu and companion sit under a large tree in Lahore in 1914, a true-colour photograph taken by Albert Kahn.jpg|thumb|Colour photograph of a ''[[sadhu]]'' and companion sitting under a large tree in [[Lahore]], [[British Raj|India]] in 1914, taken by Stéphane Passet]]
Prominent [[Indian independence movement|Indian nationalists]] from Punjab, such as [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], belonged to the [[Arya Samaj]]. The Arya Samaj, a [[Hindu reform movements|Hindu reformist]] sect was active in propagating their message in Punjab.<ref name="Kumar2004">{{cite book|author=Raj Kumar|title=Essays on Social Reform Movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7SQW69LLSIC&pg=PA1|year=2004|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-792-6|pages=3–5}}</ref>
In the early part of the 20th century, the Samaj and organisations inspired by it, such as Jat Pat Todak Mandal, were active in campaigning against caste discrimination.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajivlochan |first1=M. |year=2014 |title=Coping with Exclusions the Non-Political Way. Mapping Social Exclusion in India: Caste, Religion and Borderlands |pages=82–83}}</ref> Other activities in which the Samaj engaged included campaigning for the acceptance of [[widow remarriage]] and [[women's education]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kishwar|first1=Madhu|title=Arya Samaj and Women's Education: Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Jalandhar|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|date=26 April 1986|volume=21|issue=17|pages=WS9–WS24|jstor=4375593}}</ref>

During the [[British Raj|colonial era]], the practice of [[religious syncretism]] among Punjabi Hindus and [[Punjabi Muslims]] was noted and documented by officials in census reports:

{{blockquote|{{smaller|''"In other parts of the Province, too, traces of Hindu festivals are noticeable among the Muhammadans. In the western Punjab, [[Vaisakhi|Baisakhi]], the new year's day of the Hindus, is celebrated as an agricultural festival, by all Muhammadans, by racing bullocks yoked to the well gear, with the beat of tom-toms, and large crowds gather to witness the show, The race is called Baisakhi and is a favourite pastime in the well-irrigated tracts. Then the processions of [[tazia]]s, in [[Muharram]], with the accompaniment of tom-toms, fencing parties and bands playing on flutes and other musical instruments (which is disapproved by the orthodox Muhammadans) and the establishment of [[Sebil (fountain)|Sabils]] (shelters where water and [[Sharbat (beverage)|sharbat]] are served out) are clearly influenced by similar practices at Hindu festivals, while the illuminations on occasions like the [[Mela Chiraghan|Chiraghan fair]] of [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalamar (Lahore)]] are no doubt practices answering to the holiday-making instinct of the converted Hindus."''<ref name="punjab1911"/>{{rp|174}} ''"Besides actual conversion, Islam has had a considerable influence on the Hindu religion. The sects of reformers based on a revolt from the orthodoxy of [[Varnashrama Dharma]] were obviously the outcome of the knowledge that a different religion could produce equally pious and right thinking men. Laxity in social restrictions also appeared simultaneously in various degrees and certain customs were assimilated to those of the Muhammadans. On the other hand the miraculous powers of Muhammadan saints were enough to attract the saint worshiping Hindus, to allegiance, if not to a total change of faith... The [[Punjabi Saudagaran-e-Delhi|Shamsis]] are believers in [[Shamsuddin Sabzwari|Shah Shamas Tabrez]] of [[Multan]], and follow the [[Imam]], for the time being, of the [[Isma'ilism|Ismailia]] sect of [[Shias]]... they belong mostly to the [[Sunar|Sunar caste]] and their connection with the sect is kept a secret, like Freemasonry. They pass as ordinary Hindus, but their devotion to the Imam is very strong."''<ref name="punjab1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1911-26575903/|title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 1, Report.|access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref>{{rp|130}}}}
|Excerpts from the [[Census of India]] ([[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]])|1911 CE}}

=== 1947 Partition ===
Approximately 3 million Punjabi Hindus migrated from [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]] and [[North-West Frontier Province]] (present-day Pakistan) to [[Punjab, India|East Punjab]] and [[Delhi]] (present-day India) during the [[Partition of India|Partition]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Salamat|first=Zarina|title=The Punjab in 1920's: a case study of Muslims|date=1997|publisher=Royal Book Company|isbn=978-969-407-230-2|location=Karachi|pages=145|language=en|oclc=40480171}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Banerjee-Dube|first1=Ishita|title=Ancient to modern: religion, power, and community in India|last2=Dube|first2=Saurabh|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-569662-2|location=New Delhi; Oxford|language=en|oclc=302183130}}</ref><ref name="washedu">{{cite web|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf|title=The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes|access-date=19 December 2006}}</ref>

This split the former British province of Punjab between the [[Dominion of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. The mostly [[Muslims|Muslim]] western part of the province became Pakistan's [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]]; the mostly [[Sikhs|Sikh]] and Hindu eastern part became India's East Punjab state (later divided into the new states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]). Many Hindus and Sikhs lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east, and the fears of all such minorities were so great that the Partition saw many people displaced and much intercommunal violence. Some have described the violence in Punjab as a retributive genocide.{{Sfn|Brass|1974|p=326}}

The newly formed governments had not anticipated, and were completely unequipped for, a two-way migration of such staggering magnitude, and massive violence and slaughter occurred on both sides of the new India-Pakistan border. Estimates of the number of deaths vary, with low estimates at 200,000 and high estimates at 2,000,000. The worst case of violence among all regions is concluded to have taken place in Punjab.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Talbot|first1=Ian|title=Partition of India: The Human Dimension|journal=Cultural and Social History|date=2009|volume=6|issue=4|pages=403–410|quote=The number of casualties remains a matter of dispute, with figures being claimed that range from 200,000 to 2 million victims.|doi=10.2752/147800409X466254|s2cid=147110854}}</ref><ref name="D'Costa 2011 53">{{Cite book|title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia|last=D'Costa|first=Bina|publisher=Routledge|year=2011|isbn=9780415565660|page=53}}</ref><ref name="Butalia 2000">{{Cite book|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/butalia-silence.html|title=The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India|last=Butalia|first=Urvashi|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations|last=Sikand|first=Yoginder|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=9781134378258|page=5}}</ref>

=== Punjabi Suba and trifurcation of Punjab ===
{{main|Punjabi Suba movement}}
After the Partition, Sikh leaders and political parties demanded a [[Punjabi Suba movement|"Punjabi Suba"]] (Punjabi Province) where Punjabi language written in the [[Gurumukhi]] script would be the language of the state in North India.

At the instigation of the [[Arya Samaj]], many Punjabi Hindus in present-day Ambala, Una, and Sirsa stated [[Hindi]] as their mother tongue in the censuses of 1951 and 1961. Some areas of the erstwhile East Punjab state where Hindi, [[Haryanvi]], and [[Western Pahari]]-speaking Hindus formed the majority, became part of the newly created states of [[Haryana]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]] where Hindi was declared the state language. This was in contrast with the primarily Punjabi-speaking locals in some regions of the newly created states.<ref name="google2">Chopra R. [https://books.google.com/books?id=U_ODfrFOd8AC&pg=PA9072 ''Love Is The Ultimate Winner''] Partridge, India 2013. p. 9072. {{ISBN|9781482800050}} Accessed 3 February 2017.</ref> A direct result of the trifurcation of East Punjab into three states made Punjab a Sikh-majority state in India. Today, Punjabi Hindus make up approximately 38.5% population of present Punjab State of India.<ref name="google">Lamba K. G. [https://books.google.com/books?id=aSzbGKyLqicC&pg=PA90 ''Dynamics of Punjabi Suba Movement''] Deep and Deep 1999. p. 90 {{ISBN|9788176291293}} Accessed 3 February 2017.</ref><ref name="google3">Grewal J. S. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA187 ''The Sikhs of the Punjab''] Cambridge University Press 1998. p. 187 {{ISBN|9780521637640}} Accessed 3 February 2017.</ref>

== Demographics ==
=== India ===
[[File:Devi talab jal.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Devi Talab Mandir]] in [[Jalandhar, Punjab]], [[India]].]]
In the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Punjabi Hindus make up approximately 38.5% of the state's population; numbering 10.7 million and are a majority in the [[Doaba]] region. Punjabi Hindus form a majority in five districts of Punjab, namely, [[Pathankot district|Pathankot]], [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]], [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]], [[Fazilka district|Fazilka]] and [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district|Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar]] districts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Religion by districts - Punjab |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in|access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref>

During the 1947 partition, many Hindus from [[West Punjab]] and [[North-West Frontier Province]] settled in Delhi. Determined from 1991 and 2015 estimates, Punjabi Hindus form approximately 24 to 35 percent of Delhi's population;{{efn|name=Delhi1991|“Though Punjabis constitute a mere twenty-four per cent of so of the capital city's population, on average they hold fifty-three per cent of the available managerial positions."<ref name="Sanjay2008">{{cite book | author=Sanjay Yadav | title=The Invasion of Delhi | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTBBL1q5C_EC&pg=PA10 | year=2008 | publisher=Worldwide Books | isbn=978-81-88054-00-8 }}</ref>{{rp|54}}}}{{efn|name=Delhi2015|“The most important section among settlers is the Punjabis who are estimated to constitute around 35 percent of the population."<ref name="Singh2015">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Raj |title=Delhi Assembly elections 2015: Important facts and major stakeholders |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/delhi-assembly-elections-2015-important-facts-and-stakeholders-25298.html |accessdate=8 September 2021 |work=[[India TV]] |date=6 February 2015}}</ref>}} based on 2011 official census counts out of a total population of 16.8 million, this amounts to between 4 and 5.9 million people.<ref name="delhi2011"/>

Punjabi Hindus form between approximately 8 and 10 percent of [[Haryana]]'s population; based on 2011 official census counts out of a total population of 25.4 million, this amounts to between 2.03 and 2.54 million people.{{efn|name=HaryanaPopulation}} Similar to Delhi, most Punjabi Hindus in Haryana can trace their ancestry to [[West Punjab]] and [[North-West Frontier Province]] due to mass migration associated with the 1947 partition. In the contemporary era, Punjabi Hindus are influential in the state politics.<ref name="Kumar2014"/><ref name="Naqshbandi2019"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Punjabi language as a mother tongue in Haryana{{efn|Including speakers of [[Standard Punjabi]] and [[Western Punjabi (Lahnda)]]}}
! rowspan="2" |Subdivision
! colspan="2" |1881 census<ref name="Census1881A">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057656 |access-date=26 July 2025 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I. |year=1881 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115015937/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Census1881B">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=26 July 2025 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 |pages=169 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115015938/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Census1881C">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057658 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057658 |access-date=26 July 2025 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III. |year=1881 |pages=123 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120083807/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057658 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1931 census<ref name="Census1931">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793242 |access-date=8 June 2025 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1931}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1961 census<ref name="Census1961">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32026|title=Social and Cultural Tables, Part II-C(i) , Vol-XIII, Punjab - Census 1961|page=223|website=Census Digital Library|access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1971 census<ref name="Census1971">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/study/Dspace_123456789_4675|title=Social And Cultural Tables, Part II-C (ii), Series-6, Haryana - Census 1971|page=67|website=Census Digital Library|access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
!Population
!Percentage
!Population
!Percentage
!Population
!Percentage
!Population
!Percentage
|-
! [[Ambala district]]
| 351,418
| {{Percentage | 351418 | 1067263 | 2 }}
| 264,521
| {{Percentage | 264521 | 742902 | 2 }}
| 418,656
| {{Percentage | 418656 | 1373477 | 2 }}
| 153,142
| {{Percentage | 153142 | 1098405 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Hisar district]]{{efn|1881 census count includes Sirsa District, which was later amalgamated with Hissar District.}}
| 196,808
| {{Percentage | 196808 | 757458 | 2 }}
| 219,718
| {{Percentage | 219718 | 899479 | 2 }}
| 178,802
| {{Percentage | 178802 | 1540508 | 2 }}
| 314,829
| {{Percentage | 314829 | 2132948 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Jind State]]/[[Jind district]]
| 66,339
| {{Percentage | 66339 | 249862 | 2 }}
| 66,688
| {{Percentage | 66688 | 324676 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 20,033
| {{Percentage | 20033 | 639610 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Kalsia State]]
| 28,168
| {{Percentage | 28168 | 67708 | 2 }}
| 10,551
| {{Percentage | 10551 | 59848 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Karnal district]]
| 26,580
| {{Percentage | 26580 | 622621 | 2 }}
| 16,430
| {{Percentage | 16430 | 852614 | 2 }}
| 198,292
| {{Percentage | 198292 | 1490430 | 2 }}
| 279,421
| {{Percentage | 279421 | 1981303 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Rohtak district]]
| 561
| {{Percentage | 561 | 553609 | 2 }}
| 526
| {{Percentage | 526 | 805621 | 2 }}
| 14,302
| {{Percentage | 14302 | 1420391 | 2 }}
| 33,000
| {{Percentage | 33000 | 1785534 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Gurgaon district]]
| 343
| {{Percentage | 343 | 641848 | 2 }}
| 899
| {{Percentage | 899 | 740163 | 2 }}
| 19,270
| {{Percentage | 19270 | 1240706 | 2 }}
| 40,003
| {{Percentage | 40003 | 1707369 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Dujana|Dujana State]]
| 8
| {{Percentage | 8 | 23416 | 2 }}
| 15
| {{Percentage | 15 | 28216 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Pataudi State]]
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 17847 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 18873 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Loharu State]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 13754 | 2 }}
| 16
| {{Percentage | 16 | 23338 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Mahendragarh district]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 2,895
| {{Percentage | 2895 | 547850 | 2 }}
| 3,444
| {{Percentage | 3444 | 691639 | 2 }}
|-
! Total Punjabi language population
! 670,227
! {{Percentage | 670227 | 4015386 | 2 }}
! 579,365
! {{Percentage | 579365 | 4495730 | 2 }}
! 832,217
! {{Percentage | 832217 | 7613362 | 2 }}
! 843,872
! {{Percentage | 843872 | 10036808 | 2 }}
|-
! Total Haryana population
! 4,015,386
! {{Percentage | 4015386 | 4015386 | 2 }}
! 4,495,730
! {{Percentage | 4495730 | 4495730 | 2 }}
! 7,613,362
! {{Percentage | 7613362 | 7613362 | 2 }}
! 10,036,808
! {{Percentage | 10036808 | 10036808 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
|}

=== Pakistan ===
{{Main article|Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan}}
[[File:Katas Raj Temple Top Mountain View.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Katas Raj Temples]] in [[Chakwal District]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]].]]
Following the large-scale exodus that took place during the 1947 partition, there remains a small Punjabi Hindu community in Pakistan today. According to the [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017 Census]], there are about 200,000 Hindus in Punjab province, forming approximately 0.2% of the total population.<ref name="2017 Census">{{cite web|title=SALIENT FEATURES OF FINAL RESULTS CENSUS-2017|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/sailent_feature_%20census_2017.pdf|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref> Much of the community resides in the primarily rural South Punjab districts of [[Rahim Yar Khan District|Rahim Yar Khan]] and [[Bahawalpur District|Bahawalpur]] where they form 3.12% and 1.12% of the population respectively,<ref name="Districtwise">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/district-wise-census-2017-results|title=District wise census|access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/120531/pakistani-hindus-celebrate-janmashtami-with-fervour/|title=Pakistani Hindus celebrate Janmashtami with fervour |author=Dharmindar Balach|newspaper=Daily Times|date=17 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref> while the rest are concentrated in urban centres such as [[Lahore]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1842865/1-hindu-community-celebrates-diwali-across-punjab|title=Hindu community celebrates Diwali across Punjab|work=The Express Tribune|date=8 November 2018|access-date=18 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/978422/victory-over-evil-dussehra-celebrated-at-krishna-mandir|title=Dussehra celebrated at Krishna Mandir|work=The Express Tribune|date=23 October 2015|access-date=18 December 2020}}</ref> In 2006, the last functioning Hindu temple in Lahore, once the cultural capital of Punjabi Hindus, was destroyed to make way for a multi-story commercial building, and thus the millennia-old history of Hindus in Lahore came to an end.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/only-hindu-temple-in-lahore-demolished/articleshow/1643844.cms | title=Only Hindu temple in Lahore demolished | newspaper=The Times of India | date=13 June 2006 }}</ref>

=== Diaspora ===
Large [[Punjabi diaspora|diaspora]] communities exist in many countries including in [[Canada]], the [[Gulf Countries]], [[Australia]], the [[United States]], and the [[United Kingdom]].

== Culture and religion ==
[[File:Durgiana Temple, Amritsar.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Durgiana Temple]] in Amritsar, Punjab, India.]]
[[File:Fresco of Radha and Krishna painted in the early 19th century on the walls of the Maiyanatha Thakurdwara in Katra Dulo, Amritsar, Punjab.jpg|thumb|Fresco of [[Radha Krishna]] painted in the early 19th century on the walls of the Maiyanatha Thakurdwara in Katra Dulo, Amritsar, Punjab]]
[[File:A Hindu illustrated manuscript written in Gurmukhi script with paintings inside 04.webp|thumb|A Hindu illustrated manuscript written in [[Gurmukhi|Gurmukhi script]] with paintings inside]]
As in many other parts of India, Hinduism in Punjab has adapted over time and has become a synthesis of culture and history.[[File:MATA MANSA DEVI-PANCHKULA, HARYANA outer view of temple on top.jpg|thumb|Mata Mansa Devi Mandir, Panchkula<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Mata Mansa Devi Shrine Board |url=https://mansadevi.org.in/ |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=mansadevi.org.in}}</ref>]] As [[Hindus]] believe that dharma is universal and evolves with time, many Hindus also value other spiritual paths and religious traditions. They believe that any traditions that are equally able to nurture one's ''Atman'' should be accepted and taught. Hinduism itself encourages any being to reach their own self-realization in their own unique way either through [[Bhagavan]] or through other means of devotion and meditation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikhism {{!}} History, Doctrines, Practice, & Literature|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism|access-date=11 June 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

The Punjabi Hindus continue heterogeneous religious practices in spiritual kinship with Sikhism. This not only includes veneration of the [[Sikh gurus]] in private practice but also visits to Sikh [[gurdwara]]s in addition to Hindu temples.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raj |first1=Dhooleka Sarhadi |title=Where Are You From? Middle-Class Migrants in the Modern World |date=2003 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520233836 |page=80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6YwDwAAQBAJ&dq=punjabi+hindus+syncretic&pg=PA80}}</ref>

According to Anjali Gera Roy, The Hindu Punjabis of [[West Punjab|Western Punjab]] settled away from their ancestral homeland during 1947 partition, speak a hybrid language based on [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Hindi]] (or Hindi with Punjabi accent).<ref>MINE, T. I., & ROY, A. G. (2004). NOT SPEAKING A LANGUAGE. Translation Today, 1, 26.[https://web.archive.org/web/20220304024011id_/https://www.ntm.org.in/download/ttvol/volume1_N2/Articles/02%20-%20Not%20Speaking%20A%20Language%20That%20is%20Mine%20-%20Anjali%20Gera%20Roy.pdf]</ref><ref>Kumar, P. (1982). Communalisation of Hindus in Punjab. Secular Democracy, 11(9), 27-29.|url=https://idcindia.org/wp-content/themes/idc/pdf/3.communalism/news/1-Communalisation%20of%20Hindus%20in%20Punjab%20_%20Secular%20Democracy%20_%20October%201982%20_%20Vol%2015%20No.%20IX.pdf|page=8</ref>
=== Udasis ===
[[Udasi]] is a religious sect of ascetic [[sadhu]]s centered in Punjab Region. The Udasis were key interpreters of the Sikh philosophy and the custodians of important Sikh shrines until the [[Akali movement]]. They brought many converts into the Sikh fold during the 18th and the early 19th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pashaura Singh. Fenech, Louis E.|title=The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies|date=March 2014|publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|oclc=874522334}}</ref> However, their religious practices border on a syncretism of [[Sikhism]] and Hinduism. When the [[Singh Sabha]], dominated by [[Tat Khalsa]] Sikhs, redefined the Sikh identity in the early 20th century, the Udasi [[mahant]]s were expelled from the Sikh shrines. Since then, the Udasis have increasingly regarded themselves as Hindus rather than Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oberoi, Harjot.|title=The Construction of religious boundaries: culture, identity, and diversity in the Sikh tradition|date=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-563780-1|location=Delhi|oclc=39001441}}</ref>

=== Nanakpanthis ===
Numerous Punjabi Hindus are [[Nanakpanthi]], who revere [[Guru Nanak]] alongside their Hindu deities but without following the other gurus, and nor identify as [[Sikhs]] in terms of religious affiliation; at the time of the 1891 census of [[Punjab Province (British India)|British Punjab]], it has been estimated that, out of the 1,8 million Sikhs around 579,000 were Hindu Nanakpanthis, but in later classifications the definitions of "Hindu" and "Sikh" would be more precise and the Hindu Nanakpanthis would stop being counted as "Sikhs".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fox |first=Richard Gabriel |title=Lions of the Punjab: culture in the making |date=1985 |publisher=Univ. of California Pr |isbn=978-0-520-05491-2 |edition=1. print |location=Berkeley, Calif. |pages=112–113}}</ref>

=== Arya Samaj ===
The [[Arya Samaj]] was a [[Hindu reform movements|Hindu reformist]] organization founded in the 1870s by [[Dayananda Saraswati]], and while he was from [[Gujarat]], the movement had a lot of influence among Punjabi Hindus, especially the [[Khatri|Khatris]] and [[Arora|Aroras]], the Arya Samajis being social reformers who aimed to promote [[monotheism]] and were against what they called "supersititions" such as idolatry, wanted to raise the literacy rates (especially for women) and were fighting [[Caste discrimination in India|caste discrimination]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christopher |title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India |publisher=Primus Books |year=2010 |pages=97}}</ref>

== Temples ==
Punjabi Hindu temples historically had various names depending on the associated denomination, such as ''Shivala'' ([[Shaivism|Shaivist]] temple), ''Devidwara'' ([[Shaktism|Shaktist]] temple), or ''Thakurdwara'' ([[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavist]] temple).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jagraj |title=A Complete Guide to Sikhism |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2009 |isbn=9788171427543 |pages=106–107 |chapter=Difference Between Gurdwara and Mandir (Temple) - Mandir (Temple)}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Journal of Regional History |publisher=Department of History, Guru Nanak Dev University |year=1982 |pages=28–31}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Nath |first=Viswambhar |title=Development: A Saga of Two Worlds |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2002 |isbn=9788170229469 |pages=29–31 |chapter=Life in My Ancestral Village: Places of Worship and Religious Practices}}</ref> Thakurdwara complexes often had a ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|samadh]]'' (samadhi) mausoleum dedicated to the founder of the temple and a ''[[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamsala]]'' (building for accommodating pilgrims and ascetics, such as ''[[Bairagi (Ascetics)|bairagis]]'').<ref name=":0" /> Devidwaras were devoted to the worship of the ''[[devi]]'' (goddesses).<ref name=":1" /> Temples often have various deities as their central focus in the form of a ''[[murti]]'' (idol), with there being no general uniformity in this regard.<ref name=":2" /> Hindu worshipping practices at a temple are more individualistic in-nature rather than congregational.<ref name=":2" />

=== Temple architecture ===
[[File:True-colour photograph - Lahore, India (now Pakistan) A Hindu temple, possibly Shaivite in 1914.jpg|thumb|True-colour photograph - Lahore, India (now Pakistan). A Hindu temple, possibly Shaivite, 1914]]
The main room or area of a temple will house the deity in the form of a murti, with this space being known as ''[[Garbhagriha|garbha griha]]'' ([[sanctum sanctorum]]), which is the "heart" or inner-most point of the temple.<ref name=":2" /> Also, there is a passageway that allows for [[Circumambulation|circuambulation]] of the garbha griha space, which is a requirement after prayers are given.<ref name=":2" /> Architecturally, there is usually a dome or spire structure built over the garbha griha.<ref name=":2" /> Another feature is a small passageway called the ''[[Antarala|antrala]]'' ([[Vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]]), which connects the garbha griha and ''[[mandapa]]'' (pillard hall) spaces together.<ref name=":2" /> The mandapa is a pavilion that allows the devotees to congregate.<ref name=":2" /> Temples are built on a raised, staired platform with one entryway, with the entrance-porch being called a ''[[Ardhamandapa|ardh-mandapa]]''.<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|Hinduism|Punjab
}}
* [[History of Punjab]]
* [[List of Punjabi Hindus]]
* [[Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan]]
* [[List of Hindu temples in India]]
* [[Bhabra]]
* [[List of Hindu festivals in Punjab]]
* [[East Punjab]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}


== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul Richard |author-link=Paul Brass |year=1974 |title=Language, Religion and Politics in North India |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{Citation |last =Halbfass |first =Wilhelm |year =1991 |title =Tradition and Reflection |publisher =SUNY Press |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=-5fImMZMqNIC |isbn =978-0-7914-0361-7 |access-date =23 December 2023 |archive-date =23 December 2023 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20231223184628/https://books.google.com/books?id=-5fImMZMqNIC |url-status =live }}
* {{Citation |last =Michaels |first =Axel |author-link=Axel Michaels |year =2004 |title =Hinduism. Past and present |place =Princeton, New Jersey |publisher =Princeton University Press}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Talib|first=Gurbachan|author-link=Gurbachan Singh Talib|title= Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in Punjab 1947|year=1950|publisher=[[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]]|location=India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fQLAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|author-link=Ayesha Jalal|date=1998|title=Nation, Reason and Religion: Punjab's Role in the Partition of India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4407076|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=33|issue=32|pages=2183–2190|jstor=4407076|issn=0012-9976}}

== External links ==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20010215153625/http://webpunjab.com/culture/main.htm The Punjab—An Overview]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060423232940/http://punjabgovt.nic.in/CULTURE/Historical.htm Punjab History]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060506005341/http://www.pcschicago.org/Punjab/historical.htm Punjab Historical Background]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060613191214/http://durgianatirath.com/ Shri Durgiana Tirath]

{{Hinduism in India by region}}
{{Religion in India topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hinduism In Punjab}}
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus| ]]
[[Category:Hinduism in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Hindu ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Delhi]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]]

Sivasagar district

2026-03-20T00:13:04Z

Serzude: reworked intro per sources

{{Short description|District of Assam, India}}
{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Sivasagar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sivasagar district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Assam|District]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_map = Sivasagar in Assam (India).svg
| image_map1 = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=250 |frame-height=200 |frame-align=center
|zoom=8
|text= '''Sivasagar district'''
|type=shape |id=Q42768
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Sivasagar district of Assam
}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Assam
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Sivasagar
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Upper Assam]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Sivasagar]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 1. Amguri 2. Gaurisagar 3. [[Sivasagar]] 4. Demow 5. Nazira 6. Lakowa
| area_total_km2 = 1599
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 679,632
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 81.36%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 951 per 1000 male
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = 1. [[Jorhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jorhat]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Amguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amguri]], [[Nazira (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nazira]], [[Thowra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thowra]], [[Sibsagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sibsagar]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 37 (India)|NH-37]]
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://sivasagar.assam.gov.in/}}
| official_name =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo4a = Sivasagar Tank.jpg
| photo2a = Kareng Ghar (Talatal Ghar) of the Ahom Kings 26.jpg
| photo2b = Ahom Raja's Palace, Garhgaon, Sivasagar.JPG
| photo3a = Vishnudol joysagar.jpg
| photo3b = Ranghar Pavallions, Joysagar, Sivasagar.JPG
| photo1a = Shiva Dol.jpg
| position = centre
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 260
| foot_montage = From top, left to right: [[Sivasagar Sivadol]], [[Talatal Ghar]], [[Kareng Ghar]], [[Joy dol]], [[Rang Ghar]], [[Sivasagar Tank (Borpukhuri)]]}}
}}

'''Sivasagar district''' (Pron: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|v|ə|ˌ|s|ʌ|g|ər}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|ɪ|v|ə|ˌ|s|ʌ|g|ər}}) is one of the [[List of districts of Assam|34 districts of Assam]] state in Northeast [[India]]. [[Sivasagar|Sivasagar city]] is the administrative headquarters of this district. This historic place is also known for its rich biodiversity.<ref name="Deputy Director">{{cite book | title=District at a glance, Sivasagar | publisher=Office of the Deputy Director of Economics and Statistics, Sivasagar | year=2001}}</ref> The districts covers an area of 2668 square kilometers (of the total area of 78438 square kilometers of Assam). The district comprises two sub-divisions – ''[[Sivasagar]]'' and ''[[Nazira]]''. The district of Sivasagar lies between 26.45°N and 27.15°N latitudes and 94.25°E and 95.25°E longitudes. The district is bounded by the [[Brahmaputra River]] to the north, [[Nagaland]] to the south, the [[Charaideo district]] to the east and the [[Jhanji River]] to the west. The Sivasagar district has acquired its distinct identity due to the co-existence of different races, tribes, languages and cultures.

==History==

[[File:Mong Mao-the detail map.svg|thumb|left|Sivasagar district was under the [[Möng Mao]] ruler [[Si Kefa]] (yellow) in 1360 CE]]

Until the early 16th century, the land within the Sibsagar district was part of three kingdoms viz. [[Ahom kingdom]], [[Chutia kingdom]] and [[Dimasa kingdom|Kachari kingdom]]. The Burhi-Dihing river which once flowed through the central region of Sibsagar<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282791359_A_study_on_Palaeochannels_from_satellite_imagery_in_a_part_of_Upper_Assam Sarma, Jogendranath, "A study on Paleochannels from Satellite Imagery in a part of Upper Assam", p.77-78]</ref> formed the borders between Ahom and Chutia territories, while Dikhou on the southern region demarcated Kachari and Ahom territories. In early 16th century, Ahoms under the reign of Suhungmung defeated Chutia first and Kachari later to annex the entire district.

Before the British period, the center of administration of Assam was around Sivasagar were the famous [[Ahom Dynasty|Ahoms]] ruled for nearly six hundred years. The Ahom kings took keen interest in building different temples, dedicated to various deities and which were usually flanked by large tanks which until today stand out as memorials to their glory in the district.<ref name="Deputy Director" /> Sivasagar, or Rangpur as it was known then, was the capital of the [[Ahom Kingdom]] from 1699 to 1788. The famous [[Joysagar Lake|Joysagar Tank]] was excavated within 45 days by [[Rudra Singha]] (1696-1714) in memory of his mother [[Joymoti Konwari]]. The Joy Dol is situated on the bank of the Joysagar Tank. [[Pramatta Singha]] (1744-1751) built the [[Rang Ghar]] with bricks in 1745. Gaurisagar Tank is situated at a distance of about eight miles from Sivasagar town. The Sivasagar Tank was excavated by queen Ambika Devi in 1733. The Siva Dol, Vishnu Dol and Devi Dol are situated on the bank of the Sivasagar Tank. Rajeshwar Singha (1751-1769) built the Kareng Ghar in Gargaon. Charaideo, about 28 kilometers away from Sivasagar is famous for a cluster of Maidams, the Ahom age tumuli. [[Sukapha]], the first Ahom king, constructed his capital at Charaideo in 1253. Sivasagar was earlier known as Rangpur and Rangpur was earlier known as Meteka.<ref name="G L Publications">{{cite book | title=Sivasagar District | publisher=G L Publications | author=The North East Times, Special supplement | year=1995 | location=Guwahati}}</ref> The original name of Sivasagar district was Sibpur.

On February 24, 1826, the treaty of Yandaboo consolidated the British occupation of Assam. This [[treaty of Yandabo]]o brought an end to the roughly six hundred year long Ahom rule in Assam. After the 1826 treaty, the British government in Assam incorporated a number of administrative changes such as the formation of districts. The Sivasagar district was created after the annexation of [[Purandar Singha]]'s dominion of upper Assam in 1839. The Sadar headquarter of Sivasagar was transferred to Jorhat in 1912–13. The undivided old Sivasagar district comprised three subdivisions, namely Sivasagar, Jorhat and Golaghat. In 1983, the Sivasagar district was reorganized to carve out the [[Jorhat district]].<ref name='Statoids'>{{cite web | url = http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | title = Districts of India | access-date = 2011-10-11 | last = Law | first = Gwillim | date = 2011-09-25 | work = Statoids}}</ref> It was further divided on 15 August 1987 for the creation of the [[Golaghat district]].<ref name='Statoids'/>

==Geography==
One of the quaintest towns of Eastern Assam, Sivasagar is one of the cleanest towns in Assam. The district is situated between 26.45° and 27.15° North latitudes and 94.25° and 95.25° East longitudes. Sivasagar district occupies an area of {{convert|2668|km2|sqmi}},<ref name="Reference Annual">{{cite book |title=India 2010: A Reference Annual |publisher=Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-230-1617-7 |edition=54th |location=New Delhi, India |pages=1116 |chapter=States and Union Territories: Assam: Government}}</ref> comparatively equivalent to [[Estonia]]'s [[Saaremaa Island]].<ref name='Islands'>{{cite web | url = http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | title = Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area | access-date = 2011-10-11 | date = 1998-02-18 | publisher = [[United Nations Environment Program]] | quote = Saaremaa 2,672km2}}</ref>

The Sivasagar district is bordered by the [[Naga Hills]] and Arunachal Pradesh in the south and south-east respectively and the [[Brahmaputra]] river in the north. The district is mostly flat alluvial plain with hillocks on south-eastern and southern areas near the [[Nagaland]] border.

==Economy==
The main industries in Sivasagar are oil industry, tea industry & tourism industry. Majority of the population are agrarian.

==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Historical Sivasagar District population
!Year
!<abbr>Pop.</abbr>
!<abbr>±%</abbr>
|-
!1951
|45,000
|—
|-
!1961
|138,000
| +206.7%
|-
!1971
|203,000
| +47.1%
|-
!1981
|348,000
| +71.4%
|-
!1991
|591,000
| +69.8%
|-
!2001
|818,809
| +38.5%
|-
!2011
|1,151,050
| +17.5%
|-
!2021
|1,195,000
| +17.9%
|}
According[[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Sivasagar district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,151,050, roughly equal to the population of [[East Timor]]. This gives it a ranking of 406th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Sivasagar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/240/download/610/DH_2011_1812_PART_A_DCHB_SIVASAGAR.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> The district has a population density of {{convert|431|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 9.37%.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Sivasagar has a [[sex ratio]] of 954 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name="districtcensus" /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 81.36%.<ref name="districtcensus" />

After bifurcation Sivasagar district has a population of 679,632, of which 80,373 (11.83%) live in urban areas. The residual district has a sex ratio of 952 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 34,704 (5.11%) and 37,130 (5.46%) of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Sivasagar district (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Assam|Hinduism]]|darkorange|87.17}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Assam|Islam]]|green|10.88}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Assam|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.24}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.71}}
}}

In the residual district Hindus are 592,433 (87.17%), Muslims are 73,961 (10.88%), Christians 8,433 (1.24%).<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11365/download/14478/DDW18C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> There are also a few villages of [[Buddhist]] tribes like [[Khamyang people|Khamyang]] and [[Turung people]]. Moreover, there is a small population of [[Tiwa people (Lalung)#Plains Tiwas|Tiwas]], [[Konyak people|Konyak]], [[Meitei people|Meitei]] and [[Nocte]] living in certain parts of the district. Many [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthani]] families are also present in Sivasagar district

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Sivasagar district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]] |value1 = 90.24 |color1 = purple
|label2 = [[Mising language|Mishing]] |value2 = 2.78 |color2 = lightblue
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 1.96 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value4 = 1.58|color4 = orchid
|label5 = [[Sadri language|Sadri]] |value5 = 1.38 |color5 = burlywood
|label6 = Others |value6 = 2.06 |color6 = grey
|thumb=left
}}

Sivasagar is an overwhelming assamese majority district. At the time of the 2011 census, 90.24% of the population spoke [[Assamese language|Assamese]], 2.78% [[Mising language|Mishing]], 1.96% [[Hindi]], 1.58% [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 1.38% [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population By Mother Tongue: Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10195/download/13307/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Flora and fauna==
In 1999, Sivasagar district became home to the [[Pani Dihing Wildlife Sanctuary]], which has an area of {{convert|34|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment|title=Protected areas: Assam|url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm|access-date=September 25, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm|archive-date=August 23, 2011}}</ref>
There are also many reserve forests like Abhaypur, Dilli, Diroi, Geleky and Saleh. There are some unclassified forests along the Nagaland and Arunachal border. The vegetation is mostly [[Tropical evergreen forest|tropical evergreen]] with trees like [[Dipterocarpus retusus|hollong]], titachapa, nahor, mekai etc. dominating the canopy.
The district is also rich in [[fauna]]. Various rare and endangered mammals like [[tiger]], [[elephant]], [[sun bear]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[hoolock gibbon]] are found in the reserve forests.

==Festivals and fairs==
The Bihus are the most popular agricultural festival in the district.<ref name="G L Publications" /> The Bohag Bihu/Rongali Bihu marks the advent of the cropping season, the Magh Bihu is the harvest festival and the Kati Bihu held in the lean period of agriculture is marked by the observing of penance and prayer. The Vaishnav community observes the birth and death anniversaries of the prominent Vaishnava saints of the state. Tribal communities like the Mishings and Deoris also perform Bihu in their own styles. Id-ul-Zuha and Id-ul-fitr are religious festivals of the Muslim community. Other Hindu festivals observed in the district are Ambubashi, Durga Puja and Sivaratri . The Sivaratri Mela of Siva Dol in Sivasagar town has been observed since the days of Ahom rule.<ref name="G L Publications" /> The Tea tribes maintain their own rich cultural traditions. The Jhumur dance and traditional music of these communities are very popular.

===Sivasagar Day===
The Sivasagar District celebrates Sivasagar Day on July the 1st of every year. The day is celebrated with cultural programs and cultural rallies along with plantation programmes in the entire Sivasagar District.

==See also==
* [[Matak Autonomous Council]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite journal| last = Phukan| first=J. N.| title = Relations of the Ahom kings of Assam with those of Mong Mao (in Yunnan, China) and of Mong Kwang (Mogaung in Myanmar) | journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=52 | year=1991| pages= 888–893| jstor=44142722|issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Citation|last=Scott|first=James George|year =1967|title=Hsenwi State Chronicle}}

==External links==
* [https://sivasagar.assam.gov.in/ Sivasagar district official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Sivasagar district
|North = [[Lakhimpur District]]
|Northeast = [[Dibrugarh district]]
|East = [[Dibrugarh district]]
|Southeast = [[Mon district]], [[Nagaland]]
|South = [[Longleng district]], [[Nagaland]]
|Southwest = [[Mokokchung district]], [[Nagaland]]
|West = [[Jorhat district]]
|Northwest = [[Jorhat district]]
}}

{{Assam}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|26|59|03.90|N|94|37|53.07|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Sivasagar district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Assam]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Assam]]

Rabindranath Tagore University, Hojai

2026-03-18T11:24:51Z

Serzude: added references

{{Short description|University in Assam, India}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Rabindranath Tagore University
| native_name =
| motto = विद्ययाऽमृतमश्नुते
| motto_lang = [[Sanskrit]]
| mottoeng = Be Immortal through knowledge
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|2019}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| chancellor = [[Governor of Assam]]
| vice_chancellor = Manabendra Dutta Choudhury
| city = [[Hojai, Hojai district]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| country = India
| campus =
| free_label =
| free =
| website = {{URL|www.rtuassam.ac.in}}
| logo =
| image_name = [[File:Rabindranath Tagore University Hojai.png|200px]]
| coor =
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
}}
'''Rabindranath Tagore University''' is a public [[state university (India)|state university]] located in [[Hojai, Hojai district, Assam]]. The university is established by ''Rabindranath Tagore University Bill, 2017'' which was passed by the [[Government of Assam]] on 7 September 2017. It was created by upgradation of [[Hojai College]] of [[Hojai]], [[Hojai district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/assam-house-passes-bills-to-set-up-universities-1040261-2017-09-07|title=Assam house passes bills to set up universities|publisher=India Today}}</ref>

In August 2024 Dr. Manabendra Dutta Choudhury took charge as 2nd Vice Chancellor of the University. On 7 June 2019, Amalendu Chakraborty took charge as the first Vice-Chancellor of Rabindranath Tagore University.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam-first-vc-of-rabindra-nath-tagore-university-of-hojai-takes-charge.html|title=Assam: First VC of Rabindra Nath Tagore University of Hojai takes charge|publisher=Nenow.in}}</ref> It was named after [[Rabindranath Tagore]], a Nobel laureate [[polymath]], poet, and artist from the [[Indian subcontinent]].

==Affiliated colleges==
The university has jurisdiction over colleges in [[Hojai district]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Universities in Assam}}

{{coord missing|Assam}}

[[Category:Universities in Assam]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2019]]
[[Category:State universities in India]]

{{Assam-university-stub}}

Nainagiri

2026-03-14T12:22:59Z

Serzude: creating stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Nainagiri (Reshandigiri)
| native_name = {{ubl
|{{native name|hi|नैनागिरि|italics=no}}
|Nainagiri Siddha Kshetra
}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| image = NainagiriView.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Jain Siddha Kshetra Reshandigiri
| map_type =
| map_size = 250
| map_caption = Location within Madhya Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|24.139|N|79.119|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| location = [[Chhatarpur district|Chhatarpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| elevation_m =
| elevation_footnotes =
| deity = [[Parshvanatha]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| temple_quantity = 41
| governing_body = Shri 1008 Dig. Jain Siddha Kshetra Nainagiri (Reshandigiri) Management Committee
| established = 1053 AD
| website = {{URL|http://www.nainagirijainteerth.com}}
}}'''Nainagiri''' is a major [[pilgrimage]] site for [[Jainism]] in India. It is located in the central Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], it is 12 km from Dalpatpur and 25 km from Bukswaha. This tirth, also known as Reshandigiri, is a Siddha Kshetra where five ancient saints including Varadatta had attained [[nirvana]].

==Significance==
According to ancient [[Nirvana Kanda|Nirvanakanda]] text:

पासस्स समवसरणे सहिया वरदत्त मुणिवरा पंच | 
रिस्सिन्देगिरि सिहरे णिव्वाण गया णमो तेसिं ||

Translation: Here at Resandigiri, the [[samosharana]] of Lord Parshvanath had come and Varadatta etc. five munis had attained nirvana. We bow to them.

Similar mentions are made in Hindi Nirvanakanda (1684 AD) of Bhaiya Bhagavatidas, and 1882 marathi text of [[Bhattaraka]] Devendrakirti of [[Karanja Lad|Karanja]].

==Nainagiri Jain Tirtha Complex==

[[File:Varnijinainagiri.jpg|thumb|Statue of Kshullaka [[Ganeshprasad Varni]] at Nainagiri]]
[[File:RamtoriaInvitation.jpg|thumb|Historical document in the research center: Invitation from Ramtoria sangh]]
Naingiri Tirthkshetra includes a temple complex on the hill, two temples besides a lake, temples in the valley and a nearby siddha-shila.

The main temple complex is situated on a low hill, with 36 Jain Temples on hill and 15 in valley. The Jala-Mandir temple is in the middle of a pond, with a [[manastambha]] in the front. There is also a [[Samosharana]] Mandir on the other side of the pond. All the Jain temples on hill are surrounded by a wall.

The oldest temple, termed [[Bada Mandir, Hastinapur|Bara Mandir]], which is the eleventh temple, was unearthed a few centuries ago. According to an inscription of the temple, the year of completion was V.S. 1109 (1053 AD). The principal deity of this temple is Lord [[Parsvanatha]] in [[Kayotsarga]] 4 feet 7 inches high. This was installed in V.S. 2015 (1959 AD). A beautiful and artistic Gomeda Yaksha and Yakshini [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] idol is also present here, with the Yakshini with a child in her lap.

The [[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanath temple]] (Chauvisi Mandir) is the largest temple with a 16 foot tall idol of Lord Parshvanath of 1953 AD, along with images of the 24 tirthankaras and the images of the five munis who attained moksha here.

The picturesque Jal Mandir of Nainagiri was featured on the 2002 [[JAINA]] calendar.<ref>[http://jainatemples.org/Calendars/ViewCalendar2002.aspx JAINA Calendar 2002, February, Nainagiri Tirth]</ref> Recently a tall manastambha was erected in front of it. The grand circular samosharana mandir features paintings of famous tirthas.

Near the temple complex, there is a large rock in river Bevas termed siddha shila. It is said that on this rock Vardatta etc. minis attained nirvana. There is also an ancient altar about a mile from the tirtha. The rock has many prehistorical [[petroglyphs]].

An old dharmashala building built by Shobharam Malaiya now houses an extensive library called "Acharya Devanandi D. J. Svadhyaya avam Shodha Sansthan". It also houses rare handwritten manuscripts. There are facilities for scholars to stay.

Nearby Singhai Satishchandra Keshardevi Higher Secondary School provides education to the local children.

==Recent History==

A number of temples have images installed in VS 1943-1948 (1886-1892 AD). This was the time when Nainagiri emerged a major tirtha. In VS 1943 (AD 1886) a large pratishtha function with three separate [[gajarath]] chariots was organized, where one lakh (100,000) Jains are said to have attended.<ref>Madhyaprant, Madhyabharat aur Rajputana ke Prachin Jain Smarak, Br.
Shital Prasad, Mulchand Kishandas Kapadia, 1926, p. 250)</ref>

In 1833 AD, Bhattaraka Surendrakirti of Gwalior had visited the tirtha while travelling to [[Shravanabelagola|Shravanabelgola]]. He arrived from Dronagir and then proceeded to [[Kundalpur]].<ref>Digambar Jain Siddha Kshetra Kundalgiri, Sudha malaiya, Vasudha Publications Bhopal, 2001, p. 35</ref>

The tirth was often visited by Kshullaka [[Ganeshprasad Varni]].<ref>Meri Jivan Gatha, Ganeshprasad Varni, 1949, Shri Ganeshprasad Varni Jain Granthmala, Varanasi.</ref> In 1919, a convention was organized that inaugurate the Bharatvarshiya Golapurva Digambar Jain Sabha under his leadership.<ref>Golapurva Jain, Year 1, Issue 3, May 1920, p. 10</ref>

[[Acharya Vidyasagar]] visited the tirtha, a spot where he took ''ahara'' (food offered by shravakas) and recovered from a serious ailment in 1978, is marked and is revered by the pilgrims.<ref>Yuva Pidhi ka Dhruv Tara, Ajit Jain, Tirthankar, Nov-Dec 1978, p. 25-28</ref> He stayed here during his [[chaturmas]] in 1978, 1981 and 1982, and also visited it at other times. He had given diksha to 72 munis and [[aryika]]s here. Acharyas Vishuddha Sagar and Vibhava Sagar have also been present on special events.

Baba Daulatram Varni had established a pathshala here in 1902, which was among the earliest in the [[Bundelkhand]] region. He wrote several books here including a bhasha (translation/commentary) of [[Gommatsāra|Gommatsar]] Jivakanda in 1904. The manuscript was reported as having been lost by [[Ganeshprasad Varni]], however recently Suresh Jain has located the manuscripts and is being published.<ref>baba Daultram Varni nainagiri dvara virachit Gommatsar Jivakanda ke Padyanuvad par Samikshatmak Vimarsha, Suresh Jain, Acharya Shri Devanandi Svadhyaya evam Shodha Sansthan, 2015</ref> A memorial marking his samadhi in 1908 is present just outside the compound.

Famous Jain scholar Dr. Darbari Lal Kothia was born here.

==Facilities==
There are three [[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharmashalas]] with the overall capacity of 1000. There is a bhojanalaya. There are facilities for visiting monks and scholars and a research library.

==Location==
The place is located in tehsil [[Buxwaha]], District – [[Chhatarpur district|Chhatarpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is 13 km from Dalpatpur located on the Sagar-Kanpur National Highway 86.Nearest Bus Stand Dalpatpur 13 km, Buxwaha 25 km. Nearest Railway Station [[Sagar railway station|Sagar]] 58 km.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:NainagiriCompound.jpg|Nainagiri temple compound
File:NainagiriSamosharana.jpg|Nainagiri Samosharana temple
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Religion}}
* [[Tirtha (Jainism)|Tirtha]]
* [[Jainism in Bundelkhand]]
* [[Aharji]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Nainagiri}}
* [http://www.atalnews24.com/?p=4907 नैनागिरी में होगा तीन दिवसीय भव्य आयोजन]

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}

[[Category:Historic sites in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tikamgarh]]
[[Category:Jain temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:11th-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:Chhatarpur district]]

Tripura Sundari Temple

2026-03-13T22:37:26Z

Serzude:

{{short description|Hindu temple in Tripura, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{for|the temple in Baitadi, Nepal|Tripura Sundari Temple, Nepal}}
{{Infobox religious building
| image = Tripura Sundari Temple, Udaipur.jpg
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| location = Matabari, Udaipur
| deity = [[Lalita Tripura Sundari]]
| festivals = Lalita Jayanti on Magha Purnima, Lalita Panchami, Navaratri
| architecture_style = [[Bengal temple architecture|Bengali]] ([[Ratna Style|Ek-ratna]] style)
| founded_by = Maharaja [[Dhanya Manikya]]
| established = 1501 CE
| name = Tripura Sundari Temple
| native_name = ত্রিপুরেশ্বরী মন্দির
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = Gomati
}}
'''Tripura Sundari Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] of the Goddess [[Tripura Sundari]], better known locally as ''Devi Tripureshwari'' the third mahavidya and main form of Parvati. The temple is situated in the ancient city of [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]], about 55 km from [[Agartala]], [[Tripura]] and can be reached by train and road from Agartala. It is believed to be one of the holiest [[Hindu]] shrines in this part of the country and witnesses the highest number of visitors for a temple in North-East India, after [[Kamakhya Temple]] in [[Assam]]. The state of Tripura is named after this temple. Popularly known as '''Matabari''', the shrine is set upon a small hillock that resembles the hump of a tortoise (''Kurma''). This shape called ''Kurmapṛṣṭhākṛti'' is considered the holiest possible site for a [[Shakti]] temple, hence also bestowing the name of ''Kurma Pīṭha''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-sundari-temple-biplab-deb-5437046/|title=Tripura Sundari Temple gets a Deepavali makeover as govt slams Left front for neglecting shrines|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2018-11-07|access-date=13 November 2024|archive-date=25 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925042813/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-sundari-temple-biplab-deb-5437046/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Goddess is served by traditional Brahmin priests.

The temple is one of the 51 [[Shakta pithas]]; legend says that a part of the right foot (Dakshin Charan) of [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] including the big toe fell here. Here, Shakti is worshipped as Tripurasundarī and the accompanying Bhairava is Tripuresh. The main shrine, a cubical edifice with a three-tier roof with a finial, erected by Maharaja of Tripura [[Dhanya Manikya]] in 1501 CE, is constructed in the [[Architecture of Bengal|Bengali]] ''[[Ek-ratna]]'' style.

There are two similar but different sized black stone idols of the Goddess in the sanctum sanctorum of the temple. The larger and more prominent idol of 5 feet height is of Goddess [[Tripura Sundari]] and the smaller one, adorably called ''Chhoto-Ma'' (literally, Little Mother), is 2 feet tall and is an idol of Goddess [[Chandi]]. The smaller idol was said to have been carried by the kings of Tripura to the battlefield as well as to hunting expeditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30188276.ece|title=Tourists paradise|website=Frontline, [[The Hindu]]|date=2009-09-11|access-date=13 November 2024|archive-date=22 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422223915/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30188276.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Every year on the occasion of [[Diwali]], a famous Mela takes place near the temple which is visited by more than 0.2 million pilgrims.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/culture/tripura-lakhs-flock-to-matabari-temple-on-diwali201811080711040002/|title=Tripura: Lakhs flock to Matabari Temple on Diwali|website=[[Asian News International]]|date=2018-11-08|access-date=13 November 2024|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005163318/https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/culture/tripura-lakhs-flock-to-matabari-temple-on-diwali201811080711040002/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Tripura Sundari Temple in Udaipur, Tripura - statue 2018-03-25 -2.jpg|thumb|Goddess Tripura Sundari]]
Legend has it that King Dhanya Manikya, who ruled over [[Tripura (princely state)|Tripura]] in the closing years of the 15th century, had a revelation one night in a dream in which Goddess Tripura Sundari instructed him to initiate her worship on the hilltop near the town of Udaipur, the contemporary capital of the kingdom. The king found out that a temple on the hillock was already dedicated to Lord [[Vishnu]]. He was in a dilemma, unable to decide how a temple dedicated to Vishnu could have an idol of [[Shakti]]. The following night, the divine vision was repeated. The king understood that Vishnu and Shakti were different forms of the same Supreme Deity (''[[Brahman]]''). Thus, the temple of Tripura Sundari came into being around the year 1501 CE.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-sundari-temple-biplab-deb-5437046/|title=Tripura Sundari Temple gets a Deepavali makeover as govt slams Left front for neglecting shrines|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2018-11-07|access-date=13 November 2024|archive-date=25 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925042813/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-sundari-temple-biplab-deb-5437046/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the dawn of this century, the temple has crossed 500 years. This legend is recounted as an example of solidarity between two sub-groups of Hinduism: the [[Vaishnava]] and the [[Shaktism|Shakta]] sects.

==Attraction of tourist ==
In [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]], the Goddess is worshipped as Tripura Sundari. Local variants of the name of the goddess are Tripureśwarī or ''Ṣoḍaśī''. The temple is a small cubical edifice, measuring 24 square feet at the base with a height of 75 feet. The shrine is situated on a small hillock which resembles in shape the hump of a tortoise, which gives it the name of ''Kurma Pīṭha''. As in other typical Hindu temples, stalls along the road to the temple sell flowers and baskets of offerings that visitors can buy and offer to the goddess as [[Prasāda]]m. The common Prasādam offered here is the ''[[Peda]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/packed-in-handcrafted-bamboo-box-tripura-sundari-temples-peda-bhog-flies-to-singapore20211203040413/|title=Packed in handcrafted bamboo box, Tripura Sundari temple's Peda bhog flies to Singapore|website=[[Asian News International]]|date=2021-12-03}}</ref> The red hibiscus flower (রক্তজবা) is also prized as an offering to the goddess.

== As a Shakta pitha ==
{{main article|Daksha Yaga}}
[[File:Dakshayani.jpg|thumb|Shiva carrying the corpse of [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]] Devi]]
''The real incident of Daksha yaga and Sati's self-immolation'' had immense significance in shaping the ancient Sanskrit literature and even had impact on the culture of India. It led to the development of the concept of [[Shakta pithas]] and there by strengthening [[Shaktism]]. Enormous mythological stories in puranas took the [[Daksha]] yaga as the reason for its origin. It is an important incident in [[Shaivism]] resulting in the emergence of Shree [[Parvati]] in the place of [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]] Devi and making Shiva a grihastashrami (house holder) leading to the origin of [[Ganesha|Ganapathy]] and [[Murugan|Subrahmanya]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kottiyoor Devaswam Temple Administration Portal|url=http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/|work=kottiyoordevaswom.com/|publisher=Kottiyoor Devaswam|accessdate=20 July 2013|archive-date=7 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607012239/http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Shakta pithas]] are shrines or divine places of the Mother Goddess. These are places that are believes to have enshrined with the presence of Shakti due to the falling of body parts of the corpse of [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]] Devi, when Lord [[Shiva]] carried it and wandered throughout Aryavartha in sorrow. There are 51 Shakta pithas linking to the 51 alphabets in Sanskrit. Each temple has shrines for [[Shakti]] and [[Kalabhairava]] and mostly each temple associates different names to [[Shakti]] and [[Kalabhairava]] in that temple.

==Animal sacrifice==
Animal sacrifices are a popular custom in the temple. They were banned in October 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-07|title=After 500 years, animal sacrifice stops at Tripurasundari Temple in Tripura: What devotees, head priest feel|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/after-500-years-no-animal-sacrifice-at-tripurasundari-temple-in-tripura-what-devotees-head-priest-feel-6057560/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=2 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602065837/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/after-500-years-no-animal-sacrifice-at-tripurasundari-temple-in-tripura-what-devotees-head-priest-feel-6057560/|url-status=live}}</ref> but were resumed from December 2019, after a 57-day ban.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-04|title=Tripura: Animal sacrifice in temples resumed with SC interim nod|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-animal-sacrifice-in-temples-resumed-with-sc-interim-nod-6135023/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=23 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023232659/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-animal-sacrifice-in-temples-resumed-with-sc-interim-nod-6135023/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Kalyan Sagar==

[[File:Kalyan Sagar.JPG|thumb|Kalyan Sagar]]

Kalyan Sagar lies in the eastern side of the temple. Spreading over 6.4 acres, with a length of 224 yards and width of 160 yards this large expanse of water adds a dimension of great beauty to the temple precincts, with hills rising picturesquely in the background. The water is full of rare [[Black softshell turtle|bostami turtles]] (considered extinct in the wild), some of them quite large, that come up to the shore looking for crumbs of food that visitors buy at the nearby stalls and feed to these reptiles, as part of the rituals. Devotees feed them with "muri" (puffed rice) and biscuits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/experts-suggest-ways-to-save-kalyan-sagar-turtles/cid/175836|title=Experts suggest ways to save Kalyan Sagar turtles|website=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=2014-06-25|access-date=13 November 2024|archive-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421183332/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/experts-suggest-ways-to-save-kalyan-sagar-turtles/cid/175836|url-status=live}}</ref>
Different types of fishes are also found in this pond, however fishing is not permitted here. This natural pond has varieties of aquatic species. The area of the Kalyan Sagar is 2.752 acres. The lake is considered sacred, and devotees worship the fishes and [[Black softshell turtle|bostami turtles]] present here. The Matabari Temple Committee is cementing the banks of Kalyan Sagar Lake for the last 2–3 years. The water of the lake became acidic due to destruction of the ecosystem around the lake. This has resulted in death of turtles, as the cemented embankments spoiled the natural habitat as well as places for laying eggs for these turtles. As an amphibian it is extremely essential for the turtles to have sandy exposure, which is not available in the lake after the construction of walls around the water body. Death of at least seven turtles has been reported in the last 6 months. Carrying of plastic polythene bags are banned in and around Matarbari Temple area since 1998, even before the banning order issued by Tripura State Pollution Control Board (TSPCB) for the entire State of Tripura on 21 January 2002. But visitors, tourists, pilgrims and devotees are throwing plastic carry bags every day into the lake. As a result, the bed of the lake is now full of polythene bags. To assess the situation and the state of the natural habitat of the tortoise, a team of TSPCB consisting of scientists and engineers visited the pond and interacted with the local people on 22 March 2003. To check the water quality of the lake, TSPCB collected water samples from four locations of the lake and analyzed the different parameters of the water quality. The results of the study show that the water quality of the lake is very good and even drinkable. According to the experts, it is only the construction of the embankments that increased the mortality of the turtles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/rare-turtle-species-found-only-in-tripura-facing-extinction-886223.html|title=Rare turtle species found only in Tripura facing extinction|website=[[Firstpost]]|date=2013-06-19}}</ref>

Now due to increasing awareness in the people about conservation of ecosystem, the Kalyan Sagar pond has been revived, and there is a thriving population of the rare bostami turtles living in the lake. The turtles are considered sacred too as Mata Tripura Sundari temple is a kurmapith as the temple premises resemble kurma (a [[turtle]]). Also, previously, it was a Vishnu temple and since Kurma is an avatar of Vishnu, these bostami turtles (bostami comes from Bengali word ''bostam'' meaning "Vaishnavite Brahmins" or "monks who worship Vishnu") are considered sacred by the devotees visiting the temple.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

==See also==

* [[Hindu pilgrimage sites]]
** [[Chabimura]], 15th-16th century Hindu rock carvings
** [[Unakoti]], 7th-9th century Hindu rock carvings

* [[Shakta pithas]]: there are 3 Shakta pithas in Northeast
** Assam's [[Kamakhya Temple]] Shakta pitha in Guwahati
** Meghalaya's [[Nartiang Durga Temple]] Shakta pitha and 600-year-old temple
** Tripura's Tripura Sundari Temple Shakta pitha

* [[Basudev Than]]
* [[Tourism in Tripura]]
* [[Tourism in Northeast India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.north-east-india.com/tripura/tripura-sundari-temple.html Details about the Temple]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930012602/http://southtripura.gov.in/Data/matabaridetails.htm Mata Bari Temple]
*[http://pilgrimage-tours.tourtravelworld.com/hindu-pilgrimage/tripura-sundari-temple.htm Tripura Sundari Temple]
*[http://shreetripurasundari.org shreetripurasundari Temple in Rajasthan]
*{{cite web|url=http://www.seshadri.info|title=SATHGURU SRI SESHADRI SWAMIGAL BRINDAVANAM TRUST|publisher=seshadri.info|accessdate=2014-01-25}}

{{Hindu temples in Tripura}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripura Sundari Temple}}
[[Category:Shakta pithas]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tripura]]
[[Category:Gomati district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples practicing animal sacrifice]]

First Saini ministry

2026-03-12T04:10:35Z

Serzude: made first data first draft

{{Short description|Ministry of Haryana since 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number =
| jurisdiction = the [[State of Haryana]]
| flag =
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image = Nayab Singh Saini 2018.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption =
| date_formed = 12 March 2024
| date_dissolved = 17 October 2024
| government_head = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| deputy_government_head =
| government_head_history =
| state_head = Governor [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number = 14
| political_parties = 2
*'''[[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
*'''[[Independent politician|Independent]]'''
| legislature_status = [[Coalition government|Coalition]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = '''[[Indian National Congress|INC]]'''
| opposition_leader = [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
| election =
| last_election = [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| legislature_term =
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[Second Khattar ministry]]
| successor = [[Second Saini ministry]]
}}
The '''First Saini ministry ''' was the council of ministers in the Indian state of [[Haryana]] headed by [[Nayab Singh Saini]]. The ministry was formed on 12 March 2024 and Saini along with five others took oaths of office.<ref name="A">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-12 |title=Nayab Singh Saini takes oath as Haryana chief minister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nayab-singh-saini-takes-oath-as-haryana-chief-minister/articleshow/108436507.cms |access-date=2024-03-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=Haryana News Live Updates: Nayab Singh Saini takes oath as Haryana CM; no Deputy named |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-govt-bjp-jjp-live-updates-9209318/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana Politics Highlights: ML Khattar Resigns, Nayab Singh Saini Takes Oath As Haryana Chief Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/haryana-politics-live-updates-bjp-ends-alliance-with-jjp-manohar-lal-khattar-resigns-new-cabinet-to-take-oath-today-5223231 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana political crisis Live: 4 BJP MLAs, one Independent take oath as ministers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/haryana-political-crisis-live-updates-manohar-lal-khattar-nayab-singh-saini-chief-minister-bjp-jjp-dushyant-chautala-2513796-2024-03-12 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=India Today |date=12 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
The first cabinet expansion took place on 19 March 2024 where 8 MLA's took oath as ministers out which one cabinet and seven minister of state. The ministry was dissolved on 17 October 2024 following the result of the [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]].

[[Gohana]] was announced to be 23rd [[List of districts of Haryana|district]] of Haryana by [[List of chief ministers of Haryana|Chief minister]] [[Nayab Singh Saini]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Gohana will be Haryana’s 23rd district as soon as norms are fulfilled: CM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/gohana-will-be-haryanas-23rd-district-as-soon-as-norms-are-fulfilled-cm-9409322/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The ministry was formed on 12 March 2024 when [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] resigned after ending the coalition of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-[[Jannayak Janta Party|JJP]] alliance (2019 - 2024). Governor [[Bandaru Dattatreya]] administered the oath of office and secrecy to the new leader of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] and [[Kurukshetra Lok Sabha constituency|Lok Sabha member from Kurukshetra]], [[Nayab Singh]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and 5 other legislators at Raj Bhavan, Chandigarh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=Nayab Singh Saini meets Haryana governor, stakes claim to form govt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/nayab-singh-saini-meets-haryana-governor-stakes-claim-to-form-govt-101710240138859.html |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Arushi |last2=News |first2=India TV |date=2024-03-12 |title=What numbers in Haryana Assembly look like after BJP-JJP split |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/bjp-jjp-split-numbers-in-haryana-assembly-manohar-lal-khattar-latest-updates-2024-03-12-921086 |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Government formation ===
Nayab Singh Saini formed the government with the support of six independent MLAs and one MLA from [[Haryana Lokhit Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-13 |title=Haryana floor test LIVE: Congress MLA slams BJP, says 'PM praised Khattar but…' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-floor-test-live-updates-cm-nayab-singh-saini-bjp-government-majority-in-house-latest-news-today-13-march-2024-101710301527864.html |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Cabinet Ministers==
Source:<ref name="Haryana CM Nayab Singh Saini allocates portfolios, keeps key home department with himself">{{cite news |last1=India TV |first1= |last2= |date=23 March 2024 |title=Haryana CM Nayab Singh Saini allocates portfolios, keeps key home department with himself |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/haryana-chief-minister-nayab-singh-saini-allocates-portfolios-keeps-key-home-department-council-of-ministers-kanwar-pal-latest-updates-2024-03-23-922850 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106174142/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/haryana-chief-minister-nayab-singh-saini-allocates-portfolios-keeps-key-home-department-council-of-ministers-kanwar-pal-latest-updates-2024-03-23-922850 |archivedate=6 November 2024 |accessdate=6 November 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Haryana Cabinet Expansion: CM Nayab Saini Allotts Portfolios; Check Complete List">{{cite news |date=23 March 2024 |title=Haryana Cabinet Expansion: CM Nayab Saini Allotts Portfolios; Check Complete List |url=https://www.india.com/news/haryana-cabinet-expansion-cm-nayab-saini-allotts-portfolios-check-complete-list-6807037/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106174406/https://www.india.com/news/haryana-cabinet-expansion-cm-nayab-saini-allotts-portfolios-check-complete-list-6807037/ |archivedate=6 November 2024 |accessdate=6 November 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!style="width:15em"| Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Chief Minister of Haryana]] 
*Home
*Revenue and Disaster Management
*Excise and Taxation
*Youth Empowerment & Entrepreneurship
*Information, Public Relations, Language and Culture
*Foreign Cooperation
*Administration of Justice
*Mines & Geology
*General Administration
*Criminal Investigation (C.I.D)
*Personnel & Training
*Raj Bhawan Affairs
*Law and Legislative
*Any department not allotted to any other Minister.
| minister1 = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2024
| minister1_termend = 17 October 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = <ref name='A'/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = 
*Agriculture and Farmer's Welfare
*Animal Husbandry & Dairying
*Fisheries
*Parliamentary Affairs
*Hospitality and Heritage & Tourism Department
| minister1 = [[Kanwar Pal]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2024
| minister1_termend = 17 October 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = <ref name='A'/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = 
*Industries & Commerce
*Labour
*Food
*Civil Supplies & Consumer Affairs
*Elections
| minister1 = [[Mool Chand Sharma]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2024
| minister1_termend = 17 October 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =<ref name='A'/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = 
*Finance, Institutional Finance and Credit Control
*Planning
*Town & Country Planning and Urban Estates
*Archives
| minister1 = [[Jai Parkash Dalal]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2024
| minister1_termend = 17 October 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = <ref name="C">{{Cite web |title=Haryana: With Nayab Singh Saini as CM, BJP Banks on Non-Jat Votes to Retain Power |url=https://thewire.in/politics/haryana-with-nayab-singh-saini-as-cm-bjp-banks-on-non-jat-votes-to-retain-power |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=The Wire}}</ref>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = 
*Public Works Department
*Public Health Engineering Department
*Architecture
| minister1 = [[Banwari Lal (Haryana politician)|Banwari Lal]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2024
| minister1_termend = 17 October 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = <ref name='A'/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = 
*Power
*New and Renewable Energy
*Jail
| minister1 = [[Ranjit Singh Chautala]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2024
| minister1_termend = 17 October 2024
| minister1_party = [[Independent politician]]
| minister1_ref = <ref name ='C'/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = 
*Health
*Medical Education
*Ayush
*Civil Aviation
| minister1 = [[Kamal Gupta]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 March 2024
| minister1_termend = 17 October 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = <ref name ='C'/>
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==Ministers of state==
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!style="width:15em"|
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
| minister1 = [[Seema Trikha]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 March 2024
| minister1_termend = 17 October 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
| minister1 = [[Mahipal Dhanda]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 March 2024
| minister1_termend = 17 October 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
| minister1 = [[Aseem Goel]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 March 2024
| minister1_termend = 17 October 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
| minister1 = [[Abhe Singh Yadav]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 March 2024
| minister1_termend = 17 October 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
| minister1 = [[Subhash Sudha]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 March 2024
| minister1_termend = 17 October 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
| minister1 = [[Bishamber Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 March 2024
| minister1_termend = 17 October 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
| minister1 = [[Sanjay Singh (Haryana politician)|Sanjay Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 March 2024
| minister1_termend = 17 October 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

== Demographics ==
== See also ==

* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[14th Haryana Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ministry, Saini}}
[[Category:2024 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party state ministries of Haryana|Saini I]]
[[Category:Haryana ministries|Saini I]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2024|Saini I]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2024|Saini I]]

Kaikhali

2026-03-11T18:17:31Z

Serzude: started some bio w/ sources...

{{Primary sources|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Kaikhali
|official_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood
|image_skyline = File:VIP Road - Kaikhali - Kolkata 2017-03-30 0868.JPG
|imagesize =
|image_caption = [[VIP Road]], Kaikhali
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
|pushpin_mapsize =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Jessore Road metro station|Jessore Road]]
|government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
|governing_body = [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]]
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|demographics_type1 = Languages
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5:30
|coordinates = {{coord|22.6351747|N|88.4392357|E|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 700052, 700136
|area_code_type = Telephone code
|area_code = +91 33
|registration_plate = WB
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation|BMC]] wards
|blank1_info_sec1 = 5, 6, 7
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
|blank3_info_sec1 = [[Rajarhat Gopalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarhat Gopalpur]]
|website = {{URL|https://bmcwbgov.in/}}
|footnotes =
}}

'''Kaikhali''' is a neighbourhood in [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|publisher=KMDA|access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map|publisher=KMDA|access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.6288|88.4311}} 
| zoom = 15 
| label = Kaikhali
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.6288|88.4311}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}

Kaikhali is developing into an important residential and commercial centre. [[Lake Town, Kolkata|Lake Town]], [[Dum Dum Park]], [[Kestopur]], [[Baguiati]], [[Nagerbazar]], [[Teghoria]], Chinar Park, [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake]] etc. are the nearby areas of Kaikhali. The area is very close to [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]] ([[Kolkata Airport|Dumdum/Kolkata Airport]]).{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==Transport==
A large number of buses ply along [[VIP Road, Kolkata|VIP Road]].

Bus route numbers VS2, VS1, V1, AC2, AC37, AC39, AC23A, AC37A, AC38, AC43, AC50A, AC37C, EB12, S23A, S64, D10, C23, ACT-23, L238, D-1A, DN17, DN2/1, DN46, DN47, 45, 45A, 46, 79D, 217, 237, S-151 (Mini), S-175 (Mini), S-184 (Mini), 91, 91A, 91C etc. serves the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/busroute.html|title=Bus routes of Calcutta|publisher=Calcutta Yellow Pages|access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

{{North24Parganas-geo-stub}}

Hindal Mirza

2026-03-10T15:59:34Z

Serzude: started a info w/ sources

{{short description|Mughal prince (1519–1551)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Hindal Mirza هندل میرزا
| image = Contemporary portrait of Hindal Mirza (painted in 1546).jpg
| caption = 1546 portrait of Hindal Mirza
| title = [[Shah#Shahzada|Shahzada]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] [[Mirza (name)|Mirza]]
| succession = Ruler of [[Alwar]], [[Mewat]], [[Malwa]], [[Ghazni]]
| reign = 21 February 1531 – {{Nowrap|20 November 1551}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|Sultanam Begum|1537}}
| issue = [[Ruqaiya Sultan Begum]]
| house = [[Mughal dynasty]]
| dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty]]
| father = [[Babur]]
| mother = Dildar Begum (biological) [[Maham Begum]] (adoptive)
| birth_name = Abu'l-Nasir Muhammad
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1519|3|4|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kabul]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1551|11|20|1519|3|4|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Nangarhar]], [[Sur Empire]]
| burial_place = [[Gardens of Babur]], Kabul
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] ([[Hanafi]])
| full name = Abu'l-Nasir Muhammad Hindal Mirza ibn Mirza Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad Babur
}}

'''Abu'l-Nasir Muhammad''' ({{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|ابوالنصیر محمد}}}};<ref>{{cite book|last1=[[Babur]] (Emperor of Hindustan)|editor1-last=Susannah Beveridge|editor1-first=Annette|title=Bābur-nāma (Memoirs of Bābur), Volume 1|date=1970|publisher=Oriental Books Reprint Corporation|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460512|page=758}}</ref> 4 March 1519 – 20 November 1551), better known by the [[sobriquet]] '''Hindal''' ([[Chagatai language|Chagatai]] for 'Taker of India'), was a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] prince and the youngest son of Emperor [[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]] and the first [[Mughal emperor]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Balabanlilar|first=Lisa|title=Imperial identity in the Mughal Empire : Memory and Dynastic politics in Early Modern South and Central Asia|year=2012|publisher=I.B. Tauris|location=London|page=112|isbn=978-1-84885-726-1}}</ref> He was also the older brother of [[Gulbadan Begum]] (the author of ''Humayun-nama''), the younger half-brother of the second Mughal emperor [[Humayun]], as well as the paternal-uncle and father-in-law of the third Mughal emperor [[Akbar]].

Hindal's long military career started at the age of ten, with his first appointment as a [[viceroy]] being in [[Badakshan]], Afghanistan. The young prince subsequently proved himself to be a successful and courageous general.{{sfn|Lal|1978|p=182}}{{sfn|Begum|1902|p=142}} Thus, by the age of 19, Hindal was considered to be a strong and favourable contender for the [[Peacock Throne|Mughal throne]] as Humayun's successor by the imperial [[council]], which despised his older brother. However, unlike his rebellious half-brother, [[Kamran Mirza]], Hindal eventually pledged allegiance to Humayun and remained faithful to him till his untimely death in 1551, when he died fighting for the Mughals in a battle against Kamran Mirza's forces. He was survived by his wife and his only daughter, the princess [[Ruqaiya Sultan Begum]], who married his nephew, Akbar, and became a Mughal queen in 1556.<ref>{{cite book|last=Burke|first=S. M.|title=Akbar: The Greatest Mogul|year=1989|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|isbn=978-81-215-0452-2|page=142}}</ref>

==Early life==
Abu'l-Nasir Muhammad was born on 4 March 1519 in [[Kabul]] to the first Mughal emperor [[Babur]] and his wife Dildar Begum. Upon hearing the news of his birth, Babur named his youngest son, Hindal ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: "Taker of India"),<ref>{{cite book|author=Persian texts|translator-last=Thackston|translator-first=W. M.|title=Three memoirs of Humayun|date=2009|publisher=Mazda Publishers|location=Costa Mesa, Calif.|isbn=9781568591780|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gandhi|first1=Maneka |last2=Husain |first2=Ozair|title=The complete book of Muslim and Parsi names|date=2004|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=9780143031840|page=171}}</ref> since the prince was born while he was on his way to conquer "Hind" ([[India]]) which he felt was a good omen.<ref>{{cite book|last=Moin|first=A. Azfar|title=The millennial sovereign : sacred kingship and sainthood in Islam|year=2012|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-16036-0|page=89}}</ref> Babur further commemorated the birth of his son in his memoir: the ''[[Baburnama]]''. Two years after his birth, the prince and his sister, [[Gulbadan Begum]], were placed in the care of [[Maham Begum]], Babur's chief wife and the mother of Hindal's older half-brother, Humayun. Maham Begum had recently lost four children of her own in infancy, and wished to raise Hindal and his sister Gulbadan Begum in her own care.<ref name=Lal2005>{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Ruby|title=Domesticity and power in the early Mughal world|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85022-3|pages=113, 121}}</ref>

Hindal's other siblings included his two sisters [[Gulrukh Begum|Gulrang Begum]] and [[Gulchehra Begum]] and a younger brother, Alwar Mirza, who died in his childhood.<ref name=Lal2005 /> Among his siblings, Hindal was very close to his sister Gulbadan Begum.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture|year=2004|publisher=Reaktion Books|page=144}}</ref>
Hindal had also been his father's favourite when Humayun lost favour with him at the time of his death in 1530. On his deathbed in [[Agra]], Babur desperately asked for his youngest son, Hindal (who was fighting a campaign in [[Kabul]] at the time), instead of Humayun. This incident, hinted at the depth of the older prince's imperial disfavour.<ref>{{cite book|last=Faruqui|first=Munis D.|title=Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719|date=27 August 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-02217-1|page=26}}</ref>

=== Marriage and private life ===
In 1537, Hindal married his cousin, Sultanam Begum, in Agra. She was the daughter of Muhammad Musa Khwaja and the younger sister of Mahdi Khwaja, who was Babur's brother-in-law, being the husband of his sister, [[Khanzada Begum]].<ref name=Prasad>{{cite book|last=Prasad|first=Ishwari|title=The life and times of Humayun|year=1956|publisher=Orient Longmans|page=57}}</ref> Sultanam had been lovingly brought up by Hindal's childless aunt, Khanzada Begum, since she was a child and had been reared to become Hindal's wife in future.{{sfn|Begum|1902|p=38}}

In honour of their marriage, Khanzada Begum organized a grand feast, which is described in great detail in the ''Humayun-nama''. The feast, known as the 'Mystic Feast' was a grand affair and in the words of Gulbadan Begum was "most splendid and entertaining", being attended by innumerable imperial and royal guests as well as high-ranking court ''[[amirs]]''.<ref name=Prasad/> Gulbadan further stated that such a wedding feast had not been organized previously for any other children of Babur. Mahdi Khwaja had presented his brother-in-law, Hindal, with a large amount of [[dowry]] and Khanzada Begum also gave extravagant gifts.{{sfn|Begum|1902|p=126}}

In 1541, when negotiations for Humayun's marriage with [[Hamida Banu Begum]] were going on, both Hindal and Hamida bitterly opposed the marriage proposal, possibly because they were involved with each other.{{sfn|Eraly|2000|p=65}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Diana Preston and Michael Preston|title=A Teardrop on the Cheek of Time: The Story of the Taj Mahal|year=2010|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4464-2146-8|page=39}}</ref> It seems probable that Hamida was in love with Hindal, though there is only circumstantial evidence for it.{{sfn|Eraly|2000|p=526}} In her book, the ''Humayun-nama'', Hindal's sister and Hamida's close friend, Gulbadan Begum, pointed out that Hamida was frequently seen in her brother's palace during those days, and in the palace of their mother, Dildar Begum.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wade|first=Bonnie C.|title=Imaging Sound : an Ethnomusicological Study of Music, Art, and Culture in Mughal India|year=1998|publisher=Univ. of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-86841-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/imagingsoundethn0000wade/page/62 62]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/imagingsoundethn0000wade}}</ref> Hamida's father, Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami, had also been one of Hindal's [[preceptor]]s.{{sfn|Eraly|2000|p=65}}

== Viceroyalty ==
[[File:Allegory of the Celebrations for Akbar's Circumcision at Khwaja Seh Yaran Mughal at Kabul, c. 1546 AD, photographed c. 1985 MET catalogue.jpg|thumb|Hindal Mirza, presents young [[Akbar]]'s portrait to [[Humayun]], during Akbar's circumcision celebrations in [[Kabul]], {{circa|1546}} AD by ''[[Dust Muhammad]]''<ref>{{cite web|first1=Laura E.|last1=Parodi|first2=Bruce|last2=Wannell|author2-link=Bruce Wannell|title=The Earliest Datable Mughal Painting|url=http://www.asianart.com/articles/parodi/index.html|publisher=Asianart.com|access-date=7 June 2013|date=18 November 2011}}</ref>]]
Hindal's first appointment as a viceroy was in [[Badakshan]], Afghanistan, when the prince was merely ten years old. Hindal's older half-brothers Humayun and Kamran Mirza conferred and persuaded the young prince to take up the government of Badakshan. Upon invading India in 1525–6, Hindal was briefly awarded Badakshan again in 1529 by Babur. At the time of his father's death in 1530, the eleven-year-old Hindal was serving as the viceroy of Kabul, and was also the viceroy of [[Qandahar]] at a later time.<ref name=Balabanlilar>{{cite book|last=Balabanlilar|first=Lisa|title=Imperial identity in the Mughal Empire : Memory and Dynastic politics in Early Modern South and Central Asia|year=2012|publisher=I.B. Tauris|location=London|pages=112, 116|isbn=978-1-84885-726-1}}</ref>

Upon Humayun's accession to the throne in the same year, Hindal was granted Babur's favourite retreat of [[Alwar]], in addition to the governorship of [[Malwa]]. Further, Humayun granted the province of [[Ghazni]] and [[Mewat]] (among others) as Hindal's ''[[jagir]]'', while Kamran was granted [[Qandahar]]. Hindal, however, attempted to withdraw into seclusion in Badakshan, seemingly in repudiation of Kamran Mirza's rebellion.<ref name=Balabanlilar/> When the Mughals conquered India again in 1541, one third portion of it was owned by Hindal.{{sfn|Erskine|1854|p=222}}

== Siege of Kannauj==
In 1537, [[Sher Shah Suri]] had gradually overrun all the countries on the southern or [[Behar]] side of the [[Ganges]]; and Muhammad Sultan Mirza, had raised the standard of revolt in the upper provinces. The long absence of the Emperor Humayun had latterly encouraged them to act with greater boldness and security. Muhammad Sultan, having gained possession of a great portion of the countries on the left bank of the Ganges, had fixed the seat of his government at [[Bilgram]], opposite to [[Kannauj]], and had gained sufficient strength to send his son, Ulugh Mirza, with a large force to besiege [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Juanpur]]; while Shah Mirza, another of his sons, reduced [[Kara-Manikpur]]. Kannauj too had fallen into his hands.{{sfn|Erskine|1854|p=89}}

Hindal Mirza, whom Humayun had left in command at Agra, marched to quell this revolt, and soon retook Kannauj. As soon as Muhammad Sultan Mirza heard of his approach, he called in all his detachments, and was joined by Shah Mirza, while Ulugh Mirza wrote to say that he would hasten with all possible speed to meet him; at the same time urging him not to hazard a battle till his arrival. Muhammad Sultan and Shah Mirza, encamping on the left bank of the river, used every exertion to obstruct the passage of the imperial army. Hindal, however, eager to engage the enemy before Ulugh Mirza could join them, having discovered a fort ten miles above Kannauj, left his camp standing, and effected a passage, unobserved, with all his troops.{{sfn|Erskine|1854|p=89}}

The two armies soon met face-to-face; but when they were on the point of engaging, a strong north-wester rising, blew such clouds of dust right in the eyes of the insurgents that they could not keep their position. The imperial army, who had the wind on their backs, availing themselves of their advantage, pressed hard upon their enemy, whose retreat was soon converted into a flight. Hindal, after taking possession of Bilgram and the surrounding country, pursued the remainder of the fleeing army, as they marched to form a junction with Ulugh Mirza. He overtook them at [[Oudh]] where Muhammad Sultan and his sons, having concentrated all their forces, halted to check his advance. The two armies lay opposite to each other for nearly two months, when news arrived that Humayun had left [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]], and was on his way back to Agra. This decided Muhammad Sultan to bring on an action, as his only chance of safety. He marched out of his trenches; and engagement ensued, in which the imperial troops had the advantage. The insurgents, dispirited by their continued want of success, began to despair, and soon after dispersed. Muhammad Sultan Mirza, and three of his sons, fled to [[Cooch Behar State|Kuch-Behar]]; while Hindal Mirza, following up on his advantage went on to [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Juanpur]]. Having soon after heard of Humayun's arrival at the capital, he left the army and joined his brother there.<ref>[[#refErskine|Erskine]], p. 90</ref>

==Revolt at Agra and proclamation as Emperor==
[[File:Humayun_and_Babur_(Late_Shah_Jahan_Album)_Humayun_detail.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Hindal's older brother, the Emperor [[Humayun]]]]
In 1538, Humayun received reports from Agra that his younger half-brother, Hindal, had put to death Sheikh Bhul, soon after his arrival, had thrown of his allegiance, had assumed all the ensigns of sovereignty; and caused himself to be proclaimed Emperor.<ref>[[#refErskine|Erskine]], p. 151</ref>
At first, the Emperor did not believe the news and found it unfounded and impossible, but he soon found out that it was no time to linger on. Humayun entered [[Bengal]] and proceeded to [[Gauḍa (region)|Gour]], Hindal Mirza, instead of remaining to keep the rebels in check, and maintain the communications with grand army, taking advantage of the season, abandoned his post and set out for [[Agra]], without leave. His absence, and the death of Hindu Beg, had encouraged and enabled [[Sher Shah Suri]] to pass the [[Ganges]] and take [[Benaras]], defeat Yusuf Beg, and lay siege to [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Juanpur]]; besides cutting off all the communications of Humayun's army.{{sfn|Erskine|1854|p=159}} Hindal, who was now twenty years old, misled by the counselors who so often surround an aspiring prince, and incite him to sacrifice every duty for his own ambitions, on his arrival to Agra, entered the city, took possession of the Emperor's palace, issued his orders as if vested with absolute power, and seemed to direct his views to the throne itself.{{sfn|Erskine|1854|p=159}}

===Siege of Jaunpur===
Alarmed at the course which Hindal was pursuing, Humayun hastened down to Agra to meet the prince and represented to him in the strongest terms the danger to which he was exposing the power and the very existence of the [[Chughtai]] race in [[India]]. He pointed out that it was a moment when, instead of destroying everything by discord and disunion, it was essential that every friend of the House of Timur, should exert himself, to break the rapidly increasing power of Sher Khan and the Pashtuns. By such remonstrances, he prevailed upon Hindal to leave the city to cross over the [[Yamuna river|Jamna]] into the [[Doab]], and there collect whatever forces could be brought together, to march and raise the siege of Juanpur.<ref>[[#refErskine|Erskine]], p. 160</ref> The Emperor's cousin and brother-in-law, Yadgir Nasir Mirza, who commanded [[Kalpi]], was induced by Mir Fakhir Ali to put his troops in motion so as to form a junction with those of Hindal in the territory of [[Karra, Khunti|Karra]], so that they might thence proceed in concert to [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Juanpur]].

===Possibility of accession===
[[File:Likely contemporary depiction of Yadgar-Nasir Mirza, son of Nasir Mirza, a half-brother of Babur. 1546 in Kabul, by Dust Muhammad.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Possible contemporary depiction of Yadgar-Nasir Mirza, son of [[Nasir Mirza]], a half-brother of Babur. 1546 in Kabul, by [[Dust Muhammad]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parodi |first1=Laura E. |last2=Wannell |first2=Bruce |title=The Earliest Datable Mughal Painting |journal=www.asianart.com |date=2011 |url=https://www.asianart.com/articles/parodi/index.html |quote=That the first is a Timurid prince - a mīrzā - is suggested by logic (a circumcision feast is after all primarily a family event) and historical circumstances. Interestingly, sources name only two male participants in the 1546 circumcision tooy explicitly: Hindal Mirza and Yadgar-Nasir Mirza. The latter was the son of Nasir Mirza, a half-brother of Babur's and, in accordance with Timurid practice, he would have been more or less regarded as a “brother” by Humayun; [76] not only that, but he was at least nominally the legitimate heir to the Ghazni throne. This would reasonably account for his attire and possibly also for the presence of armed men at this relatively intimate “family reception.}}</ref>]]
At this time, Zahid Beg, Khusrau Beg Kokiltash, Haji Muhammad Baba Khushke, and other discontented and turbulent nobles, who had fled from Bengal, arrived, and had secret communications with Nur-ud-din Muhammad Mirza, the governor of [[Kanauj]], who had married Gulrang Begum, Hindal's sister, and who seems to have been privy to his designs.{{sfn|Erskine|1854|p=161}} Nur-ud-din wrote to Hindal Mirza, announcing the arrival of these noblemen, and at the same time forwarded to him a petition from them, asking his favour and protection, and proffering their own duties and services. To this address the Mirza, who, in spite of his change of conduct, had still a strong leaning to his treasonable purposes, returned a gracious answer, which he gave to Muhammad Ghazi Taghai, one of his trusty adherents, by whom he at the same time wrote to inform Yadgar Nasir Mirza, and Mir Fakhir Ali, of the arrival of the [[Amir]]s.{{sfn|Erskine|1854|p=161}}

The Amirs did not wait at Kanauj for his answer, but proceeded to Kol, a ''[[jagir]]'' of Zahid Beg's. Hindal's envoy, hearing of this movement, instead of first going to Yadgar, went straight to meet them. The conspirators, finding that Hindal was irresolute or insincere, and being themselves desperate, told the envoy, explicitly, that their mind was made up; that they had forever shaken off their allegiance to the Emperor; that, if Hindal would assume the imperial dignity, and read the ''[[khutba]]'' in his own name, they were to be his most faithful subjects. But if not, that they would straightway repair to Kamran Mirza, and make him the same offer, which would not be refused. The envoy, returning to Hindal, reported what had passed, and added in his own opinion; that the Mirza was so far committed as to have only one of two measures to adopt. He must either at once call in the Amirs, accede to their advice, and declare himself Emperor; or get them into his power, cast them into prison, and treat them as rebels.{{sfn|Erskine|1854|p=161}} Hindal, whose mind was misled by high and dazzling projects, was not long of coming to a decision on this alternative. He agreed to accept to the proposal of the fugitive nobles and to raise the standard of rebellion.{{sfn|Erskine|1854|p=162}}

[[Image:shershah.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Sher Shah Suri]], the usurper to the rule of Emperor Humayun]]
It was at this very juncture that Sheikh Bhul or Behlul, who had been sent by Humayun from Gour, on a mission to the Mirza, arrived near Agra.{{sfn|Erskine|1854|p=162}} Sheikh Bhul was revered by Humayun, as his religious teacher and spiritual guide, and had acted as a councillor to Hindal himself. Hindal, on hearing of his approach, went out and received him with much honour. Bhul had been sent from Bengal by the Emperor, when he had first heard of the Mirza's defection, to reason with him on the folly of his proceedings. Bhul brought assurances from Humayun, not only of forgiveness for his past misconduct, but of every favour and exaltation for the future, that the affection and generosity of a prince and brother could bestow. The weak and wavering mind of Hindal was shaken by these remonstrances of duty and wisdom. He had not yet made any irrevocable manifestation of his rebellious intentions, and was once more persuaded to return to his allegiance, and to join in an active effort to drive the common enemy out of the field, free his sovereign from distress and peril.{{sfn|Erskine|1854|p=162}} The very next day, he sent to make fresh requisitions from Muhammad Bakshi, the governor, of such a quantity of warlike stores and equipments, arms, cattle, money etc. as would enable him to put his army instantly in motion and to proceed to the relief of Juanpur.<ref>[[#refErskine|Erskine]], p. 163</ref>

===Siege of Delhi===

Unfortunately Nur-ud-din arrived while these measures were being expedited and he was able to destroy the whole effect of Sheikh Bhul's mission, and Hindal was persuaded once more to accept the support of the rebel nobles, for which they demanded the sacrifice of Sheikh Bhul as he had caused Hindal to break his former promises to them.<ref name="wheeler32">[[#refWheeler|Wheeler, 1953]], p. 32</ref> They hoped that Hindal, involved in such a disgraceful crime, would irretrievably be separated from Humayun, whom they hated and despised. A frivolous charge of conspiracy with Sher Khan was laid and the Sheikh was executed under the orders of Nur-ud-din. Such a crime revolted the ladies of the harem and all the officers who had remained faithful to Humayun. It marked the destruction of Hindal's ambitious designs, for when he advanced on [[Delhi]] instead of marching to assist the Emperor, Yadgar Nasir and Fakhir Ali forestalled him by hasty marches and reached the city before he arrived. While Hindal was unsuccessfully besieging Delhi, his step-brother, Kamran Mirza, arrived from [[Punjab]]. After successfully capturing [[Kandahar]], Kamran completed his domination over all of [[Afghanistan]] and Punjab. Now, in 1539, he moved towards Humayun's territory and Hindal, uncertain of his intentions, abandoned the siege of Delhi and withdrew to Agra.<ref name="wheeler32"/>

Although Kamran was persuaded to leave Delhi untouched and to follow Hindal to Agra, his intentions were completely selfish. On Kamran's approach, Hindal withdrew to his own government at [[Alwar]], but soon was persuaded to offer his submission, together with the rebel officers who were almost his sole adherents. The brothers set out as if to help march to Humayun's help, but the ambition of Kamran and the weakness of Hindal made them yield to the suggestion of nobles that if Sher Khan defeated Humayun, the Empire would fall to his brother and that if the Emperor won he could be persuaded to forgive them. So after a few marches they turned back to Agra just as Humayun's affairs reached a crisis.<ref>[[#refWheeler|Wheeler, 1953]], p. 33</ref>

==Siege of Sehwan==

In the summer of 1541, Hindal had repeatedly asked for the Emperor's permission to attack and occupy the rich province of [[Sehwan]] in [[Sindh]], but was not allowed, due to an ongoing negotiation between the Emperor and Shah Hussein regarding some procurement of resources. However, as soon as the negotiations were made, Hindal was at length authorized to reduce the district, and informed that the Emperor himself would soon visit the prince's camp. Shah Hussein had fortified the town of Sehwan, and now ordered the surrounding country to be laid waste. Humayun, alarmed by some intimations that had reached to him, of Hindal's having a design to desert from him and march to Qandahar, quitted for a short time the gardens of Baberlu and proceeded to Hindal's camp. Five days later, he reached [[Paat]], which lies about twenty miles west of [[Indus]] and was met by Hindal.{{sfn|Erskine|1854|p=219}}

Here, negotiations for Humayun's marriage with Hamida Banu Begum began, and Hindal was so furious at the prospect of his brother's marriage with Hamida that he subsequently threatened to quit the Emperor's service. Hindal was much offended by his brother's conduct as he felt that Humayun had come to Paat to "do him honour and not to look out for a young bride". Hindal's mother, Dildar Begum, who overheard this altercation, interposed, reproved her son and attempted to settle the dispute. But, as Hindal refused to apologize for the unseemly language he had used, Humayun left the house in high displeasure. Hindal, on the other hand, soon left for Afghanistan just as the Emperor's men began to increasingly desert him.{{sfn|Erskine|1854|p=220}}

==Death==
[[File:Afghanistan Nangarhar Province location.PNG|thumb|left|[[Nangarhar province]] location in present-day [[Afghanistan]]. The place where Hindal Mirza died.]]
On the eve of 20 November 1551, Hindal and Humayun had set camp in the province of [[Nangarhar]], Afghanistan, the brothers learned that Kamran Mirza was intending to attack the imperial camp that night with a body of Khalil and [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] soldiers. Despite various security measures, about the end of the first watch of the night, an attack was made accordingly. The Emperor was on the rising ground; Hindal in the camp below.{{sfn|Erskine|1854|p=402}} The onset of the attack was furious and continued hot for some time, each offer defending his own portions of work, some part of which, however, the enemy succeeded in scaling, and entered the enclosure. Some men of note were slain; all was confusion and uncertainty, friend and foes being mixed together and covered by the darkness of the night, but soon the imperialists recovered their superiority.{{sfn|Erskine|1854|p=402}}

The assailants took to flight, but Hindal had fallen in the fray. "When the affair was over" says Jouher, "and his Majesty (Humayun) inquired for his brother Hindal, no one had the courage to tell him." Humayun then called out aloud from the height; but, although surrounded by three hundred persons, none answered. The Emperor ordered Abdal Wahab to go and bring news of the prince. Wahab went in search of the prince, but was shot by one of the imperial army's own match-lock men, who mistook him for an Afghan. Mir Abdal Hai was next sent, and brought back the melancholy intelligence, which he communicated by two verses of a poet. The Emperor instantly retreated to his pavilion, where he was overwhelmed with grief, till his ''Amirs'' came and consoled him, saying that his brother was blessed, in having thus fallen a [[martyr]] in the service of the Emperor.{{sfn|Erskine|1854|p=403}}

It appears that Hindal, on hearing the news of the intended night-attack, had carefully visited all his trenches, after which he retired to his tent for some rest, when he was roused by the uproar and alarm occasioned by the onset of the Pashtuns. They had attacked the works on every side on foot, and a body had succeeded in getting over the prince's trenches in the dark night. Hindal started up, and hastened to meet and repel the assailants, having only his bow and arrow in hand. His men had hurried away in confusion, to protect their horses from being plundered, therefore none of Hindal's immediate servants were with him. He soon met a Pashtun face to face, and so near that it was necessary to get close with him. By main strength he had gained the upper hand, when his enemy's brother, Tirenda, a Mehmend Pashtun, came to his assistance, and slew the prince without knowing him.{{sfn|Erskine|1854|p=403}}

[[File:Garden of Babur By Dani.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Inside the [[Gardens of Babur]], located in [[Kabul]], Afghanistan]]
When the battle was over, the Pashtuns brought Hindal's ornamented quiver and arrows, unknowing to him it belonged, and presented them to his brother, Kamran, as the spoils of a man of rank. Kamran no sooner saw the quiver, than he recognized it as his brother's, and dashed his turban on the ground in an agony of grief. Hindal's body was left for some time unnoticed, where it fell. After the first confusion, when the troops began to collect, and were returning to assail the Pashtuns, Khwaja Ibrahim, one of Hindal's servants when passing the prince's tent, saw, in the darkness of the night, a man in black armour lying on the ground. He did not stop at first, but pushed on towards the Pashtuns, till he recollected that Hindal had that evening put on a black [[cuirass]]. Turning back, he examined the body, and found that it was the prince's. His right hand had been cut off, and some fingers on his left, apparently in his attempt to defend his head; and a cross blow, that had fallen on his mouth, had nearly separated the head from the one ear to the other.{{sfn|Erskine|1854|p=404}}

With great presence of mind, Ibrahim carried the body to the prince's pavilion, where he laid it down and covered it with a cloak, ordering the porters to admit no one as the prince was fatigued with his exertions, and had received a trifling wound; and desired that no noise or bustle should be allowed, that could disturb him. When the enemy was finally repulsed, Ibrahim, mounted a rising ground, and in the prince's name returned thanks to the troops for their exertions which had secured the victory of the Mughals. His conduct was warmly applauded by the Emperor.{{sfn|Erskine|1854|p=404}} Hindal's death bears testimony to the young prince's courage and pluck.{{sfn|Lal|1978|p=182}}

Hindal's remains were conveyed first to Jui-Shahi and after a time, to the [[Gardens of Babur]] in Kabul, where they were interred at the feet of his father, Emperor Babur. He was thirty-two years of age at the time of his death. [[Ghazni]], which was one of Hindal's ''[[jagir]]'', was given to his nephew, Akbar, to whom were also transferred Hindal's army, adherents and wealth and his daughter, Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, was betrothed to Akbar.{{sfn|Erskine|1854|p=404}}

==In popular culture==
*Hindal Mirza is a principal character in [[Alex Rutherford]]'s historical novel ''[[Empire of the Moghul|Empire of the Moghul: Brothers at War]]'' (2010).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rutherford|first1=Alex|title=Empire of the Moghul: Brothers at War: Brothers at War|date=2010|publisher=Headline|isbn=9780755383269|language=en|chapter=Main characters}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Timurid dynasty]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Begum |first=Gulbadan |author-link=Gulbadan Begum |year=1902 |title=The History of Humayun (Humayun-Nama) |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society |isbn=81-87570-99-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |year=2000 |title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-100143-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Erskine|first=William|author-link=William Erskine (historian)|title=A History of India Under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur, Báber and Humáyun, Volume 2|year=1854|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans|isbn=1-108-04619-3}}{{PD-notice}}
* {{cite book|last=Lal|first=Muni|title=Humayun|year=1978|publisher=Vikas Publ. House|isbn=978-0-7069-0645-5}}
* <cite id=refWheeler>[[Mortimer Wheeler|Wheeler, Mortimer]] (1953). ''The Cambridge History of India: The Indus civilization. Supplementary volume''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-14-100143-2}}.</cite>

{{Mughal Empire}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindal Mirza}}
[[Category:1519 births]]
[[Category:1551 deaths]]
[[Category:Mughal princes]]
[[Category:People killed in action]]
[[Category:People from Kabul]]
[[Category:16th-century Mughal Empire people]]

The Emergency (India)

2026-03-10T13:57:39Z

Serzude: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|1975–1977 state of emergency in India under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
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'''The Emergency''' in [[India]] was a 21-month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] declared a [[States of emergency in India|state of emergency]] across India by citing internal and external threats to the country.<ref name=":5">{{Citation |last1=Bose |first1=Sugata |title=The Indian Emergency (1975–1977) in Historical Perspective |date=2024 |work=When Democracy Breaks |pages=221–236 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-776078-9 |last2=Jalal |first2=Ayesha|doi=10.1093/oso/9780197760789.003.0008 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Officially issued by President [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] under Article 352 of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] because of a prevailing "Internal Disturbance", the Emergency was in effect from 25 June 1975 and ended on 21 March 1977. The order bestowed upon the prime minister the authority to [[rule by decree]], allowing elections to be cancelled and [[civil liberties]] to be suspended. For much of the Emergency, most of Gandhi's political opponents were imprisoned and the press was [[censorship|censored]]. More than 100,000 political opponents, journalists and dissenters were imprisoned by the Gandhi regime.<ref name=":5" /> During this time, a mass campaign for [[vasectomy]] was spearheaded by her son [[Sanjay Gandhi]].

The final decision to impose an emergency was proposed by Indira Gandhi, agreed upon by the [[President of India]], and ratified by the Cabinet and the Parliament from July to August 1975. It was based on the rationale that there were imminent internal and external threats to the Indian state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Interview with Indira Gandhi |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/indira-gandhi-interview-tv-eye-1978-585652e6031fe-290724.html |website=Interview relecast through India times |date=18 December 2016 |publisher=TV Eye |access-date=14 June 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811131347/https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/indira-gandhi-interview-tv-eye-1978-585652e6031fe-290724.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 June 2015 |title=Recalling the Emergency years |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/recalling-the-emergency-1975-77-the-emergency-at-work/ |access-date=14 June 2018}}</ref>

==Prelude==
===Rise of Indira Gandhi===
Between 1967 and 1971, Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] came to obtain near-absolute control over the government and the [[Indian National Congress]] party, as well as a huge majority in Parliament. The first was achieved by concentrating the central government's power within the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Secretariat]], rather than the [[Cabinet of India|Cabinet]], whose elected members she saw as a threat and distrusted. For this, she relied on her principal secretary, [[P. N. Haksar]], a central figure in Indira's inner circle of advisors. Further, Haksar promoted the idea of a "committed bureaucracy" that required hitherto-impartial government officials to be "committed" to the ideology of the Congress.

Within the Congress, Indira outmaneuvered her rivals, forcing the party to split in 1969—into the [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Congress (O)]] (comprising the old-guard known as the "Syndicate") and her [[Indian National Congress (R)|Congress (R)]]. A majority of the [[All-India Congress Committee]] and Congress MPs sided with the prime minister. Indira's party was of a different breed from the Congress of old, which had been a robust institution with traditions of internal democracy. In the Congress (R), on the other hand, members quickly realised that their progress within the ranks depended solely on their loyalty to Indira Gandhi and [[Nehru–Gandhi family|her family]], and ostentatious displays of [[sycophancy]] became routine. In the coming years, Indira's influence was such that she could install hand-picked loyalists as chief ministers of states, rather than their being elected by the Congress legislative party.

Indira's ascent was backed by her charismatic appeal among the masses that was aided by her government's near-radical leftward turns. These included the July 1969 [[Banking in India#Nationalisation in 1969|nationalisation]] of several major banks and the September 1970 abolition of the [[Privy Purse in India|privy purse]]; these changes were often done suddenly, via ordinance, to the shock of her opponents. She had strong support in the disadvantaged sections—the poor, [[Dalits]], women and minorities. Indira was seen as "standing for socialism in economics and secularism in matters of religion, as being pro-poor and for the development of the nation as a whole."<ref name="Guha, p. 439">Guha, p. 439</ref>

In the [[1971 Indian general election|1971 general elections]], the people rallied behind Indira's populist slogan of ''[[Garibi Hatao]]!'' (Abolish poverty!) to award her a huge majority (352 seats out of 518). "By the margin of its victory," historian [[Ramachandra Guha]] later wrote, Congress (R) came to be known as the real Congress, "requiring no qualifying suffix."<ref name="Guha, p. 439"/> In December 1971, under her proactive war leadership, [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|India routed arch-enemy Pakistan in a war]] that led to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|independence]] of [[Bangladesh]], formerly [[East Pakistan]]. Awarded the [[Bharat Ratna]] the next month, she was at her greatest peak; for her biographer [[Inder Malhotra]], "''[[The Economist]]''{{'}}s description of her as the 'Empress of India' seemed apt." Even opposition leaders, who routinely accused her of being a dictator and of fostering a [[personality cult]], referred to her as ''[[Durga]]'', a Hindu goddess.<ref>Malhotra, p. 141</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hellmann-Rajanayagam |first1=Dagmar |year=2013 |chapter=The Pioneers: Durga Amma, The Only Man in the Cabinet |editor-last1=Derichs |editor-first1=Claudia |editor-last2=Thompson |editor-first2=Mark R. |title=Dynasties and Female Political Leaders in Asia: Gender, Power and Pedigree |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKBcLhCxSvQC&pg=PA27 |isbn=978-3-643-90320-4 |access-date=20 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Puri |first1=Balraj |date=1993 |title=Indian Muslims since Partition |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=28 |issue=40 |pages=2141–2149 |jstor=4400229}}</ref>

===Increasing government control of the judiciary===
{{See also|The Emergency (India)#Court cases}}
[[File:Jayaprakash Narayan 2001 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Jayaprakash Narayan]] on a 2001 stamp of India. He led the mid-1970s opposition against Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] and the Indian Emergency, calling for a "[[Bihar Movement|total revolution]]".]]

In the 1967 [[Golaknath case]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org |title=I. C. Golaknath & Ors vs State Of Punjab & Anrs. (27 February 1967) |website=Indiankanoon.org |access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref> the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] ruled that the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] could not be amended by [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] if the changes abridged fundamental rights. To nullify this judgement, the Gandhi-led Congress government passed the [[Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|24th Amendment]] in 1971, asserting Parliament's power to amend any part of the Constitution, including fundamental rights.

The executive-judiciary conflict intensified following the "Privy Purse Case" (''Madhav Rao Scindia v. Union of India''), where the Supreme Court struck down the government's executive order to abolish the [[Privy Purse in India|privy purse]] payments to former princely rulers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/660275/ |title=H. H. Maharajadhiraja Madhav Rao Jiwaji ... vs Union Of India on 15 December, 1970 |website=Indiankanoon.org |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref> In response, Parliament passed the [[Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|26th Amendment]] (1971) to give constitutional validity to the abolition, effectively overriding the court's decree.

This battle culminated in the landmark [[Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala|''Kesavananda Bharati'' Case]] (1973). By a narrow 7–6 majority, the Court upheld the 24th Amendment but introduced the "[[basic structure]]" doctrine, ruling that Parliament could not use its amending power to alter the "essential features" of the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scobserver.in |title=Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala: Case Summary |website=Supreme Court Observer |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>

The day after the ruling, Prime Minister Gandhi broke the long-standing convention of seniority by appointing [[A. N. Ray]]—the senior-most judge among those in the minority—as [[Chief Justice of India]].<ref name="supersession">{{cite news |last=Venkatesan |first=V. |url=https://www.thehindu.com |title=The day the seniority convention was broken |work=The Hindu |date=26 April 2013 |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref> Ray superseded three judges more senior to him: [[Jaishanker Manilal Shelat|J. M. Shelat]], [[K. S. Hegde]], and A. N. Grover, all of whom had voted with the majority. In protest, all three senior judges resigned from the bench immediately.<ref name="supersession" />

Indira Gandhi's efforts to centralize control over the judiciary met with severe criticism from the press and political opponents. [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] ("JP") became a prominent critic, accusing the government of attempting to create a "committed judiciary" and calling for a "[[Total Revolution]]" to restore democratic institutions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Narayan |first=Jayaprakash |title=Prison Diary |year=1977 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=Bombay}}</ref>
===Political unrest===
This led some Congress party leaders to demand a move towards a [[presidential system]] emergency declaration with a more powerful directly elected executive. The most significant of the initial such movement was the [[Nav Nirman]] movement in Gujarat, between December 1973 and March 1974. Student unrest against the state's education minister ultimately forced the central government to dissolve the state legislature, leading to the resignation of the chief minister, Rakshit Gautam, and the imposition of [[President's rule]]. Meanwhile, there were assassination attempts on public leaders as well as the assassination of the Railway Minister [[Lalit Narayan Mishra]] by a bomb. All of these indicated a growing law and order problem in the entire country, which Gandhi's advisors warned her of for months.

In March–April 1974, a student agitation by the Bihar Chatra Sangharsh Samiti received the support of [[Gandhian]] socialist [[Jayaprakash Narayan]], referred to as ''JP'', against the Bihar government. In April 1974, in Patna, JP called for "total revolution," asking students, peasants, and [[labour union]]s to non-violently transform Indian society. He also demanded the dissolution of the state government, but this was not accepted by the center. A month later, the railway-employees union, the largest union in the country, went on a nationwide [[Indian Railways|railways]] strike. This strike was led by the firebrand trade union leader [[George Fernandes]] who was the President of the All India Railwaymen's Federation. He was also the President of the Socialist Party. The strike was brutally suppressed by the Indira Gandhi government, which arrested thousands of employees and drove their families out of their quarters.<ref name=" Doshi">{{cite news|last1=Doshi|first1=Vidhi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/mar/09/indira-jaising-india-is-in-crisis-this-fight-is-going-to-go-on|access-date=7 May 2017|title=Indira Jaising: "In India, you can't even dream of equal justice. Not at all" | newspaper=The Guardian |date=9 March 2017}}</ref>

In his speech, Narayan announced his decision to form "Lok Sangarsh Samiti" committee with [[Morarji Desai]] as its head and [[Nanaji Deshmukh]] as its secretary. The committee aimed to surround the Prime Minister's house and refuse anybody's entry in order to paralyze the functioning of government. The committee further asked people to obstruct the railway lines so that the trains could not move and to prevent the functioning of courts and government offices.<ref name="x801">{{cite book | last=Jayakar | first=P. | title=Indira Gandhi, a Biography | publisher=Penguin | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-14-011462-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gm5JGkb2rhkC&pg=PA275 | page=275}}</ref>

===Raj Narain verdict===
{{See also|State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain}}
[[Raj Narain]], who had been defeated in the 1971 parliamentary election by Indira Gandhi, lodged cases of election fraud and use of state machinery for election purposes against her in the [[Allahabad High Court]]. [[Shanti Bhushan]] fought the case for Narain ([[Nani Palkhivala]] fought the case for Gandhi). Indira Gandhi was also cross-examined in the High Court, which was the first such instance for an Indian Prime Minister (Indira Gandhi had to present herself for 5 hours in front of the judge).<ref name="KS">{{cite web|title=Justice Sinha, who set aside Indira Gandhi's election, dies at 87|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/aaJustice-Sinha-who-set-aside-Indira-Gandhis-election-dies-at-87/287227/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2008-03-22|access-date=2009-07-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309151210/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/aaJustice-Sinha-who-set-aside-Indira-Gandhis-election-dies-at-87/287227/|archive-date=9 March 2012}}</ref>

On 12 June 1975, Justice [[Jagmohanlal Sinha]] of the Allahabad High Court found the prime minister guilty on the charge of misuse of government machinery for her election campaign. The court declared her election [[null and void]] and unseated her from her seat in the [[Lok Sabha]]. The court also banned her from contesting any election for an additional six years. Serious charges such as bribing voters and election malpractices were dropped and she was held responsible for misusing government machinery and found guilty on charges such as using the state police to build a dais, availing herself of the services of a government officer, [[Yashpal Kapoor]], during the elections before he had resigned from his position, and use of electricity from the state electricity department.<ref name="UK">{{cite news|title=OBITUARY: Morarji Desai|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-morarji-desai-1615165.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-morarji-desai-1615165.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=[[The Independent]]|author=Kuldip Singh|date=1995-04-11|access-date=2009-06-27}}</ref>

Her supporters organized mass pro-Indira demonstrations in the streets of Delhi close to the Prime Minister's residence.<ref>{{cite book |author=Katherine Frank |url=https://archive.org/details/indiralifeofindi00fran/page/372/mode/2up |title=Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2001 |isbn=0-00-255646-4 |pages=372–373 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Indira Gandhi challenged the High Court's decision in the Supreme Court. Justice [[V. R. Krishna Iyer]], on 24 June 1975, upheld the High Court judgment and ordered all privileges Gandhi received as an MP be stopped, and that she be debarred from voting. However, she was allowed to continue as Prime Minister pending the resolution of her appeal. [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] and [[Morarji Desai]] called for daily anti-government protests. The next day, Jayaprakash Narayan organized a large rally in Delhi, where he said that a police officer must reject the orders of the government if the order is immoral and unethical as this was [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s motto during the freedom struggle. Such a statement was taken as a sign of inciting rebellion in the country. Later that day, Indira Gandhi requested a compliant President [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] to proclaim a [[State of Emergency|state of emergency]]. Within three hours, the electricity to all major newspapers was cut and the political opposition was arrested. The proposal was sent without discussion with the Union Cabinet, who only learned of it and ratified it the next morning.<ref name="A">{{cite web|title=Indian Emergency of 1975-77|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~ghosh20p/page1.html|publisher=Mount Holyoke College|access-date=2009-07-05|archive-date=19 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519080200/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~ghosh20p/page1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="LOC">{{cite web|title=The Rise of Indira Gandhi|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+in0029)|publisher=[[Library of Congress]] Country Studies|access-date=2009-06-27}}</ref>

=== Preventive detention laws ===
Before the emergency, the Indira Gandhi government passed draconian laws that would be used to arrest political opponents before and during the emergency. One of these was the [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act|Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA), 1971]], which was passed in May 1971 despite criticism from prominent opposition figures across partisan lines such as CPI(M)'s [[Jyotirmoy Basu]], Jana Sangh's [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], and the Anglo-Indian nominated MP [[Frank Anthony]].<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last=Christophe Jaffrelot|first=Pratinav Anil|title=India's first dictatorship : the emergency, 1975 -1977|date=2021|isbn=978-93-90351-60-2|location=Noida|oclc=1242023968}}</ref> The Indira government also renewed the [[Defence of India Rules 1962|Defence of India rules]], which was withdrawn in 1967.<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Democracy and Emergency rule in India|url=https://shareok.org/handle/11244/4750|date=1980|degree=Thesis|language=en|first=Premila Menon|last=Mussells}}</ref> Defence of India rules were given an expanded mandate 5 days into the emergency and renamed as Defence and Internal Security of India Rules. Another law, [[Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974|Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act]] passed in December 1974, was also frequently used to target political opponents.<ref name=":1" />

==Proclamation of the Emergency==
The Government cited threats to national security, as a war with Pakistan had recently been concluded. Due to the recent war, the onset of drought and the [[1973 oil crisis]], the economy was in poor condition. The Government claimed that the strikes and protests had paralyzed the government and hurt the economy of the country greatly. In the face of massive political opposition, desertion, and disorder across the country and the party, Gandhi stuck to the advice of a few loyalists and her younger son [[Sanjay Gandhi]], whose own power had grown considerably over the last few years to become an "extra-constitutional authority". [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]], the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], proposed to the prime minister to impose an "internal emergency". He drafted a letter for the President to issue the proclamation based on information Indira had received that "there is an imminent danger to the security of India being threatened by internal disturbances". He showed how democratic freedom could be suspended while remaining within the ambit of the Constitution.<ref>NAYAR, KULDIP (25 June 2000). [http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000713/e1.htm Yes, Prime Minister] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211074251/http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000713/e1.htm |date=11 February 2010 }}. ''The Indian Express''.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=[Explained] Why Did Indira Gandhi Impose Emergency In 1975? |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/opinion/news-analysis/why-did-indira-gandhi-impose-emergency-in-1975-630015 |agency=thehansindia}}</ref>

After resolving a procedural matter, President [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] declared a [[State of emergency|state of internal emergency]] upon the prime minister's advice on the night of 25 June 1975, just a few minutes before the clock struck midnight.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2753517 |title=Emergency- Proclamation of Emergency in the Country by the President of India on the 25th June, 1975; and Extension of Emergency to J & K |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |year=1975 |location=New Delhi |pages=11 |chapter=Proclamation of Emergency |access-date=13 September 2022 |url-access=registration |via=[[National Archives of India]]}}</ref>

As the constitution requires, Gandhi advised and President Ahmed approved the continuation of the Emergency over every six months until she decided to hold [[1977 Indian general election|elections in 1977]]. In 1976, Parliament voted to delay elections, something it could only do with the Constitution suspended by the Emergency.<ref>{{cite web|last=Malhotra|first=Inder|date=2014-08-04|title=The abrupt end of Emergency|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-abrupt-end-of-emergency/|access-date=2021-06-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Times|first=William Borders; Special to The New York|date=1976-02-05|title=DELAY IN ELECTION IS VOTED IN INDIA|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/02/05/archives/delay-in-election-is-voted-in-india-lower-house-over-strong.html|access-date=2021-06-12|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Administration==
Indira Gandhi devised a '20-point' economic program to increase agricultural and industrial production, improve public services and fight poverty and illiteracy, through "the discipline of the graveyard".<ref>Jaitely, Arun (5 November 2007) – [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/a-tale-of-three-emergencies-real-reason-always-different/235992/0 "A tale of three Emergencies: real reason always different"], ''The Indian Express''</ref> In addition to the official twenty points, Sanjay Gandhi declared his five-point programme promoting literacy, family planning, tree planting, the eradication of casteism and the abolition of dowry. Later during the Emergency, the two projects merged into a twenty-five-point programme.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tarlo|first1=Emma|title=Unsettling memories : narratives of the emergency in Delhi|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-23122-8|pages=27–28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IO1WB2H8UUC&q=+%22five+point%22++&pg=PR5|access-date=28 June 2016}}</ref> In 2013, a report by the [[WikiLeaks]] noted that the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) had gained a source in Indira Gandhi's household between 1975 and 1977. However, the CIA did not expect the declaration of the Emergency.<ref name="k870">{{cite web | last=Katakam | first=Anand | title=CIA files: Despite keeping tabs, US was unaware of Indira Gandhi's Emergency plans | website=Hindustan Times | date=2017-01-23 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cia-files-despite-keeping-tabs-us-was-unaware-of-indira-gandhi-s-emergency-plans/story-NNKWVxFWWaqhNNvp3FcnYI.html}}</ref>

===Arrests===
Invoking articles 352 and 356 of the [[Indian Constitution]], Indira Gandhi granted herself extraordinary powers and launched a massive crackdown on civil rights and political opposition. The Government used police forces across the country to place thousands of protestors and strike leaders under preventive detention. [[Vijayaraje Scindia]], [[Jayaprakash Narayan]], [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], [[Raj Narain]], [[Morarji Desai]], [[Charan Singh]], [[Jivatram Kripalani]], [[George Fernandes]], [[Anantram Jaiswal]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[Lal Krishna Advani]], [[Arun Jaitley]], Jai Kishan Gupta<ref>{{cite news|last1=Today|first1=India|title=Arun Jaitley: From Prison to Parliament|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/arun-jaitley-from-prison-to-parliament-199167-2014-06-15}}</ref> Satyendra Narayan Sinha, [[Gayatri Devi]] (the queen of Jaipur),<ref>{{cite book|title=The Last Maharani of Gwalior: An Autobiography By Manohar Malgonkar|date=1987|pages=233, 242–244|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbNaTBhe5nUC&q=Gayatri+Devi&pg=PA233|isbn=9780887066597|last1=Malgonkar|first1=Manohar|publisher=SUNY Press }}</ref> and other protest leaders were immediately arrested. Organisations like the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind|Jamaat-e-Islami]], along with some political parties, were banned. [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] leaders [[V. S. Achuthanandan|V.S. Achuthanandan]] and [[Jyotirmoy Basu]] were arrested along with many others involved with their party. Congress leaders who dissented against the Emergency declaration and amendment to the constitution, such as [[Mohan Dharia]] and [[Chandra Shekhar]], resigned from their government and party positions and were thereafter arrested and placed under detention.<ref name="Austin">{{cite book | last = Austin | first = Granville | title = Working a Democratic Constitution - A History of the Indian Experience | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1999 | location = New Delhi | page = [https://archive.org/details/workingdemocrati00aust/page/n172 320] | url =https://archive.org/details/workingdemocrati00aust| url-access = limited | isbn = 019565610-5 }}</ref><ref>Narasimha Rao, the Best Prime Minister? by Janak Raj Jai - 1996 - Page 101</ref> Members of regional opposition parties such as [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] also found themselves arrested.

Most of these arrests happened under laws such as [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act|MISA]], [[Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962|DISIR]], and [[Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974|COFEPOSA]]. During the emergency, 34,988 people were arrested under [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act|MISA]], and 75,818 people were arrested under [[Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962|DISIR]]. This included both political prisoners and ordinary criminals.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiry3rdFinalReport|title=Shah Commission Of Inquiry 3rd Final Report|pages=134}}</ref> Most states classified those arrested under MISA into multiple categories. For instance in [[Andhra Pradesh]] they were classified into three categories- Class A, Class B, and Class C. Class A prisoners included prominent political leaders, members of parliament, and members of the legislative assembly. Class B prisoners included less prominent political prisoners. Class C included those detained for "economic offences" and other offences. Class A and B prisoners were treated better and received better amenities in prison than other categories of prisoners. Those arrested under [[Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974|COFEPOSA]] and [[Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962|DISR]], depending on the state, found themselves detained with ordinary criminals, as Class C prisoners, or their own separate category.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiry3rdFinalReport|title=Shah Commission Of Inquiry 3rd Final Report|pages=135–152}}</ref>

===Laws, human rights and elections===
Elections for the Parliament and state governments were postponed. Gandhi and her parliamentary majorities could rewrite the nation's laws since her Congress party had the required mandate to do so – a two-thirds majority in the Parliament. And when she felt the existing laws were 'too slow', she got the President to issue 'Ordinances' – a law-making power in times of urgency, invoked sparingly – completely bypassing the Parliament, allowing her to [[rule by decree]]. Additionally, she had little trouble amending the Constitution that exonerated her from any culpability in her election-fraud case, imposing [[President's Rule]] in [[Gujarat]] and [[Tamil Nadu]], where anti-Indira parties held a majority (state legislatures were thereby dissolved and suspended indefinitely), and jailing thousands of opponents. The [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|42nd Amendment]], which brought about extensive changes to the letter and spirit of the Constitution, is one of the lasting legacies of the Emergency. In the conclusion of his ''Making of India's Constitution'', Justice Khanna writes:

<blockquote>If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees, and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis, its only keepers are the people. The imbecility of men, history teaches us, always invites the impudence of power.<ref>{{cite book| title = ''Making of India's Constitution''| author = H. R. Khanna| year = 2008| isbn = 978-81-7012-108-4| publisher = Eastern Book Co, Lucknow, 1981}}</ref></blockquote>

A fallout of the Emergency era was the Supreme Court laid down that, although the Constitution is amenable to amendments (as abused by Indira Gandhi), changes that [[ultra vires|tinker with]] its ''basic structure''<ref>V. Venkatesan, [http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2901/stories/20120127290107100.htm ''Revisiting a verdict''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203063934/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2901/stories/20120127290107100.htm |date=3 December 2013 }} Frontline (vol. 29 – Issue 01 :: 14–27 Jan 2012)</ref> cannot be made by the Parliament (see ''[[Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala]]'').<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-case-that-saved-indian-democracy/article4647800.ece "The case that saved Indian democracy"]. ''The Hindu'' (24 April 2013). Retrieved 4 September 2013.</ref>

In the [[Rajan case|'' Rajan'' case]], P. Rajan of the [[National Institute of Technology Calicut|Regional Engineering College, Calicut]], was arrested by the police in [[Kerala]] on 1 March 1976,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/81oct/rajan.htm|title=PUCL Archives, Oct 1981, Rajan.|website=Pucl.org|access-date=5 March 2022|archive-date=28 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228002844/http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/81oct/rajan.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> tortured in custody until he died and then his body was disposed of and was never recovered. The facts of this incident came out owing to a ''[[habeas corpus]]'' suit filed in the [[Kerala High Court]].<ref name="rediff2000jun26">{{Cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2000/jun/26/george.htm|title=rediff.com: Emergency: 'Rajan's mother died asking for him'|website=News.rediff.com|access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110301082725/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/25/stories/2011012561990500.htm "Fresh probe in Rajan case sought "]. The Hindu, 25 January 2011.</ref>

Many cases where teens were arrested and imprisoned have come to light, one such example is of Dilip Sharma who aged 16 was arrested and imprisoned for over 11 months. He was released based on [[Patna High Court]]'s judgment on 29 July 1976.<ref name="palpalindia">{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/palpalindia.com/docs/january2017|title = PALPAL INDIA January 2017|website=Issuu.com| date=14 January 2017 }}</ref>

=== Economics ===
[[Christophe Jaffrelot]] considers the economic policy of the emergency regime to be [[Corporatism|corporatist]], five programs in the 20 point program were aimed at benefiting the middle classes and industrialists, these included- liberalising investment procedures, introducing new schemes for workers' associations in the industry, implementing a national permit scheme for road transport, tax breaks to the middle class by exempting anyone earning under Rs. 8,000 from income taxes, and an austerity program to reduce public spending.<ref name=":1" />

==== Trade unions and worker's rights ====
The emergency regime cracked down on trade unionism, banned strikes, imposed wage freezes, and phased out wage bonuses.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal|last1=Rudolph|first1=Lloyd I.|last2=Rudolph|first2=Susanne Hoeber|date=1978-04-01|title=To the Brink and Back: Representation and the State in India|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article/18/4/379/21348/To-the-Brink-and-Back-Representation-and-the-State|journal=Asian Survey|language=en|volume=18|issue=4|pages=379–400|doi=10.2307/2643401|jstor=2643401|issn=0004-4687|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The largest trade unions in the country at the time such as the Congress' [[Indian National Trade Union Congress|INTUC]], CPI's [[All India Trade Union Congress|AITUC]], and Socialist affiliated [[Hind Mazdoor Sabha|HMS]] were made to comply with the new regime, while the CPI(M)'s [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions|CITU]] continued its opposition for which it had 20 of its leaders arrested. State governments were asked to form bipartite councils composed of representatives of the workers and the management for firms having more than 500 employees, similar apex bipartite committees were formed by the centre for major public sector industries, while a National Apex Board was set up for the private industries. These were meant to give a veneer of worker participation in decision making but were in reality stacked in favour of the management, and tasked with increasing "productivity" by cutting holidays (including Sundays), bonuses, agreeing to wage freeze, and allowing layoffs.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Worker demonstrations during the emergency were subject to heavy state repression, such as when the AITUC organised a one-day strike to protest the slashing of bonuses in January 1976, to which the state responded by arresting 30,000-40,000 workers. In another such instance, the 8,000 workers of the [[Indian Telephone Industries Limited|Indian Telephone Industries]] (a Bangalore-based state-owned company) took part in a peaceful sit-in protest in response to the management reneging its promise of a 20% bonus to just 8%, they found themselves lathi-charged by the police who also arrested a few hundred of them.<ref name=":1" />

Coal miners were forced to work in abysmal conditions with irregular pay, collieries were made to run for all seven days a week, and complaints of workers and unions about the abysmal and dangerous working conditions were ignored and met with state repression. These terrible workplace conditions led to the [[Chasnala mining disaster|deadliest mining disaster in Indian history]] on 27 December 1975, at Chasnala coal mine near Dhanbad which claimed the lives of 375 miners due to more than 100 million gallons of water flooding the mine. This was the 222nd such accident that year, the previous incidents having claimed 288 lives.<ref name=":1" />

==== Inflation and price control ====
The emergency government enjoyed a degree of popular support due to lower prices of goods and services at least during 1975. This was due to many reasons such as [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI's]] policy of putting in place a 6 per cent ceiling on annual money supply growth months before the emergency, record monsoon in the year of 1975 leading to record harvest of foodgrains which led to food prices declining, increased import of grains, and reduced demand due to cutting of worker's wages and bonuses. In addition to this half of the [[dearness allowance]] of workers was withheld as part of the Wage Freeze act as compulsory deposits to combat inflation. However, these reduced prices only lasted till March 1976 when the prices of commodities started to go up again, on account of foodgrain production declining by 7.9%. Between 1 April and 6 October 1976 the wholesale price index rose by 10%, in which the price of rice rose by 8.3%, groundnut oil rose by 48%, while the prices of industrial raw materials as a group rose by 29.3%.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Toye|first=J. F. J.|date=1977-04-01|title=Economic trends and policies in India during the Emergency|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X%2877%2990036-5|journal=World Development|language=en|volume=5|issue=4|pages=303–316|doi=10.1016/0305-750X(77)90036-5|issn=0305-750X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==== Tax policy ====
The emergency regime exempted those earning between Rs 6,000-8,000 from taxation, provided tax breaks for those earning between Rs 8,000-15,000 in the range of Rs 45-264. There were only 3.8 million (38 lakh) taxpayers in the country at the time. Wealth taxes were also cut from 8% to 2.5% while the income taxes on those earning more than Rs 100,000 were reduced from 77% to 66%. This was expected to lower the government's revenue by Rs 3.08-3.25 billion. To compensate for this indirect taxes grew, the ratio of indirect taxes to direct taxes was at 5.31 in 1976. Despite this there was a loss in revenue of Rs 400 million (40 crores), to compensate for this the Indira Gandhi government decided to cut spending in education and social welfare.<ref name=":1" />

===Forced sterilisation===
{{Main|Compulsory sterilization#India}}

In September 1976, [[Sanjay Gandhi]] initiated a widespread [[compulsory sterilisation]] program to limit population growth. The exact extent of Sanjay Gandhi's role in the implementation of the program is disputed, with some writers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Indira.html|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130704144021/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Indira.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 July 2013|title=Indira Gandhi|quote="Sanjay Gandhi, started to run the country as though it were his fiefdom and earned the fierce hatred of many whom his policies had victimized. He ordered the removal of slum dwellings, and in an attempt to curb India's growing population, initiated a highly resented program of forced sterilization."|author=Vinay Lal|access-date=1 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cong-blames-Sanjay-Gandhi-for-Emergency-excesses/articleshow/7181279.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828145401/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-29/india/28661327_1_slum-clearance-sanjay-gandhi-sterilization|url-status=live|archive-date=28 August 2011|title=Cong blames Sanjay Gandhi for Emergency 'excesses'|quote="Sanjay Gandhi's rash promotion of sterilization and forcible clearance of slums ... sparked popular anger"|author=Subodh Ghildiyal|date=29 December 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/just-people/2011/01/04/sanjays-men-and-women/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204211620/http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/just-people/2011/01/04/sanjays-men-and-women/|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2011|title=Sanjay's men and women|author=Kumkum Chadha|quote="The Congress, on the other hand, charges Sanjay Gandhi of "over-enthusiasm" in dealing with certain programmes and I quote yet again: "Unfortunately, in certain spheres, over-enthusiasm led to compulsion in the enforcement of certain programmes like compulsory sterilisation and clearance of slums. Sanjay Gandhi had by then emerged as a leader of great significance."."|date=4 January 2011|access-date=1 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news677226.html|title=Sanjay Gandhi worked in an authoritarian manner: Congress book|date=28 December 2010|access-date=1 August 2013}}</ref> holding Gandhi directly responsible for his authoritarianism, and other writers<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC&pg=PA171 |title= India: The Years of Indira Gandhi|publisher=Brill Academic Pub |year=1988|isbn= 9788131734650}}</ref> blaming the officials who implemented the programme rather than Gandhi himself. The United States, United Nations, and World Bank had earlier raised concern over India's population control measures.<ref>{{cite web|last=Green|first=Hannah Harris|title=The legacy of India's quest to sterilize millions of men|url=https://qz.com/india/1414774/the-legacy-of-indias-quest-to-sterilise-millions-of-men/|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Quartz India|date=6 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> [[Rukhsana Sultana]] was a socialite known for being one of Sanjay Gandhi's close associates<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tragedy-at-turkman-gate-witnesses-recount-horror-of-emergency/story-UD6kxHbROYSBMlDbjQLYpJ.html|title=Tragedy at Turkman Gate: Witnesses recount horror of Emergency|work=Hindustan Times |date=28 June 2015}}</ref> and she gained a lot of notoriety in leading Sanjay Gandhi's sterilisation campaign in Muslim areas of old Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/investigation/story/19770531-rukhsana-sultana-the-chief-glamour-girl-of-the-emergency-823746-2014-08-14|title=Rukhsana Sultana: The chief glamour girl of the Emergency|newspaper=[[India Today]]|access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/30-years-ago-on-india-today/story/20070521-rukhsana-sultana-an-exotic-female-748569-2007-05-21|title=Rukhsana Sultana: diehearted follower of Sanjay Gandhi|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=21 May 2007 |access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150628/jsp/7days/story_28218.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702024210/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150628/jsp/7days/story_28218.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 July 2015|title=THE NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES|website=Telegraphindia.com|access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref>
The campaign primarily involved getting males to undergo [[vasectomy]]. Quotas were set up that enthusiastic supporters and government officials worked hard to achieve. There were allegations of coercion of unwilling candidates too.<ref>Gwatkin, Davidson R. 'Political Will, and Family Planning: The Implications of India's Emergency Experience', in: ''Population and Development Review'', 5/1, 29–59;</ref> In 1976–1977, the program led to 8.3 million sterilisations, most of them forced, up from 2.7 million the previous year. The bad publicity led many subsequent governments to stress that family planning is entirely voluntary.<ref>Carl Haub and O. P. Sharma, "India's Population Reality: Reconciling Change and Tradition," ''Population Bulletin'' (2006) 61#3 pp 3+. [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5045013834 online]</ref>
* Kartar, a cobbler, was taken to a block development office by six policemen, where he was asked how many children he had. He was forcefully taken for sterilisation in a jeep. En route, the police forced a man on a bicycle into the jeep because he was not sterilised. Kartar had an infection and suffered from pain from the procedure and could not work for months.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=The Sanjay Story|last=Mehta|first=Vinod|publisher=Harper Collins Publishers India|year=1978}}</ref>
* Shahu Ghalake, a peasant from Barsi in Maharashtra, was taken for sterilisation. After mentioning that he was already sterilised, he was beaten. A sterilisation procedure was undertaken on him for a second time.<ref name=":0" />
* Hawa Singh, a young widower from Pipli, was taken from the bus against his will and sterilised. The ensuing infection took his life.<ref name=":0" />
* Harijan, a 70-year-old with no teeth and bad eyesight, was sterilised forcefully.<ref name=":0" />
* [[Uttawar forced sterilisations]]: Uttawar, a [[Haryana]] village 90 kilometres south of Delhi, woke up to police loudspeakers at 03:00. Police gathered 400 men at the bus stop. In the process of finding more villagers, police broke into homes and looted. A total of 800 forced sterilisations were done.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|title= India forcibly sterilised 8m men: One village remembers, 50 years later|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/6/25/india-forcibly-sterilised-eight-m-men-one-village-remembers-fifty-years-later|website=Al Jazeera|date=25 June 2025|last=Sharma|first=Yashraj|access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>
* In Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, on 18 October 1976, police picked up 17 people, of which two were over 75 and two under 18. Hundreds of people surrounded the police station demanding they free captives. The police refused to release them and used tear gas shells. The crowd retaliated by throwing stones and to control the situation, the police fired on the crowd. 30 people died as a result.<ref name=":0" />

=== Demolitions ===

==== Demolitions in Delhi ====
Delhi served as the epicenter of [[Sanjay Gandhi|Sanjay Gandhi's]] "urban renewal" program, aided in large part by [[Delhi Development Authority|DDA]] vice-president [[Jagmohan|Jagmohan Malhotra]] who himself had a desire to "beautify" the city. During the emergency Jagmohan emerged as the single most powerful person in the DDA, and went to extraordinary lengths to do the bidding of Sanjay Gandhi, as the [[Shah Commission|Shah commission]] notes

<blockquote>Shri Jagmohan during the emergency, became a law unto himself and went about doing the biddings of Shri Sanjay Gandhi without care or concern for the miseries of the people affected thereby<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiryInterimReportII|title=Shah Commission of Inquiry Interim Report II|pages=118}}</ref></blockquote>

In total, 700,000 people in Delhi were displaced due to the demolitions carried out in Delhi.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Demolitions carried out in Delhi<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiryInterimReportII|title=Shah Commission of Inquiry Interim Report II|pages=78}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Period
! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Structures Demolished by
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | Pre-Emergency
| [[Delhi Development Authority|'''DDA''']]
| [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|'''MCD''']]
| [[New Delhi Municipal Council|'''NDMC''']]
| '''Total'''
|-
| 1973
| 50
| 320
| 5
| 375
|-
| 1974
| 680
| 354
| 25
| 1,059
|-
| 1975 (up to June)
| 190
| 149
| 27
| 366
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | Total
| 920
| 823
| 57
| 1,800
|- style="text-align:left;"
| style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Emergency
| style="text-align:center;" |
|
|
|
|-
| 1975
| 35,767
| 4,589
| 796
| 41,252
|-
| 1976
| 94,652
| 4,013
| 408
| 99,073
|-
| 1977 (up to 23 March)
| 7,545
| 96
| —
| 7,641
|-
| Year unspecified but during the emergency
| —
| 1,962
| 177
| 2,139
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | Total
| 137,964
| 10,760
| 1,381
| 150,105
|}

==== Demolitions outside Delhi ====
During the Emergency, various state governments also carried out demolitions to clear "encroachments", undertaken to please Sanjay Gandhi. In many of these cases, residents were given very short notices, state governments like those of Bihar and Haryana avoided giving official notices to the residents of "encroachments" to avoid a case in a civil court, instead, they notified them through public channels, or in the case of Haryana through drum beats, and in some cases gave no prior information. States passed various laws to aid them in this process such as Maharashtra Vacant Land Act 1975, Bihar Public Encroachment Act 1975, and Madhya Pradesh Land Revenue Code (Amendment) Act. These demolitions were often accompanied by the police to threaten the residents with arrest under [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act|MISA]] or [[Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962|DIR]]. In Maharashtra, Mumbai alone saw demolitions of 12,000 huts, while Pune saw demolitions of 1285 huts and 29 shops.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiry3rdFinalReport|title=Shah Commission Of Inquiry 3rd Final Report|pages=208–217}}</ref>

==Response==

=== Democracy Bachao Morcha ===
Shortly after the declaration of the Emergency, the [[Sikhism|Sikh]] leadership convened meetings in [[Amritsar]] where they resolved to oppose the "[[Fascism|fascist]] tendency of the Congress".<ref>J.S. Grewal, The Sikhs of Punjab,(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990) 213</ref> The "Democracy Bachao Morcha" (translates to 'Campaign to Save Democracy') was organised by the Akali Dal, led by [[Harchand Singh Longowal]], and launched in Amritsar, 9 July. The Akali Dal was the most successful regional party that opposed the morcha. Over 40,000 Akalis and other Sikhs courted arrest during the morcha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Amore |first=Roy C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3eqvDwAAQBAJ&dq=sant+kartar+singh+emergency&pg=PA32 |title=Religion and Politics: New Developments Worldwide |date=2019-09-17 |publisher=MDPI |isbn=978-3-03921-429-7 |pages=32 |language=en}}</ref> Their statement was:

{{blockquote|The question before us is not whether Indira Gandhi should continue to be prime minister or not. The point is whether democracy in this country is to survive or not.<ref>Gurmit Singh, A History of Sikh Struggles, New Delhi, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, 1991, 2:39</ref>}}

[[Damdami Taksal]] and its head at the time, Sant Kartar Singh Bhindranwale, held many protests and marches against the emergency He also held 37 processions which defied the rules of the emergency.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Cynthia Keppley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqvTRUrwt2UC&dq=sant+kartar+singh+emergency&pg=PA54 |title=Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants |date=2010-08-03 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-0017-1 |pages=54 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Harjinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUzwCAAAQBAJ&dq=sant+kartar+singh+emergency&pg=PA34 |title=Reflections on 1984 |last2=Publishers |first2=Akaal |date=2014 |publisher=Akaal Publishers |isbn=978-0-9554587-3-6 |pages=51–52 |language=en}}</ref>

They protested for two years fighting against policemen and curfew was declared in the entire [[Malwa]] region. During Emergency [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]] offices used to be flooded with Anti-Emergency activists from RSS and BJP who had taken shelter to escape the government.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Narendra Modi: Sardar Narendra 'Singh' Modi: When PM disguised himself as a Sikh to escape arrest |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sardar-narendra-singh-modi-when-pm-disguised-himself-as-a-sikh-to-escape-arrest/articleshow/64746156.cms |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=[[The Economic Times]]|date=27 June 2018 }}</ref> According to [[Amnesty International]], 140,000 people had been arrested without trial during the twenty months of Gandhi's Emergency. Jasjit Singh Grewal estimates that 43,000 of them came from India's two per cent Sikh minority.<ref>J. S. Grewal (1990), ''The Sikhs of Punjab'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 214.</ref><ref>Inder Malhotra (1989), ''Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography'', London/Toronto: Hodder and Stoughton, p. 178.</ref>

===Sangh Parivar===
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, which was seen close to opposition leaders, was banned.<ref>Jaffrelot Christophe (1987), ''Hindu Nationalism'', p. 297, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|0-691-13098-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-691-13098-9}}</ref> On 22 August 1975, RSS chief [[Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras]] wrote a letter to Indira Gandhi, aiming to "dispel misconceptions" regarding the RSS and assured her his organisation was working for Hindus but was never against her government. Deoras also praised the [[Indian independence day|15th August]] speech of Gandhi in this letter.<ref name="i847">{{cite web | title=The Emergency and the Sangh Parivar's tacit support to Indira Gandhi | website=The News Minute | date=2023-06-25 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/emergency-and-sangh-parivar-s-tacit-support-indira-gandhi-178951}}</ref>

While some of the senior RSS leaders supported the Emergency, others had apologised and were released, and several senior leaders, notably Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras sought an accommodation with Sanjay and Indira Gandhi.<ref name="Noorani2000">{{cite book|author=Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani|title=The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC&pg=PT8|year=2000|publisher=LeftWord Books|isbn=978-81-87496-13-7|pages=31–32}}</ref><ref name="Jaffrelot1999">{{cite book|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s: Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC&pg=PR7|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-024602-5|pages=273–274}}</ref> Zonal RSS leaders also authorised [[Eknath Ranade|Eknath Ramakrishna Ranade]] to quietly enter into a dialogue with Indira Gandhi.<ref name=":3" />

Bharatiya Jana Sangh leader [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], who was in poor health, quickly reached an agreement with Indira Gandhi, and spent most of the Emergency under parole at his residence.<ref name=":3" /> [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] members [[Nanaji Deshmukh]] and [[Madan Lal Khurana]] managed to escape the police and led the resistance.<ref name=":3" />

[[Arun Jaitley]], Student leader and head of the RSS affiliated ABVP ([[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]]) in Delhi, was among the first to be arrested, and he spent the entire Emergency in jail. However, other ABVP leaders such as Balbir Punj and Prabhu Chawla pledged allegiance to Indira Gandhi's Twenty Point Programme and Sanjay Gandhi's Five Point Programme, in return for staying out of jail.<ref name=":3" />

On 10 August 1976, [[Subramanian Swamy]] walked into the parliament and when obituary references were concluding, Swamy raised a point of order that Democracy had also died and [[Rajya Sabha Chairman]] had not included it in recent list of deaths.<ref name=":4">{{cite book|title=The Emergency: A Personal History|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|year=2015|isbn=978-0143426134}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Swamy|first=Subramanian|date=2015-06-22|title=Between sessions, democracy has also died|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/V7tCvbGmOxCP3UeBO0PFgK/Between-sessions-democracy-has-also-died.html|access-date=2021-12-29|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Virk|first=Aviral|date=2015-06-25|title=The Masters of Disguise During Emergency|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/the-masters-of-disguise-during-emergency|access-date=2021-12-29|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> As a result, Swamy was expelled from parliament.<ref name=":4" /> In November 1976, over 30 leaders of the RSS, led by Madhavrao Muley, Dattopant Thengadi, and Moropant Pingle, wrote to Indira Gandhi, promising support to the Emergency if all RSS workers were released from prison. Their "Document of Surrender", to take effect from January 1977, was processed by H. Y. Sharada Prasad.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=The story of how RSS leaders deserted Jayaprakash and the resistance during Indira's Emergency|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/rss-leaders-deserted-jayaprakash-resistance-during-indira-emergency/448294/|website=[[ThePrint]]|date=25 June 2020}}</ref>

On his return from his meeting with Om Mehta, Vajpayee ordered the cadres of the ABVP to apologise unconditionally to Indira Gandhi. The ABVP students refused.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite web|date=2017-01-06|title=Did Vajpayee ask ABVP to apologise for arson attacks during Emergency in return for democracy?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/did-vajpayee-ask-abvp-apologise-arson-attacks-during-emergency-return-democracy-55345|access-date=2021-12-29|website=The News Minute}}</ref> The RSS "Document of Surrender" was also confirmed by [[Subramanian Swamy]] in his article: "I must add that not all in the RSS were in a surrender mode ... But a tearful Muley told me in early November 1976 and I had better escape abroad again since the RSS had finalized the Document of Surrender to be signed in end of January 1977, and that on Mr. Vajpayee's insistence I would be sacrificed to appease an irate Indira and a fulminating Sanjay."<ref name=":3" />

===CPI(M)===
Members of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] were identified and arrested all over India. Raids were conducted in houses suspected to be sympathetic to the CPI(M) or the opposition to the emergency.

Those jailed during the Emergency include the former general secretary of the CPI(M), [[Sitaram Yechury]], and his predecessor, [[Prakash Karat]]. Both were then leaders of the Students Federation of India, the party's student wing.

Other CPI(M) members to be jailed included the future [[Chief Minister of Kerala]], [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], then a young MLA. He was taken into custody during the [[Emergency]] and subjected to third-degree methods. On his release, Pinarayi reached the Assembly and made an impassionate speech holding up the blood-stained shirt he wore when in police custody, causing serious embarrassment to the then [[C. Achutha Menon]] government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/magazine/pinarayi-vijayan-kerala-assembly-speech|title = പിണറായിയുടെ 1977 മാര്‍ച്ച് 30 ലെ നിയമസഭ പ്രസംഗം}}</ref>

Hundreds of Communists, whether from the CPI(M), other Marxist parties, or the Naxalites, were arrested during the Emergency.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala2016/pinarayi-vijayan-steeled-by-a-life-of-relentless-adversities/article8627081.ece/amp|title = Pinarayi Vijayan: Steeled by a life of relentless adversities|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 21 May 2016|last1 = Nair|first1 = C. Gouridasan}}</ref> Some were tortured or, as in the case of the [[Rajan case|Kerala student P. Rajan]], killed in the [[Kakkayam torture camp]]. A famous torture technique during the time was [[Uruttal]].

==Foreign reactions==
{{See also|Foreign relations of India}}

International reactions to the Emergency were polarized, largely reflecting the geopolitical divisions of the [[Cold War]].

* '''[[Soviet Union]] and Eastern Bloc:''' The Soviet government was the most prominent international supporter of the Emergency. General Secretary [[Leonid Brezhnev]] and state media outlets like ''[[Pravda]]'' endorsed the move, characterizing Mrs. Gandhi's opponents as "right-wing reactionaries" and "pro-imperialist forces" seeking to destabilize the country.<ref name="kux337">{{cite book |last=Kux |first=Dennis |title=India and the United States: Estranged Democracies, 1941-1991 |year=1992 |publisher=National Defense University Press |isbn=978-1-4289-8189-8 |page=337 |url=https://books.google.com}}</ref> This support was rooted in the strong Indo-Soviet strategic partnership following the 1971 [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation]].

* '''[[United States]]:''' The [[Gerald Ford]] administration adopted a policy of "official silence," viewing the Emergency as an internal Indian matter. However, President Ford later remarked that it was "sad" to see such a large democracy "give up some of the democratic processes."<ref name="carnegie2018">{{cite web |title=Emergency, From the Outside |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2018/07/emergency-from-the-outside |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |date=5 July 2018 |access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref> In contrast, the American press was highly critical; ''The New York Times'' referred to Gandhi as the "dictator of India," and journalists like Lewis Simon of ''The Washington Post'' were expelled for their reporting.<ref name="carnegie2018" />

* '''[[United Kingdom]]:''' The British government followed a "business as usual" approach to protect economic interests, but the British media was vocal in its opposition. ''The Times'' of London famously described the Emergency as a "coup" just days after its proclamation.<ref name="carnegie2018" /> Prominent figures like [[Fenner Brockway]] and members of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] who had long supported Indian independence expressed deep disappointment.

* '''[[China]]:''' Relations between India and China were strained during this period. The Chinese government, through its state media, denounced the Emergency as a "fascist" act, viewing it as evidence of India's increasing reliance on Soviet support and internal instability.<ref name="kux337" />

* '''International Organizations:''' [[Amnesty International]] was one of the most vocal critics, documenting widespread human rights violations and estimating that over 140,000 people were detained without trial during the 21-month period.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unacademy.com/content/clat/study-material/legal-reasoning/effects-and-consequences-of-emergency/ |title=Effects and Consequences of Emergency |website=Unacademy |access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref>

==Elections of 1977==
{{Main|1977 Indian general election}}

On 18 January 1977, Gandhi called fresh elections for March and released several opposition leaders; however, many others remained in prison even after she left office, despite the Emergency officially ending on 21 March 1977.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mrs. Gandhi, Easing Crisis Rule, Decides on March Election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/01/19/archives/mrs-gandhi-easing-crisis-rule-decides-on-march-election-key.html |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=19 January 1977}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2753522 |title=Emergency – Revocation of Emergency Proclaimed on 25.6.1975. Connected matters. |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |year=1977 |location=New Delhi |pages=14 |chapter=Proclamation |access-date=13 September 2022 |url-access=registration |via=[[National Archives of India]]}}</ref> The opposition Janata movement's campaign warned Indians that the elections might be their last chance to choose between "democracy and dictatorship".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borders |first1=William |title=Opposition Accuses Mrs. Gandhi Of 'Murdering' India's Democracy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/01/24/archives/opposition-accuses-mrs-gandhi-of-murdering-indias-democracy.html |access-date=27 February 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=24 January 1977}}</ref>

The [[1977 Indian general election|Indian general election of 1977]] was held from 16 to 20 March, and resulted in a landslide victory for the Janata Party and the CFD, securing 298 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]], whereas the ruling [[Indian National Congress]] only managed to win 154—a decrease of 198 as compared to the previous election.<ref name="Lohdi1977">{{cite journal |last1=Lodhi |first1=Maliha |title=India Votes For Democracy: The Sixth Parliamentary Elections In India, March 1977 |journal=Pakistan Horizon |date=Second Quarter 1977 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=13–34 |jstor=41403886 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41403886 |access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Indira Gandhi herself was voted out of office in the [[Rae Bareli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rae Bareli]] constituency, losing to electoral rival [[Raj Narain]] by a margin of over 55,000 votes.<ref>{{cite news |title=March 21, 1977, Forty Years Ago: Mrs Gandhi Loses |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/march-21-1977-forty-years-ago-mrs-gandhi-loses-4578041/ |access-date=27 February 2022 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=21 March 2017}}</ref> INC candidates failed to win a single seat in the constituencies of several northern states, such as [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Lohdi1977" />{{rp|23}}<ref name="NYT1977">{{cite news |last1=Icanevi |first1=Henry |title=Mrs. Gandhi's Party Is Defeated After 30-Year Rule |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/03/22/archives/mrs-gandhis-party-is-defeated-after-30year-rule-she-is-silent.html |access-date=27 February 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=22 March 1977}}</ref> The Janata Party's 298 seats were further augmented by an additional 47 seats won by its various political allies, thereby giving them a two-thirds supermajority. [[Morarji Desai]] became the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India.

Dhanagare says the structural reasons behind the discontent against the Government included the emergence of the strong and united opposition, disunity and weariness inside Congress, an effective underground opposition, and the ineffectiveness of Gandhi's control of the mass media, which had lost much credibility. The structural factors allowed voters to express their grievances, notably their resentment of the emergency and its authoritarian and repressive policies. One grievance often mentioned was the 'nasbandi' ([[vasectomy]]) campaign in rural areas. The middle classes also emphasised the curbing of freedom throughout the state and India.<ref>D. N. Dhanagare, "Sixth Lok Sabha Election in Uttar Pradesh – 1977: The End of the Congress Hegemony", ''Political Science Review'' (1979) 18#1 pp 28–51</ref> Meanwhile, Congress hit an all-time low in [[West Bengal]] because of the poor discipline and factionalism among Congress activists as well as the numerous defections that weakened the party.<ref>Mira Ganguly and Bangendu Ganguly, "Lok Sabha Election, 1977: The West Bengal Scene", ''Political Science Review'' (1979) 18#3 pp 28–53</ref> Opponents emphasised the issues of corruption in Congress and appealed to a deep desire by the voters for fresh leadership.<ref>M. R. Masani, "India's Second Revolution", ''Asian Affairs'' (1977) 5#1 pp 19–38.</ref>

==Tribunal==
{{See also|Shah Commission}}
The [[Janata Party]] administration, which came to power in 1977, sought to establish accountability for Emergency-era abuses through both investigative commissions and legal prosecutions. On 28 May 1977, the government appointed the '''[[Shah Commission]]''', headed by former Chief Justice of India [[J. C. Shah]], to inquire into allegations of abuse of authority and subversion of law.<ref name="pib_emergency">{{cite web |title=The Emergency in India |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/FactsheetDetails.aspx?Id=149224 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India |date=24 June 2025 |access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref> The commission's findings, submitted in three reports between 1978 and 1979, documented widespread excesses, including over 110,000 arbitrary detentions and more than 10 million forced sterilisations.<ref name="pib_emergency" /><ref>{{cite news |title=What the Shah Commission Found |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/decode-politics-shah-commission-probe-emergency-9500596/ |date=7 August 2024 |access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref>

To facilitate the trial of those identified in the reports, Parliament enacted the '''Special Courts Act, 1979'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Special Courts Act, 1979 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/701797/ |website=Indian Kanoon |access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref> This allowed for the speedy trial of "offences committed by persons holding high public or political office" during the Emergency. Under this act, multiple special courts were established in Delhi to hear cases against [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Sanjay Gandhi]], and their close associates.<ref>{{cite news |title=May 31, 1979, Forty Years Ago: Special Courts Setup |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/may-31-1979-forty-years-ago-special-courts-setup-5757540/ |date=31 May 2019 |access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref>

However, these efforts were largely unsuccessful and were widely criticised as being politically motivated and legally over-complex.<ref name="janata_fail">{{cite web |title=Janata Party: Fall of the government |url=https://en.wikipedia.org |website=Wikipedia |access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref> Prosecution was hindered by several factors:
* '''Constitutional Hurdles:''' The [[Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India|38th Amendment]] (1975) had made the declaration of Emergency and subsequent executive actions immune to [[judicial review]], a provision that was only fully reversed by the [[Forty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|44th Amendment]] in late 1978.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India |url=https://www.gktoday.in/thirty-eighth-amendment-of-the-constitution-of-india/ |website=GKToday |date=13 October 2025 |access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref>
* '''Lack of Evidence:''' Despite the arrests of high-ranking officials, including the brief arrest of Indira Gandhi in 1977, police often failed to provide sufficient evidence that met the standards of criminal trial, leading to few convictions beyond a small number of low-level officials.<ref name="pib_emergency" /><ref name="janata_fail" />
* '''Internal Division:''' Ideological infighting within the Janata coalition eventually led to the collapse of the Morarji Desai government in 1979, halting many pending prosecutions before they could reach a verdict.<ref name="janata_fail" />

==Legacy==
The Emergency lasted 21 months, and its legacy remains controversial. A few days after the Emergency was imposed, the Bombay edition of ''[[The Times of India]]'' carried an obituary that read, "Democracy, beloved husband of Truth, loving father of Liberty, brother of Faith, Hope and Justice, expired on June 26."<ref>Joseph, Manu (20 May 2007). [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/stoi/How-Indians-Protest/articleshow/2061978.cms "How Indians Protest"]. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 10 November 2018.</ref><ref name=austing>{{cite book|last=Austin|first=Granville|title=Working a Democratic Constitution: The Indian Experience |year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-564888-9|page=295|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r42bAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

A few days later censorship was imposed on newspapers. The Delhi edition of the ''[[Indian Express]]'' on 28 June, carried a blank editorial,<ref>{{Cite news |title=This Is How Express Stood up to 'The Emergency' Declared by Indira Gandhi in 1975 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2018/jun/25/this-is-how-express-stood-up-to-the-emergency-declared-by-indira-gandhi-in-1975-101601.html |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=25 June 2021 |orig-year=25 June 2018 |access-date=13 July 2023}}</ref> while the ''[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]'' reproduced in large type [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s poem "[[Where the mind is without fear]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theviewspaper.net/emergency-the-darkest-period-in-indian-democracy/|title=Emergency: The Darkest Period in Indian Democracy|last=Arputham|first=Avneesh|date=27 June 2009|website=The Viewspaper|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913164555/http://theviewspaper.net/emergency-the-darkest-period-in-indian-democracy/|archive-date=13 September 2013|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref>

The Emergency also received support. It was endorsed by social reformer [[Vinoba Bhave]] (who called it ''Anushasan Parva'', a time for discipline), industrialist [[J. R. D. Tata]], writer [[Khushwant Singh]], and Indira Gandhi's close friend and Odisha Chief Minister [[Nandini Satpathy]].<ref>Ashish Ranjan Mohapatra. ''Nandini Satpathy'' (in Oriya).</ref> Tata told a reporter of the [[The Times of India|Times]], "things had gone too far. You can't imagine what we've been through here—strikes, boycotts, demonstrations. Why, there were days I couldn't walk out of my house into the streets. The parliamentary system is not suited to our needs."<ref>{{cite book|title=The glory of J. R. D.|last1=Guha|first1=Ramachandran|publisher=Pan Books|location=India|isbn=978-0-330-54022-3|page=110|edition=2007|date=25 July 2013}}</ref>

In the book ''JP Movement and the Emergency'', historian [[Bipan Chandra]] wrote, "[[Sanjay Gandhi]] and his cronies like [[Bansi Lal]], [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] at the time, were keen on postponing elections and prolonging the emergency by several years. In October–November 1976, an effort was made to change the basic [[Civil liberties|civil libertarian]] structure of the [[Indian Constitution]] through the [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|42nd amendment]] to it. ... The most important changes were designed to strengthen the executive at the cost of the judiciary, and thus disturb the carefully crafted system of Constitutional [[Checks and balances|checks and balance]] between the three organs of the government."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/new-book-flays-indira-gandhis-decision-to-impose-emergency/706495.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131123164002/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/new-book-flays-indira-gandhis-decision-to-impose-emergency/706495.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 November 2013 |title=New book flays Indira Gandhi's decision to impose Emergency |publisher=[[IBN Live News]] |date=30 May 2011 |access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref>

After Indira Gandhi's victory in [[1980 Indian general election|the 1980 elections]], political scientist [[Myron Weiner]] concluded that Indian politics "returned to normal".<ref name="d655">{{cite book | last=Sen | first=R. | title=House of the People: Parliament and the Making of Indian Democracy | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2023 | isbn=978-1-009-18025-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwuMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA78| page=78}}</ref>

[[Third Modi ministry|The Third Modi government]] declared 25 June as ''Samvidhān Hatyā Diwas'' (Murder of the Constitution Day).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Shemin |date=2024-07-12 |title=Centre to observe June 25 as 'Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas'; Congress hits back with June 4 as 'Modi Mukti Diwas' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/centre-to-observe-june-25-as-samvidhaan-hatya-diwas-congress-hits-back-with-june-4-as-modi-mukti-diwas-3103240 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Modi Govt Has Observed Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas Every Day for a Decade': Opposition on June 25 Move |url=https://thewire.in/government/samvidhaan-hatya-diwas-modi-gazette-amit-shah-emergency |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=thewire.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/politics/june-4-to-go-down-as-modi-mukti-diwas-cong-on-samvidahaan-hatya-diwas-124071300013_1.html. June 4 to go down as 'Modi Mukti Diwas': Cong on 'Samvidahaan Hatya Diwas'], Press Trust of India New Delhi, at ''[[Business Standard]]'', Last Updated : Jul 13 2024. Retrieved August 2024</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-21 |title=RSS had supported several of Emergency measures: Ex-IB chief |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rss-had-supported-several-of-emergency-measures-ex-ib-chief/articleshow/49051068.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-07 |title='Balasaheb Thackeray openly supported Emergency imposed by Indira Gandhi': Shiv Seva (UBT)'s Sanjay Raut |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/shiv-sena-ubt-sanjay-raut-balasaheb-thackeray-emergency-indira-gandhi-9438177/ |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Culture==
===Literature===
* Writer [[Rahi Masoom Raza]] criticised the Emergency through his novel ''Qatar bi Aarzoo''.<ref>O. P. Mathur. ''Indira Gandhi and the emergency as viewed in the Indian novel''. Sarup & Sons. 2004. {{ISBN|978-81-7625-461-8}}.</ref>
* [[Shashi Tharoor]] portrays the Emergency allegorically in his ''[[The Great Indian Novel]]'' (1989), describing it as "The Siege". He also authored a satirical play on the Emergency, ''Twenty-Two Months in the Life of a Dog'', that was published in his ''[[The Five Dollar Smile and Other Stories]]''.
* ''[[A Fine Balance]]'' and ''[[Such a Long Journey (novel)|Such a Long Journey]]'' by [[Rohinton Mistry]] take place during the Emergency and highlight many of the abuses that occurred during that period, largely through the lens of India's small but culturally influential [[Parsi]] minority.
*''[[Rich Like Us]]'' by [[Nayantara Sahgal]] is partly set during the Emergency and deals with themes such as political corruption and oppression in the context of the event.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hassan|first1=Nigeenah|last2=Sharma|first2=Mukesh|date=2017|title=India Under Emergency: Rich Like us Nayantara Sahgal|url=https://ijisrt.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/India-Under-Emergency-Rich-Like-us-Nayantara-Sahgal.pdf|journal=International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology|volume=2,6}}</ref>
* [[Booker Prize]]-winner ''[[Midnight's Children]]'' by [[Salman Rushdie]] has the protagonist, Saleem Sinai, in India during the Emergency. His home in a low-income area, called the "magician's ghetto", is destroyed as part of the national beautification program. He is forcibly sterilised as part of the vasectomy program. The principal antagonist of the book is "the Widow" (a likeness that Indira Gandhi successfully sued Rushdie for). There was one line in the book that repeated an old Indian rumour that Indira Gandhi's son disliked his mother because he suspected her of causing the death of his father. As this was a rumour, there was no substantiation to be found.<ref>Joseph Bendaña. [https://archive.today/20130628031158/http://watsoninstitute.org/news_detail.cfm?id=1291 "Rushdie Talk Recasts Role of Public and Private in Politics and Literature"].{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. [[Watson Institute]], Brown University. 17 February 2010.</ref>
* ''[[India: A Wounded Civilization]]'', a book by [[V. S. Naipaul]], is also oriented around The Emergency.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nixon|first1=Rob|title=London calling: V. S. Naipaul, Postcolonial Mandarin|date=1992|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=New York |isbn=9780195067170|page=[https://archive.org/details/londoncalling00robn/page/73 73]|url=https://archive.org/details/londoncalling00robn|url-access=registration}}</ref>
* ''The Plunge'', an English-language novel by Sanjeev Tare, is the story told by four youths studying at [[Government Kalidas Girls College, Ujjain|Kalidas College]] in Nagpur. They tell the reader what they went through during those politically turbulent times.
* The [[Malayalam language|Malayalam-language]] novel ''[[Delhi Gadhakal]]'' (''Tales from Delhi'') by [[M. Mukundan]] highlights many waves of abuse that occurred during the Emergency including forced sterilisation of men and the destruction of houses and shops owned by Muslims in Turkmen Gate.
* ''Brutus, You!'', a book by Chanakya Sen, is based on the internal politics of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], Delhi during the period of Emergency.
* ''Vasansi Jirnani'', a play by [[Torit Mitra]], is inspired by [[Ariel Dorfman]]'s ''[[Death and the Maiden (play)|Death and the Maiden]]'' and effects of the Emergency.
* The [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] novel ''Marukkozhunthu Mangai'' (''Girl with Fragrant [[Chinese Mugwort]]'') by Ra. Su. Nallaperumal is based on the history of the [[Pallavas]] dynasty and a popular uprising in [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]] in 725 A.D. It explains how the widowed Queen and the Princess kill the freedom of the people. Most of the incidents described in the novel resemble the Emergency period. Even the name of the characters in the novel is similar to Mrs. Gandhi and her family.
* The [[Malayalam language|Malayalam-language]] autobiographical diary by political activist [[R. C. Unnithan]], penned while the author was imprisoned as a political prisoner during the Emergency under MISA for sixteen months at Poojappura state prison in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, gives a personal account of his travails during the dark days of Indian democracy.
* The Tamil-language novel ''Karisal'' (''Black Soil'') by [[Ponneelan]] deals with the socio-political changes during the period.
* The Tamil-language novel ''Ashwamedam'' by Ramachandra Vaidyanath deals with the political movements during the period.
* In the 2001 book ''[[Life of Pi]]'' by Canadian author [[Yann Martel]], Pi's father decides to sell his zoo and move his family to [[Canada]] around the time of the Emergency.
* The graphic novel ''Delhi Calm'', by Vishwajyoti Ghosh, was published in 2010, that narrates the events of the Emergency.

===Film===
* [[Gulzar]]'s ''[[Aandhi]]'' (1975) was banned, because the film was supposedly based on Indira Gandhi.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gulzar |last2=Nihalani |last3=Chatterjee |first2=Govind |first3=Saibal |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |year=2003 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica (India), Popular Prakashan |location=New Delhi, Mumbai |isbn=81-7991-066-0 |page=425 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC }}</ref>
* Amrit Nahata's film ''[[Kissa Kursi Ka]]'' (1977), a bold spoof on the Emergency, where [[Shabana Azmi]] plays Janata ("the public"), a mute protagonist, was subsequently banned and reportedly, all its prints were burned by [[Sanjay Gandhi]] and his associates at his Maruti factory in [[Gurgaon]].<ref>Farzand Ahmed (24 December 2009). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20091228-1978-kissa-kursi-ka-celluloid-chutzpah-741608-2009-12-23 "1978 – Kissa Kursi Ka: Celluloid chutzpah"]. ''India Today''.</ref>
* ''[[Yamagola]]'', a 1977 Telugu film (Hindi re-make ''[[Lok Parlok]]''), spoofs the emergency issues.
* [[I. S. Johar]]'s 1978 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Nasbandi]]'' is a satire on the sterilisation drive of the [[Government of India]], where each one of the characters is trying to find sterilisation cases. The film was banned after its release due to its portrayal of the Indira Gandhi government.
* Although [[Satyajit Ray]]'s 1980 film ''[[Hirak Rajar Deshe]]'' is a children's comedy, it is also a satire on the Emergency where the ruler forcefully mind washes the poor people.
* The 1985 [[Malayalam film]] ''[[Yathra]]'' directed by [[Balu Mahendra]] has the human rights violations by the police during the Emergency as its main plotline.
* 1988 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Piravi]]'' is about a father searching for his son [[Rajan case|Rajan]], who had been arrested by the police (and allegedly killed in custody).
* The 2005 Hindi film ''[[Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi]]'' is set against the backdrop of the Emergency. The film, directed by [[Sudhir Mishra]], also tries to portray the growth of the [[Naxalite]] movement during the Emergency era. The film tells the story of three youngsters in the 1970s when India was undergoing massive social and political changes.
* The 2012 Marathi film ''[[Shala (film)|Shala]]'' discusses the issues related to the Emergency.
* ''[[Midnight's Children (film)|Midnight's Children]]'', a 2012 adaptation of Rushdie's novel, created widespread controversy due to the negative portrayal of Indira Gandhi and other leaders. The film was not shown at the [[International Film Festival of India]] and was banned from further screening at the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] where it was premiered in India.
* ''[[Indu Sarkar]]'' is a 2017 Hindi political thriller film about the emergency, directed by [[Madhur Bhandarkar]].
* ''[[21 Months of Hell]]'' is a [[documentary film]] about the torture methods performed by the police.
* ''[[Kaattu Vithachavar]]'' is a 2018 Malayalam film about the period mentioning police brutality, their torture methods like [[Uruttal]], [[Kakkayam torture camp]] and the famous [[Rajan case]].
* ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]'' is a 2021 Tamil language sports film which is set against the backdrop of the Emergency and shows the arrest of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] members.
* ''[[Emergency (2025 film)|Emergency]]'' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[History|historical]] [[Biographical film|biographical]] drama film directed and co-produced by [[Kangana Ranaut]].

==See also==
* [[Democracy in India]]
* [[Baroda dynamite case]]
* [[Rajan case]]
* [[Kakkayam torture camp]]
* [[Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas]]
* ''[[The Case That Shook India]]''

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* [[Atul Kohli]]. ''Democracy and Discontent: India's Growing Crisis of Governability''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. 1991. {{ISBN|0-521-39161-X}}.
* [[Atul Kohli]] (ed.). ''The Success of India's Democracy''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. 2001 [2004]. {{ISBN|81-7596-107-4}}.
* [[Ayesha Jalal]]. ''Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: a Comparative and Historical Perspective''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. 1995 [1996]. {{ISBN|81-85618-75-5}}
* [[B. G. Verghese]]. ''Warrior of the Fourth Estate: Ramnath Goenka of the Express''. Viking, Penguin India. 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-67005-842-6}}.
* [[Bipan Chandra]] et al. ''India Since Independence''. Penguin India. 2008 [2011 digital edition]. e-{{ISBN|978-81-8475-053-9}}.
* [[Durga Das Basu]]. ''Introduction to the Constitution of India''. LexisNexis Butterworths. 1960 [20th edition, 2011 reprint]. {{ISBN|978-81-8038-559-9}}.
* [[Inder Malhotra]]. ''Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography''. Hodder and Stoughton. 1989. {{ISBN|0-340-40540-6}}.
* [[Mary C. Carras]]. ''Indira Gandhi: In the Crucible of Leadership''. Jaico Publishing House. 1979 [1980].
* [[Partha Chatterjee (scholar)|Partha Chatterjee]]. ''Lineages of Political Society''. [[Orient Blackswan|Permanent Black]]. 2011. {{ISBN|81-7824-317-2}}.
* [[Partha Chatterjee (scholar)|Partha Chatterjee]]. ''Empire and Nation: Essential Writings, 1985–2005''. [[Orient Blackswan|Permanent Black]]. 2010. {{ISBN|81-7824-267-2}}.
* [[Ramachandra Guha]]. ''[[India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy]]''. [[HarperCollins]]. 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-330-50554-3}}.
* [[S. S. Gill]]. ''The Dynasty: A Political Biography of the Premier Ruling Family of Modern India''. [[HarperCollins]]. 1996. {{ISBN|81-7223-245-4}}.
* [[Subhash C. Kashyap]]. ''Indian Constitution: Conflicts and Controversies''. Vitasta Publishing. 2010. {{ISBN|978-81-89766-41-2}}.
*Mithi Mukherjee, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print {{ISBN|9780198062509}}
* [[T. V. Sathyamurthy]]. ''State and Nation in the Context of Social.00 Change''. [[Oxford University Press]]. 1994. {{ISBN|0-19-563136-6}}.

==Bibliography==
*Advani, L. K. (2002). A prisoner's scrapbook. New Delhi: Ocean Books.
* Anderson, Edward, and Patrick Clibbens. "'Smugglers of Truth': The Indian diaspora, Hindu nationalism, and the Emergency (1975–77)." ''Modern Asian Studies'' 52.5 (2018): 1729–1773.
* [[Kuldip Nayar]]. ''The Judgement: Inside Story of the Emergency in India''. 1977. Vikas Publishing House. {{ISBN|0-7069-0557-1}}.
* Chandra, Bipan. ''In the name of Democracy: JP movement and the Emergency'' (Penguin UK, 2017).
* [[P. N. Dhar]]. ''Indira Gandhi, the "Emergency", and Indian Democracy'' (2000), 424pp
*{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |last2=Anil |first2=Pratinav |title=India's First Dictatorship: The Emergency, 1975-77 |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-9390351602}}
* Jinks, Derek P. "The Anatomy of an Institutionalized Emergency: Preventive Detention and Personal Liberty in India." ''Michigan Journal of International Law'' 22 (2000): 311+ [http://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1374&context=mjil online free]
* [[Klieman, Aaron S.]] "Indira's India: Democracy and Crisis Government", ''Political Science Quarterly'' (1981) 96#2 pp. 241–259 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2150338 in JSTOR]
* Malkani, K. R. (1978). ''The Midnight Knock.'' New Delhi: Vikas Pub. House.
* Mathur, Om Prakash. ''Indira Gandhi and the emergency as viewed in the Indian novel'' (Sarup & Sons, 2004).
* Paul, Subin. "When India Was Indira Indian Express's Coverage of the Emergency (1975–77)." ''Journalism History'' 42.4 (2017): 201–211.
* Plys, Kristin. ''Brewing Resistance: Indian Coffee House and the Emergency in Postcolonial India'' (Cambridge UP, 2020). {{ISBN|9781108490528}}
* Prakash, Gyan. ''Emergency Chronicles: Indira Gandhi and Democracy's Turning Point'' (Princeton UP, 2019). {{ISBN|9780691186726}} [https://issforum.org/essays/PDF/E175.pdf online review].
* Ramashray Roy and D. L. Sheth. "The 1977 Lok Sabha Election Outcome: The Salience of Changing Voter Alignments Since 1969," ''Political Science Review'' (1978), Vol. 17 Issue 3/4, pp. 51–63
*[[Coomi Kapoor]]. (2015) ''[[The Emergency: A Personal History]]''. Viking Books.
* [[Arun Shourie|Shourie, Arun]] (1984). Mrs Gandhi's second reign. New Delhi: Vikas.
* Shourie, Arun (1978). Symptoms of fascism. New Delhi: Vikas.
* Sahasrabuddhe, P. G., & Vājapeyī, M. (1991). The people versus emergency: A saga of struggle. New Delhi: [[Suruchi Prakashan]].
* [[Janardan Thakur|Thakur, Janadan]] (1977). ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.103040/page/n3/mode/2up All The Prime Minister’s Men ]''. Vikas Publishing. 1977. ISBN 9780706905663.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76ve08/pdf/d204.pdf Telegram 8557 from the United States Embassy in India to the Department of State, 27 June 1975] (PDF)
* A. Z. Huq, [http://www.idea.int/publications/dchs/upload/dchs_vol2_sec4_1.pdf Democratic Norms, Human Rights and the States of Emergency: Lessons from the Experience of Four Countries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710204236/http://www.idea.int/publications/dchs/upload/dchs_vol2_sec4_1.pdf |date=10 July 2020 }} (PDF)
* [http://www.ahrchk.net/pub/mainfile.php/mof/ ''Memories of a Father'', a book by Eachara Varier, father of a student killed in police custody during the emergency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050527184750/http://www.ahrchk.net/pub/mainfile.php/mof/ |date=27 May 2005 }}

{{The Emergency (India)}}
{{India topics}}
{{Cold War coups}}
{{Population}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Emergency (India)}}
[[Category:The Emergency (India)| ]]
[[Category:1975 in India]]
[[Category:1976 in India]]
[[Category:1977 in India]]
[[Category:Censorship]]
[[Category:Censorship in India]]
[[Category:Collective punishment]]
[[Category:Democratic backsliding in India]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in India]]
[[Category:History of the Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Enforced disappearances]]
[[Category:Forced migration in Asia]]
[[Category:Political repression]]
[[Category:Police brutality in India]]
[[Category:Police misconduct in India]]
[[Category:Totalitarianism]]
[[Category:Torture in India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi administration]]

Balika Vadhu

2026-03-08T14:24:11Z

Serzude: quick fix

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Balika Vadhu.png
| caption = 
| alt_name = {{ubl|Balika Vadhu – Kacchi Umar Ke Pakke Rishte|Balika Vadhu – Lamhe Pyaar Ke}}
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| creative_director = Siddhartha Vankar
| writer = {{ubl|Purnendu Shekhar|[[Gajra Kottary]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Balika Vadhu writer on how to get a break in TV|url=https://m.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-careers-balika-vadhu-writer-on-how-to-get-a-break-in-tv/20110504.htm|website=Rediff.com|access-date=22 June 2020|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108040345/https://m.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-careers-balika-vadhu-writer-on-how-to-get-a-break-in-tv/20110504.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>|Rajesh Dubey||Usha Dixit|Raghuvir Shekhawat|Manisha Singh|[[Kovid Gupta]]|Raman Manaktala}}
| director = {{ubl|[[Sidharth Sengupta]]|Pradeep Yadav}}
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 2,245
| executive_producer = {{ubl|Zakir Shaikh|Sachin Chavan|Fuzel Khan}}
| producer = {{ubl|Sunjoy Waddhwa|Comall Sunjoy W.}}
| cinematography = {{ubl|Sanjay K. Memane|Anil Katke}}
| editor = {{ubl|Santosh Singh|Janak Chauhan}}
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20 minutes
| company = [[Sphere Origins]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2008|7|21}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2016|7|31}}
| channel = [[Colors TV]]
| related = [[Chhoti Anandi]] [[Balika Vadhu 2]]
}}

'''''Balika Vadhu''''' ({{Translation|''The Child Bride''}}) is an [[Indian soap opera]] that aired on [[Colors TV]] between 21 July 2008 to 31 July 2016 with 2,245 episodes. The story is set in rural [[Rajasthan]] and revolves around the life of a [[Child marriage|child bride]] from childhood to womanhood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why TV shows like Astitva: Ek Prem Kahani and Balika Vadhu stood out |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/why-tv-shows-like-astitva-ek-prem-kahani-and-balika-vadhu-stood-out/cid/1895477 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108040344/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/why-tv-shows-like-astitva-ek-prem-kahani-and-balika-vadhu-stood-out/cid/1895477 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Background==
The show consists of two parts. The first part, ''Balika Vadhu – Kacchi Umar Ke Pakke Rishte'' (''{{Translation|The Child Bride – Strong Relationships of Tender Age}}'') ran for 2,164 episodes, and focused on Anandi and Jagdish, who were married during childhood. The second part, ''Balika Vadhu – Lamhe Pyaar Ke'' (''{{Translation|The Child Bride – Moments of Love}}'') which ran for 84 episodes, reflects the life of Anandi's daughter, Dr. Nandini, also known as Nimboli, another child bride.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.colorstv.com/ap/shows/balika-vadhu-kacchi-umar-ke-pakke-rishte-12.html|title=Colors TV Show/Serial - episodes, videos online on Colors|website=aapkacolors.com|access-date=2016-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508124625/http://www.colorstv.com/ap/shows/balika-vadhu-kacchi-umar-ke-pakke-rishte-12.html|archive-date=8 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
Balika Vadhu follows the lives of Anandi and Jagdish, who were married as children, and the challenges they and their families face over several decades.

===''Part 1: Kacchi Umar Ke Pakke Rishte''===
An 8-year-old girl, Anandi is married to Jagdish "Jagya" Singh. Her schoolteacher fails in trying to stop the marriage. Jagya's widowed sister, Sugna, whose husband dies on the day they were supposed to marry, faces difficulty remarrying as she is pregnant. Though a local, Shyam asks Sugna's hand in marriage, Jagya doesn't approve of it. Later Jagdish and Anandi have final exams where Jagya performs poorly and fakes his report card. Jagya's father, Bhairon finds about it so he runs away to Mumbai, where some goons kidnap him. Anandi is shot while saving him, though she recovers. Later, Jagya's grandmother gets him married to a girl named Gauri, while still being married to Anandi; the ''maha panchayat'' declares it illegal. Since both Jagya and Anandi are going through changes, their families decide that they should stay away from each other until they're both adolescents worries that they may take a wrong step in their youth.

5 years later, Anandi returns to her in laws. Jagdish and Anandi are in love. Jagya is motivated to become a doctor when he is unable to find a doctor for an injured Anandi and goes to [[Mumbai]] to study. In meantime, he falls in love with his colleague, Gauri and insults Anandi for being uneducated.

4 years later, Jagdish completes his MBBS and wants to work and live in Mumbai. He meets Gauri again and decides to leave Anandi to marry her. They get married; Gauri believing that his child marriage is invalid. However, his family rejects them, leading Gauri to become vengeful towards them, which in turn disrupts her marital life with Jagdish. Bhairon asks Anandi to file a case against Jagdish, but she refuses, accepting his and Gauri's marriage. Meanwhile, Anandi completes her graduation and educates village girls, campaigns against child marriage, and becomes the ''Sarpanch Bitiya'' of Jaitsar, and meets [[district collector]] Shivraj Shekhar who is impressed by her. She sends divorce papers to Jagya, which he angrily signs. Jagya and Anandi get divorced and Anandi tries to move on. Meanwhile, Jagya gets to know how Gauri had separated him from his family and divorces her for cheating and vows to reunite with Anandi. However, Anandi having moved on, marries Shivraj, forgives Jagya, and moves to [[Udaipur]]. Anandi starts her own NGO and works for welfare of women, orphan children, physically handicapped and old age homes.

Sanchi, Shivraj's sister, develops a crush on Jagya. She however tries to create trouble in his family by creating misunderstandings and manipulating people. They get engaged and he returns to Mumbai to study. Six months later, he realizes that she only wants to marry him out of spite and calls-off the wedding. He marries Ganga, who was also a victim of child marriage, a girl whom he helped her get freed from her husband and in-laws who harassed her and get her educated as a nurse, and adopts her son Mannu while giving birth to their child Abhimanyu. Meanwhile, Jagya runs for political office and becomes the ''Vidhya'' of Jaitsar.

Anandi and Shivraj adopt a disabled orphan Amol, treat him and reunite him with his parents. Shivraj dies while trying to stop a terrorist attack as Anandi delivers twins Nandini and Shivam. Akhiraj, a goon, kidnaps Nandini and renames her Nimboli for marriage to his son Kundan.

11 years later, Jagya traces Nandini, and Akhiraj is arrested but escapes custody and kills Anandi as she protects her children. Jagya fatally shoots him, but the twins fall into a river and presumably die. They however survive and are put into an orphanage. They are separated when Shivam is arrested for murdering a man who tried to rape Nandini.

===''Part 2: Lamhe Pyaar Ke''===
15 years later, Nandini is a physician, driven by a promise to her dying mother to provide medical treatment throughout [[Rajasthan]]. She marries medical student Krish Malhotra, who she later learns is the step-son of Kundan. She also finds that the groom she approved for her adoptive sister Sudha is actually Shivam, who has become a gangster. She reunites with him. Kundan kidnaps her to force her to remarry him, but is killed by the police.

In the epilogue, she summarizes her family history from Anandi's childhood to her present in a book titled ''Balika Vadhu''.

==Cast==
* [[Pratyusha Banerjee]] as NGO Head Anandi Singh Shekhar: Khajaan and Bhagwati's daughter; Shivraj's wife; Nandini and Shivam's mother; Amol's adoptive mother (2010–2013)
** [[Toral Rasputra]] as older Anandi Singh Shekhar (2013–2016)
** [[Avika Gor|Avika Gor Chandwani]] as young Anandi Singh (2008–2010)
* [[Sidharth Shukla]] as IAS Shivraj "Shiv" Shekhar: Anoop and Meenakshi's son; Mahi's brother; Anandi's husband; Nandini and Shivam's father; Amol's adoptive father (2012–2015)
* [[Shashank Vyas]] as MLA Dr. Jagdish "Jagya" Singh: Bhairon and Sumitra's son; Sugna's brother; Ganga's husband; Abhimanyu's father (2010–2015)
** [[Shakti Anand]] as older Jagdish "Jagya" Singh (2015–2016)
** [[Avinash Mukherjee]] as young Jagdish "Jagya" Singh (2008–2010)
* [[Sriti Jha]] as Dr. Ganga Singh: Jagdish's wife; Mahendra and Abhimanyu's mother (2013)
** [[Sargun Mehta Dubey]] replaced Jha as Ganga Singh (2013–2014)
** [[Aasiya Kazi]] as older Ganga Singh (2014–2016)
** [[Roshni Walia]] as child Ganga Singh (2013)
* [[Mahhi Vij|Mahhi Vij Bhanushali]] as Dr. Nandini "Nimboli" Shekhar Malhotra: Shivraj and Anandi's daughter; Shivam's twin-sister; Amol's adoptive sister; Krish's wife (2016)
** [[Gracy Goswami]] as young Nandini "Nimboli" Shekhar (2015–2016)
* Dishank Arora as Shivam Shekhar: Shivraj and Anandi's son; Nandini's twin-brother; Amol's adoptive brother; Sudha's husband (2016)
** Viren Vazirani as young Shivam Shekhar (2015–2016)
* [[Ruslaan Mumtaz]] as Krish Malhotra: Karuna's son; Kudan's step-son; Nandini's second husband (2016)
* [[Yukti Kapoor]] as Sudha Shekhawat Shekhar: Naren and Yamuna's daughter; Nandini's foster sister; Premal's ex-wife; Shivam's wife (2016)

===Recurring===
* [[Chetanya Adib]] as Khajaan Singh — Bhagwati's husband; Anandi's father; Shivraj's father-in-law; Nandini and Shivam's grandfather; Amol's adoptive grandfather (2008–2015)
* [[Bhairavi Raichura]] as Bhagwati Singh — Khajaan's wife; Anandi's mother; Shivraj's mother-in-law; Nandini and Shivam's grandmother; Amol's adoptive grandmother (2008–2012)
* Digvijay Purohit as Govind: Rani's elder brother; Krishna's husband
* Preity Sahay as Krishna Singh: Khajaan's younger sister; Bhagwati's sister-in-law; Anandi's aunt; Govind's wife
* Mrudula Sathe as Rani: Govind's younger sister
* [[Surekha Sikri|Surekha Sikri Rege]] as Kalyani Singh — [[Matriarchy|Matriarch]] of Singhs; Dharamveer's wife; Bhairon's mother; Sumitra's mother-in-law; Sugna and Jagdish's grandmother; Varun, Shagun and Abhimanyu's great-grandmother (2008–2016)
** Heeba Shah as young Kalyani Devi (shown in a flashback scene)
* [[Anup Soni]] as Bhairon Singh — [[Patriarchy|Patriarch]] of Singhs; Dharamveer and Kalyani's son; Sumitra's husband; Sugna and Jagdish's father; Shyam and Ganga's father-in-law; Varun, Shagun and Abhimanyu's grandfather (2008–2014)
* [[Smita Bansal|Smita Bansal Mohla]] as Sumitra Singh — [[Matriarchy|Matriarch]] of Singhs; Bhairon's wife; Sugna and Jagdish's mother; Shyam and Ganga's mother-in-law; Varun, Shagun and Abhimanyu's grandmother (2008–2014)
* [[Veebha Anand]] / [[Janvi Chheda|Janvi Chheda Gopalia]] as Sugna Shyam Singh: Bhairon and Sumitra's daughter; Jagdish's sister; Nandu and Bhairavi's adopted cousin; Pratap's widow; Shyam's wife; Varun and Shagun's mother (2008–2013)
* [[Vikrant Massey]] / [[Sachin Shroff]] as Shyam Singh: Madan and Radha's son; Suguna's husband; Varun's step-father; Shagun's father (2009–2013)
* [[Satyajit Sharma]] as Basant Singh: Mahavir's son; Dharamveer and Kalyani's adopted son; Bhairon's adopted brother; Jamuna ex-husband; Gehna's husband; Nandu and Bhairavi's father (2008–2014)
* [[Neha Marda|Neha Marda Agarwal]] / Sheetal Khandal as Gehna Singh: Shambhu and Urmila's daughter; Kanchan and Rama's sister; Basant's widow; Niranjan's wife; Nandu and Bhairavi's mother (2008–2015)
* [[Geeta Tyagi]] as Jamuna: Basant's ex-wife (2008)
* Rishi Sonecha / Keval Katrodia / Mayur Mondal / Sanjay Basak as Nandkishore "Nandu" Singh: Basant and Gehna's son; Bhairavi's brother; Sugna and Jagdish's adopted cousin (2014–2015)
** Rishi Sonecha / Keval Katrodia / Mayur Mondal as Child Nandkishore Singh (2010–2014)
* [[Rajendra Gupta]] as Mahavir Singh: Basant's father; Nandu and Bhairavi's grandfather (2009–2012)
* Vinay Yadav as Maakhan: a maid in Kalyani's house
* [[Farida Jalal]] as Vasundhara Devi: Kalyani's elder sister; Dharamveer's sister-in-law; Bhairon's aunt (2009-2012)
* Rahul Lohani as Niranjan: Gehna's music teacher and second husband; Nandu and Bhairavi's step-father (2009–2010; 2014–2015)
* Shashwat Joshi as Abhimanyu "Abhi" Singh: Jagdish and Ganga's son; Mahendra's half-brother; Varun and Shagun's cousin (2015)
* Mamta Chaturya as Phooli: Anandi's best friend since childhood (2010–2012)
** Faiza Faiz as child Phooli (2008–2010)
* Pankaj Jha Kashyap as Meena's elder brother (2010)
* Pushpendra Singh as Jagan: Phooli's father
* [[Shivshakti Sachdev]] as Champa: Anandi's childhood friend; Gulli's mother (2008)
* [[Nidhi Jha]] and [[Sonam Lamba]] as Gulli: Lalan and Champa's daughter; Hardik's wife (2011–2014)
** Netra Kapoor / [[Digangana Suryavanshi]] as child Gulli
* Kishan Bhan as Shambhu: Gehna, Kanchan and Rama's father; Nandu and Bhairavi's grandfather
* Chitra Jetly as Urmila: Gehna, Kanchan and Rama's mother; Nandu and Bhairavi's grandmother
* Garima Anand as Kanchan: Manish's wife
* Jehangir Vakil as Pratap: Hukum and Meena's son; Sugna's ex-husband; Varun's father (2008–2009)
* Shivansh Kotia and [[Rudra Soni]] as Varun Singh: Pratap and Sugna's son; Shyam's step-son; Shagun's half-brother; Abhimanyu's cousin; Mannu's step-cousin (2010)/(2011–2013)
* Amar Sharma as Madan Singh: Radha's husband; Shyam's father; Varun's step-grandfather; Shagun's grandfather (2008–2014)
* Asmita Sharma/Rashmi Shaw as Madan's wife; Shyam's mother; Varun's step-grandmother; Shagun's grandmother (2008–2010)
* [[Sudhir Pandey]] as Premkishore Shekhar: Anoop and Alok's father; Shiv, Sanchi and Mahi's grandfather; Nandini and Shivam's great-grandfather; Amol's adoptive great-grandfather (2012–2015)
* [[Avinash Wadhawan]] / [[Akshay Anand]] as Anoop Shekhar: Premkishore's elder son; Alok's elder brother; Meenakshi's husband; Shiv and Mahi's father; Nandini and Shivam's grandfather; Amol's adoptive grandfather (2013–2015)
* [[Anita Kulkarni]] as Meenakshi Shekhar: Anoop's wife; Shiv and Mahi's mother; Nandini and Shivam's grandmother; Amol's adoptive grandmother (2012–2015)
* Jaineeraj Rajpurohit as Alok Shekhar: Premkishore's younger son; Anoop's younger brother; Iravati's husband; Saanchi's father (2012–2015)
* [[Sonal Jha]] as Iravati Shekhar: Alok's wife; Saanchi's mother (2012–2015)
* [[Roop Durgapal]] as Sanchi Shekhar Kabra: Alok and Iravati's daughter; Shiv and Mahi's cousin; Vivek's wife (2012–2015)
* Abhishek Tewari as Mahi Shekhar: Anoop and Meenakshi's younger son; Shivraj's younger brother; Sanchi's cousin; Nandini and Shivam's uncle (2012–2014)
* Khushmeet Gill/Shubham Jha as Raju Mehta/Amol Shekhar: Shiv and Anandi's adopted son; Nandini and Shivam's adopted brother (2014–2015)
* [[Sushmita Mukherjee]] as Subhadra "Swananda": Premkishore's younger sister; Hardik's grandmother (2014–2015)
* [[Gaurav Bajaj]] as Hardik: Subhadra's grandson; Gulli's husband (2014)
* Bobby Parvez as Roshan Kabra: Suman's husband, Vivek, Saurabh and Rakhi's father (2014)
* [[Shalini Arora]] as Suman Kabra: Roshan's wife; Vivek, Saurabh and Rakhi's mother (2014–2015)
* Vimarsh Roshan as Advocate Vivek Kabra: Roshan and Suman's elder son; Saurabh and Rakhi's elder brother; Saanchi's husband (2013–2015)
* Farhina Parvez Jarimari as Rakhi Kabra: Roshan and Suman's younger daughter; Vivek and Saurabh's younger sister (2014)
* Abhijit Lahiri as Ramcharan Singh: Madan's elder brother (2009–2010)
* Zubeida Verma as Ramcharan's wife
* Smita Dongre as Kamla: Gauri's mother
* Sunil Chauhan as Umaan Singh: Gauri's father
* Tarakesh Chauhan as Ram Singh: Gauri's uncle
* [[Nivedita Bhattacharya]] as Shivani Rajadhyaksha (2011, 2014)
* Arpit Joshi and Suneet Surana and Semal Bhatt as Lal Singh: Koyal's husband; Jagdish's friend (2010–2012)
* Raquel Rebello as Koyal: Lal Singh's wife
* Urmila Sharma in [[double role]] as
** Mangali: a villager of Jaitsar
** Kanchan: Bharat's mother
* Sumit Malhan as Bharat: Phooli's second husband
* Svetlana Mishra as Chaturi: Bharat's first wife
* [[Chandresh Singh]] as Ratan Singh: Ganga's ex-husband; Mannu's father (2013–2015)
* Harsh Mehta as Mahendra "Mannu" Singh: Ratan and Ganga's son; Jagdish's step-son; Abhimanyu's half-brother; Varun and Shagun's step-cousin; Pooja's husband (2015–2016)
** Dhairya Ashani as child Mahendra "Mannu" Singh (2014–2015)
* Ghanshyam Srivastava as Ghanshyam: an uncle who took care of Mannu when Ganga went to medical school in [[Mangalore]]
* [[Ankit Gupta]] as Dr. Abhishek Singh: Asha's second husband (2012–2013)
* [[Vineet Kumar Chaudhary]] as Kundan Singh: Akheeraj and Harki's son; Kamli's younger brother; Nandini and Urmi's ex-husband; Krish's step-father (2016)
** [[Sparsh Srivastav]] and Karan Pahwa as Teenage Kundan Singh (2015–2016)
* Sunil Singh as Akheeraj Singh: Harki's husband; Kamli and Kundan's father (2015–2016)
* Rudrakshi Gupta as Harki: Akheeraj's wife; Kamli and Kundan's mother (2015–2016)
* Farah Hussain as Kamli Singh: Akheeraj and Harki's daughter; Kundan's elder sister; Pushkar's wife (2015–2016)
* [[Rajeshwari Sachdev]] as Mangaladevi: Akheeraj's sister-in-law; Nandini's mother-figure (2015–2016)
* Meenakshi Arya as Geeta: Akheeraj's younger sister
* Sunil Palwal as Pooran: Geeta's husband
* Madhvi Chopra as Chaggani: a maid at Akheeraj's house
* [[Simran Natekar]] as Pooja: Sarita's daughter; Mannu's wife (2015)
* Dimple Kava/Raginee Risshi as Sarita: Pooja's mother
* [[Parichay Sharma]] as Pushkar: Jatashankar and Bhagirathi's mentally ill son; Kamli's husband (2015–2016)
* Abhay Joshi as Jatashankar: Pushkar's father
* Jhumma Mitra as Bhagirathi: Pushkar's mother
* Mahmood Hashmi in a [[dual role]] as
** Chanda's husband
** Pushkar's uncle
* Tisha Kapoor as Urmi: Khetaram and Saraswati's daughter; Kundan's ex-wife (2015)
* Madan Tyagi as Khetaram: Urmi's father
* Anjali Gupta as Saraswati: Urmi's mother
* Deepali Muchrikar / [[Vidhi Pandya]] as Nidhi: Anant and Pushpa's daughter (2015–2016)
* [[Hiten Tejwani]] as Dr. Anant: a [[Pediatrics|Pediatric doctor]]; Pushpa's husband; Nidhi's father (2015–2016)
* Malini Kapoor as Pushpa: Anant's wife; Nidhi's mother
* Shahab Khan as Naren Shekhawat: Yamuna's husband; Sudha's father; Nandini's adoptive father (2016)
* Neetu Pandey as Yamuna Shekhawat: Naren's wife; Sudha's mother; Nandini's adoptive mother (2016)
* Kavita Vaid as Yamuna's mother; Sudha's grandmother; Nandini's adoptive grandmother (2016)
* [[Ayush Anand]] as Premal Singh: Santhalia and Pavitra's son; Sudha's ex-husband (2016)
* Vinod Anand as Santhalia: Pavitra's husband; Premal's father
* Hetal Yadav as Pavitra: Santhalia's wife; Premal's mother (2016)
* Sonia Shah as Karuna Malhotra: Kundan's wife; Krish's mother (2016)
* Nimisha Vakharia as Triveni: Karuna's elder sister
* [[Sadiya Siddiqui]] as Sandhya: Anandi's school teacher (2008–2013)
* [[Aapki Antara|Anjum Farooki]] as Dr. Ganga Singh: Jagdish's ex-wife (2010–2014)
** [[Deblina Chatterjee]] as Ganga Singh (2014) (after plastic surgery)
** [[Mahima Makwana]] as child Ganga Singh (2009–2010)
* Bhakti Narula as Bhanwari: matchmakers from Bilaria village
* [[Ashok Banthia]] as Village Chief of Bilaria
* Yogendra Kumaria as the doctor who treated Jamuna
* [[Farida Dadi]] as Mithi: the traditional midwife who assisted Jamuna's delivery
* Ashok Awasthi as Village Chief of Jaitsar
* Jay Pathak as Madhav: Sumitra's younger brother; youngest uncle of Sugna and Jagdish
* Aayush Shah as Jagdish's school friend
* Aekansh Vats as Sunder: Jagdish's schoolmates who had a bad influence on Jagdish
* Priya Ahuja as Suman: Shyam first met Suman when Shyam was in town and helped Suman's mother from a wheelchair accident
* Rajesh Kareer as one of the criminal gangs of the child abduction syndicate in Mumbai town
* [[Sakshi Tanwar]] as Teepri: Bhairon's childhood friend (2010)
* Manav Sohal as Teepri's husband (2010)
* [[Navika Kotia]] as Teepri's daughter (2010)
* Smita Oak as Kunda: the landlord who rented out his house to Jagdish and Gauri in Mumbai
* Amita Udgata as Kusumkaali: Kalyani's best friend
* [[Sanjay Batra]] as Heth Singh
* Saurrabh Kushwaha as Sooraj: Heth Singh's son
* [[Fahad Ali]] as Shravan
* [[Rajkumar Kanojia]] as Bheem Singh: Shiv's personal assistant
* [[Karmveer Choudhary]] as Shambhu: a contractor
* Ajay Sharma as Keval Ram
* [[Reena Aggarwal]] as Ashima: Shiv's friend (2012–2013)
* Pavitra Sarkar as Balachandran: hospital nurse in Mangalore who harassed Ganga
* Dinesh Soni as Natthu Lal: maid at Shiv's house
* [[Maleeka Ghai|Maleeka R. Ghai]] as Nirmala: matchmakers from Jaitsar village
* [[Farnaz Shetty]] as Kanchan (2013)
* [[Mohit Abrol]] as Anuj
* Mandar Jadhav as Mihir
* Anshul Singh as Manish: Kanchan's husband
* Prairna Agarwal as Ratna: Manish's mother
* Madan Joshi as Chief Minister of Rajasthan
* [[Amardeep Jha]] as Suhasini
* Pubali Sanyal as Sonali Das: orphanage foundation board
* Sushma Prashant as Sarla: the nurse who had assisted Iravati's delivery
* [[Kamalika Guha Thakurta]] as Pramila (2014)
* Saptrishi Ghosh as Jindal: a public prosecutor in court
* Shivraj D. Walvekar as the lawyer Mr. Bundela
* Naveen Saini as Sumeet Raghuvanshi: Sanchi's defense lawyer
* Massheuddin Qureshi as Brijesh Sanghvi
* Shweta Mahadik as Rasika: Narendra's widow; Shiv's secretary
* Kartik Soni as Narendra: Rasika's late husband
* Sanjay Bhatiya as Narendra's father
* Reshmaa Merchant as Sushma: Narendra's mother
* Arjun Aneja as Mr. Mittal: Sanchi's boss
* Akash Khurana as Shamal: a politician
* [[Harsh Chhaya]] as Palash Shindia: a painter (2014)
* Niveen A. Ramani as Palash's assistant
* Parveen Kaur as Kalyani's teacher
* Sanskrati Sharma as Kajal: Kalyani's classmate
* Saniya Touqeer as Jhoomar: a student who experienced a case of child abuse
* [[Nimai Bali]] as L. P. Shrivastav: Sona's husband
* [[Geetanjali Mishra]] as Kusum and Sona: Ganga's cousin (2014–2015)
* Shital Antani as Kkusum's mother
* Gaurav Hans as Giridhar: a villager who recognized Sona
* Ankur Sharma Kabir as Raghav: Ganga's kidnappers
* Rumi Khan as the terrorist who died along with Shiv
* Nishant Paliwal as Madhav: Kundan's best friend
* Rishi Dev as Gopal: Chaganlal's son; Kamli's ex-lover (2015)
* Abhay Vardhan as Kailash: Gopal's best friend
* Abhay Keshari as Kundan's friend in juvenile prison
* Sanki Shailendra as Kundan's friend in juvenile prison
* Jayant Trivedi as Deenu: Akheeraj's friend
* Bhupesh Singh as Badri: Akheeraj's friend
* Hiteeka Ruchchandran as Madhura: a girl who was about to be sacrificed to a cult, and Nimboli rescued her
* Khushali Hirani as Kavitha: the girl who was kidnapped by Akheeraj
* [[Avinash Sachdev]] as Dr. Amit Goel (2016)
* Prithvi Sankhala as Dr. Naresh Goel (2016)
* [[Smriti Khanna]] as Dr. Vandana Mittal (2016)

==Reception==
===Ratings===
''Balika Vadhu'' became one of the most watched Hindi GEC in its runtime and is one of the shows which helped get newly launched channel [[Colors TV]] to the first position in [[Hindi General entertainment channels|Hindi GEC]], beating the nine years top position maintained by [[StarPlus|Star Plus]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 July 2009|title=Balika Vadhu"s TRP journey|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/balika-vadhu-s-trp-journey-52105-2009-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108040347/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/balika-vadhu-s-trp-journey-52105-2009-07-13|archive-date=8 November 2023|access-date=|website=India Today|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=24 April 2009|title=Girl child woos viewers on Indian television|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-39235620090424|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108040348/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-39235620090424|archive-date=8 November 2023|access-date=|website=[[Reuters]]|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Balika Vadhu'' was met with mixed responses. While some appreciated it for portraying the issues of child marriage, some criticised the show for glorifying it.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Child bride show attracts viewers, critics |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/08/19/india.tv/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108040346/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/08/19/india.tv/index.html |archive-date=8 November 2023 |access-date= |website=CNN |url-status=live }}</ref> The series had a very low initial rating of 0.7 TVR, but by five weeks after launch, it had entered the top five most-watched Hindi GEC and had become [[Colors TV]]'s top programme.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Balika Vadhu slides to No 3|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/balika-vadhu-slides-to-no-3/480296/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108040353/https://indianexpress.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Telly's top 10 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/telly-s-top-10/cid/524150 |website=The Telegraph |access-date=5 August 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108040349/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/telly-s-top-10/cid/524150 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Life after death |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20081124-life-after-death-738248-2008-11-14 |website=India Today |date=14 November 2008 |access-date=5 August 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108040347/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/20081124-life-after-death-738248-2008-11-13 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In five weeks after launch, it entered the top five most-watched Hindi GEC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Balika Vadhu slides to No 3|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/balika-vadhu-slides-to-no-3/480296/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108040353/https://indianexpress.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Thus, Balika Vadhu helped Colors TV's top positioning a lot. ''Balika Vadhu'' often held top position mostly on the ratings charts from 2008 to 2013.

In week 11 of 2009, it occupied third position with 5.9 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ekta show opens well, Colors loses momentum|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ekta-show-opens-well-colors-loses-momentum/439348/2|website=The Indian Express|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108050858/https://indianexpress.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 13 June 2009, it was at fourth position with 5.3 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=STAR Plus back in number 1 position|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/star-plus-back-in-number-1-position-109061900096_1.html|website=Business Standard|date=18 June 2009|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127144607/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/star-plus-back-in-number-1-position-109061900096_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In week 11 of 2010, it occupied top position and garnered 7.7 TVR.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/26571_colors-star-plus-at-par-balika-vadhu-is-at-the-top|title=Balika Vadhu top position with 7.7 TVR|date=19 March 2010|access-date=28 October 2021|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028080931/https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/26571_colors-star-plus-at-par-balika-vadhu-is-at-the-top|url-status=live}}</ref> In week 30 of 2010, it occupied with the top position with 6.9 TVR.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/27826_gec-watch-five-colors-shows-in-top-10-sony-gains|title=Balika Vadhu TRP 2010|date=29 July 2010|access-date=30 April 2021|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430231521/https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/27826_gec-watch-five-colors-shows-in-top-10-sony-gains|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 28 May 2011, it occupied the top position with 4.91 TVR.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Balika Vadhu regains its top position|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Balika-Vadhu-regains-its-top-position/articleshow/8713485.cms|website=The Times of India|date=3 June 2011|access-date=21 November 2022|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108040853/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Balika-Vadhu-regains-its-top-position/articleshow/8713485.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In week 24 of 2011, it was at second position with 4.81 TVR.<ref>{{Cite news|title=It's Pavitra Rishta versus Balika Vadhu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Its-Pavitra-Rishta-versus-Balika-Vadhu/articleshow/8913906.cms|website=The Times of India|date=19 June 2011|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=21 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121075427/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/its-pavitra-rishta-versus-balika-vadhu/articleshow/8913906.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In first two weeks of August 2011, it garnered 6.1 and 5.2 TVRs maintaining its top position.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=18 August 2011|title=Balika Vadhu shifts focus, risks TRPs|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/balika-vadhu-shifts-focus-risks-trps/story-Y9GArvrhn1HxROdydt9SeM.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028072858/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/balika-vadhu-shifts-focus-risks-trps/story-Y9GArvrhn1HxROdydt9SeM.html|archive-date=28 October 2021|access-date=|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In the first week of 2012, it occupied the second position with 4.76 TVR.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The show CID telecast on Sony Entertainment Television, has outpaced Balika Vadhu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/The-show-CID-telecast-on-Sony-Entertainment-Television-has-outpaced-the-Colors-show-Balika-Vadhu-as-it-got-a-TVR-of-4-97-during-the-week-of-January-1-to-January-7-2012-TAM-Peoplemeter-System-While-Balika-Vadhu-gets-a-TVR-of-4-76-for-the-week-/articleshow/11458995.cms|website=The Times of India|date=12 January 2012|access-date=21 November 2022|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108040852/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/The-show-CID-telecast-on-Sony-Entertainment-Television-has-outpaced-the-Colors-show-Balika-Vadhu-as-it-got-a-TVR-of-4-97-during-the-week-of-January-1-to-January-7-2012-TAM-Peoplemeter-System-While-Balika-Vadhu-gets-a-TVR-of-4-76-for-the-week-/articleshow/11458995.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In week 50 of 2012, it was at top position with 5.8 TVR.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/celebrity-gossip/bigg-boss-ratings-fall-behind-melodramatic-indian-tv-soap-s-2012-12-27-1.488682|title=Balika Vadhu top position|date=27 December 2012|access-date=28 October 2021|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028074332/https://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/celebrity-gossip/bigg-boss-ratings-fall-behind-melodramatic-indian-tv-soap-s-2012-12-27-1.488682|url-status=live}}</ref> In last week of July 2013, it was at second position with 3.9 TVR.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=3 August 2013|title='Balika Vadhu' zooms up to number 2 on TRP chart|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Five-year-old-TV-show-Balika-Vadhu-zooms-up-to-number-2-on-TRP-chart-Jhalak-Dikhhla-Jaa/articleshow/21550914.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108040853/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Five-year-old-TV-show-Balika-Vadhu-zooms-up-to-number-2-on-TRP-chart-Jhalak-Dikhhla-Jaa/articleshow/21550914.cms|archive-date=8 November 2023|access-date=|website=The Times of India|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Critics===
The series was addressed in Indian Parliaments during 2009, prompting the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] to stop its telecast, condemning it for portraying child marriage against the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitutional law]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 15, 2009 |title=Ambika Soni promises inquiry into 'Balika Vadhu' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ambika-soni-promises-inquiry-into-balika-vadhu/articleshow/4777289.cms |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716202053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ambika-soni-promises-inquiry-into-balika-vadhu/articleshow/4777289.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-07-14 |title=Balika Vadhu, storms into Lok Sabha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/balika-vadhu-storms-into-lok-sabha/story-c1HPVPMqfrAPhS9F2yDnyN.html |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214135222/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/balika-vadhu-storms-into-lok-sabha/story-c1HPVPMqfrAPhS9F2yDnyN.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TV truth comes under scrutiny in parliament |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-tv-truth-comes-under-scrutiny-in-parliament-1276440 |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210210074819/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-tv-truth-comes-under-scrutiny-in-parliament-1276440 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Sequel and spin-off==
A [[Reboot (fiction)|reboot]] of the show, named ''[[Balika Vadhu 2]]'', aired on the [[Colors TV|same channel]] from 9 August 2021 to 29 March 2022.

An animated series, ''[[Chhoti Anandi]]'', was launched in 2016. The show focuses on the adventures of an eight year old Anandi and her friends. It was simulcasted on Colors TV and [[Rishtey (TV channel)|Rishtey]] from January to April 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Chhoti-Anandi-to-enter-small-screen-world-soon/articleshow/50463353.cms|title='Chhoti Anandi' to enter small screen world soon|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 January 2016|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=10 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110185713/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//tv/news/hindi/Chhoti-Anandi-to-enter-small-screen-world-soon/articleshow/50463353.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The animation was provided by HopMotion animation studio.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hopmotion.com/colors-tv-to-launch-chhoti-anandi/|title=Colors TV to launch Chhoti Anandi|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803005506/http://hopmotion.com/colors-tv-to-launch-chhoti-anandi/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2103372}}
{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:2008 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Child marriage in India]]
[[Category:2000s Indian television series]]
[[Category:2010s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Television episodes about child marriage]]

Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh

2026-03-07T14:33:07Z

Serzude: expanded page for consistency

{{Short description|Indian spiritual leader and murderer}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh
| image = Saint Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh Ji Insan (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1967|08|15}}
| birth_place = [[Sri Gurusar Modia]], [[Sri Ganganagar]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Social group leader|spiritual teacher|actor|filmmaker|singer|songwriter|stuntman<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Rumani |title=When 'MSG' Gurmeet Ram Rahim did dangerous stunts without body double and defied death |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-msg-3-gurmeet-ram-rahim-stunts-without-body-double-beat-death-351237 |access-date=11 July 2023 |work=India TV News |date=6 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref>}}
| yearsactive = 1990–present
| spouse = Harjeet Kaur
| children = 4
| parents =
| website = {{URL|https://www.saintdrmsginsan.me/}}
| organization = [[Dera Sacha Sauda]]
| criminal_charge = {{flatlist |
* Rape (2 counts)
* Sacrilege
* [[Castration]]}}
| conviction = {{flatlist |
* Rape (2 counts)}}
| conviction_penalty = Rape: 20 years in jail, 10 years for each of the two rape convictions
| conviction_status = 20 years in jail
| trial = 
| trial_start =
| trial_end =
| reward_amount =
| partners =
| wanted_since =
| time_at_large =
| escaped =
| escape_end =
| comments =
| victims = {{bulleted list |Rape: unknown|Castration: 400 of his followers}}
| date =
| time =
| beginyear =
| endyear =
| country = India
| states =
| locations =
| targets =
| fatalities =
| injuries =
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}}

'''Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh Insan''' (born 15 August 1967) is the head of the Indian social group [[Dera Sacha Sauda]] (DSS) since 1990 and a convicted rapist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-from-gurmeet-ram-rahim-to-radhe-maa-top-5-controversial-gurus-of-india-2540004|title=From Gurmeet Ram Rahim to Radhe Maa: Top 5 controversial 'Gurus' of India}}</ref>

''[[The Indian Express]]'' had placed Ram Rahim 96th in their list of the 100 most powerful Indians of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/indian-express-power-list-2015-no-91-100/|title=Indian Express Power List 2015: No. 91-100|date=28 February 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref> He has released several music albums and films, which typically revolve around himself and his teachings. Many of these are based on social issues and promotion of God's worship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh releases new song while out on parole, video garners 7 million views |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-releases-new-song-while-out-on-parole-video-garners-7-million-views-2289768-2022-10-26 |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=India Today |date=26 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Singh has also held about a hundred concerts called ‘''Ruhani'' ''Ru-ba-Ru'' Nights’.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2017 |title=Who is Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh and what is the Dera Sacha Sauda? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/who-is-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-and-what-is-the-dera-sacha-sauda/story-dOCToQSSTenThpvXGPBv1J.html |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In his films, he is usually credited for various other roles, in one instance being credited in more than forty departments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/trailer-park/story/msg-the-warrior-lion-heart-trailer-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-ji-insan-339622-2016-09-07|title=MSG The Warrior Lion Heart trailer: Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh is back as the superhuman rockstar baba|date=7 September 2016 |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> His films were negatively received by critics, with many considering them [[Propaganda film|propaganda]] and criticising their poor quality,<ref>''MSG: The Warrior Lion Heart'' reviews:
* {{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-31450646|title=MSG Messenger of God: Indian critics pan guru film|work=BBC News|date=13 February 2015 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/review/review-msg-the-messenger-is-not-a-movie/20150213.htm|title=Review: MSG The Messenger is not a movie|date=13 February 2015|work=Rediff}}
* {{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/experiencing-msg-the-film-is-excruciatingly-awful-only-for-non-believers/|title='MSG' review – The 'film' is excruciatingly awful only for non-believers|date=13 February 2015|work=The Indian Express}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-msg-review-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-insan-will-test-your-patience-and-leave-you-with-a-splitting-headache-2060752|title=MSG review: Three hours of torture so painful that you start laughing at yourself!|work=dna}}
* {{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/756336/msg-2-the-messenger-sees-the-return-of-the-guru-of-bad-cinema|title='MSG 2: The Messenger' sees the return of the guru of bad cinema|first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|date=18 September 2015 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/msg-2-movie-review-roundup-its-funnier-prequel-647198|title='MSG 2' movie review roundup: It's funnier than the first part|first=Ankita|last=Mehta|website=[[International Business Times]] |date=19 September 2015 |access-date=3 November 2016|quote=The film has failed to impress the critics with its storyline. Most of the critics have given 0 or 1/2 star to the film and even called it a nightmare.}}
* {{cite web|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/msg-the-warrior-lionheart-movie-review-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-ji-insan/1/782381.html|title=MSG The Warrior Lion Heart movie review: Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh's film only for the lionhearted|date=7 October 2016 |access-date=22 October 2016}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/msg-the-warrior-lion-heart-review-gurmeet-ram-rahims-surgical-strike-against-intellect-3039766.html|title='MSG: The Warrior — Lion Heart' review: Gurmeet Ram Rahim's surgical strike against intellect - Firstpost|work=Firstpost |date=7 October 2016|access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref> although the production house claimed that several of them had grossed {{INR}}1 billion.<ref>{{cite news |title=MSG-The Messenger collecting Rs 100 cr news is false |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/msg-the-messenger-collects-rs-100-cr-is-false-news-20762.html |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=India TV News |date=23 February 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

On 25 August 2017, Ram Rahim was convicted of rape by a special [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) court.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=25 August 2017 |title=Dera Sacha Sauda chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim found guilty of rape, CBI court ruling comes after 14 years |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dera-sacha-sauda-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-found-guilty-of-rape-cbi-court-ruling-comes-after-14-years/articleshow/60221119.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313092844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dera-sacha-sauda-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-found-guilty-of-rape-cbi-court-ruling-comes-after-14-years/articleshow/60221119.cms |archive-date=13 March 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web |date=26 August 2017 |title=Ram Rahim Guilty of Rape, 30 Reported Dead As Sect Erupts: 10 Facts |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gurmeet-ram-rahims-100-car-convoy-heads-to-court-ahead-of-verdict-10-points-1741807 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313091855/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gurmeet-ram-rahims-100-car-convoy-heads-to-court-ahead-of-verdict-10-points-1741807 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/live-updates-gurmeet-ram-rahim-dera-sacha-sauda-panchkula-sirsa-1031287-2017-08-24|title=Ram Rahim guilty of rape: What happened through the day|website=India Today|date=25 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/mtAT09Bq6zckwunT5nr63N/Gurmeet-Ram-Rahim-Singh-rape-case-verdict-live-updates-CBI.html/|title=Ram Rahim Singh convicted|date=25 August 2017|publisher=[[livemint]]|access-date=25 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825111522/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/mtAT09Bq6zckwunT5nr63N/Gurmeet-Ram-Rahim-Singh-rape-case-verdict-live-updates-CBI.html|archive-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> His conviction led to [[2017 Northern India riots|widespread violence]] by members of the DSS<ref name="AJ">{{cite news|title=Ram Rahim Singh's supporters riot after rape conviction|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/08/ram-rahim-singh-supporters-riot-rape-conviction-170825114911486.html|access-date=25 August 2017|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|date=25 August 2017}}</ref> and simultaneous clashes with the police, which left several dead and injured. On 28 August 2017, Ram Rahim was sentenced to 20 years in prison.<ref name="BBC rape sentence">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41070764|title=India guru rape: Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh jailed for 20 years|date=28 August 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> In January 2019, he and three others were convicted of the murder of journalist [[Murder of Ram Chander Chhatrapati|Ram Chander Chhatrapati]] and sentenced to life imprisonment.<ref name="toi-life-ramchander">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/journalist-murder-case-dera-chief-3-others-awarded-life-term/articleshow/67574263.cms|title=Journalist murder case: Dera chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim, 3 others awarded life term|date=17 January 2019|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> On 7 March 2026, [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] acquitted Gurmeet Ram Rahim in the 2002 Ram Chander Chhatrapati murder case while reversing the order of the special Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) court more than seven years after he was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=7 March 2026 |title=Dera Sacha Sauda chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim acquitted in journalist murder case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dera-sacha-sauda-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-acquitted-in-journalist-murder-case/article70714788.ece |access-date=7 March 2026 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In October 2021, a special CBI court in Panchkula found Singh and four others guilty of the murder of Ranjit Singh, a former Dera manager.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2021 |title=Ranjit Singh murder case: Dera Sacha Sauda head Ram Rahim found guilty |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/ranjit-singh-murder-case-dera-sacha-sauda-head-ram-rahim-found-guilty-101633722448428.html |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> On 28 May 2024 Punjab and Haryana High Court acquitted Gurmeet Ram Rahim and four others in the 2002 Ranjit Singh murder case. The Punjab and Haryana High Court allowed an appeal filed by Dera Chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim and four others against a CBI court order of 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sandhu |first=Jagpreet Singh |date=29 May 2024 |title=Gurmeet Ram Rahim, 4 others acquitted in 2002 Ranjit Singh murder case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/gurmeet-ram-rahim-ranjit-singh-murder-case-acquitted-9356234/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref> He is also facing prosecution for ordering forced castration of 400 followers so that they could get "closer to god".<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite web |date=25 August 2017 |title=Guru Ram Rahim Singh rape verdict draws crowds |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41043233 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815032830/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41043233 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |website=[[BBC]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/ram-rahim-singh-the-present-case-and-previous-brushes-with-courts-and-controversies-1500867.html|title=This Isn't Ram Rahim Singh's First Brush With Court And Controversy|date=25 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/gurmeet-ram-rahim-why-is-he-such-controversial-figure-2527976.html|title=Gurmeet Ram Rahim: Why is he such a controversial figure?|date=23 August 2017 }}</ref>

The name MSG is thought to be derived either from the initials of the three DSS heads, Shah Mastana, Shah Satnam, and Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh, or as an abbreviation for "Messenger of God".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chhabra |first1=Aarish |title=Why die for Ram Rahim? Read the MSG in the mayhem |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/ram-rahim-verdict-msg-in-the-mayhem/story-w4fCF9V8CxqBvw2y7S7R5H.html |access-date=10 March 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and family==
Singh was born on 15 August 1967 at [[Sri Gurusar Modia]] village in [[Ganganagar district]] of [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="HT_Bling_2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/baba-bling-controversial-dera-chief-has-multi-faceted-persona-thrives-on-claims-controversies/story-MAQGI0c4oFJvWeE0lP6bQI.html|title=Baba Bling: Meet Gurmeet Ram Rahim, the Dera chief who thrives on controversies|work=Hindustan Times |date=25 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="HT_Who_2017">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/who-is-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-and-what-is-the-dera-sacha-sauda/story-dOCToQSSTenThpvXGPBv1J.html |title=Who is Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh and what is the Dera Sacha Sauda? |date=23 August 2017| newspaper=Hindustan Times }}</ref> Born into a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] family, his father Maghar Singh was a landlord, and his mother Naseeb Kaur was a housewife.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-india-today-archives-2017-gurmeet-ram-rahim-the-unholy-baba-2286410-2022-10-17|title=From the India Today archives (2017) | Gurmeet Ram Rahim: The unholy baba|website=India Today|date=17 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/good-at-studies-and-sports-gurmeet-was-favourite-of-his-family-say-friends-at-native-village/story-HWkCFCsTge0lBAqNcNx2rJ.html|title=Gurmeet Ram Rahim was favourite of his family: Friends at native village|date=26 August 2017|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Maghar was a devoted follower of the DSS leader [[Shah Satnam Singh]], and Gurmeet accompanied his father to the dera.<ref name="IT_Isha_2017">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-rape-verdict-family-three-daughters-son-1031840-2017-08-26 |title=Ram Rahim Family History: The story of a devil, a saint and Papa's angels |last=Gupta |first=Isha |publisher=India Today |date=26 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 August 2017|title=Gurmeet Ram Rahim was favourite of his family: Friends at native village|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/good-at-studies-and-sports-gurmeet-was-favourite-of-his-family-say-friends-at-native-village/story-HWkCFCsTge0lBAqNcNx2rJ.html|access-date=28 October 2020|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mahaprashashta|first=Ajoy Ashirwad|title=The Mix of Religion, Welfare and Politics That is Ram Rahim Singh's Dera|url=https://thewire.in/culture/growth-of-deras-and-their-following-over-the-years|access-date=28 October 2020|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> At the age of 7, Singh was initiated into the Dera Sacha Sauda sect by Shah Satnam Singh.<ref name="HT_Bling_2017"/>

As an adult, Singh did many jobs, including driving a [[tractor]], and assisted his father in volunteer work at the dera.<ref name="Scroll2021">{{cite news |title=Conspiracy for Punjab sacrilege case was hatched at Ram Rahim's Dera Sacha Sauda, say police |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1013133/conspiracy-for-punjab-sacrilege-case-was-hatched-at-ram-rahims-dera-sacha-sauda-say-police |access-date=11 March 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=18 December 2021}}</ref> In a surprise public announcement, while announcing his retirement, Shah Satnam Singh appointed him as his successor, giving him the name "Huzoor Maharaj Gurmeet Ram Rahim".<ref name="IT_Isha_2017"/> Ram Rahim became the leader of Dera at the age of 23, on 23 September 1990.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/wo9ThKA2fRSnPMF1aBLjVM/Speculation-rife-on-Ram-Rahim-Singhs-successor-Dera-says-n.html |title=Speculation rife on Ram Rahim Singh's successor, Dera says no move yet |date=29 August 2017 |newspaper=Mint }}</ref>

Ram Rahim and his wife Harjeet Kaur have two daughters, named Amarpreet and Charanpreet. They also have a son, Jasmeet, who is married to Husanmeet, a daughter of the Indian National Congress leader Harminder Singh Jassi. Ram Rahim also adopted his confidante Priyanka Taneja as his daughter, giving her the name Honeypreet in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatv.in/india/national-is-ram-rahim-daughter-honeypreet-arrested-from-mumbai-529145|title=आज का वायरल: राम रहीम की 'हनी' को मुंबई में लगी हथकड़ी? जानें क्या है हनीप्रीत की गिरफ्तारी का सच|date=5 September 2017|website=India TV Hindi}}</ref> Ram Rahim's followers have adopted "Insan" ("human") as a surname.<ref name="IT_Isha_2017"/>

==Controversies ==

===Rape conviction===
{{see also|2017 Northern India riots}}

In 2002, a woman wrote to the respective Chief Ministers of the states of Punjab and Haryana, and to the [[Union Home Minister]], [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]], [[National Human Rights Commission of India|NHRC]] and the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]], describing an incident involving Ram Rahim. The Punjab and Haryana High Court sought a report from the District and Sessions Judge of Sirsa, after which Judge MS Sular conducted an inquiry and submitted a report recommending a probe by a central agency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2017 |title=Ram Rahim convicted: How an anonymous letter alleging rape started it all |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/ram-rahim-verdict-today-how-an-anonymous-letter-alleging-rape-started-it-all/story-jRYgnB21EgeNGZW554t5zI.html |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 August 2017 |title=Anonymous letter written in 2002 that led to CBI probe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/anonymous-letter-written-in-2002-that-led-to-cbi-probe/articleshow/60227647.cms#:~:text=This%20story%20is%20from%20August,gufa%20(underground%20living%20quarters). |access-date=7 March 2026 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

After the report from Sirsa, the Punjab and Haryana High Court ordered the CBI to probe into the allegations levelled in the letter. The Chandigarh Branch, CBI registered a case of rape under the IPC Section 376, criminal intimidation under Section 506 and insult to the modesty of a woman under 509.
This letter was published in Ram Chander Chhatrapati's four-page Hindi eveninger, Poora Sach in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sadhvi-anonymous-letter-full-text-baba-gurmeet-ram-rahim-dera-sacha-sauda-1031881-2017-08-26|title=We are considered pious but we live as prostitutes: Read full text of Sadhvi's letter that nailed Ram Rahim|website=India Today|date=26 August 2017 }}</ref> A [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] probe was ordered into the incident on 24 September 2002. The investigations involved contacting 18 sadhvis who had left the dera by 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/men-behind-the-conviction/457747.html|title=Men behind the conviction|author=Bhartesh Singh Thakur|date=25 August 2017|publisher=Tribune News Service}}</ref> In the same year, Ram Rahim had charges levied against him for the murder of journalist [[Ram Chander Chhatrapati]], who was writing articles about [[Dera Sacha Sauda]], and for the murder of Dera manager Ranjit Singh.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dera-sacha-sauda-gurmeet-ram-rahim-insan-2002-rape-case-sexual-intercourse-panchkula-court-180846-2014-02-13|title=2002 sexual abuse case: Dera chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim Insan claims he's not capable of having sex|date=13 February 2014 |access-date=8 March 2017}}</ref> He was later acquitted in these cases by the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=7 March 2026 |title=Dera Sacha Sauda chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim acquitted in journalist murder case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dera-sacha-sauda-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-acquitted-in-journalist-murder-case/article70714788.ece |access-date=7 March 2026 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2026 |title=High Court acquits Dera chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh in journalist Chhatrapati murder case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/legal-news/high-court-acquits-dera-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-journalist-chhatrapati-murder-case-10569259/ |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2014 Ram Rahim said he was impotent since 1990. The special CBI court rejected these contentions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dera-sacha-sauda-gurmeet-ram-rahim-insan-2002-rape-case-sexual-intercourse-panchkula-court-180846-2014-02-13|title=Gurmeet Ram Rahim Insan claims he's not capable of having sex|date=13 February 2014|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

On 25 August 2017, a special CBI court in Panchkula, Haryana, delivered its verdict in a sexual assault case regarding a former Dera [[sadhvi]], finding Ram Rahim guilty of two counts of rape.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="auto2" /><ref name="auto3" /> Ram Rahim was taken into custody.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/dera-sacha-sauda-guru-ram-rahim-rape-case-verdict-live-updates-panchkula-sirsa-haryana-punjab-4812524/|title=Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh conviction live updates: Violence kills 30 in Panchkula, Dera chief's Z security to be withdrawn|date=25 August 2017}}</ref> More than 200,000 people had gathered near the court premises ahead of the verdict in [[Panchkula]], Haryana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/08/ram-rahim-singh-supporters-riot-rape-conviction-170825114911486.html|title=Ram Rahim Ram Rahim's supporters riot after rape conviction|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> Following the conviction, there were [[2017 Northern India riots|violent protests]] in parts of India with reports of widespread vandalism. 31<ref name="CNN death toll">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/26/asia/guru-rape-charge-india-deaths/index.html|title=India death toll rises after clashes over guru's rape conviction|first1=Omar |last1=Khan |first2=Laura|last2=Smith-Spark|website=CNN|date=26 August 2017|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="TOI death toll">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/baba-behind-bars-followers-run-riot/articleshow/60228213.cms|title=Baba behind bars, followers run riot|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 August 2017 |access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref>–38<ref name="FP DT">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-rape-case-verdict-today-live-updates-dera-sacha-sauda-rohtak-jail-sentencing-at-2-30-pm-panchkula-sirsa-delhi-haryana-3971721.html|title=Panchkula violence as it happened: Death toll rises to 38; Ram Rahim Singh case verdict to be announced at 2.30 pm|access-date=31 August 2017|newspaper=Firstpost.com|date=27 August 2017 }}</ref> DSS members were killed in clashes with police and another 120<ref name="CNN death toll" />–300<ref name="TOI death toll" /> people were injured as a result. On 26 August 2017, the Punjab and Haryana High Court ordered the police to seize the properties of the group to compensate for the vandalism caused in protests by his supporters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/seize-entire-property-of-ram-rahims-dera-sacha-sauda-furious-high-court-says-after-violence-1742075|title=Dera Property Will Be Seized To Pay For Friday's Damages, Orders Court|last=Sanyal|first=Anindita|date=26 August 2017|website=NDTV}}</ref> On 28 August 2017, the CBI court sentenced him to a total of 20 years in prison, 10 years for each of the two rape convictions to be served consecutively. Ram Rahim challenged his rape conviction in the Punjab and Haryana High Courts on 9 October 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/gurmeet-ram-rahim-tells-hc-i-have-renounced-the-world-cant-pay-rs-30-lakh-fine-imposed-by-court-4881588/|title=Punjab and Haryana High Court admits pleas of Dera chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim, rape victims|date=10 October 2017|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=12 October 2017}}</ref>

===Castration of followers===
Ram Rahim has been prosecuted for being involved in enforcing the castration of hundreds of followers; Ram Rahim has denied the charges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/rape-trial-castration-of-followers-dera-sacha-sauda-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-is-no-stranger-to-controversies/story-mFCdupu7ARxSIitBk4knkN.html|title=Rape trial, castration of followers: Dera Sacha Sauda chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh is no stranger to controversies|work=Hindustan Times |date=23 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/india/rape-murder-mass-castration-gurmeet-ram-rahim-and-his-string-of-controversies-2036153.html|title=Rape, Murder, Mass Castration: Controversies surrounding Gurmeet Ram Rahim|date=25 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="bbc.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-indian-guru-mass-castrations|title=India's 'guru of bling' accused of tricking 400 followers into cutting off their testicles to meet God|date=3 March 2015}}</ref> On 5 October 2018 he was granted bail by a Panchkula CBI court in the case involving castration of 400 of his followers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/court-grants-bail-to-dera-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-in-castration-case/articleshow/66087458.cms|title=Court grants bail to Dera chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim in castration case|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref>

=== Conflict with Sikh and Hindu groups ===
In May 2007, Ram Rahim was accused of hurting the religious sentiments of the Sikhs by wearing an advertisement attire resembling the tenth and final living Sikh [[Guru Gobind Singh]], by using a turban with a kalgi (egret feather).<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2015 |title=Radical Sikh Groups Oppose Akal Takht Pardon to Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/radical-sikh-groups-oppose-akal-takht-pardon-to-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-1224439 |access-date=1 November 2015 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chopra |first=Radhika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tJqpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT55 |title=Militant and Migrant: The Politics and Social History of Punjab |date=12 March 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136704345 |via=Google Books}}</ref> His followers also organised a demonstration against their alleged persecution at the hands of some religious organisations.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 July 2008 |title=Haryana tense as Dera followers mount offensive – India – DNA |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_haryana-tense-as-dera-followers-mount-offensive_1179218 |access-date=25 April 2012 |publisher=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Haryana |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080722/haryana.htm#3 |access-date=25 April 2012 |publisher=Tribuneindia.com}}</ref> Ram Rahim was attacked by a mob on 16 July 2007, but escaped unhurt.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 July 2007 |title=Dera chief attacked by mob near Sirsa, escapes unhurt – India News – IBNLive |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dera-chief-attacked-by-mob-near-sirsa-escapes-unhurt/45040-3.html?from=prestory |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421064118/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dera-chief-attacked-by-mob-near-sirsa-escapes-unhurt/45040-3.html?from=prestory |archive-date=21 April 2014 |access-date=1 August 2010 |work=ibnlive.in.com}}</ref> The Dera Sacha Sauda tendered multiple apologies, regretting confusion over the dress, and stated that it had high regard for all Sikh Gurus, Sikh religion and all of humanity.<ref name="Regrets">{{cite web |title=Dera Sauda regrets hurting Sikhs |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/dera-sauda-regrets-hurting-sikhs/40927-3.html |access-date=20 May 2007 |publisher=CNN-IBN Live}}</ref> A multi religion delegation approached the apex Sikh organisation to accept the apology.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 May 2007 |title=Peace mission moves to Amritsar |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Peace-mission-moves-to-Amritsar/articleshow/2081641.cms |url-status=live |access-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708041331/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-29/chandigarh/27879385_1_dera-sikh-dera-sacha-sauda-akal-takht |archive-date=8 July 2012}}</ref> While not rejecting the apology outright, the [[Akal Takht]] maintained it was inadequate on several counts.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 May 2007 |title=Dera boycott to continue: Akal Takht |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-30/india/27875385_1_high-priests-dera-followers-akal-takht |url-status=dead |access-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701153343/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-30/india/27875385_1_high-priests-dera-followers-akal-takht |archive-date=1 July 2012}}</ref>

A criminal case filed against him, for hurting the Sikh sentiments, was dismissed by the [[Sirsa, Haryana|Sirsa]] court in 2009 and [[Bathinda]] court in 2014.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |date=24 January 2009 |title=Criminal case against Dera Sacha Sauda head dismissed |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Criminal-case-against-Dera-Sacha-Sauda-head-dismissed/articleshow/4027306.cms |url-status=live |access-date=24 January 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120726094853/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-24/india/28052679_1_criminal-case-revision-petition-dera-head |archive-date=26 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 August 2014 |title=Case against Dera chief dismissed, complainant to file appeal in HC |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/case-against-dera-chief-dismissed-complainant-to-file-appeal-in-hc/ |access-date=8 November 2016 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Counter-terrorism expert [[Ajai Sahni]] has stated that the tensions between the Sikh community and the Dera have been exploited by the pro-[[Khalistan]] elements. He has further quoted Indian military intelligence that Iknoor Khalsa Fauj, [[Khalistan Zindabad Force]] and [[Khalistan Commando Force]] have attempted to eliminate him.<ref name="satp_ajai">{{cite web |title=South Asia Intelligence Review (SAIR), Weekly Assessments & Briefings |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/sair/Archives/5_50.htm |access-date=21 March 2011 |publisher=Satp.org}}</ref>
In a case where the Dera's followers were accused of being suicide attackers, the Dera has stated publicly that it was being targeted by vested political groups that were conspiring to defame it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dera sees conspiracy to tarnish its image |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007082754760500.htm&date=2007/08/27/&prd=th& }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 August 2007 |title=Dera demands judicial probe into women human bomb allegation |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dera-demands-judicial-probe-into-women-human-bomb-allegation/articleshow/2312089.cms |url-status=live |access-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708011047/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-08-26/india/27958535_1_punjab-police-judicial-probe-dera-sacha-sauda |archive-date=8 July 2012}}</ref> The organisation has demanded a judicial probe into the allegations.<ref name="The Times of India" /><ref name="satp_ajai" /><ref>{{cite web |date=26 August 2007 |title=Dera demands judicial probe into women human bomb allegation – India – DNA |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_dera-demands-judicial-probe-into-women-human-bomb-allegation_1117857 |access-date=25 April 2012 |publisher=DNA India}}</ref>

On 2 February 2008, Ram Rahim's cavalcade was attacked, with explosives injuring 11 persons.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 February 2008 |title=Dera chief escapes unhurt in blast, 11 injured |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/02dera.htm |access-date=1 August 2010 |work=rediff.com}}</ref> A [[Khalistan Liberation Force]] member was later arrested and confessed to arranging explosives and executing the plan along with his associates.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 May 2010 |title=KLF ultra planned strikes in Amritsar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/KLF-ultra-planned-strikes-in-Amritsar/Article1-550893.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125110004/http://www.hindustantimes.com/KLF-ultra-planned-strikes-in-Amritsar/Article1-550893.aspx |archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=21 March 2011 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |date=3 February 2010 |title=Sikh extremist behind attack on Dera chief – India News |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sikh-extremist-behind-attack-on-dera-chief/58052-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109044054/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sikh-extremist-behind-attack-on-dera-chief/58052-3.html |archive-date=9 November 2011 |access-date=21 March 2011 |publisher=CNN IBN}}</ref> After that, Ram Rahim was protected with [[Security categories in India|Z+ security cover]].<ref name="DNA Security">{{cite web |date=6 June 2007 |title=Z plus security cover for Dera chief |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-z-plus-security-cover-for-dera-chief-1101764}}</ref> On 20 June 2008, a group of Sikhs shouted anti-Dera slogans during Ram Rahim's visit to the Nirmal Lifestyles mall in [[Mumbai]]. The situation developed into an altercation between the protestors and the Dera followers, and one of the Sikh protestors was killed.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 June 2008 |title=Mumbai: Dera chief's bodyguard kills 1 |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/20dera.htm |access-date=10 October 2011 |work=rediff.com}}</ref> This led to further protests from Sikhs in Mumbai and Punjab.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 June 2008 |title=Sikh mobs run riot in Mumbai |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sikh-mobs-run-riot-in-Mumbai-/articleshow/3152760.cms |url-status=live |access-date=10 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215095648/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-22/india/27753495_1_sikh-protesters-dera-ram-rahim |archive-date=15 February 2014}}</ref> On 27 September 2015, the Akal Takht accepted his apology and pardoned him, but, on observing widespread resentment and protest among Sikhs regarding his pardon, the organisation revoked the pardon on 16 October.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 October 2015 |title=Akal Takht Revokes Pardon Granted to Dera Chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim |work=NDTV |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/akal-takht-revokes-pardon-granted-to-dera-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-1233005 |access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>

On 8 November 2021 the Punjab Police found concrete evidence for Gurmeet Ram Rahim's involvement in more than 107 cases of [[Guru Granth Sahib]] sacrilege cases. He was brought to investigation although no [[First information report|FIR]] has been issued yet. The [[Dera Sacha Sauda]] chief was named as an accused in the theft of 52 "bir's" (copy) of the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book of Sikhs and burning of a [[gurdwara]] and 49 Swaroops along with tearing and misusing 6 of them.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 March 2022 |title=Indian Medical Students Abroad With Incomplete Internship Due To Compelling Situations To Get Relief |work=Outlook |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/indian-medical-students-abroad-with-incomplete-internship-due-to-compelling-situations-to-get-relief-news-188514/amp |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=18 December 2021 |title=2015 sacrilege cases: Ram Rahim bound to be involved in crime, Punjab Police tells HC |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/2015-sacrilege-cases-ram-rahim-bound-to-be-involved-in-crime-punjab-police-tells-hc-101639770602509-amp.html |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref> The court had, however, said Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh would not be taken to the Faridkot court in pursuance of a production warrant, according to [[Hindustan Times]] the Dera Chief didn't cooperate fully.

The previous [[National Democratic Alliance|SAD-BJP]] government in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] had handed over three cases—lodged in connection with the theft of a copy of the Guru Granth Sahib from a Burj Jawahar Singh Wala gurdwara, putting up of handwritten sacrilegious posters in [[Bargarh|Bargari]] and Burj Jawahar Singh Wala, and torn pages of the holy book found at Bargari—to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI).<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |date=8 November 2021 |title=Punjab Police SIT to question Dera Sacha Sauda chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim in 2015 sacrilege case |language=en |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/punjab-police-sit-question-gurmeet-ram-rahim-2015-sacrilege-case-1874144-2021-11-08 |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>

Currently death threats have been issued against him with placards saying "Satkar Committee, [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|Shiromani Gurudwara Parbandhak Committee]] and [[Nihang|Shiromani Budha Dal Fauj]] please give justice, this evil person (Dusht) has killed the Guru Maharaj, defeat him through the sword ([[Kirpan]]) or through the pen [[Quill|(Kalam)]]."<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Alert in Punjab |url=https://granthshala.in/high-alert-in-punjab-after-dera-premis-murder-security-increased-for-dera-followers-named-in-sacrilege-cases-police-deployed-outside-namcharcha-houses/ }}</ref>

In January 2016, the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] lodged a complaint with police after Ram Rahim dressed up as the Hindu god [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{cite news |date=18 January 2016 |title=VHP lodges complaint against dera chief for posing as Lord Vishnu |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/vhp-lodges-complaint-against-dera-chief-for-posing-as-lord-vishnu/story-QlbbI9WTKmcJ8FZHIZfrqK.html |access-date=18 February 2021}}</ref>

In September 2017, the Hindu society [[Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad]], had denounced Ram Rahim Singh as a fake baba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vhp-to-raise-issue-of-fake-babas-at-karnataka-conclave-in-november/story-4Q57uCJp7ilpQ1cjLhc0fL.html|title = VHP to raise issue of 'fake babas' at Karnataka conclave in November| work=Hindustan Times |date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>

=== Parole ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Duration
!Notes
|-
|24 October 2020
|1 day
|The jail superintendent granted Ram Rahim one day of parole, to allow him to visit his ailing mother in a hospital in Gurgaon. The administration secretly carried out the work and Ram Rahim was accompanied by police.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 November 2020 |title=Parole to Ram Rahim as per law, says Haryana minister |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/dera-chief-ram-rahim-got-secret-parole-for-a-day-in-october-167433 |access-date=10 November 2020 |work=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 November 2020 |title=Haryana Government granted a day's parole to Dera Chief Gurmeet Singh to meet his ailing mother |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/mirror-now/crime/haryana-government-granted-a-days-parole-to-dera-chief-gurmeet-singh-to-meet-his-ailing-mother/80287 |access-date=10 November 2020 |work=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|21 May 2021
|12 hours
|On 21 May 2021, Ram Rahim's parole application to visit his unwell mother was approved, which led to his release for 12 hours, "from sunrise to sunset", under police protection.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Singh |date=22 May 2021 |title=On parole, dera chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim meets mother |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/on-parole-dera-chief-meets-mother/articleshow/82842889.cms |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2021 |title=Ram Rahim shifted back to Sunaria jail after meeting ailing mother |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/ram-rahim-shifted-back-to-sunaria-jail-after-meeting-ailing-mother-101621615130956.html |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|February 2022
|21 days
|Ram Rahim was granted 21-day furlough to meet his family.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Ashok |date=7 February 2022 |title=Dera chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim granted 21-day furlough to meet family |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dera-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-granted-21-day-furlough-to-meet-family/article38391381.ece |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> He was given [[Security categories in India|Z plus security]].<ref>{{cite news |date=22 February 2022 |title=Dera chief Ram Rahim gets Z-plus security on his release on furlough |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dera-chief-ram-rahim-gets-z-plus-security-on-his-release-on-furlough/article65074215.ece |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
|June 2022
|30 days
|Ram Rahim was granted a 30-day parole, during which he stayed at his Dera Sacha Sauda Ashram, Barnawa, in Uttar Pradesh's [[Baghpat]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2022 |title=Dera Chief Ram Rahim granted month-long parole; leaves Rohtak jail |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dera-chief-ram-rahim-month-parole-rohtak-jail-ashram-convicted-rape-1963786-2022-06-17 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Dera chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim granted month-long parole, leaves Haryana's Rohtak jail |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/dera-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-granted-month-long-parole-leaves-haryanas-rohtak-jail-404682 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> The parole was objected by the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2022 |title=Gurmeet Ram Rahim granted month-long parole, SGPC objects |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gurmeet-ram-rahim-granted-month-long-parole-sgpc-objects/article65538242.ece |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |agency=PTI}}</ref>
|-
|14 October 2022
|40 days
|Ram Rahim was granted a 40-day parole,<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Diwali music video, renaming adopted daughter: Out on parole, here's what Ram Rahim Singh is up to |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-music-video-parole-honeypreet-ruhani-rename-haryana-bypolls-bjp-congress-2289766-2022-10-26 |access-date=11 April 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Out on parole, rape convict Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh's new Diwali song clocks 10 mn views; 'is rape no longer a crime' ask angry netizens |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/out-on-parole-rape-convict-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singhs-new-diwali-song-clocks-10-mn-views-is-rape-no-longer-a-crime-ask-netizens |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> during which he again stayed in Barnawa, in Uttar Pradesh's Baghpat. During his parole, he released three music videos of tracks wrote, sang, produced and composed by him, titled "''Sadi Nit Diwali''",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Releasing music video to renaming adopted daughter: Here's why rape convict Gurmeet Ram Rahim's parole is making headlines |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/toi-original/releasing-music-video-to-renaming-adopted-daughter-heres-why-rape-convict-gurmeet-ram-rahims-parole-is-making-headlines/videoshow/95127546.cms |access-date=27 November 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> "''Jaago Duniya De Loko''" and "Chat ''Pe'' Chat",<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Parole over, dera head Ram Rahim back in Rohtak jail; released video song 'Chat pe Chat' before his return |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/parole-over-dera-head-ram-rahim-back-in-rohtak-jail-released-video-song-chat-pe-chat-before-his-return-454679 |access-date=27 November 2022 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> on his own YouTube channel. [[Delhi Commission for Women]]'s chairperson Swati Maliwal appealed to cancel the parole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2022 |title=Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh: 'Take back Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh's parole'; DCW chief Swati Maliwal appeals to Haryana govt |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/take-back-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singhs-parole-dcw-chief-swati-maliwal-appeals-to-haryana-govt/articleshow/95112913.cms |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |agency=ANI}}</ref>
|-
|21 January 2023
|40 days
|Ram Rahim was given another parole for 40 days to stay at his Dera Sacha Sauda Ashram, Barnawa. The main motive of the parole was to allow Ram Rahim to virtually attend the grand religious fest held at the Dera Headquarters, in Sirsa, on the birth anniversary of the previous dera chief, [[Shah Satnam Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Today Ram Rahim Release from Jail |url=https://zeenews.india.com/video/india/today-ram-rahim-release-from-jail-2564009.html |website=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Dera Sacha Sauda head Gurmeet Ram Rahim granted parole, likely to be released from Sunaria jail soon |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/dera-sacha-sauda-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-granted-40-day-parole-472139 |website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Dera chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim granted another parole for 40 days |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dera-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-granted-parole-40-days-2324307-2023-01-20 |website=India Today}}</ref> On 23 January 2023 Ram Rahim was seen cutting a giant cake with a sword at Barnala Ashram, [[Baghpat]] in a [[viral video]] which is an illegal act (Public display of weapons) under the [[Arms Act, 1959]].<ref>{{cite magazine |date=24 January 2023 |title=Out on parole, Dera chief Ram Rahim cuts giant cake with sword |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/out-on-parole-dera-chief-ram-rahim-cuts-giant-cake-with-sword-2325601-2023-01-24 |access-date=11 July 2023 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>
|-
|20 July 2023
|30 days
|<ref>{{cite news |date=20 July 2023 |title=Rape Convict Ram Rahim Again Granted 30-Day Parole, 7th Time In 2.5 Years |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/rape-convict-ram-rahim-again-granted-30-day-parole-7th-time-in-25-years |access-date=20 July 2023 |work=Free Press Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mallick |first1=Ashesh |date=20 July 2023 |title=Haryana: Dera Sacha Sauda chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim granted 30-day parole |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/haryana-dera-sacha-sauda-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-granted-30-day-parole-khattar-police-latest-updates-2023-07-20-882007 |access-date=20 July 2023 |work=India TV News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Maurya |first=Rajat |date=20 July 2023 |title=Ram Rahim डेरा सच्चा सौदा प्रमुख राम रहीम को मिली 30 दिन की पैरोल सुनारिया जेल से जाएगा बागपत आश्रम |trans-title=Dera Sacha Sauda chief Ram Rahim gets 30 days parole will go to Baghpat Ashram from Sunaria Jail |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/rohtak-dera-sacha-sauda-chief-ram-rahim-gets-30-days-parole-will-go-to-baghpat-ashram-from-sunaria-jail-23476921.html |access-date=20 July 2023 |work=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|20 November 2023
|21 days
|<ref>{{cite news |date=20 November 2023 |title=Dera chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim gets another parole for 21 days in rape case |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/gurmeet-ram-rahim-dera-sacha-sauda-chief-gets-another-parole-for-21-days-in-rape-murder-case-11700487052604.html |access-date=23 November 2023 |work=Mint}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghazali |first1=Mohammed |date=20 November 2023 |title=Rape Convict Ram Rahim Again Gets Permission To Leave Jail For 21 Days |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rape-convict-ram-rahim-again-gets-permission-to-leave-jail-for-21-days-4589770 |access-date=23 November 2023 |work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=20 November 2023 |title=Ram Rahim Gets Another Parole: Released For 21 Days Again, 8th Time In 3 Years |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/ram-rahim-gets-another-parole-released-for-21-days-again-8th-time-in-3-years |access-date=23 November 2023 |work=Free Press Journal}}</ref>
|-
|19 January 2024
|50 days
|Ram Rahim was again granted parole, this time for 50 days. He would stay in his Barnawa Ashram in Uttar Pradesh's [[Baghpat]] during the period.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghazali |first1=Mohammed |date=19 January 2024 |title=Rape Convict Ram Rahim To Leave Jail Again, 9th Parole In 4 Years |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rape-convict-ram-rahim-to-leave-jail-again-9th-parole-in-4-years-4892039 |access-date=23 January 2024 |work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 August 2024 |title=Dera chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim gets 21-day furlough again: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dera-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-gets-21-day-furlough-again-report-101723523178834.html |access-date=15 August 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
|2 October 2024
|20 days
|On 2 October 2024, Ram Rahim again granted 20 days parole ahead of Haryana state assembly elections. This time he again stay in his Barnawa Ashram in Uttar Pradesh's [[Baghpat]] during the period. However, the Election Commission had set stringent terms for granting the parole. Among the conditions set was a ban on Ram Rahim's entry in Haryana, delivering public speeches and participating in political activity.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 October 2024 |title=Dera Sacha Sauda chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh walks out of jail on 20-day parole |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dera-sacha-sauda-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-walks-out-of-jail-on-20-day-parole/article68708482.ece |access-date=28 February 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=PTI}}</ref>
|-
|28 January 2025
|30 days
|On 28 January 2025, with one week remaining until the Delhi Assembly polls, Ram Rahim was once again granted 30 days of parole. For the first time since his conviction, he spent 10 days of his parole at his dera headquarters in Sirsa, Haryana. After that, he moved to his Barnawa Ashram in [[Baghpat]], Uttar Pradesh, for the remaining 20 days of his parole.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 January 2025 |title=Now Delhi's turn: Come election, another parole for Dera chief Ram Rahim |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/delhi-election-parole-for-dera-chief-ram-rahim-9803596/ |access-date=28 February 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|9 April 2025
|21 days
|Ram Rahim was granted a 21-day furlough to stay at his dera headquarters in Sirsa, Haryana.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 2025 |title=Convicted rapist Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh out of jail again, granted 21-day furlough |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/convicted-rapist-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-chief-out-of-jail-again-granted-21-day-furlough/articleshow/120111947.cms |access-date=11 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|5 August 2025
|40 Days
|Ram Rahim was granted a 40-day parole and stayed at the Dera Sacha Sauda headquarters in Sirsa. During this period, he carried out a large-scale tree plantation drive on his birthday and launched flood relief initiatives for affected areas in Punjab.
|}

On 26 February 2024, the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] ordered the [[Government of Haryana]] to not grant parole to Ram Rahim without court orders.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sheoran |first1=Abhishek |date=13 August 2024 |title=Rape Convict Gurmeet Ram Rahim Gets 21-Day Parole, To Celebrate Birthday With Followers At Baghpat Ashram |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/ram-rahim-parole-dera-sacha-sauda-chief-rohtak-sunaria-jail-barnawa-ashram-haryana-high-court-sgpc-10180308 |work=English Jagran |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref>

On 13 August 2024 the SGPC strongly objected to the repeated paroles given to Ram Rahim. SGPC President [[Harjinder Singh Dhami]] termed it a political agenda of the BJP-led Haryana Government to gain [[votebank]] prior to the [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=SGPC opposes parole to head of Sirsa dera Gurmeet Ram Rahim |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/sgpc-opposes-parole-to-head-of-sirsa-dera/ |work=The Tribune |date=14 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref>

On 28 February 2025, [[Supreme Court of India]] dismissed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) challenging the repeated temporary releases of Ram Rahim. Apex court raised concerns about the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] PIL maintainability, pointing out that it was directed at an individual rather than addressing a broader public interest issue.<ref>{{cite news |title=SC rejects PIL challenging multiple paroles for Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sc-rejects-pil-challenging-multiple-paroles-for-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh/articleshow/118624700.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 February 2025 |access-date=28 February 2025}}</ref>
==Social work==

His Dera runs 3 hospitals and 10 educational institutes. A CBI report investigating criminal allegations against him mentioned that Ram Rahim's "crusades against drugs, alcohol, and prostitution" have gained him a "larger-than-life" image.<ref name="BS">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-verdict-today-details-of-the-14-yr-old-rape-case-117082400529_1.html|title=Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh rape case : All you need to know|access-date=26 August 2017|newspaper=Business-standard.com|date=25 August 2017|last1=Team|first1=BS Web}}</ref> He has also spoken out against [[cattle slaughter in India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/india/dera-sacha-sauda-chief-calls-for-ban-on-cow-slaughter-pan-1491726626.html|title=Dera Sacha Sauda chief calls for ban on cow slaughter|date=9 April 2017|work=The Statesman}}</ref>

=== Guinness World Records ===
Ram Rahim has organised drives for blood pressure, diabetes and cholesterol screening that have been recognised by ''[[Guinness World Records]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/5000/most-blood-pressure-readings-taken-in-24-hours|title=Most blood pressure readings taken in 24 hours|date=24 January 2012|publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com|access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/4000/most-diabetes-readings-taken-in-24-hours|title=Most diabetes readings taken in 24 hours|date=25 January 2012|publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com|access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/6000/most-cholesterol-readings-taken-in-24-hours|title=Most cholesterol readings taken in 24 hours|date=25 January 2012|publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506164140/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/6000/most-cholesterol-readings-taken-in-24-hours|archive-date=6 May 2014|access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Scroll2021" /> Ram Rahim also holds six ''Guinness World Records'' for organising three largest blood donation camps and three largest tree plantation drives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Rahim has 19 Guinness world records to his credit, which is a record in itself |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-case-guiness-world-records-by-ram-rahim-1031324-2017-08-25 |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=India Today |date=25 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref> He also holds the world record for most people sanitising their hands simultaneously also recognised by ''Guinness World Records''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-people-sanitising-their-hands-simultaneously|title=Most people sanitising their hands simultaneously|publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com|date=23 September 2012}}</ref> In association with the [[American Society of Echocardiography]], he also organised the world record for "Most Cardiac Echo Tests".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2014 |title=Dera Sacha Sauda establishes 4 new world record {{!}} Day & Night News |url=http://www.dayandnightnews.com/2012/01/dera-sacha-sauda-establishes-4-new-world-record/ |access-date=3 May 2023 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506164500/http://www.dayandnightnews.com/2012/01/dera-sacha-sauda-establishes-4-new-world-record/ |archive-date=6 May 2014 }}</ref>

=== Mega cleanliness drives ===
On 21 September 2011 in [[New Delhi]], Ram Rahim initiated a series of mega cleanliness campaigns and sanitation drives and also pledged his support to the Central Government's campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tabloid/swachh-bharat-amitabh-bachchan-gets-his-hands-dirty-modi-tweets-praise/article1-1280477.aspx|title=Modi tweets praise to gurmeet ram rahim|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110210435/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tabloid/swachh-bharat-amitabh-bachchan-gets-his-hands-dirty-modi-tweets-praise/article1-1280477.aspx|archive-date=10 November 2014}}</ref> {{as of|2016}}, about 32 Mega Cleanliness Campaigns have been conducted in several states of India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Mass-cleanliness-drive-by-Dera-sect-in-Jaipur/articleshow/10575270.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708155647/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-02/jaipur/30349854_1_sanitation-drive-dera-sacha-sauda-pawan-insan|url-status=live|archive-date=8 July 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Mass cleanliness drive by Dera sect in Jaipur|date=2 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/raj-min-dera-chief-joins-cleanliness-drive-116100300041_1.html|title=Raj min, Dera chief joins cleanliness drive|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=3 October 2016|via=Business Standard|access-date=4 November 2016|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vasundhara-raje-gurmeet-ram-rahim-msg-tax-free-rajasthan-punjab-elections-345341-2016-10-06|title=Punjab election move? BJPs Vasundhara Raje makes Gurmeet Ram Rahims MSG- The Warrior tax-free in Rajasthan|date=6 October 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Jalandhar/Jalandhar-collapse-death-toll-rises-to-13-64-rescued-so-far/SP-Article1-842466.aspx|title=Jalandhar collapse death toll rises to 13; 64 rescued so far - Hindustan Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420225752/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Jalandhar/Jalandhar-collapse-death-toll-rises-to-13-64-rescued-so-far/SP-Article1-842466.aspx|archive-date=20 April 2012|access-date=20 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/WestBengal/Devastating-fire-breaks-out-in-Darjeeling-market/Article1-843339.aspx|title=Devastating fire breaks out in Darjeeling market - Hindustan Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422230736/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/WestBengal/Devastating-fire-breaks-out-in-Darjeeling-market/Article1-843339.aspx|archive-date=22 April 2012|access-date=20 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120420/punjab.htm#6|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Punjab|work=tribuneindia.com|access-date=25 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/first-on-scene-dera-volunteers-work-as-one/|title=First on scene, Dera volunteers work as one|date=17 November 2010|work=The Indian Express|access-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> In early 2023, out on parole, Singh and his sect's volunteers organised two mega cleanliness campaigns across multiple locations in Haryana and Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Out on parole, Dera chief launches cleanliness campaign; Haryana BJP leaders join event |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/out-on-parole-dera-chief-ram-rahim-singh-launches-cleanliness-campaign-2325473-2023-01-23 |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=India Today |date=23 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2023 |title=Nagaur News : पेरौल पर जेल से बाहर आए राम रहीम ने छेड़ा सफाई अभियान, नागौर की सड़कों पर सेवादारों ने चलाया झाड़ू |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/nagaur-dera-sacha-sauda-volunteers-carry-out-cleanliness-drive-5361599.html |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Movement against prostitution ===
In 2009, Ram Rahim had initiated a drive to eradicate forced prostitution from society and rescue them from high risk groups, the women who were pushed into flesh trade were to be brought back into the mainstream of the society and get married them in a good family. He also made arrangement for their treatment from [[HIV/AIDS]] and other sexually transmitted infections. Ram Rahim motivated his followers to marry sex workers and out of which 1500 men, agreed to marry women who had left the life of prostitution and wished to get assimilated in the mainstream of society. Many of these marriages have actually taken place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41047531|title=Who is Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh|date=25 August 2017|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/need-know-dera-sacha-sauda-1502458048.html|title=All you need to know about Dera Sacha Sauda|date=24 August 2017|work=[[The Statesman (India)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/msg-actor-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-insan-lesser-known-facts/msg-actor-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-insan-lesser-known-facts/photostory/45896989.cms|title=MSG actor Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh Insan: Lesser known facts|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/dera-sacha-sauda-chief-ram-rahim-singh-highway-love-charger-youtube-by-storm-192318-2014-05-10|title=Dera Sacha Sauda chief latest video takes YouTube by storm|date=4 July 2014|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/dera-followers-offer-to-wed-sex-workers/articleshow/5228771.cms|title=Dera followers offer to wed sex workers|date=14 November 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8416739.stm|title=Indian sect members vow to marry sex workers|date=16 December 2009|publisher=News.BBC.CO.UK}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/youths-marry-sex-workers/571740/|title=Youths marry sex workers|date=26 January 2010|publisher=Archive.Indianexpress.com}}</ref>

=== Invitation from the United Nations ===
Almost a month after Singh got convicted, on 4 October 2017, [[The United Nations]] Water Body, on their official Twitter handle, had invited Ram Rahim and his "adopted daughter",<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2017 |title=Who is Honeypreet Insan? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/honeypreet-insan-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-dera-saccha-sauda-4858424/ |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Honeypreet Insan, to support its [[World Toilet Day]] event which was held in November 2017. The rationale behind the United Nations' decision to invite two of India's most controversial figures is still puzzling, as the tweets were later taken down without any clarification.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/dera-bhakt-united-nations-water-tweet-to-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-honeypreet-insan-water-toilet-day-4874402/|title= Tweet to Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh|date=4 October 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/un-water-tweet-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-honeypreet-insan-world-toilet-day-1057388-2017-10-04|title=UN body tweets invite to Ram Rahim|date=4 October 2017|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/un-water-invites-jailed-ram-rahim-honeypreet-for-world-toilet-day-event-477244|title=UN Water invites Ram Rahim |date=4 October 2017|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]]}}</ref>

=== Contribution to sports ===
In 2017, Ram Rahim had been nominated for [[Dronacharya Award]] by Yoga Federation of India (YFI) for producing ‘world champion yogis’, including World and Asian Cup winners.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 May 2017 |title=YFI recommends Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh for Dronacharya Award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/yfi-recommends-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-in-dronacharya-contention-4679939/ |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=31 May 2017 |title=Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh recommended Dronacharya Award for producing yoga champions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-recommended-dronacharya-award-for-producing-yoga-champions/articleshow/58925487.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Ram Rahim has also established the ''MSG Bharatiya Khel Gaon'', a sports village spread across 23 acres, in his Dera headquarters.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 September 2017 |title=Inside the dera |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/inside-the-dera-sacha-sauda-sirsa-complex-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-rape-sentence-followers-4825847/ |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 September 2017 |title=Inside The Dera Campus: An Exclusive Look At Ram Rahim's Fantasy World |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/visiting-gurmeet-ram-rahims-den-in-haryanas-sirsa-1747006 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=In Pictures: Inside Ram Rahim's Infamous Dera Sacha Sauda Headquarters in Sirsa |url=https://news.abplive.com/india-news/inside-ram-rahims-infamous-dera-sacha-sauda-headquarters-576162 |work=[[ABP News]]|date=5 September 2017 }}</ref>

==Political influence==
Ram Rahim had been known for political clout, as his Dera has a large number of followers among [[Dalit]]s, estimated to be over 70%.<ref name="Swami">{{cite news |last=Swami |first=Praveen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/Politics-religion-and-resistance/article14772779.ece|title=Politics, religion, and resistance|date=28 September 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=23 July 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170825201607/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/Politics-religion-and-resistance/article14772779.ece|archive-date=25 August 2017|author2=Sethi, Aman|author-link1=Praveen Swami|author-link2=Aman Sethi|url-status=live}}</ref> His Dera Sacha Sauda is the only one among the various ''Dera''s that openly asks its supporters to vote for particular political parties.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55736977.cms|title=Dera chiefs play gurus to tallest of politicians|last=SHARMA|first=NIDHI|date=2 December 2016|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Ram Rahim originally supported the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="HT_Bling_2017" /> and aided them in the [[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007 Punjab state elections]] esp. to wrest control of the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]] region.<ref name="IE_clout_2012">{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/amid-depleting-clout-dera-chief-s-kin-loses/921158/|title=Amid depleting clout, dera chief's kin loses|last=Gopal|first=Navjeevan|date=7 March 2012|newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref> Before the [[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012 Punjab state elections]], the Congress leader [[Amarinder Singh]], his wife [[Preneet Kaur]] and his son [[Raninder Singh]] visited Ram Rahim, asking him to extend his support to Congress.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-29/news/30675955_1_dera-followers-dera-sacha-sauda-baba-gurmeet-ram-rahim|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709021913/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-29/news/30675955_1_dera-followers-dera-sacha-sauda-baba-gurmeet-ram-rahim|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 2012|title=Poll-bound Punjab awaits Dera Sacha Sauda diktat on voting|date=29 January 2012|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-dera-sacha-sauda-the-key-to-power-in-punjab/20120128.htm|title=Dera Sacha Sauda: The key to power in Punjab — Rediff.com News|date=28 January 2012|publisher=Rediff|access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> However, Dera's support to Congress alienated the party's Sikh [[vote bank]]. In the 2012 elections, Congress performed poorly, and Jassi himself lost the election. The poor performance of Congress was seen as a signal of the downfall of Dera's political power.<ref name="IE_clout_2012" />

Before the [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014 Haryana state elections]], the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) leader and Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] praised Ram Rahim in order to attract the Dera Sacha Sauda followers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/specials/assembly-elections-2014/haryana-news/Modi-woos-Dera-Sacha-Sauda-followers/articleshow/44787645.cms|title=Modi woos Dera Sacha Sauda followers|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 October 2014 }}</ref> Ram Rahim reciprocated by supporting the BJP in the state elections.<ref name="HT_Bling_2017"/> and in February 2015, again in the Delhi assembly elections. He reportedly claimed to have over 2 million followers in Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/dera-sacha-sauda-pledges-support-for-bjp-in-delhi-polls-737126|title=BJP's New Friend: Dera Sacha Sauda, the Sect Led by Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh|author=Anand Kumar Patel|date=5 February 2015|work=NDTV.com|access-date=25 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/delhi-assembly-polls-2015-dera-sacha-sauda-extends-support-to-bjp_1541688.html|title=Delhi Assembly polls 2015: Dera Sacha Sauda extends support to BJP|work=Zee News|date=5 February 2015|access-date=25 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Former-Punjab-top-cop-alleges-Dera-Sacha-Sauda-controversy-was-conspired-by-SAD-govt/articleshow/34112490.cms|title=Former Punjab top cop alleges Dera Sacha Sauda controversy was conspired by SAD govt|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 April 2014 |access-date=5 May 2014}}</ref> His organisation supported BJP in the Bihar assembly election in 2015, and nearly 3,000 Dera followers campaigned for BJP in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-03/news/67987192_1_godman-bihar-elections-saffron-party|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014451/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-03/news/67987192_1_godman-bihar-elections-saffron-party|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2015|title=Messengers of self-styled godman Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh rooting for BJP|work=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> In 2016, the Haryana sports minister [[Anil Vij]] announced a {{INR}} 5 million grant to the Dera for promoting sports, in Ram Rahim's presence, which led to a controversy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Richa |date=29 August 2016 |title=Haryana minister gives Rs 50 lakh to Dera Sacha Sauda for sports |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-minister-anil-vij-donates-rs-50-lakh-to-dera-sacha-sauda-for-sports/story-X2kWjKnB5aCzX8C8IIOLEM.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>
==Discography==
===Albums===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Lyrics
!Composition
!Label
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |2012
|''Thank You For That''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Universal Music Group|Universal]]
|Commercial debut<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/dera-chief-who-was-courted-for-imitating-10th-sikh-guru-goes-pop-124555-2012-12-16|title=All in the name of spirituality:: Dera Sacha Sauda chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh Insan turns into singing sensation|date=17 December 2012 |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Network Tere Love Ka]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Universal
|
|-
|''[[Chashma Yaar Ka]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/artists/saint-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-ji-insan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920021617/http://www.mtv.com/artists/saint-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-ji-insan/|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 September 2013|title=Saint Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh JI Insan|publisher=MTV|access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref>
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Universal
|
|-
|''Insan''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Universal
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2013
|''Lov Rab Se''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Universal
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2014
|''[[Highway Love Charger]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Universal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umusicindia.com/artist-albums-86172|title=Universal Music|access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>
|Album sold 3 million copies in the first three days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/407635/saint-dons-role-reform-youth.html|title=Saint dons new role to reform youth|date=17 May 2014|access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> [[Music video]] became an instant hit on [[YouTube]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/dera-sacha-sauda-chief-ram-rahim-singh-highway-love-charger-youtube-by-storm-192318-2014-05-10|title=Dera Sacha Sauda chiefs latest video takes YouTube by storm|date=10 May 2014 |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>
|}

===Film soundtracks===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Songs
!Lyrics
!Composition
!Label
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2015
|''[[MSG: The Messenger]]''
|"Desh", "Daru Ko Goli Maro", "Papa The Great", "Never Ever", "Never Ever (Remix)", "Rataan Bataan", "Ram Ram"
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Sony Music India]]
|Ram Rahim was awarded 4 Platinum Plaques from [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]] for music of this movie<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/msg-becomes-first-indian-in-a-decade-to-receive-a-platinum-600179-2016-05-02|title=MSG Becomes First Indian in a Decade to Receive a Platinum|date=2 May 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[MSG-2 The Messenger]]''
|"Party Dhoom Dhaam Se", "MSG The Messenger", "Rooh Nashiyaani", "Hasin Wadiyon Mein", "Sapnon Mein Aana Tera", "Hule Maale Gile Chila", "Party Dhoom Dhaam Se (remix)", "MSG The Messenger (remix)"
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series|T Series]]
|Some scenes of this movie were shot at [[Bhangarh Fort]], Asia's most haunted place<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/msg-2-4-reasons-that-make-it-a-must-watch/story-aUHSvd99V2tTM2v0WHRrCP.html|title=MSG 2: 4 reasons that make it a must-watch|date=17 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2016
|''[[MSG: The Warrior Lion Heart]]''
|"Dhol Baaje", "Sohna Mera Mishri Di Daliye"
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Zee Music]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Music-of-MSG-The-Warrior-Lion-Heart-is-out/articleshow/54377259.cms|title=Music of 'MSG-The Warrior Lion Heart' is out|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>
|Second song unveiled in live concert amidst 3.6 million fans<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/MSG-The-Warrior-Lion-Heart-promotions-take-off-with-a-musical-concert/articleshow/54545431.cms|title=MSG – The Warrior: Lion Heart promotions take off with a musical concert|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2017
|''[[Hind Ka Napak ko Jawab - MSG Lion Heart - 2]]''
|"Jung Hai Humri Aatankwad Se", "System Hil Gaya", "Thank U For That", "Tujhe Paa Ke"
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Zee Music Company]]
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2017
|''[[Jattu Engineer]]''
|"Holi Ki Pichkari", "Josh Mein"
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Hakikat Music
|
|}

===Non-Album Singles===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Lyrics
!Composition
!Production
!Music
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2016
|''Tiranga Rumal Chhu'' League - Anthem Song
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|Anthem for Tiranga Rumal Chhu League organised by MSG All Trading International Pvt. Ltd
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |2022
|''Paap Chhupake Punya Dikhake''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=पैराेल खत्‍म होने के एक दिन पहले डेरा प्रमुख गुरमीत राम रहीम सिंह ने यू-ट्यूब पर लांच किया भजन |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-dera-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-launched-the-bhajan-on-youtube-a-day-before-end-of-parole-22899084.html |access-date=9 November 2022 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|''Sadi Nit Diwali''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh releases new song while out on parole, video garners 7 million views |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-releases-new-song-while-out-on-parole-video-garners-7-million-views-2289768-2022-10-26 |access-date=9 November 2022 |website=India Today |date=26 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Jaago Duniya De Loko''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
||''Punjabi'' anthem for Ram Rahim's DEPTH campaign for a drug-free society<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Rahim: रेप के दोषी राम रहीम ने फिर लॉन्च किया धमाकेदार गाना, क्या सुधारना चाहता है अपनी इमेज? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rape-convict-ram-rahim-launched-second-song-know-people-watching-said-what-watch-here/1433307 |access-date=9 November 2022 |website=Zee News
|language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|Chat ''Pe'' Chat
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|<ref name="auto4"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2023
|''Mere Desh Ki Jawani''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Patriotic song<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dera Chief Ram Rahim Launches His New Song 'Desh Ki Jawani' while on parole |url=https://zeenews.india.com/video/india/gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-rape-convict-ram-rahim-launched-the-song-desh-ki-jawani-on-parole-2570629.html |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Aashirwad Maon Ka''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|''Haryanvi'' anthem for Ram Rahim's DEPTH and SAFE campaign for a drug-free society<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurmeet Ram Rahim : डेरा प्रमुख ने हरियाणवी में लांच किया न्यू सॉन्ग, साध संगत कर रही खूब पसंद |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/baghpat/baghpat-dera-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-launched-new-song-in-haryanvi-2023-02-20 |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
|जय जय सिया राम जय श्री राम, सारी दुनिया है तेरी संतान
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Special Shri Ram Bhajan on occasion of Ram Mandir Pran-Pratishtha at Ayodhya on 22 January 2024.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2025
|Karte Hain Ardaas
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|This devotional song, released on 27 April 2025, is dedicated to [[Mastana Balochistani|Shah Mastana Ji Maharaj]] and [[Shah Satnam Singh|Shah Satnam Ji Maharaj]].
|}

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Writer
!Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2015
|''[[MSG: The Messenger]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Guru Ji
|Film debut Co-directed with Jeetu Arora
|-
|''[[MSG-2 The Messenger]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Guru Ji
|Sequel to ''MSG: The Messenger'' Co-directed with Jeetu Arora
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2016
|''[[MSG: The Warrior Lion Heart]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Lion Heart/SherDil
| Spiritual successor to previous ''MSG'' films Co-directed with Honeypreet Insan
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2017
|''[[Hind Ka Napak ko Jawab - MSG Lion Heart - 2]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Sher-E-Hind
|Sequel to ''MSG: The Warrior Lion Heart'' Co-directed with Honeypreet Insan Based on [[2016 Uri attack]] and [[2016 India–Pakistan military confrontation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hind-ka-napak-ko-jawab-msg-lionheart-2-trailer-gurmeet-ram-rahim-pretends-to-be-patriotic-3221920.html|title=Hind Ka Napak Ko Jawab - MSG Lionheart - 2 trailer: Gurmeet Ram Rahim pretends to be patriotic|date=26 January 2017 |publisher=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2017
|''[[Jattu Engineer]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Sghaint Singh Sidhu, Shakti Singh Sisodia
|Co-directed with Honeypreet Insan
|}
''Online Gurukul'' was scheduled to be a future project involving Ram Rahim speaking out against terrorism, along with playing in six different roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/msg-fame-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-play-six-different-roles-online-gurukul-676251|title='MSG'-fame Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh to play six different roles in 'Online Gurukul'|last=Sen|first=Sushmita|website=[[International Business Times]] |date=26 April 2016|access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>
On 2 September 2017, the [[Indian Film & Television Directors’ Association]] (IFTDA) and the Cine and TV Artists Association (CINTAA) banned Ram Rahim from future work in Indian film and television for "criminality and moral turpitude".<ref name="HT CINTAA life ban">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/gurmeet-ram-rahim-film-bodies-iftda-and-cintaa-cancel-membership/story-NkjTZKQwZEx26QVdlk3qZL.html|title=Film bodies cancel membership of rape convict Gurmeet Ram Rahim|work=Hindustan Times |date=2 September 2017|access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website}}
* {{commons category-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Gurmeet Ram Rahim}}
[[Category:Dera Sacha Sauda]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of rape]]
[[Category:Members of the clergy convicted of rape]]
[[Category:People from Sri Ganganagar district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Film directors from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film producers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Activists from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of India]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian murderers]]

Zee Cine Awards

2026-03-06T06:02:17Z

Serzude: expanded content

{{short description|Awards for the Hindi film industry}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Zee Cine Award
| image =
| imagesize = 150px
| caption = ZCA 2019 Logo
| awarded_for = Excellence in the [[Bollywood|Hindi]] [[film industry]]
| presenter =[[Essel Group|Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
| country = India
| year = 1997; 26 years ago
| network = [[Zee TV]] (1998–present)
| website = {{URL|https://zeecineawards.com/}}
|related=[[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]]
}}

The '''Zee Cine Award''' ('''ZCA''') is an annual Indian awards ceremony for the [[Hindi film industry]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2017-get-ready-to-welcome-2018-with-priyanka-katrina-shahid-ranveer-4259559.html |title=Zee Cine Awards 2017: Get ready to welcome 2018 with Priyanka, Katrina, Shahid, Ranveer |work=Firstpost |access-date=17 December 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/dec/13/rohit-shetty-sunil-grover-to-co-host-awards-show-1726526.html |title=Rohit Shetty, Sunil Grover to co-host awards show |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=17 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-zee-cine-awards-2018-raees-to-judwaa-2-here-s-the-full-nomination-list-2566068 |title=Zee Cine Awards 2018 {{!}} 'Raees' to 'Judwaa 2': Here's the full nomination list! |date=8 December 2017 |work=dna |access-date=17 December 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref> They were instituted in November 1997 to award "Excellence in cinema – the democratic way".<ref>{{cite web |title=Zee launches cine awards |url=http://www.screenindia.com/nov28/bolly1.htm |website=Screen |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020424005940/http://www.screenindia.com/nov28/bolly1.htm#zee |archive-date=24 April 2002 |date=November 1997}}</ref>

They were first held in Mumbai until 2004, when the ZCA went international and had their ceremony in [[Dubai]], and in following years in [[London]], [[Mauritius]], [[Malaysia]], and London again in 2008 then [[Abu Dhabi]] in 2009. It was not held in 2010; due to TV release of ''[[Dance India Dance]]'', but resumed in 2011, being held in [[Singapore]] in 2012 it was held at the [[CotaiArena]] in [[Macao]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/zee-cine-awards-2012-to-be-held-in-macau_100787.htm |title=Zee Cine Awards 2012 to be held in Macau |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |access-date=24 June 2014}}</ref>

The 2018 edition was held at MMRDA Grounds, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/zee-cine-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-priyanka-chopra-amitabh-bachchan-akshay-kumar-walk-home-with-the-trophy-2815753/ |title=Zee Cine Awards 2018 Winners: SRK, Priyanka Chopra, Akshay Kumar, Alia Bhatt And More |work=india.com |access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> It was also not held in 2021 and 2022 due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

== Awards ==
'''Popular awards'''
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
* [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor]]
* [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actress]]
* [[Zee Cine Award for Best Track of the Year|Song of the Year]]
{{colend}}

'''Critics awards'''
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
* [[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
* [[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor]]
* [[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actress]]
* [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
* [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
* [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Villain]]
* [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Comedian]]
* [[Zee Cine Award for Most Promising Director|Most Promising Director]]
* [[Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
* [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
* [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Male|Best Male Playback Singer]]
* [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female|Best Female Playback Singer]]
* [[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
* [[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
* [[Zee Cine Award for Lifetime Achievement|Lifetime Achievement]]
* [[Zee Cine Award for Performer of the Year – Female|Best Performer of the Year Female]]
* [[Zee Cine Award for Performer of the Year – Male|Best Performer of the Year Male]]
* Face of the Year
{{colend}}

'''Technical Awards'''
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Zee Cine Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]]
* Best Dialogue
* Best Story
* Best Screenplay
* Best Cinematography
* Best Editing
* Best Action
* Best Art Direction
* Best Audiography
* [[Zee Cine Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
* [[Zee Cine Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costumes]]
* Best Processing
* Best Publicity
* Best Song Recording
* Best Visual Effects
{{colend}}

== Winners ==
=== Zee Cine Award for Best Dialogue ===
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|- bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year || Winner (s) || Film
|-
|2025
|[[Aditya Dhar]], Aditya Suhas Jambhale & Monal Thakkar
|[[Article 370 (film)|''Article 370'']]
|-
| 2019 || Sumit Aroraa || [[Stree (2018 film)|''Stree'']]
|-
|2018
|[[Nitesh Tiwari]]
|''[[Bareilly Ki Barfi]]''
|-
|2015
|[[Juhi Chaturvedi]]
|''[[Piku]]''
|-
| 2008 || [[Jaideep Sahni]] || ''[[Chak De India]]''
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2007 || [[Rajkumar Hirani]] || ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]''
|-
| 2006 || ||
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2005 || [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] || ''[[Maqbool]]''
|-
| 2004 || [[Abbas Tyrewala]] || ''[[Munnabhai M.B.B.S.]]''
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
|2003||[[Piyush Mishra]], Ranjit Kapoor [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0319736/awards Awards] [[IMDb]].</ref>|| ''[[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]''
|}

=== Zee Cine Award for Best Story ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year || Winner || Film
|-
|2024
|[[Atlee (director)]]
|[[Jawan (film)]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title=Zee Cine Awards 2024 complete winners list: Shah Rukh Khan wins Best Actor, thanks Atlee; Jawan and Pathaan sweep awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-2024-full-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-jawan-pathaan-sweep-9207317/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|[[Anubhav Sinha]] & [[Gaurav Solanki (writer)|Gaurav Solanki]]
|[[Article 15 (film)|Article 15]]
|-
|2015
|[[Juhi Chaturvedi]]
|[[Piku]]
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| 2014 || Pubali Chaudhari Supratik Sen [[Abhishek Kapoor]] [[Chetan Bhagat]]||''[[Kai Po Che!]]''
|-
| 2011 ||[[Karan Johar]] [[Shibani Bathija]]||''[[My Name is Khan]]''
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| 2008 ||[[Amole Gupte]]||''[[Taare Zameen Par (Like Stars on Earth)]]''
|-
| 2007 ||[[Rajkumar Hirani]] & [[Abhijat Joshi]]||''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]''
|-
|2005
|[[Ashutosh Gowariker]] & M.G. Sathya
|[[Swades]]
|}

=== Zee Cine Award for Best Screenplay ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%;"
|- bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year || Winner (s) || Film
|-
|2023
|[[Vivek Agnihotri]]
|[[The Kashmir Files]]
|-
|2020
|[[Gaurav Solanki (writer)|Gaurav Solanki]], [[Anubhav Sinha]]
|[[Article 15 (film)|''Article 15'']]
|-
| 2018
| [[Nitesh Tiwari]]
| ''[[Bareilly Ki Barfi]]''
|-
|2015
|[[Juhi Chaturvedi]]
|''[[Piku]]''
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| 2014
| [[Ayan Mukerji]]
| ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
|-
| 2013
| [[Anurag Basu]]
| ''[[Barfi!]]''
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| 2012
| rowspan="2" | [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]
| ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Jab We Met]]''
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2007 || [[Rajkumar Hirani]] & [[Abhijat Joshi]] || ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]''
|-
| 2005 || [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] & [[Abbas Tyrewala]] || ''[[Maqbool]]''
|-
| 2003 || [[Mahesh Bhatt]] || ''[[Raaz (2002 film)|Raaz]]''
|}

=== Zee Cine Award for Best Cinematography ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:61%; text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff; width:8%;" | Year
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff; width:20%;" | Winner(s)
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff; width:25%;" | Film
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff; width:5%;" | Notes
|-
| 1997 || [[Manmohan Singh (director)|Manmohan Singh]]|| ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]''
|
|-
|2002
|Rajiv Jain
|''[[Badhaai Ho Badhaai]]''
|
|-
|2005
|[[Santosh Sivan]]
|''[[Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities]]'' <ref name=":0">[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0366761/awards Awards] [[IMDb]].</ref>
|
|-
|2006
|[[Ravi K. Chandran]]
|''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]''
|
|-
|2008
|[[Sudeep Chatterjee]]
|''[[Chak De India]]''
|
|-
|2009
|[[Ravi K. Chandran]]
|''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]''
|
|-
|2012
|Carlos Catalan
|''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''
|
|-
|2014
|[[Ravi Varman]]
|''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]''
|
|-
|2015
|[[Sudeep Chatterjee]]
|''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
|
|-
|2017
|Aseem Bajaj
|''[[Shivaay]]''
|
|-
|2018
|[[Jomon T. John]]
|''[[Golmaal Again]]''
|
|-
|2019
|[[Pankaj Kumar (cinematographer)|Pankaj Kumar]]
|''[[Tumbbad]]''
|
|-
|2020
|[[Jay Oza]]
|''[[Gully Boy]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 – Zee Cine Awards |url=https://zeecineawards.com/zca-2020/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Zee Cine Award for Best Editing ===
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|- bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year || Winner (s) || Film
|-
|2025
|[[Aarti Bajaj]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZCA 2025 – Zee Cine Awards |url=https://zeecineawards.com/zca-2025/ |access-date=2025-08-08 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-18 |title=Zee Cine Awards 2025 full list of winners: Kartik Aaryan wins Best Actor, Shraddha Kapoor is Best Actress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-2025-full-list-of-winners-kartik-aaryan-wins-best-actor-shraddha-kapoor-is-best-actress-101747536479084.html |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Amar Singh Chamkila (film)|''Amar Singh Chamkila'']]
|-
|2020
|Nitin Baid
|[[Gully Boy]]
|-
| 2018 || Ajay Sharma || [[Jagga Jasoos]]
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2014 || Arif Sheikh || [[D-Day (2013 film)|D-Day]]
|-
| 2012 || [[Aarti Bajaj]] || ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2008 || [[Amitabh Shukla]] || ''[[Chak De India]]''
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Hindi cinema]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Zee Cine Awards}}
{{Essel Group}}
{{Television Awards in India}}

[[Category:Zee Cine Awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1998]]

Sindoor (1987 film)

2026-03-03T23:50:41Z

Serzude: Put Up Initial Post From Scratch...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sindoor
| image = Sindoor 1987 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Ravi Shankar]]
| producer = A. Krishnamurthy
| writer = [[Kader Khan]] {{small|(dialogues)}} 
| story = [[K. Rangaraj]]
| screenplay = Gyandev Agnihotri
| starring = [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Jaya Prada]] [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]]
|based_on = ''[[Unnai Naan Santhithen]]'' by [[K. Rangaraj]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = K. V. Ramanna
| editing = Waman Bhonsle Gurudutt Shrirali
| studio = Tinu International Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1987|08|14}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sindoor''''' ({{translation|Vermilion}}) is a 1987 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by A. Krishnamurthy under the Tinu International Films banner, directed by [[K. Ravi Shankar]]. It stars [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] and [[Neelam Kothari]] in leading roles, [[Kader Khan]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Gulshan Grover]], [[Asrani]] and [[Aruna Irani]] in supporting roles and also featuring special appearances by [[Jeetendra]] and [[Rishi Kapoor]]. The music is composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]. The film was a remake of Tamil film ''[[Unnai Naan Santhithen]]'' (1984).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Neeraja |last2=Sridharan |first2=Srimathi |date=22 November 2018 |title=Why small screen is a made-up world |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/why-small-screen-is-a-made-up-world/articleshow/66757473.cms |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190104051006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/why-small-screen-is-a-made-up-world/articleshow/66757473.cms |archive-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> It was released on 14 August 1987, along with ''[[Watan Ke Rakhwale]]'', but still did well commercially and proved to be a box office hit as well as one of the [[List of Hindi films of 1987|highest grossing films of 1987]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/TG-Classification-1987.jpg|title=TG Classification (1987)}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film opens with widowed Laxmi, a loving and caring mother to Lalita, a young, college-going, devoted daughter. Ravi is a fellow collegian and a brilliant student. Gulshan Grover is also a student at the same college. Vijay Choudhury joins the college as an English Professor. He shares a good rapport with the students. After a few misunderstandings, Lalita and Ravi fall in love. At a college function, Lalita sings "Patjhad Saawan Basant Bahaar," where she forgets the lyrics, and Professor Vijay Choudhury completes the music. Upon asking how he knew the song, he replied that this was a very famous song and his wife's favorite. Lalita tells him she learned the song from her mother.

At his home, he remembers his wife, and here, the movie goes into a flashback. Vijay and Laxmi are a happily married couple. Vijay is a professor, whereas Laxmi is a singing partner to Kumar. They make a hit singing pair. This leads to a budding misconception between Vijay and Laxmi. Vijay forces Laxmi to leave the home. That day, Vijay learns that Kumar is getting married, and his misconceptions are cleared, but Laxmi is nowhere to be traced.

The movie comes back to the present. Laxmi knew about Lalita and Ravi's love. She met Advocate Dharamdas, Ravi's maternal uncle and guardian, who fixes their marriage with the condition of passing the final year exams with good numbers. Lalita asks Vijay for home tuition. On visiting Lalita's home, Vijay sees Laxmi in a widow's attire; completely shocked (again having misconceptions), he resigns from the college. Lalita informs Laxmi about this. Laxmi meets Vijay at his residence and tells him the story about her new avatar.

Again, a flashback. After leaving his home, Laxmi came to Pune to meet her friend Sunita, the only photograph shown in the movie). On the way, she saves a little girl named Lalita from an accident. Prem Kapoor is the girl's father. He thanks Laxmi and wants to drive her home. Here, she tells him about her friend Sunita. Prem informs her that he is Sunita's husband and, about her death, shows her Sunita's photograph in his room with a garland over it, signifying her death. He requests Laxmi to stay at least for a day as it is Lalita's birthday the next day and act like her mother as Lalita is a heart patient and she doesn't know about her mother's death. To which she initially disagrees with but finally acts like her mother. On the night of her birthday, Lalita is kidnapped by Shera, Prem's stepbrother. He asks for all of Prem's properties as a ransom. Prem agrees but is stabbed by Shera while saving Lalita. Shera is imprisoned. While taking his last breaths, he requests that Laxmi take care of and bring up Lalita as her child. To spare Lalita from any shock and not letting her know that she isn't her mother, Laxmi acquires widow's getup. The story is again back to the present. Vijay apologizes to Laxmi for misunderstanding her twice.

He rescinds his resignation and starts giving Lalita and Ravi home tuition at Lalita's place. Shera is back from jail and finds the whereabouts of Prem's family. Vijay and Laxmi began to meet each other once Ravi saw and informed Lalita about the affair between her mother and Professor Vijay. Lalita disbelieves, and they have a breakup. Ravi confronts Vijay and warns him to leave the city. Shera takes advantage of the situation and beats Vijay, telling him that Ravi is responsible. Laxmi, knowing about Vijay's condition, meets him. Lalita is shocked after she sees her mother hugging Professor Vijay. She tries to commit suicide and is saved by Ravi. She decides to leave her home with her father's photograph. Laxmi tries to stop her, but she leaves. Vijay meets Advocate Dharamdas and tells him all the story to reconcile the family. Ravi is furious seeing Vijay at his home and insults him. Dharamdas stops him and tells the story to Ravi. Shera again kidnaps Lalita. He again asks for the same ransom he asked for 14 years back, to which Laxmi agrees. Laxmi goes to meet Shera with the agreed ransom. Then, there is a good fight scene at the climax. Shera kills Gulshan Grover (Shera's nephew, also a bad guy). Shera shoots at Lalita. To save Lalita, Laxmi takes the bullet, is unconscious, and Professor Vijay holds her. Her mangalsutra, which she always hides, is out. Another misunderstanding and Lalita is all tears, ready to leave. Shera succumbs to the stabbing earlier in the climax by Gulshan Grover. Police arrive. Ravi stops Lalita. Advocate Dharamdas tells Laxmi's story to Lalita. Lalita realizes her mistake and asks for forgiveness from Laxmi. All reconcile.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Shashi Kapoor]] as Professor Vijay Choudhary
* [[Jaya Prada]] as Laxmi Choudhary
* [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Ravi Khanna
* [[Neelam Kothari]] as Lalita Kapoor
* [[Rishi Kapoor]] as Kumar (Special appearance)
* [[Jeetendra]] as Prem Kapoor (Guest appearance)
* [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] as Sunita Kapoor (photo only)
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Heeralal/Pannalal (Dual Role)
* [[Kader Khan]] as Advocate Dharamdas
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Shera, step brother of Prem Kapoor
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Nishant
* [[Asrani]] as Tea Seller Khairatlal
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Ram Katori
* [[A. K. Hangal]] as Mandir Pandit Pandey
* [[Ramesh Deo]] as Judge Prakash
* [[Vikas Anand]] as Doctor Mohan
* Baby Guddu as Child Lalita
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Jhatpat Ghunghat Khol, Mukhda Dikha Haseena"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
| "Patjhad Sawan Basant" (Solo)
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Patjhad Sawan Basant Bahar" (Duet) - 1
| Lata Mangeshkar, [[Suresh Wadkar]]
|-
| "Patjhad Sawan Basant Bahar" (Duet) - 2
| Lata Mangeshkar, [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
| "Naam Sare Mujhe Bhool Jane Lage"
| Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Aziz
|-
| "Chalo Chalo Chalen Door Kahin, Pyar Ke Liye Yeh Jagah Thik Nahin"
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], Mohammed Aziz
|-
| "Patjhad Sawan Basant" (Solo)
| Mohammed Aziz
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0359990}}

[[Category:1987 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Ravi Shankar]]
[[Category:1987 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Natchathiram

2026-03-03T05:23:17Z

Serzude: reworked information also and cleaned formatting

{{about|the 1980 film|other uses|Natchathiram (disambiguation) }}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Natchathiram
| image = Natchathiram 1980.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| screenplay = Dasari Narayana Rao
| story = Dasari Narayana Rao
| producer = {{ubl|Girija Pakkirisamy|K. S. Narashiman}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sripriya]]|Hariprasath|[[Mohan Babu]]}}
| cinematography = K. S. Mani
| editing = Vellaisamy
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = Sreesanmundeeswari
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1980|4|12|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Natchathiram''''' ({{translation|Star}}) is a 1980 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written and directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] and starring [[Sripriya]]. It is a remake of the 1978 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Sivaranjani (film)|Sivaranjani]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |pages=104 |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |orig-date=2012}}</ref> The film also has Hariprasath and [[Mohan Babu]] as Sripriya's cunning husband. [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savithri]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Manjula Vijayakumar]], [[Srividya]] and Pushpalatha played guest roles.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NVAZAAAAIAAJ&q=Natchathiram |title=Tribune |publisher=Ceylon News Service |year=1982 |volume=26 |pages=5 |access-date=26 September 2022 |issue=29–40}}</ref> It was released on 12 April 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natchatiram (1980) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/natchatiram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231117171028/https://screen4screen.com/movies/natchatiram |archive-date=17 November 2023 |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=May 2024}}
A movie buff befriends a popular actress and believes that she is leading a happy life, until one day he sees an unknown man making an attempt on her life.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sripriya]]
*[[Mohan Babu]]
*Hariprasath
*[[Sivachandran]]
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
*[[Jayamalini]]
*[[Subhashini]]
}}

;Guest appearances
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]]
*[[Rajinikanth]]
*[[Kamal Haasan]]
*[[Nagesh]]
*[[Prabha (actress)|Prabha]]
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
*[[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
*[[K. R. Vijaya]]
*[[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]]
*[[Srividya]]
*[[Pushpalatha]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1980 |title=Natchathiram |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/natchathiram/8rMBvJm9gV0_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926032508/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/natchathiram/8rMBvJm9gV0_ |archive-date=26 September 2022 |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ponnangkanni
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kannadasan]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Vaanam Ingay
| extra2 = [[P. Jayachandran]], [[S. Janaki]]
| lyrics2 = [[Pulamaipithan]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Aval Oru Menakai
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics3 = Kannadasan
| length3 =
| title4 = Vaigai Nathiyil Oru
| extra4 = S. Janaki
}}

== Reception ==
Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Sripriya's acting, panned Nagesh's comedy and felt the film offered nothing new and concluded ''Natchathiram'' (star) did not glitter.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=11 May 1980 |title=நட்சத்திரம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-05-11/page/n33/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230305150119/https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-05-11/page/n33/mode/2up |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=25 September 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=32–33 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Anna'' wrote the director could have focused more on screenplay and could have avoided dragging scenes unnecessarily.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 April 1980 |title=நட்சத்திரம் |url=https://archive.org/details/EAP372-6-23-4-162/page/3/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240531010022/https://ia803209.us.archive.org/BookReader/BookReaderImages.php?zip=/31/items/EAP372-6-23-4-162/EAP372-6-23-4-162_jp2.zip&file=EAP372-6-23-4-162_jp2/EAP372-6-23-4-162_0003.jp2&id=EAP372-6-23-4-162&scale=4&rotate=0 |archive-date=31 May 2024 |access-date=30 May 2024 |newspaper=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0262642}}

{{Dasari Narayana Rao}}
[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dasari Narayana Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Rajarshi Raghabananda Nayak

2026-02-26T03:07:22Z

Serzude: started first article w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Writer and lecturer (1938 – 2016)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Raghabananda Nayak
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1938|08|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Fatehpur Village, [[Bhadrak district]], Odisha, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|10|31|1938|08|28|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Writer, lecturer
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Rajarshi Raghabananda Nayak''' (28 August 1938 – 31 October 2016) was an Indian [[writer]] and [[lecturer]] who studied [[Kriya Yoga school|Kriya Yoga]] in the lineage of [[Lahiri Mahasaya]], [[Swami Sri Yukteswar]], [[Paramahansa Yogananda]], and [[Paramahansa Hariharananda]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriya Yoga Wisdom - Rajarshi Raghabananda |url=https://www.kriyayogawisdom.com/pages/yogacharya-don-baba/rajarshi-raghabananda |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.kriyayogawisdom.com}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Ratnakar Nayak was born in Fatehpur village, located in the [[Bhadrak district]] of [[Odisha]]. He earned a Master of Arts in [[Odia language|Odia]] from [[Visva-Bharati University]], followed by a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in literature from [[Utkal University]]. In 1960 he became a lecturer at [[Visva-Bharati University|Visva-Bharati]]. He later transitioned to [[Gangadhar Meher University|Gangadhar Meher College]] (Autonomous) in [[Sambalpur]], where he served as the Head of the Department of Odia until his retirement in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-02-02 |title=Tous les Yogacharyas - Institut de Kriya Yoga |url=https://institutkriyayoga.fr/media/messages-et-annonces/tous-les-yogacharyas/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=institutkriyayoga.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref>

=== Initiation into Kriya Yoga===
In early 1964, Nayak met [[Hariharananda Giri|Paramahansa Hariharananda]], from whom he learned [[Kriyā|Kriya Yoga]].<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Rajarshi Raghabananda |url=http://www.hariharanandakriyayoga.org/english/who_we_are/rajarshi/rajarshi_index.html/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628043120/http://www.hariharanandakriyayoga.org/english/who_we_are/rajarshi/rajarshi_index.html |archivedate=2012-06-28 |accessdate=2013-04-06}}</ref>

=== Menninger Foundation ===
Nayak participated in a study by the [[Menninger Foundation]] in [[Topeka, Kansas|Topeka]], Kansas, United States, where researchers measured his physiological responses during [[meditation]], including brain [[Alpha wave|alpha-wave]] activity. Results from this work were published in ''Biofeedback: Yoga for the West''<ref name=":0">Biofeedback: Yoga for the West: http://hartleyfoundation.org/en/hartley-classics</ref> and ''Beyond Biofeedback<ref name=":1">Beyond-Biofeedback {{ISBN|0940267144}}
{{ISBN|978-0940267145}} : https://www.amazon.com/Beyond-Biofeedback-Elmer-Green/dp/0940267144</ref>'' by Elmer and Alice Green.<ref name=":2">Elmer Green PhD biography: http://www.healthy.net/scr/bio.aspx?Id=56</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Raghabananda}}
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Kriya yogis]]
[[Category:1938 births]]

[[Category:2016 deaths]]

The Son of Seven Mothers

2026-02-18T00:18:35Z

Serzude: Put Up First Entry V1

{{Short description|Indian folktale}}

{{Infobox folk tale
|Folk_Tale_Name = The Son of Seven Mothers
|Image_Name = Illustration facing page 120 of Indian Fairy Tales (1892).png
|Image_Caption = Illustration by [[John D. Batten|John Batten]] for [[Joseph Jacobs]]'s ''Indian Fairy Tales'' (1892).
|Aarne-Thompson Grouping = ATU 462, "The Outcast Queens and the Ogress Queen"
|AKA = The Son of Seven Queens
|Mythology =
|Country = [[India]]
|Region =
|Origin_Date =
|Published_In = * ''[[Indian Antiquary]]'' Vol. X (1881)
|Related = * [[The Dragon (fairy tale)|The Dragon]]
* [[The Witch in the Stone Boat]]
}}

'''The Son of Seven Mothers''' or '''The Son of Seven Queens''' is an Indian folktale, first published in the late 19th century by author [[Flora Annie Steel]]. In the tale, a king with [[Polygyny|many wives]] marries a demoness who tricks him into banishing his previous wives and cutting out their eyes; they survive and one of the queens gives birth to a son that returns to his father's kingdom, kills the demoness and restores the eyes of the fallen queens.

The tale is classified in the international [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index]] as ATU 462, "The Outcast Queens and the Ogress Queen". Variants are registered mostly from India, [[West Asia]], and [[North Africa]], with some tales from Hispanic tradition.

==Sources==
According to [[Richard Carnac Temple|R. C. Temple]], the tale was collected by author Flora Annie Steel from a Purbia boy who lived in [[Firozpur]], and published in the magazine ''[[Indian Antiquary]]''.<ref>''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011424697&view=1up&seq=191&skin=2021&size=200 Indian Antiquary]''. Vol. X. May, 1881. pp. 147-151.</ref><ref>Steel, F. Annie Webster; Temple, R. Carnac. ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn8k2n&view=1up&seq=376&skin=2021&q1=%22the%20ruby%20prince%22 Wide-awake stories: a collection of tales told by little children, between sunset and sunrise, in the Panjab and Kashmir]''. Bombay: Education Society's Press, 1884. p. 360.</ref>

==Publication==
The tale, as Steel had published it, was titled ''The Son of Seven Mothers''.<ref>Steel, F. Annie Webster; Temple, R. Carnac. ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.5389/page/n112/mode/1up Wide-awake stories: a collection of tales told by little children, between sunset and sunrise, in the Panjab and Kashmir]''. Bombay: Education Society's Press, 1884. pp. 98-110.</ref> Folklorist [[Joseph Jacobs]] republished it in his book ''Indian Fairy Tales'', with the title ''The Son of Seven Queens''.<ref>Jacobs, Joseph. ''[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Indian_Fairy_Tales_(Jacobs)/The_Son_of_Seven_Queens Indian Fairy Tales]''. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons; London: D. Nutt, 1892. pp. 115-129.</ref>

==Summary==
[[Image:Illustration inset at page 116 of Indian Fairy Tales (1892).png|thumb|right|The rajá finds the mysterious white hind in the forest. Illustration by [[John D. Batten|John Batten]] for [[Joseph Jacobs]]'s ''Indian Fairy Tales'' (1892).]]

A king has seven wives, but no son yet. A fakir comes to him and predicts that one of his queens shall bear him a son. The king orders preparations for a grand festivity. While everything is being set up, the king goes on a hunt, despite the warnings of one of his wives. He sights a white deer in the woods and becomes transfixed with capturing it. He gallops after it and reaches a miserable hut in the forest.

The king enters the hut and sees an old woman working at the spinning wheel. She calls for her daughter, and a beautiful white-skinned and golden-haired woman. She goes for a drink of water, and, by looking into her eyes, the king realizes she ''is'' the white hind. He becomes entranced by her beauty, and wishes to take her as his next wife. She agrees, with the condition that he takes out the eyes of the other queens.

The white hind woman's cruel wish is carried out, and her eyes are given to her mother. The seven queens are cast into prison. While in captivity, one of the queens gives birth to a son, to the jealousy of the others. But soon enough, their jealousy subsides and gives way to care and affection, and the seven women regard the son as their own child.

The boy scrapes the walls of the prison to dig out a hole large enough for him to pass through to the outside and fetch sweetmeats for the imprisoned women. One day, when he is old enough, he begins to hunt bigger game for them with bow and arrow, and meets the wicked queen. She realizes the boy is the son of one of the other queens and tells him she can direct him to get their eyes back. The boy accepts and gets from her a letter, with a command to kill him as soon as he delivers the letter to her mother.

During his journey, the boy arrives at a kingdom whose princess has refused to marry any suitor. When this princess sees the boy, she decides he is the one. The princess reads the letter and alters it with a request for the boy to be treated right. The boy goes to the queen's mother's hut and gets from her the garland of eyes, albeit lacking one. The boy returns home and restores the eyes of the seven queens.

Seeing that her stratagem failed, the white hind queen tells him he can get the "Jogi's wonderful cow, whose milk flows all day long, and makes a pond as big as a kingdom". She also gives him another letter with a command to kill him.

The son of seven queens goes to his bride's kingdom, who alters the second letter. The boy meets the white hind queen's mother, who directs him to follow a road of 18,000 demons, but assuages him to have no fear. The boy takes the Jogi's cow and gives it to his mother and her co-queens.

Lastly, the white hind queen then suggests the boy brings the million-fold rice, that only ripens at night, and gives him a third letter. The boy passes by the princess's kingdom once again, and once again she alter the letter. The boy goes to the witch's hut and she directs him to the field, after a road swarming with 18 million demons. She warns him to get only the tallest ear, and to not look back. The boy walks to the rice fields, plucks the tallest ear, but looks behind him and becomes a pile of ashes.

The witch's mother goes to check on the boy and finds only a pile of ashes. She works to revive the boy back to life and scolds him. The boy returns with the million-fold rice to his seven mothers. With the million-fold rice, he and his seven mothers become the richest people in the kingdom, which expedites his marriage to the princess.

The princess asks her husband, the son of seven mothers, to build a replica of his father's palace, and invite the king. The king comes to his son's palace with the white hind queen and sees the seven queens sat on thrones. The princess, his daughter-in-law, throws herself at his feet and tells the whole story. The white hind's spell on him is broken and, back to sanity, the king orders the execution of the white hind queen, and restores the seven queens to his palace.<ref>Steel, F. Annie Webster; Kipling, J. Lockwood. ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015014538378&view=1up&seq=115&skin=2021&q1=%22son%20of%20seven%20mothers%22 Tales of the Punjab told by the people]''. London: Macmillan, 1894. pp. 89-101.</ref>

==Analysis==
===Tale type===
The tale is classified in the international [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index]] as tale type ATU 462, "The Outcast Queens and the Ogress Queen": a king with multiple wives finds a beautiful young woman (who is an ogress or demoness in disguise) on a hunt and takes her as his newest wife; the demoness convinces the king to get rid of the previous co-wives, blind them and throw them in a well or pit; the queens each give birth to their respective children, whom they sacrifice to feed the group, save for the youngest queen, whose son she spares; the son they spared grows up, returns to his father's kingdom and meets the demoness queen, who tries to kill him by sending the prince on dangerous quests, but he prevails; he discovers the secret of the demoness queen's life (a bird or a parrot), destroys it and restores his mother and the other queens.<ref>Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. ''The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography''. Third Printing. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1973 [1961]. p. 158.</ref><ref>Thompson, Stith; Roberts, Warren Everett. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WxnXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22The+Outcast+queens+and+the+Ogress+Queen%22 Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, and Ceylon]''. Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1960. p. 67.</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Types of International Folktales: A classification and bibliography based on the system of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. |volume=1: Tales of Magic |first=Hans-Jörg |last=Uther |publisher=Kalevala Society Foundation |year=2011 |orig-year=2004 |isbn=978-951-41-1054-2 |series=Folklore Fellows’ Communications |page=273 |issn=0014-5815 |url=https://edition.fi/kalevalaseura/catalog/book/763}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Kannaḍa janapada kathegaḷu |author=Ke. Ār Sandhyā Reḍḍi |publisher=Kannaḍa Sāhitya Pariṣattu |date=1982 |pages=94–95 |lang=Kannada}}</ref>

===Motifs===
The tale contains the [[Motif (folkloristics)|motif]] [[Motif-Index of Folk-Literature|Z213]], "Hero 'son of seven mothers'",<ref>Thompson, Stith; Balys, Jonas. ''The Oral Tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1958. p. 447.</ref> as well as motifs G72.2, "Starving woman abandoned in cave eats newborn child", and L71, "Only youngest of a group of imprisoned women refuses to eat her newborn child".<ref>Muhawi, Ibrahim, and Sharif Kanaana. ''[[Speak, Bird, Speak Again]]: [https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft4s2005r4&chunk.id=d0e14539&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e1818&brand=ucpress Palestinian Arab Folktales]''. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1989. p. 360. {{ISBN|0-520-06292-2}}.</ref>

==Variants==
According to German ethnologue {{ill|John Bierhorst|de|John Bierhorst}}, Czech folklorist {{ill|Jeromír Jech|cs|Jaromír Jech}} and anthropologist [[Kirin Narayan]], this tale type is "widespread in India", but variants are recorded from China, Chile, Sri Lanka and Herat, Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jech |first=Jeromír |date=1988 |title=Heilwasser in Volkssage Und Märchen |journal=Anales de la Universidad de Chile |issue=17 |pages=167–203 [195] |doi=10.5354/0717-8883.1988.23910 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |url=https://anales.uchile.cl/index.php/ANUC/article/view/23910 |lang=German |quote=...ebenso in dem vor allem aus Indien und China belegten Märchen „The Outcast Queens and the Ogress Queen" (AaTh 462). |trans-quote=...like with fairy tale "The Outcast Queens and the Ogress Queen" (AaTh 462), attested mainly in India and China.}}</ref><ref>Bierhorst, John. ''Latin American Folktales: Stories from Hispanic and Indian Traditions''. New York: Pantheon Books. 2002. p. 344. {{ISBN|0-375-42066-5}}.</ref><ref>Narayan, Kirin. ''Mondays on the dark night of the moon: Himalayan foothill folktales''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. p. 247.</ref> French folklorist Margaret Low reported three versions from Spain, two from Italy, one from Chile, and thirty-four French-Canadian versions.<ref>{{cite book |first=Margaret |last=Low |chapter=The Motif of the External Soul in French-Canadian Folktales |title=Explorations in Canadian folklore |editor=[[Edith Fowke]] |date=1985 |location=Toronto |publisher=McClelland and Stewart |pages=266-276 [272, 274-275] |quote=This tale has been recorded thirty-four times in French Canada to date but apparently has never been found in France or in Ireland. In fact, the other occidental versions, which are not numerous (three versions from Spain, two from Italy, and one from Chile), differ considerably from the Canadian. We classified the Canadian versions as Type 708A* (a type number added to the 1961 edition of the Aarne-Thompson because of the presence of the Spanish versions) to group the occidental versions of this tale together; but this was purely an arbitrary decision on our part since the Canadian versions belong equally to the Indic tale Type 462, ''The Outcast Queens and the Ogress Queen'', of which there are twenty-four Indic versions.}}</ref>

===Asia===
====India====
Author [[Henry Parker (author)|Henry Parker]] noted that variants of the tale of the ogress queen were "well-known" across India, save for Southern India, and that in all tales the Rakshasa Queen is vanquished.<ref>Parker, Henry. ''[https://archive.org/details/VillageFolk-talesOfCeylonV.1/page/n283/mode/1up Village folk-tales of Ceylon]''. Volume 1. London: Luzac & Co., 1910. pp. 275-276.</ref> In his second revision of the ATU index, folklorist [[Stith Thompson]] located 24 variants of the tale type in India.<ref>Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. ''The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography''. Third Printing. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1973 [1961]. p. 159.</ref> Scholar {{ill|Heda Jason|de|Heda Jason}} located a Punjabi variant of the tale type in her 1989 supplement to Thompson and Warren Roberts's ''Types of Indic Oral Tales''.<ref>Jason, Heda. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxfXAAAAMAAJ&q=462 Types of Indic Oral Tales: Supplement]''. Acad. Scientiarum Fennica, 1989. p. 28. {{ISBN|9789514105968}}.</ref> Indian scholar [[A. K. Ramanujan]] located variants of the tale type in Bengali, [[Gondi language|Gondi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>Ramanujan, A. K. ''Folktales from India: a selection of oral tales from twenty-two languages''. New York: Pantheon Books, 1991. p. 331. {{ISBN|9780394554792}}.</ref> In addition, according to Kannada scholars, tale type 462 ("ವರ್ಗ ೪೬೨", in the original), called "ಧೀರಕುಮಾರ ಕಥೆ" ("Dhīrakumāra kathe"; "Story of Dhirakumara"), is "very popular" in [[Kannada]], being "common" all over [[Karnataka]], from [[North Karnataka|north]] to the [[South Karnataka|south]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Kannaḍa janapada kathegaḷu |author=Ke. Ār Sandhyā Reḍḍi |publisher=Kannaḍa Sāhitya Pariṣattu |date=1982 |pages=94–95 |lang=Kannada}}</ref>

Author [[Maive Stokes]] published an Indian variant titled ''The Demon is at last conquered by the King's Son''. In this tale, seven men venture into the woods and find a goat. They take the goat with them. A strange event happens with the men during the following nights: as the men journey on, each night the goat becomes a she-demon and devours one of them, until there is only two of them. The two survivors injure the she-demons and abandon it there. The she-demon becomes a beautiful human woman and lures a passing king. The she-demon marries the king. At night, she eats his animals and places her knives in the bed of the king's other queens. The she-demon blames the seven queens for the deed and the king orders for them to have their eyes gouged out and abandoned in the jungle. The seven queens wander through the jungle and fall into a dry well. Each of the queens gives birth to a child and sacrifices the baby to feed herself and the others, save for the seventh queen. She spares her son and she, with the other queens, raises the boy. When he is five years old, he climbs out of the well to find food and water for his mother and the other queens. The she-demon queen, due to her powers, realizes the seven queens are living in the well, and feigns illness and demands the boy brings her some tigress's milk for her eyes. The prince takes up the task and demands a large sum of money as payment. He takes the seven queens from the well, buys a small house for them and hires some servants to help them. The prince saves a tiger cub and its mother gives them its milk. The she-demon queen then demands an eagle's feather. For this task, the prince kills a snake to protect a nest of eaglets. Their eagle parents give him a feather. Next, the she-demon queen asks for night-growing rice, which only her brother has. She gives the prince a letter to be delivered to her brother, with a command to kill the boy. He passes by a fakir's house, who alter the letter with a request for the boy to be treated with the utmost respect by the she-demons's brother, and so it happens. The prince also finds the beautiful daughter of the raksasha, He kills her raksasha father by killing a mainá bird, and takes her with him. Lastly, the she-demon demands water from the Glittering Well from the fairies' country, which the prince obtains. At the end of the tale, the prince reveals to the king that he is his son and the seven queens are alive, and asks the king to kill the she-demon queen. The king drops the she-demon in the jungle well and the prince and his king's servants shoot her dead.<ref>Stokes, Maive S. H. ''[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Indian_Fairy_Tales_(Stokes,_1879)/The_Demon_is_at_last_conquered_by_the_King%27s_Son Indian fairy tales]''. National Library of Scotland. Calcutta: Privately printed. 1879. pp. 173-192.</ref>

Stokes also indicated another Indian variant, ''Brave Hirálálbásá''. In this tale, a king named Mánikbásá Rájá, or the Ruby King, has seven wives and seven sons. One day, he walks by the woods, and a Raksasha turns into a Rani to lure him. The king falls in love with her and takes her as his eighth wife. Every night, the raksasha queen devours the king's animals and blames the seven queens. The king orders them to be blinded and cast them in a great hole. Six of the queens eat their children, but the seventh spares hers. For her action, God sends her food to share with the other queens. The boy grows up and climbs out of the hole. His seven mothers warn him not to go to his father's kingdom, but he does and the Raksasha Rani hires him as her servant. She sends him for some rosewater from the country of the Raksashas with a letter. In the country of the Raksashas, he meets a princess named Sonahrí Rání ("the Golden Rání"), with golden teeth and golden hair, kidnapped by the raksashas from he father, Sondarbásá Rájá,'s garden. Sonahrí Rani discovers the letter contains a command to kill the boy, and writes a new letter. The boy gets the rosewater and brings it to the raksasha raní. She then sends him for flowers and gives him another letter with a command to kill him. The boy passes by Sonahrí Raní's house, who alters the letter again. The prince Hiralal talks to a raksasha-grandmother and gets from her an ointment and a jar with the seven queens' eyes. He returns home and restores the queens' sight, and brings the flowers to the Raksasha-Raní. The wicked queen gives him a third letter and a request for a sári from the country of Raksashas. Sonahrí Raní alters the third letter. Hiralal tricks the Raksasha-grandmotehr into giving him a bird - a [[cockatoo]] - that contains the soul of the Raksasha-Raní. He kills the Raksasha that kidnapped Sonahrí Raní, and takes her with him as his bride. Hiralal rescues the seven queens from the hole and buys a mansion for them as his bride. Hiralal gives the Raksasha-Raní a bunch of flowers instead of the sári she asked. Hiralal then convinces his father to build an iron house and lure the Raksasha-Rani inside. After the Raksasha-Rani is locked inside the iron house, Hiralal takes out the cockatoo and shows it to the wicked queen, who turns into a monster in a state of panic. Hiralal wrung the bird's neck, and the Raksasha-Rani dies at last. Hiralal reveals the whole truth to his father. The king asks for the queens' forgiveness and restores them to their proper places.<ref>Stokes, Maive S. H. ''[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Indian_Fairy_Tales_(Stokes,_1879)/Brave_Hiralalbasa Indian fairy tales]''. National Library of Scotland. Calcutta: Privately printed. 1879. pp. 51-62.</ref>

British reverend [[James Hinton Knowles]] published a [[Kashmir]]i variant with the title ''The Ogress-Queen''. In this tale, a king has seven wives, but no son. One day, he finds a beautiful fairy in the woods. The fairy offers to fulfill the king's fondest wish (to have a son), in exchange for marrying him. The fairy marries the king, and his seven co-wives become pregnant. The fairy, actually a rakshasí, goes out at night to eat the animals in the stable. The king's servants notice the animals' disappearance, and the fairy says she can find the culprit. She kills a sheep and smears the mouths of the seven co-wives and blames the incidents on them. Fooled by the trick, the king orders the queens to be blinded and to be buried in a dry well outside the city. Down in the well, to stave off hunger, six of the queens offer their own child to feed the others, but the seventh spares her own son, and raises him in the well. After 6 years, the queens take the boy out of the well; he steals food from the palace for himself and for the other queens. One day, the cook has to go away for his mother's cremation, and lets the boy cook the food for the king. The king eats the food the boy prepared and compliments the cook's dish, but the cook tells him the boy was the one who did it. The king becomes fond of the boy. Years later, the boy meets the wicked queen, and naïvely reveals her his whole life story. The wicked queen feigns illness and says she needs tigress's milk, which the boy can fetch for her. The boy finds a tigress, who gives him her milk and tells him that the wicked queens is a raksashí, on whom her milk will have no effect. Next, the wicked queens wants a special medicine that her grandfather - another raksasha - has. Lastly, the wicked queen sends the boy with a false letter to ask her grandmother for a comb. A helpful fakir, who has warned the boy, changes the letter. With the fakir's new letter, the boy passes himself as the raksashi's son and learns from the grandmother about the external souls of the entire raksasha family. While the raksasha grandmother is taking a bath, the boy destroys the recipient of her soul and her sons', but keeps the external soul of the raksashí queen - a starling - with him in a cage, and steals eye-medicine. He then goes to the well to give the eye-medicine to his mother and the other queens, and helps them out of the well. The retinue goes to the king's court. The boy shows the king the starling and reveals that his eighth wife has been a raksashí all along. He destroys the bird and the wicked queen falls dead.<ref>Knowles, James Hinton. ''[https://archive.org/details/folktalesofkashm00knowuoft/page/42/mode/1up Folk-tales of Kashmir]''. London: Trübner. 1888. pp. 41–50.</ref>

[[Lal Behari Day]] published a [[Bengal]]i tale titled ''The Boy whom Seven Mothers suckled''. In this tale, a king has seven queens, but no son. A holy mendicant tells him to a mango tree in the forest whose mangoes can grant fertility to his queens. The king takes the mangoes home with him and gives them to his seven wives. They all eat the fruits and become pregnant. One day, he finds a young lady of "peerless beauty" - in truth, a raksasha - and marries her. As proof of his love for her, she demands the other queens are blinded and killed. The king consents to her wish and orders the execution of the seven queens. The minister only blinds them, and hides them in a cave uphill. Inside the cave, the queens each give birth to their children, and six of the babies are sacrificed to feed the others. The seventh queen, however, spares her son and tells the others she will nurse him. The other queens also agree to suckle the boy, and he grows up "the hardiest and strongest boy that ever lived". Meanwhile, the raksashí queen begins to eat the entire royal family, and the palace's servants - even the cook - to sate her rapacious appetite. With no more cook to prepare him the food, the boy takes up the job, while also avoiding any attempt of the raksashi queen to devour him. Until one day, when the raksashi queen gives him a letter and sends him to her mother to get her a melon twelve cubits long. Realizing the mission is a trap, the boy tears up the letter and visits the raksashí queen's mother, across the ocean. The boy notices a bird in a cage, and the raksashí tells him it contains the soul of the raksashí queen. While the monsters are away foraging for food, the boy takes the caged bird with him and returns with the melon to the king's palace. Some time later, the people tell the king "a monstrous bird" has been devouring the citizens, so much so that the town is almost desolate. The boy promises the king he will find the culprit, and says that the queen must be in the same room as him. The boy brings the caged bird to the court, reveals the queen is a raksashí, and strangles the bird, so that the raksashí queen falls dead immediately. The king restores the seven co-queens.<ref>Day, Rev. Lal Behari (1883). ''[https://archive.org/details/folktalesbengal00daygoog/page/n133/mode/1up Folk-Tales of Bengal]''. London: MacMillan and Co. 1883. pp. 117-123.</ref>

In a tale titled ''The Tale of the Wicked Stepmother Queen'', four men travel to the woods and find a goat. The goat is secretly an ogress and eats two of them. The other escape and the ogress changes into a human girl. A king passes by the forest, finds the girl, and takes her with him to be his newest queen, after his ten other wives. After he marries the ogress, the horses keep disappearing, to the king's distress. The ogress queen promises to find the culprit. That night, the ogress puts a lump of flesh in front of the door of each wife to blame them for the horse killings. The king falls for the trick and the ogress queen orders the ten queens to be blinded and thrown in a well in a desolate jungle somewhere. The cruel orders are carried out and the queens are thrown down the well. Each of them is pregnant and gives birth to a son that is sacrificed to feed the others. The tenth queen refuses to eat any part, and spares her own son. This turns out to be a blessing in disguise: the tenth queen's son leaves the well to gather food for the others, and is found by the king, who gives him a golden arrow and a bow, and tries to hire him. The boy reports to his mother in the well, and she tells him the man is his fathe, the king. The mother allows the boy to leave with his father, but warns of the danger the ogress queen poses to him. The ogress queen realizes the boy is the son of the other queen, and hatches a plan to get rid of him. She feigns illness and requests a list of increasingly dangerous demands: first, she asks for tigress's milk; then, for a cow unlike the king has ever seen; thirdly, for water of gold from her ogress mother. On the third quest, the ogress queen gives the boy a letter to be given to her mother, with a command to kill and devour the boy. The boy stops to rest in the woods, and [[Adam and Eve]] alter the letter for one with a kinder request. The boy takes the letter to the letter to the ogress, and is greeted like a son by the creature. The boy discover on a shelf a box with the eyes of the ten queens - which means their sight can be restored - and a parrot in a cage - the soul of the ogress queen. The boy takes the box with the eyes and the parrot cage and returns home. He goes to the king's court and shows the parrot to the ogress queen, who begs for the boy to give her the parrot. The prince breaks the parrot's legs, wings and neck, which finally kills the ogress queen.<ref>''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435057137861&view=1up&seq=112&skin=2021&size=175&q1=%22son%20of%20seven%20mothers%22 North Indian Notes and Queries]''. Vol. 4. 1895. pp. 102-106.</ref>

Indian scholar [[A. K. Ramanujan]] published a tale titled ''Ogress Queen''. In this tale, two brothers live together. They begin to notice the disappearance of their animals, and the ogress devours the older brother. The younger brother escapes and the ogress turns into a beautiful woman. A king passes by the woods, sees the woman, and the brother warns him that she is an ogress. The king pays him a hefty sum of money and takes her with him as his third wife. The king's second wife is pregnant, and takes part in a ''kubusa'', or Blouse Ceremony. The ogress queen brings her a present, and suggests a custom: to put [[Kohl (cosmetics)|kohl]] on the future mother's eyes. The ogress queen poisons the kohl and the second queen becomes blind in both eyes, and the elder queen loses the sight in one eye. The ogress queen mocks their state to the king, who banishes them to the jungle. Both women are taken in by an old man, and the younger queen gives birth to a son. The boy grows up and goes to his father's city. The ogress queen realizes the boy is the son of the other queen, feigns illness and asks for the king to send the boy for some headache pills from her mother. The boy meets the ogress's mother and learns about a sight-restoring ointment and that the ogress queen's life lies in a parrot. The boy takes the ointment for his mother and steals the parrot, then kills the parrot in front of the king and the ogress queen.<ref>Ramanujan, A. K. ''[https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99wt&chunk.id=ch45&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch45&brand=ucpress A Flowering Tree and Other Oral Tales from India]''. Berkeley London: University of California Press, 1997. pp. IX, 128-131. {{ISBN|0-520-20398-4}}.</ref>

Kirin Narayan published the tale ''The Devouring Demoness'', collected from a Kangra teller. In this tale, a Brahman and his Brahmani wife have two sons. They are poor, but have their own fields and cattle. A goat they own - actually, a demoness in disguise - eats the two sons, then the Brahmani wife, and, finally, sets his eyes on the Brahman. Luckily, he escapes her fury by running to the jungle and climbing a tree, while the demoness tries to eat him. She changes into a beautiful woman and tries to entice him. Suddenly, a king passes by the tree and, seeing the demoness's disguise, offers to buy her from the Brahman. The king then takes her to his palace and marries her as his newest queen. At night, however, she leaves her quarters and begins to devour the horses at the stables, elephants and any other animal. She blames the king's other queens and orders her to be punished by being cast in a dug up well. The orders are carried out and the three queens are roped down to the well. Since they are pregnant and have no food, two of them give birth to their babies and eat them to sate their hunger, but te third spares hers and raises him. Some years later, some cowherds notice the women and the boy at the well, and rescue them, but have to rope them back at night. Later, the boy discovers he is the son of the king and his step-mother is a demoness, whose life is hidden in a parrot in the land of the demons. With this knowledge, the boy goes to the King's palace. The demoness queen, realizing his true identity, feigns illness and asks for remedy from the land of demons: a stalk of rice grains and gray buffalo's milk to prepare her a special food. The boy goes to the land of demons and pretends to be the demoness's son in order to infiltrate her family's household, get the items and the parrot and return to his true mother and the other victimized queens. The boy takes the parrot's cage to the palace and shows it to the king and the demoness. She prepares to attack the boy, but he breaks the parrot's members one by one until he wrings the bird's neck, killing the demoness in the process.<ref>Narayan, Kirin. ''Mondays on the dark night of the moon: Himalayan foothill folktales''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. pp. 178-187, 247.</ref>

In a [[Tamizh|Tamil]] tale collected by professor Stuart Blackburn with the title ''The Raksasi-Queen'', a king has a previous wife and marries a Raksasi that disguised herself as a young woman. At night, the Raksasi returns to her demonic form and eats animals like horses and elephants around the palace, then blames the human co-queen. The human queen is blinded and thrown in jail. Since she is pregnant, she gives birth to a son in prison and raises him. When the grows up, the boy hears stories of his mother's false accusations and makes a vow to discover the truth. He learns the Raksasi assumed his mother's form, and goes to her sister's house. He meets a human princess that is being kept prisoner by the Raksasi's sister to be devoured, and both conspire to learn of the life-index of both Raksasis. The Raksasi queen's sister reveals their secret: their souls are hidden in the shape of bees protected by ''bhutas'' in a [[banyan tree]] on an island beyond seven seas. The prince swims to the island, climbs the banyan tree and captures the bees in a box, then returns to the Raksasi's sister's house. He defeats one of the bees by transforming into a bee, then shapeshifts into a flying horse and takes the human princess with him to the place where his mother is to be executed. The prince stops the execution and crushes the other bee, indicating it belongs to the Raksasi queen. The prince releases his mother from the executioner's noose and replaces her eyes.<ref>{{cite book |title=Moral Fictions: Tamil Folktales from Oral Tradition |first=Stuart |last=Blackburn |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica |date=2001 |pages=244-245 (text for tale nr. 93), 314 (classification) |isbn=9789514108976 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uiDXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22THE+RAKSASI-QUEEN%22}}</ref>

====Iran====
In his Catalogue of Persian Folktales, German scholar {{ill|Ulrich Marzolph|de|Ulrich Marzolph}} located one [[Iran]]ian variant, from [[Khorasan Province|Khorassan]], which he classified as 462, "Die vertossenen Köninginnen und die [[Div (mythology)|Div]]-Frau" ("The Outcast Queens and the Div-Woman").<ref>Marzolph, Ulrich. ''[https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/inhouse/content/pageview/1470000 Typologie des persischen Volksmärchens]''. Beirut: Orient-Inst. der Deutschen Morgenländischen Ges.; Wiesbaden: Steiner [in Komm.], 1984. p. 97.</ref>

====Turkey====
Professor Susan Hoogasian-Villa reported a [[Turkey|Turkish]] tale collected by folklorist {{ill|Naki Tezel|tr|Naki Tezel}}. In this tale, the hero is sent on a quest for figs, dev's milk and fairy cradle as remedies for his stepmother. He eventually breaks the external soul of his step-mother and restores the sight of the king's forty blinded wives.<ref>Hoogasian-Villa, Susie. ''[[100 Armenian Tales and Their Folkloristic Relevance]]''. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 1966. p. 464.</ref>

====Palestine====
Scholars [[Ibrahim Muhawi]] and Sharif Kanaana collected an [[Arab Palestinian]] tale titled ''Dibbit il-mitbax'' ("Bear-Cub of the Kitchen"). A king has three wives, but no son. One day, a mosquito lodges itself in his nose. The insect reveals it is a female [[djinn]]i, and offers to marry him in exchange for her doing whatever she wants to the other queens. The king takes the djinni woman as his fourth wife, as the other queens become pregnant. The djnni wife orders for the eyes of the queens to be taken out and dropped in a well. The three queens are exiled to a well, and sacrifice their sons to feed the others, but the eldest queen spares hers, with the argument that her son may by useful to them. The boy is suckled by the three queens and grows up in the well. He digs up a hole in the well and reaches the king's kitchen. He steals food for his mother and the other queens, and puts salt in the food. He is caught by the king's cook and is mockingly named "Bear-Cub of the Kitchen". One day, the wicked queen feigns illness and wants a pomegranate from Wadi is-Sib ("Valley of Oblivion", according to Muhawi and Kanaana). Next, she sends him for a medicine in "such and such a place". Bear-Cub of the Kitchen goes to "such-and-such-a-place" and finds the wicked queen's sister. He learns that the queen and her family hide their lifeforce in some flasks, next to an eye-medicine and the eyes of the three queens. Bear-Cub of the Kitchen destroys the flask with the sister's lifeforce, killing her, and steers the castle with magic ropes to his father's palace. Bear-Cub of the Kitchen takes the flask with the queen's lifeforce and "cracks her neck". He then restores his mother's eyes and the other queens'.<ref>Muhawi, Ibrahim, and Sharif Kanaana. ''[[Speak, Bird, Speak Again]]: [https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft4s2005r4&chunk.id=d0e10349&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e9938&brand=ucpress Palestinian Arab Folktales]''. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1989. pp. 237-241. {{ISBN|0-520-06292-2}}.</ref>

===Africa===
Scholar [[Hasan M. El-Shamy]] reports variants of tale type 462 in [[North Africa]], namely, in [[Tunisia]] and [[Algeria]].<ref>El-Shamy, Hasan (2004). ''Types of the Folktale in the Arab World: A Demographically Oriented Tale-Type Index''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 233-234.</ref>

Author Guillaume Spitta-Bey collected an Egyptian Arab tale titled ''Histoire d'Ours de cuisine'' ("Tale of the Kitchen Bear"). In this tale, a king owns a fountain in his garden where a maiden with a feathery robe likes to bathe. One night, the king, taken with passion for the girl, fetches her garments from a nearby tree and intends to make her his bride. She consents, on the condition that the king blinds his forty queens. The king blinds the 40 co-queens and takes them to a basement under the kitchen. Each of them gives birth to a child that is sacrificed to feed the others, until the fortieth woman, who decides to spare hers. She names her son Mohammed L'Avisé ("Clever Mohammed"). The boy climbs out of the basement and steals food for his mother and the other women. He eventually becomes the cook's assistant and prepares a dish for the king. Mohammed L'Avisé lies that his name is "Kitchen Bear". The wicked queen feigns illness and tells the king she needs the heart of a bull that lives in the black valley. Next, she demands the heart of a bull from the red valley, then for a heavy pomegranate that weighs a half-''cantar'' (a weight measure), found in the white valley, and lastly for a floating castle that lies beyond [[Mount Qaf]]. Mohammed L'Avisé fetches the hearts and the pomegranate, and goes to the floating castle by pretending to be a relative of the ogres. He learns in the floating castle about the secret of the king's newest wife: she hides her lifeforce inside a flask, which lies next to a vial containing the eyes of the 40 queens. Mohammed L'Avisé takes the flasks with him and transports the floating castle with him. He goes to the king's court and shows him the vial with the eyes of the 40 queens, and smashes in the ground the flask with the wicked queen's lifeforce.<ref>Spitta-Bey, Guillaume. ''[https://archive.org/details/contesarabesmod00spitgoog/page/n41/mode/1up Contes arabes modernes]''. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 1883. p. 12-29.</ref> Orientalist [[E. A. Wallis Budge]] translated it as ''The Story of the Bear-of-the-Kitchen''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Budge, Sir |first=Ernest Alfred Wallis, Sir |title=Egyptian Tales And Romances: Pagan, Christian And Muslim |location=London |publisher=T. Butterworth |date=1931 |pages=306-318 (text for tale II, section "III. Muslim")}}</ref> Hasan El-Shamy notes that, while this is a singular attestation of tale type 462 in Egypt from the 19th century, other variants are found in the [[Levant|Levant Coast]] and in [[Sudan]].<ref>El-Shamy, H. M. (1988). "A Type Index for Tales of the Arab World". In: ''[[Fabula (journal)|Fabula]]'' Vol. 29, p. 156.</ref>

=== Europe ===
==== Spain ====
Spanish academic Ángel Hernandez Hernandez located a Spanish variant from [[Region of Murcia|Murcia]], which he titled ''La reina repudiada y la bruja reina'' ("The repudiated queen and the witch queen"): the king blinds his own wife and throws her in prison; while in captivity, she gives birth to a son; the son catches a bird for his father's new wife and, later, destroys the bird, which also destroys the new queen.<ref>Hernández Fernández, Ángel. ''[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/58910182.pdf Catálogo tipológico del cuento folclórico en Murcia]''. Colección ''El Jardín de la Voz: Biblioteca de Literatura Oral y Cultura Popular'', Vol. 13. Alcalá de Henares: Área de Teoría de la Literatura y Literatura Comparada de la Universidad de Alcalá: Centro de Estudios Cervantinos; Ciudad de México: Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas de la UNAM, 2013. pp. 104-106. {{ISBN|84-616-3267-2}}.</ref> Similarly, Catalan scholars {{ill|Carme Oriol|ca|Carme Oriol i Carazo}} and {{ill|Josep Pujol|ca|Josep Maria Pujol i Sanmartín}} in their index of [[Catalan language|Catalan]] ''rondallas'' ('fairy tales'), register tale type 462, ''La reina eixorbada'' ("The Blinded Queen"): a king has seven sons with his queen, but threatens to blind her if another boy is born; an eighth son is born, thus the king makes true on his promise, blinds his queen and immures her with her son, then remarries; the son escapes to find food in the king's castle, is discovered and soon hired as a servant; the second queen, jealous of the attention, sends the boy on dangerous quests, intenting on killing him; the boy eventually finds a magical remedy and heals his mother's eyes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Oriol i Carazo |first1=Carme |last2=Pujol |first2=Josep M. |title=Índex tipològic de la rondalla catalana |date=2003 |publisher=Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament de Cultura |isbn=978-84-393-6214-2 |page=134 }}</ref>

=== Latin America ===
[[Chile]]an folklorist {{ill|Ramón Laval|es|Ramón Laval Alvial}} collected a variant from a 12-year-old teller, titled ''Las Siete Cegas'' ("The Seven Blind Women"): a cruel king marries seven women, in succession, and lives with each wife. He becomes increasingly bored with each one, then blinds and imprisons her. The seven former queens give birth to sons while in prison, and, to sate their hunger, six of them sacrifice their children to provide food for the others, save for the first queen. She spares her son and raises him. After a few years, the boy goes out of prison through a hole and gathers food for his mother and the other women. This goes on for some time, until the king notices his presence and takes him under his wing, much to the irritation of king's newest and eighth wife, a bitter and jealous woman. Intent on have the boy killed by some means, she sends him to get ''leche de leona'' ("lioness's milk") to cure her, and later for singing towers and ringing bells.<ref>Laval, Ramón A. ''Cuentos populares en Chile''. Santiago de Chile: Imprenta Cervantes. 1923. pp. 58–65.</ref> Folklorist Terrence Hansen, in his catalogue of Latin American folktales, classified the tale as a new subtype he created, type **455A.<ref>Hansen, Terrence Leslie. ''The Types of the Folktale In Cuba, Puerto Rico: the Dominican Republic, And Spanish South America''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957. p. 59.</ref>

==See also==
* [[The Blue Belt]]
* [[The Death of Koschei the Deathless]]
* [[The Giant Who Had No Heart in His Body]]
* [[The Jezinkas]]
* [[The Twelve Sisters]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |first=Margaret |last=Low |chapter=The Motif of the External Soul in French-Canadian Folktales |title=Explorations in Canadian folklore |editor=[[Edith Fowke]] |date=1985 |location=Toronto |publisher=McClelland and Stewart |pages=266-276 }}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |last=Krappe |first=Alexander Haggerty |title=Queen Rose: The Origin of a Spanish Folk-Tale |journal=Studies in Philology |volume=30 |issue=4 |date=1933 |pages=654–61 |jstor=4625158}}
* {{Cite thesis |title=L'oiseau mystérieux du château volant: monographie internationale du contetype 708A* (462) |last=Low |first=Margaret |type=Doctoral |publisher=Faculté de Lettres, Université Laval |date=1978 |hdl=20.500.11794/55465 |lang=FR}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Son of Seven Mothers}}
[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Fictional princes]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about princes]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about talking animals]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about princesses]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Male characters in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Female characters in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about cannibalism]]
[[Category:Witchcraft in fairy tales]]
[[Category:ATU 460-499]]

V. Madhusudhana Rao

2026-02-12T03:19:20Z

Serzude: cleaned up details for accuracy and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = V. Madhusudhana Rao
| birth_name = Veeramachaneni Madhusudhana Rao
| image = V.MadhusudhanRaoImg.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = వీరమాచనేని మధుసూదనరావు
| other names =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1923|06|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Krishna district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2012|01|11|1923|06|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Film director and script writer
| education =
| alma_mater =
| notable works =
| spouse = Veeramachaneni Sarojini<ref>{{cite web |last=Narasimham |first=M L |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/chinnari-paapalu-1968/article26086871.ece |title=Chinnari Paapalu (1968) |website=The Hindu |date=25 January 2019 |access-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301175757/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/chinnari-paapalu-1968/article26086871.ece |archive-date=1 March 2019}}</ref>
| partner =
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| signature =
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}}

'''Veeramachaneni Madhusudhana Rao''' (14 June 1923 – 11 January 2012) was an Indian film director, producer, and screenwriter, known for his works predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |url=https://www.google.pt/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/rF8ABAAAQBAJ?hl=fr&gbpv=1&dq=%22Sati+Tulasi%22+1959+film+-wikipedia&pg=PA1977-IA680&printsec=frontcover |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=2014-07-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |language=en}}</ref> He is popularly known as '''<nowiki/>'Victory' Madhusudhana Rao'''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-12 |title=Victory Madhusudhana Rao passes away |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/victory-madhusudhana-rao-passes-away.html |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=12 January 2012 |title=Veteran film director passes away |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/veteran-film-director-passes-away-436460.html |access-date=8 November 2019 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> He directed nearly 70 films, including musical hits such as ''[[Annapurna (film)|Annapurna]]'' (1960), ''[[Aradhana (1962 film)|Aradhana]]'' (1962), ''[[Aathma Balam]]'' (1964), ''[[Zamindar (1965 film)|Zamindar]]'' (1965), ''[[Antastulu]]'' (1965), ''[[Aatmiyulu]]'' (1969), and ''[[Krishnaveni (film)|Krishnaveni]]'' (1974). He also produced ''[[Swathi Kiranam|Swati Kiranam]]'' (1992). Six of his films received the [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]], and in 1965, he was awarded the [[National Film Award for Best Telugu Feature Film|National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] for ''Antastulu''.<ref name="13thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=13th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/13th_NFA.pdf |access-date=15 September 2011 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref> He was honoured with the prestigious [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]] for lifetime contributions to Telugu cinema by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |access-date=21 August 2020 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |language=Telugu}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Director ===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
;Telugu
# ''Sati Tulasi'' (1959)
# ''[[Annapurna (film)|Annapurna]]'' (1960)
# ''[[Taxi Ramudu]]'' (1961)
# ''[[Padandi Munduku]]'' (1962)
# ''[[Rakta Sambandham (film)|Rakta Sambandham]]'' (1962)
# ''Appagintalu'' (1962)
# ''[[Aradhana (1962 film)|Aradhana]]'' (1962)
# ''[[Lakshadhikari]]'' (1963)
# ''[[Aathma Balam]]'' (1964)
# ''[[Gudi Gantalu]]'' (1964)
# ''[[Zamindar (1965 film)|Zamindar]]'' (1965)
# ''[[Antastulu]]'' (1965)
# ''[[Veerabhimanyu]]'' (1965)
# ''[[Aastiparulu]]'' (1966)
# ''[[Dr. Anand]]'' (1966)
# ''[[Manchi Kutumbam]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Lakshmi Nivasam]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Adrushtavanthulu]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Aatmiyulu]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Manushulu Marali]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Pavitra Bandham (1971 film)|Pavitra Bandham]]'' (1971)
# ''[[Amaayakuraalu]]'' (1971)
# ''[[Kalyana Mandapam]]'' (1971)
# ''Praja Nayakudu'' (1972)
# ''Manchi Rojulu Vachchaayi'' (1972)
# ''Kanna Koduku'' (1973)
# ''[[Bhakta Tukaram]]'' (1973)
# ''[[Manchivadu]]'' (1973)
# ''[[Krishnaveni (film)|Krishnaveni]]'' (1974)
# ''[[Premalu Pellillu]]'' (1974)
# ''[[Chakravakam (1974 Telugu film)|Chakravakam]]'' (1974)
# ''Jebu Donga'' (1975)
# ''Poruginti Pulla Koora'' (1976)
# ''Iddaroo Iddare'' (1976)
# ''[[Chakradhari (1977 film)|Chakradhari]]'' (1977)
# ''[[Raja Ramesh]]'' (1977)
# ''Judge Gaari Kodalu'' (1977)
# ''Ee Taram Manishi'' (1977)
# ''[[Edureeta]]'' (1977)
# ''[[Vichitra Jeevitham]]'' (1978)
# ''Angadi Bomma'' (1978)
# ''[[Mallepoovu]]'' (1978)
# ''Joodagaadu'' (1979)
# ''Sivamettina Satyam'' (1979)
# ''[[Andaman Ammayi]]'' (1979)
# ''[[Bebbuli]]'' (1980)
# ''[[Chandipriya]]'' (1980)
# ''[[Superman (1980 film)|Superman]]'' (1980)
# ''Moogaku Maatoste'' (1980)
# ''Samsaram Santanam'' (1981)
# ''Jeevitha Ratham'' (1981)
# ''[[Puli Bidda]]'' (1981)
# ''Jagamondi'' (1981)
# ''[[Bangaru Kanuka]]'' (1982)
# ''Kasi Yatra'' (1983)
# ''[[Kanchana Ganga (1984 film)|Kanchana Ganga]]'' (1984)
# ''[[Vikram (1986 Telugu film)|Vikram]]'' (1986)
# ''Samrat'' (1987)
# ''[[Prana Snehithulu]]'' (1988)
# ''Aatma Katha'' (1988)
# ''[[Simha Swapnam]]'' (1989)
# ''Pape Maa Pranam'' (1989)
# ''Krishna Gari Abbayi'' (1989)
{{div col end}}

;Kannada
# ''[[Sneha Sedu]]'' (1978)
# ''[[Ondu Hennu Aaru Kannu]]'' (1980)

;Hindi
# ''[[Devi (1970 film)|Devi]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Samaj Ko Badal Dalo]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Lav Kush]]'' (1997)

=== Assistant director ===
* ''[[Thodi Kodallu]]'' (1957)

== Awards ==
;[[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] – ''[[Antastulu]]'' – 1967

;[[Nandi Awards]]
*[[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]] for Lifetime Achievement – 1997

;[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]]
*''[[Gudi Gantalu]]'' (1964)
*''[[Antastulu]]'' (1965)
*''[[Aastiparulu]]'' (1966)
*''[[Aatmiyulu]]'' (1969)
*''Praja Nayakudu'' (1972)
*[[Kanchana Ganga (1984 film)|''Kanchana Ganga'']] (1984)

;[[Nandi Award for Akkineni Award for Best Home-viewing Feature Film]] – 1991<ref>{{Cite web |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |access-date=21 August 2020 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* ''[[Swathi Kiranam]]''

== See also ==
* [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=0710615}}

{{V. Madhusudhana Rao}}
{{Raghupathi Venkaiah Award Recipients}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, V. Madhusudhan}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film people from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]

George Kurian (businessman)

2026-02-07T19:22:14Z

Serzude: made new post initial version

{{Short description|Indian-American businessperson (born 1966)}}
{{about||the Indian politician|George Kurian (politician)|the Indian historian and writer|George Thomas Kurian}}
{{Infobox person
| name = George Kurian
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = NetApp CEO George Kurian at NetApp Insight 2018
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Pampady]], [[Kerala]], India
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1966}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| education = {{ubl|[[Princeton University]] ([[B. S. E.|BSE]])|[[Stanford University]] ([[M. B. A.|MBA]])}}
| relations = [[Thomas Kurian]] (brother)
| occupation = [[Chief executive officer]]
| title = CEO and Board Member of [[NetApp]]
| term =
| predecessor = Tom Georgens
| successor =
| employer = [[NetApp]]
| boards = NetApp
| spouse = Married
| children = 2
}}
'''George Kurian''' is an American business executive. He is the current [[chief executive officer]] and a member of the board of [[NetApp]]. Prior to this, he was the executive vice president of product operations at NetApp.

== Early life and education ==
Kurian was born to P. C. Kurian and his wife Molly in 1966 in [[Pampady]] village of [[Kottayam]] district in [[Kerala]], India. Thomas Kurian Kurian senior was a chemical engineer and the general manager of Graphite India.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/new-oracle-chiefs-kerala-roots/article6775912.ece?homepage=true | title=New Oracle chief's Kerala roots | date=11 January 2015 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=30 September 2019 | archive-date=25 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225191406/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/new-oracle-chiefs-kerala-roots/article6775912.ece?homepage=true | url-status=live }}</ref> Kurian was one among four brothers including his [[identical twin]] and [[Google Cloud Platform|Google Cloud]] CEO, [[Thomas Kurian]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Leadership Team at NetApp |url=https://www.netapp.com/company/leadership-team/ |access-date=2021-04-07 |archive-date=2021-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410145509/https://www.netapp.com/company/leadership-team/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

As their father's career involved moving around India, the twins boarded at the Jesuit-run [[St Joseph's Boys' High School, Bengaluru|St Joseph's Boys' High School]] in [[Bangalore]]. Both were accepted to the university [[IIT Madras]]. There they both took [[SAT]] tests and sent the results to various colleges, including [[Princeton University]], which offered both of them partial scholarship places.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/07/07/george_kurian_reviving_netapps_zing/|title=Three years in: Can Kurian heal sickly NetApp's woes?|first=Chris Mellor 7 Jul 2016|last=at 09:38|website=www.theregister.co.uk|access-date=4 May 2020|archive-date=31 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231153655/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/07/07/george_kurian_reviving_netapps_zing/|url-status=live}}</ref> At the age of 17, along with Thomas Kurian,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data-economy.com/new-world-pioneers-george-kurian-lays-out-future-vision-of-humankind-built-on-social-consciousness/|title=New World Pioneers. George Kurian lays out future vision of humankind built on social consciousness|date=July 18, 2019|access-date=May 4, 2020|archive-date=July 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725145114/https://data-economy.com/new-world-pioneers-george-kurian-lays-out-future-vision-of-humankind-built-on-social-consciousness/|url-status=live}}</ref> he moved to the United States. George Kurian is a 1995 graduate of [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]]. He also holds an [[electrical engineering]] degree from [[Princeton University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-01-04|title=NetApp's George Kurian keeps on transforming|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/01/04/netapps-george-kurian-keeps-on-transforming/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=The [[Mercury News]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kurian worked as a valet, pizza chef and bartender in college.<ref name=":0" />

His career in tech included the role of vice president at [[Akamai Technologies]], management consulting at [[McKinsey & Company]], and leading Software Engineering and Product Management teams at [[Oracle Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=George Kurian Net Worth (2020) – wallmine.com|url=https://wallmine.com/people/16744/george-kurian|access-date=2020-09-18|website=wallmine.com|language=en}}</ref>

=== NetApp Inc. ===
Kurian joined NetApp in 2011 as senior vice president of its storage solutions group. He was promoted to [[executive vice president]] (EVP) for product operations in 2013. He was promoted to [[chief executive officer]] in 2015.<ref name="blass">{{cite news |last1=Blass |first1=Diana |title=From The Classroom In India To Silicon Valley: NetApp CEO's Journey To The Top |url=https://www.crn.com/news/storage/video/from-the-classroom-in-india-to-silicon-valley-netapp-ceo-s-journey-to-the-top |access-date=23 February 2022 |work=[[CRN (magazine)|CRN]] |publisher=The Channel Company |date=8 November 2019}}</ref>

Kurian received a base salary of $9,491,210 as chief executive officer and director at NetApp in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=George Kurian Net Worth (2020) – wallmine.com|url=https://wallmine.com/people/16744/george-kurian|access-date=2020-09-18|website=wallmine.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kurian is married and is a father of two. He resides in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurian, George}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Akamai Technologies people]]
[[Category:American business executives]]
[[Category:American chief executives in technology]]
[[Category:American people of Malayali descent]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kerala]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Indian business executives]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives in technology]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:McKinsey & Company people]]
[[Category:Oracle employees]]
[[Category:People educated at St Joseph's Boys' School]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford Graduate School of Business alumni]]

Lavan Paavain

2026-02-07T14:17:46Z

Serzude: creating a article - done

{{Short description|New grains harvesting festival in Mithila}}{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Lavan Paavain
| native_name = लवाण पावैन
| native_name_lang = Mai
| nickname = Nawann Parva
| genre = New grains harvesting festival in Mithila
| frequency = annually
| venue = Home of [[Maithils]]
| location = [[Mithila region]]
| country =
| countries = India and Nepal
| participants_title = [[Maithils]]
}}

'''Lavan Paavain''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: लवाण पावैन) also called as ''Nawann Parva'' is a special festival of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] that celebrates the harvest of new grains in the region. It is a nature praying festival and symbolises [[Grihastha|Grihasth]] tradition in the region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=जानिए मिथिला के खास पर्व नवान्न के बारे में, प्रसाद को लेकर ऐसी है मान्यता |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/religion-rituals/festivals-and-fasts/navanna-parv-is-special-festival-of-mithila-and-know-about-navanna-prasad/articleshow/91487663.cms |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Automation |first=Bhaskar |title=मिथिलांचल का विशिष्ठ पर्व नवान्न धूमधाम से मना |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/madhubani/news/celebrating-the-special-festival-of-mithilanchal-040613-3279602.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126112722/https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/madhubani/news/celebrating-the-special-festival-of-mithilanchal-040613-3279602.html |archive-date=2018-11-26 |access-date=2025-11-08 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> On the occasion of this festival, ''chuda'' prepared from the rice obtained from the new paddy crop is offered as [[Prasada|naivedya]] to [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]], [[Varuna|Lord Varuna]] and [[Agni|Lord Agni]]. After the rituals and worship, everyone wishes for happiness and prosperity. Then, the members of the family eat dishes having chuda, curd, jaggery and pickle along with radish as prasad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-04 |title=मिथिला का पर्व लवाण का आयोजन कल |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-mithila-39-s-festival-lavan-is-organized-tomorrow-5246258.html |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Description ==
The festival is celebrated in the Hindu month of ''Agahan'' (usually [[December]]). The preparations for this festival, begins more than a month in advance. On the day of the [[Ashvin (month)|Ashwin]] [[Sankranti]] also known as ''Gabha Sankranti'', the preparations for the festival begin by making 14 ''chipdi'' (cakes of dung). These Chipdi are prepared by the unmarried girl of the house and kept in sunlight for drying. On the day of Navann Parva, these Chipdi are used to lit sacred ritualistic fire in front of the family deity called as Kuldevi or Kuldevta.<ref name=":0" />

Early in the morning on the day of Navann Parva, a male member of the family goes to his farm and harvests some paddy. The paddy harvested from the farm field are kept in front of the ''Kuldevi'' or ''Kuldevta'' of the family. Then the women of the family prepare chuda from that paddy. After that sacred [[Prasada|prasad]] is prepared from the chuda by mixing raw milk and jaggery, which all the members of the family offer to Lord Agni.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Culture of Mithila]]
[[Category:Festivals of Indian culture]]

{{India-festival-stub}}

Desher Maati

2026-02-05T18:08:27Z

Serzude: made the details basic info

{{short description|Indian Bengali television soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Desher Maati.jpg
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Family film|Family]]
| screenplay = [[Leena Gangopadhyay]]
| story = [[Leena Gangopadhyay]]
| director = Saibal Banerjee Sujit Payin
| creative_director = [[Leena Gangopadhyay]]
| presenter =
| starring = Shruti Das Dibyojyoti Dutta [[Rukma Roy]] [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] [[Payel De]] [[Tathagata Mukherjee]]
| theme_music_composer = Debjyoti Mishra
| open_theme = "Desher Maati" by [[Anweshaa]]
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 297
| executive_producer = Anondita Poulami Sajal Biswas Krishnomohan Baghchi
| producer = Saibal Banerjee
| editor = Samir & Soumen
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography = Siddhartha Mukherjee
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]]
| channel = [[Star Jalsha]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|01|04|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|10|31|df=y}}
| related = {{Plainlist|
* [[Khukumoni Home Delivery]]
}}
}}

'''''Desher Maati''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series that premiered on 4 January 2021<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/new-show-desher-mati-to-feature-rahul-banerjee-rukma-roy-dibyojyoti-dutta-shrtudi-das-in-prominent-roles/articleshow/79678673.cms|title=New show 'Desher Mati' to feature Rukma Roy, Rahul Banerjee, Dibyojyoti Dutta, Shruti Das in prominent roles|newspaper=Times Of India|date=11 December 2020|accessdate=28 November 2023}}</ref> on Bengali General Entertainment Channel [[Star Jalsha]], and is also available on the digital platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. It aired its last episode on 31 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=সংবাদদাতা|first=নিজস্ব|title=Desher Mati: ২৫০ পর্ব পেরনোর আগেই বন্ধ হচ্ছে 'দেশের মাটি', ক্ষুব্ধ অনুরাগীরা|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/desher-mati-serial-is-being-ended-without-informing-the-actors-dgtl/cid/1309762|access-date=2021-10-22|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref> The show is produced by [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]] of Saibal Banerjee and [[Leena Gangopadhyay]], and stars Shruti Das, Dibyojyoti Dutta, [[Rukma Roy]], [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]], [[Tathagata Mukherjee]] and [[Payel De]] in lead roles whereas [[Rita Dutta Chakraborty]], [[Bharat Kaul]] and [[Anindita Raychaudhury]] among others in prominent supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/television/here-is-the-teaser-of-star-jalshas-upcoming-bengali-serial-desher-maati/|title=দুনিয়া'দেশের মাটি'র গল্প নিয়ে ছোটপর্দায় ফিরছেন রাহুল বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, সঙ্গী দিব্যজ্যোতি ও শ্রুতি|work=Sangbad Pratidin}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/telivision/story/star-jalsha-new-mega-serial-desher-mati-promo-release-254693-2020-12-13|title=দেশের মাটি'র টানে ছোটপর্দায় ফিরছেন শ্রুতি-রাহুলরা|work=Aajtak Bangla}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsnest.com/entertainment-new-mega-desher-mati-is-coming-soon/|title=টেলিপর্দার নতুন জুটি শ্রুতি-দিব্যজ্যোতি, আসছে নয়া সিরিয়াল 'দেশের মাটি', জানুন গল্প|work=The News Nest}}</ref>

==Plot==
It is a family drama with a romantic element. Its central theme is about staying connected to one's roots and uplift family values. The story revolves around how Mukherjee family members who returns to Swarupnagar rediscover themselves.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Shruti Das]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/new-mega-bengali-serial-desher-mati-is-coming-soon-31607754881504.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127082735/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/new-mega-bengali-serial-desher-mati-is-coming-soon-31607754881504.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 January 2021|title=পর্দায় ফিরছেন 'ত্রিনয়নী' শ্রুতি দাস,'দেশের মাটি' ধারাবাহিকে নতুন জুটি|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> as Noa Bose Mukherjee – A teacher; Abin and Rupali's daughter; Kiyaan's wife
* [[Dibyojyoti Dutta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/dibyojyoti-dutta-trains-hard-in-gym-watch-video/articleshow/79736680.cms|title=Dibyojyoti Dutta trains hard in gym; watch video|work=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref> as Dr. Dibyangshu "Kiyaan" Mukherjee – UK returned doctor; Antara and Abhimanyu's son; Bikram's adopted son; Dodo, Mampi, Neelpakhi and Dimpi's adopted cousin; Noa's husband
* [[Rukma Roy]] as Rai "Mampi" Mukherjee Banerjee – A PhD student; Chandu and Mousumi's daughter; Dodo's sister; Neelpakhi and Dimpi's cousin; Kiyaan's adopted cousin; Raja's wife
* [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] as Dr. Rajrup "Raja" Banerjee – Dodo's close friend; Mampi's husband
* [[Tathagata Mukherjee]] as Sourangshu "Dodo" Mukherjee – A journalist; Chandu and Mousumi's son; Mampi's brother; Neelpakhi and Dimpi's cousin; Kiyaan's adopted cousin; Ujjwaini's husband; Raja's close friend
* [[Payel De]] as Ujjwaini Mukherjee – A journalist; Dodo's wife

===Recurring===
* [[Ashok Bhattacharya (actor)|Ashok Bhattacharya]] as Amitra Shekhar Mukherjee – A retired teacher; Shramanjit, Bikram, Chandu and Ratno's father; Dodo, Mampi, Neelpakhi and Dimpi's grandfather; Kiyaan's adoptive grandfather
* [[Anashua Majumdar]] as Sharmila Mukherjee – Amitra Shekhar's wife; Shramanjit, Bikram, Chandu and Ratno's mother; Dodo, Mampi, Neelpakhi and Dimpi's grandmother; Kiyaan's adoptive grandmother
* [[Shankar Chakraborty]] as Shramanjit Mukherjee – A renowned and wealthy writer; Amitra Shekhar and Sharmila's eldest son; Bikram, Chandu and Ratno's brother; Bourani's estranged husband; Shrishti's husband; Neelpakhi's father
* [[Rita Dutta Chakraborty]] as Shubhalakshmi "Bourani" Mukherjee – A music teacher; Shramanjit's estranged wife; Neelpakhi's adoptive mother
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as Dr. Bikramjit "Bikram" Mukherjee – Amitra Shekhar and Sharmila's second son; Shramanjit, Chandu and Ratno's brother; Antara's husband; Kiyaan's adoptive father
* [[Suchismita Chowdhury]] as Antara Mukherjee – Abhimanyu's former love interest; Bikram's wife; Kiyaan's mother
* [[Diganta Bagchi]] as Chandrajit "Chandu" Mukherjee – A lawyer; Amitra Shekhar and Sharmila's third son; Mousumi's husband; Dodo and Mampi's father
* [[Anindita Saha Kapileswari]] as Mousumi Mukherjee – Chandu's wife; Dodo and Mampi's mother
* [[Animesh Bhaduri]] as Ratnajit "Ratno" Mukherjee – A college professor; Amitra Shekhar and Sharmila's youngest son; Shramanjit, Bikram and Chandu's brother; Kankana's husband; Dimpi's father
* [[Shampa Banerjee]] as Kankana Mukherjee – Ratno's wife; Dimpi's mother
* [[Sairity Banerjee]] as Neelpakhi Mukherjee – Shramanjit and Shrishti's daughter; Bourani's adopted daughter; Dodo, Mampi and Dimpi's cousin; Kiyaan's adopted cousin; Raja's one-sided lover
* Ashmee Ghosh as Tathoi "Dimpi" Mukherjee – Ratno and Kankana's daughter; Dodo, Mampi and Neelpakhi's cousin; Kiyaan's adopted cousin
* [[Bhaskar Banerjee]] as Abin Bose – A teacher; Rupali's husband; Noa's father
* [[Anindita Raychaudhury]] as Rupali Bose – Abin's wife; Noa's mother
* Ananya Das as Dr. Payel Sen – Kiyaan's ex-girlfriend
* [[Debottam Majumder]] as Shibnath "Shibu" Das – A local goon of Swarupnagar
* Saswati Majumder as Noa's friend and Shubhalakshmi's student
* Monalisa Paul as Dr. Kripa Basu – Raja's former batchmate
* Prasun Bannerji as SP Abhimanyu Sen – Antara's former love interest; Kiyaan's father

== Reception ==
=== Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|- align=center
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 6
|2021
|4.8
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 6 - DATA: Saturday, 6th February 2021 To Friday, 12th February 2021|url=https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721175240/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights#currencydata|archive-date=21 July 2021|website=BARC India|access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 7
|2021
|4.5
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 7 - DATA: Saturday, 13th February 2021 To Friday, 19th February 2021|url=https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721175240/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights#currencydata|archive-date=21 July 2021|website=BARC India|access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 8
|2021
|4.8
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 8 - DATA: Saturday, 20th February 2021 To Friday, 26th February 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210310070659/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2021-03-10|url-status=live|website=BARC India}}</ref>
|-
|Week 11
|2021
|4.3
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 11 - DATA: Saturday, 13th March 2021 To Friday, 19th March 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325044546/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2021-03-25|url-status=live|website=BARC India}}</ref>
|-
|Week 12
|2021
|4.2
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/mithai-beats-krishnakoli-to-be-the-trp-topper-again-among-bengali-serials-chec-out-top-10-list-31616681775373.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330075640/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/mithai-beats-krishnakoli-to-be-the-trp-topper-again-among-bengali-serials-chec-out-top-10-list-31616681775373.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 March 2021|title='কৃষ্ণকলি'র থেকে সেরার মুকুট ছিনিয়ে নিল 'মিঠাই', TRP তালিকায় সেরা দশে কারা|website=Hindustan Times Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Magic Moments Motion Pictures}}

[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]

Shikshapatri

2026-02-03T05:53:06Z

Serzude: further expand details based on references and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Religious text written by Swaminarayan}}
{{Infobox religious text|image=Shikshapatri Verse 108.jpg|caption=verse of the Shikshapatri|author=[[Swaminarayan]]|religion=[[Hinduism]] ([[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]])|language=[[Classical Sanskrit]]|verses=|period={{C.}} 1826|name=Shikshapatri|subheader=}}
{{Hindu scriptures}}

The ({{langx|gu|શિક્ષાપત્રી}}, [[Devanagari]]: शिक्षापत्री) is a religious text consisting of two hundred and twelve verses, written in by [[Swaminarayan]] in about 1826<ref>https://www.swaminarayan.faith/scriptures/en/shikshapatri Shikshapatri (in English)</ref> The original text is no longer available, but was translated into Sanskrit by [[Sahajanand Swami]],<ref name="isbn8170247985">{{cite book | author=M. G. Chitkara | title=Hindutva | publisher=APH| year=1997 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zqkBNr4U7cwC&q=swaminarayan+ahmedabad |access-date=March 26, 2009| isbn=9788170247982 }} Page 230</ref> who incorporated into and compiled the scripture known as [[Satsangi Jivan]]. Further translations have been made into a number of other languages.<ref>https://www.swaminarayan.faith/scriptures/ebooks Swaminarayan's Shikshapatri in Various Languages
</ref>

[[File: Lord Swaminarayan writing the Shikshapatri.jpg|170px|thumb|An illustration of [[Swaminarayan]] writing the Shiskhapatri]]
On 26 February 1830, at [[Rajkot]], Swaminarayan presented a copy of the Shikshapatri to Sir [[John Malcolm]], the [[Governor]] of [[Bombay State|Bombay]]. This copy is now housed at the [[Bodleian Library]] of the [[University of Oxford]].<ref name="isbn0754638561">{{cite book | author=Raymond Brady Williams | title=Williams on South Asian religions and immigration | publisher=Ashgate Publishing Group | year=2004 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkVBOfE1KkAC&q=swaminarayan+mandir+ahmedabad |access-date=March 26, 2009| isbn=9780754638568 }} Page 57</ref><ref>[http://www.shikshapatri.org.uk Sri Swaminarayan, ''Digital Shikshapatri,'' Bodleian Library, Oxford University]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.shikshapatri.org.uk/ Digital Shikshapatri] Provides a wide variety of online resources which set the Shikshapatri in its historical, cultural and religious context - The oldest copy of the Shikshapatri in the world today is shown, in digital form.
* [https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/inquire/p/1dfe50c9-dc45-4391-a011-b979dc251c6b MS. Ind. Inst. Sansk. 72] Images available in Digital Bodleian

{{Swaminarayan Sampraday}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Swaminarayan Sampradaya]]

Jama Mosque, Fatehpur Sikri

2026-02-02T16:41:54Z

Serzude: general refined details for consistency also after review

{{Short description|Mosque in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}
{{for|similarly named mosques|List of grand mosques}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Jama Mosque
| image = Jama Masjid Agra.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = The mosque in 2000
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_size = 250px
| map_alt =
| map_relief = yes
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|27|05|42|N|77|39|46|E|type:landmark_region:IN-UP|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| locale =
| location = [[Fatehpur Sikri]], [[Agra district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| deity =
| rite =
| sect = [[Sufism]] ([[Chishti Order]])
| tradition =
| festival = 
| cercle =
| sector =
| administration = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| consecration_year =
| organisational_status = [[Congregational mosque|Friday mosque]] and [[dargah]]
| functional_status = Active{{clarify|date=March 2025|reason=Is it functioning as a mosque; or is it a monument, only?}}
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| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = {{ubl|[[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]|[[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]}}
| founded_by = [[Akbar]]
| creator =
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| length = {{cvt|165.2|m}}
| width = {{cvt|133.6|m}}
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| dome_quantity = Three
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| shrine_quantity = Several, including: {{smalldiv|{{bulleted list|[[Tomb of Salim Chishti]]|Tomb of [[Islam Khan I|Islam Khan]]|Other members of the [[Chishti Order|Chishti]] family}}}}
| inscriptions =
| materials = [[Red sandstone]], [[marble]], [[slate]]
| elevation_m = 
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| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation2 = MANI | designation2_offname = Fatehpur Sikri: Jami Masjid ([[Dargah]]) | designation2_type = | designation2_criteria = | designation2_date = | delisted2_date = | designation2_partof = [[Fatehpur Sikri]] | designation2_number = N-UP-A45-aw | designation2_free1name = | designation2_free1value = | designation2_free2name = | designation2_free2value = | designation2_free3name = | designation2_free3value =
| embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| Official_name = [[Fatehpur Sikri]]
| ID = 255
| Year = 1986
| Criteria = Cultural: ii, iii, iv
| embedded = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=220|frame-align=center|zoom=13|type=point|marker=landmark|stroke-width=2|plain=yes|frame-latitude=27.095|frame-longitude=77.662778}} Location of the mosque in [[Fatehpur Sikri]]
}} }}
}}
The '''Jama Mosque''', also known as the '''Jama Masjid''', is a 16th-century [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Congregational mosque|Friday mosque]] and [[dargah]] complex, in the [[World Heritage Sites|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] of [[Fatehpur Sikri]], located in the [[Agra district]] of the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It was built by [[Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]], and was the largest mosque in the empire at the time of construction. The Jama Masjid's design drew from earlier mosques built by various pre-Mughal sultanates, and served as an important precedent in subsequent [[Mughal architecture]].

The mosque, as part of Fatehpur Sikri, is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]], administered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttarpradesh_agra.asp |title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Agra |date= |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |access-date=2016-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180402/http://www.asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttarpradesh_agra.asp |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Notable other monuments in the mosque complex include the [[Buland Darwaza]], which acts as the mosque's southern gate, and the [[Tomb of Salim Chishti]], a saint in whose honour the mosque was constructed.

== History ==
Akbar commissioned the Jama Masjid as part of his new capital city of Fatehpur Sikri. The structure was one of the first sites constructed in the city, and was completed sometime between 1571 and 1574, according to its own inscriptions.<ref name=":0" />{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=53-54}} The mosque was in honour of the [[Sufi]] [[Sheikh|Shaikh]] [[Salim Chishti]], Akbar's spiritual advisor. It was also meant to serve as a ''[[khanqah]]'' (monastic school) for the Shaikh's descendants. In its time, it was extolled by various authors and travellers for its beauty and grandeur.{{Sfn|Alfieri|2000|p=219}}

The mosque played a part in Akbar's religious designs. In 1579, he delivered the ''[[khutbah]]'' for a congregational prayer attended by the inhabitants of Fatehpur Sikri. While some of his ancestors had done this, the reading of the ''khutbah'' was typically reserved for religious leaders (such as an ''[[imam]]'') and hence was perceived by the ''[[ulema]]'' as radical. Akbar also joined the population in their prayer, and was even seen sweeping the floors of the mosque.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kavuri-Bauer|first=Santhi|date=2019-01-02|title=The Impact of Akhlaq-i Nasiri on the Forms and Spaces of Akbar's Fatehpur Sikri|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/02666030.2019.1605574|journal=South Asian Studies|language=en|volume=35|issue=1|pages=43–62|doi=10.1080/02666030.2019.1605574|issn=0266-6030|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=55}} Kavuri-Bauer argues that all these actions were conscious moves on Akbar's part, using the mosque to portray himself as a divine sovereign rather than a regular ruler.<ref name=":0" />

The Jama Masjid at Fatehpur Sikri remained a "symbol of Mughal heritage and pride" after Akbar's rule.{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=202}} The mosque was heavily admired by Akbar's son and successor [[Jahangir]], who called it one of his father's greatest architectural achievements. Jahangir discussed the mosque complex at length with his son Khurram during a stay at Fatehpur Sikri in 1619.{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=110}}{{Sfn|Alfieri|2000|p=219}} Khurram went on to become Mughal Emperor [[Shah Jahan]], and cited this mosque as the model for his own [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid at Delhi]].{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=202}}

==Architecture==
[[File:Fatehpur Sikri near Agra 2016-03 img05.jpg|thumb|left|Buland Darwaza Jama Masjid]]

The Jama Masjid is situated on the highest point of the rocky ridge on which the Fatehpur Sikri site is located.{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=52}} It is placed on an elevated plinth, built in order to provide a level surface.{{Sfn|Alfieri|2000|p=219}} The mosque complex is surrounded by enclosure walls; just outside the southern wall is a large ''[[baoli]]'' (octagonal step-well).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Jami' Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri, India|url=https://archnet.org/sites/2648|website=[[ArchNet]]}}</ref> Similar to the rest of Fatehpur Sikri, the mosque is made of locally-quarried [[red sandstone]].{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=52}} It also employs yellow sandstone, [[marble]], and [[slate]] for decoration, and features [[Persian calligraphy|Persian]] and [[Arabic calligraphy]].<ref name=":1" />

At the time of its construction, the mosque was the largest in [[Mughal India]]. It represents a fusion of [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]], [[Hindu architecture|Hindu]], and [[Jain architecture]], with a marked Gujarati influence.<ref name=":1" /> Asher asserts that the mosque draws elements from the [[Jama Masjid, Mandu|Jama Masjid at Mandu]], and the Jama Masjid at [[Chanderi]], both pre-Mughal structures.{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=54}} Alfieri also sees an inspiration from pre-Mughal Jama Masjids, but instead cites those at [[Atala Mosque, Jaunpur|Atala]] and [[Jama Mosque, Champaner|Champaner]].{{Sfn|Alfieri|2000|p=220}}

=== Gates ===
The mosque complex is entered via three gates.{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=52}} The eastern gate, known as the ''Badshahi Darwaza'' (Imperial Gate), was used by Akbar to access the mosque. It is decorated using cut mosaics. The northern and southern gates may have historically resembled each other - however, in 1573 the southern gate was rebuilt by Akbar as the ''[[Buland Darwaza]]'' (High Gate) to celebrate the success of his [[Akbar's conquest of Gujarat|military campaign in Gujarat]]. It is the most prominent gate and a monument in itself, featuring hallways and rooms over its many floors.{{Sfn|Alfieri|2000|p=220}} Asher says that it is more likely the gate was built to emphasise Akbar's relationship with the [[Chishti Order]].{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=53}}

=== Courtyard ===
[[File:Fatehpur complex (29262812223).jpg|thumb|View from within the courtyard of the Salim Chisti mausoleum (left) and Tomb of Islam Khan (right)]]
The ''[[sahn]]'' (courtyard) measures {{convert|165|by|130|m}}. An [[Wudu|ablution]] tank lies in its centre.{{Sfn|Alfieri|2000|p=219-220}} The courtyard's northern, southern, and eastern sides are lined by ''dalans'' (arcades). These are shaded by a continuous, projecting ''[[chhajja]]'' (eave), which is supported by [[corbels]]. ''[[Chhatris]]'' top the parapets of these arcades. The inner [[Bay (architecture)|bay]] of the arcades is divided into ''hujra'' (cells), probably used as sleeping quarters for devotees.<ref name=":1" />

Towards the northern side of the courtyard are the [[Tomb of Salim Chishti]], the tomb of [[Islam Khan I|Islam Khan]], and those of several other members of the Chishti family. Salim Chishti's mausoleum is contrasted from the red sandstone of the Jama Masjid complex by its wholesale use of [[makrana marble]].{{Sfn|Alfieri|2000|p=220}} Underground water reservoirs lie beneath the courtyard.{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=52}}

=== Prayer Hall ===
The rectangular prayer hall (dimensions 89 m by 20 m) lies on the western end of the courtyard, facing [[Mecca]] in keeping with Islamic tradition.{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=53-54}} Its facade is dominated by a grand ''[[pishtaq]]'', which contains three arched entryways. Three domes rise from the roof, corresponding to the three bays into which the hall is divided.<ref name=":1" /> The central bay is square and richly decorated, featuring geometric marble inlays as well as polychrome floral paintings.{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=55}} Its western wall bears ornate ''[[mihrabs]]'' (prayer niches), bordered by mosaics and glazed tile.{{Sfn|Alfieri|2000|p=219}} The two side bays are colonnaded halls, each containing a square chamber. These halls contain their own decorated ''mihrabs'', and are supported by [[Hindu architecture|Hindu-style]] pillars.<ref name=":1" /> At the extremities of the prayer hall are [[Zenana|''zenanas'']] (women's galleries).{{Sfn|Alfieri|2000|p=220}}

==See also==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Sufism in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Agra district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{Citation|last=Alfieri|first=Bianca Maria|title=Islamic Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|year=2000|publisher=[[Laurence King Publishing]]|isbn=9781856691895}}
* {{Citation|last=Asher|first=Catherine B.|title=Architecture of Mughal India|year=1992|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521267281}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jama Masjid (Fatehpur Sikri)}}
*[http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/india/agra/fatehpur-sikri/map.html http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/india/agra/fatehpur-sikri/map.html]
*[http://www.pbase.com/primero/india2006 http://www.pbase.com/primero/india2006]

{{Mosques in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:16th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Agra district]]
[[Category:Chishti Order buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Dargahs in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fatehpur Sikri]]
[[Category:Grand mosques|Fatehpur Sikri]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1570s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mughal mosques]]
[[Category:Sufi mosques in India]]

Sadaat-e-Bara

2026-01-28T13:26:42Z

Serzude: expand article for clarity and fixed typos per standard format

{{short description|Community of Sayyids}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Sadaat-e-Bara or Sadaat Bahera
| image = Nawab-Mohsin-ul-Mulk.jpg
| image_caption = Mohsin-ul-Mulk, a member of the Sadaat-e-Bara
| popplace = • India • Pakistan
| langs = • [[Urdu language|Urdu]] • [[Hindi language|Hindi]] • [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
| rels = [[Shia Islam]]
| related = • [[Sayyid]] • [[Urdu-speaking people]] • [[Arab]] • [[Sayyid of Uttar Pradesh]]• [[Sadaat Amroha]]• [[Gardezi Sadaat]] • Sadaat-e-Sirsi * [[Sadaat-e-Bilgram]] • Sadaat-e-Saithal • Hyderabadi Saadatiyon (Asaf Jahi, Salarjung, Paigah intermixing * )
}}

'''Sadat e-Bara''' sometimes pronounced Sadaat-e-Bahara, are a tribe of [[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Indian Muslim]] [[Sayyid]]s, originally elite or noble Sayyid families situated in the present-day [[Muzaffarnagar]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&dq=sayyids+barha+indian+muslim&pg=PA175 |title=A History of Modern India, 1480-1950 |page=175 |date=2002 |isbn=9781843310044 |last1=Markovits |first1=Claude |publisher=Anthem Press }}</ref>

This community had considerable influence during the early 18th century [[Mughal Empire]]. Its members were also found in [[Hyderabad]], [[Karnal District]] and [[Haryana]], [[Gujarat]] & [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]] state in India. Some of the members of this community have migrated to Pakistan after independence and have settled in [[Karachi]], [[Khairpur State]] in Sind and [[Lahore]].{{cn|date=October 2023}}

==History==
[[File:Sayyid from Saadat-e Barah.jpg|thumb|A cavalryman of the Saadat-e Barah.]]

According to one version, the ancestor of the Sadaat-e-Bara, Sayyid Abu Farah al-Husayni al-Wasiti, left his original home in [[Wasit]], Iraq, with his twelve sons at the end of the 10th or beginning of the 11th century CE and migrated to India, where he acquired four estates in the Punjab.<ref name=SayyidAbuFarrah /> These estates were located in [[Sirhind-Fategarh]]. By the 16th century Abu Farah's descendants had taken over Bārha villages in [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]].<ref name=SayyidAbuFarrah>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95Q3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA126&dq=Sayyids+of+North+India&hl=en&sa=X&ei=E2zAUIGBHYKImQWguoCwAg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwADgo#v=onepage&q=Sayyids&f=false|first1=Clifford Edmund |last1=Bosworth|date=1980|publisher=Brill|language=en|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Supplement: Parts 1-2|page=126|isbn=9004061673 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506195910/https://books.google.com/books?id=95Q3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA126&dq=Sayyids+of+North+India&hl=en&sa=X&ei=E2zAUIGBHYKImQWguoCwAg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwADgo|date=6 May 2016}}</ref>

Another version says the family are an Indian [[Muslim]] clan, whose claim to be [[Sayyid]]s (descendants of the Prophet [[Muhammad]]) has been disputed by some modern historians.{{sfn|Kolff, Dirk H. A.|2002|p=18}}{{sfn|Reichmuth, Stefan|2009|p=4}} American historian [[Richard M. Eaton]] considered that their clan was "as native to India as were [[Jats]], [[Rajputs]] or [[Marathas]]."<ref>{{Cite book |authorlink=Richard M. Eaton |author=Eaton, Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WpCMEAAAQBAJ |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 |date=2020 |publisher=National Geographic Books |isbn=978-0-14-198539-8 |language=en|page=342|quote=On one side were the Saiyid brothers, whose Baraha clan of Indian Muslims was as native to India as were Jats, Rajputs or Marathas.}}</ref> Also, Dutch historian and indologist [[Dirk H. A. Kolff]] argues that the ancestors of the Barhas moved at an uncertain date from their homeland in [[Punjab]] to a barren region in the [[Muzaffarnagar district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].{{sfn|Kolff, Dirk H. A.|2002|loc=p.18: As another example of such soldiers of marginal peasant origin, the Barha Sayyids, a celebrated troop of soldiers under the Mughals deserve attention. They were said to be the descendants of the families who had, at an uncertain date, moved from their homes in [[Punjab|Panjab]] to a sandy and infertile tract of what is now the eastern part of the Muzaffarnagar district}}

===Role in the Mughal empire===
[[File:The Decapitation of Khan Jahan Lodi.jpg|thumb|The Decapitation of [[Khan Jahan Lodi]] (3 February 1631), with Syed Mian Barha on the right and Khan-i Jahan Muzaffar Khan Barha on the left|left]]

The Barha Sayyid tribe was famous throughout the country for its obstinate valour and love of fight, as well as religious fervour.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rz16lub2uRgC&q=sayyids+barha+tribe |title=A Social History of Islamic India, 1605-1748 |author=Mohammad Yasin ·|date=1958 }}</ref>{{pn|date=October 2023}} The tribe traditionally composed the vanguard of the imperial army, which they alone held the hereditary right to lead in every battle.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3RVDAAAAYAAJ&q=barha+sayyids+every+battle |title= Journal of the Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research: Volume 12 |date= 1975 |publisher= Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research |author= Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research}}</ref>{{full|date=October 2023}}

==== Conquest of Gujarat (1572–1573) ====
Akbar’s conquest of Gujarat targeted the weakened [[Gujarat Sultanate]] under [[Muzaffar Shah III]] to secure its ports and agricultural wealth. The Akbarnama highlights Sayyid Mahmud Khan Barha, a Barha Sayyid, who served as a commander during the siege of Surat in 1573. He led Mughal forces against the rebellious Mirzas ([[Muhammad Husain Mirza]] and Shah Mirza), securing a decisive victory.<ref name=Akbarnama-III>{{cite book |last=Abu’l-Fazl |title=Akbarnama |volume=III |translator=Beveridge, Henry |year=1907–1921 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta}}</ref> Sayyid Ahmad Barha also played a key role in the siege of Patan (January 1573), supporting Khan A‘zam against the Mirzas and Sher Khan Fuladi, repelling the besiegers and consolidating Mughal control.<ref name=Akbarnama-III/><ref>{{cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=45–47}}</ref>

==== Conquest of Malwa (1561–1562) ====
The conquest of [[Malwa]] aimed to defeat the Afghan ruler [[Baz Bahadur]]. The Akbarnama records Sayyid Mahmud Khan Barha’s participation under Adham Khan in the Battle of Sarangpur (1561), where Baz Bahadur was routed.<ref name=Akbarnama-II>{{cite book |last=Abu’l-Fazl |title=Akbarnama |volume=II |translator=Beveridge, Henry |year=1907–1921 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta}}</ref> The campaign was marred by Adham Khan’s slaughter of Muslim theologians and Sayyids, highlighting their dual role as commanders and victims.<ref name=Akbarnama-II/><ref>{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |editor=Majumdar, R. C. |title=The Cambridge History of India, Volume IV: The Mughul Period |year=1960 |publisher=S. Chand & Co. |location=New Delhi |pages=112–114}}</ref>

==== Conquest of Rajasthan: Chittor (1567–1568) and Ranthambore (1569) ====

Akbar’s campaigns against [[Rajput]] rulers, notably in [[Chittor]] and [[Ranthambore National Park|Ranthambore]], were central to his Rajput policy. Sayyid Muhammad Khan aided in breaching Chittor’s defenses against [[Jaimal Rathore]] and [[Patta Singh Sisodia]].<ref name=Akbarnama-II/> Sayyid Qasim Barha supported the Ranthambore siege, facilitating Rao Surjan Hada’s surrender.<ref name=Akbarnama-II/><ref>{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |editor=Majumdar, R. C. |title=The Cambridge History of India, Volume IV: The Mughul Period |year=1960 |publisher=S. Chand & Co. |location=New Delhi |pages=118–120}}</ref> The Akbarnama notes Sayyid Muhammad Khan’s role in the siege of Chittor (1567–1568), where he served as a commander under Akbar, contributing to the defeat of Jaimal Rathore.<ref name=Akbarnama-II/> Sayyid Qasim Barha participated in the Ranthambore campaign (1569), aiding the siege against Rao Surjan Hada, which led to the fort’s surrender.<ref name=Akbarnama-II/><ref>{{cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=50–52}}</ref>

==== Campaigns against Afghan rebels ====
Afghan rebellions in eastern India challenged Akbar’s authority. The Akbarnama records Sayyid Ahmad Khan’s efforts in [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur]] and [[Bihar]] during the 1560s, suppressing rebels like Khan Zaman (Ali Quli Khan).<ref name=Akbarnama-II/> Sayyid Abdullah Khan fought against [[Daud Khan Karrani]] in [[Bengal]], contributing to his defeat in 1576.<ref name=Akbarnama-III/><ref>{{cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=55–57}}</ref>

=== Aurangzeb era onward ===
By the time of Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in the 17th century, the dynasty was firmly regarded as "Old Nobility" and held prestigious Subahs (provinces) such as [[Ajmer]] and the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan (Dakhin)]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Irvine |first1=William |title=The Later Mughals |date=August 2012 |isbn=978-1290917766 |page=203|publisher=HardPress }}</ref> They formed a ''[[Hindustan|Hindustani]]'' faction of Mughal nobility as opposed to the Turko-Persian ''[[Turan|Turani]]'' in the late Mughal period.<ref>{{Cite book |author=[[Richard M. Eaton|Eaton, Richard M.]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WpCMEAAAQBAJ |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 |date=2020 |publisher=National Geographic Books |isbn=978-0-14-198539-8 |language=en|pages=342–344}}</ref>

[[File:India in 1700 Joppen.jpg|thumb|The [[Sayyid Brothers]] were de-facto rulers of the Mughal Empire in the 1710s<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iRFDAAAAYAAJ&q=sayyid+brothers+de-facto+rulers |page=21 |publisher=Department of Modern Indian History |title= Journal of Indian HistoryVolume 39 |date=1960}}</ref>]]

Aurangzeb's warning to his sons to be cautious in dealing with the Sayyids of Barha, "''...because a strong partner in government soon wants to seize the kingship for himself''", would eventually become true.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QhuAAAAMAAJ&q=aurangzeb+demand+the+kingdom+for+themselves |page=22 |author= Muhammad Umar |title= Muslim Society in Northern India During the Eighteenth Century |date=1998 |publisher=Available with the author |isbn=9788121508308 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRDeSSAbWdUC&q=barha+they+demand+the+kingdom+for+themselves |page= 48 |author= Jadunath Sarkar |title=Anecdotes of Aurangzeb |year= 1963 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciBuAAAAMAAJ&q=warning+syeds+of+barha+prophetic |page= 331 |author= Sheikh Muhammad |title= History of Muslim Civilization in India and PakistanA Political and Cultural History |date=1998 |publisher= Institute of Islamic Culture |isbn= 9789694690018 }}</ref>

Six years after the death of Aurangzeb, the Barhas became kingmakers in the Mughal empire under [[Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Barha|Qutub-ul-Mulk]] and [[Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan Barha|Ihtisham-ul-Mulk]], creating and deposing Mughal emperors at will.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=193}}</ref>

===After the Mughal empire===
The Barha Sayyids regained many of their estates from the Marathas and regained their status in the parganah by the time of British arrival.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GAfgAAAAMAAJ&q=jansath+maratha |title= Fairs and Festivals of India-Volume 3 |date= 2003 |author= Madan Prasad Bezbaruah, Dr. Krishna Gopal |publisher= Indiana University |page= 470 |isbn= 9788121208109 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Sayyid|Sadaat]]
* [[Barha dynasty]]
* [[Ashrafization]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{Cite book |author=Kolff, Dirk H. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&dq=barha+sayyids&pg=PA18 |title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850 |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52305-9 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |author=Reichmuth, Stefan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GoCCBAAAQBAJ&dq=barha+sayyids&pg=PA4 |title=The World of Murtada Al-Zabidi: 1732-91 Life, Networks and Writings |date=2009 |publisher=Gibb Memorial Trust |isbn=978-0-906094-60-0 |language=en}}

{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Sindh]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Haryana]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Muzaffarnagar district]]

Raorchestes akroparallagi

2025-12-18T04:09:34Z

Serzude: started initial biography w/ infobox

{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| name= Variable bush frog
| image = Raorchestes akroparallagi David Raju.jpg
| image_caption = Raorchestes akroparallagi
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN />
| taxon = Raorchestes akroparallagi
| authority = ([[Sathyabhama Das Biju|Biju]] and Bossuyt, 2009)
| synonyms = ''Philautus akroparallagi'' Biju and Bossuyt, 2009<ref name=BijuBossuyt>{{Cite journal | last1 = Biju | first1 = S. D.| author-link1 = Sathyabhama Das Biju| last2 = Bossuyt | first2 = F. | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00466.x | title = Systematics and phylogeny of ''Philautus'' Gistel, 1848 (Anura, Rhacophoridae) in the Western Ghats of India, with descriptions of 12 new species | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 155 | issue = 2 | pages = 374–444| year = 2009 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
}}

'''''Raorchestes akroparallagi''''' (sometimes known as the '''variable bush frog''') is a species of [[frog]]s in the family [[Rhacophoridae]].

It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Western Ghats]], [[India]], where it is known from the states of [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. Before its description in 2009, it was confused with ''[[Raorchestes femoralis]]'' and ''[[Raorchestes glandulosus]]''.<ref name=frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/?action=names&taxon=Raorchestes+akroparallagi |title=''Raorchestes akroparallagi'' (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2013 |work=Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Raorchestes akroparallagi Wynaad.jpg|thumbnail|left|''Raorchestes akroparallagi'' from [[Wynaad]]]]
Male ''Raorchestes akroparallagi'' are small, {{convert|19|-|22.5|mm|abbr=on}} in snout-vent length, whereas females are larger, {{convert|26|-|27|mm|abbr=on}} long. It is one of predominantly green ''Raorchestes''. However, the colouration of its [[Dorsum (anatomy)|dorsum]] (back) is highly variable even within a single location, from almost uniformly green to various colours and markings. Indeed, its [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''akroparallagi'', is derived from Greek words ''akro'', meaning 'extreme' and ''parallagi'', meaning 'variation'.<ref name=BijuBossuyt/>

==Reproduction==
''Raorchestes akroparallagi'' has [[direct development]], with all growth inside the egg and no free-swimming tadpole stage. Males attract females with their [[Sexual selection in frogs|calls]]. Mating takes place during the night. A pair in [[amplexus]] may move around before settling on a leaf and starting to lay eggs on its upper side. Egg laying takes hours and results in a clutch of 20–41 eggs. Eggs are white, about {{convert|4.4|mm|abbr=on}} in diameter, and hatch after four weeks as fully developed froglets. There is no parental care.<ref name=Biju2003>{{cite journal |author=Biju, S. D. |author-link=Sathyabhama Das Biju |year=2003 |title=Reproductive mode in the shrub frog ''Philautus glandulosus'' (Jerdon, 1853) (Anura: Rhacophoridae) |journal=Current Science |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=283–284 |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/feb102003/283.pdf}} ('''N.b.''' This article predates the description of ''Raorchestes akroparallagi'', and at that point the species was confused with ''[[Raorchestes glandulosus]]'' — see Biju & Bossuyt, 2009, p. 392.)</ref>

==Habitat==
''Raorchestes akroparallagi'' is relatively widespread and occurs in a wide range of habitats and can live in disturbed habitats. It is found in evergreen forests to plantations near forest fringes and in roadside vegetation. It has been observed between 180 and 1425 meters above sea level.<ref name="IUCN">{{cite web
|title=Variable Bush Frog: ''Raorchestes akroparallagi''
|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/186158/166114601
|website=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
|page=e.T186158A166114601
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T186158A166114601.en
|id=186158
|year=2023
|author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
|accessdate=February 27, 2024
|version=3.1}}</ref><ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6
|title=''Raorchestes jayarami'' (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009)
|url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Raorchestes/Raorchestes-akroparallagi
|access-date=August 29, 2023}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb
|title= ''Raorchestes akroparallagi'' (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009)
|author1=
|editor1=
|date=
|language=
|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/7254
|access-date=August 29, 2023}}</ref><ref name=BijuBossuyt/> [[IUCN]] does not considered it threatened.<ref name= IUCN />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Raorchestes akroparallagi}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Raorchestes akroparallagi}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3419063}}

[[Category:Raorchestes|akroparallagi]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2009]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Sathyabhama Das Biju]]

Surr

2025-12-16T19:18:44Z

Serzude: Put Up The Pg More To Come...

{{Short description|Sport played in northern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}

[[File:Surr.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Surr playing field]]

'''Surr'''{{efn|Other names for Surr ([[Hindi language|Hindi]]: सुर्र) include Banvasurr (बणवासुर्र) or Banasur (बाणासुर)<ref name="SG_2022"/><ref name="VVS_2021"/>}} is a [[tag (game)|tag sport]] that was once popular among children in villages of [[Awadh]] region in [[northern India]].<ref name="VVS_2021"/><ref name="HF_2022">{{cite book |author=Heather Ford |chapter=Ethnographies of the Digitally Dispossessed |editor1=Elisabetta Costa |editor2=Patricia G. Lange |editor3=Nell Haynes |editor4=Jolynna Sinanan |title=The Routledge Companion to Media Anthropology |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781003175605 |doi=10.4324/9781003175605 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqyJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT370 |language=en }}</ref>

The game is played on a rectangular field, divided into four equal quadrants, by two teams of two to four players each.<ref name="SG_2022">{{cite book |author=Suresh Gautam |script-title=hi:लोक साहित्य: ज्यों की त्यों धरि दीनी चदरिया |trans-title=Lok Sahitya: Jyon Ki Tyon Rakh Dini Chadariya |year=2022 |publisher=K.K. |location=New Delhi |page=141 |oclc=1035812603 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xjxYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA141 |language=hi }}</ref> The attacking team gathers in one quadrant, and the defending team gathers along the quadrant's borders with the adjoining quadrants. The objective of the attacking team is to enter the other quadrants without being touched by the players of the defending team. If all the members of the attacking team manage to enter all the quadrants, the attacking team wins, and its members shout "Bol Den Goivan Surr!".<ref name="HF_2022"/> In an [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] variation, they sing "Bol Goiyan Banva Surr" ("बोल गोइयां बणवा सुर्र");<ref name="SG_2022"/> if they are touched by the defending team, they lose, and have to stand on the quadrant line as "thieves", and have to sing another phrase.<ref name="VVS_2021">{{cite book |author=Vidya Vindu Singh |author-link=Vidya Vindu Singh |script-title=hi:अवधी लोकगीत विरासत |trans-title=Awadhi Lokgeet Virasat |year=2021 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan / Gyan Vigyan Educare |isbn=9789384344399 |pages=210-211 |language=hi }}</ref>

The game has declined in popularity, and is now almost extinct.<ref>{{cite news |title=विलुप्त हो गए सावन के खेल सुर्र और सिकड़ी |date=2014-07-20 |newspaper=[[Dainik Jagran]] |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/faizabad-up-faizabad-news-11491492.html |access-date=2023-01-24 |language=hi }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Traditional games of India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tag games}}

[[Category:Traditional sports of India]]
[[Category:Sports originating in India]]
[[Category:Tag variants]]
[[Category:Culture of Awadh]]

Sripada Yellampalli Project

2025-12-12T08:40:03Z

Serzude: basic expanded citations per sources per standard format

{{short description|Irrigation project in Telangana, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
|image =
|image_caption =
|dam_crosses = [[Godavari River]]
|res_name = Yellampalli
|location = Yellampalli (village), [[Peddapalli]] & [[Mancherial]] districts
|dam_length = 1180.7m
|dam_height = 26.3m
|dam_type = B
|dam_width_base =
|construction_began = 28 July 2004
| opening = {{start date and age|4 August 2016}}
| spillway_count = 62
| purpose = Multi-purpose (Ntpc Ramagundam power plant uses and supplies drinking water to [[Ramagundam]] [[Godavarikhani]] and [[Hyderabad]] cities
| status = Functional
| cost = 5400 crore rupees
| owner = [[Government of Telangana]]
|res_capacity_total = 20 [[tmcft]]
|res_capacity_active =
|res_catchment =
|res_surface =
| location_map = India Telangana#India
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption = Yellampalli Barrage at [[Ramagundam]] Mandal
| coordinates = {{coord|18|50|45|N|79|22|05|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator = [[Telangana State]]
| plant_commission = 2004
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type = Barrage
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| website = https://irrigation.telangana.gov.in
| extra =
}}

'''Sripada Yellampalli Project''' is an irrigation project located at Yellampalli Village of [[Ramagundam]] rural Mandal, between [[Peddapalli district]] - [[Mancherial district|Mancherial District]] of [[Telangana State]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/28/stories/2008092857060600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001044527/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/28/stories/2008092857060600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Sripada Yellampalli project water for NTPC plant|date=2008-09-28|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref>{{Citation needed |date=July 2023 |reason=No source-url.}} The project is fourth largest on the [[Godavari River]] in [[Telangana State]]. It is named after late legislator, [[D. Sripada Rao]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/12/stories/2007101258490300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013013620/http://hindu.com/2007/10/12/stories/2007101258490300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Sripada Yellampalli project by May 2008|date=2007-10-12|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref>

==Project info==
Sripada Yellampalli irrigation project foundation was laid by Former [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]], [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] on 28 July 2004.

The project is designed to utilize about 63 tmc of water at a cost of Rs. 900 crores in the first phase. In the second phase, about 49.5 tmc would be lifted to the upland regions of Karimnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Warangal and Medak districts with 6 TMC water allotted for the NTPC Ramagundam project.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/29/stories/2004072907420400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040809203039/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/29/stories/2004072907420400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 August 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=YSR lays stone for Yellampalli project|date=2004-07-29|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref> After the flood gates are installed, the project could would store about 20 [[Tmcft]] of water.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/23/stories/2010102360170300.htm|title=White paper sought on Yellampalli |accessdate=15 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110084352/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/23/stories/2010102360170300.htm|archivedate=10 November 2012|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 October 2010}}</ref>

The project operational requirement is 163 [[Megawatt|MW]] power and 469 million [[KWh]] of electrical energy annually to pump the water. The project would supply water for NTPC power project reservoir in [[Ramagundam]] Mandal in Karimnagar old district (Peddapalli district).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/16/stories/2010081650970500.htm|title=Trial run for supply of water to NTPC in Nov. |accessdate=15 September 2014|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110203062852/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/16/stories/2010081650970500.htm |archivedate=3 February 2011|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 August 2010}}</ref>
It commenced its operations in 2005 near Mamnoor and Yellampalli villages at [[Ramagundam]] and mainly supplies drinking water to [[Ramagundam]], [[Godavarikhani]] cities and [[Hyderabad]] Capital city.

==See also==
* [[Sriram Sagar Project]]
* [[Medigadda Barrage]]
* [[Annaram Barrage]]
* [[Sundilla Barrage]]
* [[Lower Manair Dam]]
* [[Mid Manair Dam]]
* [[Kaddam Project]]
* [[Upper Manair Dam]]
* [[SRSP Flood Flow Canal]]
* [[Nizam Sagar]]
* [[Pranahita Chevella]]
* [[Alisagar lift irrigation scheme]]
* [[Maulana Abul Kalam Hyderabad Sujala Saravanthi scheme]]
* [[Sri Komaram Bheem Project]]
* [[Devadula lift irrigation scheme]]
* [[Icchampally Project]]
* [http://irrigation.cgg.gov.in/OngMaj/YellampallyDetail.htm]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Godavari basin}}

[[Category:Dams on the Godavari River]]
[[Category:Dams in Telangana]]
[[Category:Irrigation in Telangana]]
[[Category:Adilabad district]]
[[Category:Karimnagar district]]
[[Category:Godavari basin]]

{{Watersupply-stub}}
[[Category:Mancherial district]]

Ganga Deo

2025-11-13T21:36:39Z

Serzude: made first details added tags

{{Short description|Rana of Alirajpur from 1862 to 1871}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Ganga Deo
| title = [[Rana (title)|Rana]]
| succession = [[Rana (title)|Rana]] of [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]]
| reign = 1862 – 1871
| predecessor = [[Jaswant Singh of Alirajpur|Jaswant Singh]]
| successor = [[Rup Deo]]
| house = {{flagicon image|Drapeau_AliRajpur.png}} [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]]
| father = [[Jaswant Singh of Alirajpur|Jaswant Singh]]
| dynasty = [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]
}}
'''Ganga Deo''' was the [[Rana (title)|Rana]] of [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]] from 1862 until his deposition in 1871.

== Reign ==
His father, [[Jaswant Singh of Alirajpur|Jaswant Singh]], who died in 1862, had left behind a will according to which the state of [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]] was to be divided equally between him and his brother, [[Rup Deo]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Superintendent Of Government Printing Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280278 |title=Imperial Gazetteer Of Central India |date=1908 |pages=338}}</ref> To decide whether the will was to be acted upon, the [[British government of India|Government of India]] consulted with neighboring Ruling Chiefs and decided that it should be set aside.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VM4NAAAAIAAJ |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |date=1893 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |pages=435 |language=en}}</ref> It was decided that Ganga Deo is the heir to the deceased and should succeed to the chiefship while suitable provision should be made for [[Rup Deo]].<ref name=":0" /> Accordingly, he was installed as the [[Rana (title)|Rana]] of [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]].<ref name=":1" /> On his succession, the [[British government of India|Government of India]] conferred upon him a [[Robe of honour|dress of honor]], and he presented them with a nazrana of 1,500 rupees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=Royal |date=2021-07-19 |title=Ali Rajpur (Princely State) |url=https://oroyalarchives.com/ali_rajpur/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Royal Archives |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEMAAAAYAAJ |title=Central India Agency |date=1893 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |pages=435–436 |language=en}}</ref>

== Deposition ==
He was deposed for incompetency in 1869 and the state was placed under the superintendence of Muhammad Najab Khan.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Manu Nandshankar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48807 |title=Hind Rajasthan |date=1896 |pages=767}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=C.E. Luard |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08803/ |title=Western States Gazetteers: Malwa |date=1908 |publisher=Bombay, British India Press |pages=559}}</ref> He was granted an allowance of 1,000 Rs. per month for his maintenance.<ref name=":3" />

== Death ==
He died in March 1871.<ref name=":2" /> Upon his death, his younger brother, [[Rup Deo]], succeeded to his titles.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from British India]]

{{India-royal-stub}}
[[Category:1871 deaths]]
[[Category:Dethroned monarchs]]

Kannur Central Prison

2025-11-12T15:58:53Z

Serzude: started the post initial version...

{{Short description|Prison in Kannur, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Prison
| prison_name = Kannur central Prison
| image = Central Prison Kannur 1.JPG
| location = [[Pallikkunnu]], [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| status = Operational
| classification = Central Prison
| capacity = 2000
| population =
| populationdate =
| opened = 1869 <ref name="history" />
| closed =
| managed_by = [[Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services|Department of Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services]]
| director =Superintendent of Central Prison
| website = {{url|https://www.keralaprisons.gov.in/central-prison-kannur.html}}
|state=[[Kerala]]}}
[[File:Central Prison Kannur 2.JPG|thumbnail|Central Prison Front View]]
'''Central Prison & Correctional Home, Kannur''', is situated in [[Pallikkunnu]] in [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]] state of [[India]]. It was the first Central Jail established in Kerala in the year of 1869.<ref name="history">[http://www.keralaprisons.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=54 History of Central jails]</ref> It is authorised to accommodate 1062 prisoners.<ref>http://www.keralaprisons.gov.in/images/stories/pdf/cpknr.pdf {{dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> It is one of the three central prisons other than [[Central Prison, Poojappura|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Viyyur Central Prison|Thrissur]] situated in Kerala.

Kannur Central Prison is the first one in India to have a literature festival screening, it was an initiative by the [[Wayanad Literature Festival]] (2024).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category|Central Prison, Kannur}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Prisons in Kerala]]
[[Category:1869 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Prisons completed in the 1860s]]

{{prison-stub}}

Subaji Bapu

2025-09-22T22:58:34Z

Serzude:

{{Short description|Indian Astronomer and Astrologer (jyotisha)(19th-century)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Subaji
| honorific_suffix = Bapu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = mr
| other_names = Soobajee Bapoo
| occupation = Astrologer (''[[jyotisha]]'')
| years_active = 1824 to mid-1840s
| era = [[British Raj]]
| employer = [[Lancelot Wilkinson]]
| known_for = [[Hindu apologetics]]
| notable_works = ''Siddhānta-siromani-prakāsa'' (1836) and ''Avirodha-prakasha'' (1837), ''Laghu-tamka'' (1839), ''Mata-parīkṣā-śikṣā'' (1839)
| opponents = [[John Muir (indologist)|John Muir]]
}}
'''Subaji Bapu''' ([[IAST]]: Subājī Bāpū) was an early 19th-century Hindu astrologer (''[[jyotisha]]'') and astronomer from [[British India]]. Under the influence of the British civil servant [[Lancelot Wilkinson]], he gave up his belief in [[Hindu cosmology|Puranic cosmography]] in favour of the [[Copernican heliocentrism|Copernican system]]. He argued that the [[Siddhanta (astronomy)|Siddhantic cosmography]] of ancient Indian astrologers was more accurate than the Puranic cosmography, and wrote ''Siddhānta-siromani-prakāsa'' (1836) and ''Avirodha-prakasha'' (1837) to justify his views, amid opposition from the orthodox [[pandit]]s.

Subaji was a [[Hindu apologetics|Hindu apologist]] and defended the [[Indian caste system|caste system]] in ''Laghu-tamka'' (1839). He is also identified with '''Somanātha''', the author of ''[[Mata-parīkṣā-śikṣā]]'', a Hindu response to the Christian writer [[John Muir (indologist)|John Muir]]'s ''[[Mataparīkṣā]]''.

== Career ==

=== Astrology and astronomy ===

Subaji Bapu was a [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking astrologer (''[[jyotisha]]'') of [[Central India Agency|Central India]], and enjoyed the patronage of the British civil servant and Orientalist [[Lancelot Wilkinson]].{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=80-81}}

Subaji's known career is closely linked with that of his patron Wilkinson,{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=81}} who described him as "a man of wonderful acuteness, and intelligence, and sound judgment".{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=84}} There are no records of Subaji before his association with Wilkinson. During the 1830s, when Wilkinson served as the [[East India Company]]'s political agent in the Central Indian cities such as [[Bhopal]] and [[Sehore]], Orientalist journals featured Subaji prominently. After Wilkinson's premature death in the mid-1840s, there are no records of Subaji.{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=81}}

Wilkinson took great interest in presenting a united view of the [[Hindu astronomy]] and the contemporary European astronomy.{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=84}} Intrigued by the ability of the generally "ignorant" contemporary Hindu astrologers to accurately predict eclipses, Wilkinson did some research, and attributed this accuracy to the [[Siddhanta (astronomy)|Siddhanta]] literature of the ancient Hindu astronomers such as [[Aryabhata]] and [[Bhaskara II]]. According to him, the ancient Indian astronomers greatly admired "the learned men of the West" (the [[Yavanas]]), unlike the Puranas which denounced those foreigners as [[mleccha|the lowest of the low]]. Wilkinson advocated bringing the writings of these ancient astronomers to the forefront, so that Hindu astrologers could become genuine astronomers, supported by their European instructors. His main aim was to spread an accurate understanding of physical science among the Indians; a secondary benefit of this would be to showcase the [[Hindu cosmology|Puranic cosmography]] as inaccurate, thus leading to a decline in the prestige of the [[Brahmin]]s and the popularity of [[Hinduism]].{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=81-83}}

The first records of Subaji's interactions with Wilkinson are from 1824. It took Wilkinson eight years to convince Subaji of the inaccuracy of the Puranic cosmography. Subaji was finally convinced when Wilkinson proved to him that the ancient Indian astronomers were in agreement with European astronomers regarding the "size and shape of the earth and other important physical facts".{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=83}} According to Wilkinson, Subaji "lamented that his life had been spent in maintaining foolish fancies, and spoke with a bitter indignation against all those of his predecessors who had contributed to the willful concealment of the truths".{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=84}}

Initially, Subaji was reluctant to collaborate with Wilkinson, and the relationship made him an object of ridicule by his fellow pandits.{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=81-82}} However, by 1837, according to the ''Proceedings of the Asiatic Society'', he had become a "zealous defender" of the [[Copernican heliocentrism|Copernican system]].{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=82}}

In 1836, Subaji published the Marathi-language text ''Siddhānta-śiromani-prakāśa'' (SSP), supporting the Copernican system. Subsequently, Omkara Bhatta translated it into [[Hindi]] as ''Bhūgolasāra''. The pandits of Poona criticized Subaji's treatise, and Subaji published his defence in another text titled ''Avirodha-prakasha'' (1837).{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=83}}

Orientalists and EIC officials applauded Subaji, and in 1837, presented him a silver Hindi-language globe (earlier in 1834, he had requested a Hindi globe). According to an [[Asiatic Society]] meeting record, he was also given two silver inkstands "representing a ''[[jyotish|jotishi]]'' pandit seated between two globes, expounding their use from the Siddhāntas — and around the stand, richly embossed, the twelve signs of the zodiac — a Sanskrit couplet on each expressing that it was presented by the Governor General in Council".{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=84}}

=== Hindu apologetics ===

Subaji was critical of several orthodox Hindu practices, such as the scriptural [[Kala pani (taboo)|restrictions on travelling abroad]],{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=84}} and the restrictions on [[widow remarriage]].{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=87}} Nevertheless, he remained a Hindu, and defended his religion against [[Christianity]]. His patron Wilkinson was critical of the Hindu caste system, and decided to publish an edition of ''Vajra-sûcî'', a Buddhist text critical of the caste system, attributed to Ashvaghosha. Subaji defended the caste system, and requested Wilkinson to include in the text his arguments in support of the caste system. Wilkinson's work was published with the title ''The Wujra Soochi: or Refulation [sic] of the Arguments upon which the Brahmanical Institution of Caste is Founded''. It featured a commentary titled ''Lughoo Tunk'' (''Laghu-tamka'') by Subaji (credited as "Soobajee Bapoo").{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|pp=87-88}}

An anonymous note on the manuscript of the Hindu apologetic text ''[[Mata-parīkṣā-śikṣā]]'' (1839), identifies its author as Subaji Bapu, although the text itself calls the author Somanātha.{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=80-81}} Written as a response to the Christian writer [[John Muir (indologist)|John Muir]]'s ''[[Mataparīkṣā]]'', the text offers an [[apologia|apology]] for Hinduism and [[criticism of Christianity|criticizes Christianity]] (especially excessive [[evangelism]]),{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=86}} while advocating [[religious pluralism]].{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=91-92}} Subaji apparently used the pseudonym Somanātha,{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=80-81}}{{sfn|Stephen Neill|2002|p=469}} possibly because he did not want to appear too pro-Hindu to his European benefactors, or too mild towards Christianity to his fellow pandits.{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=92}}

== Works ==

* ''Siddhānta-śiromani-prakāśa'' (1836), a Sanskrit work on astronomy, espousing the [[Copernican heliocentrism|Copernican system]]{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=83}}
* ''Avirodha-prakāśa'' (1837), a work on astronomy, defending his earlier work against the criticism from orthodox [[pandit]]s{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=83}}
* ''Laghu-taṃka'' (1839), a commentary on ''[[Vajrasuchi|Vajra-suchi]]'', defending the [[Hindu caste system]]{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=88}}
* ''Mata-parīkṣā-śikṣā'' (1839), a [[Hindu apologetics|Hindu apologist]] response to the Christian writer [[John Muir (indologist)|John Muir]]'s ''[[Mataparīkṣā]]''{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=86}}
* ''Parasurāma-ksetrasthā'', a Marathi-language text in which he criticized restrictions on widow remarriage{{sfn|Richard F. Young|1981|p=87}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Richard Fox Young |title=Resistant Hinduism: Sanskrit Sources on Anti-Christian Apologetics in Early Nineteenth-century India |year=1981 |publisher=De Nobili Research Library |isbn=9783900271091 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4gcAAAAMAAJ |ref={{harvid|Richard F. Young|1981}} }}
* {{cite book |author=Stephen Neill |title=A History of Christianity in India: 1707-1858 |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521893329 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC&pg=PA469 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* ''[http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/N13467097.pdf Bhūgolasāra]'', the Hindi translation of Subaji's ''Siddhānta-śiromani-prakāśa''

[[Category:Hindu apologists]]
[[Category:People from Sehore]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian astronomers]]
[[Category:Hindu astrologers]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]

Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Championship

2025-09-16T10:40:32Z

Serzude: started a article w/ refs - done

{{short description|Indian singing talent competition TV show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Championship.jpg
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| runtime = 90 minutes
| channel = [[Zee Kannada]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2021|9|18|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2022|2|26|df=y}}
| num_seasons = 18th
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| judges = [[Hamsalekha]] [[Vijay Prakash]] [[Arjun Janya]]
| inspired_by =
| creator =
| num_episodes = 54
| presenter = [[Anushree (Kannada actress)|Anushree]]
| genre = [[Reality television|Reality Musical]]
| caption =
| director = Bhaski
| producer =
| related = [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Kannada]]
}}

'''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Championship''' is an Indian [[Kannada]] language musical/singing reality television show aired on [[Zee Kannada]]. It is the 18th season of ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Kannada]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 September 2021|title=Music Reality Show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Championship To Premiere On September 11|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/music-reality-show-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-championship-to-premiere-on-september-11/articleshow/85968264.cms|access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref> It premiered from 18 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 September 2021|title=Music reality show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa championship to premiere today|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/music-reality-show-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-championship-to-premiere-today-heres-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/86321056.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref>

==Format==
The show aired on 18 September 2021 with [[Anushree (Kannada actress)|Anushree]] as the host. The show is judged by [[Hamsalekha]], [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Arjun Janya]] with six mentors, 36 contestants and 40 jury members. Each mentor had six contestants in their team.

==Mentors==
* [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth Kumar]]
* [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
* Dr Suchethan Rangaswamy
* [[Indu Nagaraj]]
* [[Anuradha Bhat]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anuradha Bhat to be a mentor on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Championship|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/anuradha-bhat-to-be-a-mentor-on-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-championship/articleshow/86191046.cms|access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Lakshmi Nagaraj]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lakshmi Nagaraj turn mentors on the show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Championship|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sisters-indu-lakshmi-nagaraj-turn-mentors-on-the-show-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-championship/articleshow/86364015.cms|access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref>

==Teams==
'''List of mentors and contestants'''
: {{Color box|gold}} Winners Team
: {{Color box|silver}} Runner up Team
: {{Color box|tan}} 2nd runner up Team

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! style="width:16%;"|Mentors
! style="width:84%;" colspan="6"| Contestants
|-
!Hemanth
|style="background:white; width:14%|Kambada Rangaya
|style="background:white; width:14%|Vasushree
|style="background:white; width:14%|Hanumantha
|style="background:white; width:14%|Vijeth
|style="background:white; width:14%|Srinidhi Shashri
|style="background:white; width:14%|Keerthana
|-
!style="background:gold width:16%|Nanditha
|style="background:gold; width:14%|Pruthvi Bhat
|style="background:gold; width:14%|Rajath Hegde
|style="background:gold; width:14%|Supriya Joshi
|style="background:gold; width:14%|Keerthan Holla
|style="background:gold; width:14%|Chenappa
|style="background:gold; width:14%|Suhana Saiyad
|-
!Suchethan
|style="background:white; width:14%|Gnanesha
|style="background:white; width:14%|Priya
|style="background:white; width:14%|Sharadhi Patil
|style="background:white; width:14%|Ashwin Sharma
|style="background:white; width:14%|Asha bhat
|style="background:white; width:14%|Madvesha Bharadvaj
|-
!Indu Nagaraj
|style="background:tan; width:14%|Gagan
|style="background:tan; width:14%|Supreeth
|style="background:tan; width:14%|Akhila Pajimannu
|style="background:tan; width:14%|Sunil
|style="background:tan; width:14%|Sakshi Kalur
|style="background:tan; width:14%|Anvitha
|-
!Anuradha Bhat
|style="background:silver; width:14%|Sri Harsha
|style="background:silver; width:14%|Ankitha Kundu
|style="background:silver; width:14%|Darshan
|style="background:silver; width:14%|Mehaboob
|style="background:silver; width:14%|Abhisyanth
|style="background:silver; width:14%|Varna Chavan
|-
!Lakshmi Nagaraj
|style="background:white; width:14%|Sadhvini Koppa
|style="background:white; width:14%|Neha Shastri
|style="background:white; width:14%|Sri Ram Kasar
|style="background:white; width:14%|Rajath Maiya
|style="background:white; width:14%|Dattaprasad
|style="background:white; width:14%|Ramya
|}

*'''Special Mention Awards'''
*Performer of the Season - ''Sri Harsha''
*Entertainer of the Season - ''Kambada Rangayya''

==Special Guests==
{| class=wikitable style="width: 100%;"
|+ Special guest appearances
!Guest(s)!!Reason!!Episode!!Notes
|-
|[[Shiva Rajkumar]]||To promote his movie ''[[Bhajarangi 2]]''||16–17 October||
|-
|[[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Rachita Ram]], [[Shamna Kasim]]||To promote their movie ''[[100 (2021 film)|100]]''||20 November||
|-
|[[Ravichandran]]||Reunion of Hamsaleka and Ravichandran||10-11 December||<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Championship: Crazy star V Ravichandran to grace the show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-championship-crazy-star-v-ravichandran-to-grace-the-show/articleshow/88221891.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Anil Kumble]]||Special Guest||25 December||<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ace Indian cricketer Anil Kumble to feature in Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Championship; here's what to expect in the upcoming episode|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/ace-indian-cricketer-anil-kumble-to-feature-in-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-championship-heres-what-to-expect-in-the-upcoming-episode/articleshow/88467521.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gurukiran]]||Special Guest||22 January 2022||<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Championship: Revered music composer Gurukiran to grace the show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-championship-revered-music-composer-gurukiran-to-grace-the-show/articleshow/89053714.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-championship/0-6-4z55658 ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Championship''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Kannada original programming]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]

Timeline of the 2020–2022 China–India skirmishes

2025-09-04T14:33:07Z

Serzude: Put Up A Data First Draft...

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}

In early May 2020, troops of the [[People's Liberation Army]] and [[Indian Army]] engaged in [[melee]] at locations along the notional [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC), the disputed boundary between China and India.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Chhina|first1=Man Aman Singh|last2=Kaushik|first2=Krishn|date=2020-05-11|title=Indian and Chinese troops clash in Sikkim, Ladakh|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indian-chinese-troops-clash-sikkim-ladakh-6403854/|access-date=2021-09-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Sushant|date=22 May 2020|title=India-China conflict in Ladakh: The importance of Pangong Tso lake|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-china-conflict-in-ladakh-the-importance-of-the-pangong-tso-lake-6419377/|access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref> It escalated on 15/16 June 2020 resulting in deaths on both sides. Indian sources reported the deaths of 20 Indian soldiers and [[Casualty (person)|casualties]] of at least 45 Chinese soldiers.<ref name="ANIFaceOffCO22Jun2">{{Cite web|last=Som|first=Vishnu|date=22 June 2020|editor-last=Ghosh|editor-first=Deepshikha|title=At Talks, China Confirms Commanding Officer Was Killed in Ladakh: Sources|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chinese-army-confirms-their-commanding-officer-was-killed-in-ladakh-face-off-during-military-level-talks-in-galwan-sources-2250280|access-date=24 September 2021|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref name=":202">{{Cite news|date=16 June 2020|title=India soldiers killed in clash with Chinese forces|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53061476|access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref> China reported 4 deaths.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-19|title=Ladakh: China reveals soldier deaths in India border clash|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56121781|access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Lee Myers|first1=Steven|date=19 February 2021|title=China Acknowledges 4 Deaths in Last Year's Border Clash With India|publisher=NY Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/19/world/asia/china-india-clash.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=24 September 2021}}: "An American intelligence official said last summer that China had deliberately concealed its soldiers' deaths, suggesting that between 20 and 30 had perished."</ref> On 7 September, for the first time in 45 years, shots were fired along the LAC, with both sides blaming each other for the firing.<ref name=":72">{{Cite news|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=8 September 2020|title=Shots Fired Along India-China Border for First Time in Years|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/08/world/asia/india-china-border.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=24 September 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":59">{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=9 September 2020|title=First time in 45 years, shots fired along LAC as troops foil China's bid to take a key height|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/first-time-in-45-years-shots-fired-along-lac-as-troops-foil-chinas-bid-to-take-a-key-height-6588658/|access-date=24 September 2021|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Indian media also reported that Indian troops fired warning shots at the PLA on 30 August.<ref name=":61">{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=11 September 2020|title=LAC standoff {{!}} Officials confirm two incidents of firing at south bank of Pangong Tso|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lac-standoff-officials-confirm-two-incidents-of-firing-at-south-bank-of-pangong-tso/article32576781.ece|access-date=24 September 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Most experts point out that Indian infrastructure construction along the LAC troubled the Chinese and was one of the multiple major triggers.<ref name=":92">{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Sushant|date=26 May 2020|title=Indian border infrastructure or Chinese assertiveness? Experts dissect what triggered China border moves|newspaper=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/china-india-line-of-actual-control-ladakh-6427647/|access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Wahid|first=Siddiq|date=11 June 2020|title=There is a Global Dimension to the India-China Confrontation in Ladakh|work=[[The Wire (India)]]|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/global-dimension-india-china-confrontation-in-ladakh|access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref> Multiple rounds of diplomatic and military talks followed, including the corps-commander-level meetings, and meetings of [[Sino-Indian border dispute#Dispute management and resolution mechanism|existing border dispute management and resolution mechanisms]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite news|last=Mitra|first=Devirupa|date=6 June 2020|title=Ahead of Border Talks With China, India Still Unclear of Reason Behind Troops Stand-Off|work=[[The Wire (India)]]|url=https://thewire.in/external-affairs/exclusive-india-china-ladakh-border-dialogue|access-date=24 September 2021|quote=On Saturday, Indian and Chinese military officials of Lieutenant General-rank are likely to meet at a border personnel meeting (BPM)... The various BPM meetings – led first by colonels, then brigadiers and then finally over three rounds by major general-rank officers – have until now yielded no results.|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606082915/https://thewire.in/external-affairs/exclusive-india-china-ladakh-border-dialogue|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 April 2021|title=India-China faceoff: 11th round of Corps Commander-level talks make no headway|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/apr/10/india-china-faceoff-11th-round-of-corps-commander-level-talks-make-no-headway-2288416.html|access-date=24 September 2021|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The 13th round of corps-commander talks took place on 10 October 2021.<ref name=":90">{{Cite web|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=2021-08-01|title=12th round of Indo-China military talks done, movement 'expected' in Gogra & Hot Springs|url=https://theprint.in/defence/12th-round-of-indo-china-military-talks-done-movement-expected-in-gogra-hot-springs/707081/|access-date=24 September 2021|website=ThePrint}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Incomplete, partial and complete disengagement and de-escalation has been announced at various locations respectively.<ref name=":80">{{Cite web|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=20 February 2021|title=Pangong retreat: Detente at the roof of the world|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20210301-detente-at-the-roof-of-the-world-1770785-2021-02-20|access-date=24 September 2021|website=India Today}}</ref><ref name=":91">{{Cite web|date=2021-08-06|title=India, China disengage from Gogra Post in eastern Ladakh after 12th round of talks|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-ladakh-army-gogra-7441734/|access-date=24 September 2021|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|2020–2022 China–India skirmishes]] are a part of the larger [[Sino-Indian border dispute]]. This is a timeline of events that stretches over the period of the [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|2020–2022 China–India skirmishes]].

== 2020 ==
;May
* 5 – Violent confrontation between rival Chinese and Indian patrols [[Pangong Tso]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Kiran|date=28 May 2020|title=India and China face off along disputed Himalayan border|work=[[The Nikkei]]|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/India-and-China-face-off-along-disputed-Himalayan-border|url-status=live|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-date=29 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529011033/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/India-and-China-face-off-along-disputed-Himalayan-border}}</ref>
* 6 – Foreign Secretary of India [[Harsh Vardhan Shringla]] calls Chinese Ambassador [[Sun Weidong]] to India.<ref name=":18">{{Cite news|last=Bagchi|first=Indrani|date=15 June 2020|title=Jaishankar to meet China FM in virtual RIC meet on June 22|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jaishankar-to-meet-china-fm-in-virtual-ric-meet-on-june-22/articleshow/76377098.cms|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615003646/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jaishankar-to-meet-china-fm-in-virtual-ric-meet-on-june-22/articleshow/76377098.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 9 – Skirmish in [[Naku La]] area, [[Sikkim]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Rahul|date=2020-06-17|title=A timeline: India-China's deadliest border clash since 1975 explained|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/a-timeline-india-china-s-deadliest-border-clash-since-1975-explained/story-9Ct6lHQKkRuXM5w2K5xmwO.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920143436/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/a-timeline-india-china-s-deadliest-border-clash-since-1975-explained/story-9Ct6lHQKkRuXM5w2K5xmwO.html|archive-date=2020-09-20|access-date=2020-08-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Injuries on both sides.<ref name=":1" />
* 26 – [[Chinese Communist Party]] general secretary [[Xi Jinping]] meets People's Liberation Army (PLA) representatives during an annual meeting.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Ananth|date=2020-05-26|title=Chinese President Xi Jinping meets PLA, urges battle preparedness|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/chinese-president-xi-jinping-meets-pla-urges-battle-preparedness/article31680691.ece|access-date=2020-09-12|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2020-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913035630/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/chinese-president-xi-jinping-meets-pla-urges-battle-preparedness/article31680691.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] reviews the situation in Ladakh.<ref name="Modi reviews">{{cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=26 May 2020|title=India-China LAC standoff {{!}} Narendra Modi reviews situation with NSA, CDS and 3 Service Chiefs|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-china-lac-standoff-narendra-modi-reviews-situation-with-nsa-cds-and-3-service-chiefs/article31679907.ece|access-date=12 September 2020|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913032935/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-china-lac-standoff-narendra-modi-reviews-situation-with-nsa-cds-and-3-service-chiefs/article31679907.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 28 – In a press conference, [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Indian Ministry of External Affairs]] (MEA) spokesperson maintained that there were enough bilateral mechanisms to solve border disputes diplomatically.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Gill|first=Prabhjote|date=29 May 2020|title=India says there are five treaties to push the Chinese army behind the Line of Actual Control⁠ – while experts tell Modi to remain cautious|work=[[Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/five-treaties-to-address-india-china-border-issue-experts-warn-modi-to-remain-cautious/articleshow/76085340.cms|access-date=3 June 2020|archive-date=4 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604075816/https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/five-treaties-to-address-india-china-border-issue-experts-warn-modi-to-remain-cautious/articleshow/76085340.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 30 – The Indian Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] says bilateral talks at a diplomatic and military level have begun.<ref name=":1" />
;June
* 2 – Major-general level talks,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Shishir|date=2020-06-05|title=Ahead of today's meet over Ladakh standoff, India signals a realistic approach|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ahead-of-talks-with-china-over-ladakh-standoff-india-signals-a-realistic-approach/story-yhfSaZk0vucG6f1vPKZHrK.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605154355/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ahead-of-talks-with-china-over-ladakh-standoff-india-signals-a-realistic-approach/story-yhfSaZk0vucG6f1vPKZHrK.html|archive-date=2020-06-05|access-date=2020-08-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> initially talks at [[Border Personnel Meeting point|Border Personnel Meeting (BPM) points]] between colonels and later brigadiers were also held.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mitra|first=Devirupa|date=5 June 2020|title=Ahead of Border Talks With China, India Still Unclear of Reason Behind Troops Stand-Off|url=https://thewire.in/external-affairs/exclusive-india-china-ladakh-border-dialogue|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606082915/https://thewire.in/external-affairs/exclusive-india-china-ladakh-border-dialogue|archive-date=2020-06-06|access-date=2020-08-28|website=The Wire}}</ref>
* 6 – First [[Three-star rank|three-star]] corps-commanders level talks at Chushul-Moldo BPM point.<ref name=":0" />
* 12 – Major-general level officers meet.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-12|title=India-China Major Generals meet for 5th time to ease border tensions|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-china-major-generals-meet-for-5th-time-to-ease-border-tensions/story-7HykdwFj6dVxkj2KyreGiL.html|access-date=2020-08-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=2020-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912045056/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-china-major-generals-meet-for-5th-time-to-ease-border-tensions/story-7HykdwFj6dVxkj2KyreGiL.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 15 – [[Galwan Valley|Galwan valley]] clash.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25 June 2020|title=China Ups Rhetoric, Warns India of 'Severe Consequences' for Violent Clash|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/india-china-beijing-rhetoric-clash-diplomatic-talks|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901115401/https://thewire.in/diplomacy/india-china-beijing-rhetoric-clash-diplomatic-talks|archive-date=2020-09-01|access-date=2020-08-28|website=The Wire}}</ref> Both China and India admit casualties.<ref name="ANIFaceOffCO22Jun2" />
* 15 – Major-general level officers meet at [[Line of Actual Control#Patrol points|Patrol Point]] (PP) 14 near Galwan,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Rahul|date=2020-06-10|editor-last=Sarkar|editor-first=Sohini|title=Two-star generals meet in eastern Ladakh to ease India, China border tensions|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-star-generals-meet-in-eastern-ladakh-to-ease-india-china-border-tensions/story-hc0QyzqZHSvuUeWzRnMJwM.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716144049/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-star-generals-meet-in-eastern-ladakh-to-ease-india-china-border-tensions/story-hc0QyzqZHSvuUeWzRnMJwM.html|archive-date=2020-07-16|access-date=2020-08-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> more major-general level talks on the 16, 17, and 18th.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=19 June 2020|title=India China border news: Another round of Major General-level talks between India and China today after 10 Indian soldiers released|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/another-round-of-major-general-level-talks-between-india-china-today-after-10-indian-soldiers-released/articleshow/76457915.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620160036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/another-round-of-major-general-level-talks-between-india-china-today-after-10-indian-soldiers-released/articleshow/76457915.cms|archive-date=2020-06-20|access-date=2020-08-28|website=The Times of India|language=en|quote=TOI had taken an editorial call to not report about the 10 Indian soldiers in PLA’s captivity before they safely returned to their unit.}}</ref>
* 17 – Indian Prime Minister Modi addresses the nation regarding the Galwan skirmish.<ref name=":212">{{Cite web|last1=Laskar|first1=Rezaul H|last2=Singh|first2=Rahul|last3=Patranobis|first3=Sutirtho|date=18 June 2020|title=India warns China of serious impact on ties, Modi talks of 'befitting' reply|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-warns-china-of-serious-impact-on-ties-modi-talks-of-befitting-reply/story-pWgAXVlQT7yeQnepFpzj3O.html|access-date=18 June 2020|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617224335/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-warns-china-of-serious-impact-on-ties-modi-talks-of-befitting-reply/story-pWgAXVlQT7yeQnepFpzj3O.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 17 – Chinese Foreign Minister [[Wang Yi (politician)|Wang Yi]] warns India.<ref name="dpg" />
* 22 – Second round of corps-commanders' talks.<ref name=":212"/>
* 24 – 15th virtual meeting of the [[Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs|Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on China-India Border Affairs]] (WMCC).<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2020|title=15th Meeting of the Working Mechanism for Consultation & Coordination on India-China Border Affairs|url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/32785/15th_Meeting_of_the_Working_Mechanism_for_Consultation_amp_Coordination_on_IndiaChina_Border_Affairs|access-date=2021-03-06|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>
* 26 – [[Sun Weidong]] says that 'onus of de-escalation is on India'.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=26 June 2020|title=Onus of de-escalation on India, says Chinese ambassador|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/onus-of-de-escalation-on-india-says-chinese-ambassador/articleshow/76635254.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626155956/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/onus-of-de-escalation-on-india-says-chinese-ambassador/articleshow/76635254.cms|archive-date=2020-06-26|access-date=2020-09-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* 30 – Third round of corps-commanders' talks.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Swami|first=Praveen|date=1 July 2020|title=China Agrees Parameters for Galwan Valley Pullback, But No Breakthrough on Pangong in Round 3 of LAC Talks|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/china-agrees-parameters-for-galwan-valley-pullback-but-no-breakthrough-on-pangong-in-round-3-of-lac-talks-2695523.html|access-date=1 July 2020|website=News18|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702211007/https://www.news18.com/news/india/china-agrees-parameters-for-galwan-valley-pullback-but-no-breakthrough-on-pangong-in-round-3-of-lac-talks-2695523.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
;July
* 3 – Indian Prime Minister Modi visits military posts in [[Ladakh]] and delivers a speech saying that the "age of expansionism" is over.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pasricha|first=Anjana|date=3 July 2020|title=On Disputed India-China Border, Modi Says Age of Expansionism Over|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-central-asia_disputed-india-china-border-modi-says-age-expansionism-over/6192178.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704032812/https://www.voanews.com/south-central-asia/disputed-india-china-border-modi-says-age-expansionism-over|archive-date=4 July 2020|access-date=3 July 2020|website=Voice Of America}}</ref> [[File:Narendra Modi paying tributes to the valour of the soldiers, during his visit to Nimu in Ladakh on July 03, 2020.jpg|thumb|right|PM Modi paying tribute to the fallen soldiers in Ladakh. [[B. Santosh Babu]] can be seen in the photograph closest to the Prime Minister.]]
* 3 – China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) says India should avoid a "strategic miscalculation" with regard to China.<ref name="dpg" />
* 5 – Discussion between [[Special Representative mechanism on the India-China boundary question|special representatives]] (SRs) [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] of India, [[Ajit Doval]] and [[Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China|Foreign Minister of China]], [[Wang Yi (politician)|Wang Yi]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tiwary|first1=Deeptiman|last2=Singh|first2=Sushant|last3=Kaushik|first3=Krishn|date=7 July 2020|title=In Galwan, both sides agree: Troops step back 1.8 km, 30 soldiers each in tents|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-galwan-troops-withdraw-6492347/|access-date=8 July 2020|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707233518/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-galwan-troops-withdraw-6492347/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 10 – Chinese Ambassador to India warns India.<ref name="dpg" />
* 10 – 16th WMCC meeting.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=10 July 2020|title=China and India Hold the 16th Meeting of the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on China-India Border Affairs|url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zzjg_663340/bianhaisi_eng_665278/bianhaixiangguanxinwen_665280/t1797325.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208113146/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zzjg_663340/bianhaisi_eng_665278/bianhaixiangguanxinwen_665280/t1797325.shtml|archive-date=2021-02-08|access-date=2020-10-10|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China}}</ref>
* 14 – Fourth round of corps-commanders talks.<ref name="Kaushik">{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=2020-08-03|title=Fifth round of talks held amid stalemate in Pangong Tso|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-border-dispute-pangong-tso-talks-6536443/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803233726/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-border-dispute-pangong-tso-talks-6536443/|archive-date=2020-08-03|access-date=2020-08-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* 24 – Diplomatic talks between the two countries regarding disengagement.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2020|agency=PTI|title=Military commanders of India and China hold fifth round of talks on border row|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/military-commanders-of-india-and-china-hold-fifth-round-of-talks-on-border-row/articleshow/77313558.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804050155/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/military-commanders-of-india-and-china-hold-fifth-round-of-talks-on-border-row/articleshow/77313558.cms|archive-date=2020-08-04|access-date=2020-08-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* 28 – Chinese MFA states disengagement at most locations completed and "the situation on the ground is de-escalating and the temperature on the ground is coming down".<ref name= "dpg">{{cite web |last1=Surie |first1=Nalin |title=DPG Policy Update Vol. V, Issue 30: China's Post-Galwan Posture |url=https://www.delhipolicygroup.org/uploads_dpg/publication_file/chinas-post-galwan-posture-1902.pdf |website=Delhi Policy Group |access-date=14 September 2020 |date=9 August 2020 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024012346/https://www.delhipolicygroup.org/uploads_dpg/publication_file/chinas-post-galwan-posture-1902.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 30 – Indian MEA states, "there has been some progress towards this objective but the disengagement process has not been completed".<ref name= "dpg" />
* 30 – Chinese ambassador Sun Weidong claimed that unilaterally clarifying the LAC would cause more disputes.<ref name=":44">{{Cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Ananth|date=2020-07-30|title=Clarifying LAC could create new disputes: Chinese envoy|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/clarifying-lac-could-create-new-disputes-chinese-envoy/article32232724.ece|access-date=2020-08-01|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2020-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801090300/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/clarifying-lac-could-create-new-disputes-chinese-envoy/article32232724.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
;August
* 2 – Fifth round of three-star general-level China India talks at Chushul-Moldo BPM point.<ref name="Kaushik"/>
* 5 – [[China Study Group]] announces that China's "mutual and equal" disengagement proposal at Pangong Tso is unacceptable.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Sushant|last2=Kaushik|first2=Krishn|date=2020-08-06|title=India to China: Proposal to step back further is untenable, not acceptable|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-to-china-proposal-to-step-back-further-is-untenable-not-acceptable-6541551/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806142133/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-to-china-proposal-to-step-back-further-is-untenable-not-acceptable-6541551/|archive-date=2020-08-06|access-date=2020-08-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* 8 – Major-general level talks at BPM [[Daulat Beg Oldi|DBO]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=2020-08-12|title=No progress made in India-China major general-level talks, all eyes now on diplomatic parleys|url=https://theprint.in/defence/no-progress-made-in-india-china-major-general-level-talks-all-eyes-now-on-diplomatic-parleys/479975/|access-date=2020-08-28|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924083014/https://theprint.in/defence/no-progress-made-in-india-china-major-general-level-talks-all-eyes-now-on-diplomatic-parleys/479975/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 14 – Chinese Foreign Minister [[Wang Yi (politician)|Wang Yi]] visits Tibet.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jiangtao|first=Shi|date=2020-08-16|title=Chinese foreign minister visits Tibet 'to send message to India'|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3097574/chinese-foreign-minister-wang-yi-visits-tibet-send-message|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831183943/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3097574/chinese-foreign-minister-wang-yi-visits-tibet-send-message|archive-date=2020-08-31|access-date=2020-09-01|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref>
* 20 – WMCC virtual meeting.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last1=Laskar|first1=Rezaul H|last2=Patranobis|first2=Sutirtho|date=2020-10-01|title=India, China hold one more round of talks|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-china-hold-one-more-round-of-talks/story-sYDg8odgiaTjvz0U7ZRGwJ.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010131150/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-china-hold-one-more-round-of-talks/story-sYDg8odgiaTjvz0U7ZRGwJ.html|archive-date=2020-10-10|access-date=2020-10-10|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
* 29/30 – India takes control of multiple heights along the Kailash Range.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-17|editor-last=Verma|editor-first=Akanksha|title=India's Move to Occupy Kailash Range Became Turning Point in Disengagement Talks: Lt Gen YK Joshi|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/indias-move-to-occupy-kailash-range-became-turning-point-in-disengagement-talks-lt-gen-yk-joshi-3445079.html|access-date=2021-08-28|website=News18}}</ref> Indian Army and PLA face-off for the first time on the southern bank of Pangong Tso.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Rahul|date=2020-08-31|title=Forget disengagement, China opens new front along LAC|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/forget-disengagement-china-opens-new-front-along-lac/story-cu2n1gHjqDR97Nh733UGsN.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831103355/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/forget-disengagement-china-opens-new-front-along-lac/story-cu2n1gHjqDR97Nh733UGsN.html|archive-date=2020-08-31|access-date=2020-08-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=2020-08-31|title=Fresh tension in eastern Ladakh: Army blocks China's attempts to change status quo|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/china-ladakh-army-status-quo-south-bank-of-pangong-tso-6577104/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831074758/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/china-ladakh-army-status-quo-south-bank-of-pangong-tso-6577104/|archive-date=2020-08-31|access-date=2020-08-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
;September
* 1 – Brigade commander-level meeting at Chushul-Moldo to discuss 29/30 August tension at Chushul.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 September 2020|agency=ANI|title=India-China border tension: Brigade commander-level meeting underway|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-china-border-tension-brigade-commander-level-meeting-underway/articleshow/77867744.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902015824/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-china-border-tension-brigade-commander-level-meeting-underway/articleshow/77867744.cms|archive-date=2020-09-02|access-date=2020-09-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* 1 – Foreign ministry spokespersons of both China and India deliver statements on 29/30 August tension at Chushul.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Mohan|first1=Geeta|last2=Aroor|first2=Shiv|date=1 September 2020|title=China made provocative military attempts to change status quo in Pangong Tso Lake: MEA|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/china-made-provocative-military-manoeuvres-to-change-status-quo-in-pangong-tso-lake-mea-1717517-2020-09-01|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901143945/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/china-made-provocative-military-manoeuvres-to-change-status-quo-in-pangong-tso-lake-mea-1717517-2020-09-01|archive-date=2020-09-01|access-date=2020-09-01|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
* [[File:The Union Minister for Defence, Shri Rajnath Singh in a meeting with his Chinese counterpart General Wei Fenghe.jpg|thumb|India and China hold high-level talks on 4 September 2020, Moscow]]4 – [[Minister of Defence (India)|Indian Defence Minister]] Rajnath Singh and his Chinese counterpart General [[Wei Fenghe]] hold talks on the sidelines of a [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] meeting.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-05|agency=PTI|title=At SCO meet, Rajnath Singh tells China to restore status quo at LAC|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/at-sco-meet-rajnath-singh-tells-china-to-restore-status-quo-at-lac/story-ylvhTnX21W0A9A8nEsFRRK.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905020157/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/at-sco-meet-rajnath-singh-tells-china-to-restore-status-quo-at-lac/story-ylvhTnX21W0A9A8nEsFRRK.html|archive-date=2020-09-05|access-date=2020-09-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
* 5 – Brigadier-level talks at Chushul for de-escalation on the south bank of Pangong Tso fail.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-09-06|title=LAC standoff {{!}} No progress in Brigadier-level talks between India and China at Chushul|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lac-standoff-no-progress-in-india-china-brigadier-level-talks-at-chushul/article32537937.ece|access-date=2020-09-07|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2020-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906203258/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lac-standoff-no-progress-in-india-china-brigadier-level-talks-at-chushul/article32537937.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 7 – China and India blame each other for firing warning shots on the south bank of Pangong Tso.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Agencies|date=2020-09-08|title=China and India accuse each other of opening fire as border tensions rise|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/08/china-india-border-soldiers-pangong-lake|access-date=2020-09-08|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2020-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908044340/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/08/china-india-border-soldiers-pangong-lake|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 10 – Foreign affairs ministers of China and India meet in Moscow and agree upon five point joint statement.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mitra|first=Devirupa|date=11 September 2020|title=India, China Agree on Five Guiding Principles to Resolve Current Stand-Off|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/india-china-foreign-ministers-stand-off-resolution|access-date=2021-08-28|website=The Wire}}</ref>
* 22 – Sixth round of corps-commanders commanders meeting takes place. Indian MEA and [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] representatives were also part of the talks.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, China to hold sixth Corps Commander-level talks today: Report |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-china-to-hold-sixth-corps-commander-level-talks-today-report-120092100190_1.html |access-date=22 September 2020 |work=Business Standard |agency=ANI |date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926061122/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-china-to-hold-sixth-corps-commander-level-talks-today-report-120092100190_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 30 – Fifth round of diplomatic talks took place; overall this was the 19th meeting of the WMCC; WMCC's sixth virtual meeting during these skirmishes.<ref>{{cite news |title=No breakthrough on stand-off in 5th round of India-China talks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-breakthrough-on-stand-off-in-5th-round-of-india-china-talks/articleshow/78417198.cms |access-date=1 October 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002025631/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-breakthrough-on-stand-off-in-5th-round-of-india-china-talks/articleshow/78417198.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" />
;October
* 13 – Seventh round of corps-commanders talks in Chushul.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=13 October 2020|title=Seventh round of India-China military talks 'positive and constructive': Joint statement|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/seventh-round-of-india-china-military-talks-positive-and-constructive-joint-statement-155191|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014142317/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/seventh-round-of-india-china-military-talks-positive-and-constructive-joint-statement-155191|archive-date=2020-10-14|access-date=2020-10-13|website=Tribune India|language=en}}</ref>
* 19 – A Chinese soldier identified as Corporal Wang Ya Long apprehended after he inadvertently crosses over into Indian territory in the [[Demchok sector]] of eastern Ladakh.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last1=|first1=|title=India releases Chinese soldier who had strayed across border|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chinese-soldier-who-strayed-into-lac-in-ladakh-handed-back-to-china/articleshow/78779879.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021030618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chinese-soldier-who-strayed-into-lac-in-ladakh-handed-back-to-china/articleshow/78779879.cms|archive-date=2020-10-21|access-date=2020-10-21|website=The Times of India|date=21 October 2020|language=en}}</ref>
* 21 – Corporal Wang Ya Long released from Indian custody after completion of due protocols and formalities.<ref name=":3" />
;November
* 6 – Eighth round of corps-commanders talks in Chushul.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bali|first=Pawan|date=2020-11-06|title=Ladakh standoff: India, China armies hold 8th round of commander-level talks|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/061120/ladakh-standoff-india-china-armies-hold-8th-round-of-commander-level.html|access-date=2020-11-21|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121130508/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/061120/ladakh-standoff-india-china-armies-hold-8th-round-of-commander-level.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
;December
* 18 – Another round of WMCC talks take place.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Patranobis|first1=Sutirtho|last2=Laskar|first2=Rezaul H|date=2020-12-18|title=No signs of breakthrough after latest India-China WMCC meeting|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/no-signs-of-breakthrough-after-latest-india-china-wmcc-meeting/story-NTLHe7LmLPreTYjsN7zhpK.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219034038/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/no-signs-of-breakthrough-after-latest-india-china-wmcc-meeting/story-NTLHe7LmLPreTYjsN7zhpK.html|archive-date=2020-12-19|access-date=2020-12-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== 2021 ==
;January
* 6 – Indian Defence Ministry's year end review for 2020 mentions usage of "unorthodox weapons" by China.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-06|title=In first mention, Defence review says 'unorthodox' weapons used in Galwan|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/galwan-valley-india-china-clash-lac-indian-army-7134333/|access-date=2021-01-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=2021-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208113146/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/galwan-valley-india-china-clash-lac-indian-army-7134333/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*9 – A Chinese soldier was captured in Ladakh by the Indian Army.<ref name="indiatoday_2021-01-09">{{cite news|last=Aroor|first=Shiv|date=9 January 2021|title=Chinese soldier captured in Ladakh's Chushul sector, to be returned|work=|publisher=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chinese-army-soldier-captured-ladakh-chushul-sector-to-be-returned-1757421-2021-01-09|url-status=live|access-date=28 January 2021|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110102240/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/chinese-army-soldier-captured-ladakh-chushul-sector-to-be-returned-1757421-2021-01-09}}</ref> The soldier was returned on 11 January.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=11 January 2021|title=India returns captured PLA soldier to China|work=The Economic Times|agency=PTI|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-releases-chinese-soldier-apprehended-for-crossing-disputed-border/articleshow/80210601.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live|access-date=2021-01-28|archive-date=2021-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208113155/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-releases-chinese-soldier-apprehended-for-crossing-disputed-border/articleshow/80210601.cms?from=mdr}}</ref>
* 20 – A "minor" border clash took place in Naku La, [[Sikkim]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=2021-01-26|title=India, China troops clash in Sikkim; resolved, says Army|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-troops-clash-in-sikkim-resolved-says-army-7161620/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208113148/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-troops-clash-in-sikkim-resolved-says-army-7161620/|archive-date=2021-02-08|access-date=2021-01-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Chinese mouthpiece and foreign ministry spokesperson denies any information about clash.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Manoj|author-link=Manoj Joshi (journalist)|date=27 January 2021|title=The mystery behind claims of India-China clash at Naku La, Sikkim|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-mystery-behind-claims-of-india-china-clash-at-naku-la-sikkim/|access-date=2021-09-25|website=Observer Research Foundation (ORF)}}</ref>
*24 – Ninth round of corps-commanders talks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 January 2021|agency=ANI|title=Ladakh standoff: 9th round of India, China Corps Commanders talks last for over 15 hours|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/25/ladakh-standoff-9th-round-of-india-china-corps-commanders-talks-last-for-over-15-hours-2254854.html|access-date=2021-03-06|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
;February
* 10 – [[TASS|Russian News Agency TASS]] reports that at least '45 Chinese servicemen' were killed in May and June 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2021|title=China, India commence withdrawal of forces from shared border - Chinese Defense Ministry|url=https://tass.com/world/1254813|access-date=2021-02-14|website=TASS}}</ref>
* 11 – Initial and partial disengagement of Indian and Chinese troops near [[Pangong Lake]] takes place.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bhalla|first=Abhishek|date=11 February 2021|title=Ladakh standoff: After Pangong, focus on other areas for disengagement|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ladakh-standoff-after-pangong-focus-on-other-areas-for-disengagement-1768339-2021-02-11|access-date=6 March 2021|work=India Today}}</ref>
*19 – China announces the deaths of four of its soldiers during the 2020 Galwan clash.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-19|title=Ladakh: China reveals soldier deaths in India border clash|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56121781|access-date=2021-03-06}}</ref> [[File:Tomb of Chen Hongjun.jpg|thumb|The tombstone of PLA Battalion Commander [[Chen Hongjun]], awarded the [[July 1 Medal]] posthumously for defending Galwan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Patranobis|first=Sutirtho|date=2021-05-31|editor-last=Chanda|editor-first=Amit|title=Chinese soldier killed at Galwan Valley up for top medal|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/chinese-soldier-killed-at-galwan-valley-up-for-top-medal-101622469949408.html|access-date=2021-09-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>|right]]
*21 – Tenth round of corps-commanders talks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-21|title=In 10th Round of Military Talks, India-China Discuss Disengagement at Depsang, Hot Springs for 16 Hours|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/in-10th-round-of-military-level-talks-india-china-talk-disengagement-at-depsang-hot-springs-for-16-hours-3457622.html|access-date=2021-03-06|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> India's Ministry of External Affairs publishes joint press release.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joint Press Release of the 10th Round of China-India Corps Commander Level Meeting|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33557/Joint+Press+Release+of+the+10th+Round+of+ChinaIndia+Corps+Commander+Level+Meeting|access-date=2021-08-24|website=www.mea.gov.in|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>
* 22 – Both Chinese and Indian troops complete the pull-back of forces from Pangong Lake.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 February 2021|title=Pangong Lake: India and China complete pull-back of forces|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56147309|access-date=6 March 2021|website=BBC|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=22 February 2021|title=India, China complete troop pullout from disputed border|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/22/india-china-complete-disengagement-of-troops-from-the-border|access-date=6 March 2021|website=Al Jazeera|publisher=}}</ref>
*24 – Indian Army Chief [[Manoj Mukund Naravane|Naravane]] states that de-escalation is "still a long way off".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Rahul|date=2021-02-24|editor-last=Sarkar|editor-first=Sohini|title='De-escalation in Ladakh still a long way off': General Naravane|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/deescalation-in-ladakh-still-a-long-way-off-general-naravane-101614174743801.html|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
;March
* 31 – No change in posture of [[Indian Air Force]] or [[People's Liberation Army Air Force|PLA Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Rahul|date=2021-03-31|title=India-China border row: Air forces hold formation in Ladakh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indiachina-border-row-air-forces-hold-formation-in-ladakh-101617138487983.html|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
;April
* 9 – Eleventh round of corps-commanders talks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 April 2021|title=11th Round of India-China Corps Commander Level Meeting|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33792/11th_Round_of_IndiaChina_Corps_Commander_Level_Meeting|access-date=2021-08-02|website=www.mea.gov.in|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>
;May
* 23 – The Indian Army denies a report published in ''[[The Hindu]]'' about a minor face-off taking place in Galwan in early May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 May 2021|title=Indian Army rejects report claiming face-off with Chinese troops in Galwan in May|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-stand-faceoff-chinese-troops-galwan-may-ladakh-1806241-2021-05-24|access-date=2021-06-14|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
;July
* 13 – In "pin-prick tactics", PLA troops enter Demchok sector and protest against [[Dalai Lama]]'s birthday; a village community center was marking the occasion.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=13 July 2021|title=India China border news: PLA troops enter Demchok, fume at Dalai Lama's birthday events|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pla-troops-enter-demchok-fume-at-dalai-lamas-birthday-events/articleshow/84360664.cms|access-date=2021-08-02|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
*26 – Chinese "civilians" enter Indian area at Charding Nala in Demchok sector and set up tents and refuse to leave.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=2021-07-26|title=In Demchok, China's tents on Indian side; no date yet for talks|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-border-dispute-in-demchok-chinas-tents-on-indian-side-no-date-yet-for-talks-7422099/|access-date=2021-08-02|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* 31 – Twelfth round of corps-commanders talks.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=2021-08-01|title=12th round of Indo-China military talks done, movement 'expected' in Gogra & Hot Springs|url=https://theprint.in/defence/12th-round-of-indo-china-military-talks-done-movement-expected-in-gogra-hot-springs/707081/|access-date=2021-08-02|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>
;August
* 1 – India and China set up a new [[Sino-Indian border dispute#Hotlines|military hotline]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=1 August 2021|title=India, China establish sixth hotline between ground commanders along LAC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-china-establish-sixth-hotline-between-ground-commanders-along-lac/articleshow/84947628.cms|access-date=2021-08-28|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*6 – A press release of a joint statement was published via ''[[Press Information Bureau of India]]'' stating disengagement at [[Gogra, Chang Chenmo Valley|Gogra]]. However analysts pointed out that some PLA structures were still visible through satellite imagery.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Sushant|date=11 August 2021|title=Gogra Disengagement Raises More Questions About the Situation in Ladakh|url=https://thewire.in/security/gogra-disengagement-raises-more-questions-about-the-situation-in-ladakh|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 August 2021|title=Press Release: Disengagement at PP17A|url=http://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1743220|access-date=2021-08-24|website=www.pib.gov.in (Press Information Bureau, Government of India)|publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-06|title=India, China disengage from Gogra Post in eastern Ladakh after 12th round of talks|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-ladakh-army-gogra-7441734/|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
;October
* 10 – Thirteenth round of corps-commanders talks.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last1=Ghoshal|first1=Devjyot|last2=Crossley|first2=Gabriel|date=2021-10-11|title=India, China trade blame for break down in border talks|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-china-trade-blame-break-down-border-talks-2021-10-11/|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref>

;December
* China and India continue to maintain and expand their border infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 December 2021|title=China Started Beefing up Military Infrastructure Near Ladakh After Dilution of Article 370|url=https://thewire.in/security/china-military-infrastructure-ladakh-article-370-chris-biggers|access-date=2021-12-23|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Purohit|first=Kunal|date=2021-12-20|title=Hardening battle lines at China-India border raise fears of sustained, 'small-scale conflict'|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3160099/china-india-border-dispute-crisis-drags-are-beijing-and-new|access-date=2021-12-23|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref>

== 2022 ==
;January
* 4 – Construction and upgradation of border infrastructure continues. China began construction of a bridge on the Pangong Tso, around 40 kilometres from the LAC in that area.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=4 January 2022|agency=PTI|title=New Satellite Image Shows China Building Bridge on Its Side of Pangong Lake: Reports|url=https://thewire.in/security/new-satellite-image-shows-china-building-bridge-on-its-side-of-pangong-lake-reports|access-date=2022-01-08|website=The Wire}}</ref> India inaugurated the [[Umling La]] section of the Chisumle-Demchok road during the previous week.<ref name=":6"/>
* 12 – Fourteenth round of corps-commanders talks. Joint statement issued unlike the last meet when independent statements were issued.<ref name=":106">{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=2022-01-14|title=No breakthrough in 14th round of India-China military talks, but two sides agree to 'meet soon'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-release-joint-statement-on-14th-round-of-talks-7721658/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Bhalla|first1=Abhishek|last2=Negi|first2=Manjeet|date=13 January 2022|title=Deadlock continues in Ladakh, 14th round of Corps Commander level talks fail to end stalemate|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/deadlock-continues-in-ladakh-14th-round-of-corps-commander-level-talks-fail-to-end-stalemate-1899734-2022-01-13|access-date=2022-02-04|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
* 26 – Both countries mark India's Republic Day at Chushul-Moldo and DBO-TWD border personnel meeting points.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 January 2022|agency=PTI|title=India, China Armies Hold Meeting To Celebrate Republic Day In Ladakh|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/republic-day-2020-india-china-armies-hold-border-personnel-meeting-in-eastern-ladakh-2170039|access-date=2022-02-04|website=NDTV}}</ref>
; February
* 15 - India banned 54 more apps that were duplicates of the apps it had banned <ref name=":108">{{Cite web|date=15 February 2022|agency=PTI|title=India adds 54 more Chinese apps to ban list; Sea says it complies with laws:Reports|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/sea-owned-game-free-fire-unavailable-india-after-ban-chinese-apps-2022-02-15|access-date=2022-02-18|website=Reuters}}</ref>
; December
* 9 –The Indian army said there had been a clash in the Tawang sector of Arunachal Pradesh state<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 December 2022|agency=PTI|title=India and China troops clash on Arunachal Pradesh mountain border|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63953400|access-date=2022-12-15|website=BBC}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{India China border timeline}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{China–India relations|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline of the 2020-2021 China-India skirmishes}}
[[Category:Sino-Indian border dispute]]
[[Category:Timelines of 21st-century military conflicts|2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]]
[[Category:May 2020 in China]]
[[Category:June 2020 in China]]
[[Category:2020s in India]]
[[Category:2020s in China]]
[[Category:2020s conflicts]]

2022–23 Delhi Premier League

2025-08-31T21:40:14Z

Serzude: Added a stub

{{Short description|Top-tier football league in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[Delhi Football League#Delhi Premier League|Delhi Premier League]]
| season = [[2022–23 in Indian football|2022–23]]
| dates = 15 July – 29 September
| winners = Vatika FC (1st title)
| matches = 110
| total goals = 403
| best player = Ajay Singh<ref name="pott"/>
| league topscorer =
| best goalkeeper =
| highest scoring = Friends United 8–0 Hindustan FC
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest losses =
| prevseason = [[2021–22 FD Senior Division|2021–22]]
| nextseason = [[2023–24 Delhi Premier League|2023–24]]
}}

The '''2022–23 Delhi Premier League''' was the first season of [[Delhi Football League#Delhi Premier League|Delhi Premier League]] as a top-tier [[association football|football]] league under the [[Delhi Football League]]. The season started on July 15, and ended on September 29, 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportstiger.com/news/delhi-premier-league-prize-money-teams-venues-and-all-you-need-to-know|title=Delhi Premier League: Prize Money, Teams, Venues, and All you need to know|publisher=Sports Tiger|date=13 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="KN_DPL2022">{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/delhi-premier-league-2022-schedule-fixture-venues-announced|title=Inaugural Delhi Premier League to kickstart on July 15|publisher=Khel Now|date=12 July 2022}}</ref>

[[Delhi FC]] were the defending champions. Matches were played in [[Ambedkar Stadium]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in [[Delhi]]. Debutants Vatika FC were the winners of the league title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-28 |title=Vatika FC - Debutants crowned Delhi Premier League Champions |url=https://www.sportstrumpet.com/vatika-fc-latest-champions-of-delhi-premier-league/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=वाटिका ने प्रीमियर लीग खिताब जीता |url=https://www.rajexpress.co/sports/vatika-won-the-premier-league-title |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Raj Express |language=hi}}</ref>

==Changes in format==
Delhi Premier League, which acted as a final round in the previous edition broke away from the FD Senior Division league to became the top tier league in [[Delhi]], while the former became a second tier league.<ref name="KN_DPL2022"/>

A total of ten clubs from the previous edition were joined by Vatika FC who were the league's first entrants through bidding.<ref name="KN_DPL2022"/>

For the first time ever, the teams played double round robin matches thereby increasing the number of games to 110 with 20 matches per side.<ref name="KN_DPL2022"/>

==Teams==
Eleven teams competed in the first edition of Delhi Premier League.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-12 |title=First-Ever Delhi Premier League to Kick Off on July 15 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/first-ever-delhi-premier-league-to-kick-off-on-july-15-5539711.html |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-12 |title=First Delhi Premier League to Kick off on July 15, 2022 |url=https://www.latestly.com/agency-news/sports-news-first-delhi-premier-league-to-kick-off-july-15-3939457.html |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>

{|class=wikitable
! Teams
! Venues
|-
|[[Delhi FC]]
|rowspan=11|[[File:Ambedkar stadium in delhi at morning.jpg|thumb|[[Ambedkar Stadium]]]] [[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Delhi.jpg|thumb|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]]]
|-
|[[Hindustan FC]]
|-
|Royal Rangers FC
|-
|Friends United FC
|-
|[[Garhwal FC]]
|-
|Tarun Sangha FC
|-
|Rangers SC
|-
|[[Sudeva Delhi FC]]
|-
|Uttarakhand FC
|-
|[[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]
|-
|Vatika FC
|}

==Standings==
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source= The Away End<ref name="table">{{Cite web |title=Delhi Premier League |url=https://theawayend.co/delhi-dsa-senior-division-league/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030012316/https://theawayend.co/delhi-dsa-senior-division-league/ |archive-date=2022-10-30|access-date=2022-09-04 |website=The Away End |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|update=complete


|team1=VAT
|team2=DFC
|team3=SUD
|team4=GFC
|team5=ROR
|team6=IAF
|team7=RSC
|team8=FRU
|team9=TSG
|team10=HFC
|team11=UFC

|result1=C |result2=Q

|win_DFC=12 |draw_DFC=3 |loss_DFC=5 |gf_DFC=47 |ga_DFC=26 
|win_FRU=6 |draw_FRU=5 |loss_FRU=9 |gf_FRU=44 |ga_FRU=39 
|win_GFC=10 |draw_GFC=6 |loss_GFC=4 |gf_GFC=39 |ga_GFC=23 
|win_IAF=10 |draw_IAF=1 |loss_IAF=9 |gf_IAF=32 |ga_IAF=31 
|win_HFC=3 |draw_HFC=5 |loss_HFC=12 |gf_HFC=21 |ga_HFC=41 
|win_RSC=7 |draw_RSC=5 |loss_RSC=8 |gf_RSC=40 |ga_RSC=46 
|win_ROR=9 |draw_ROR=5 |loss_ROR=6 |gf_ROR=50 |ga_ROR=32 
|win_SUD=11 |draw_SUD=4 |loss_SUD=5 |gf_SUD=38 |ga_SUD=24 
|win_TSG=5 |draw_TSG=4 |loss_TSG=11 |gf_TSG=30 |ga_TSG=49 
|win_UFC=3 |draw_UFC=0 |loss_UFC=17 |gf_UFC=18 |ga_UFC=71 
|win_VAT=14 |draw_VAT=2 |loss_VAT=4 |gf_VAT=39 |ga_VAT=16 


|name_IAF=[[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force FC]]
|name_DFC=[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|name_UFC=Uttarakhand FC
|name_TSG=Tarun Sangha
|name_RSC=Rangers SC
|name_ROR=Royal Rangers FC
|name_FRU=Friends United FC
|name_GFC=[[Garhwal FC|Garhwal]]
|name_SUD=[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
|name_HFC=[[Hindustan FC|Hindustan]]
|name_VAT=Vatika FC


|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) head-to-head goals scored; 5) goal difference; 6) number of goals scored; 7) fair play ranking; 8) drawing of lots


|res_col_header=Q
|col_C=green1 |text_C='''Champions''' and qualification for [[2023–24 I-League 3]]
|col_Q=yellow1 |text_Q= Qualification for [[2023–24 I-League 3]]
}}
{{notelist}}</onlyinclude>

== Awards ==
Ajay Singh of Friends United FC won the Player of the tournament award for scoring 24 goals in 20 games.<ref name="pott">{{Cite web |title=Ajay Singh - Player of the tournament |url=https://twitter.com/footballdelhi/status/1575504062686310404 |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[2022–23 Indian State Leagues]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2022–23 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2022-23 FD Senior Division}}
[[Category:Football in Delhi]]
[[Category:2022–23 in Indian football leagues|3]]
[[Category:2022–23 in Indian football]]

Rangli Rangliot

2025-08-06T17:45:17Z

Serzude: started a stub initial version - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rangli Rangliot
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.02748|N|88.35592|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Darjeeling district|Drjeeling]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,616
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 734226
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kurseong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kurseong]]
| website = {{URL|darjeeling.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rangli Rangliot''' is a village in the [[Rangli Rangliot (community development block)|Rangli Rangliot]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Darjeeling district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=370| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|57|0|N|88|20|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places and tea estates in the north-eastern portion of Darjeeling Sadar subdivision (including Rangli Rangliot CD block) and Kurseong subdivision in Darjeeling district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, H: hill centre, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate, TA: tourist attraction Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|27|2|10|N|88|22|0|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1= Takdah| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Takdah]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|27|1|20|N|88|21|21|E}}| label-pos2=right|label2=Rangli Rangliot| numbered2=R| mark-title2= Rangli Rangliot (R)|shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black 
|mark-coord3={{coord|27|3|30|N|88|23|12|E}}| label-pos3=right|label3=Peshok TG| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Peshok Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|27|0|20|N|88|24|13|E}}| label-pos4=right|label4=Teesta Valley TG| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Teesta Valley Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|48|35|N|88|15|38|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5=Longview TG| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Longview Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|57|57|N|88|22|20|E}}| labelpos6=right| label6=Mangpu| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Mangpu]] (R)|
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|54|20|N|88|16|40|E}}| label-pos7=left|label7=Monteviot TG| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Monteviot Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|49|30|N|88|17|22|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Rohini TG| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Rohini Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|46|20|N|88|21|35|E}}| label-pos9=left|label9=Sukna| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Sukna, Darjeeling]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|50|25|N|88|19|45|E}}| label-pos10=right|label10=Tindharia| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Tindharia]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|52|5|N|88|17|55|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Giddapahar| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Giddapahar]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|47|42|N|88|18|15|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Simulbari TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Simulbari Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|56|11|N|88|28|2|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Sittong| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Sittong]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|53|49|N|88|28|22|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Sevoke| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Sevoke]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|52|15|N|88|15|50|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Ambootia| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Ambootia]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|49|30|N|88|19|0|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Cart Road| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Cart Road]] (CT) | shape-color16=#800000
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|53|30|N|88|17|30|E}}| label-pos17=left |label17=Kurseong| numbered17=M| mark-title17= [[Kurseong]] (M)| shape-color17=#800000
|mark-coord18={{coord|27|5|55|N|88|20|50|E}}| label-pos18=left|label18=Glenburn TE| numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[Glenburn Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B
|mark-coord19={{coord|27|4|28|N|88|22|10|E}}| label-pos19=left|label19=Lopchu TE| numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[Lopchu Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B
|mark-coord20={{coord|26|51|25|N|88|14|8|E}}| label-pos20=left|label20=Balasun TE| numbered20=TE| mark-title20= [[Balasun Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B
|mark-coord21={{coord|26|51|15|N|88|17|0|E}}| label-pos21=right|label21=Castleton TE| numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[Castleton Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B
|mark-coord22={{coord|26|53|35|N|88|20|0|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22=Goomtee TE| numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[Goomtee Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|54|35|N|88|20|20|E}}| label-pos23=right|label23=Jungpana TE| numbered23=TE| mark-title23= [[Jungpana Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color23=#87A96B
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|50|30|N|88|16|20|E}}| label-pos24=left|label24=Makaibari TE| numbered24=TE| mark-title24= [[Makaibari Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color24=#87A96B
|mark-coord25={{coord|26|55|30|N|88|17|50|E}}| label-pos25=right|label25=Margaret's Hope TE| numbered25=TE| mark-title25= [[Margaret's Hope Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color25=#87A96B
|mark-coord26={{coord|26|52|25|N|88|26|20|E}}| label-pos26=bottom|label26=Mahananda |labela26= Wildlife| labelb26= Sanctuary| numbered26=NP| mark-title26= [[Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary]] (NP)| shape-color26=#228B22
|mark-coord27={{coord|26|49|0|N|88|31|0|E}}|label27=Teesta River| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=45| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none
|mark-coord28={{coord|26|47|0|N|88|23|30|E}}|label28=Mahananda|labela28= River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=45| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|26|45|0|N|88|17|0|E}}|label29= Balason River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=35| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|27|9|0|N|88|11|50|E}}|arc-textA= SIKKIM| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-161| arc-gapA=-4| arc-radiusA=0.7
|arc-coordB={{coord|26|50|0|N|88|7|0|E}}|arc-textB= NEPAL| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=60| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4 }}

===Location===
Rangli Rangliot is located at {{coord|27.02748|N|88.35592|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the eastern portion of the [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]] and a small portion of the terai region in its eastern and southern fringes, all of it in the Darjeeling district. In the [[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision]] 61.00% of the total population lives in the rural areas and 39.00% of the population lives in the urban areas. In the [[Kurseong subdivision]] 58.41% of the total population lives in the rural areas and 41.59% lives in the urban areas.<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html | title = Darjeeling | work =District Profile - General Information | publisher = District administration |access-date = 21 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 21 March 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> There are 78 tea gardens/ estates (the figure varies slightly according to different sources), in the district, producing and largely exporting [[Darjeeling tea]]. It engages a large proportion of the population directly/ indirectly.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/darj-tea.html | title = Darjeeling Tea | publisher = District administration | access-date = 21 March 2020 | archive-date = 11 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190911133459/http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/darj-tea.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> Some tea gardens were identified in the 2011 census as [[census town]]s or villages.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 21 March 2020 }}</ref> Such places are marked in the map as CT (census town) or R (rural/ urban centre). Specific tea estate pages are marked TE.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Rangli Rangliot Tea Garden had a total population of 2,616 of which 1,230 (47%) were males and 1,386 (53%) were females. There were 181 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Rangli Rangliot was 1,969 (75.27% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 22 February 2020 }}</ref>

==Civic Administration==
===Police station===
Rangli Rangliot police station has jurisdiction over the [[Rangli Rangliot (community development block)|Rangli Rangliot]] CD block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 22 February 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html | title = District Profile - Darjeeling | publisher = District administration | access-date = 22 February 2020 | archive-date = 17 August 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150817064946/http://darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
Rangli Rangliot Tea Garden of Duncan Industries Limited was awarded ISO:9002 certification from Det Norske Veritas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.duncans-tea.com/tea.htm | title = Tea Gardens | publisher = Duncans | access-date = 10 March 2020 | archive-date = 31 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200731211244/http://duncans-tea.com/tea.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>

As of 2020, Rangli Rangliot Tea Garden has been facing numerous problems for the past two years or so.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/trade-union-bats-for-sale-of-processed-tea-of-rangli-rangliot-tea-estate-to-pay-off-dues-298641 | title = Trade Union bats for sale of processed tea of Rangli-Rangliot tea estate to pay off dues | date = 8 May 2018 | publisher = Millennium Post, 8 May 2018 |access-date = 22 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://siliguritimes.com/complaint-lodged-against-rangli-rangliot-tea-gardens-manager-and-owner/ | title = Complaint lodged against Rangli Rangliot Tea Garden's manager and owner| publisher = Siliguri Times, 15 October 2019|access-date = 22 February 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Jinglam Uday Higher Secondary School is an English-medium coeducational institution established in 1968. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/jinglam-uday-higher-secondary-school-8qwkyl| title = Jinglam Uday Higher Secondary School| publisher = ICBSE |access-date = 27 February 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Takdah Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Takdah]], is the major government medical facility in the Rangli Rangliot CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =28 February 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 28 February 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Darjeeling District}}

[[Category:Villages in Darjeeling district]]