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Bhoothaddam Bhaskar Narayana

2026-05-08T02:11:39Z

Serzohe: Created the stub and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhoothaddam Bhaskar Narayana
| image = Bhoothaddam Bhaskar Narayana poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Purushotham Raaj
| writer = Purushotham Raaj
| producer = Snehal Jangala Karthik Mudumbi Shashidhar Kasi
| music = '''Score:''' [[Sricharan Pakala]] '''Songs:''' [[Sricharan Pakala]] [[Vijai Bulganin]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Shiva Kandukuri]]|[[Rashi Singh]]}}
| cinematography = Goutham George
| editing = [[Garry BH]]
| studio = Million Dreams Creations Vijaya Saraaga Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|3|1|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Bhoothaddam Bhaskar Narayana''''' ({{Translation|Magnifying glass Bhaskar Narayana}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Purushotham Raaj and stars [[Shiva Kandukuri]] and [[Rashi Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/a-trailblazing-fusion-of-tradition-and-technology-unveiled-in-indian-cinema/articleshow/108117751.cms|title=A trailblazing fusion of tradition and technology unveiled in Indian cinema|date=1 March 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Paul|last=Nicodemus|access-date=8 March 2024}}</ref> The film was released on 1 March 2024.

==Plot==
Between 2000 and 2001, a series of murders occur in the Chincholi Forest region along the Andhra Pradesh–Karnataka border. The victims are women whose bodies are found decapitated after sexual assault. The killings, termed “[[effigy]] murders” by the police, gain nationwide attention but remain unsolved for 18 years.

Bhaskar, a village-based private [[detective]], is motivated by a personal tragedy from his past. Fourteen years earlier, his brother Ravi was arrested for the murder of Rahima, a woman he loved despite belonging to a different caste. Although Ravi maintained his innocence, circumstantial evidence led to his arrest. Shortly after being released on bail, Ravi died by suicide due to social humiliation. Bhaskar, who had earlier noticed a Shiva [[Lingam|Linga]] chain near Rahima’s Muslim household, suspected ritual involvement, but the police dismissed his theory and closed the case.

In the present, Bhaskar assists local police with minor investigations. He is approached by a wealthy man, John Philip, to recover a lost mobile phone. Bhaskar retrieves it from a resort security guard and returns it despite discovering compromising videos on the device.

Soon after, another effigy murder occurs. Bhaskar notes unusual details, including the removal of extra fingers from the victim. The deceased is identified as Sravani, and her sister Lakshmi seeks Bhaskar’s help when the investigation stalls. Bhaskar collaborates with his police friend Indrajit, but is injured when a black van deliberately hits him. Lakshmi subsequently joins the investigation.

Re-examining old case files, Bhaskar discovers that effigies resembling the victims had been carved from wood decades earlier, and that the victims’ clothing was unusually old. With assistance from Karnataka CI Shankar, Bhaskar traces hospital markings on the clothes to an Andhra Pradesh medical practitioner, Dr. Yogesh. Sravani’s husband Kishore confesses that an illegal abortion performed by Yogesh resulted in her death, and that they staged it as an effigy murder. However, further evidence suggests the serial killings are unrelated to this incident.

Additional murders occur, and witness testimony reveals that the victims were transgender individuals. Bhaskar deduces that all the effigy murder victims were abandoned [[transgender]] women, explaining the absence of missing-person reports. Evidence also points to ritualistic human sacrifice connected to [[black magic]] practices. Doctors linked to earlier autopsies are found dead, including Dr. Nagaraj, in whose home an effigy is discovered.

Lakshmi recounts the myth of [[Bhasmasura]], whose severed head is believed to retain power, connecting the murders to a ritual seeking his resurrection. Bhaskar uncovers links to forensic officer Rudraveni, who had falsified autopsy reports. Before she can be questioned, Rudraveni dies by suicide, leaving behind evidence implicating a man named Dhanav Lingeshwar.

Lingeshwar is revealed to be Basha, a [[mechanic]] involved in trafficking transgender women for ritual sacrifice. He assaults witnesses, including Indrajit, before being fatally impaled to death. Before dying, Basha reveals that his brother is conducting the final sacrifice and that Lakshmi is the intended victim.

Bhaskar follows the trail to Shukrahalli, [[Kalaburagi|Gulbarga]], where he discovers manuscripts describing a ritual requiring 17 sacrifices to obtain the Aatma Lingam, with an 18th sacrifice involving self-immolation to resurrect Bhasmasura. The mastermind is revealed to be CI Shankar, who has secretly orchestrated the murders over 18 years under the guise of police investigations.

Bhaskar confronts Shankar at his ancestral home during the final ritual. Despite Bhaskar’s attempts to stop him by destroying the ritual ashes and appealing to reason, Shankar immolates himself, believing this will resurrect Bhasmasura. Bhaskar rescues Lakshmi, ending the ritual.

Bhaskar receives official commendation for exposing the conspiracy. However, the film concludes ominously when Bhaskar receives a call from Rudra, the last surviving member of Shankar’s lineage, who declares that “the real game begins now.”

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Shiva Kandukuri]] as Detective "[[Magnifying glass|Bhoothaddam]]" Bhaskar Narayana
** Aakash Srinivas as Young Bhaskar
* [[Rashi Singh]] as Lakshmi
* Devi Prasad as [[Police ranks and insignia of India|CI]] Danava Shankaracharyulu
* Arun Kumar as Detective "Watson" Prasad, Bhaskar Narayana's trusted assistant and best friend
* Shiva Kumar as Indrajith
* [[Varshini Sounderajan]] as Rudraveni
* [[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] as John Philip
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as D. Gangadhara Rao, Bhaskar Narayana's father
* [[Kalpa Latha]] as Bhaskar Narayana's mother
* [[Rupa Lakshmi]] as Lakshmi and Sravani's mother
* Divija Prabhakar as Sravani, Lakshmi's elder sister and Bhaskar Narayana's close friend
* Ananth
* Prabhakar as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Mohammad Ali
* Venkatesh Kakumanu as Kishore, Sravani's boyfriend
* Chaitanya Sagiraju
* Gaurav Dasari as Mark Joseph
* Ambati Sreenu
* Satya Srinivas
* Pranavi
* Kamal
* Gururaj Manepalli as Dr. Nataraj
* Paul Ramu as Satish
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by [[Sricharan Pakala]] and [[Vijai Bulganin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/bhoothaddam-bhaskar-narayana/l3iTEAaAaPk_|title=Bhoothaddam Bhaskar Narayana - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=23 October 2023|via=www.jiosaavn.com}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dappukotti Cheppukona
| music1 = [[Vijai Bulganin]]
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length1 = 5:07
| title2 = Kaka
| music2 = [[Vijai Bulganin]]
| lyrics2 = Suresh Banisetti
| extra2 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
| length2 = 4:05
| title3 = Bhoothaddam Bhaskar Narayana
| music3 = [[Sricharan Pakala]]
| lyrics3 = Purushotham Raaj Suresh Banisetty
| extra3 = Sricharan Pakala
| length3 = 3:58
| title4 = Shiva Trap Trance
| music4 = Sricharan Pakala
| lyrics4 = Chaitanya Prasad
| extra4 = [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| length4 = 3:45
| total_length = 16:55
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Bhoothaddam Bhaskar Narayana'' was released on 1 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-02-08 |title=Bhoothaddam Bhaskar Narayana gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Feb/08/bhoothaddam-bhaskar-narayana-gets-a-release-date-51875.html |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film premiered on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 22 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-16 |title=Shiva Kandukuri's Bhoothaddam Bhaskar Narayana gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/Mar/16/shiva-kandukuris-bhoothaddam-bhaskar-narayana-gets-ott-release-date |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

A critic from the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "Overall, "Bhoothadham Bhaskar Narayana" is a commendable addition to the Telugu crime thriller genre, offering ample thrills and suspense. It's a must-watch for those craving a gripping thriller experience".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/bhoothadham-bhaskar-narayana-a-new-age-thriller-with-interesting-twists-883842|title=Bhoothadham Bhaskar Narayana: A new age thriller with interesting twists|last=Sharma|first=Bhavana|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=March 2024 |access-date=8 March 2024}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote that "Ultimately, the film not only successfully sustains a solid level of intrigue until the end but also attests to the director's mastery in holding suspense, making 'Bhaskar Narayan's Bhutaddham' a promising and memorable addition to the Telugu thriller landscape".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bhoothadham-bhaskar-narayana-review-promising-addition-to-thriller-landscape-861823|title='Bhoothadham Bhaskar Narayana' review: Promising addition to thriller landscape|first=Suhas|last=Sistu|work=[[The Hans India]]|date=1 March 2024|access-date=8 March 2024}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and wrote that "''Bhoothaddam Bhaskar Narayana'' stands out for its innovative blend of detective storytelling with mythological elements".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/bhoothaddam-bhaskar-narayana/movie-review/108141910.cms|title=Bhoothaddam Bhaskar Narayana Movie Review : A mythological detective thriller with a cultish twist|date=1 March 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Paul|last=Nicodemus|access-date=8 March 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|21437674}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery drama films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s mystery drama films]]
[[Category:2020s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films set in 2018]]
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]

Sarah Thomas (writer)

2026-04-29T04:40:17Z

Serzohe: pg

{{Short description|Indian writer (1934–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sarah Thomas
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1934|9|14}}
| birth_place = [[Trivandrum]], [[Travancore]]. [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2023|03|31|1934|9|14}}
| death_place = Trivandrum, [[Kerala]], India
| resting_place =
| occupation = Novelist
| language = Malayalam, English, Hindi
| nationality = Indian
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = Fiction
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Narmadi Pudava'', ''Daivamakkal''
| spouse = Dr. Thomas Zachariah
| partner =
| children = Shobha George and Deepa Thomas
| relatives =
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1979, 2010)
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Sarah Thomas''' (15 September 1934 – 31 March 2023) was an Indian [[Malayalam language]] writer from [[Kerala]]. Her novel ''Narmadi Pudava'' won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] in the year 1979.<ref>[http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/ml_aw3.htm "Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award (Novel)"]. [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref> Thomas was also a recipient of [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] for Overall Contribution to Malayalam Literature.<ref>[http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/ml_aw12.htm "Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contribution to Malayalam Literature"]. [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref>

== Life and career ==
Thomas had started writing long before the concept of feminine literature evolved in Malayalam. She published her first novel ''Jivitamenna Nadi'' at the age of 34. She became noted in the literary field after the publication of the novel ''Murippadukal'' in 1971. The novel narrated the life of a young man brought up in a Roman Catholic orphanage and later transferred to his Hindu ancestral home, where he is subtly persuaded to conform to Hindu religious beliefs. His attempts to establish an identity for himself in a situation full of conflicts were dealt with in the novel. It was later filmed as ''[[Manimuzhakkam]]'' by [[P. A. Backer]], that won several awards, including the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] and the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film]].<ref>[http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/backer.html "P. A. Backer"]. Cinemaofmalayalam.net. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref>

There are three other novels of hers, ''Asthamayam'', ''Pavizhamuthu'' and ''Archana'', which too have been filmed.<ref name="Sarah Thomas turns 70">J. Ajith Kumar (14 September 2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20050104110900/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/09/14/stories/2004091401130200.htm "Writing for all of humanity"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref> Her best known work is ''Narmani Putava'' which won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1979. The novel portrayed a Brahmin girl whose fate it was to agree to marry the man of her father's choice so that he would have a peaceful end.<ref name="Sarah Thomas turns 70" /> Two books the author rated as her favourites are ''Daivamakkal'' and ''Grahanam''.<ref name="Sarah Thomas turns 70" /> A milestone in Kerala's [[Dalit literature]], ''Daivamakkal'' (Children of God) tells the tale of a Dalit boy, his trials and tribulations as a medical student as well as in later life. Kunjikannan, the protagonist of the novel, is a symbol of an individual trying to break from the often sub-human status that was his lot as a Dalit.<ref>Bhawani Cheerath (28 April 2006). [https://archive.today/20130707092156/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/28/stories/2006042800200200.htm "Children of a lesser god"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref> The novel was translated into English by Sosanna Kuruvilla.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080121100531/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/04/22/stories/2006042200790400.htm "Print Pick"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 22 April 2006. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref> ''Grahanam'' (Eclipse) narrates the harrowing experiences that a Keralite boy and his lady love, a German, had to undergo in Lebanon.<ref name="Sarah Thomas turns 70" />

Sarah Thomas died at her daughter's residence in [[Trivandrum]] on 31 March 2023, at the age of 88.<ref>{{cite news |title=സാറാ തോമസ് അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/keralam/2023/mar/31/sara-thomas-passed-away-174130.html |access-date=31 March 2023 |work=[[Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika]] |date=31 March 2023 |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=സാഹിത്യകാരി സാറാ തോമസ് അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2023/03/31/sarah-thomas-passed-away.html |access-date=31 March 2023 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=31 March 2023 |language=ml}}</ref>

==Works==
* ''Jivitamenna Nadi'' (1968)
* ''Murippadukal'' (1971)
* ''Pavizha Muthu'' (1972)
* ''Archana'' (1977)
* ''Narmadi Pudava'' (1978)
* ''Daivamakkal'' (1982)
* ''Agni Suddhi'' (1988)
* ''Chinnammu'' (1988)
* ''Valakkar'' (1994)
* ''Neelakkurinjikal Chuvakkum Neram'' (1995)
* ''Asthamayam''
* ''Gunitham Thettiya Kanakku''
* ''Grahanam''
* ''Thanneer Panthal''
* ''Yathra''
* ''Kaveri''

== References ==
<references />

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Sarah}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Writers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

Federation of Haomee

2026-04-25T15:56:56Z

Serzohe: added first article from scratch - done

{{Short description|Civil society organisation in Manipur, India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Federation of Haomee
| region_served = [[Imphal Valley]], [[Manipur]], India
| logo =
| type = Civil society organisation
| headquarters = [[Imphal]]
| native_name =
| method =
| revenue =
| num_volunteers =
| owner =
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Sapamcha Jadumani<ref name="IFP 2018">
Federation of Haomee rejects Manipur People's Bill 2018 / Non indigenous tribal groups should be excluded: Jadumani, Imphal Free Press, 8 November 2018. {{ProQuest|2130604267}}
</ref>
| leader_title2 = Vice-President
| leader_name2 = Kh. Kabui<ref name="CNS 2023">
[http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp3..100823.aug23 'Manipur after the coming of Kukis' released], Chronicle News Service, 9 August 2023.
</ref>
| leader_title3 = Convenor of core committee
| leader_name3 = R. K. Rajendra Singh (till May 2023)
| founders =
| key_people =
| founded = 12 October 2017<ref>
[https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/10/13/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Oct-12-Federation-of-Haomee-has-observed-its-fourth-foundation-day.html FoH observes 4th foundation day], The Sangai Express, 13 October 2021.</ref>
| dissolved =
| focus = Campaigning for "indigenous communities" of Manipur
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Federation of Haomee''' is a [[Meitei people|Meitei]]-led civil society organisation based in the Imphal Valley of [[Manipur]], India. In addition to Meiteis, it has participation from some [[Naga people|Naga]] groups.<ref>
Rokibuz Zaman, [https://scroll.in/article/1054519/why-a-battle-of-narratives-has-broken-out-in-manipur-over-the-1917-1919-anglo-kuki-war Why a battle of narratives has broken out in Manipur over the 1917-1919 Anglo-Kuki War], Scroll.in, 20 August 2023. "A Meitei group filed FIRs against authors of two books, claiming it was only a rebellion."
</ref><ref>
{{citation |first=Paul Lelen |last=Haokip |date=23 Feb 2024 |title=Shooting the Sun: why Manipur was engulfed by violence and the government remained silent (book review) |journal=Asian Ethnicity |doi=10.1080/14631369.2024.2322656 |quote=The Federation of Haomee (FoH) is composed of Meiteis and Nagas, although it does not represent the collective voice of all the Nagas.}}
</ref>
The organisation claims to campaign for the rights of the "indigenous communities" of Manipur,<ref>
[https://morungexpress.com/open-letter-to-wc-nnpgs Open letter to WC, NNPGs], The Morung Express, 26 June 2023. "Federation of Haomee is an apex civil society organisation of indigenous communities of Manipur."
</ref> including the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] and [[Naga people|Naga]] people among them, but excluding the [[Kuki people]].<ref>
Vangamla Salle K. S., [https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2019/08/26/centre-must-abrogate-peace-talks-with-foreign-based-kuki-outfits/ ‘Centre must abrogate peace talks with foreign-based Kuki outfits’], EastMojo, 26 August 2019. "The federation alleged that the Kukis are not the [original] settlers of Manipur but were once illegal refugees who infiltrated from neighbouring Myanmar."
</ref> It has published a book titled ''Manipur after the Coming of Kukis'' authored by one of its functionaries R. K. Rajendra Singh, arguing that Kukis "arrived" in Manipur a century ago and transformed Manipur in some way.<ref name="book summary">
Salam Rupachandra Singh, [http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.books.RK_Rajendra_Manipur_after_the_coming_of_Kukis_By_Salam_Rupachandra RK Rajendra's ''Manipur after the coming of Kukis''], e-pao.net, 11 July 2023.
</ref>
Scholars have called it a "vigilante organisation" that has generated a "free flow" of hate speech against the Kukis of Manipur.<ref>
{{citation |title=Territoriality, Conflict and Citizenship in the India–Myanmar Borderlands |first=Thongkholal |last=Haokip |journal=The Journal of Indian and Asian Studies |volume=4 |number=1 |date=January 2023 |doi=10.1142/S2717541323500018 |s2cid=257370090 |quote=In more recent times, a vigilante groups, such as Federation of Haomee, have been frequently engaged on such matters [issues that involve Kuki and Naga of Manipur] and specialized in pitting against minorities in Manipur including the Kukis. However, such questioning of indigenousness has no basis at all as 'the question is charged by the new zeal of nationalism having no real ground at the base'|doi-access=free }}
</ref><ref>
{{citation |first=Seilienmang |last=Haokip |title=Memory and kinship across the Indo–Myanmar border: A study of the lived experiences of displaced Kuki families|journal=Memory Studies |year=2023 |doi=10.1177/17506980231188484 |s2cid=260526732 |quote=An example of the latter can be found in Manipur, where hate speech and slogans are directed against the Kuki population, described as a ‘refugee’ and ‘immigrant’ community. The irony lies in the fact that these rampant insults and questions of indigeneity against the Kuki population have been orchestrated by civil society groups such as the Federation of Haomee and the International Meitei Forum.}}
</ref><ref>
Haoginlen Chongloi, [https://thewire.in/rights/free-flowing-hate-speech-rampant-racial-profiling-how-manipur-grew-intolerant Free-Flowing Hate Speech, Rampant Racial Profiling: How Manipur Grew Intolerant], The Wire, 18 June 2022. "Additionally, Colonel R.K. Rajendro, leader of a civil society group International Meitei Forum (IMF), and Sapamacha Jadumani, president of another civil society group Federation of Haomee (FOH), have been instrumental in spreading venomous hate speech directed at the Kukis since the past few years. Highlighting a few instances of involving the Kukis in the recent past, these leaders from the majority community are habituated to generalising the entire Kuki population as refugees and migrants."
</ref>

== Background ==
The Federation of Haomee appears to have been created by the joining of forces of two movements: the '''International Meitei Forum''', founded by R. K. Rajendra Singh in 2012,<ref name="Telegraph 2012">
Meiteis demand say in accord, The Telegraph (India), 8 December 2012. {{ProQuest|2286665405}}
</ref> and the '''Joint Committee on Inner Line Permit System''', headed by Sapamcha Jadumani, which was reportedly in existence in various forms since 1997.<ref name="IFP 2017">
JCILPS observes '2nd Decade Celebration of ILP Movement', Imphal Free Press, 20 November 2017. {{ProQuest|1966053049}}
</ref>

The International Meitei Forum (IMF) was formed around the time the Union Government had reached peace agreements with the Naga and Kuki militant groups. The Naga groups were fighting for a 'Greater Nagaland', while the Kuki groups were demanding a Kuki state. Under the circumstances, IMF demanded representation of Meiteis in the dialogues. It also claimed the preservation of the "integrity of Manipur" as one of its objectives.<ref name="Telegraph 2012"/> By 2013, it was declaring an intention to launch a signature campaign against the Kuki tribes claiming to be one of the indigenous communities of Manipur.<ref>{{citation |first=Thongkholal |last=Haokip |title=Spurn Thy Neighbour: The Politics of Indigeneity in Manipur |journal=Studies in Indian Politics |volume=4 |number=2 |year=2016 |pages=178–190 |doi=10.1177/2321023016665526}}</ref>{{rp|p=178}} By 2015, its chief R. K. Rajendra Singh{{efn|His name is also often mentioned as "R. K. Rajendro".}} was asserting that Kukis were "foreigners", and was making, in the words of the Kuki Research Forum (of scholars), "incendiary, communal and exclusivist statements".<ref name="Kuki Research Forum 2015">
[http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2015.Rejoinder_to_RK_Rajendro_President_International_Meitei_Forum_20150522 Rejoinder to R.K. Rajendro, President, International Meitei Forum], E-Pao.net, 21 May 2015.
</ref>

In 2006, it was reported that Sapamcha Jadumani, acting as the president of '''Federation of Regional Indigenous Societies''' (FREINDS), met the Manipur chief minister [[Okram Ibobi Singh]] to impress upon him the need for the introduction of [[Inner Line Permit]] in the state. It was claimed that 704,000 migrants had settled in the state of Manipur and they were able to play a decisive role in 15 assembly constituencies.<ref name="HT 2006">
NGO demands introduction of ILP in Manipur, The Hindustan Times, 6 July 2006. {{ProQuest|470973741}}
</ref>
“Outsiders are welcome for business. But they must not try to enter electoral politics by acquiring permanent residency,” he commented.<ref name="Statesman 2006">
Friends against migrants, The Statesman (India), 16 November 2006. {{ProQuest|284342994}}
</ref>
In 2012, his organisation was called Joint Committee on Inner Line Permit (JCILP), which is said to have launched a "relentless campaign" to force the state assembly to pass a resolution in favour of instituting the Inner Line Permit system. However, the Union Home Ministry is reported to have opposed the demand and asked the Manipur government to take effective steps to defuse the crisis.<ref name="IFP 2012">
MHA objects to ILP resolution, Imphal Free Press. 17 July 2012. {{ProQuest|1026551113}}
</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2017 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Meitei organisations]]

Manzoor Ahmad (politician)

2026-04-24T19:06:41Z

Serzohe: made new post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manzoor Ahmad
| office2 = [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| native_name = मंज़ूर अहमद
| native_name_lang = Hi
| term_end = 4th Apr 1991
| term_start = 2nd Dec 1989
| term_end1 = 28th Oct 1995
| term_start1 = 4th Dec 1993
| office1 = [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| birth_date = 28 November 1938
| birth_place = Baheri, Bareilly
| death_date = 6 March 2002
}}

'''Manzoor Ahmad''' (28 November 1938 – 6 March 2002) was a prominent Indian politician, co-founder and senior leader of Samajwadi Party, Chairman of Uttar Pradesh Waqf Board, and former member of Uttar Pradesh Jal Purchasing Committee, and of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Parliament Committee. He had been a member of the [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] as an [[Independent MLA]], and of the [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th]] and [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] as a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]] representing the [[Baheri Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Manzoor Ahmad, Baheri Assembly Elections 1989 LIVE Results {{!}} Election Dates, Exit Polls, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News, Articles & Statistics {{!}} LatestLY.com |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/1989/Baheri/manzoor-ahmad/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baheri Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/Baheri-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baheri Election Result 2022 LIVE: Baheri MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/Baheri-assembly-elections-up-46/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Murder ==
On 6 March 2002, Manzoor Ahmad was shot and killed near the Raj Bhavan in Lucknow.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-03-08 |title=SP MLA shot dead near UP Raj Bhawan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/sp-mla-shot-dead-near-up-raj-bhawan/articleshow/3001307.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The incident occurred during a gathering of Samajwadi Party (SP) members who were attempting to submit a memorandum to the then Governor, [[Vishnu Kant Shastri]].

Following the shooting, police, Provincial Armed Constabulary (PAC) and Rapid Action Force (RAF) personnel were deployed in the area. According to then ASP City [[Rajesh Pandey]], officers reached the spot and found a man wearing a white kurta pajama lying face down with a gunshot wound on his back. The assailant was reportedly seen fleeing a short distance away and was apprehended after a brief pursuit.

Police recovered a bag from the detained suspect containing a pistol with an exit hole consistent with a shot fired from inside the bag. The victim was soon identified as MLA Manzoor Ahmad. Tensions escalated when some SP members attempted to assault the suspect while he was in police custody; officers intervened and transferred him to the Hazratganj police station. Ahmad was taken to the Civil Hospital, where he was declared dead.

In September 2003, the Allahabad High Court ordered a Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) probe into the killing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-09-13 |title=Manzoor murder: High Court orders CBI probe |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/manzoor-murder-high-court-orders-cbi-probe/articleshow/179942.cms |access-date=2023-06-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmad, Manzoor}}
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Samyukta Socialist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1969–1974]]
[[Category:Indian politicians assassinated in the 21st century]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 2022]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}

List of pilot training institutes in India

2026-04-22T12:39:18Z

Serzohe: made new stub

{{Short description|Flying schools in India}}
[[File:Antonov AN-32 of Indian Air Force.jpg|thumb|[[Antonov An-32]] transport aircraft of the [[Indian Air Force]]]]
In India, [[Civil aviation in India|civil aviation]] is regulated by the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] (DGCA) which recognizes 35 (as of 2023) Flying Training Organisations (FTO) for [[flight training]] and seven (including one in [[Singapore]]) Aircraft Type Training Organisations or Approved Training Organisations (ATO) for [[type rating]].<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Press Trust of India]] |title=India is estimated to require 1,000 fresh commercial pilots every year, says govt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/india-is-estimated-to-require-1000-fresh-commercial-pilots-every-year-says-govt/articleshow/89328795.cms |access-date=27 April 2022 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=3 February 2022}}</ref> In [[Indian Armed Forces]], aircraft are used by the [[Indian Air Force]], the [[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Army Aviation Corps]], the [[Indian Naval Air Arm]], and the [[Indian Coast Guard]], who train officers at their military establishments.

==Civil aviation==
=== Flying Training Organisations ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of approved FTOs as of April 2025<ref>{{cite web|title=Flying Training Organisations|url=https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?baseLocale=en_US?page=jsp/dgca/InventoryList/personal/training/pilot/flrTrainOrgs/flyclub.pdf|publisher=[[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]]|access-date=3 July 2025|date=21 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
! Institute
!City Airstrip
! State/{{abbr|UT|Union Territory}}
! Type
! class=unsortable | Notes
|-
| Academy of Carver Aviation
|[[Baramati Airport|Baramati]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Private limited company|Private]]
|
|-
| Alchemist Aviation
|
| [[Jharkhand]]
| [[Private limited company|Private]]
|
|-
| Ambitions Flying Club
|[[Karad Airport|Karad]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Private limited company|Private]]
|
|-
| Asia Pacific Flight Training Academy
|
| [[Telangana]]
| [[Private limited company|Private]]
| Other base in [[Karnataka]]
|-
| Avyanna Aviation
|
| [[Rajasthan]]
| [[Private limited company|Private]]
|
|-
| Banasthali Vidyapith Gliding & Flying Club
|
| [[Rajasthan]]
| [[Societies Registration Act, 1860|Society]]
|
|-
| Bihar Flying Institute
|
| [[Bihar]]
| [[State-owned]]
|
|-
| Blue Ray Aviation
|
| [[Gujarat]]
| [[Private limited company|Private]]
|
|-
| [[Bombay Flying Club]]
|[[Juhu Aerodrome|Mumbai]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Societies Registration Act, 1860|Society]]
| The oldest [[flying club]] in India
|-
| Chetak Aviation
|
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[Societies Registration Act, 1860|Society]]
|
|-
| Chimes Aviation Academy
|
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| [[Private limited company|Private]]
|
|-
| Dunes Aviation Academy
|
| [[Gujarat]]
| [[Indian Trusts Act, 1882|Trust]]
|
|-
| EKVI Air Training Organisation
|
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| [[Private limited company|Private]]
|
|-
| Falcon Aviation Academy
|
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[Indian Trusts Act, 1882|Trust]]
| Other base in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
| Flytech Aviation Academy
|
| [[Telangana]]
| [[Private limited company|Private]]
| Other base in [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| FSTC Flying School
|
| [[Haryana]]
| [[Private limited company|Private]]
| Subsidiary of [[type rating]] company FSTC
|-
| Garg Aviation
|
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[Private limited company|Private]]
|
|-
| Government Aviation Training Institute
|
| [[Odisha]]
| [[State-owned]]
|
|-
| Government Flying Training School
|
| [[Karnataka]]
| [[State-owned]]
|
|-
| The Gujarat Flying Club
|
| [[Gujarat]]
| [[Indian Trusts Act, 1882|Trust]]
|
|-
| [[Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation]]
|
| [[Haryana]]
| [[State-owned]]
|
|-
| Indian Flying Academy
|
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| [[Private limited company|Private]]
|
|-
| [[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi]]
|
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[Central government|Centre-owned]]
| Autonomous institution under the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] Other bases in [[Karnataka]] and [[Maharashtra]]
|-
| Jet Serve Aviation
|
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| [[Private limited company|Private]]
| Other base in [[Maharashtra]]
|-
| The Madhya Pradesh Flying Club
|
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| [[Indian Trusts Act, 1882|Trust]]
|
|-
| Nagpur Flying Club
|[[Nagpur Airport|Nagpur]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[State-owned]]
|
|-
| National Flying Training Institute
|[[Gondia Airport|Gondia]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Private limited company|Private]]
| Joint venture between [[CAE Inc.]] and [[Airports Authority of India]]
|-
| Orient Flights Aviation Academy
|
| [[Karnataka]]
| [[Private limited company|Private]]
|
|-
| Patiala Aviation Club
|
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| [[State-owned]]
|
|-
| Pioneer Flying Academy
|
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[Private limited company|Private]]
|
|-
| [[Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology]]
|
| [[Kerala]]
| [[State-owned]]
|
|-
| Redbird Flight Training Academy
|[[Baramati Airport|Baramati]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Private limited company|Private]]
| Other bases in [[Assam]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
| Sha-Shib Flying Academy
|
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| [[Societies Registration Act, 1860|Society]]
|
|-
| Saraswati Aviation Academy
|
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[Indian Trusts Act, 1882|Trust]]
|
|-
| Sha-Shib Flying Academy
|
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| [[Societies Registration Act, 1860|Society]]
|
|-
| Skynex Aero Pvt. Ltd.
|
| [[Delhi]]
| [[Private limited company|Private]]
|
|-
| SVKM NMIMS Academy of Aviation
|[[Shirpur Airstrip|Shirpur]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Private limited company|Private]]
|
|-
| Telangana State Aviation Academy
|
| [[Telangana]]
| [[State-owned]]
|
|-
| Vision Flying Training Institute
|
| [[Gujarat]]
| [[Indian Trusts Act, 1882|Trust]]
|
|-
| Wings Aviation
|
| [[Telangana]]
| [[Private limited company|Private]]
|
|}

=== Aircraft Type Training Organisations ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of approved ATOs as of 2025<ref>{{cite web|title=Aircraft Type Training Organization (Pilots)|url=https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?baseLocale=en_US?page=jsp/dgca/InventoryList/personal/training/pilot/aircraftTrainOrgs/ATO.pdf|publisher=Dgca.gov.in|access-date=3 August 2025|date=}}</ref>
|-
! Institute
! Aircraft
! Note
|-
| Aag Centre for Aviation
| [[Airbus A320|A320]]
|
|-
| Airbus
| [[Airbus A320|A320]]
|
|-
| Boeing
| [[Boeing 737 MAX|B737 MAX]], [[Boeing 777|B777]]. [[Boeing 787|B787]]
| Singapore; India's only foreign ATO
|-
| CSTPL
| [[Airbus A320|A320]], [[Boeing 737|B737-NG]]
|
|-
| CTE, [[Air India]]
| [[Airbus A320|A320]], [[ATR 72-600]], [[Boeing 777|B777]], [[Boeing 787|B787]]
|
|-
| FSTC India
| [[Airbus A320|A320]], [[ATR 72-600]], [[Boeing 737|B737-NG]], [[Q400]]
| Also approved by [[EASA]] for [[Airbus A320neo|A320neo]]
|-
| Hatsoff Helicopter Training
| [[Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin|AS365 Dauphin]], [[Bell 412]], [[HAL Dhruv]]
| Joint venture between [[Hindustan Aeronautics]] and [[CAE Inc]]
|}

==Military aviation==
===Army Aviation Corps===
[[File:HAL LCH of Army Aviation Corps.jpg|thumb|[[HAL Prachand|HAL Light Combat Helicopter]] of the Army Aviation Corps]]
[[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Army Aviation Corps]] is the aviation branch of the [[Indian Army]]. Their inventory consists of helicopters.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! School
! Location
! Note
|-
| [[Basic Flying Training School (India)|Basic Flying Training School]]
| [[Prayagraj]]
| Indian Air Force station
|-
| Combat Army Aviation Training School
| [[Nashik]]
| Main training school
|}

===Indian Air Force===
[[Training Command (India)|Training Command]] is responsible for training [[Indian Air Force]] officers who are trained at Flying Training Establishments (FTE). Officers undergo basic Stage-I training at the [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]] and after trifurcating them into [[Fighter pilot|Fighter]], [[Military transport aircraft|Transport]], and [[Military helicopter|Helicopter]] streams, they are sent to the respective FTEs for Stage-II (advanced) and Stage-III (specialization) training.<ref>{{cite web |title=IAF-Training |url=https://afcat.cdac.in/AFCAT/Training.html |website=afcat.cdac.in |access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Su-30 MKI SB 065.jpg|thumb|[[Sukhoi Su-30]] combat aircraft of IAF]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! School
! Station
! Level
! Stream
! Note
|-
| [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]]
| Dundigal AFS
| Stage I
| {{n/a}}
| Common to all officers
|-
| Air Force School
| [[Kalaikunda Air Force Station|Kalaikunda AFS]]
| Stage III
| Fighter
|
|-
| Fighter Training Wing
| [[Hakimpet Air Force Station|Hakimpet AFS]]
| Stage II
| Fighter
|
|-
| [[Helicopter Training School]]
| [[Hakimpet Air Force Station|Hakimpet AFS]]
| Stage II
| Helicopter
|
|-
| Hawk Operational Training Squadron
| [[Bidar Air Force Station|Bidar AFS]]
| Stage III
| Fighter
|
|-
| Weapon System Operators' School
| [[Bidar Air Force Station|Bidar AFS]]
| Stage III
| Fighter
| [[Weapon systems officer]] training
|-
| Fixed Wing Training Faculty
| [[Yelahanka Air Force Station|Yelahanka AFS]]
| Stage II Stage III
| Transport
|
|-
| [[No. 112 Helicopter Unit, IAF]]
| [[Yelahanka Air Force Station|Yelahanka AFS]]
| Stage III
| Helicopter
|
|}

===Indian Naval Air Arm===
[[Indian Naval Air Arm]] is the [[naval aviation]] branch of the [[Indian Navy]]. Officers undergo a mandatory Naval Orientation Course at the [[Indian Naval Academy]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Pilot - Join Indian Nav |url=https://www.joinindiannavy.gov.in/en/page/Pilot.html |website=www.joinindiannavy.gov.in |access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref> and take a pre-flying training at [[School for Naval Airmen]] and are send to either [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]] or [[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi]] for ab-initio flying training. On completion, they are trifurcated into [[Fighter pilot|Fighter]], [[Fixed-wing aircraft|Fixed wing]], and [[Rotary wing]] streams and send to respective training stations for advanced training and specialization.<ref>{{cite web |title=Life on Squadron - Join Indian Navy {{!}} Government of India |url=https://www.joinindiannavy.gov.in/en/page/life-on-squadron.html |website=www.joinindiannavy.gov.in |access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Boeing P-8I of the Indian Navy (modified).jpg|thumb|[[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|Boeing P-8I]] of the [[Indian Naval Air Arm]] for maritime patrol]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! School
! Location
! Stream
! Notes
|-
| [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]]
| [[Dundigal]]
| {{n/a}}
| Indian Air Force station
|-
| Fixed Wing Training Faculty
| [[Yelahanka Air Force Station|Yelahanka AFS]]
| Fixed wing
| Indian Air Force station
|-
| [[INAS 561|Helicopter Training School]]
| [[INS Rajali]]
| Rotary wing
|
|-
| [[INAS 322]]
| [[INS Garuda]]
| Rotary wing
| [[Operational conversion unit|Operational conversion]] to multi-engine helicopters
|-
| [[INAS 330]]
| [[INS Shikra]]
| Rotary wing
| [[Operational conversion unit|Operational conversion]] to multi-engine helicopters
|-
| [[INAS 333]]
| [[INS Dega]]
| Rotary wing
| [[Operational conversion unit|Operational conversion]] to multi-engine helicopters
|-
| [[INAS 336]]
| [[INS Garuda]]
| Rotary wing
| [[Operational conversion unit|Operational conversion]] to multi-engine helicopters
|-
| [[INAS 339]]
| [[INS Hansa]]
| Rotary wing
| [[Operational conversion unit|Operational conversion]] to multi-engine helicopters
|-
| [[INAS 550]]
| [[INS Venduruthy]]
| Fixed wing
| Dornier Operational Flying Training course
|-
| [[INAS 551]]
| [[INS Dega]]
| Fighter
| Naval Orientation Flying in [[advanced jet trainer]]
|-
| [[INAS 300]]
| [[INS Hansa]]
| Fighter
| [[Operational conversion unit|Operational conversion]] to [[MiG]]s
|-
| [[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi]]
| [[Fursatganj Airfield]]
| {{n/a}}
|
|-
| School for Naval Airmen
| [[INS Garuda]]
| {{n/a}}
| Pre-flying training
|}

===Indian Coast Guard===
[[File:Dornier Do-228-101, India - Coast Guard JP7712387.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Coast Guard]]'s [[Dornier 228]] aircraft for [[maritime patrol]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! School
! Location
! Stream
! Notes
|-
| [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]]
| [[Dundigal]]
| {{n/a}}
| Indian Air Force station
|-
| Coast Guard Flying Training Squadron
| [[Daman, India|Daman]]
| Fixed wing
|
|-
| [[INAS 561|Helicopter Training School]]
| [[INS Rajali]]
| Rotary wing
|
|-
| [[Indian Coast Guard Academy]]
| [[Mangaluru]]
| {{n/a}}
| Under construction
|-
| [[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi]]
| [[Fursatganj Airfield]]
| {{n/a}}
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Military academies in India]]
* [[List of airlines of India]]
* [[List of airports in India]]
* [[List of active Indian military aircraft]]
* [[List of Indian naval air squadrons]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{URL|www.dgca.gov.in|Directorate General of Civil Aviation}}

[[Category:Aviation schools in India]]
[[Category:Civil aviation in India]]
[[Category:India aviation-related lists]]
[[Category:Flying clubs]]

TDS-01

2026-04-21T07:16:40Z

Serzohe: created - done

{{Short description|Future Indian satellite}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name =
| image =
| image_caption =
| mission_type = Technology demonstration
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID =
| SATCAT =
| website =
| mission_duration =
| spacecraft_bus = [[INSAT Satellite bus]]
| manufacturer = [[ISRO]]
| launch_mass =
| dry_mass =
| power = 
| launch_date = Q1 2026
| launch_rocket = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#First Launch Pad|Satish Dhawan Space Centre FLP]]
| launch_contractor = [[ISRO]]
| entered_service =
| orbit_reference =
| orbit_regime =
| orbit_periapsis =
| orbit_apoapsis =
| orbit_inclination =
| orbit_period =
| orbit_epoch =
}}

The '''Technology Demonstration Satellite-01''' or '''TDS-01''' is a planned Indian geostationary orbit technology demonstration satellite carrying payloads for [[ISRO]]'s [[Institute for Plasma Research|Institute of Plasma Research]], [[Gandhinagar]] and the CSIR-CEERI, [[Pilani]]. Payloads to be tested included an internally developed 300 mN electric powered thruster, [[atomic clock]]s, [[Traveling-wave tube|travelling wave tube amplifiers]] (TWTA) and a quantum communication suite (QuTDS).<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSLV {{!}} TDS-01 Mission |url=https://rocketlaunch.org/mission-pslv-tds-01 |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=RocketLaunch.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Satellite technologies ==
35 new technologies, ranging from atomic clocks to an [[Ion thruster|Ion propulsion]] demonstration are planned for the satellite. The primary objective will be validation of a 300 milli-Newton (300 mN), 5.4 kW electric propulsion thruster developed by [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre|LPSC]]. This is expected to be an improvement over the smaller 75 mN thruster used on [[GSAT 9]]. It is hoped to reduce fuel load up to 90% with an initial demonstration quantity of less than 200 kg of [[Xenon]], as compared to two tonnes for other Geostationary satellites.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-03 |title=Gaganyaan, PSLV, SSLV private debut: Isro's big plans for 2026 revealed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-2026-space-odyssey-launch-schedule-gaganyaan-vyommitra-robot-electric-propulsion-satellite-india-space-missions-pslv-gslv-nvs-science-news-space-news-isro-news-2845459-2026-01-03 |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-14 |title=ISRO gets ready for one of its busiest times in recent memory, lines up seven launches |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-gets-ready-for-one-of-its-busiest-times-in-recent-memory-lines-up-seven-launches/articleshow/125962041.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-18 |title=TDS-1, the satellite India's 1st pvt PSLV will launch to test 35 new tech |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/satellite-indias-1st-private-pslv-will-launch-tds-1-to-test-35-new-technologies/articleshow/118338465.cms |access-date=2026-01-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A 1000 hour Ground test of the plasma thruster was conducted on 27 March 2025 to test the flight model prior to integration. The plasma thruster will be use for orbit raising of satellite to the [[Geostationary orbit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO successfully completes 1000hrs Life Test of Stationary Plasma Thruster for Spacecraft Electric Propulsion System |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_successfully_conducts_1000hrs_life_test_of_SPT.html#:~:text=The%20erosion%20data%20measured%20during,Thruster%20undergoing%20life%20test |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> Instrumentation to validate quantum key distribution technology and a traveling wave tube amplifier will also be demonstrated on this flight.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-14 |title=ISRO plans seven launches by March next year, first mission expected next week - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/isro-plans-seven-launches-by-march-next-year-first-mission-expected-next-week-506587-2025-12-14 |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=JAGANNATHAN |first=VENKATACHARI |title=ISRO Readies For Crucial Space Launches |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/isro-readies-for-crucial-space-launches/20260110.htm |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> Over ₹18,700 lakhs have been allotted for hardware development for a five year span from 2021 to 2026.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parliament Question: Funds for ISRO Projects
|date= 18 December 2025 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2205847&reg=3&lang=2 |website=pib.gov.in|access-date=14 February 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Technology Experiment Satellite|TES]]
* [[Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment|APPLE]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 2026}}

[[Category:Satellites in geostationary orbit]]
[[Category:Satellites of India]]

{{India-spacecraft-stub}}

Gwalior Rural Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:08Z

Serzohe: started bio

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gwalior Rural
| type = SLA
| map_image = 14-Gwalior Rural.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Gwalior district|Gwalior]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Sahab Singh Gurjar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| constituency_no = 14
| loksabha_cons = [[Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency|Gwalior]]
| established = 2008
| preceded_by = [[Bharat Singh Kushwah]]
}}

'''Gwalior Rural Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=4 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 2008, following the delimitation of the legislative assembly constituencies. It covers part of the erstwhile Morar constituency, which was abolished in 2008.

==Overview==
Gwalior Rural (constituency number 14) is one of the 6 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Gwalior district]]. This constituency covers [[Morar Cantonment]] and part of Gwalior [[tehsil]] of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref>

Gwalior Rural is part of [[Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Gwalior Assembly constituency|Gwalior]], [[Gwalior East Assembly constituency|Gwalior East]], [[Gwalior South Assembly constituency|Gwalior South]], [[Bhitarwar Assembly constituency|Bhitarwar]] and [[Dabra Assembly constituency|Dabra]] in this district and [[Karera Assembly constituency|Karera]] and [[Pohari Assembly constituency|Pohari]] in [[Shivpuri district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Madan Kushwah
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2018" />
|rowspan=2|[[Bharat Singh Kushwah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="election2023">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=3 December 2023 |title=Gwalior Rural Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Sahab Singh Gurjar with 79841 defeats BJP's Bharat Singh Kushwah |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/gwalior-rural-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470380-2023-12-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807045152/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/gwalior-rural-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470380-2023-12-03 |archivedate=7 August 2024 |accessdate=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Sahab Singh Gurjar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gwalior Rural<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sahab Singh Gurjar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:79841}}
|percentage = 42.34
|change = +17.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bharat Singh Kushwah]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:76559}}
|percentage = 40.6
|change = +7.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Suresh Baghel
|votes = {{formatnum:26990}}
|percentage = 14.31
|change = -17.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:311}}
|percentage = 0.16
|change = -0.71
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3282}}
|percentage = 1.74
|change = +0.76
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:188560}}
|percentage = 74.64
|change = +5.52
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gwalior Rural<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bharat Singh Kushwah]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:51033}}
|percentage = 32.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Sahab Singh Gurjar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:49516}}
|percentage = 31.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Madan Kushwah
|votes = {{formatnum:38199}}
|percentage = 24.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Sangharsh Dal
|candidate = [[Phool Singh Baraiya]]
|votes = {{formatnum:7698}}
|percentage = 4.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Balveer Singh Baghel
|votes = {{formatnum:2689}}
|percentage = 1.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1349}}
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1517}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:155404}}
|percentage = 69.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Morar Cantonment]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.35|78.43|display=title}}

[[Category:Gwalior district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Gwalior]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Mumbai CSMT–Thiruvananthapuram Weekly Express

2026-04-18T15:33:04Z

Serzohe: made stub

{{Short description|Express train in India}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Mumbai Lokmanya Tika Terminus–Thiruvananthapuram Central Weekly Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=tes|1994|07|04}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus}} (LTT)
| stops = 41
| end = {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram Central}} (TVC)
| distance = {{convert|1946|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 39h 10m
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, AC 3 tier economy, Sleeper class, General unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack = Yes
| catering = Pantry car On-board catering E-catering
| observation =
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[WAP-7]], [[LHB coach]]es
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 16331/16332
| speed = {{convert|42|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 16331/16332 '''Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Thiruvananthapuram Central Weekly Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between [[Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus railway station]] and {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram Central}} in India.

== Service==

The 16331/Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Thiruvananthapuram Central Weekly Express has an average speed of 50 km/h and covers 1946 km in 39h 10m. The 16332/Thiruvananthapuram Central–Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Weekly Express has an average speed of 48 km/h and covers 1946 km in 40h 25m.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/trains-to-be-detained/article19112872.ece Trains to be detained]</ref><ref>[http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1672&did=14918890685895C913A9717F8668FE3D8326CFE96F42C.web91 TRAINS REGULATED/REGULATED]</ref><ref>[http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3816&did=14865569937246394BEA7BAF921CE199FD009BB3492B5.web91 Temporary Halt at Gangapur Road Station on Solapur Division for 5 pairs of trains for 5 days]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/two-express-trains-get-superfast-status/articleshow/57069750.cms Two express trains get superfast status]</ref>

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* [[Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]
* {{stnlnk|Thane}}
* {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Karjat}}
* {{stnlnk|Lonavala}}
* {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Daund Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Solapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Kalaburagi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Wadi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Mantralayam Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Guntakal Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dharmavaram Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Krishnarajapuram}}
* {{stnlnk|Bangarapet Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Salem Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Erode Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Coimbatore Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Palakkad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ernakulam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Alappuzha}}
* {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram Central}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard [[LHB coach|LHB rakes]] with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 23 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 6 AC III Tier
* 2 AC III Tier Economy
* 7 Sleeper coaches
* 1 Pantry car
* 4 General Unreserved
* 1 Seating cum Luggage Car
* 1 Generator Car

1+6+7+1+4+1+1=23 RAKES consists

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:orange;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightblue;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:blue;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:blue;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 21
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 22
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:grey;"| 23
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]]||SLR||UR||UR||S1||S2||S3||S4||S5||S6||S7||PC||M2||M1||B1||B2||B3||B4||B5||B6||A1||UR||UR||EOG||
|}

(Coach Position of 16331 Express)
No rake sharing. Pure LHB Coaches.

== Traction==
An erode/KYN based WAP-7 hauls the train end to end in both directions.

== Schedule ==

*16331 – Starts from Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus every Sunday at night 08:35 PM IST and reaches Thiruvananthapuram Central on Tuesday at morning 07:00 AM IST
*16332 – Starts from Thiruvananthapuram Central every Saturday at morning 04:25 AM IST and reaches Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus on Sunday 7:15 PM IST

== See also ==

* [[Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus railway station]]
* [[Thiruvananthapuram Central]]

== Notes ==

{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1654 16331/Mumbai LTT–Thiruvananthapuram Weekly Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1119 16332/Thiruvananthapuram–Mumbai LTT Weekly Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai LTT-Thiruvananthapuram Weekly Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Chandrapur, Chhattisgarh

2026-04-16T21:41:56Z

Serzohe: added initial data w/ infobox - done

{{distinguish|text=[[Chandrapur]], [[Maharashtra]]}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chandrapur
| native_name = चंद्रपुर
| native_name_lang = hi
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = File:Ardhnareshwar.jpg
| image_alt = Scenic view of Chandrapur
| image_caption = [[Ardhanarishvara]] statue in the [[Chandrapur, Chhattisgarh#Maa Chandrahasini Temple|Chandrahasini Temple]] premises
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.2833|N|83.1167|E|}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sakti district|Sakti]]
| government_type = Local Government
| leader_title = Sarpanch
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 
| elevation_m = 300
| population_total = 10,700
| population_as_of = 2021 estimate
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Chhattisgarhi]]
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 495692
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 787
| registration_plate = CG
| website = https://sakti.cg.gov.in/en/culture-heritage/
}}

'''Chandrapur''' is a village situated in the [[Sakti district]] of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]. Located on the banks of the [[Mahanadi River]], it is renowned for its religious significance, particularly the [[Chandrapur, Chhattisgarh#Maa Chandrahasini Temple|Chandrahasini Temple]] and [[Chandrapur, Chhattisgarh#Nathal Dai Temple|Nathal Dai Temple]].

==History==

The region surrounding Chandrapur has a rich historical background, with influences from various dynasties over the centuries. The [[Gondwana Kingdoms|Gond dynasty]], prominent from the 12th to the 18th century, ruled significant parts of [[central India]], including areas near present-day Chandrapur. The [[Gonds]] were known for their administrative skills and contributions to regional culture.<ref>{{Citation |title=Gondwana Kingdoms |date=2024-12-22 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana_Kingdoms?|access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en}}</ref>

==Transport==

Chandrapur is positioned approximately 59 kilometers east of the district headquarters, [[Janjgir]], about 201 kilometers from the state capital, [[Raipur]] and 128 kilometers west of [[Sambalpur]]. Its location along the [[Mahanadi River]] enhances its scenic beauty and spiritual ambiance, attracting visitors and devotees alike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chandrapur.chhattisgarhonline.in/guide/about-chandrapur?|title=About Chandrapur, Profile of Chandrapur, Chandrapur City Information}}</ref>

==Maa Chandrahasini Temple==

The Chandrahasini Temple is a prominent Hindu shrine dedicated to [[Durga|Goddess Chandrahasini]]. Situated on the serene banks of the [[Mahanadi River]], the temple is a significant pilgrimage site, drawing devotees from various regions. The temple's architecture and spiritual atmosphere offer a tranquil retreat for visitors seeking divine blessings.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Chandrahasini Mandir |url=https://www.chhattisgarhtours.com/chandrahasini-mandir.html? |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=www.chhattisgarhtours.com}}</ref>

The temple is a focal point during the [[Navaratri|Navratri]] festival, celebrated with great fervor twice a year. During this period, a large fair is organized, attracting devotees from [[Chhattisgarh]] and neighboring states like [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHANDRAHASINI TEMPLE {{!}} Janjgir-Champa District, Government of Chhattisgarh {{!}} India |url=https://janjgir-champa.gov.in/en/tourist-place/chandrahasini-temple/? |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Nathal Dai Temple==

The Nathal Dai Temple holds substantial spiritual and cultural importance in Chandrapur. Located at the confluence of two rivers, it is dedicated to [[Goddess Durga]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nathal Dai Temple Chandrapur: Profound Sense of Peace |url=https://chhattisgarhpedia.com/nathal-dai-temple-chandrapur-profound-sense-of-peace? |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=chhattisgarhpedia.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[Navaratri|Navratri]] is the most prominent festival celebrated at the Nathal Dai Temple. During this time, the temple is adorned with vibrant decorations, and devotees participate in traditional rituals and cultural events.

==Bibliography==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Sakti district]]

Muhammad Sirajul Hassan

2026-04-11T09:42:07Z

Serzohe: made a post

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1933–2020)}}
{{Sources exist|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Muhammad Sirajul Hassan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1933
| birth_place = [[Raichur]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2020|04|02|1933}}
| death_place = Raichur, Karnataka, India
| office = President of Jamaat-e-Islami Hind
| term_start = 1990
| term_end = 2003
| predecessor = Maulana Mohammed Yusuf
| successor = [[Abdul Haq Ansari]]
| occupation = Zonal Chief of Karnataka, Secretary of Jamaat in Delhi
}}

'''Muhammad Sirajul Hassan''' (1933 – 2 April 2020) was an Indian Islamic scholar and leader who served as the President of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]] (JIH) from 1990 to 2003.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 April 2020 |title=Former Jamaat-e-Islami Hind chief dies at 87 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2189607/former-jamaat-e-islami-hind-chief-dies-87 |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=[[The Express Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 April 2020 |title=Former Jamaat-e-Islami Hind President Maulana Sirajul Hasan Passes Away at 88 |url=https://thecognate.com/former-jamaat-e-islami-hind-president-maulana-sirajul-hasan-passes-away-at-88/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=The Cognate}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=ul Khaliq |first=Riyaz |date=2 April 2020 |title=India: Ex-Jamaat-e-Islami chief dies at 87 |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/india-ex-jamaat-e-islami-chief-dies-at-87/1789947 |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=[[Anadolu Ajansı]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{succession box |title=Ameer of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]]|
years= 1990 – 2003 |
before=Maulana Mohammed Yusuf|
after=[[Abdul Haq Ansari]]}}
{{end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sirajul Hassan, Muhammad}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Presidents of Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]

{{Islam-bio-stub}}

Lady Andal Venkatasubba Rao Matriculation Higher Secondary School

2026-04-09T14:41:42Z

Serzohe: started bio

{{Short description|Private co-ed school in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{multiple issues
|{{more citations needed|date=May 2019}}
{{notability|Organizations|date=May 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Lady Andal Venkatasubba Rao Matriculation Higher Secondary School
| native_name =
| founder = Madras Seva Sadan Lady M. Venkatasubbarao
| image =
| caption =
| established = {{Start date and age|1987||}}
| type = Private co-ed
| classes_offered = [[International Baccalaureate]]
| endowment =
| faculty =
| staff =
| principal =
| rector = {{Unbulleted_list|Krithika Kumar Quintal|Tamara Ann Coelho}}
| chancellor =
| vice_chancellor =
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| grades = KG-12
| enrollment = 1,300 (approx.)
| houses = [[#Houses|6]]
| doctoral =
| city =
| coor =
| state =
| country =
| campus =
| free_label =
| free_text =
| colours = {{color box|Red}} Red {{color box|White}} White
| mascot =
| nickname = Lady Andal (or) LA (or) Lady A's
| publication = ''Clipboard'', ''Priceless Pearls''
| affiliations = Madras Seva Sadan
| website = {{URL|ladyandalschool.com}}
| motto = Service with a Smile
| address = 7, Shenstone park, Harrington road, Chetpet, [[Chennai]]-600031, [[Tamil Nadu, India]]
}}

'''Lady Andal Venkatasubba Rao Matriculation Higher Secondary School''', popularly known as '''Lady Andal''', is an academic institution in Harrington road, [[Chennai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is a unit of the Madras Seva Sadan, established in 1987. The school follows the [[Montessori]] philosophy.

==Founders and history==

[[File:14-29-27-lady-andal.jpg|thumb|Lady Andal]]

Andalamma was born in the year 1894. She came from a well-to-do family and attended St. Thomas Convent, Mylapore and the Presidency High School, Egmore. At a very young age, Andalamma became a widow and thought she must now accept a life of seclusion - for widows in those days could not re-marry or mingle in society. However, the Hon'ble Justice M. Venkatasubba Rao, a judge, married her.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} In 1928, with their own money, Rs.10,000{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}, they founded the Madras Seva Sadan - an institute to protect, teach and help children and people who been abandoned and mistreated by society.

To commemorate the name of the Founder, Lady Andal school was established in 1987. Today the school is inside the campus of the Madras Seva Sadan and is established as the unit of the same. The school is run as a self-financed private institution managed by the Trust Committee of the Madras Seva Sadan.

==Administration==
The school was run by the late Mrs. C. Prema Kumar, who was its correspondent principal. The principal is Tamara Coelho, who took the place of the principal from Shalini Pillay by the end of the academic year 2012–2013.

==Campus==
A concert hall, the '''Sir Mutha Venkata Subba Rao Hall''', was built by 2006. The students are unofficially referred to as '''Andalites'''. Many important events like The Hindu International Music Festival, Show Stoppers Inc., U.S. Consulate General - Chicago Children's Choir, Littleshows award, The Wonder Years -An Arabian Nights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Events in Mutha venkata Subha Rao Hall|date=19 November 2013 |url=http://www.smvrch.com/events-gallery/|access-date=18 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Award function in Mutha venkata Subha Rao Hall|url=http://www.littleshows.com/short-film-awards.php?little_year=2014|access-date=18 September 2014|archive-date=31 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531211317/http://www.littleshows.com/short-film-awards.php?little_year=2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:The main block.jpg|thumb|The main block]]

[[File:Lady high garden.jpg|thumb|The garden]]
[[File:Lady auditorium.jpg|thumb|The school's auditorium, while under construction]]

==Auditorium==

The school has a theatre with a {{cvt|2600|sqft}} stage, a 200-seat open-air stage, a {{cvt|4786|sqft}} multipurpose hall for exhibitions, workshops, seminars, etc., a reference library for performing arts, an art gallery and a coffee shop.

[[File:17-59-27-artgallery1.jpg|thumb|The Art Space]]
[[File:The seating.jpg|thumb|The Seating]]
[[File:View from the balcony seating.jpg|thumb|View from the balcony seating]]

==Notable alumni==
{{alumni|date=August 2025}}
*[[Shruti Haasan]], film actress<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-15 |title=“The best and worst thing about Bollywood is chaos!” says Shruti Haasan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/the-best-and-worst-thing-about-bollywood-is-chaos-says-shruti-haasan/story-yGOYzO55Lcwn9EOkM0TTnL.html |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
*[[A. R. Ameen]], playback singer
*[[Megha Akash]], film actress<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmyFocus |title=Megha Akash : Biography, Age, Movies, Family, Photos, Latest News |url=https://filmyfocus.com/celebs/megha-akash |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=Filmy Focus |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Akshara Haasan]], film actress<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akshara Haasan - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/akshara-haasan/in.bookmyshow.com/person/akshara-haasan/8055 |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
*[[Jeevan Thondaman]], politician<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeevan sets a record as Lanka's youngest-ever Cabinet Minister |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/print/opinion/Jeevan-sets-a-record--as-Lanka%E2%80%99s-youngest-ever-Cabinet-Minister/172-253098 |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=www.dailymirror.lk |language=English}}</ref>
*[[Regina Cassandra]], film actress<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography, bio, Regina Cassandra, Regina, Regina Biography, Regina Biography, Regina Profile, Regina Biodata, Regina Filmography, Regina Awards |url=https://profilebeans.com/220_Regina-Cassandra-biodata.html |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=profilebeans.com |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Kalyani Priyadarshan]], film actress<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan - Actor Filmography، photos، Video |url=https://elcinema.com/en/person/2129113 |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=elCinema.com |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Dipika Pallikal]], squash player<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dipika Pallikal Karthik |url=https://edubilla.com/award/arjuna-award/dipika-pallikal-karthik/ |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=Edubilla.com |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Lakshmi Shruti Settipalli]], squash player<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakshmi Shruti Settipalli - Indian Squash Player |url=https://www.lakshmishrutisettipalli.com/lakshmi-shruti-settipalli.html |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=www.lakshmishrutisettipalli.com}}</ref>
*[[Uthara Unnikrishnan]], playback singer<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-04-14 |title=The family note |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/uthara-unnikrishnan-the-family-note/article5912460.ece |access-date=2025-08-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*[[Shanmuga Pandian]], actor
*[[Hemachandran (actor)]]
*[[Shruti Ramachandran]], actress

==References==
{{Reflist}}
12. ^" The Lady Andal Story"^ City Express 23 June 2012 [https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/cities/chennai/2012/Jun/23/the-lady-andal-story-379806.html]

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://ladyandalschool.com/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929170006/http://www.sirmvenkatasubbaraoschool.org/ Official website of Sir M. Venkata Subba Rao Matriculation Higher Secondary School, T.Nagar, Chennai - 17.]

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|13.06894|80.23853|type:edu_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Montessori schools in India]]
[[Category:Primary schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Private schools in Chennai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Antonio Moraes

2026-04-09T00:36:33Z

Serzohe: Created the stub and citations

{{Short description|Indian playwright and director (1924–2012)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Antonio Moraes
| image = Antonio Moraes.jpg
| caption = Moraes in his later years
| birth_name = Antonio Morais
| birth_place = [[Quepem taluka#Settlements|Assolda]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1924|7|13|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2012|1|14|1924|7|13|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Benaulim]], Goa, India
| other_names = A. Moraes
| occupation = {{hlist|Playwright|theatre director|trumpeter|bandleader|composer}}
| years_active = 1944–2000s
| relatives = [[Xempea Minguel]] (brother)
| title = Founder of A. Moraes band
| spouse = {{marriage|Antonieta Fernandes|1961}}
| children = 6
}}

'''Antonio Moraes''' ([[né]] '''Morais'''; 13 July 1924 – 14 January 2012), known professionally as '''A. Moraes''', was an Indian playwright, theatre director, trumpeter, bandleader, and composer known for his work in ''[[Tiatr#khell tiatr|khell]]'' ([[street play]]), [[folk play]]s, and ''[[tiatr]]'' (theatre) productions.

==Early life==
Moraes was born as Antonio Morais on 13 July 1924 in the village of [[Quepem taluka#Settlements|Assolda]] in [[Goa]], which was under [[Portuguese India|Portuguese colonial rule]] at the time during the [[Portuguese Empire]]. He was born into a [[Goan Catholic]] family as the fourth son of [[day laborer]]s Paulo Morais and Conceiçaō Maria Fernandes, his mother being a native of [[Quepem taluka#Settlements|Xeldem]], Goa. His three older brothers were Tiburcio (born 1918), Zpeferino (born 1916), and [[Xempea Minguel|Miguel]] (born 1922).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=30 June 2006 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&_Mode=B&__cscKey= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131321/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> At the age of 10, his family moved to the same town where he commenced his education at the local [[parochial school]] in [[Benaulim]].<ref name=":0" /> When Moraes was 15 years old, he was admitted to this same parochial school by his older brother Tiburcio, who worked as a [[seafarer]].<ref name=":1" />

During his time as a student, Moraes received instruction in several musical disciplines. He learned to play the [[rebec]], studied the theory of [[solfeggio]], and gained skills in [[musical composition]]. Moraes was instructed in [[violin]] by a teacher named Roque [[mistri|mestri]], mastering a wide range of disciplines over a period of about 1 to 2 years. At a tender age, Moraes experienced the death of his father, Paulo.<ref name=":0" /> His older brother Tiburcio, who had previously worked as a [[toddy tapper]] before becoming a seaman, took on the responsibility of caring for him and his other siblings. As Moraes and his siblings were still minors, their mother Conceição struggled to support the family on her own. To supplement the household income, Conceição arranged for her children to [[Domestic worker|take on work in other local homes]] as they grew older. After completing his schooling, Moraes finished his ''primeiro grau'' ([[first grade]]) in Portuguese education.<ref name=":1" />

Moraes' musical talent was recognized by his brother Tiburcio, who brought him a [[trumpet]] after returning from a sea voyage, within a year or two of completing schooling. Moraes quickly mastered the instrument. He was subsequently recruited by [[brass band]] leaders in his vicinity and nearby areas to showcase his trumpet skills during various cultural events like "alvorada" (a musical tradition performed by residents of [[Goa]] during early morning hours on days of religious or cultural celebrations), village festivals, and funeral ceremonies. This musical work provided Moraes with a source of income. Moraes' trumpet playing caught the attention of John Rodrigues of [[Sanvordem]], the brother of another popular local musician named Abdon Rodrigues. John formally invited Moraes to join his [[musical ensemble]].<ref name=":0" /> Subsequently, Moraes transitioned his focus from a music career spanning 1944 to 1949 towards engaging in [[street play]]s known as ''zomnivhele khells''.<ref name=":1" />

==Career==
Moraes played a prominent role in the mid-20th century ''[[Tiatr#khell tiatr|khell]]'' ([[street play]]) culture of [[Goa]]. He originated from a locality within the region known as a significant center for traditional [[Carnival in Goa|carnival]] ''khell'' celebrations and performances. His initial progression was being involved participating in performances at carnival ''khells'' and ''[[tiatr]]s''. Moraes began his career by creating music and content for carnival-themed ''khell'' productions. [[Santiago Pereira]], a popular ''khellam-mestri'' ([[drama teacher|street play instructor]]), introduced him to this theatrical tradition. Moraes soon developed a reputation of a writer, crafting several original carnival plays over the course of two years. His carnival plays, which featured strong musical elements, gained popularity among [[Goan]] audiences. Some of his popular works included ''Munddkar Nores'' (Tenant Nores), ''Utor'' (Word), ''Xalli'', ''Amjele Put Inspekttor'', ''Sorg'' (Heaven), ''Mhojim Bhurgim'' (Our Children), ''Amje Put Dotor'', and ''Zolmachi Khomptti'', among others. The plays ''Xalli'' and ''Zolmachi Khomptti'' were particularly beloved by carnival attendees. In addition to his playwriting, Moraes also made innovations in the realm of [[costume design]] for carnival ''khell'' productions. Dissatisfied with the traditional use of [[pajama]] cloth costumes, Moraes began creating more elaborate and [[dress code|character-appropriate attire]] for the performers in his plays. Moraes left a significant mark on Goan carnival traditions through his body of dramatic and musical work, which helped shape the cultural landscape of the region during the mid-20th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gracias |first=Michael |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=200–201}}</ref>

Moraes introduced significant changes to traditional ''khell'' performances. ''Khell'' productions had historically utilized the instruments "[[dhol]]" and "''kax''" ([[percussion]]). Moraes replaced these with a [[drum set]] and incorporated the [[banjo]] as well. He also broadened the instrumental palette of ''khell'' by adding [[trumpet]], [[clarinet]], and [[saxophone]]. Similar ''khellam-mestris'' similarly emulated this behavior. Another contribution by Moraes was his engagement of the first female artist, Anita de Chinchinim, to perform in a ''khell'' production in 1959, he also introduced another female cast, Milagrin from [[Colva]] in the same production. This marked a departure from the previously all-male casts of ''khell'' performances. In February 1959, Moraes introduced the first performance of a ''khell'' play during [[Carnival in Goa|carnival season]], which was presented on a custom-built stage by Domingo Pidade "Dumpidad" Sequeira at Sirvoddem in [[Navelim]]. This innovation in staging helped elevate the ''khell'' theatrical form. Moraes is credited as the first individual to produce a "''[[Tiatr#khell tiatr|khell tiatr]]''" - a distinct type of khell performance. For this pioneering work, he is regarded as the founder of the ''khell tiatr'' genre. The ''khell tiatr'' productions initiated by Moraes expanded to the city of [[Bombay]] in 1962. His ''khell-tiatrs'' were performed at various venues in the city, including P. T. Bhangwadi, St. Mary's Hall [[Mazagaon]], and locations in [[Parel]], [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santa Cruz]], and [[Bandra]], among others. During their time in Bombay, the popular Goan ''[[tiatrist]]s'' [[M. Boyer]] and [[Jephsis Hitler]] were affiliated with Moraes' theatrical ensemble. Moraes' pioneering innovations and adaptations played a pivotal role in the growth and popularization of the ''khell'' theatrical form.<ref name=":0" />

Moraes founded an acclaimed wedding [[musical ensemble]] bearing his name, "A. Moraes," known for its sought-after performances. However, his primary artistic focus was on his work as a [[trumpet player]] for [[Goan]] ''[[tiatr]]'' productions. Moraes served as the [[musical director]] and [[bandleader]] for several acclaimed ''tiatr'' dramatists, including [[Aleixinho de Candolim]], [[Nelson Afonso]], [[M. Dod de Verna]], [[M. Boyer]], and [[C. Alvares]]. He frequently showcased his talents as a performer in the annual ''tiatr'' competitions conducted by the [[Kala Academy]]. Beyond his ''tiatr'' work, Moraes also created musical content for Goan [[folk play|folk theater]] productions broadcast on [[All India Radio]], and produced his own original folk plays. Moraes exhibited proficiency as a lyricist, often crafting new songs upon request. He launched three albums featuring his original musical creations, for which he also orchestrated the arrangements. The album titles were ''Devacho Ghutt'', ''Pormollit Fulam'', and ''Ami Tiatrist''.<ref name=":0" /> According to ''tiatr'' scholar Michael Jude Gracias, Moraes made significant strides in transforming the traditional carnival ''fell'' or ''khell'' performance into a more refined stage production, pioneering the term "''[[Tiatr#khell tiatr|khell tiatr]]''". This innovative staging format was subsequently continued by other popular ''tiatr'' artists like A. M. Pacheco, Ligorio Rodrigues, [[Patrick Dourado]], Epa de Paroda, Vitorino Pereira etc., until Rosario Rodrigues subsequently pioneered the development of the non-stop drama style.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prosperity of Khell Tiatr in Kuwait |url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/%EF%BB%BFprosperity-of-khell-tiatr-in-kuwait/86807.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529093824/https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/%EF%BB%BFprosperity-of-khell-tiatr-in-kuwait/86807.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By the end of his career, Moraes had written and directed more than 50 ''khell tiatr'' productions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |date=10 March 2018 |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |location=Panaji, Goa |pages=17–19, 242–243, 245}}</ref>

Writer and historian [[Wilson Mazarello]] has documented the contributions of Moraes to its development. Mazarello's research indicates that while the ''khell'' had already been incorporated into [[stage production]]s, Moraes was the individual who dedicated himself to systematically improving the quality and presentation of the ''khell''. Mazarello notes that Moraes was singularly committed to enhancing the standards of ''khell'' performances. He aimed to elevate the artistic standards of the ''khell'' tradition, pushing it towards higher levels of refinement and complexity. One of Moraes' key innovations was the replacement of the traditional "''modd''" a [[Marching percussion|march-like]] [[drumbeat]] with a melodic [[Introduction (music)|musical introduction]] to the [[Theme music|opening song]]. Furthermore, he incorporated [[Interval (music)|musical interval]]s between song verses, enhancing the overall artistic expression of the performance. Furthermore, Mazarello's account highlights Moraes' modernization of the ''khell'''s [[Musical form|musical structure]]. Moraes assembled a full [[orchestra]], incorporating instruments such as [[trumpet]], [[saxophone]], [[rhythm guitar]], [[bass guitar]], and a complete [[drum set]]-mirroring the musical accompaniment commonly used in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]s''. This evolution was made possible by Moraes' proficiency in music, as he was a musician with the ability to read, write, and create [[musical composition]]s, having studied under the tutelage of [[mistri|mestri]] [[Santiago Pereira]] of Paroda, [[Quepem]]. Through his innovative approaches, musical sensibilities, Moraes played a pivotal role in elevating the production values and artistic merit of ''khell tiatr'' performances, leaving a mark on this theatrical tradition.<ref name=":1" />

Moraes made several contributions to the evolution of the ''khell'' ([[street play]]) and ''[[Tiatr#khell tiatr|khell tiatr]]'' performance traditions in the mid-20th century. Prior to Moraes' interventions, ''khell'' productions utilized a whistle or other auditory signal to cue the musicians to begin playing the introductory music. Moraes moved away from this practice, instead providing the musicians with [[Prompter (theatre)|verbal prompt]]s or keyword indications within the dialogue to trigger the start of the musical introduction. Another longstanding convention in ''khell'' theater was the uniform [[dress code]], whereby each performer in the troupe adorned themselves in corresponding cotton garments styled as [[pajama]]s. Moraes diverged from this customary practice by meticulously designing each actor's costume to suit the specific character they were depicting during their performance.<ref name=":1" />

The performance of [[cross-gender acting|female roles by male actors]] was also a well-established practice in ''khell'', as women were often reluctant to participate in these productions. Moraes made concerted efforts to involve female performers, and was successful in casting Anita Pereira (later known as Anita de Chinchinim or Anita de Goa) in the lead role of his 1959 production ''Munddkar Nores'', marking the first time a woman had appeared on the ''khell'' stage. Recognizing the necessity to unify the ''khell'' and ''tiatr'' theatrical styles, Moraes started labeling his works as ''khell tiatr'' to symbolize this fusion. This new terminology was subsequently adopted by other [[Goan]] theater groups, solidifying ''khell tiatr'' as the accepted name for this evolving performance style. Moraes' innovations are credited with elevating the overall quality and professionalism of ''khell'' productions, setting a new standard that was widely emulated by other [[theatre troupe|theater companies]] in [[Goa]].<ref name=":1" />

The success of Moraes had a significant impact on the broader theatrical landscape of the time. Other [[mistri|mestris]] (playwrights or directors) working within the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater tradition were inspired to emulate the production qualities and innovations pioneered by Moraes. This led to the widespread adoption of a new format for [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] productions. Whereas previously such works had simply been referred to as "''khells''" (street plays), playwrights like [[Patrick Dourado]], Succur Piedade Fernandes, and Vitorino Pereira began branding their productions as ''[[Tiatr#khell tiatr|khell-tiatrs]]''. The fundamental framework of the innovative ''khell-tiatr'' format comprised two distinct plays (''don parteo''), each lasting around 90 minutes. One play would be staged before the intermission, and the other after it, leading to a combined duration of slightly over 3 hours.<ref name=":1" />

The concept of staging two plays in the ''khell-tiatr'' model, following Moraes' lead, was readily adopted by the succeeding generation of acclaimed mestris. These included Rosario Rodrigues, Minino de Bandar, Ligorio Fernandes, R. Moraes, A.M. Pacheco, Rosario Dias, [[Roseferns]], Christopher Leitão, and Pascoal Rodrigues. For over a decade, this format remained the dominant [[paradigm]] in Konkani theater, contributing to the commercial success of these playwrights and their respective [[theater troupe]]s. However, the mestris of this era still strove to elevate the Konkani theatrical tradition to the standards set by the original ''[[tiatr]]'' works. Ongoing efforts towards refinement and improvement were required to fully realize that level of quality.<ref name=":1" />

==Personal life==
Moraes resided in the locality of Pulwado in [[Benaulim]], [[Goa]].<ref name=":1" /> His elder brother, Miguel Morais, was also actively involved in the production of ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatrs]]'', a type of [[Goan]] [[folk play|folk theater]]. Miguel was more widely known by his stage name, [[Xempea Minguel]]. The two brothers shared a close fraternal bond, with Miguel exclusively participating in Moraes' [[theatrical production]]s. Moraes was meticulous in ensuring that each time Miguel participated in his theatrical productions, they were advertised under the name of his brother, known as "Xempea Minglilo Fell".<ref name=":0" /> On 25 March 1990, Miguel died at his residence in Pulwado, Benaulim, at the age of 68. Moraes married Antonieta Fernandes, a [[homemaker]] from [[Chinchinim]], Goa, on 9 May 1961. The couple first had a [[civil marriage]] registration in [[Quepem]] before their church wedding in Paroda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=da Silva |first=Pe. Edmundo José Miguel |date=14 June 1961 |title=Registo De Casamento Canónico |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/AllServices?cat=allZUeFHBL0zH_B_o_qI0Yn9nWEpm_kl2vuh1xW8sAol-2ZD-iDWhXpXWE_eMk/t-bc8/9nW91 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520212143/https://goaonline.gov.in/AllServices?cat=allZUeFHBL0zH_B_o_qI0Yn9nWEpm_kl2vuh1xW8sAol-2ZD-iDWhXpXWE_eMk/t-bc8/9nW91 |archive-date=20 May 2024 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> Together, they had five children three sons, Mario seby (born 1967), Carlito (born 1962), and Pedro (born 1964) Filomeno (born 1965), as well as two daughters, Sanita (born 1969) and Kuanita (born 1972).<ref name=":2" />

Antonieta, the wife of Moraes, frequently took part in Moraes's theatrical works, commonly known as ''khells'' ([[street play]]s). One of the ''khell tiatrs'' ([[Konkani language|Konkani]] plays) in which Antonieta showcased her talent was the production titled ''Axek Lobdolo'' (Engulfed in Greed). In addition to his work in the [[performing art]]s, Moraes engaged in several other occupations, including as a tailor, [[toddy tapper]], and carpenter. Moraes had two sons who followed in his footsteps in the Konkani performing arts. His son Mario, more commonly known as Seby, worked as a [[trumpeter]] on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. Moraes' other son, Carlito, showcased his musical talent as a [[drummer]] by contributing to his father's ''[[tiatr]]s''. Following this, he pursued his musical journey by joining the band V4U where he continued to display his drumming skills.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Creating his Own Tunes |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Creating-his-Own-Tunes/108151 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref> Towards the end of his life, Moraes eventually withdrew from active involvement in the Konkani theater scene. In a personal account he penned around 2007, Moraes noted that his advanced age had rendered him unable to play musical instruments, and that he had grown increasingly dependent on his personal physician, Dr. Telaulikar, to whom he entrusted some of his unpublished biographical information.<ref name=":1" /> Moraes died on 14 January 2012, aged 87, at his residence in Pulwado, Benaulim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2012 |title=Directorate of planning, statistics and evaluation and office of the chief registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154022/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/ErrorPage/500.htm?aspxerrorpath=/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moraes, Antonio}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]

Naale Ba

2026-04-07T18:38:52Z

Serzohe: made new details

{{Short description|Folk legend from Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox mythical creature
|name = Naale Ba
|AKA = {{ubl|ನಾಳೆ ಬಾ}}
|Grouping = Indian folk mythology
|Country = India
|Region = [[Karnataka]]
|Details = English: "Come tomorrow"
}}
'''Naale Baa''' ({{langx|kn|ನಾಳೆ ಬಾ|Nāḷe Bā}} {{IPA|kn|n̪aːɭe baː|}}; {{lit|Come Tomorrow}}) is a popular folk legend which features prominently in areas across [[Karnataka]], India. <ref name=hor>{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2019 |title=A real horror show |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/others/leisure/a-real-horror-show/articleshow/71780447.cms |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/ghosts-are-important/articleshow/50111340.cms|title=Ghosts are important|date=10 December 2015|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror|accessdate=24 February 2019}}</ref> "Naale Baa" has been found written on the doors and walls of the towns and villages for certain years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oct 27, 2019 |title=A real horror show |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/others/leisure/a-real-horror-show/articleshow/71780447.cms |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=Aug 3, 2018 |title='Stree' movie promo brings back memories of 'Nale Baa' in Bengaluru |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/modern-myth-to-bolly-flick/articleshow/65249590.cms |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> People write this on walls to prevent the entry of a [[malevolent spirit]] into their homes. It is believed that a malevolent spirit or witch roams around at night to take children away. In some variations, people believed that a [[demon]] roams around, knocks on doors and calls out names of people imitating the voice of their kin. If the person replies, he or she is said to die vomiting blood or by heart failure. There are also variations of the story where the spirit is believed to be a female ghost in search of her husband. She is known to take away the man of the house, often target those between 20 to 50 years of age, who is often the sole earning member of the family, thereby bringing bad luck to the entire household.

Naale Baa went viral during the 1990s <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yerasala |first=Ikyatha |date=19 September 2018 |title=Spooky urban legend |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/200918/spooky-urban-legend.html |url-status=live |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> in Karnataka specially in rural Bangalore, gaining widespread popularity from the areas of [[Malleswaram]] and [[Rajajinagar]] which were considered sub-urban Bangalore at that time. The residents came up with the smart idea of writing "Naale Baa" outside the doors and the walls of their houses. It was believed that when the ghost read this sign, it goes back to come again the next day, only for the cycle to keep repeating.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Soumya |date=1 September 2018 |title=Nale Ba, the Bengaluru urban legend that inspired Stree |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/nale-ba-the-real-story-of-the-bengaluru-witch-that-inspired-stree/story-uHMGm24ZGENzIVJkxwtWBL.html |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127155833/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/nale-ba-the-real-story-of-the-bengaluru-witch-that-inspired-stree/story-uHMGm24ZGENzIVJkxwtWBL.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Practically, some claim it was a [[mass hysteria]] faced by young men living in those areas while some others claim that it was the behaviour of a sexually narcissistic women <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/12-signs-you-dating-dealing-female-narcissist-katia-beeden-qlkef|title=12 Signs you are Dating or Dealing with a Female Narcissist|via=LinkedIn}}</ref> who might have targeted young men of that area. Every year April 1st is also celebrated as Naale Baa day.

==Origin==
There was a renewed interest in the legend after reports of similar happenings occurring in a village in [[Thailand]] wherein healthy young men began to disappear right under their beds.

==Similar beliefs in other Indian region==
In [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]], there is a similar belief about a malevolent spirit called [[Nishi Dak]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-27 |title=Nishi, an extremely dangerous dark spirit |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/opinion/6220-nishi-extremely-dangerous-dark-spirit |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=sundayguardianlive.com}}</ref>

==Popular culture==
The 2018 [[Bollywood|Hindi film]] ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'', starring [[Shraddha Kapoor]] and [[Rajkumar Rao]], is based on the Naale Baa tale from [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/did-stree-teaser-give-you-chills-real-nale-ba-story-behind-movie-will-give-you-nightmares-771255|title = Did Stree teaser give you chills? Real 'Nale ba' story behind the movie will give you nightmares|website = [[International Business Times]]|date = 7 June 2018}}</ref> Horror and thriller writer [[Hari Kumar K.|K. Hari Kumar]] has penned a story inspired from Naale Baa incident in his 2019 book ''India's Most Haunted - Tales of Terrifying Places'' published by HarperCollins India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=K. Hari |title=India's Most Haunted: Tales of Terrifying Places |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=25 October 2019 |isbn=9789353573560 |language=en}}</ref> This concept can also be found in the core thematic plot of the 1990 Kannada movie ''[[Nigooda Rahasya]]''.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Urban legends}}

[[Category:Female ghosts]]
[[Category:Urban legends]]
[[Category:Asian ghosts]]
[[Category:Reportedly haunted locations in India]]
[[Category:Superstitions of India]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Karnataka folklore]]
[[Category:Indian legends]]
[[Category:Indian legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Legendary creatures in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Mass excitability in South Asian culture]]
[[Category:1990s in Karnataka]]

Dancing Champion

2026-04-05T01:17:28Z

Serzohe: added initial data added tags

{{Short description|Kannada language TV soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dancingchampion.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = Dance
| creator = Parameshwar Gundkal
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter = {{Plainlist}}
*[[Akul Balaji]]
{{endplainlist}}
| starring =
| judges = {{Plainlist}}
* [[Mayuri Upadhya]]
* [[Vijay Raghavendra]]
* [[Meghana Raj]]
{{endplainlist}}
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 23
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Lokesh Productions]]
| location = [[Bengaluru]]
| cinematography = Arun Bramha
| editor =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 60-75 minutes
| company = [[Viacom 18]]
| network = [[Colors Kannada]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|01|08|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| related = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ede Thumbi Haaduvenu]] (2021)
* [[Nannamma Super Star]]
}}
| endtheme =
| opentheme = Dancing Champion Dancing Champion
}}

'''''Dancing Champion''''' is a [[Kannada]] dance reality show aired on [[Colors Kannada]] and streamed on [[Voot]]. It features celebrities as contestants who are paired with professional dancers competing for a cash prize and the title Dancing Champion. The judges of the show are [[Mayuri Upadhya]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=I love the unpredictable nature of the television reality shows: Mayuri Upadhya - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/i-love-the-unpredictable-nature-of-the-television-reality-shows-mayuri-upadhya/articleshow/88710711.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ಅದ್ಭುತ ನೃತ್ಯಗಾರ್ತಿ ಮಯೂರಿ ಉಪಾಧ್ಯ ಯಾಕೆ ಸಿನಿಮಾದಲ್ಲಿ ನಟಿಸಿಲ್ಲ, ನೃತ್ಯ ಮಾಡಿಲ್ಲ?|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/video/entertainment/colors-kannada-dance-championship-judge-mayuri-upadhya/videoshow/88710710.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Vijaya Karnataka|language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ಸ್ಪರ್ಧಿಗಳಿಗೆ scholarships ಕೊಟ್ಟು ನನ್ನ ತಂಡಕ್ಕೆ ಕರೆದುಕೊಂಡಿರುವೆ: ಡ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್ Mayuri|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/tv-talk/colors-kannada-dancer-mayuri-upadhya-talks-about-dancing-championship-vcs-r5bs46|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-28|title=From Bigg Boss Kannada season 9 to Golden star Ganesh's comeback on Kannada TV; New shows and major comebacks expected in 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/from-bigg-boss-kannada-season-9-to-golden-star-ganeshs-comeback-on-kannada-tv-new-shows-and-major-comebacks-expected-in-2022/photostory/88544010.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Vijay Raghavendra]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vijay Raghavendra to judge new reality show Dancing Champion - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/vijay-raghavendra-to-judge-new-reality-show-dancing-champion/articleshow/88681212.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: "I always feel the contestants are much better dancers than I am," Vijay Raghavendra on judging Dancing Champion - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/exclusive-i-always-feel-the-contestants-are-much-better-dancers-than-i-am-vijay-raghavendra-on-judging-dancing-champion/articleshow/88775483.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ಡ್ಯಾನ್ಸ್ ಚಾಂಪಿಯನ್‌ಶಿಪ್ ಶೋ ಮೂಲಕ ನಟ ವಿಜಯ್ ರಾಘವೇಂದ್ರ ನಿರೀಕ್ಷೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿರುವುದು ಏನು?|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/video/entertainment/colors-kannada-dance-championship-judge-vijay-raghavendra/videoshow/88710528.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Vijaya Karnataka|language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-12|title=Exclusive: I'll remember my dancing idol Appu mama in every energetic dance performance: Dancing Champion judge Vijay Raghavendra|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/exclusive-ill-remember-my-dancing-idol-appu-mama-in-every-energetic-dance-performance-dancing-champion-judge-vijay-raghavendra/photostory/88855305.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref> and [[Meghana Raj]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance Champion: Meghna Raj Sarja to feature as a celebrity guest judge - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/dance-champion-meghna-raj-sarja-to-feature-as-a-celebrity-guest-judge/articleshow/88749184.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meghana Raj is now a permanent judge of Dancing Champion show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/meghana-raj-is-now-a-permanent-judge-of-dancing-champion-show/articleshow/89032811.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance ರಿಯಾಲಿಟಿ ಶೋಗೆ ಜಡ್ಜ್‌ ಆಗಿ ನಟಿ Meghana Raj ಎಂಟ್ರಿ!|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/tv-talk/colors-kannada-meghana-raj-to-be-a-celebrity-judge-in-dancing-champion-show-vcs-r58dlw|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=kn}}</ref> The show is hosted by [[Akul Balaji]].<ref>{{Cite web|title="Reality shows give birth to a lot of dreams and hopes; commoners become a celebrity through these shows," says Dancing Champion host Akul Balaji - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/reality-shows-give-birth-to-a-lot-of-dreams-and-hopes-commoners-become-a-celebrity-through-these-shows-says-dancing-champion-host-akul-balaji/articleshow/89093764.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-16|title="It's not ok to make fun of others through trolls and memes all the time; healthier trolls would be a better option," says actor-host Akul Balaji|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/its-not-ok-to-make-fun-of-others-through-trolls-and-memes-all-the-time-healthier-trolls-would-be-a-better-option-says-actor-host-akul-balaji/photostory/88922633.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The show premiered on 8 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New reality show 'Dancing Champion' to premiere on January 8 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/new-reality-show-dancing-champion-to-premiere-on-january-8/articleshow/88683664.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Production ==
The show is a competition where a 14 celebrities are paired with exceptionally talented common people, handpicked from all across Karnataka. Well-known faces & fresh ones pair-up for a phenomenal dance-off. Contestants dance to a different tune, different theme and different styles every week and scores are given by the judges. Each week one couple is eliminated based on their scores with only one pair having the chance to be finally crowned, Dancing Champion. The show is produced by actor [[Srujan Lokesh]] under his banner [[Lokesh Productions]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dancing Champion to premiere today; Here's all you need to know about the reality show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/dancing-champion-to-premiere-today-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-reality-show/articleshow/88771151.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Creative Team ===
* Prakash Gopikrishna
* Lakshmi Sagar
* Prabha Ram
* Ravi Shankar
* Ramya Krishna
* Akshay

=== Technical Team ===
* Deepak Singh (Supervisor Choreographer)
* Elton Mascarenhas (Assistant Supervisor Choreographer)
* Namit (Light Jockey)
* Sampath Sukhine (Video jockey)
* Puneet (Switcher)
* Rajesh (Online Editor)
* Saish Bharadwaj (Music Producer/Programmer)
* Murugan
* Pruthvi ([[Art director|Art Director]])
* Hemanth Kumar (Art Department)
* Manikant (MI Bar Controller)
* Prem (Multi Recorder)
* Pradeep (Sound Engineer)
* FMC Camera Team
* Manju (Electrician)

=== Choreographer ===
* Varadharajan
* Tharak Xavier
* Jai
* Ambari Raju
* Surya
* Suchin
* Jaggi
* Anil
* Sudhir
* Bala Narasimha

=== Costume & Make Up ===
* Rajesh Shetty (Costume Designer)
* Ajit (Celebrity Costume Designer)
* Roshan Ayyapa (Celebrity Costume Designer)
* Kumar (Make Up Artist)
* Salam (Special Make up Artist)

=== Production Team ===
* Shiva (Production Controller)
* Prasanth Harry
* Ramaya Bhaswaraj
* Nagendra
* Teju
* Bhaswaraj
* Suchin
* Kiran Gowda

== Contestants ==
A total of 14 celebrity couples, mostly TV actors are part of the show.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; white-space:nowrap; margin:auto; font-size:95%;"
! width="20" |#
! width="120" |Celebrity
! width="140" |Partner
|-
| 1
| Chandan<ref>{{Cite web|title='ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮೀ ಬಾರಮ್ಮ' ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ನಟಿ ನೇಹಾ ಗೌಡ ಪತಿ ಚಂದನ್ ಈಗ 'ಡ್ಯಾನ್ಸ್ ಚಾಂಪಿಯನ್‌ಶಿಪ್' ಸ್ಪರ್ಧಿ|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/video/entertainment/colors-kannada-dance-championship-contestant-raaja-rani-fame-chandan/videoshow/88706402.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Vijaya Karnataka|language=kn}}</ref>
| Bhoomika
|-
| 2
| Chandana Ananthakrishna<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chandana Ananthakrishna is delighted to perform in Dancing Champion - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/chandana-ananthakrishna-is-delighted-to-perform-in-dancing-champion/articleshow/88748875.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| Akshatha
|-
| 3
| Aishwarya Sindogi
| Shiva
|-
| 4
| Aradhya<ref>{{Cite web|title='ಡ್ಯಾನ್ಸ್ ಚಾಂಪಿಯನ್‌ಶಿಪ್‌'ನಲ್ಲಿ ಆರಾಧ್ಯಾ, ನಿವೇದಿತಾ ಎಂಬ ಪುಟಾಣಿ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧಿಗಳು|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/video/entertainment/colors-kannada-dance-championship-aradhya-nivedita/videoshow/88711905.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Vijaya Karnataka|language=kn}}</ref>
| Niveditha
|-
| 5
| Anvitha Sagar
| Nikhil
|-
| 6
| Anmol
| Aditya
|-
| 7
| Saniya Iyer<ref>{{Cite web|title=Putta Gowri Madve fame Sanya Iyer to make her comeback with 'Dancing Champion' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/putta-gowri-madve-fame-sanya-iyer-to-make-her-comeback-with-dancing-champion/articleshow/88706499.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ಆರ್ಟಿಸ್ಟ್‌ಗೆ ಆರ್ಟ್‌ ಟಚ್‌ ಇಲ್ಲ ಅಂದ್ರೆ ಮೈ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಚುಮಚುಮ ಅನುತ್ತೆ: ಪುಟ್ಟಗೌರಿ Sanya Iyer!|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/tv-talk/puttagowri-fame-sanya-iyer-comeback-as-dancer-thanks-mother-for-support-vcs-r5btoa|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=kn}}</ref>
| Nihal
|-
| 8
| Arjun Yogi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Participating in a dance reality show is a dream come true moment: Arjun Yogi - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/partipating-in-dance-reality-show-is-a-dream-come-true-arjun-yogi/articleshow/88703910.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ, ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳ ಮಧ್ಯೆ ನಟ ಅರ್ಜುನ್ ಯೋಗಿ ರಿಯಾಲಿಟಿ ಶೋಗೆ ಬಂದಿದ್ದೇಕೆ?|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/video/entertainment/dance-championship-colors-kannada-contestant-actor-arjun-yogi/videoshow/88704698.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Vijaya Karnataka|language=kn}}</ref>
| Rani
|-
| 9
| Ishithavarsha<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dancing {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Chamionship}} ಇಶಿತಾಗೂ ಮುರುಗಾನಂದಗೂ ಯಾವುದೇ ಸಂಬಂಧವಿಲ್ಲ?|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/tv-talk/kannada-actress-ishitha-varsha-to-participate-in-dancing-championship-vcs-r5e13r|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ಈ ರಿಯಾಲಿಟಿ ಶೋ ಒಪ್ಪಿಕೊಂಡಾಗಿನಿಂದ ಎಲ್ಲರೂ ಒಂದೇ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಕೇಳ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ: 'ಅಗ್ನಿಸಾಕ್ಷಿ' ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ನಟಿ ಇಶಿತಾ ವರ್ಷ|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/video/entertainment/dance-championship-colors-kannada-contestant-agnisakshi-serial-fame-ishita-varsha/videoshow/88704512.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Vijaya Karnataka|language=kn}}</ref>
| Shiva
|-
| 10
| Vinod
| Karunya
|-
| 11
| Aarthi
| Sagar
|-
| 12
| Amrutha Murthy
| Ravish
|-
| 13
| Vasanth Kumar
| Prema
|-
| 14
| Suraj Hollu
| Haneesha
|}

== Weekly summary ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:99%;"
! scope="col" style="background:#9A0700; color:#fff;" |Week No.
! scope="col" style="background:#9A0700; color:#fff;" |Episode No.
! scope="col" style="background:#9A0700; color:#fff;" |Original Air Date
! scope="col" style="background:#9A0700; color:#fff;" |Couple Evicted Rank
! scope="col" style="background:#9A0700; color:#fff;" |Theme
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |1 Grand Premiere
| style="text-align:center;" |1 2
|8 January 2022 9 January 2022
| {{n/a}}
|Introduction
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" |
* Celebrity couples were introduced with couple performances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dancing Champion: Celebrity guest judge Meghana Raj Sarja reveals her son says 'Appa' whenever she asks him to call her 'Amma' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/dancing-champion-celebrity-guest-judge-meghana-raj-sarja-reveals-her-son-says-appa-whenever-she-asks-him-to-call-her-amma/articleshow/88803305.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#9A0700;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2
| style="text-align:center;" |3 4
|15 January 2022 16 January 2022
| {{n/a}}
|Celebration Round
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" |
* The theme bought the festive spirit on the stage
* Ace actor [[Shashi Kumar|Sashikumar]] was invited as the guest for the show.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dancing Champion: Supreme hero Shashikumar to feature as a guest judge - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/dancing-champion-supreme-hero-shashikumar-to-feature-as-a-guest-judge/articleshow/88873493.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shashikumar: 'ಡ್ಯಾನ್ಸಿಂಗ್ ಚಾಂಪಿಯನ್' ಶೋಗೆ ಎಂಟ್ರಿ ಕೊಟ್ಟ 'ಸುಪ್ರೀಂ ಹೀರೋ' ಶಶಿಕುಮಾರ್|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/kannada-actor-shashikumar-to-feature-as-a-guest-judge-in-dancing-champion-reality-show/articleshow/88880547.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Vijaya Karnataka|language=kn}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#9A0700;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |3
| style="text-align:center;" |5 6
|22 January 2022 23 January 2022
| {{n/a}}
|Self Challenge Round
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" |
* The contestants perform to the fullest of their capabilities in this round.
* Actor [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] was invited as the guest for the round and to promote his film [[Avatara Purusha (2021 film)|Avatara Purusha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dancing Champion to welcome film actor Sharan as a guest judge - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/dancing-champion-to-welcome-film-actor-sharan-as-a-guest-judge/articleshow/89060494.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#9A0700;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |4
| style="text-align:center;" |7
|30 January 2022
|style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align: center;" |Suraj Hollu & Haneesha '''Rank 14'''
|Costume Drama Round<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mayuri Upadhya returns to Dancing Champion as judge after two weeks - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/mayuri-upadhya-returns-to-dancing-champion-as-judge-after-two-weeks/articleshow/89153757.cms|access-date=2022-02-01|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" |
* The contestants wear different costumes and narrate the story through their dance performances.
* [[Srujan Lokesh]] and [[Nannamma Super Star]] kids joined for the Mahasanchike episode as guests.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dancing Champion to air 'Mahasanchike'; here's what to expect from the upcoming mega episode - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/dancing-champion-to-air-mahasanchike-heres-what-to-expect-from-the-upcoming-mega-episode/articleshow/89194051.cms|access-date=2022-02-01|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#9A0700;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |5
| style="text-align:center;" |8
9
|5 February 2022
6 February 2022
|style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align: center;" |Vasanth Kumar & Prema '''Rank 13'''
|Dance Style Round
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" |
* The contestants performed different dance styles present across India and world.
* The performances were power-packed from one contestant to the other.
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#9A0700;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |6
| style="text-align:center;" |10
11
|12 February 2022
13 February 2022
| {{n/a}}
|Romantic Round
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" |
* The contestants performed romantically with their partners.
* The round did induce some chemistry between the couple.
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#9A0700;" |
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.colorskannada.com// Colors Kannada]
* [http://www.lokeshproductions.com// Lokesh Productions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805042812/http://lokeshproductions.com/ |date=5 August 2018 }}

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:Colors Kannada original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]
[[Category:Indian dance television shows]]
[[Category:Indian celebrity reality television series]]

Govind Mohan

2026-04-05T00:06:56Z

Serzohe: added some post from scratch

{{Short description|Union Home Secretary of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox civil servant
| name =
Govind Mohan
| image =
| office = [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary of India]]
| term_start = 23 August 2024
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| alma_mater = [[IIT BHU]] [[IIM Ahmedabad]]
| preceded = [[Ajay Kumar Bhalla]]
| succeeded =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|09|21}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil List of IAS Officers |url=https://easy.nic.in/civilListIAS/YrCurr/FinalCL.asp|website=easy.nic.in}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
| office1 = Secretary, Ministry of Culture
| term_start1 = 1 October 2021
| term_end1 = 22 August 2024
| preceded1 = Raghvendra Singh
| successor1 = Vivek Aggarwal
}}
'''Govind Mohan''' (born 21 September 1965) is a 1989-batch [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer from [[Sikkim]] cadre who has been serving as the [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary of India]] since from 23 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/OSD_16082024.pdf|title=Shri Govind Mohan, IAS(SK:89),Officer on Special Duty (OSD), MHA.- Ministry of Home Affairs|publisher=mha.gov.in|language=english}}</ref><ref name="Info">{{cite news|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/who-is-1989-batch-ias-govind-mohan-who-has-been-made-the-new-union-home-secretary-ntc-2011020-2024-08-15|title=कौन हैं 1989 बैच के IAS गोविंद मोहन, जिन्हें बनाया गया नया गृह सचिव |website=[[Aaj Tak]]|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-appoints-govind-mohan-as-union-home-secretary-101723649257698.html|title=Centre appoints Govind Mohan as Union home secretary|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=english}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-govind-mohan-next-home-secretary-takes-over-from-bhalla-23778532.html|title=Govind Mohan Home Secretary: 1989 बैच के सीनियर IAS अधिकारी गोविंद मोहन होंगे नये केंद्रीय गृह सचिव|publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jansatta.com/national/who-is-govind-mohan-ias-new-home-secretary-replaced-ajay-kumar-bhalla/3525595/|title=Who is Govind Mohan who takes over a charge of Union home secretary|date=14 August 2024 |publisher=jansatta.com|language=english}}</ref>

==Early life==
Mohan was born on 21 September 1965 in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. His father worked in the public work department as chief engineer.<ref name="Info"/>

==Education==
Mohan completed his primary education at [[St. Joseph's College, Nainital|St. Joseph's College]], Uttarakhand, and [[St. Francis' College]], graduating in March 1982.<ref name="Alma Mater"/>

Afterward, Mohan earned his [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] degree from [[IIT BHU]] after studying there from July 1982 to March 1986. He then earned an [[Master in Business Administration|M.B.A]] from the [[IIM Ahmedabad]] after studying there July 1986 to March 1988.<ref name="Education">{{cite news|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/senior-ias-officer-govind-mohan-take-charge-union-home-secretary-home-town-up-2766621|title=यूपी के रहने वाले इस IAS अधिकारी को मिली बड़ी जिम्मेदारी, आज संभालेंगे देश के गृह सचिव का पद|publisher=abplive.com|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref name="Alma Mater">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ias-officer-govind-mohan-new-home-secretary-career-ajay-kumar-bhalla-2582471-2024-08-15|title=Govind Mohan, 1989-batch IAS officer, appointed new Home Secretary|date=15 August 2024 |publisher=[[India Today]]|language=English}}</ref>

==Career==
Mohan has previously served in the [[Government of India]] as the Secretary of the Ministry of Culture. He was also the Joint Secretary/Additional Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs, and the Joint Secretary of the Department of Economic Affairs in the Ministry of Finance.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

He worked as the divisional head of the Union Territories, and has also been the Principal Resident Commissioner of the [[Government of Sikkim]].<ref name="Alma Mater"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Home Ministry (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Govind}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Home secretaries of India]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad alumni]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]

C. L. Premi Bairwa

2026-04-04T03:56:58Z

Serzohe: added first page from scratch - done

{{short description| Indian politician (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Chunnilal Premi Bairwa
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Bairwa in 2023
| office = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| successor =
| predecessor = Chandrakanta Meghwal
| constituency1 = [[Keshoraipatan Assembly constituency|Keshoraipatan]]
| term_start1 = 2008
| term_end1 = 2013
| office2 = [[Indian National Congress|President Of Indian National Congress Bundi]]
| term_start2 = 11 July 2023
| term_end2 =
| successor1 = Babulal Verma
| predecessor1 = ''New Constituency''
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| partner =
| children = 4
| alma_mater = [[University of Rajasthan]]
| occupation =
| education = [[Bachelor of Science|B.S.c.]]
| other_party =
| profession =
| website =
}}

'''Chunnilal Premi Bairwa''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician from Rajasthan. He is a member of the 13th and 16th [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]] from [[Keshoraipatan Assembly constituency|Keshoraipatan]] in [[Bundi district]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-results-live-keshoraipatan-bundi-pipalda-sangod-kota-north-kota-south-ladpura-ramganj-mandi-seats-101701430114702.html|title=Keshoraipatan, Bundi, Pipalda, Sangod, Kota North, Kota South, Ladpura, Ramganj Mandi seats: Winners list|date=3 December 2023|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Keshoraipatan Assembly Rajasthan Election 2023 Results Live: Rajasthan constituency Results, Winner list and vote share {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/Keshoraipatan-185 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413043009/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/keshoraipatan-185 |archive-date=13 April 2024 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Keshoraipatan Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Keshoraipatan Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/keshoraipatan-constituency/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He completed his B.Sc. in 1981 at Rajasthan University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=C L PREMI(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- Keshoraipatan(Bundi) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/rj2008/candidate.php?candidate_id=115 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bairwa won from Keshoraipatan Assembly constituency representing the Indian National Congress in the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keshoraipatan Constituency Election Results 2023: Keshoraipatan Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/keshoraipatan |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He polled 101,541 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Chandrakanta Meghwal of the Bharatiya Janata Party, by a margin of 17,087 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Keshoraipatan Election Result 2023 Live, Keshoraipatan Elections Vote Counting, Rajasthan Results 2023 {{!}} ABP News |url=https://news.abplive.com/electionselections/rajasthan-assembly-election-2023/rajasthan-keshoraipatan-constituency-185.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Keshoraipatan, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Keshoraipatan सीट पर Chunnilal C.l. Premi Bairwa ने Chandrakanta Meghwal कोहराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/keshoraipatan-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830572-2023-12-03 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Keshoraipatan Election Results 2023 - Rajasthan Election Results 2023 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023/keshoraipatan |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the 2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keshoraipatan Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/keshoraipatan-rajasthan-assembly-constituency#google_vignette |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:People from Bundi district]]

Queenbala Marak

2026-04-03T20:18:52Z

Serzohe: Creating Some Stub W/ Refs...

{{Short description|Indian anthropologist}}
{{Infobox academic
| birth_place = [[Guwahati]], Assam
| education = {{ubl| [[Cotton University]] ([[Honours degree|BA, Hons]])|[[Gauhati University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])|[[North-Eastern Hill University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Tanka Bahadur Subba]]
| discipline = [[Anthropology]]
| sub_discipline = [[Prehistoric archaeology]], [[Ethnoarchaeology]], [[Material culture]], [[Food studies]]
| workplaces = {{ubl| [[North-Eastern Hill University]]}}
}}
'''Queenbala Marak''' is an Indian anthropologist, academic and author. She is a professor at the Department of Anthropology, [[North-Eastern Hill University]] in [[Shillong]], Meghalaya. Her areas of interest include [[prehistoric archaeology]], [[Ethnoarchaeology|ethnoarchaelogy]], [[material culture]], and [[food studies]]

== Early life and education ==
Marak was born in [[Guwahati]], Assam to a family of [[Garo people]], a [[Tibeto-Burmese|Tibeto-Burman]] [[ethnic group]] indigenous to Northeast India and known for being one of the few [[Matrilineality|matrilineal]] societies in the world. Garos primarily reside in the [[Garo Hills]] region of Meghalaya, as well as [[Assam]], [[Tripura]], [[Nagaland]], and northern districts of [[Bangladesh]]. Based on geography, Garos have numerous sub-groups with distinctive culture traits.

Marak and her siblings grew up surrounded predominately by [[Assamese language|Assamese]]-speaking caste groups. Few Garo families resided in the city, besides hers, scattered across different areas and localities. Her parents tried their best to instil the Garo identity in their children, teaching them to speak the language and planning frequent visits to the family's parental villages: one in Garo Hills, and other in Assam-Meghalaya border.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Marak |first=Queenbala |date=2015 |title=A 'native' and an anthropologist: Dilemma and ethics of doing fieldwork |url=https://serialsjournals.com/abstract/50408_13.pdf |journal=[[Man in India]] |volume=95 |pages=133–143 |via=[[Serial Publications]] |archive-date=2020-08-30 |access-date=2025-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830072707/https://serialsjournals.com/abstract/50408_13.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Marak completed her secondary schooling in 1994 from St. Mary's Convent in [[Maligaon]], Guwahati. She attended [[Cotton University]], Guwahati for [[intermediate college]], and graduated with an anthropology [[Honours degree|honours]] degree in 1997. She completed her postgraduate degree in anthropology from [[Gauhati University]], Assam, and received her doctorate in anthropology from North-Eastern Hill University under the supervision of [[Tanka Bahadur Subba]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marak |first=Queenbala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pgxBwAAQBAJ |title=Food Politics: Studying Food, Identity and Difference among the Garos |date=2014-04-11 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-5924-0 |language=en|edition=1st |location=Newcastle-upon-Tyne }}</ref>

For her PhD thesis entitled “Food, Identity and Difference: An Anthropological Study among the Garos,” Marak spent three years conducting field research amongst the Garos residing in marginal areas of [[Bangladesh–India border]] and used food consumption as a means to understand the underlying social relations of the Garo culture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marak |first=Queenbala |date=2010 |title=Jagua Nakam: A Look into its Properties, and its Revelations on Garo Lifeways |url=https://antrocom.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/marak-jagua-nakam-garo-lifeways.pdf |journal=Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=227–234}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Marak |first=Queenbala |date=2010 |title=Food identity and difference an anthropological study among the Garos |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/66137 |journal=North-Eastern Hill University |hdl=10603/66137 |language=English |via=Shodhganga |archive-date=2017-08-13 |access-date=2025-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813032505/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/66137 |url-status=live }}</ref> She received a contingency grant from [[Indian Council of Social Science Research|Indian Council of Social Sciences Research]] (ICSSR)-North Eastern Regional Centre (NERC), Shillong for the printing and binding of her thesis.<ref name=":1" /> In 2014, [[Cambridge Scholars Publishing|Cambridge Scholars]] published her thesis as a book, “Food Politics: Studying Food, Identity and Difference among the Garos,” which [[Cultural anthropology|cultural anthropologist]] and former professor at [[Woxsen University]] Jack David Eller called “a welcome contribution to the growing field of the anthropology and materiality of food.”<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marak |first=Queenbala |title=Food Politics: Studying Food, Identity and Difference among the Garos |date=16 April 2014 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-5710-9 |edition=1st |location=Tyne, United Kingdom |language=en}}</ref>

== Research ==
Marak's primary research focus is on studying her own ethnicity and community of the Garos people. As an undergraduate student, she was often asked to elaborate on the Garo social customs to a class of non-Garos. In one such instance, she was called upon by a small group to explain the Garo custom of ‘marriage by capture’. This custom, wherein a prospective groom is captured for marriage by force, is still practiced in the remote villages of Garo Hills. Marak's narration was met with laughter; regardless, she continued to entertain similar queries from her peers, using them as an opportunity to share what she knew of the Garos. She later clarified that as a teacher, when speaking of ‘marriage by capture,’ Marak is more objective, and contextualises her narration with the "intricacies of Garo kinship and social life." In the academic sphere, a person like Marak, who was formerly the subject of ethnography and has now become the author of studies about her own group, is referred to as an [[Autoethnography|autoethnographer]] or a native anthropologist. According to Marak, her foray into native anthropology began "much before [her] professional venture, and rather unconsciously."<ref name=":0" />

Marak has co-authored five books and more than fifty research papers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Q. Marak, Department of Anthropology |url=https://nehu.ac.in/faculty/display/199/Prof-Q-Marak |access-date=26 Aug 2025 |website=nehu.ac.in}}</ref> She has served as the [[principal investigator]] for several research projects. In 2013, she received funding from the state-run [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] under the scheme of “Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage and Diverse Cultural Traditions of India” to study the traditional craftsmanship of the Garos. The first phase of the project (2013–2014) focused on the Garo drums,<ref>Marak, Q. (2014). ''ART, ARTISANS, AND CULTURE: A Study on Garo Traditional Craftsmanship''. [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], New Delhi. Retrieved August 26, 2025, from https://indiaich-sna.in/sites/default/files/2023-11/QM_Interim%20Report.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124131236/https://indiaich-sna.in/sites/default/files/2023-11/QM_Interim%20Report.pdf |date=2025-01-24 }}</ref> whereas the second phase (2014–2015) explored the pottery traditions in the Garo Hills. The latter included a two-day workshop, in collaboration with the District Museum, [[Tura, Meghalaya]], for Garo potters to showcase their art to the public after Marak's ethnographic study concluded that the Garo pottery traditions were at-risk of complete eradication without intervention.<ref>Marak, Q. (2017).''The Art of Making Pottery in Garo Hilla, Meghalaya''. Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi. Retrieved August 26, 2025, from https://indiaich-sna.in/sites/default/files/2023-10/Project%20Report_Pottery.pdf</ref> In the third phase (2015–2016), Marak studied the different types of traditional Garo houses, and their connection to the cultural expressions among tribal Garos.<ref>Marak, Q. (2015). ''THE GARO HOUSE: TRADITIONAL CRAFTSMANSHIP AND CULTURAL EXPRESSIONS''. Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi. Retrieved August 26, 2025, from https://indiaich-sna.in/sites/default/files/2023-11/1st%20Report_13.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124140336/https://indiaich-sna.in/sites/default/files/2023-11/1st%20Report_13.pdf |date=2025-01-24 }}</ref>

In 2017, Marak led the team of researchers, along with Gangotri Bhuyan, Milan Meitei and Tengnang D. Sangma, who excavated several finished [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] stone tools from Mishimagre village located in the Rongram-Ganol river valley of the [[West Garo Hills district|West Garo Hills]]. "The finding of cores (from which stone tools are made) and waste flakes (by-products of tool-making) are indications of a factory site where tools were made in large numbers," she told [[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]. Shortly after the discovery, an awareness camp was conducted by [[North-Eastern Hill University]] on the importance of conserving prehistoric sites during which Marak spoke to Misimagre villagers about the role of [[stone tool]]s in the creation of history and the need for adequate research on these tools and sites.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Saidul |date=8 Feb 2017 |title=Stone tools excavated in Meghalaya village |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/stone-tools-excavated-in-meghalaya-village/cid/1426994 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826214842/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/stone-tools-excavated-in-meghalaya-village/cid/1426994 |archive-date=26 Aug 2025 |access-date=27 Aug 2025 |work=The Telegraph Online}}</ref>

Between 2023 and 2024, Marak was one of the principal advisors for [[Anthropological Survey of India]]'s region-specific research project studying the impact of digital literacy among the Garos on cultural heritage preservation.<ref>''Digital Literacy and {{sic|i|t's}} Impact on Cultural Heritage Preservation: A Study among the Garo Community of Meghalaya''. Anthropological Survey of India, North East Regional Centre Shillong. (2023–24). Retrieved August 26, 2025, from https://ansi.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Digtal-Literacy_14.02.2025.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207200043/https://ansi.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Digtal-Literacy_14.02.2025.pdf |date=2025-12-07 }}</ref> She is part of the editorial advisory board for the Indian Journal of Anthropological Research, a [[Refereed serial|refereed]], peer-reviewed, bi-annual journal about the traditional and emerging fields of anthropological research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARF India |url=https://www.arfjournals.com/ijar/editorialteam |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=www.arfjournals.com}}</ref>

==Selected publications==
===Books===

* Marak, Queenbala; Chaudhuri, Sarit (2020). [https://books.google.co.in/books/about/The_Cultural_Heritage_of_Meghalaya.html?id=HmnTDwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y ''The Cultural Heritage of Meghalaya'']. New Delhi: IGRMS & Manohar. {{ISBN|9781000071825}}.
* Marak, Queenbala (2019). [https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Megalithic_Traditions_of_North_East_Indi/HtVkEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 ''Megalithic Traditions of Northeast India'']. New Delhi: Concept. {{ISBN|93-86682-70-2|9789386682703}}.
* Marak, Queenbala; Bhuyan, Gangotri; Meitei, Milan; Sangma, Tengnang (2017). ''Misimagre: A Prehistoric factory Site from Garo Hills''. New Delhi: Research India Publication. {{ISBN|978-93-86138-99-6}}.
* Marak, Queenbala (2016). ''Doing Autoethnography''. New Delhi: Serials Pub. {{ISBN|978-81-8387-672-8|8183876722}}.
* Marak, Queenbala (2014). [https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Food_Politics/8pgxBwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 ''Food Politics: Studying Food, Identity, and Difference among the Garos'']. New Castle: CSP. {{ISBN|978-1-4438-5710-9}}.

===Journal articles===
* Yekha-ü and Marak, Queenbala (2021). "Elicura: The ‘Feasts of Merit’ Shawl of the Chakhesang Naga of Northeast India". ''The Oriental Anthropologist'', 21(1). [[doi:10.1177/0972558X21990790]]
* Marak, Queenbala; Ashraf, Abdullah (2018). "Short Axe Typology: A Morphometric Study with Special Reference to Garo Hills Lithics". ''The Oriental Anthropologist,'' 18(2). pp. 209–22. {{doi|10.1177/0976343020180203}}.
* Marak, Queenbala (2018). "Soul Loss and Retrieval: Understanding the Mi Amua Ritual of the Garos". ''Journal of Indian Anthropological Society'', 53(3). pp. 219–233.

=== Book chapters ===
* Marak, Queenbala (2020). "Pottery Technology in Garo Hills: An Ethnoarchaeological Interpretation". In Sarkar, Surajit; Modwel, Nerupama (eds.). ''Oral Traditions, Continuities and Transformations in Northeast India and Beyond''. [[Routledge]] India. {{ISBN|1-032-16945-1|9781032169453}}.
* Marak, Queenbala (2019). "Fleshing the Skeleton: Understanding Prehistoric Cultures in Garo Hills". In Sengupta, Sarthak; Borah, Juri (eds.). ''Dimensions of Anthropological Research in Northeast India''. Delhi: Gyan Publishing. pp. 247–70.
* Marak, Queenbala (2018). "Food and Gender: A Case Study of the Matrilineal Garos". In [[Georg Pfeffer|Pfeffer, Georg]]; Nath, Nibedita (eds.). ''Empirical Anthropology: Issues of Academic Friends and Friends in the Field''. New Delhi: Concept Publishing. pp. 86–102.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control|suppress=P8189|qid=Q135985587}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marak, Queenbala}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Guwahati]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian anthropologists]]
[[Category:Indian women anthropologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the North-Eastern Hill University]]

Wayback Machine

2026-03-29T04:40:21Z

Serzohe: updated citations as per guidelines and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Digital archive by the Internet Archive}}
{{About||the time machine from Peabody's Improbable History and its namesake|Wayback Machine (Peabody's Improbable History)|help citing the Wayback Machine in Bharatpedia|:Help:Using the Wayback Machine}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Wayback Machine
| logo = {{Dark mode switch|[[File:Wayback Machine logo 2010 (light).svg|250px]]|[[File:Wayback Machine logo 2010.svg|250px]]|logo}}
| logo_size =
| logo_alt = Stylized text saying: "INTERNET ARCHIVE WAYBACK MACHINE". The text is in black, except for "WAYBACK", which is in red.
| url = {{Plainlist|
* {{URL|https://web.archive.org|web.archive.org}}
}}
| type = Archive
| commercial = No
| registration = Optional
| programming_language = [[HTML]], [[CSS]], [[JavaScript]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]]
| area_served = Worldwide ([[Internet censorship in China|except China]] and [[Censorship in North Korea|North Korea]])
| owner = [[Internet Archive]]
| founded = {{ubl|{{start date and age|2001|10|24|br=y}}}}
| current_status = Active 
}}

The '''Wayback Machine''' is a digital archive of the [[World Wide Web]] founded by the [[Internet Archive]], an [[501(c)(3) organization|American nonprofit organization]] based in [[San Francisco]], California. Launched for public access in 2001, the service allows users to go "back in time" to see how websites looked in the past. Founders [[Brewster Kahle]] and [[Bruce Gilliat]] developed the Wayback Machine to provide "universal access to all knowledge" by preserving archived copies of defunct web pages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kahle |first=Brewster |date=November 23, 2005 |title=Universal Access to all Knowledge |url=https://archive.org/details/SDForumBK |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814164546/https://archive.org/details/SDForumBK |access-date=June 5, 2022 |website=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

The name is a reference to the fictional time-traveling device of the same name from the animated cartoon ''[[The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends|The Bullwinkle Show]]'' from the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2002/tc20020228_1080.htm |title=A Library as Big as the World |last=Green |first=Heather |date=February 28, 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220074306/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2002/tc20020228_1080.htm |archive-date=December 20, 2011 |magazine=BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/08/business/responsible-party-brewster-kahle-a-library-of-the-web-on-the-web.html |title=Responsible Party – Brewster Kahle; A Library Of the Web, On the Web |last=Tong |first=Judy |date=September 8, 2002 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date= August 15, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110220181725/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/08/business/responsible-party-brewster-kahle-a-library-of-the-web-on-the-web.html |archive-date=February 20, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[Keith Scott (voice actor)|Scott, Keith]] (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qdwcbJxM-HsC The Moose that Roared: The Story of Jay Ward, Bill Scott, a Flying Squirrel, and a Talking Moose]''. [[St. Martin's Press]]. {{ISBN|0-312-19922-8}}.</ref> In a segment of the cartoon entitled "Peabody's Improbable History", the characters [[Mister Peabody]] and Sherman use the "[[Wayback Machine (Peabody's Improbable History)|Wayback Machine]]" to travel back in time to witness and participate in famous historical events.<ref>{{cite web |last=Markstein |first=Don |title=Toonopedia: Peabody's Improbable History |publisher=Toonpedia.com |url=https://www.toonopedia.com/peabody.htm |access-date=November 7, 2024}}</ref>

The Wayback Machine's earliest archives go back at least to 1995, and by the end of 2009, more than 38.2 billion webpages had been saved. {{As of|2025|October|bare=}}, the Wayback Machine has archived more than 1 [[trillion]] web pages and well over 99 [[petabytes]] of data.<ref name=MainPage /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kahle |first1=Brewster |title=A Message from Internet Archive Founder, Brewster Kahle |url=https://archive.org/donate |website=Internet Archive |access-date=January 10, 2024}}</ref>

==History==
The Internet Archive has been archiving [[Cache (computing)|cached]] web pages since at least 1995. One of the earliest known pages was archived on March 1, 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19950301190227/http://www.bbcnc.org.uk/index.html|title=Wayback Machine snapshot of the page 'BBC web server page'|work=Wayback Machine|publisher=[[Internet Archive]] |date=March 1, 1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19950301190227/http://www.bbcnc.org.uk/index.html |archive-date=Mar 1, 1995|access-date=Feb 23, 2026}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=(( Internet Archive Forums: What is the oldest page on the Wayback Machine? )) |url=https://archive.org/post/60275/what-is-the-oldest-page-on-the-wayback-machine |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=archive.org}}</ref>

Internet Archive founders [[Brewster Kahle]] and [[Bruce Gilliat]] launched the Wayback Machine in [[San Francisco]], California, in October 2001,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menn |first=Joseph |date=2001-10-25 |title=Net Archive Turns Back 10 Billion Pages of Time |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-oct-25-mn-61513-story.html |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gomes |first=Daniel |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Past_Web/a0w2EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA13&printsec=frontcover |title=The Past Web: Exploring Web Archives |last2=Demidova |first2=Elena |last3=Winters |first3=Jane |last4=Risse |first4=Thomas |date=2021-06-30 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-63291-5 |pages=13 |language=en}}</ref> primarily to address the problem of web content vanishing whenever it gets changed or when a website is shut down.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Notess |first=Greg R. |date=March–April 2002 |title=The Wayback Machine: The Web's Archive |journal=Online |volume=26 |pages=59–61 |id={{INIST|13517724}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hoffman |first=Allan |date=2001-12-03 |title='Wayback Machine' shows Internet as it was |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-republican-wayback-machine-shows-i/191950670/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=The Republican |pages=20}}</ref> The service enables users to see archived versions of [[web page]]s across time, which the archive calls a "three-dimensional index".<ref>{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions: The Wayback Machine |url=https://archive.org/about/faqs.php#The_Wayback_Machine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918131957/https://archive.org/about/faqs.php#The_Wayback_Machine |url-status=deviated |access-date=September 18, 2018 |archive-date=September 18, 2018}}</ref> Kahle and Gilliat created the machine hoping to archive the entire Internet and provide "universal access to all knowledge".<ref name="Internet Archive Blogs">{{Cite web |url=https://blog.archive.org/2016/10/25/20000-hard-drives-on-a-mission/ |title=20,000 Hard Drives on a Mission |website=Internet Archive Blogs |date=October 25, 2016 |first=John |last=Gonzalez |access-date=October 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020153727/https://blog.archive.org/2016/10/25/20000-hard-drives-on-a-mission/ |archive-date=October 20, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

From 1996 to 2001, the information was kept on digital tape, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the "clunky" [[database]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cook |first=John |title=Web site takes you way back in Internet history |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/Web-site-takes-you-way-back-in-Internet-history-1070534.php |access-date=August 15, 2011 |work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |date=November 1, 2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205508/http://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/Web-site-takes-you-way-back-in-Internet-history-1070534.php |archive-date=August 12, 2014}}</ref> When the archive reached its fifth anniversary in 2001, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2001/10/wayback-goes-way-back-on-web/ |title=Wayback Goes Way Back on Web |magazine=Wired |date=October 28, 2001 |access-date=October 16, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016225914/https://www.wired.com/2001/10/wayback-goes-way-back-on-web/ |archive-date=October 16, 2017 |last1=Mayfield |first1=Kendra}}</ref> By the time the Wayback Machine launched, it already contained over 10 billion archived pages.<ref name="Arora" /> The data is stored on the Internet Archive's large cluster of [[Linux]] nodes.<ref name="Internet Archive Blogs" /> It revisits and archives new versions of websites on occasion (see technical details below).<ref name="Leetaru" /> Sites can also be captured manually by entering a website's [[URL]] into the search box, provided that the website allows the Wayback Machine to "[[Web crawler|crawl]]" it and save the data.<ref name="MainPage">{{Cite web |title=((Wayback Machine (main page) )) |work=The Internet Archive |url=https://web.archive.org/ }}</ref>

The Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to [[Sun Open Storage]] in 2009, and hosts a new data centre in a [[Sun Modular Datacenter]] on [[Sun Microsystems]]' California campus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internet Archive and Sun Microsystems Create Living History of the Internet |publisher=[[Sun Microsystems]] |date=March 25, 2009 |url=http://www.sun.com/aboutsun/pr/2009-03/sunflash.20090325.1.xml |access-date=March 27, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326200212/http://www.sun.com/aboutsun/pr/2009-03/sunflash.20090325.1.xml |archive-date=March 26, 2009}}</ref>

A new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and a fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing in 2011, where captures appear in a calendar layout with circles whose width visualizes the number of crawls each day, but no marking of duplicates with asterisks or an advanced search page.<ref>{{cite web |title=Updated Wayback Machine in Beta Testing |url=http://iawebarchiving.wordpress.com/2011/01/24/updated-wayback-machine-in-beta-testing/ |author=gojomo |date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=August 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823040310/http://iawebarchiving.wordpress.com/2011/01/24/updated-wayback-machine-in-beta-testing/ |archive-date=August 23, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Advanced Search |url=https://web.archive.org/collections/web/advanced.html |website=Wayback Machine |access-date=April 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131104918/https://web.archive.org/collections/web/advanced.html |archive-date=January 31, 2010}}</ref> A top [[toolbar]] was added to facilitate navigating between captures. A bar chart visualizes the frequency of captures per month over the years.<ref>{{cite web |title=What's the difference between the classic Wayback Machine and the new Beta version? |url=http://faq.waybackmachine.org/whats-the-difference-between-the-classic-wayback-machine-and-the-new-beta-version |date=December 21, 2010 |website=Wayback Machine Beta FAQs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225023945/http://faq.waybackmachine.org/whats-the-difference-between-the-classic-wayback-machine-and-the-new-beta-version |access-date=November 17, 2021 |archive-date=December 25, 2010}}</ref> Features like "Changes", "Summary", and a graphical site map were added subsequently.

In October 2013, Wayback Machine introduced the "Save Page Now" feature, which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL, and quickly generates a [[permanent link]] unlike the preceding ''liveweb'' feature.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.archive.org/2013/10/25/fixing-broken-links/ |title=Fixing Broken Links on the Internet |last=Rossi |first=Alexis |date=October 25, 2013 |website=Internet Archive Blogs |publisher=Collections Team, the Internet Archive |location=San Francisco, CA, US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107193437/http://blog.archive.org/2013/10/25/fixing-broken-links/ |archive-date=November 7, 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=March 25, 2015 |quote=We have added the ability to archive a page instantly and get back a permanent URL for that page in the Wayback Machine. This service allows anyone – Bharatpedia editors, scholars, legal professionals, students, or home cooks like me – to create a stable URL to cite, share or bookmark any information they want to still have access to in the future.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Alexander |last=Baron |title=((The new Internet Archive Wayback Machine now online)) |url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/360776 |website=Digital Journal |date=October 23, 2013 |access-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119071411/http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/360776}}</ref>

On October 30, 2020, the Wayback Machine began fact-checking content.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Mark |date=October 30, 2020 |title=Fact Checks and Context for Wayback Machine Pages |url= https://blog.archive.org/2020/10/30/fact-checks-and-context-for-wayback-machine-pages/ |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=Internet Archive Blogs}}</ref> As of January 2022, domains of [[ad server]]s are disabled from capturing.<ref>Attempts to 'save page now' domains such as tpc.googlesyndication.com or s0.2mdn.net or atdmt.com or adbrite.com result in "This URL is in our block list and cannot be captured."</ref>

In May 2021, for Internet Archive's 25th anniversary, the Wayback Machine introduced the "Wayforward Machine", which allows users to "travel to the Internet in 2046, where knowledge is under siege".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Internet Archive 25th Anniversary – Universal Access to All Knowledge |url=https://anniversary.archive.org/ |website=anniversary.archive.org |access-date=January 13, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wayforward Machine • Visit the future of the internet|url=https://wayforward.archive.org/|access-date=January 13, 2022|website=Way Forward Machine}}</ref>

Trouble with archiving projects resulted in an 87 percent drop in page captures among news publications from May to October 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deck |first1=Andrew |last2=Tameez |first2=Hanaa' |title=The Wayback Machine's snapshots of news homepages plummet after a "breakdown" in archiving projects |url=http://www.niemanlab.org/2025/10/the-wayback-machines-snapshots-of-news-homepages-plummet-after-a-breakdown-in-archiving-projects |website=Nieman Lab |access-date=18 February 2026 |date=21 October 2025}}</ref> By February 2026, a number of news organizations, such as ''[[The Guardian]]'' and the ''[[New York Times]]'', had started blocking the Wayback Machine due to concerns over [[AI]] scraping of captures.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deck |first1=Andrew |last2=Tameez |first2=Hanaa' |title=News publishers limit Internet Archive access due to AI scraping concerns |url=http://www.niemanlab.org/2026/01/news-publishers-limit-internet-archive-access-due-to-ai-scraping-concerns |website=Nieman Lab |access-date=18 February 2026 |date=28 January 2026}}</ref>

== Technical information ==
The Wayback Machine's software has been developed to "[[Web crawler|crawl]]" the Web and download all publicly accessible information and data files on webpages, the [[Gopher (protocol)|Gopher]] hierarchy, the [[Usenet|Netnews]] (Usenet) bulletin board system, and software.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kahle |first=Brewster |title=Archiving the Internet |url=http://www.uibk.ac.at/voeb/texte/kahle.html |publisher=Scientific American – March 1997 Issue |access-date=August 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403042627/http://www.uibk.ac.at/voeb/texte/kahle.html |archive-date=April 3, 2012}}</ref> The information collected by these 'crawlers' does not include all the content available on the Internet since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible. To overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It.org was developed in 2005 by the Internet Archive as a means of allowing institutions and content creators to voluntarily harvest and preserve collections of digital content and create digital archives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.archive.org/2014/10/27/archive-it-crawling-the-web-together/ |title=Archive-It: Crawling the Web Together |work=Internet Archive Blogs |first=Jeff |last=Kaplan |date=October 27, 2014 |access-date=October 16, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012212827/http://blog.archive.org/2014/10/27/archive-it-crawling-the-web-together/ |archive-date=October 12, 2017}}</ref>

Crawls are contributed from various sources, some imported from third parties and others generated internally by the Archive.<ref name="Leetaru" /> For example, content comes from crawls contributed by the [[Alfred P. Sloan Foundation|Sloan Foundation]] and [[Alexa Internet|Alexa]], crawls run by the Internet Archive on behalf of [[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA]] and the [[Internet Memory Foundation]], webpages archived by [[Archive Team]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions - Archiveteam |url=https://wiki.archiveteam.org/index.php/Frequently_Asked_Questions |access-date=May 26, 2025 |website=wiki.archiveteam.org}}</ref> and mirrors of [[Common Crawl]].<ref name="Leetaru" /> The "Worldwide Web Crawls" have been running since 2010 and capture the global Web.<ref name="Leetaru" /><ref name="Crawls">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/widecrawl&tab=about |title=Worldwide Web Crawls |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=October 16, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019222740/https://archive.org/details/widecrawl%26tab%3Dabout |archive-date=October 19, 2017}}</ref> In September 2020, the Internet Archive announced a partnership with [[Cloudflare]] – an American [[content delivery network]] service provider – to automatically index websites served via its "Always Online" services.<ref name="archive-partners" />

Documents and resources are stored with time stamp URLs such as <code>{{#time:YmdHis}}</code>. Pages' individual resources, such as images, style sheets and scripts, as well as outgoing [[hyperlinks]], are linked to with the time stamp of the currently viewed page, so they are redirected automatically to their individual captures that are the closest in time.<ref name="Using">{{cite web |url=https://help.archive.org/help/using-the-wayback-machine/ |title=Using The Wayback Machine |website=Internet Archive |access-date=September 25, 2024}}</ref>

The frequency of snapshot captures varies per website.<ref name="Leetaru" /> Websites in the "Worldwide Web Crawls" are included in a "crawl list", with the site archived once per crawl.<ref name="Leetaru" /> A crawl can take months or even years to complete, depending on size.<ref name="Leetaru" /> For example, "Wide Crawl Number 13" started on January 9, 2015, and was completed on July 11, 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/wide00013?&sort=-publicdate&page=3 |title=Wide Crawl Number 13 |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=October 16, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019223332/https://archive.org/details/wide00013?&sort=-publicdate&page=3 |archive-date=October 19, 2017}}</ref> However, there may be multiple crawls ongoing at any one time, and a site might be included in more than one crawl list, so how often a site is crawled varies widely.<ref name="Leetaru">{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kalevleetaru/2016/01/18/the-internet-archive-turns-20-a-behind-the-scenes-look-at-archiving-the-web/#222f2e5682e0 |url-access=subscription |title=The Internet Archive Turns 20: A Behind the Scenes Look at Archiving the Web |work=Forbes |first=Kalev |last=Leetaru |date=January 28, 2016 |access-date=October 16, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016230439/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kalevleetaru/2016/01/18/the-internet-archive-turns-20-a-behind-the-scenes-look-at-archiving-the-web/#222f2e5682e0 |archive-date=October 16, 2017}}</ref>

Starting in October 2019, users were [[data cap|limited]] to 15 archival requests and retrievals per minute.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/toomanyrequests_20191110 |title=Too Many Requests |publisher=Internet Archive |date=November 10, 2019 |access-date=November 27, 2021}}</ref>

===Storage capacity and growth===
As technology has developed over the years, the storage capacity of the Wayback Machine has grown. In 2003, after only two years of public access, the Wayback Machine was growing at a rate of 12 terabytes per month. The data is stored on [[PetaBox]] rack systems custom designed by Internet Archive staff. The first 100 TB rack became fully operational in June 2004, although it soon became clear that they would need much more storage than that.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/web/petabox.php |title= Petabox |website=Internet Archive |access-date=October 25, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9584_22-5808754.html |title=Big storage on the cheap |last=Kanellos |first=Michael |date=July 29, 2005 |access-date=July 29, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403030705/http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9584_22-5808754.html  |archive-date=April 3, 2007 |publisher=CNET News}}</ref>

{{As of|2009}}, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three [[petabyte]]s of data and was growing at a rate of 100 [[terabyte]]s each month.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&taxonomyName=hardware&articleId=9130081&taxonomyId=12&intsrc=kc_top |title=Internet Archive to unveil massive Wayback Machine data center |last=Mearian |first=Lucas |date=March 19, 2009 |access-date=March 22, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323093002/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&taxonomyName=hardware&articleId=9130081&taxonomyId=12&intsrc=kc_top |archive-date=March 23, 2009 |publisher=Computerworld}}</ref>

In March that year, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that "the Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no further index updates are planned, as it will be phased out this year."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archive.org/post/350738/updated-wayback-machine-in-beta-testing |title=Re: Updated Wayback Machine in Beta Testing |date=2011 |access-date=April 16, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417082107/https://archive.org/post/350738/updated-wayback-machine-in-beta-testing |archive-date=April 17, 2014}}</ref> Also in 2011, the Internet Archive installed their sixth pair of PetaBox racks which increased the Wayback Machine's storage capacity by 700 terabytes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/post/353721/6th-pair-of-racks-go-into-service-over-2pb-of-data-space-used |title= 6th pair of racks go into service: over 2PB of data space used |website=Internet Archive Forums |date=2011 |access-date=October 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024144627/https://archive.org/post/353721/6th-pair-of-racks-go-into-service-over-2pb-of-data-space-used |archive-date=October 24, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2013, Internet Archive announced a milestone of 240 billion URLs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.archive.org/2013/01/09/updated-wayback/ |title=Wayback Machine: Now with 240,000,000,000 URLs |website=Internet Archive Blogs |first1=Brewster |last1=Kahle |date=January 9, 2013 |access-date=April 16, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414221120/http://blog.archive.org/2013/01/09/updated-wayback/ |archive-date=April 14, 2014}}</ref>

In December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained 435 [[billion]] web pages—almost nine petabytes of data, and was growing at about 20 terabytes a week.<ref name="Arora">{{cite journal |last1=Arora |first1=Sanjay K. |last2=Li |first2=Yin |last3=Youtie |first3=Jan |last4=Shapira |first4=Philip |date=May 5, 2015 |title=Using the wayback machine to mine websites in the social sciences: A methodological resource |journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology |volume=67 |issue=8 |pages=1904–1915 |doi=10.1002/asi.23503 |issn=2330-1635|doi-access=free |hdl=10.1002/asi.23503 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/about/faqs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218203115/https://archive.org/about/faqs.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 18, 2014 |title=Internet Archive Frequently Asked Questions |date=December 18, 2014 |access-date=December 13, 2018}}</ref>

In July 2016, the Wayback Machine reportedly contained around 15 petabytes of data.<ref>{{cite web |title=Can the manipulation of big data change the way the world thinks? |work=The National |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/can-the-manipulation-of-big-data-change-the-way-the-world-thinks-1.612012 |access-date=May 14, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112060354/http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/can-the-manipulation-of-big-data-change-the-way-the-world-thinks |archive-date=January 12, 2017}}</ref> In October 2016, it was announced that the way web pages are counted would be changed, resulting in the decrease of the archived pages counts shown. Embedded objects such as pictures, videos, style sheets, JavaScripts are no longer counted as a "web page", whereas HTML, PDF, and plain text documents remain counted.<ref>{{cite web |author=Goel, Vinay |date=October 23, 2016 |title=Defining Web pages, Web sites and Web captures |url=https://blog.archive.org/2016/10/23/defining-web-pages-web-sites-and-web-captures/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209195730/https://blog.archive.org/2016/10/23/defining-web-pages-web-sites-and-web-captures/ |archive-date=December 9, 2018 |access-date=December 9, 2018 |publisher=Internet Archive}}</ref>

In September 2018, the Wayback Machine contained over 25 petabytes of data.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thehustle.co/inside-wayback-machine-internet-archive |title=Inside Wayback Machine, the internet's time capsule |last=Crockett |first=Zachary |date=September 28, 2018 |work=The Hustle |access-date=October 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002145800/https://thehustle.co/inside-wayback-machine-internet-archive |archive-date=October 2, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wired25-virginia-heffernan-internet-archive-wayback-machine/ |url-access=limited |title=Things Break and Decay on the Internet—That's a Good Thing |last=Heffernan |first=Virginia |date=September 18, 2018 |magazine=WIRED |access-date=October 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925130510/https://www.wired.com/story/wired25-virginia-heffernan-internet-archive-wayback-machine/ |archive-date=September 25, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of December 2020, the Wayback Machine contained over 70 petabytes of data.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.adafruit.com/2020/12/01/donate-to-the-internet-archive-digital-library-of-free-borrowable-books-movies-music-wayback-machine-internetarchive/ |title=Donate to the Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free & Borrowable Books, Movies, Music & Wayback Machine @internetarchive |date=December 1, 2020 |publisher=adafruit |access-date=December 2, 2020 |archive-date=December 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202065323/https://blog.adafruit.com/2020/12/01/donate-to-the-internet-archive-digital-library-of-free-borrowable-books-movies-music-wayback-machine-internetarchive/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2025, Wayback Machine reached 1 trillion webpages archived, with a series of events being scheduled throughout October to celebrate it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-25 |title=Celebrating 1 Trillion Web Pages Archived |website=Internet Archive Blogs |url=https://blog.archive.org/trillion/ |access-date=2025-09-22}}</ref>

{{Bar chart
| title = Wayback Machine growth<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.archive.org/2014/05/09/wayback-machine-hits-400000000000 |title=Wayback Machine Hits 400,000,000,000! |author=michelle |publisher=Internet Archive |date=May 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826191225/http://blog.archive.org/2014/05/09/wayback-machine-hits-400000000000/ |archive-date=August 26, 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=March 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archive.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231000610/https://archive.org/ |title=Internet Archive |archive-date=December 31, 2020 |url-status=dead |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=March 8, 2021}}</ref>
| label_type = Wayback Machine by year
| data_type = Pages archived
| bar_width = 45
| width_units = em
| data_max = 900000000000
| label1 = 2004
| data1 = 30000000000
| label2 = 2005
| data2 = 40000000000
| label3 = 2008
| data3 = 85000000000
| label4 = 2012
| data4 = 150000000000
| label5 = 2013
| data5 = 373000000000
| label6 = 2014
| data6 = 400000000000
| label7= 2015
| data7= 452000000000
| label8= 2016
|data8=459000000000
| label9= 2017
| data9= 279000000000
| data10= 310000000000
| label10= 2018
| data11= 345000000000
|label11=2019
|data12=405000000000
|label12=2020
|label13=2021
|data13=514000000000
|label14=2022
|data14=640000000000
|color1=lightblue
|color2=lightblue
|color3=lightblue
|color4=yellow
|color5=yellow
|color6=yellow
|color7=orange
|color8=orange
|color9=yellow
|color10=yellow
|color11=yellow
|color12=yellow
|color13=orange
|color14=red
|comment1=0–100
B: Light blue
|comment4=100B–450B: Yellow
|comment7=450B–600B: Orange
|comment14=600B–: Red
|data15=866000000000
|label15=2024
|color15=Red
||data16=946000000000
|label16=2025
||data17=1000000000000
|label17=2026
|color16=Red}}

===Wayback Machine APIs===
The Wayback Machine service offers three public APIs, SavePageNow, Availability, and CDX.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/help/wayback_api.php|title=Wayback Machine APIs |website=Internet Archive}}</ref> SavePageNow can be used to archive web pages. Availability API for checking the archive availability status for a web page,<ref>{{GitHub |akamhy/waybackpy}}</ref> checking whether an archive for the web page exists or not. CDX API is for complex querying, filtering, and analysis of captured data.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blog.archive.org/developers/ | title=Developers | date=August 22, 2014 |website=Internet Archive Blogs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212160820/https://blog.archive.org/developers/ |archive-date= February 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://blog.archive.org/2018/12/13/documentation-for-public-apis-at-the-internet-archive/ | title=Documentation for Public APIs at the Internet Archive | date=December 13, 2018 |website=Internet Archive Blogs |first1=John |last1=Gonzalez |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240113211453/https://blog.archive.org/2018/12/13/documentation-for-public-apis-at-the-internet-archive/ |archive-date= January 13, 2024}}</ref>

===Website exclusion policy===
Historically, the Wayback Machine has respected the [[robots exclusion standard]] (robots.txt) in determining if a website would be crawled – or if already crawled, if its archives would be publicly viewable. Website owners had the option to opt out of Wayback Machine through the use of robots.txt. It applied robots.txt rules retroactively; if a site blocked the Internet Archive, any previously archived pages from the domain were immediately rendered unavailable as well. In addition, the Internet Archive stated that "Sometimes, a website owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site. We comply with these requests."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/collections/web/faqs.html#exclusions |title=FAQs – Some sites are not available because of Robots.txt or other exclusions. What does that mean? |website=Internet Archive Wayback Machine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415130934/https://web.archive.org/collections/web/faqs.html#exclusions |archive-date=April 15, 2011}}</ref> In addition, the website says: "The Internet Archive is not interested in preserving or offering access to Web sites or other internet documents of persons who do not want their materials in the collection."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archive.org/about/faqs.php#2 |title= Frequently Asked Questions |website=Internet Archive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417122600/https://archive.org/about/faqs.php |archive-date=April 17, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/wayback-machine-deleting-evidence-flexispy/ |website=Vice |title=The Wayback Machine Is Deleting Evidence of Malware Sold to Stalkers |last=Cox |first=Joseph |date=May 22, 2018 |access-date=May 23, 2018}}</ref>

Citing an upsurge in sites that had gone defunct and became [[parked domain]]s that were using robots.txt to exclude themselves from search engines, resulting in their exclusion from the Wayback Machine, the Internet Archive changed the policy on April 17, 2017,<ref>{{cite web |title=Robots.txt meant for search engines don't work well for web archives |url=https://blog.archive.org/2017/04/17/robots-txt-meant-for-search-engines-dont-work-well-for-web-archives/ |website=Internet Archive |date=April 17, 2017 |access-date=June 29, 2019}}</ref> to require an explicit exclusion request to remove sites from the Wayback Machine.<ref name="Using" />

====The Oakland Archive Policy====
Wayback's retroactive exclusion policy is based in part upon ''Recommendations for Managing Removal Requests and Preserving Archival Integrity'', known as ''The Oakland Archive Policy'', published by the School of Information Management and Systems at [[University of California, Berkeley]] in 2002, which gives a website owner the right to block access to the site's archives.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recommendations for Managing Removal Requests And Preserving Archival Integrity |date=December 14, 2002 |publisher=[[University of California]] |url=http://www2.sims.berkeley.edu/research/conferences/aps/removal-policy.html |access-date=October 20, 2024 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030502165937/http://sims.berkeley.edu/research/conferences/aps/removal-policy.html |archive-date=May 2, 2003}}</ref> Wayback has complied with this policy to help avoid expensive litigation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Retroactive robots.txt removal of past crawls AKA Oakland Archive Policy |date=July 7, 2014 |publisher=Internet Archive |url=https://archive.org/post/1019415/retroactive-robotstxt-removal-of-past-crawls-aka-oakland-archive-policy |access-date=September 14, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010124036/https://archive.org/post/1019415/retroactive-robotstxt-removal-of-past-crawls-aka-oakland-archive-policy |archive-date=October 10, 2017}}</ref>

The Wayback retroactive exclusion policy began to relax in 2017, when it stopped honoring robots on U.S. government and military web sites for both crawling and displaying web pages. As of April 2017, Wayback is ignoring robots.txt more broadly, not just for U.S. government websites.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.archive.org/2017/04/17/robots-txt-meant-for-search-engines-dont-work-well-for-web-archives/ |title=Robots.txt meant for search engines don't work well for web archives |work=Internet Archive Blogs |first=Mark |last=Graham |date=April 17, 2017 |access-date=April 16, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417131508/http://blog.archive.org/2017/04/17/robots-txt-meant-for-search-engines-dont-work-well-for-web-archives/ |archive-date=April 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Archivierung des Internets: Internet Archive ignoriert künftig robots.txt |date=April 25, 2017 |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Archivierung-des-Internets-Internet-Archive-ignoriert-kuenftig-robots-txt-3693558.html |publisher=heise online |access-date=May 14, 2017 |language=de |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427035659/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Archivierung-des-Internets-Internet-Archive-ignoriert-kuenftig-robots-txt-3693558.html |archive-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Suchmaschinen: Internet Archive will künftig Robots.txt-Einträge ignorieren – Golem.de |url=https://www.golem.de/news/suchmaschinen-internet-archive-will-kuenftig-robots-txt-eintraege-ignorieren-1704-127446.html |access-date=May 14, 2017 |language=de |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619210648/https://www.golem.de/news/suchmaschinen-internet-archive-will-kuenftig-robots-txt-eintraege-ignorieren-1704-127446.html |archive-date=June 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Internet Archive will ignore robots.txt files to keep historical record accurate |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/internet-archive-robots-txt/ |newspaper=Digital Trends |access-date=May 14, 2017 |date=April 24, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516130029/https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/internet-archive-robots-txt/ |archive-date=May 16, 2017}}</ref>

==Uses==
From its public launch in 2001, the Wayback Machine has been studied by scholars both for the ways it stores and collects data and for the actual pages contained in its archive. As of 2013, scholars had written about 350 articles on the Wayback Machine, mostly from the [[information technology]], [[Library and information science|library science]], and [[social science]] fields. Social science scholars have used the Wayback Machine to analyze how the development of websites from the mid-1990s to the present has affected the growth of companies.<ref name="Arora" />

When the Wayback Machine archives a page, it usually includes most of the hyperlinks, keeping those links active when they just as easily could have been broken by the Internet's instability. Researchers in India studied the effectiveness of the Wayback Machine's ability to save hyperlinks in online scholarly publications and found that it saved slightly more than half of them.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sampath Kumar |first1=B.T. |last2=Prithviraj |first2=K.R. |date=October 21, 2014 |title=Bringing life to dead: Role of Wayback Machine in retrieving vanished URLs |journal=Journal of Information Science |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=71–81 |doi=10.1177/0165551514552752 |s2cid=28320982 |issn=0165-5515}}</ref>

"Journalists use the Wayback Machine to view dead websites, dated news reports, and changes to website contents. Its content has been used to hold politicians accountable and expose battlefield lies."<ref name="Nelson">{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-08-17/wayback-machine-wont-censor-archive-for-taste-director-says-after-olympics-article-scrubbed |first1=Steven |last1=Nelson |date=August 17, 2016 |website=U.S. News & World Report |title=Wayback Machine Won't Censor Archive for Taste, Director Says After Olympics Article Scrubbed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106151933/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-08-17/wayback-machine-wont-censor-archive-for-taste-director-says-after-olympics-article-scrubbed |archive-date=January 6, 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=May 14, 2017}}</ref> In 2014, an archived social media page of [[Igor Girkin]], a separatist rebel leader in Ukraine, showed him boasting about his troops having shot down a suspected Ukrainian military airplane before it became known that the plane actually was a civilian Malaysian Airlines jet ([[Malaysia Airlines Flight 17]]), after which he deleted the post and blamed Ukraine's military for downing the plane.<ref name="Nelson" /><ref>{{cite magazine |title=What the Web Said Yesterday |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/01/26/cobweb |url-access=limited |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=May 14, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125141230/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/01/26/cobweb |archive-date=January 25, 2015
|first=Jill |last=Lepore | author-link=Jill Lepore | date=January 26, 2015
}}</ref> In 2017, the [[March for Science]] originated from a discussion on [[Reddit]] that indicated someone had visited Archive.org and discovered that all references to [[climate change]] had been deleted from the White House website. In response, a user commented, "There needs to be a Scientists' March on Washington".<ref>{{cite news |title=The March for Science began with this person's 'throwaway line' on Reddit |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/04/21/the-march-for-science-began-with-this-persons-throwaway-line-on-reddit/ |date=April 21, 2017 |first1= Ben |last1=Guarino |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=April 23, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423081417/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/04/21/the-march-for-science-began-with-this-persons-throwaway-line-on-reddit/ |archive-date=April 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/01/24/are-scientists-going-to-march-on-washington/ |url-access=subscription |date=January 25, 2017 |first1=Sarah |last1=Kaplan |title=Are scientists going to march on Washington? |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 31, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131152535/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/01/24/are-scientists-going-to-march-on-washington/ |archive-date=January 31, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Foley |first1=Katherine Ellen |title=The global March for Science started with a single Reddit thread |url=https://qz.com/965485/the-global-march-for-science-started-with-a-single-reddit-thread/ |date=April 22, 2017 |work=Quartz |access-date=April 23, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424004314/https://qz.com/965485/the-global-march-for-science-started-with-a-single-reddit-thread/ |archive-date=April 24, 2017}}</ref>

The site is used heavily for verification, providing access to references and content creation by [[Bharatpedia community|Bharatpedia editors]].<ref name="Graham">{{Cite web|url=https://blog.archive.org/2018/10/01/more-than-9-million-broken-links-on-Bharatpedia-are-now-rescued/|title=More than 9 million broken links on Bharatpedia are now rescued|first=Mark|last=Graham|date=October 1, 2018 |website=Internet Archive Blogs}}</ref> When new URLs are added to Bharatpedia, the Internet Archive has been archiving them.<ref name="Graham" />

In September 2020, a partnership was announced with [[Cloudflare]] to automatically archive websites served via its "Always Online" service, which will also allow it to direct users to its copy of the site if it cannot reach the original host.<ref name="archive-partners">{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Mark |date=September 17, 2020 |title=Cloudflare and the Wayback Machine, joining forces for a more reliable Web |url= https://blog.archive.org/2020/09/17/internet-archive-partners-with-cloudflare-to-help-make-the-web-more-useful-and-reliable/ |access-date=September 17, 2020 |website= Internet Archive Blogs}}</ref>

=== Limitations ===
In 2014, there was a six-month lag time between when a website was crawled and when it became available for viewing in the Wayback Machine.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/about/faqs.php |title=Internet Archive Frequently Asked Questions |date=April 2, 2014 |website=Internet Archive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402223358/https://archive.org/about/faqs.php |archive-date=April 2, 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=November 23, 2018}}</ref> As of 2024, the lag time is 3 to 10 hours.<ref name="Using" /> The Wayback Machine offers only limited search facilities. Its "Site Search" feature allows users to find a site based on words describing the site, rather than words found on the web pages themselves.<ref name="Bates" />

The Wayback Machine does not include every web page ever made due to the various limitations of web crawling. The Wayback Machine cannot completely archive web pages that contain interactive features such as Flash platforms and forms written in JavaScript and [[progressive web application]]s, because those functions require interaction with the host website. This means that, since approximately July 9, 2013, the Wayback Machine has been unable to display YouTube comments when saving videos' watch pages, as, according to the Archive Team, comments are no longer "loaded within the page itself."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archiveteam.org/index.php?title=YouTube#Comment_loading|website=archiveteam.org|title=YouTube – Archiveteam|access-date=August 6, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805184742/https://www.archiveteam.org/index.php?title=YouTube#Comment_loading|url-status=live}}</ref> The Wayback Machine's web crawler has difficulty extracting anything not coded in HTML or one of its variants, which can often result in broken hyperlinks and missing images. Due to this, the web crawler cannot archive "orphan pages" that are not linked to by other pages.<ref name="Bates">{{cite journal |last=Bates |first=Mary Ellen |date=2002 |title=The Wayback Machine |journal=Online |volume=26 |pages=80}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/about/faqs.php |title=Internet Archive Frequently Asked Questions |website=Internet Archive |access-date=October 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420213122/https://archive.org/about/faqs.php |archive-date=April 20, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Wayback Machine's crawler only follows a predetermined number of hyperlinks based on a preset depth limit, so it cannot archive every hyperlink on every page.<ref name="Crawls" />

===In legal evidence===
====Civil litigation====
=====''Netbula LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.''=====
In a 2009 case, ''Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.'', defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the [[robots.txt]] file on its website that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Netbula's site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case.<ref name="Lloyd" />

Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's website and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cortes |first=Antonio |date=October 2009 |title=Motion Opposing Removal of Robots.txt |url=http://www.american-justice.org/index.cgi/Page/116/OPPOSITION-TO-MOTION-TO-COMPEL-REMOVAL-OF-ROBOT-TXT-FILE-FROM-WEBSITE/ |access-date=October 15, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027050350/http://www.american-justice.org/index.cgi/Page/116/OPPOSITION-TO-MOTION-TO-COMPEL-REMOVAL-OF-ROBOT-TXT-FILE-FROM-WEBSITE |archive-date=October 27, 2010}}</ref> An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pages by any other means "without considerable burden, expense and disruption to its operations."<ref name="Lloyd" />

Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought.<ref name="Lloyd">{{cite web |last=Lloyd |first=Howard |date=October 2009 |title=Order to Disable Robots.txt |url=http://www.american-justice.org/upload/page/123/69/docket-187-order-on-IA-motion.pdf |access-date=October 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808173832/http://www.american-justice.org/upload/page/123/69/docket-187-order-on-IA-motion.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=====''Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite''=====
In an October 2004 case, ''[[Telewizja Polska|Telewizja Polska USA, Inc.]] v. Echostar Satellite'', No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. October 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of [[TVP Polonia]] and [[EchoStar]] operates the [[Dish Network]]. Prior to the trial proceedings, EchoStar indicated that it intended to offer Wayback Machine snapshots as proof of the past content of Telewizja Polska's website. Telewizja Polska brought a motion ''[[in limine]]'' to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of [[hearsay]] and unauthenticated source, but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska's assertion of hearsay and denied TVP's motion ''in limine'' to exclude the evidence at trial.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Lauren |date=November 17, 2004 |title=Internet Archive's Web Page Snapshots Held Admissible as Evidence |journal=Packets |volume=2 |issue=3 |url=http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/packets002728.shtml |access-date=January 4, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430095339/http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/packets002728.shtml |archive-date=April 30, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=Beryl A. |date=February 2006 |title=Proving Web History: How to use the Internet Archive |journal=Journal of Internet Law |pages=3–9 |url=http://www.strozfriedberg.com/files/Publication/fee98a34-d739-478b-a7db-6af37b757714/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/aae88469-9835-4fe4-ae5f-38637924314f/BAHPROVINGWEBHISTORY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705043226/http://www.strozfriedberg.com/files/Publication/fee98a34-d739-478b-a7db-6af37b757714/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/aae88469-9835-4fe4-ae5f-38637924314f/BAHPROVINGWEBHISTORY.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 5, 2010 |access-date=August 6, 2008}}</ref> At the trial, however, District Court Judge Ronald Guzman, the trial judge, overruled Magistrate Keys' findings, and held that neither the affidavit of the Internet Archive employee nor the underlying pages (i.e., the Telewizja Polska website) were admissible as evidence. Judge Guzman reasoned that the employee's affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements, and the purported web page, printouts were not self-authenticating.<ref>{{cite web |title=Looking For Evidence in Virtual Places Admissibility of Internet Evidence |url=https://www.netforlawyers.com/page/looking-evidence-virtual-places-admissibility-internet-evidence |access-date=June 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701055139/https://www.netforlawyers.com/page/looking-evidence-virtual-places-admissibility-internet-evidence |archive-date=July 1, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Levitt |first1=Carole A. |last2=Rosch |first2=Mark E. |title=Find Info Like a Pro: Mining the Internet's Publicly Available Resources for Investigative Research, Tom 1 |date=2010 |publisher=American Bar Association |isbn=978-1-60442-890-2 |pages=194–196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SUErZdbvcOkC |access-date=June 14, 2020 |archive-date=December 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218143732/https://books.google.com/books?id=SUErZdbvcOkC |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Patent law====
{{Main|Internet as a source of prior art}}

The [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] and the [[European Patent Office]] will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public. These dates are used to determine if a Web page is available as [[prior art]] for instance in examining a patent application.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prior Art in the Field of Business Method Patents – When is an Electronic Document a Printed Publication for Prior Art Purposes? |first=Wynn W. |last=Coggins |date=Fall 2002 |url=http://www.uspto.gov/patents/resources/methods/aiplafall02paper.jsp |work=USPTO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921083344/http://www.uspto.gov/patents/resources/methods/aiplafall02paper.jsp |archive-date=September 21, 2012 |access-date=August 15, 2012}}</ref>

====Limitations of utility====
There are technical limitations to archiving a website, and as a consequence, opposing parties in litigation can misuse the results provided by website archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screenshots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore, can contain errors. For example, archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore, do not include the contents of non-[[Semantic URL|RESTful]] e-commerce databases in their archives.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.practice.com/2008/12/29/debunking-the-wayback-machine |title=Debunking the Wayback Machine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629050840/http://www.practice.com/2008/12/29/debunking-the-wayback-machine |archive-date=June 29, 2010}}</ref>

==Legal status==
In Europe, the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating [[copyright]] laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bahr |first1=Martin |url=http://www.jurpc.de/aufsatz/20020029.htm |title=The Wayback Machine und Google Cache – eine Verletzung deutschen Urheberrechts? |journal=JurPC |pages=9 |year=2002 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823062928/http://www.jurpc.de/aufsatz/20020029.htm |archive-date=August 23, 2009 |url-status=live |doi=10.7328/jurpcb/20021719|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archive.org/about/faqs.php |title=Internet Archive FAQ |access-date=April 16, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417122600/https://archive.org/about/faqs.php |archive-date=April 17, 2014}}</ref>

Some cases have been brought against the Internet Archive specifically for its Wayback Machine archiving efforts. 

==Archived content legal issues==

===Scientology===
{{See also|Scientology and the Internet}}

In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of [[Scientology]] from the Wayback Machine.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lisa M |last=Bowman |title=Net archive silences Scientology critic |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1023-959236.html |publisher=CNET News |date=September 24, 2002 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515210932/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1023-959236.html|archive-date=May 15, 2012}}</ref> An error message stated that this was in response to a "request by the site owner".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archive.org/iathreads/post-view.php?id=778 |title=exclusions from the Wayback Machine |access-date=January 4, 2007 |author=Jeff |date=September 23, 2002 |format=Blog |work=Wayback Machine Forum |publisher=Internet Archive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211155138/http://www.archive.org/iathreads/post-view.php?id=778 |archive-date=February 11, 2007}} ''Author and Date indicate initiation of forum thread''.</ref> Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the [[Church of Scientology]] had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://research.yale.edu/lawmeme/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=350 |title=Sherman, Set the Wayback Machine for Scientology |access-date=January 4, 2007 |last=Miller |first=Ernest |format=Blog |work=LawMeme |publisher=Yale Law School |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116072812/http://lawmeme.research.yale.edu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=350}}</ref>

===Healthcare Advocates, Inc.===
In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their website from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then amended their complaint to include the Internet Archive, accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act|DMCA]] and the [[Computer Fraud and Abuse Act]]. Healthcare Advocates claimed that, since they had installed a [[robots.txt]] file on their website, even if after the initial lawsuit was filed, the Archive should have removed all previous copies of the plaintiff website from the Wayback Machine; however, some material continued to be publicly visible on Wayback.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dye |first=Jessica |year=2005 |title=Website Sued for Controversial Trip into Internet Past |series=28 |journal=EContent |volume=11 |pages=8–9}}</ref> The lawsuit was settled out of court after Wayback fixed the problem.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bangeman |first=Eric |date=August 31, 2006 |title=Internet Archive Settles Suit Over Wayback Machine |journal=Ars Technica |url=https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060831-7634.html |access-date=November 29, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105205430/http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060831-7634.html |archive-date=November 5, 2007}}</ref>

===Suzanne Shell===
Activist [[Suzanne Shell]] filed suit in December 2005, demanding Internet Archive pay her US$100,000 for archiving her website profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004.<ref name="Justia">{{cite court |litigants=Internet Archive v. Shell |vol=505 F.Supp.2d 755 |reporter=at justia.com |opinion= |pinpoint=1:2006cv01726 |court=[[United States District Court for the District of Colorado|Colorado District Court]] |date=August 31, 2006 |url=http://dockets.justia.com/docket/colorado/codce/1:2006cv01726/98194 |access-date=April 3, 2022 |quote='April 25, 2007 Settlement agreement announced.' Filing 65, 2007-04-30: '...therefore ORDERED that this matter shall be DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE...'}}</ref><ref name="Babcock">{{cite web |last=Babcock |first=Lewis T. |date=February 13, 2007 |url=http://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/waybackshell.pdf |title=''Internet Archive v. Shell'' Civil Action No. 06cv01726LTBCBS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125143809/http://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/waybackshell.pdf |archive-date=January 25, 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=March 25, 2015 |quote=1) Internet Archive's motion to dismiss Shell's counterclaim for conversion and civil theft (Second Cause of Action) is GRANTED, 2) Internet Archive's motion to dismiss Shell's counterclaim for breach of contract (Third Cause of Action) is DENIED; 3) Internet Archive's motion to dismiss Shell's counterclaim for Racketeering under RICO and COCCA (Fourth Cause of Action) is GRANTED.}}</ref> Internet Archive filed a [[declaratory judgment]] action in the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California]] on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's [[copyright]]. Shell responded and brought a [[countersuit]] against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her [[terms of service]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Thomas |last=Claburn |title=Colorado Woman Sues To Hold Web Crawlers To Contracts |publisher=[[InformationWeek]], UBM Tech, UBM LLC |location=New York, New York, US |date=March 16, 2007 |url=http://www.informationweek.com/colorado-woman-sues-to-hold-web-crawlers-to-contracts/d/d-id/1053075 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904170742/http://www.informationweek.com/colorado-woman-sues-to-hold-web-crawlers-to-contracts/d/d-id/1053075 |archive-date=September 4, 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=March 25, 2015 |quote=Computers can enter into contracts on behalf of people. The Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA) says that a 'contract may be formed by the interaction of electronic agents of the parties, even if no individual was aware of or reviewed the electronic agents' actions or the resulting terms and agreements.'}}</ref> On February 13, 2007, a judge for the [[United States District Court for the District of Colorado]] dismissed all counterclaims except [[breach of contract]].<ref name="Babcock" /> The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss the [[copyright infringement]] claims that Shell asserted arose out of its copying activities, which would also go forward.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internetlibrary.com/cases/lib_case456.cfm |title=Internet Archive v. Suzanne Shell |last=Samson |first=Martin H. |year=2007 |publisher=Internet Library of Law and Court Decisions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803002113/http://www.internetlibrary.com/cases/lib_case456.cfm |archive-date=August 3, 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=March 25, 2015 |quote=More importantly, held the court, Internet Archive's mere copying of Shell's site, and display thereof in its database, did not constitute the requisite exercise of dominion and control over defendant's property. Importantly, noted the court, the defendant at all times owned and operated her own site. Said the Court: 'Shell has failed to allege facts showing that Internet Archive exercised dominion or control over her website, since Shell's complaint states explicitly that she continued to own and operate the website while it was archived on the Wayback machine. Shell identifies no authority supporting the notion that copying documents is by itself enough of a deprivation of use to support conversion. Conversely, numerous circuits have determined that it is not.'}}</ref>

On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit.<ref name="Justia" /> The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation." Shell said, "I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/post/119669/lawsuit-settled |title=Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell Settle Lawsuit |author=brewster |date=April 25, 2007 |website=Internet Archive |location=Denver, CO, US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205074057/https://archive.org/post/119669/lawsuit-settled |archive-date=December 5, 2010 |url-status=live |access-date=March 25, 2015 |quote=Both parties sincerely regret any turmoil that the lawsuit may have caused for the other. Neither Internet Archive nor Ms. Shell condones any conduct which may have caused harm to either party arising out of the public attention to this lawsuit. The parties have not engaged in such conduct and request that the public response to the amicable resolution of this litigation be consistent with their wishes that no further harm or turmoil be caused to either party.}}</ref>

===Daniel Davydiuk===
Between 2013 and 2016, Daniel Davydiuk, a [[pornographic actor]], tried to remove archived images of himself from the Wayback Machine's archive, first by sending multiple [[DMCA request]]s to the archive, and then by appealing to the [[Federal Court of Canada]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mondaq.com/canada/x/358282/Trade%20Secrets/Copyright%20Implications%20of%20a%20Right%20to%20be%20Forgotten%20Or%20How%20to%20TakeDown%20the%20Internet%20Archive |title=Copyright Implications Of A "Right To Be Forgotten"? Or How To Take-Down The Internet Archive. |date=December 5, 2014 |first=Richard |last=Stobbe |access-date=March 8, 2019 |work=Mondaq |archive-date=November 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118095257/http://www.mondaq.com/canada/x/358282/Trade%20Secrets/Copyright%20Implications%20of%20a%20Right%20to%20be%20Forgotten%20Or%20How%20to%20TakeDown%20the%20Internet%20Archive |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://canlii.ca/t/gf3d7 |title=Davydiuk v. Internet Archive Canada, 2014 FC 944 |date=October 16, 2014 |access-date=March 8, 2019 |work=[[CanLII]] |publisher=[[Federation of Law Societies of Canada]] |first=Glennys |last=McVeigh |author-link=Glennys McVeigh |editor-first=James |editor-last=Philpott |editor2-first=Adam |editor2-last=Weissman |editor3-first=Ren |editor3-last=Bucholz |editor4-first=Brent |editor4-last=Kettles |editor5-first=Aaron |editor5-last=Pearl |archive-date=December 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218143737/https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/fct/doc/2014/2014fc944/2014fc944.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/fct/doc/2016/2016fc1313/2016fc1313.html |title=Davydiuk v. Internet Archive Canada and Internet Archive, 2016 FC 1313 |date=November 30, 2016 |access-date=March 8, 2019 |location=Ottawa, Ontario |work=[[CanLII]] |first=Richard F. |last=Southcott |publisher=[[Federation of Law Societies of Canada]] |editor-first=John |editor-last=Philpott |editor2-first=Alex |editor2-last=Alton |editor3-first=Ren |editor3-last=Bucholz |archive-date=June 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629215557/https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/fct/doc/2016/2016fc1313/2016fc1313.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The images were removed from the website in 2017.

=== FlexiSpy ===
In 2018, archives of [[Stalkerware|stalkerware application]] FlexiSpy's website were removed from the Wayback Machine. The company claimed to have contacted the Internet Archive, presumably to remove the archives of its website.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cox|first=Joseph|date=May 22, 2018|title=The Wayback Machine Is Deleting Evidence of Malware Sold to Stalkers|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/wayback-machine-deleting-evidence-flexispy/|access-date=January 24, 2022|website=[[Vice News|Vice]]|archive-date=January 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124045413/https://www.vice.com/en/article/nekzzq/wayback-machine-deleting-evidence-flexispy|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Censorship and other threats==
Archive.org is [[Internet censorship in China|blocked in China]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Conger |first1=Kate |title=Backing up the history of the internet in Canada to save it from Trump |date=December 8, 2016 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/08/backing-up-the-history-of-the-internet-in-canada-to-save-it-from-trump/ |work=TechCrunch |access-date=May 14, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227100714/https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/08/backing-up-the-history-of-the-internet-in-canada-to-save-it-from-trump/ |archive-date=December 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Where to find what's disappeared online, and a whole lot more: the Internet Archive |date=February 23, 2017 |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-02-23/where-find-whats-disappeared-online-and-whole-lot-more-internet-archive |publisher=Public Radio International |access-date=May 14, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328092846/https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-02-23/where-find-whats-disappeared-online-and-whole-lot-more-internet-archive |archive-date=March 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2023 |title=Online Censorship In China |url=https://en.greatfire.org/archive.org |access-date=October 22, 2023 |website=[[GreatFire]]}}</ref> The Internet Archive was [[Internet censorship in Russia|blocked in its entirety in Russia]] in 2015–16, ostensibly for hosting a Jihad outreach video.<ref name="Nelson" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chirgwin |first1=Richard |title=There's no Wayback in Russia: Putin blocks Archive.org |date=September 1, 2015 |website=[[The Register]] |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/09/01/russias_putin_blocks_archiveorg/ |access-date=May 14, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007165431/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/09/01/russias_putin_blocks_archiveorg |archive-date=October 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russia won't go Wayback, blocks the Internet Archive |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/web/russia-censors-wayback-machines-485-billion-archived-web-pages/ |publisher=Digital Trends |access-date=May 14, 2017 |date=June 26, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417125727/http://www.digitaltrends.com/web/russia-censors-wayback-machines-485-billion-archived-web-pages/ |archive-date=April 17, 2016}}</ref> Since 2016, the website has been back, available in its entirety, although in 2016 Russian commercial lobbyists were suing the Internet Archive to ban it on copyright grounds.<ref>{{Cite web|title=В России разблокирован крупнейший интернет-архив|url=https://rg.ru/2016/04/18/v-rossii-razblokirovan-krupnejshij-internet-arhiv.html|access-date=October 18, 2020|website=Российская газета|date=April 18, 2016 |language=ru|archive-date=April 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405031631/https://rg.ru/2016/04/18/v-rossii-razblokirovan-krupnejshij-internet-arhiv.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2015, it was published that security researchers became aware of the threat posed by the service's unintentional [[Drive-by download|hosting of malicious binaries]] from archived sites.<ref>{{cite web |author=The VirusTotal Team |date=March 25, 2015 |title=207.241.226.190 IP address information |url=https://www.virustotal.com/en/ip-address/207.241.226.190/information/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714232311/https://www.virustotal.com/en/ip-address/207.241.226.190/information/ |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=March 25, 2015 |website=virustotal.com |publisher=[[VirusTotal]] |quote=2015-03-25: Latest URLs hosted in this IP address detected by at least one URL scanner or malicious URL dataset. ... 2/62 2015-03-25 16:14:12 [complete URL redacted]/Renegotiating_TLS.pdf ... 1/62 2015-03-25 04:46:34 [complete URL redacted]/CBLightSetup.exe |location=Dublin, Ireland}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=March 25, 2015 |title=Safe Browsing Diagnostic page for archive.org |url=https://www.google.com/safebrowsing/diagnostic?site=archive.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406101743/http://www.google.com/safebrowsing/diagnostic?site=archive.org |archive-date=April 6, 2015 |access-date=March 25, 2015 |website=google.com/safebrowsing |quote=2015-03-25: Part of this site was listed for suspicious activity 138 time(s) over the past 90 days. ... What happened when Google visited this site? ... Of the 42410 pages we tested on the site over the past 90 days, 450 page(s) resulted in malicious software being downloaded and installed without user consent. The last time Google visited this site was on 2015-03-25, and the last time suspicious content was found on this site was on 2015-03-25. ... Malicious software includes 169 trojan(s), 126 virus, 43 backdoor(s). |location=Mountain View, California, US}}</ref>

[[Alison Macrina]], director of the [[Library Freedom Project]], notes that "while librarians deeply value individual privacy, we also strongly oppose censorship".<ref name="Nelson" />

There is at least one case in which an article was removed from the archive shortly after it had been removed from its original website. A ''[[The Daily Beast|Daily Beast]]'' reporter had written an article that outed several gay Olympian athletes in 2016 after the reporter had made a fake profile posing as a gay man on a dating app. ''The Daily Beast'' removed the article after it was met with widespread furor; not long after, the Internet Archive soon did as well, and stated that they did so for no other reason than to protect the safety of the outed athletes.<ref name="Nelson" />

Other threats include natural disasters,<ref>{{cite web |title=Help Us Keep the Archive Free, Accessible, and Reader Private {{!}} Internet Archive Blogs |date=November 29, 2016 |url=https://blog.archive.org/2016/11/29/help-us-keep-the-archive-free-accessible-and-private/ |access-date=May 14, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521080543/http://blog.archive.org/2016/11/29/help-us-keep-the-archive-free-accessible-and-private/ |archive-date=May 21, 2017}}</ref> destruction (both remote and physical),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2013-11-07-wayback-machine-internet-archive-fire.html |title=Wayback Machine web archive survives destructive fire but needs help to recover |last=Sakr |first=Sharif |date=November 7, 2013 |access-date=April 3, 2022 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025136/https://www.engadget.com/2013-11-07-wayback-machine-internet-archive-fire.html}}</ref> manipulation of the archive's contents, problematic copyright laws,<ref>{{cite web |title=Internet Archive: Proposed Changes To DMCA Would Make Us "Censor The Web" |url=https://consumerist.com/2016/06/07/internet-archive-proposed-changes-to-dmca-would-make-us-censor-the-web/ |publisher=Consumerist |access-date=May 14, 2017 |date=June 7, 2016 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111161239/https://consumerist.com/2016/06/07/internet-archive-proposed-changes-to-dmca-would-make-us-censor-the-web/ |archive-date=November 11, 2016}}</ref> and surveillance of the site's users.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Herb |first1=Ulrich |title=Die Trump-Angst grassiert |date=December 6, 2016 |trans-title=The Trump fear is rampant |url=https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Die-Trump-Angst-grassiert-3549579.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207164413/https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Die-Trump-Angst-grassiert-3549579.html |archive-date=December 7, 2016 |access-date=May 14, 2017 |publisher=heise online |language=de |quote=Die Betreiber des Archives fürchten neben Zensur und Manipulation der digitalen Aufzeichnungen demnach auch die Überwachung der Archive-Nutzer. [The operators of the archive fear not only censorship and manipulation of the digital recordings, but also the surveillance of the archive users].}}</ref>

Alexander Rose, executive director of the [[Long Now Foundation]], suspects that in the long term of multiple generations "next to nothing" will survive in a useful way, stating, "If we have continuity in our technological civilization, I suspect a lot of the bare data will remain findable and searchable. But I suspect almost nothing of the format in which it was delivered will be recognizable" because sites "with deep back-ends of content-management systems like Drupal and Ruby and Django" are harder to archive.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=LaFrance |first1=Adrienne |title=The Internet's Dark Ages |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/raiders-of-the-lost-web/409210/ |journal=The Atlantic |date=October 14, 2015 |access-date=May 14, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507173716/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/raiders-of-the-lost-web/409210/ |archive-date=May 7, 2017}}</ref>

In 2016, in an article reflecting on the preservation of human knowledge, ''[[The Atlantic]]'' has commented that the Internet Archive, which describes itself to be built for the long-term,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Entire Internet Will Be Archived In Canada to Protect It From Trump |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-entire-internet-will-be-archived-in-canada-to-protect-it-from-trump/ |publisher=Motherboard |access-date=May 14, 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516221604/https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/the-entire-internet-will-be-archived-in-canada-to-protect-it-from-trump |archive-date=May 16, 2017 |date=November 29, 2016}}</ref> "is working furiously to capture data before it disappears without any long-term infrastructure to speak of."<ref>{{cite web|last1=LaFrance |first1=Adrienne |title=The Human Fear of Total Knowledge |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/06/knowledge-compendia/485507/ |website=The Atlantic |access-date=May 14, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202040113/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/06/knowledge-compendia/485507/ |archive-date=December 2, 2016 |date=June 3, 2016}}</ref>

{{wikinews|Data breach and DDOS attacks bring down Wayback Machine}}
In September 2024, the Internet Archive suffered a data breach that exposed 31 million records containing personal information, including email addresses and [[Cryptographic hash function|hashed]] passwords.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaikh |first=Roshan |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Internet Archive hacked and 31 million user accounts leaked — hacking group 'SN_Blackmeta' claims responsibility |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/cyber-security/internet-archive-hacked-and-31-million-user-accounts-leaked-hacking-group-sn-blackmeta-claims-responsibility |access-date=December 30, 2024 |website=[[Tom's Hardware]]}}</ref> On October 9, 2024, the site went down due to a [[distributed denial-of-service attack]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2024/10/archive-org-a-repository-storing-the-entire-history-of-the-internet-has-been-hacked/|title=Archive.org, a repository of the history of the Internet, has a data breach|last=Goodin|first=Dan|date=October 9, 2024|work=[[Ars Technica]]|access-date=October 10, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Warren |first=Tom |title=The Internet Archive is back as a read-only service after cyberattacks |website=[[The Verge]] |date=October 14, 2024 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/14/24269741/internet-archive-online-read-only-data-breach-outage |access-date=October 14, 2024}}</ref> On October 14, the site returned online, but it remained in read-only mode until November 4, during which time "Save Page Now" was disabled, replaced with a "Temporarily Unavailable" banner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/|title=Wayback Machine Homepage|date=October 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241024041605/https://web.archive.org/ |archive-date=October 24, 2024}}</ref>

In November 2025, the Internet Archive displayed a "temporarily offline" message that directed people to social media for updates following a massive internet-wide disruption involving [[Cloudflare]] on November 18, 2025.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tech-ish.com/2025/11/20/internet-archive-down-wayback-machine-hits-users-with-temporarily-offline-error/|title=Internet Archive down? Wayback Machine hits users with 'temporarily offline' error|last=Keverenge|first=Hillary|work=tech-ish.com|date=November 20, 2025|access-date=November 21, 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* {{annotated link|Anna's Archive}}
* {{annotated link|archive.today}}
* {{annotated link|Heritrix}}
* {{annotated link|Library Genesis}}
* {{annotated link|Link rot}}
* [[List of web archiving initiatives]]
* {{annotated link|Time capsule}}
* {{annotated link|Z-Library}}
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{sister project links||d=Q648266|c=Category:Wayback Machine|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=Wayback Machine|species=no}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{Cite video |title=Internet history is fragile. This archive is making sure it doesn't disappear |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8I28erYFLc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106023827/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8I28erYFLc |archive-date=January 6, 2022 |url-status=live |work=[[PBS Newshour]] |access-date=November 5, 2024}}

{{DigitalPreservation}}
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[[Category:1996 establishments in California]]
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Baroda Group

2026-03-28T15:51:55Z

Serzohe:

{{Short description|Artist collective at Baroda University}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=September 2019}}
The '''Baroda Group''' refers to the artists involved with the Faculty of Fine Arts at [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]], now known as Vadodara in [[Gujarat]] state of India. An experimental art school that drew artists of a variety of backgrounds, the Baroda Group offered an alternative to the nationalism associated with [[Santiniketan]] and the [[Bengal School]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Rebecca M. |title=Art for a Modern India, 1947-1980 |date=2009 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0822392262}}</ref>

The dynamic group was formed in 1957 under the guidance of [[N. S. Bendre]].<ref name="ContemporaryArt2019">{{cite web|url=http://www.contemporaryart-india.com/art%20_movements_in_india.php|title=Baroda Group is listed in contemporary art movements in India.|website=contemporaryart-india.com|access-date=2019-05-23|archive-date=2020-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226045642/http://www.contemporaryart-india.com/art%20_movements_in_india.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Prominent artists associated with the group were N. S. Bendre, [[Bhupen Khakhar]], [[Gulam Mohammed Sheikh]], [[Ratan Parimoo]], [[Rekha Rodwittiya]], [[Jyotsna Bhatt]], [[Vivan Sundaram]], [[K. G. Subramanyan]], [[Jayant Parikh]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baroda Group Member List |first1=Asia Art |title=Baroda School's Contribution to Contemporary Art Trends |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/search/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive/object/baroda-schools-contribution-to-contemporary-art-trends#:~:text=D.%20PANDYA%2C-,Jayant%20PARIKH,-%2C%C2%A0%20Jeram%20PATEL |website=aaa.org.hk |language=en}}</ref> and Jeram Patel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saffronart.com/sitepages/overview.aspx|title=Overview of Indian Art|website=saffronart.com|access-date=2019-05-23|archive-date=2019-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328171737/https://www.saffronart.com/sitepages/overview.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ContemporaryArt2019"/>

==History==
The Faculty of Fine Arts, established in 1949, at [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] was intended to provide an alternative to established art schools while promoting the value of contemporary art.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Wyma |first=Kathleen Lynne|date=June 2007 |title=The Discourse and Practice of Radicalism in Contemporary Indian Art 1960-1990 |publisher=The University of British Columbia}}</ref> The school's curriculum centered around the concept of "Living Traditions," or the idea that traditions are necessary to modern and contemporary art, and arts must learn from them. This concept led to exhibitions of folk art and the Fine Arts Fair, developed by teacher and artist [[K. G. Subramanyan]]. At Fine Arts Fairs, local craftspeople would teach students their trade, inviting students to learn from these traditions and experiment with different media and forms. This proved especially fruitful for [[Mrinalini Mukherjee]], a contemporary artist who would eventually become acclaimed for her hemp-based sculptures.<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Raghavan, Sneha | date=19 March 2016 | title=Towards Modernism: Art of India from 1950 to 1990 | medium=Lecture | location=Hong Kong | publisher=Asia Art Archive | url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/programmes/programmes/towards-modernism-art-of-india-from-1950-to-1990/search/keywords:towards-modernism-art-of-india/period/past | access-date=25 August 2019 | archive-date=25 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825210129/https://aaa.org.hk/en/programmes/programmes/towards-modernism-art-of-india-from-1950-to-1990/search/keywords:towards-modernism-art-of-india/period/past | url-status=live }}</ref>

These fairs also inspired Subramanyan's work in terra cotta. Between 1962 and 1963, Subramanyan and a team of students and faculty collaborated on a terracotta tile mural on the front wall of the Rabindralaya auditorium in Lucknow, illustrating the [[Rabindranath Tagore]] story ''The King of the Dark Chamber.''This kind of collaboration between teacher and student was an important aspect of teaching at Baroda, while the medium and content reflected Subramanyan's emphasis on folk craft and indigenous culture.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://cdn.aaa.org.hk/_source/digital_collection/fedora_extracted/10349.pdf|title=When Was Modernism: Essays on Contemporary Cultural Practice in India|last1=Kapur|first1=Geeta|date=2000|publisher=Tulika|isbn=81-89487-24-8|location=New Delhi|accessdate=20 August 2019|archive-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822222555/https://cdn.aaa.org.hk/_source/digital_collection/fedora_extracted/10349.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Subramanyan celebrated craftspeople and folk art because he believed in craftsmanship as an alternative to the negative effects of consumerism. He said,

{{Quote|text=All consumer goods within such a country can be hand-made, if not home-made, and I presume enterprising economists and social-planners can expound on the need and viability of these. I have reason to believe that some of the traditional production systems are some of the most efficient and sensitive structures to date...By which I mean not just the present availability of technology and tools, materials and capital, or the market demands, but also the development of the human individual, human interaction, human refinement within an integrated life system.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Subramanyan |first1=K.G. |title=Traditional Art and Contemporary Challenge |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collection/search/archive/k-g-subramanyan-archive-manuscripts-of-essays-and-articles/object/craft-and-the-contemporary-environment |website=Asia Art Archive |accessdate=25 August 2019 |archive-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825210126/https://aaa.org.hk/en/collection/search/archive/k-g-subramanyan-archive-manuscripts-of-essays-and-articles/object/craft-and-the-contemporary-environment |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

In addition to drawing inspiration from tribal traditions and crafts, Baroda artists also believed in documenting and preserving these traditions. Concerned that folk arts were dying out, artist [[Jyoti Bhatt]] photographed the lives and art of different tribes around India, including the people of Kutch and Saurashtra regions as well as Rabari people.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatt |first1=Jyoti |last2=Kaneria |first2=Raghav |title=The Documentation of Folk and Tribal Art |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collection/search/archive/jyoti-bhatt-archive-journal-and-magazine-articles/object/the-documentation-of-folk-and-tribal-art |work=Art Heritage |issue=9 |date=1989}}</ref> Through his travels, Bhatt photographed and documented the artistic traditions of women from all over India, including Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Gujarat, and Bihar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatt |first1=Jyoti |title=Walls and Floors: The Living Tradition in Indian Villages |url=https://cdn.aaa.org.hk/_source/digital_collection/windows/india.intern/20151020_144307_0.pdf |accessdate=25 August 2019 |work=Indian Design and Interiors |publisher=Media Transasia |date=December 1994 – January 1995 |archive-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825211732/https://cdn.aaa.org.hk/_source/digital_collection/windows/india.intern/20151020_144307_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1981, artists [[Jogen Chowdhury]], [[Bhupen Khakhar]], [[Nalini Malani]], [[Sudhir Patwardhan]], [[Gulam Mohammed Sheikh]], and [[Vivan Sundaram]] participated in ''A Place for People,'' an exhibition focused on contemporary narrative and figurative art. This exhibition marked the beginning of the Narrative Figurative Movement of Indian art, which announced the return of the narrative Indian art, a turn away from the abstraction that had dominated much of the twentieth century.<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Raghavan, Sneha | date=19 March 2016 | title=Towards Modernism: Art of India from 1950 to 1990 | medium=Lecture | location=Hong Kong | publisher=Asia Art Archive | url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/programmes/programmes/towards-modernism-art-of-india-from-1950-to-1990/search/keywords:towards-modernism-art-of-india/period/past | access-date=25 August 2019 | archive-date=25 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825210129/https://aaa.org.hk/en/programmes/programmes/towards-modernism-art-of-india-from-1950-to-1990/search/keywords:towards-modernism-art-of-india/period/past | url-status=live }}</ref> In an accompanying essay, [[Geeta Kapur]] laid out an argument for the value of the narrative in contemporary Indian art, arguing that the centrality of the narrative (and the figural) in historical Indian art, like temple architecture and miniature painting, made the narrative a vital resource for contemporary Indian artists. She saw modernism's simplification of forms as parallel to Indian traditions in sculpture and miniaturism, and thus an important consideration for contemporary artists. Fundamentally, she believed in the power of the narrative and the figurative as the basis for a life-affirming art that moves away from nihilism and towards a more positive future for both Indian art and India itself, one that acknowledges the complexity and contradictions of contemporary urban life. Kapur's assertions were supplemented by the artist's statements in the catalog. [[Gulam Mohammed Sheikh]] wrote,
{{Quote|text=Living in India means living simultaneously in several times and cultures. One often walks into 'medieval' situations and runs into 'primitive' people. The past exists as a living entity alongside the present, each illuminating and sustaining the other. As times and cultures converge, the citadels of purism explode. Traditional and modern, private and public, the inside and the outside are being continually splintered and reunited. The kaleidoscopic flux engages the eye and mobilises the monad into action. Like the many eyed and armed archetype of an Indian child soiled with multiple visions I draw my energy from the source.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kapur |first1=Geeta |title=Place for People |date=1981 |publisher=Formica India Division |location=Bombay |url=https://cdn.aaa.org.hk/_source/digital_collection/windows/elaine.lin/2fb2fbba-deee-4206-844d-49368a103dc6.pdf |access-date=2019-08-25 |archive-date=2019-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825204627/https://cdn.aaa.org.hk/_source/digital_collection/windows/elaine.lin/2fb2fbba-deee-4206-844d-49368a103dc6.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

While the Narrative Figurative Movement became an important turn for Indian modern artists, it also proved to be somewhat controversial. The [[Indian Radical Painters' and Sculptors' Association]] pushed back against Kapur's idealistic interpretation of narrative art, launching their own counter-exhibition titled ''Questions and Dialogue.''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dube |first1=Anita |title=Midnight Dreams: The Tragedy of a Lone Revolutionary |journal=Afterall: A Journal of Art, Context and Enquiry |volume=36 |date=Summer 2014 |issue=36 |pages=40–53 |doi=10.1086/678338 |jstor=10.1086/678338 |s2cid=191574656 }}</ref> Despite this controversy, the Narrative Figurative Movement continues to be an important era of Indian art, as it launched the careers of artists like [[Sudhir Patwardhan]], [[Bhupen Khakhar]], and [[Nalini Malani]].

==Exhibitions==
The Baroda Group had exhibited in various cities like [[Bombay]], [[Ahmedabad]], and [[Srinagar]] between the mid-1950s and mid-1960s. Members of the group changed over the years. The exhibition intended to show works of both established and emerging artists at the time. Participating artists included [[Jyoti Bhatt]], [[N. S. Bendre]], Farokh Contractor, Bhupendra Desai, Kishori Kaul, Padmini Manerikar, Sumant Shah, Vinod Shah, G. R. Santosh, [[K. G. Subramanyan]], G. M. Sheikh, Himmat Shah, Narendra Amin, Shailesh Dave, Triloke Kaul, Vinodray Patel, [[Jayant Parikh]], Jeram Patel, Jyoti Shah, Vinay Trivedi, Balkrishna Patel, and Hasmukh Modi.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

*The first exhibition was held at Udayan, Sayaji Baug, Baroda, from 21 to 26 April 1956.<ref>{{cite web |title=First exhibition notice |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collection/search/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists-exhibition-1956/object/publishing-notice-of-a-review-on-baroda-group-of-artists-exhibition-1956/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists-exhibition-1956/sort/title-asc}}</ref>
* The second exhibition was held at [[Jehangir Art Gallery]], Bombay, from 23 to 31 March 1957.<ref>{{cite web |title=Second exhibition invitation |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collection/search/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists-second-exhibition-of-paintings-1957/object/baroda-group-of-artists-second-exhibition-of-paintings-invitation/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists-second-exhibition-of-paintings-1957/sort/title-asc |access-date=2019-05-23 |archive-date=2022-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002081558/https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/search/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists-second-exhibition-of-paintings-1957/object/baroda-group-of-artists-second-exhibition-of-paintings-invitation/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists-second-exhibition-of-paintings-1957/sort/title-asc |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The third exhibition was held at the Alliance Francaise Gallery located in [[Dhanraj Mahal]] in Bombay, from 22 to 28 October 1958.<ref>{{cite web |title=Third exhibition list of works. |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collection/search/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists/object/baroda-group-of-artists-third-exhibition-of-paintings-list-of-works/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists/sort/title-asc |access-date=2019-05-23 |archive-date=2022-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002081559/https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/search/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists/object/baroda-group-of-artists-third-exhibition-of-paintings-list-of-works/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists/sort/title-asc |url-status=live }}</ref> In the exhibition, 22 oil paintings by the Baroda Group of Artists were exhibited.
* The fourth exhibition was held at Jehangir Art Gallery, Bombay, from 3 to 10 December 1959.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fourth exhibition invitation. |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collection/search/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists-fourth-show-1959/object/baroda-group-of-artists-fourth-show-invitation |access-date=2019-05-23 |archive-date=2022-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002081559/https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/search/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists-fourth-show-1959/object/baroda-group-of-artists-fourth-show-invitation |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fourth exhibition leaflet |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collection/search/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists-fourth-show-1959/object/baroda-group-of-artists-fourth-show-leaflet/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists-fourth-show-1959/sort/title-asc |access-date=2019-05-23 |archive-date=2022-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002081559/https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/search/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists-fourth-show-1959/object/baroda-group-of-artists-fourth-show-leaflet/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists-fourth-show-1959/sort/title-asc |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Fifth annual exhibition was held at Roopa Gallery, Taj Mahal Hotel, Bombay, from 25 to 31 January 1961.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fifth annual exhibition notice. |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collection/search/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists-fifth-annual-exhibition-of-paintings-1961-1962/object/exhibition-notice-for-baroda-group-of-artists-fifth-annual-exhibition-of-paintings/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists-fifth-annual-exhibition-of-paintings-1961-1962/sort/title-asc |access-date=2019-05-23 |archive-date=2022-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002081600/https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/search/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists-fifth-annual-exhibition-of-paintings-1961-1962/object/exhibition-notice-for-baroda-group-of-artists-fifth-annual-exhibition-of-paintings/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists-fifth-annual-exhibition-of-paintings-1961-1962/sort/title-asc |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Group 1890]]
* [[Calcutta Group]]
* [[Bombay Progressive Artists' Group]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Indian artist groups and collectives]]

Department of Tourism, Arts, Culture, Sports and Youth Affairs (Jharkhand)

2026-03-22T22:14:25Z

Serzohe: added the article w/ infobox - done

{{short description|State government department in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Tourism, Arts, Culture, Sports and Youth Affairs
| native_name = पर्यटन, कला संस्कृति, खेलकूद एवं युवा कार्य विभाग
| type = Department
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg
| seal_width = 170
| seal_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
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| formed =
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
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| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| headquarters = FFP Building, Dhurwa, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]] - 834004
| coordinates =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Sudivya Kumar]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister In Charge
| minister2_name =
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| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Manoj Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = [[Principal Secretary (India)|Secretary]]
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| agency_type =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency = [[Jharkhand Tourism Development Corporation]] (JTDCL)
| child2_agency =
| keydocument1 =
| website = {{URL|https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/tourism|Official Website}}
| footnotes =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
}}

The '''Department of Tourism, Arts, Culture, Sports and Youth Affairs''' is a department under the [[Government of Jharkhand]] which is responsible for formulating and implementing policies related to tourism development, promotion of arts and culture, preservation of heritage and the encouragement of sports and youth-related activities in the state.<ref name="govt">{{cite web |title=Tourism Department, Government of Jharkhand |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/tourism |publisher=Government of Jharkhand |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="policy">{{cite web |title=Jharkhand Tourism Policy 2021 |url=https://www.nitiforstates.gov.in/public-assets/Policy/policy_files/PSSNAC000007.pdf |publisher=Government of Jharkhand |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jharkhand partners with Make My Trip to boost tourism and improve visitor services |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/jharkhand-partners-with-make-my-trip-to-boost-tourism-and-improve-visitor-services/cid/2083218 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319005041/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/jharkhand-partners-with-make-my-trip-to-boost-tourism-and-improve-visitor-services/cid/2083218 |archive-date=2025-03-19 |access-date=2025-10-01 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="toi">{{cite news |title=Jharkhand launches India's first-ever mining tourism to offer guided mine tours |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/news/jharkhand-launches-indias-first-ever-mining-tourism-to-offer-guided-mine-tours/articleshow/122826796.cms |work=The Times of India |date=July 2025 |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="et">{{cite news |title=Jharkhand govt launches country's maiden mining tourism initiative, inks pact with Coal India arm |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/destination/states/jharkhand-launches-pioneering-mining-tourism-initiative-with-coal-india-partnership/122815141 |work=The Economic Times |date=21 July 2025 |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New tourism policy aims to make J’khand as ‘global tourist destination’ by 2025 |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/07/30/new-tourism-policy-aims-to-make-Jkhand-as-global-tourist-destination-by-2025.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-04 |title=Jharkhand's new tourism policy: Focus on religious, adventure destinations, tribal culture |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jharkhands-new-tourism-policy-focus-on-religious-adventure-destinations-tribal-culture-7089399/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-09-24 |title=Jharkhand to upgrade Mega Sports Complex, push for sports university |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/jharkhand-to-upgrade-mega-sports-complex-push-for-sports-university-1503490996.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2021-09-01 |title=Jharkhand plans 'Sahai' to promote sports in Naxal-hit areas |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/Sep/01/jharkhand-plans-sahai-to-promote-sports-in-naxal-hit-areas-2352933.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Ministerial team==
The ministerial team is headed by the cabinet minister of [[Government of Jharkhand]]. Civil servants such as the Principal Secretary are appointed to support the minister in managing the department and implementing its functions. Since December 2024, the minister for Department of Tourism, Arts, Culture, Sports and Youth Affairs is [[Sudivya Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=CM Soren distributes portfolios to ministers, keeps Home to himself |url=https://www.business-standard.com/politics/cm-soren-distributes-portfolios-to-ministers-keeps-home-to-himself-124120600651_1.html |access-date=28 Sep 2025 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-07 |title=नए मंत्री सुदिव्य के समक्ष गिरिडीह को शिक्षा का हब बनाने की चुनौती |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/gridih/story-sudivya-kumar-sonu-appointed-minister-in-jharkhand-faces-challenges-to-enhance-education-in-giridih-201733517326932.html |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government of Jharkhand]]
* [[Tourism in Jharkhand]]
* [[Jharkhand Tourism Development Corporation]]
* [[Ministry of Tourism (India)]]
* [[Rabindra Bhawan, Ranchi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Jharkhand]]

Esplanade Mansions, Kolkata

2026-03-21T18:34:03Z

Serzohe: added the details initial version

{{Short description|Jewish mansion in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Not to be confused with|Esplanade Mansion, Mumbai}}{{Infobox Historic building
| name = Esplanade Mansion
| image = File:Esplanade-Mansion-Front-View-Kolkata.jpg
| caption = Esplanade Mansion front view, 2014
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| address = Esplanade, 700069<ref name="rct.indianrail.gov.in">{{Cite web|title=Distribution Matrix for Railway Claims Tribunals (RCT's)|url=http://www.rct.indianrail.gov.in/distribution_matrix.htm|access-date=2021-05-27|website=rct.indianrail.gov.in|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721080426/http://www.rct.indianrail.gov.in/distribution_matrix.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| location_country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22|33|59|N|88|20|56|E|region:IN-WB|display=inline,title}}
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date = 1910
| demolished_date =
| architect = Martin & Co,
| owner = [[Life Insurance Corporation]]
| cost =
| pushpin_map =
| architectural_style = [[Art Nouveau]]
| structural_system =
| client =
| size =
| engineer =
}}The '''Esplanade Mansions''' is a heritage building located in the [[India]]n city of [[Kolkata]], on the [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade Row]] and Marx Engels Beethi Road crossing, opposite to the [[Raj Bhavan, Kolkata|Raj Bhavan]]. It was one of the buildings owned by [[Jewish]] businessman [[David Elias Ezra]]. The residential building was built in the [[Art Nouveau]] architecture style. Today it is owned by [[Life Insurance Corporation]] and houses commercial, railways and other government offices.

== Location ==
The Esplanade Mansion is in the [[city centre]], [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] opposite the [[official residence]] of the [[governor of West Bengal]], [[Raj Bhavan, Kolkata|Raj Bhavan]] and Curzon Park. The building occupies a site bounded by [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade Row]] to the south, Marx Engels Beethi Road (or Old Courthouse Street) to the west and James Hickey Sarani (or Dacres Lane) to the east.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Detail Maps of 141 Wards of Kolkata|url=http://casngo.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/MAP-1_1411.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=26 May 2021|page=45|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525203045/http://casngo.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/MAP-1_1411.pdf}}</ref> Nearby major structures include [[Metropolitan Building (Kolkata)|Metropolitan Building]], [[Great Eastern Hotel (Kolkata)|The LaLit Great Eastern]], [[Currency Building]] etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Esplanade Mansions|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Eastern+Railway+Office+and+Reservation+Counter/@22.5669144,88.3473621,17z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3a0277a72631d1d9:0xbc7022c677f86565!8m2!3d22.5664347!4d88.3487618?shorturl=1|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-04|website=[[Google Maps]]|language=en|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721080425/https://www.google.com/maps/place/Eastern+Railway+Office+and+Reservation+Counter/@22.5669144,88.3473621,17z/data=%214m5%213m4%211s0x3a0277a72631d1d9:0xbc7022c677f86565%218m2%213d22.5664347%214d88.3487618?shorturl=1}}</ref>

== History ==
It was owned and built by a [[Jewish]] [[business magnate]], [[David Elias Ezra]] in 1910. He also became the Commissioner of the Calcutta Municipal in 1876 and a member of the Road and Conservancy Committee. Other properties he owned included the [[Chowringhee Mansions]], Ezra Mansions etc. Previously, the site was Scott Thompson's shop and two houses. Martin & Co. was contracted for the construction. It was built as a residential building of the Ezra family. During WWII, it used to be the American Library.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goyal|first=Anuradha|date=2016-05-23|title=Kolkata - Colonial Calcutta Heritage Walk|url=https://www.inditales.com/kolkata-colonial-calcutta-heritage-walk/|access-date=2021-05-26|website=Inditales|language=en-US|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526155838/https://www.inditales.com/kolkata-colonial-calcutta-heritage-walk/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUq9heKpjEIC&q=%22Esplanade+Mansions%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA39|title=Kolkata: City Guide|date=2011|publisher=Eicher Goodearth Publications|isbn=978-93-80262-15-4|location=New Delhi|pages=39, 48|language=en|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721080429/https://books.google.com/books?id=eUq9heKpjEIC&q=%22Esplanade+Mansions%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA39|url-status=live}}</ref>

It is the sole [[Art Nouveau]] building in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Deepanjan|title=City secrets: Art Deco architecture spread across Kolkata, thanks to a state law – and jugaad|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/860603/city-secrets-art-deco-architecture-spread-across-kolkata-thanks-to-a-state-law-and-jugaad|access-date=2021-05-26|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721080453/https://scroll.in/magazine/860603/city-secrets-art-deco-architecture-spread-across-kolkata-thanks-to-a-state-law-and-jugaad|url-status=live}}</ref> A blend of Art Nouveau<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Desāī|first1=Mādhavī|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Re7ixChJUvUC&q=%22Esplanade+Mansions,+Kolkata%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA76|title=The Bungalow in Twentieth-Century India: The Cultural Expression of Changing Ways of Life and Aspirations in the Domestic Architecture of Colonial and Post-colonial Society|last2=Desai|first2=Madhavi|last3=Desai|first3=Miki|last4=Lang|first4=Jon|date=2012|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-2738-4|pages=75|language=en|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721080451/https://books.google.com/books?id=Re7ixChJUvUC&q=%22Esplanade+Mansions%2C+Kolkata%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA76|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Jon T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxyGbhlKQXQC&q=%22Esplanade+Mansions,+Calcutta%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA11|title=A Concise History of Modern Architecture in India|date=2002|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-017-6|pages=11–12|language=en|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721080430/https://books.google.com/books?id=gxyGbhlKQXQC&q=%22Esplanade+Mansions%2C+Calcutta%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA11|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Edwardian architecture]] can be seen in the corner tower and [[cupola]]. It has circular balconies and arched windows. The residential property has 24 [[Flat (housing)|flats]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Kolkata On Wheels|url=https://www.kolkataonwheels.com/post/esplanade-mansions-the-grand-palace-of-the-city|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=kolkataonwheels.com|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525203042/https://www.kolkataonwheels.com/post/esplanade-mansions-the-grand-palace-of-the-city}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Recalling Jewish Calcutta|url=http://www.jewishcalcutta.in/exhibits/show/08-homes--mansions-and-officia/mansions|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-26|website=jewishcalcutta.in|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526155840/http://www.jewishcalcutta.in/exhibits/show/08-homes--mansions-and-officia/mansions}}</ref> It is listed as a Grade-I heritage building by the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 Feb 2009|title=Graded List of Heritage Buildings|url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/downloads/Graded_List_of_Heritage_Buildings_Grade_I_IIA_IIB.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=27 May 2021|website=kmcgov.in|publisher=Kolkata Municipal Corporation|page=43|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153859/https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/downloads/Graded_List_of_Heritage_Buildings_Grade_I_IIA_IIB.pdf}}</ref>

== Today ==
[[File:Esplanade Mansion (Esplanade Mansions) Life Insurance Corporation and Eastern Railway Office and Reservation Counter Kolkata (Calcutta)- 700069.JPG|thumb|Entrance of the mansion]]
The [[Life Insurance Corporation]] (LIC) owns around 30 properties in Esplanade. The Esplanade Mansions is one of them.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 Mar 2010|title=LIC to launch inspection drive|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/lic-to-launch-inspection-drive/articleshow/5730194.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-26|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526150217/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/lic-to-launch-inspection-drive/articleshow/5730194.cms}}</ref> It also had the office of the [[Public relations officer|Chief Public Relations Officer]] of the [[Eastern Railways]] on the Raj Bhavan side and the [[Railway Claims Tribunal]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Distribution Matrix for Railway Claims Tribunals (RCT's)|url=http://www.rct.indianrail.gov.in/distribution_matrix.htm|access-date=2021-05-27|website=rct.indianrail.gov.in|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721080426/http://www.rct.indianrail.gov.in/distribution_matrix.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> on the Curzon Park side, both on the ground floor.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-08-18|title=The Restoration of Esplanade Mansions - Animesh Ray Photography|url=http://animeshray.com/restoration-of-esplanade-mansions/|access-date=2021-05-26|website=Animesh Ray Design & Photography|language=en-US|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526150218/http://animeshray.com/restoration-of-esplanade-mansions/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2003, LIC decided to renovate the building. The colour of the building was changed from [[Lilac (color)|lilac]] to [[white]] at a cost of {{INRConvert|11|l|lk=on|year=2003}}.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Soumitra|date=27 Feb 2003|title=LIC buildings in the pink of health|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/lic-buildings-in-the-pink-of-health/cid/1257008|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-26|website=The Telegraph|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526150217/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/lic-buildings-in-the-pink-of-health/cid/1257008}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Esplanade Mansions (14653980357).jpg
File:Esplanade Mansions (14837452391).jpg
File:Esplanade Mansions (14653971227).jpg
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Dharmatala]]
* [[Howrah Bridge]]
* [[North Kolkata]]
*[[Chowringhee]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Kolkata topics}}

[[Category:1910 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Art Nouveau architecture in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1910]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Medical Council of India

2026-03-20T21:43:14Z

Serzohe: refine page for accuracy

{{short description|Indian medical organization (1933–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Medical Council of India
| image = Medical Council of India Logo.svg
| size = 180px
| alt = 
| map = 
| msize = 
| malt = 
| mcaption = 
| abbreviation = MCI
| formation = {{start date and age|1933}}
| dissolved = 2020<ref name="NMC_2020" />
| type = 
| status = Abolished
| purpose = 
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| location =
| coords = 
| language = 
| leader_title = 
| leader_name =
| main_organ = Council
| parent_organization = 
| affiliations = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
| successor = [[National Medical Commission]]
| website =
| remarks =
}}
The '''Medical Council of India''' ('''MCI''') was a statutory body for establishing uniform and high standards of [[medical education]] in India until its dissolution on 25-September-2020 when it was replaced by [[National Medical Commission]].<ref name="NMC_2020">{{Cite web |date=September 25, 2020 |title=NMC comes into force from today, repeals Indian Medical Council Act |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/nmc-comes-into-force-from-today-repeals-indian-medical-council-act20200925002735/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> The Council granted recognition of medical qualifications, gave [[accreditation]] to [[medical school]]s, granted registration to medical practitioners, and monitored medical practice in India. The MCI faced persistent criticism for [[corruption]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Kelkar |first=Sanjeev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTofEAAAQBAJ&q=Ketan+Desai |title=India's Private Health Care Delivery: Critique and Remedies |date=2021-02-19 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-15-9778-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2016-11-16 |title=Indian Medical Association protests against proposal to dissolve Medical Council of India |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/policy-and-issues/Indian-Medical-Association-protests-against-proposal-to-dissolve-Medical-Council-of-India/article16643796.ece |access-date=2022-04-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nagarajan |first=Rema |date=2019-03-16 |title=Two decades of attempts to cleanse medical education and its regulator the MCI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/staying-alive/two-decades-of-attempts-to-cleanse-medical-education-and-its-regulator-the-mci/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Times of India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last1=Ravi |first1=Shamika |last2=Gupta |first2=Dhruv |last3=Williams |first3=Jaclyn |date=2017-08-11 |title=Restructuring the Medical Council of India |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/restructuring-the-medical-council-of-india/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Supreme Court of India]] authorized the Central Government to replace the medical council and to monitor the medical education system in India with the help of five specialized doctors from July 2017.

The [[NITI Aayog]] recommended the replacement of Medical Council of India (MCI) with [[National Medical Commission]] (NMC). First approved by most states, followed by the Prime Minister, the NMC bill was passed into law by parliament and approved by the president on 8 August 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2019 |title=President Kovind gives assent to National Medical Commission Bill |url=http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=369825 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116155101/http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=369825 |archive-date=2020-01-16 |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=www.newsonair.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-08 |title=President gives assent to National Medical Commission Bill; panel to replace MCI will be formed within six months |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/president-gives-assent-to-national-medical-commission-bill-panel-to-replace-mci-will-be-formed-within-six-months-7134191.html |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Firstpost |publisher=Press Trust India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="MedicalCouncil_2016">{{cite web|title=Medical Council of India is soon to be National Medical Commission|url=http://eng.teluguglobal.in/medical-council-india-soon-national-medical-commission-good-worse/
|publisher=teluguglobal.in|access-date=28 Sep 2016}}</ref> Once the National Medical Commission came into being on 25 September 2020, the 87-year old Medical Council of India was automatically dissolved<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Tandon |first=Aditi |date=September 25, 2020 |title=MCI goes, National Medical Commission takes charge |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/mci-goes-national-medical-commission-takes-charge-145983 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Tribune News Service |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Indian Medical Council Act]] stood abolished.

==History==
The Medical Council of India was first established in 1934 under the Indian Medical Council Act, 1933. The council was later reconstituted under the [[Indian Medical Council Act|Indian Medical Council Act, 1956]] that replaced the earlier Act.

The Council granted recognition of medical qualifications, gave [[accreditation]] to [[medical school]]s, granted registration to medical [[Medical practitioner|practitioner]]s, and monitored [[medicine#Clinical practice|medical practice]] in India.

The MCI faced persistent criticism for corruption.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /> The growth of privately run medical colleges, starting in the 1980s, presented a major regulatory challenge for the MCI.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sriram |first1=V |last2=Keshri |first2=V |last3=Kumbhar |first3=K |date=2021-08-18 |title=The impact of colonial-era policies on health workforce regulation in India: lessons for contemporary reform |journal=Human Resources for Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=100 |doi=10.1186/s12960-021-00640-w |issn=1478-4491 |pmc=8371885 |pmid=34407831 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'' reported that corruption in the MCI was exacerbated by the amendment of 1993 (Section 10A) that gave powers to the MCI to endorse or decline the establishment of new colleges and courses in India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=R. |date=June 4, 2010 |title=Doctor in the dock |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30180452.ece |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> After 1993, the MCI neglected to maintain the Indian Medical Register (IMR) of registered medical practitioners in the country.<ref name=":1" /> Author Sanjeev Kelkar writes that the election process of the MCI was faulty since "those who are to be regulated get elected as the regulator."<ref name=":3" />

In 2001, the [[Delhi High Court|Dehli High Court]] ordered the removal of the MCI president [[Ketan Desai (urologist)|Ketan Desai]] after concluding that the organization suffered from a high level of [[corruption]]<ref name=":0" /> with Desai found guilty of corruption and [[abuse of power]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Rohit |date=2001-12-15 |title=Head of the Medical Council of India removed for corruption |journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal |volume=323 |issue=7326 |page=1385 |doi=10.1136/bmj.323.7326.1385 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=1121855 |pmid=11744556}}</ref> Desai returned to the MCI in 2007 and was again appointed president in 2009.<ref name=":0" />

The MCI was dissolved by the [[President of India]] on 15 May 2010 following the arrest of MCI's president Ketan Desai by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]](CBI) on 22 April 2010.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ganesan |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5LNoEBEhlmsC&dq=MCI+was+dissolved+by+the+President+of+India+on+15+May+2010&pg=PA211 |title=Many a Hard Nut: Key Social Issues and Remedies |date=2011 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-1097-3 |page=211 |language=en}}</ref> Desai, alleged middle-man J. P. Singh and doctors Sukhwinder Singh and Kanwaljit Singh, were booked under the [[Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988|Prevention of Corruption Act]].<ref>{{cite news |date=14 May 2010 |title=Court extends judicial custody of Ketan Desai by 14 days |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national//article61761572.ece |access-date=17 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dhar |first=Aarti |date=15 May 2010 |title=President signs ordinance on MCI |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national//article59900397.ece |access-date=17 May 2010}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The CBI recovered 1.5 kg of gold and 80 kg of silver from Desai's premises. Further, gold worth ₨ 35 lakhs were recovered from Desai's bank lockers in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Neeraj |date=April 27, 2010 |title=CBI: Desai owns 10 houses |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/cbi-desai-owns-10-houses/611648/ |access-date=22 March 2018 |website=Indian Express}}</ref> Desai, the head of urology at B J Medical College and president of the Gujarat Medical Council was caught by the CBI for accepting a bribe of 2 crores to grant recognition to a private college.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last1=Stecklow |first1=Steve |last2=MacAskill |first2=Andrew |last3=Kalra |first3=Aditya |date=July 30, 2015 |title=Indian doctor's legal troubles bedevil global medical-ethics body |url=http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/india-medicine-doctor/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> Desai was removed from the MCI and his registration cancelled.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-04-25 |title=Why is MCI secretive about charges against Dr Ketan Desai? |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/news/why-is-mci-secretive-about-charges-against-dr-ketan-desai-wma-corruption-cbi-british-medical-journal |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The council was superseded by the President of India and its functions entrusted to a Board of Governors, notified on 13 May 2011.

The MCI was reconstituted on 6 November 2013.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2017-02-03 |title=CIC to Medical Council of India: Disclose Ketan Desai's medical registration status |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cic-to-medical-council-of-india-disclose-ketan-desais-medical-registration-status-4506384/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Replacement by National Medical Commission (NMC) ===
{{main|National Medical Commission}}

The [[NITI Aayog]], an Indian government think tank, presented a draft towards a new [[National Medical Commission]] (NMC) in 2016.<ref name=":7" /> Restructuring and reforming the MCI was also the subject of a 2017 report that was part of the [[Brookings Institution|Brookings]] India Impact Series.<ref name=":6" /> The [[Supreme Court of India]] authorized the Central Government to replace the MCI and to utilize a team of five specialized doctors to monitor the nation's medical education system, from July 2017. The [[Central Information Commission]] stated that the MCI had failed to disclose requested meeting notes and membership records surrounding the suspension records of Desai in 2017, and would not furnish the requested qualifications of professors and doctors who inspected medical colleges for the MCI since 2013.<ref name=":8" />

The government of India issued an ordinance on 26 September 2018 to divest the functions of the MCI and replace it with a seven member board of governors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bagcchi |first=Sanjeet |date=2018-10-04 |title=Indian government dissolves Medical Council of India |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/363/bmj.k4166 |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=363 |article-number=k4166 |doi=10.1136/bmj.k4166 |issn=0959-8138 |pmid=30287507|s2cid=52922367 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The [[National Medical Commission]] (NMC) was brought in to replace Medical Council of India (MCI) through an ordinance issued in January, 2019 by the President of India. The National Medical Commission Bill was re-introduced in the [[Lok Sabha]] on 22 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singhania |first=Meghna A. |date=June 10, 2019 |title=Replacing MCI: National Medical Commission Bill to be Reintroduced in the Coming Session of Lok Sabha |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/replacing-mci-national-medical-commission-bill-to-be-re-introduced-in-the-coming-session-of-lok-sabha/ |website=Medical Dialogues}}</ref> The bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on 30 July 2019 and by the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 1 August 2019. The National Medical Commission Act, 2019 came into force on 8 August 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 13, 2019 |title=Medical Council of India ordinance reissued |work=Economic Times |publisher=Press Trust India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/medical-council-of-india-ordinance-reissued/articleshow/67511143.cms?from=mdr}}</ref>

On 25 September 2020 the MCI was dissolved and replaced by the National Medical Commission.<ref name=":7" />

==Functions of the council==
The main functions of the MCI were listed as:
* Establish and maintain uniform standards for undergraduate medical education.
* Regulate postgraduate medical education in medical colleges accredited by it. (The [[National Board of Examinations]] is another statutory body for postgraduate medical education in India).
* Recognition of medical qualifications granted by University or UGC in medical institutions in India.
* Recognition of foreign medical qualifications in India.
* Accreditation of medical colleges.
* Registration of doctors with recognized medical qualifications. The state medical councils maintained a register of doctors, forwarded quarterly to the national MCI. Foreign medical graduates could register directly.
* Maintain a directory of all registered doctors (called the Indian Medical Register).
*Amend, as needed, the regulation of medical education and practices.

=== Telemedicine ===
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in March 2020, the Medical Council of India made necessary guidelines for the telemedicine in India which had previously been considered unethical. These regulations helped patients to consult their doctors during the pandemic without the need to visit the hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/Telemedicine.pdf|title=Telemedicine Practice Guidelines|date=25 March 2020|website=MOHFW|access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref>

==State Medical Councils==
* Punjab Medical Council
* Bihar Medical Council
* Gujarat Medical Council
* Andhra Pradesh Medical Council
* Jharkhand Medical Council
* Hyderabad Medical Council
* Maharashtra Medical Council
* Rajasthan Medical Council
* Travancore Cochin Medical Council, Trivandrum
* Vidharba Medical Council
* Assam Medical Council
* Karnataka Medical Council
* Orissa Council of Medical Registration
* Bombay Medical Council
* Madhya Pradesh Medical Council
* West Bengal Medical Council
* Uttar Pradesh Medical Council
* Madras Medical Council
* Tamil Nadu Medical Council

==MCI Online==
"MCI Online" was the portal of the Medical Council of India for online processing of applications for registration (of medical qualifications) and for professional certificates. "MCI Online" also provided online search of the Indian Medical Register. Medical Council of India was superseded vide Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2018 (Ordinance 8 of 2018) dated 26.09.2018, by the Board of Governors. The Board of Governors assumed the functions of the Medical Council of India on 26.09.2018 AN.

==Awards==
* [[Dr. B. C. Roy Awards]]: Dr. B.C. Roy National Award Fund was instituted in 1962 to perpetuate his memory. The Award was presented to a distinguished medical person in each of the categories of Statesmanship of the Highest Order in our country, Medical man-cum-Statesman, Eminent Medical Person, Eminent person in Philosophy and Eminent person in Arts.
* Hari Om Ashram Award: Hari Om Ashram Alembic Research Award Fund accepted nominations for Hari Om Ashram Alembic Research Awards under the categories of Basic Research in Medical Sciences, Clinical Research and Operational Research.
* Silver Jubilee Award: Silver Jubilee Research Award Fund was available to individuals for original and outstanding work in the field of medical and allied science in India. The award also provided aid or assistance for projects in medical institutions engaged in education, for research, and to support travel fellowship.

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=40em}}
*[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
*[[Compulsory Rotating Medical Internship]]
*[[Medical Council of India Screening Test]]
*[[Medical deemed universities]]
*[[National Testing Agency]]
*[[The National Council for Human Resource in Health in India]]
*[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Professional Regulators}}
{{Higher education in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Medical Council of India| ]]
[[Category:College accreditors in India]]
[[Category:Medical associations based in India]]
[[Category:Medical education in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Regulatory agencies of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1933]]
[[Category:1933 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Medical and health regulators]]
[[Category:Medical regulation in India]]
[[Category:2020 disestablishments in India]]

1833 in India

2026-03-20T20:16:04Z

Serzohe: Created initial entry added tags

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Year in India|1833}}
Events in the year '''1833 in India'''.

==Incumbents==
*[[Governor-General of India]]: [[Lord William Bentinck]]

==Events==
*26 August – [[1833 Bihar–Nepal earthquake]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ambraseys |first=N. N. |date=2004 |title=Three little known early earthquakes in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24107899 |journal=Current Science |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=506–508 |issn=0011-3891}}</ref>
*The [[Guntur famine of 1832]] continues to affect communities in [[Guntur]], [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Famines / by Edward Balfour (1885) |url=http://www.payer.de/quellenkunde/quellen057.htm |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=www.payer.de}}</ref>
*The [[Bhumij Revolt]], led by [[Ganga Narayan Singh]] continues.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Jagdish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPjNAQAACAAJ |title=The Bhumij Revolt (1832-33): (ganga Narain's Hangama Or Turmoil) |date=1967-01-01 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-81-215-0353-2 |language=en}}</ref>
*The [[Kol uprising]] ends.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Anil |date=2001 |title=An Unknown Chapter of Kol-Insurrection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44155808 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=62 |pages=621–626 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>
*The [[Asiatic Society of Mumbai Town Hall]] is completed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://asiaticsociety.org.in/index.php/about-us/history-asiatic |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=asiaticsociety.org.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1833}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1833 in India}}
[[Category:1833 in India| ]]
[[Category:1833 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 19th century in India]]

{{india-year-stub}}

Pyar Ka Pehla Naam: Radha Mohan

2026-03-15T16:43:27Z

Serzohe: Creating First Details From Scratch...

{{Short description|2022 Indian drama television series}}
{{Long plot|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Pyar Ka Pehla Naam- Radha Mohan.jpeg
| caption =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[Supernatural]] [[fiction]] [[Horror film|Horror]]
| creator = [[Prateek Sharma]]
| based_on =
| director = Prateek Shah Sandeep Shivkant
| starring = [[Shabir Ahluwalia]] [[Neeharika Roy]]
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 843
| list_episodes =
| creative_director = Ameeta Devadigga
| composer = Paresh Shah
| editor = Amit Singh
| executive_producer =
| producer = Prateek Sharma
| runtime = 21—22 minutes
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| company = Studio LSD Private Limited
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|05|02}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2024|09|04}}
| related = [[Yaaradi Nee Mohini (TV series)|''Yaaradi Nee Mohini'']]
}}

'''''Pyar Ka Pehla Naam: Radha Mohan''''' ({{Translation|The First Name of Love: Radha Mohan}}) is an Indian Hindi-language [[supernatural]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[drama]] television series.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/hruta-durgule-sends-best-wishes-to-fiance-prateek-shah-for-producing-hindi-tv-show-pyar-ka-pehla-naam-radha-mohan/articleshow/91257911.cms|title=Hruta Durgule sends best wishes to fiance Prateek Shah for producing Hindi TV show Pyar Ka Pehla Naam Radha Mohan|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2 May 2022|access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref> It is produced by [[Prateek Sharma]] and premiered from 2 May 2022 on [[Zee TV]]. It is the official remake of [[Zee Tamil]]'s TV series [[Yaaradi Nee Mohini (TV series)|''Yaaradi Nee Mohini'']]. It stars [[Shabir Ahluwalia]] as Mohan and Neeharika Roy as Radha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/shabir-ahluwalia-plays-the-lead-in-pyaar-ka-pehla-naam-radha-mohan-23221991|title=Shabir Ahluwalia plays the lead in 'Pyaar Ka Pehla Naam Radha Mohan'|date=8 April 2022|website=Mid-day}}</ref> After a successful run of two years the show went off-air on 4 September 2024, days after its spin-off series ''[[Pyar Ka Pehla Adhyaya: Shiv Shakti]]'' too was off-aired.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shabir Ahluwalia and Neeharika Roy get emotional as Pyaar Ka Pehla Naam Radha Mohan bids farewell after a successful run|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shabir-ahluwalia-and-neeharika-roy-get-emotional-as-pyaar-ka-pehla-naam-radha-mohan-bids-farewell-after-a-successful-run/articleshow/112900380.cms|access-date=2024-09-04|website=The Times of India|date=29 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Mohan's first wife, Tulsi, dies and their daughter, Gungun, considers him to be Tulsi's murderer. Meanwhile, Radha is in love with Mohan and considers him her inspiration. Tulsi's soul has not received salvation and she wanders in the Trivedi house as a ghost; and she protects Gungun.

Mohan's stepmother, Kadambari, wants Mohan to remarry and she chooses her niece, Damini. Mohan agrees to marry Damini for the sake of Kadambari. Meanwhile, Radha saves Gungun's life and Radha stays at the Trivedi house as a guest.

Radha and Mohan become closer which makes Damini jealous. Kadambari and Damini learn about Tulsi's soul and they both unsuccessfully try to imprison her with the help of Guru Maa. Later, Gungun and Radha become good friends. In order to get Radha out of the Trivedi house, Damini accuses her of theft but Radha proves herself innocent. Later, Radha's grandmother sets Radha's marriage to Hriday who plans to sell Radha after they marry. Mohan and Gungun grow closer while trying to prevent Hriday and Radha's marriage. Gungun learns about Hriday's truth, he throws her into a borewell. Gungun is rescued by Radha and Mohan. Hriday is exposed but is assisted by Damini, who continues to try to kill Radha and Gungun.

Kadambari notices that Radha has feelings for Mohan and tries to tell him, but Damini threatens her and tries to instigate her against Radha. Radha then suspects Damini and tries to expose her but fails. On Mohan and Damini's wedding day, Damini causes misunderstandings between Radha and Mohan, causing Mohan to ask Radha to return to her home. Tulsi then arrives and encourages her to stop the wedding. She dresses Radha as a bride. Radha then forcefully marries Mohan who promises to make her life hell. Slowly Mohan falls for Radha. Radha then visits Mohan's office where she learns that Damini is responsible for Tulsi's death. She tries to expose Damini but fails, causing another rift between her and Mohan.

Damini locks Radha in a freezer which nearly kills her. Mohan then manages to rescue her realising his feelings for her. After Radha recovers, she does not reveal that it was Damini's doing. However, Damini decides to punish Mohan for falling for Radha. Meanwhile, Radha's estranged mother Gargi/Mandira visits [[Barsana]] and she reveals to Mohan why she abandoned Radha and Rameshwar. Gargi wanted to live a lavish life, so she created a new identity by fraudulently marrying another man. Radha overhears her conversation.

Damini tries to kill Gungun but fails as Radha protects her. Gungun then calls Radha her mother, Ramaa. Damini reminds Mohan of his planned divorce with Radha to which Mohan refuses and breaks his promise of marrying her. Mohan then plans to confess his feelings to Radha. Gungun finds Tulsi's letters, which were planted by Damini, blaming Radha for her death. Gungun stays away from Radha and together with Rahul and Tulsi's mother they file a case against Radha. Despite other family members believing these allegations, Mohan reveals to Radha that he believes that she did not kill Tulsi. Mohan learns that Damini is working with Tulsi's brother. He then manages to make Gungun realise that Radha is innocent and Gungun apologises to her. In order to stop Mohan from saving Radha, Damini kidnaps him and the judge sentences Radha to death. With the help of [[Pyar Ka Pehla Adhyaya: Shiv Shakti|Shakti]] and [[Rabb Se Hai Dua|Dua]], Radha is able to escape her execution and briefly reunites with her family. She then sets out to find Mohan. Damini again tries to kill Radha but she outsmarts her and finds Mohan. Radha and Mohan briefly reunite and run away together before being intercepted by Damini. Mohan takes a bullet for Radha and asks her to flee.

After a period of events, Radha's innocence is revealed and she is dropped from the death sentence, angering Damini and Kaveri. Radha returns to the Trivedi house with Mohan. Radha and Mohan decide to get married again, while Damini and her mother unsuccessfully oppose it.

In order to forget the troubles that happened with Radha, Mohan and the family decide to vacation in the Maldives. Damini learns of this and decides to go with them. After Radha and Mohan spend two days in the Maldives, Damini tries to kill Radha and causes her some problems, but fails to kill her, thanks to Mohan.

Mohan and Radha with the family decide to return home, and when they board the plane, they are surprised by the presence of a criminal gang trying to kill the passengers. Amid the passengers' fear, a gang member plants a bomb on the plane, which sparks news and media. But the police were able to arrest the criminals and dismantle the bomb in time.

Upon returning home, Tulsi's soul takes possession of Mohan's body, making Mohan do unnatural things. The family calls a priest to free Tulsi's soul from Mohan's body, but they are surprised when the priest tells them that Tulsi's soul will not leave Mohan's soul until she eliminates her killer, who is a member of the house.

Damini and her mother contact Guru Maa in order to eliminate Tulsi's spirit. She tells them that Tulsi's spirit possesses Mohan from time to time. Mohan sees Damini in a state of extreme fatigue and decides to take her to the hospital. Damini is surprised that Tulsi's spirit has taken over Mohan's body in order to kill her in the burning house where she was killed, but she manages to escape. Radha learns of Damini's communication with Guru Maa and decides to expose them. Radha begins to suspect that Guru Maa is Kadambari. The family decides to celebrate Damini's birthday, but in the middle of the party, Tulsi takes over Mohan and threatens her to confess that she was the one who killed her. Damini confesses that she was the one who killed Tulsi in front of the police and family. At the same time, Mohan and Radha admit that this was their plan to reveal the truth about Damini and that Tulsi never possessed Mohan. Before being arrested, Damini manages to escape and kidnap Gungun. Damini threatens Radha, but Radha summons Tulsi's spirit to help her save Gungun's life from Damini. Tulsi's spirit responds to her on the condition that she appears with the intention of killing her killer, who is Damini. Damini takes Gungun to the valley in order to kill her there, and Radha and Mohan follow her. During the attempt to kill her, the spirit of Tulsi appears and kills Damini and throws her from the valley and saves Gungun.

Tulsi suspects that her real killer is still alive and is a family member. She tells Radha this before she disappears and asks Radha to be aware of her surroundings. Radha suspects that Tulsi's real killer is Guru Maa. She goes to Tulsi's burned-out house in order to search for any clues. She finds Kadambari there and confesses to her that she herself is Guru Maa and the real killer of Tulsi. Kadambari decides to kill Radha by locking her in the burnt house and burning her. While Kadambari thinks that she got rid of Radha, Radha discovers that the bones of Tulsi's body are still there and have not been cremated in all these years. Kadambari is surprised when Radha returns home with the bones of Tulsi's body and threatens her.

Surprisingly, Tulsi walks in with Mohan at that moment. The family decide to hide the fact that Radha is married to Mohan. Tulsi makes outrageous demands to Mohan, even going as far as asking for Mohan to take Radha's mangalsutra off. However Gungun tells Mohan that he need to give Radha back the mangalsutra. Tulsi attempts to kill herself, but Radha believes that she is bluffing and dares her to jump. So Tulsi jumps, resulting in Gungun becoming angry with Radha. Radha tries to warn the family against the fake Tulsi, but they believe she is mentally ill and suggest thar she gets a checkup. It is revealed that Tulsi really had disappeared and the Tulsi in their house was none other than Damini, who is in cahoots with Kadambari. Vishwanath finds about this and tries to warn the others, but Kadambari manipulates them into thinking Vishwanath was lying in behest of Radha.

Damini and Kadambari decide to oust Radha from Mohan's life. They make it seem like Radha threw Vishwanath off the balcony. Mohan finally believes that Radha is mentally ill and sends her to an asylum. Damini and Kadambari then plan to get rid of Gungun by bringing her to wildlife sanctuary. However, Radha becomes aware of the plan and runs away to save Gungun. Damini tries to kill Gungun by throwing Gungun in front of the lion, but Radha manages to save her. Mohan also arrives there, but refuses to believe Radha, as Radha had slapped Kadambari. Mohan blames Radha for destroying his and his daughter's life. At her wit's end, Radha breaks her nuptial chain and cuts all ties with Mohan. Radha leaves with the mental asylum workers.

===7 years later===

Radha is revealed to be living as Radhika Kohli in [[South Delhi]] as a successful radio host. She is now married to a businessman named Yug Kohli, and Manan, her and Mohan's son, considers Yug as his own father. Mohan and his family have also moved into the same city and live in Meera's house. Gungun is now a teenager and feels that irrespective of Radha and Mohan's personal issues, Radha should not have abandoned her, so she hates Radha. Gungun is now being cared for by Meera, who is also Mohan's businesses partner. Meera likes Mohan and Gungun also wishes that Mohan would marry Meera.

Mohan, however, still lives with Radha's memories. Seven years ago, after Gungun got consciousness, she revealed that Tulsi is Damini. Damini is then arrested for her crimes. Kadambari's truth is still hidden and she is paralyzed now. It is revealed that Kadambari had strangulated Vishwanath to death, but before he died, he threw a vase at Kadambari, which resulted in her current condition.

Mohan and his family move to Yug's neighboring house where Mohan and Gungun meet Manan, with whom they develop a close bond. Meanwhile, it is revealed that Radha is still affected from Mohan's ill behaviour towards her. She misses Mohan, but at the same time has vowed to keep herself and Manan away from him.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Neeharika Roy as Radha "Radhika" Sharma Trivedi: Rameshwar and Gargi's daughter (2022–2024)
** Kiara Sadh as Child Radha Sharma (2022)
* [[Shabir Ahluwalia]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shabir-ahluwalia-on-playing-a-different-role-in-pyaar-ka-pehla-naam-radha-mohan/articleshow/91046650.cms|title=Shabir Ahluwalia on playing a 'different' role in 'Pyaar Ka Pehla Naam Radha Mohan' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=24 April 2022 }}</ref> as Mohan Trivedi: Vishwanath and Sakshi's son (2022–2024)
** Arunim Mishra as Teenage Mohan Trivedi (2022)
* [[Manit Joura]] as Yug Kohli: Poonam's elder son (2024)

===Recurring===
* Sarah Killedar as Gungun Trivedi: Tulsi and Mohan's daughter (2024)
** Reeza Chaudhary as Child Gungun Trivedi (2022–2024)
* Shaurya Vijayvargiya as Manan Trivedi: Radha and Mohan's son (2024)
* [[Keerti Nagpure]] as
** Tulsi Banerjee Trivedi: Narmada's daughter (2022–2024) (Dead / Ghost)
** Damini Bharadwaj (After plastic surgery): Kaveri's daughter (2024)
*** Sambhabana Mohanty as Damini Bharadwaj (before plastic surgery) (2022–2024)
* Swati Shah<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/swati-shah-joins-pyaar-ka-pehla-naam-radha-mohan-cast-391122|title=Swati Shah joins Pyaar Ka Pehla Naam Radha Mohan cast|website=Tribune India News Service}}</ref> as Kadambari "Gurumaa" Trivedi: Kaveri's sister (2022–2024)
* Rajendra Lodhia as Vishwanath Trivedi: Sakshi's widower (2022–2024)
* Manisha Purohit as Kaveri Bharadwaj: Kadambari's sister (2022–2024)
* Pooja Kawa as Ketki Trivedi Kashyap: Kadambari and Vishwanath's daughter (2022–2024)
* [[Sumit Arora]] as Ajeet Kashyap: Padma's son; Ketki's husband (2022–2024)
* Mayanshi Verma as Sargam "Shalgam" Kashyap: Ketki and Ajeet's daughter (2024)
* Ranveer Singh Malik<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-ranveer-singh-malik-to-play-shabir-ahluwalias-brother-in-radha-mohan/articleshow/90688130.cms|title=Exclusive - Ranveer Singh Malik to play Shabir Ahluwalia's brother in Radha Mohan - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=6 April 2022 }}</ref> as Rahul Trivedi: Kadambari and Vishwanath's son; Ketki's brother; Mohan's half-brother (2022–2024)
* Saarvie Omana as Meera: Mohan's friend and one-sided lover (2024)
* Roma Navani as Poonam Kohli: Yug and Garv's mother (2024)
* [[Sheela Sharma]] as Pari Kohli: Yug and Garv's grandmother (2024) (Dead)
* Vrutansh Upadhyay as Garv Kohli: Poonam's younger son; Yug's brother (2024)
* Brijkishore Tiwari as Rameshwar Sharma: Sundari's son (2022–2024)
* Kajal Khanchandani as Sundari Sharma: Rameshwar's mother (2022–2024)
* [[Parineeta Borthakur]] as Gargi Sharma / Mandira Kashyap: Rameshwar's estranged wife; Radha's mother (2023)
* Jhuma Mitra as Padma Kashyap: Ajeet's mother (2023)
* Harvineet Patel as Gaurav (2024)
* [[Adi Irani]] as Kulbhushan (2023)
* Sunny Sachdev / Manish Chawla as Advocate Shekhar (2022–2023) / (2023)
* [[Aleeza Khan]] as Advocate Devika Sahay (2023)
* [[Abdu Rozik]] as Chota Bhaijaan (2023)
* Krishnakant Singh Bundela as Panditji (2022–2023)
* [[Suzanne Bernert]] as Mr. X in a guest appearance (2023)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/suzanne-bernert-to-enter-pyaar-ka-pehla-naam-radha-mohan/articleshow/105288217.cms|title=Suzanne Bernert to enter Pyaar Ka Pehla Naam: Radha Mohan|newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 November 2023}}</ref>

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In 2022 [[Zee TV]] planned an official Hindi remake of [[Zee Tamil]]'s [[Tamil-language]] series [[Yaaradi Nee Mohini (TV series)|''Yaaradi Nee Mohini'']] to be produced by Prateek Sharma. It is the second Hindi remake after ''[[Main Bhi Ardhangini]],'' which aired on [[&TV]] from 21 January 2019 to 1 November 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/tv-set-to-remake-a-hit-tamil-show-in-hindi/|title=&TV set to remake a hit Tamil show in Hindi|date=29 November 2018|website=Eastern Eye}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/tv-confirms-the-launch-date-for-its-new-series-main-bhi-ardhangini/|title=&TV confirms the launch date for its new series Main Bhi Ardhangini|website=Eastern Eye|date=3 January 2019 }}</ref> The shooting of the series began in April 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shabir-ahluwalia-enthusiastic-about-his-wife-kanchi-kauls-comeback/articleshow/91252962.cms|title=Shabir Ahluwalia enthusiastic about his wife Kanchi Kaul's comeback - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=2 May 2022 }}</ref>

=== Release ===
The first promo was released in April 2022 featuring [[Shabir Ahluwalia]] and Neeharika Roy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shabir-ahluwalia-starrer-pyar-ka-pehla-naam-radha-mohans-promo-out-but-fans-want-sriti-jha-4949126.html|title=Shabir Ahluwalia Starrer Pyar Ka Pehla Naam Radha Mohan's Promo Out, But Fans Want Sriti Jha|date=6 April 2022|website=News18}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Notes
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Ref.
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini (TV series)|Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]'' யாரடி நீ மோகினி
| 24 April 2017
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 22 August 2021
| Original
|
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Yaare Nee Mohini'' ಯಾರೇ ನೀ ಮೋಹಿನಿ
| 18 September 2017
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 4 December 2020
| rowspan="7"| Remake
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-yaare-nee-mohini-completes-800-episodes/articleshow/77260404.cms|title=Daily soap Yaare Nee Mohini completes 800 episodes - Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 July 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Evare Nuvvu Mohini'' ఎవరే నువ్వు మోహిని
| 11 December 2017
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 4 May 2018
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2017/12/zee-telugu-offers-new-fiction-show-evare-nuvvu-mohini|title=Zee Telugu offers new fiction show 'Evare Nuvvu Mohini'|publisher=Best Media Info}}</ref>
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| ''Mu Bi Ardhangini'' ମୁ ବି ଅର୍ଦ୍ଧାଙ୍ଗିନୀ
| 9 July 2018
| Zee Sarthak
| 11 January 2020
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/zee-sarthak-premiers-two-new-shows-om-sai-mu-bi-ardhangini-180710|title=Zee Sarthak premiers two new shows 'Om Sai' & 'Mu Bi Ardhangini'|date=10 July 2018 |publisher=Indian Television}}</ref>
|-
| Hindi
| ''[[Main Bhi Ardhangini]]'' में भी अर्धांगिनी
| 21 January 2019
| [[And TV]]
| 1 November 2019
|
|-
| Hindi
| ''Pyar Ka Pehla Naam: Radha Mohan'' प्यार का पहला नाम: राधा मोहन
| 2 May 2022
| [[Zee TV]]
| 4 September 2024
|
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Alor Kole]]'' আলোর কোলে
| 27 November 2023
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 22 June 2024
|
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Mayamayooram'' മായാമയൂരം
| 18 December 2023
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 24 November 2024
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/mayamayooram-serial-zee-keralam/|title=Mayamayooram Serial On Zee Keralam Channel From 18 December At 09:00 PM, Monday To Friday|date=14 December 2023 |publisher=Kerala TV}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/pyar-ka-pehla-naam-radha-mohan/0-6-4z5130241 ''Pyar Ka Pehla Naam: Radha Mohan''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|19882228}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

Sandeep Singh (producer)

2026-03-13T10:55:22Z

Serzohe: new

{{short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sandeep Singh
| image = Producer-Sandeep-Singh.jpg
| caption = Singh in 2015
| birth_date = 2 September 1981<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/crew/sandeep-singh |title=Sandeep Singh |author= |date= |website=Indian Film History |publisher= |access-date=25 April 2024 |quote=}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Film producer]] [[Film Director]]
| organization = Legend Studios
| years_active = 2001{{endash}}present
| known_for = ''[[Mary Kom (film)|Mary Kom]]'' ''[[Sarbjit (film)|Sarbjit]]'' ''[[Bhoomi (2017 film)|Bhoomi]]'' ''[[PM Narendra Modi]]''
| other_names = Sandeep Singh
| website =
| signature =
}}

'''Sandeep Singh''' is an Indian film producer who works in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films. He started his career as a journalist and later joined Bhansali Productions as the CEO in 2011. He founded the film production company Legend Studios in 2015. Singh is known for producing movies like [[Mary Kom (film)|''Mary Kom'']], [[Aligarh (film)|''Aligarh'']], ''[[Sarabjit]]'', ''[[Bhoomi (2017 film)|Bhoomi]]'', ''[[PM Narendra Modi]]'', and ''[[Jhund (film)|Jhund]]''.

==Career==
Singh began his career in 2001 with [[Times Group]] as an entertainment journalist and wrote columns and articles for both [[Bombay Times]] and [[Navbharat Times]]. During this time The Times Group started their own radio channel [[Radio Mirchi]] and Sandeep got his first opportunity to be a show producer. He was later appointed as the entertainment head at Radio Mirchi. He joined [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] in 2005 as entertainment head and launched several shows. He moved into [[BIG FM 92.7|BIG FM]] as national entertainment head in 2007.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title= Roads in Nagpur better than in Mumbai, asserts CEO of Sanjay Leela Bhansali Films |url= https://www.nagpurtoday.in/roads-in-nagpur-better-than-in-mumbai-asserts-ceo-of-sanjay-leela-bhansali-films/11151654 |access-date=2014-01-15|website= nagpurtoday.in}}</ref>

He produced his first independent show [[Dancing Queen (2008 Indian TV series)|''Dancing Queen'']] in 2008 on Colors Channel with SOL Entertainment.<ref name=":0" />

He joined [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s production house Bhansali Productions as CEO in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Sandeep Singh: Sanjay Leela Bhansali believes in ROWDY RATHORE kind of cinema|url=https://www.glamsham.com/bollywood/news/sandeep-singh-sanjay-leela-bhansali-believes-in-rowdy-rathore-kind-of-cinema|access-date=2014-10-10|website= glamsham.com}}</ref> Whilst at Bhansali Productions he co-produced films ''[[Rowdy Rathore]]'', ''[[Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi]]'', [[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela|''Ram Leela'']], [[Mary Kom (film)|''Mary Kom'']] and a television series on Star Plus called [[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|''Saraswatichandra'']] (2013).

In 2015, he launched himself as an independent producer with the critically acclaimed film ''[[Aligarh (film)|Aligarh]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Producer Sandeep Singh pleased with the response garnered by 'Aligarh' |url=https://urbanasian.com/whats-happenin/2015/09/producer-sandeep-singh-pleased-with-the-response-garnered-by-aligarh/ |access-date=2015-09-05 |website=urbanasian.com}}</ref> [[Sarbjit (film)|''Sarbjit'']] in 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandeep Singh: Omung and I wanted a star who is a performer, hence it's Aishwarya in Sarbjit |url=https://www.spotboye.com/bollywood/Bollywood-interviews/sandeep-singh-omung-and-i-wanted-a-star-who-is-a-performer-hence-it-s-aishwarya-in-sarbjit/573c5a96e98828b615ab5882 |access-date=2018-12-13 |website=spotboye.com}}</ref> [[Bhoomi (2017 film)|''Bhoomi'']] in 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE - Bhoomi's producer Sandeep Singh: Why will Sanjay Dutt do a film which will be getting an 'A' certificate? |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-bhoomis-producer-sandeep-singh-why-will-sanjay-dutt-do-film-which |access-date=2017-09-15 |website=pinkvilla.com}}</ref> the biographical film ''[[PM Narendra Modi]]'' in 2019<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title="PM Modi Biopic To Release On April 11," Tweets Producer Sandeeep Singh|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-biopic-to-release-on-april-11-tweets-producer-sandeep-singh-2018775|access-date=2020-09-03|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> and ''[[Jhund]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandeep Singh: Amitabh Bachchan said instead of spending on me, let's spend on film |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/sandeep-singh-amitabh-bachchan-said-instead-of-spending-on-me-lets-spend-on-film-23216430 |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=mid-day.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Amitabh Bachchan और उनके स्टाफ ने 'Jhund' के लिए की फीस में कटौती, Producer Sandeep Singh का खुलासा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/news-from-bollywood/jhund-actor-amitabh-bachchan-and-his-staff-slashed-their-fees-so-that-money-could-be-spent-on-movie-instead/articleshow/89935622.cms|access-date=2022-03-02|website= navbharattimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

He acquired the rights to the biography of business tycoon [[Subrata Roy]] in July 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Sandeep Singh acquires rights for biopic on business tycoon Subrata Roy Sahara; says 'his story is full of surprises'|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sandeep-singh-acquires-rights-for-biopic-on-business-tycoon-subrata-roy-sahara-says-his-story-is-full-of-surprises/articleshow/84550346.cms|access-date=2021-07-19|website= timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> The same year, he also announced three films with a biography film titled ''Swatantra Veer Savarkar'' on the life of [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= 'पीएम नरेंद्र मोदी' के निर्माता अब बनाएंगे सावरकर पर फिल्म, महेश मांजरेकर को मिली निर्देशन की कमान|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/sandeep-singh-amit-wadhwani-mahesh-manjrekar-to-make-swatantraveer-savarkar|access-date=2021-05-28|website= amarujala.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= 'PM नरेंद्र मोदी' के बाद अब वीर सावरकर की बायॉपिक बनाएंगे संदीप सिंह, महेश मांजरेकर होंगे डायरेक्‍टर|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/news-from-bollywood/sandeep-singh-announces-the-film-swatantraveer-savarkar-on-veer-savarkar-138th-birth-anniversary/articleshow/83037259.cms|access-date=2021-05-28|website= navbharattimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref> In addition, he is producing a women-centric film titled ''White'' directed by [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title= Sandeep Singh and Raaj Shaandilyaa join hands for Mahesh Manjrekar's dream project White|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sandeep-singh-raaj-shaandilyaa-join-hands-mahesh-manjrekars-dream-project-white/access-date=2021-08-16|website= [[Bollywood Hungama]] }}{{dead link|date=July 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> who is also directing a film on [[Nathuram Godse]] titled as ''Godse'',<ref>{{Cite web|title= Sandeep Singh, Raaj Shaandilyaa, Mahesh Manjrekar announce new film 'Godse' on Gandhi Jayanti|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/sandeep-singh-raaj-shaandilyaa-mahesh-manjrekar-announce-new-film-godse-on-gandhi-jayanti20211002184524/|access-date=2021-10-02|website= aninews.in }}</ref> He had also announced a film titled ''Bal Shivaji'' directed by [[Ravi Jadhav]],<ref>{{Cite web|title= Sandeep Singh gets on board for National Award-winning director Ravi Jadhav's 'Bal Shivaji'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sandeep-singh-gets-on-board-for-national-award-winning-director-ravi-jadhavs-bal-shivaji/articleshow/89679691.cms|access-date=2022-02-19|website= timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> Sandeep made his directorial debut<ref>{{Cite web|title= Sandeep Singh to make his directorial debut with 'Safed'; first look of the film to be unveiled at Cannes Film Festival
|url= https://www.freepressjournal.in/bollywood/sandeep-singh-to-make-his-directorial-debut-with-safed-first-look-of-the-film-to-be-unveiled-at-cannes-film-festival|access-date=2022-05-15|website= ndtv.com}}</ref> with Safed starring Abhay Verma and [[Meera Chopra]] in lead roles. The film’s poster was launched by [[A. R. Rahman]] in cannes.<ref>{{Cite web|title= AR Rahman Unveils The First Look Of Sandeep Singh's Safed At Cannes 2022|url= https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sponsered-ar-rahman-unveils-the-first-look-of-sandeep-singhs-safed-at-cannes-2022-3001628|access-date=2022-05-23|website= ndtv.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

===As co-producer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
|-
|rowspan="2" |2012
|''[[Rowdy Rathore]]''
|-
|''[[Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi]]''
|-
|2013
|''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]''
|-
|2014
|''[[Mary Kom (film)|Mary Kom]]''
|-
|2015
|''[[Gabbar Is Back]]''
|}

===As producer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
|-
|rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Aligarh (film)|Aligarh]]''
|-
|''[[Sarbjit (film)|Sarbjit]]''
|-
|2017
|''[[Bhoomi (2017 film)|Bhoomi]]''
|-
|2019
|''[[PM Narendra Modi]]<ref name=":1" />''
|-
|2022
|''[[Jhund (film)|Jhund]]'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Amitabh Bachchan and his staff took fee cut for Jhund, told producer to spend it on film instead|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-and-his-staff-took-fee-cut-for-jhund-told-producer-to-spend-it-on-film-instead-101646151015331.html|access-date=2022-03-01|website= Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Main Atal Hoon]]''
|-
|''[[Swatantrya Veer Savarkar (film)|Swatantrya Veer Savarkar]]''
|-
|}

=== As director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
|-
|2023
|''[[Safed (film)|Safed]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Safed, producer Sandeep Singh's directorial debut, to stream on ZEE5 from December 29|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/safed-producer-sandeep-singhs-directorial-debut-stream-zee5-december-29/|access-date=2023-12-15|website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! TV Show
! Producer/Co-producer
|-
|2008
|''[[Dancing Queen (2008 Indian TV series)|Dancing Queen]]''
|Producer
|-
|2013
|''[[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|Saraswatichandra]]''
|Co-producer
|-
|2024–present
|''[[Fauji 2]]''<ref>{{cite web | last=Das | first=Ananya | title=Fauji 2 trailer unveiled on Shah Rukh Khan's 59th birthday, his iconic character Abhimanyu Rai to return. Watch | website=Hindustan Times | date=2 November 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/fauji-2-trailer-unveiled-on-shah-rukh-khans-59th-birthday-his-iconic-character-abhimanyu-rai-to-return-watch-101730535634253.html}}</ref>
|Producer
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|5969138}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sandeep}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Jaggu Ani Juliet

2026-03-11T09:05:57Z

Serzohe: started details

{{Short description|2023 film directed by Mahesh Limaye}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jaggu Ani Juliet
| image = Jaggu Ani Juliet film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mahesh Limaye]]
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Mahesh Limaye
* Ambar Hadap
* Ganesh Pandit}}
| producer = [[Punit Balan]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Amey Wagh]]
* [[Vaidehi Parashurami]]
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]]
* [[Pravin Tarde]]
}}
| cinematography = Mahesh Limaye
| editing = [[Jayant Jathar]]
| music = [[Ajay–Atul]]
| studio = Punit Balan Studios
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|02|10}}
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR}}2.50 crore<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaggu Ani Juliet Box office collection|url=https://www.boxofficebusiness.in/2023/02/jaggu-ani-juliet-day-7-box-office-collection.html|website=Box office business|date=19 February 2023 |access-date=2023-04-23}}</ref>
}}

'''''Jaggu Ani Juliet''''' ({{Translation|Jaggu and Juliet}}) is a 2023 [[India]]n [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Mahesh Limaye]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Jaggu Ani Juliet': Mahesh Limaye unveils a teaser poster of his next - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/jaggu-ani-juliet-mahesh-limaye-unveils-a-teaser-poster-of-his-next/articleshow/80113120.cms |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The Times of India }}</ref> It is produced by Punit Balan Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ghanekar |first=shamal |title='Puneet Balan Studios' production 'Jaggu and Juliet' will soon hit the screens. |url=https://www.lokshahi.com/lokshahi-ent/puneet-balan-studios-production-jaggu-and-juliet-will-soon-hit-the-screens |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Lokshahi Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> The film stars [[Amey Wagh]], [[Vaidehi Parashurami]] in leading roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Jaggu Ani Juliet': Amey Wagh and Vaidehi Parashurami to come together for Mahesh Limaye's next |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/jaggu-ani-juliet-amey-wagh-and-vaidehi-parashurami-come-together-for-mahesh-limayes-next/articleshow/96564804.cms |access-date=2023-03-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was theatrically released on 10 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |date=2022-12-28 |title=Jaggu Ani Juliet : अमेय वाघचा 'जग्गू आणि जुलिएट' येणार प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/jaggu-ani-juliet-amey-wagh-marathi-movie-jaggu-ani-juliet-will-soon-hit-the-screens-1134989 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Amey Wagh]] as Jaggu Dada
* [[Vaidehi Parashurami|Vaidehi Parshurami]] as Juliet
* [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]] as Madan Shringarpure
* Avinash Narkar as Mr. Ghaisas
* Savita Malpekar as Mrs. Ghaisas
* Sunil Abhyankar as Mr. Karandikar
* Renuka Daftardar as Mrs. Karandikar
* [[Samir Choughule|Sameer Chowgule]] as Mr. Nimkar
* Keyuri Shah as Mrs. Nimkar
* [[Abhidnya Bhave]] as Mrs. Gupte
* Angad Mhaskar as Mr. Gupte
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Juliet's father
* [[Pravin Tarde]] as Unmarried guy
* [[Hrishikesh Joshi]] as Unmarried guy
* [[Upendra Limaye]]
* Jaywant Wadkar

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack album is [[Composition (music)|composed]] by [[Ajay–Atul]] while [[lyrics]] co-written by [[Guru Thakur]].
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 14:27
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mana
| lyrics1 = [[Ajay–Atul]]
| extra1 = [[Ajay–Atul|Ajay Gogavale]]
| length1 = 3:24
| title2 = Bhavi Amdar
| lyrics2 = [[Ajay–Atul]]
| extra2 = [[Ajay–Atul]]
| length2 = 4:10
| title3 = Kadhi Na Tula
| lyrics3 = [[Guru Thakur]]
| extra3 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| length3 = 3:29
| title4 = Tu Bi Aan Mi Bi
| lyrics4 = [[Guru Thakur]]
| extra4 = [[Armaan Malik]] [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
| length4 = 3:24
}}

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
The film collected {{INRConvert|0.27|c}} on its opening day. ''Jaggu Ani Juliet'' collected {{INRConvert|1|c}} in three days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-15 |title=Jaggu Ani Juliet Day 5 Box Office Collection |url=https://www.boxofficebusiness.in/2023/02/jaggu-ani-juliet-day-1-box-office-collection-and-budget.html |access-date=2023-02-15 }}</ref> The film grossed over {{INRConvert|2.50|c}} at the box office in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-19 |title=Jaggu Ani Juliet Day 7 Box Office Collection |url=https://www.boxofficebusiness.in/2023/02/jaggu-ani-juliet-day-7-box-office-collection.html |access-date=2023-04-23 }}</ref>

=== Accolades ===

==== [[61st Maharashtra State Film Awards|2025]] [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] ====
Winners:<ref>{{Cite web |last=शिंदे-पॉल |first=रसिका |date=2025-08-06 |title=Maharashtra State Marathi Film Award सोहळ्यात काजोल, अनुपम खेर यांचा सन्मान; पाहा विजेत्यांची यादी! |url=https://kalakrutimedia.com/maharashtra-state-films-award-function-happened-on-5th-august-2025-in-mumbai/ |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Kalakruti Media |language=en-US}}</ref>

* [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film II]]
* [[Mahesh Limaye]] for [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director II]]
* [[Amey Wagh]] for [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
* [[Upendra Limaye]] for [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian Male]]
* Rahul Thombre, Sanjeev Hovaladar for Best Choreographer
* Ambar Hadap, Ganesh Pandit for Best Dialogue
* Manasi Attarde for Best Costume Design

Nominations:<ref>{{Cite web |title=61 व्या राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कारांच्या प्राथमिक फेरीचे नामांकने जाहीर |url=https://www.jaimaharashtranews.com/entertainment/nominations-for-the-preliminary-round-of-the-61st-state-marathi-film-awards-announced/38217 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Jaimaharashtra |language=mr}}</ref>

* [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Social Film|Best Social Film]]
* [[Mahesh Limaye]] for Best Social Film Director
* [[Vaidehi Parshurami|Vaidahi Parshurami]] for [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt13781118}}

[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2023 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

{{2020s-romantic-comedy-film-stub}}
{{Marathi-film-stub}}

Campaign finance reform in the United States

2026-03-11T05:20:31Z

Serzohe: basic fix intro as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Short description|Efforts to regulate election campaign fundraising}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2012}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}
{{Political campaigning}}

'''Campaign finance reform in the United States''' has been a contentious political issue since the early days of the Union.
The most recent major federal law affecting campaign finance was the [[Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act]] (BCRA) of 2002, also known as "[[John McCain|McCain]]–[[Russ Feingold|Feingold]]". Key provisions of the law prohibited unregulated contributions (commonly referred to as "[[soft money]]") to national political parties and limited the use of corporate and union money to fund ads discussing political issues within 60 days of a general election or 30 days of a primary election; However, provisions of BCRA limiting corporate and union expenditures for issue advertising were later overturned by the Supreme Court in ''[[Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life]]''.

Contributions, donations or payments to politicians or political parties, including a campaign committee, newsletter fund, advertisements in convention bulletins, admission to dinners or programs that benefit a political party or political candidate and a political action committee (PAC), are not tax-deductible from income taxes.<ref>[https://turbotax.intuit.com/tax-tips/charitable-contributions/are-political-contributions-tax-deductible/L7Ljj9lTR "Are Political Contributions Tax Deductible?"] [[Turbotax]].</ref>

==History==

===First attempts===
{{more citations needed|date=January 2010}}

To gain votes from recently enfranchised, unpropertied voters, [[Andrew Jackson]] launched his campaign for the 1828 election through a network of partisan newspapers across the nation. After his election, Jackson began a [[political patronage]] system that rewarded political party operatives, which had a profound effect on future elections. Eventually, appointees were expected to contribute portions of their pay back to the political party. During the Jacksonian era, some of the first attempts were made by corporations to influence politicians. Jackson claimed that his charter battle against the [[Second Bank of the United States]] was one of the great struggles between democracy and the money power. While it was rumored that The Bank of the United States spent over $40,000 from 1830 to 1832 in an effort to stop Jackson's re-election, Chairman Biddle of the BUS only spent "tens of thousands to distribute information favorable to the bank." This expenditure can be conceived as being spent "against" Jackson, because of the competing ideals of the Bank and Jackson's anti-bank platform.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ladenburg |first=Thomas |title=Chapter 6: Andrew Jackson's War with the Bank of the United States |date=2007 |work=Digital History |year= |url=https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/teachers/lesson_plans/pdfs/unit5_6.pdf |access-date= |publisher= |last2= |first2= |author-link= |author2-link=}}.</ref>

After the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], parties increasingly relied on wealthy individuals for support, including [[Jay Cooke]], the [[Vanderbilts]], and the [[Astor family|Astors]]. In the absence of a civil service system, parties also continued to rely heavily on financial support from government employees, including assessments of a portion of their federal pay. The first federal campaign finance law, passed in 1867, was a Naval Appropriations Bill which prohibited officers and government employees from soliciting contributions from Navy yard workers. Later, the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] of 1883 established the civil service and extended the protections of the Naval Appropriations Bill to all federal civil service workers.<ref name="editorials.americandaughter.info">{{cite web|url=http://editorials.americandaughter.info/?cat=581|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070504073249/http://editorials.americandaughter.info/?cat=581|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-05-04|title=Money Talks}}</ref> However, this loss of a major funding source increased pressure on parties to solicit funding from corporate and individual wealth.

In the campaign of 1872, a group of wealthy New York [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] pledged $10,000 each to pay for the costs of promoting the election. On the Republican side, one [[Ulysses S. Grant]] supporter alone contributed one fourth of the total finances. One historian{{who|date=April 2022}} said that never before was a candidate under such a great obligation to men of wealth. Vote buying and voter coercion were common in this era. After more standardized [[ballot]]s were introduced, these practices continued, applying methods such as requiring voters to use [[carbon paper]] to record their vote publicly in order to be paid.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}

[[Boies Penrose]] mastered post-Pendleton Act corporate funding through extortionist tactics, such as squeeze bills (legislation threatening to tax or regulate business unless funds were contributed.) During his successful 1896 U.S. Senate campaign, he raised a quarter million dollars within 48 hours. He allegedly told supporters that they should send him to Congress to enable them to make even more money.

In 1896, a wealthy Ohio industrialist, shipping magnate and political operative, [[Mark Hanna]] became Chairman of the [[Republican National Committee]]. Hanna directly contributed $100,000 to the nomination campaign of fellow Ohioan [[William McKinley]], but recognized that more would be needed to fund the general election campaign. Hanna systematized fund-raising from the business community. He assessed banks 0.25% of their capital, and corporations were assessed in relation to their profitability and perceived stake in the prosperity of the country. McKinley's run became the prototype of the modern commercial advertising campaign, putting the President-to-be's image on [[Button (clothing)|buttons]], [[billboard]]s, [[poster]]s, and so on. Business supporters, determined to defeat the Democratic-populist [[William Jennings Bryan]], were more than happy to give, and Hanna actually refunded or turned down what he considered to be "excessive" contributions that exceeded a business's assessment.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}}

Twentieth-century [[Progressive Movement|Progressive]] advocates, together with journalists and political satirists, argued to the general public that the policies of vote buying and excessive corporate and moneyed influence were abandoning the interests of millions of taxpayers. They advocated strong [[antitrust]] laws, restricting corporate [[lobbying]] and campaign contributions, and greater citizen participation and control, including standardized [[secret ballot]]s, strict [[voter registration]] and [[women's suffrage]].

In his first term, President [[Theodore Roosevelt]], following President McKinley's assassination of 1901, began trust-busting and anti-corporate-influence activities, but fearing defeat, turned to bankers and industrialists for support in what turned out to be his 1904 landslide campaign. Roosevelt was embarrassed by his corporate financing and was unable to clear a suspicion of a quid pro quo exchange with [[E.H. Harriman]] for what was an eventually unfulfilled ambassador nomination. There was a resulting national call for reform, but Roosevelt claimed that it was legitimate to accept large contributions if there were no implied obligation. However, in his 1905 message to Congress following the election, he proposed that "contributions by corporations to any political committee or for any political purpose should be forbidden by law." The proposal, however, included no restrictions on campaign contributions from the private individuals who owned and ran corporations. Roosevelt also called for public financing of federal candidates via their political parties. The movement for a national law to require disclosure of campaign expenditures, begun by the National Publicity Law Association, was supported by Roosevelt but delayed by Congress for a decade.

=== Tillman Act of 1907 ===
This first effort at wide-ranging reform was the [[Tillman Act of 1907]] which prohibited corporations and nationally chartered (interstate) banks from making direct monetary contributions to federal candidates. However, weak enforcement mechanisms made the Act ineffective.

Disclosure requirements and spending limits for [[United States House of Representatives|House]] and [[United States Senate|Senate]] candidates followed in 1910 and 1911. General contribution limits were enacted in the [[Federal Corrupt Practices Act]] (1925). An amendment to the [[Hatch Act of 1939]] set an annual ceiling of $3 million for political parties' campaign expenditures and $5,000 for individual campaign contributions. The [[Smith–Connally Act]] (1943) and [[Taft–Hartley Act]] (1947) extended the corporate ban to [[trade union|labor unions]].

===Federal Elections Campaign Act and the Watergate Amendments===
All of these efforts were largely ineffective, easily circumvented and rarely enforced. In 1971, however, Congress passed the [[Federal Election Campaign Act]], known as FECA, requiring broad disclosure of campaign finance. In 1974, fueled by public reaction to the [[Watergate Scandal]], Congress passed amendments to the Act establishing a comprehensive system of regulation and enforcement, including [[public financing]] of presidential campaigns and creation of a central enforcement agency, the [[Federal Election Commission]]. Other provisions included limits on contributions to campaigns and expenditures by campaigns, individuals, corporations and other political groups.

The 1976 decision of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]] in ''[[Buckley v. Valeo]]'' struck down various FECA limits on spending as unconstitutional [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|violations of free speech]]. Among other changes, this removed limits on candidate expenditures unless the candidate accepts public financing.<ref name="editorials.americandaughter.info" />

===Reforms of the 1980s and 1990s===
In 1986, several bills were killed in the U.S. Senate by bipartisan maneuvers which did not allow the bills to come up for a vote. The bill would impose strict controls for campaign fund raising. Later in 1988, legislative and legal setbacks on proposals designed to limit overall campaign spending by candidates were shelved after a Republican filibuster. In addition, a constitutional amendment to override a Supreme Court decision failed to get off the ground.

In 1994, Senate Democrats had more bills blocked by Republicans including a bill setting spending limits and authorizing partial public financing of congressional elections. In 1996, bipartisan legislation for voluntary spending limits which rewards those who bare soft money was killed by a Republican filibuster.<ref name="ctn.state.ct.us">{{cite web |title=CAMPAIGN FINANCE Historical Timeline |url=http://www.ctn.state.ct.us/civics/campaign_finance/Support%20Materials/Campaign%20Finacne%20Timeline.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724054827/http://www.ctn.state.ct.us/civics/campaign_finance/Support%20Materials/Campaign%20Finacne%20Timeline.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2011 |access-date=2011-02-01 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In 1997, Senators [[John McCain|McCain]] (R-AZ) and [[Russ Feingold|Feingold]] (D-WI) sought to eliminate soft money and TV advertising expenditures, but the legislation was defeated by a Republican [[filibuster]]. Several different proposals were made in 1999 by both parties. The Campaign Integrity Act (H.R. 1867), proposed by [[Asa Hutchinson]] (R-AR), would have banned soft money, which was not yet regulated and could be spent on ads that did not petition for the election or defeat of a specific candidate, and raised limits on hard money. The Citizen Legislature & Political Act sponsored by Rep. John Doolittle (R-CA) would have repealed all federal freedom act contribution limits and expedited and expanded disclosure (H.R. 1922 in 1999, the 106th Congress,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/106/hr1922|title=Citizen Legislature and Political Freedom Act|last=Doolittle|first=John|author-link=John Doolittle|website=govtrack.us|publisher=GOVTRACK|access-date=May 23, 2013|archive-date=April 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407112708/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/106/hr1922|url-status=dead}}</ref> and reintroduced with different numbers through 2007, the 110th Congress). The [[Chris Shays|Shays]]–[[Marty Meehan|Meehan]] Campaign Reform Act (H.R. 417) evolved into the McCain–Feingold [[Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act]] of 2002.<ref name="ctn.state.ct.us" />

===Political Reform Act (Proposition 9)===

[https://www.fppc.ca.gov/about-fppc/about-the-political-reform-act.html The Political Reform Act (1974)] was enacted in the state of California in 1974, in order to provide greater transparency surrounding political campaign funding. Post watergate, many people were concerned about government corruption and wanted to "put an end to it". The enactment of this law made campaign financing in the state of California under greater public scrutiny and minimizing corruption. This act has six components that aid in improving campaign funding transparency. First, mandatory spending limits were placed on candidates running for state office and ballot measure committees. However, this was ruled unconstitutional by the [https://www.fec.gov/legal-resources/court-cases/buckley-v-valeo/ Buckley v. Valeo (1976)]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buckley v. Valeo |url=https://www.fec.gov/legal-resources/court-cases/buckley-v-valeo/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=FEC.gov |language=en}}</ref> supreme court decision. This court case ruled limiting the expenditures of political campaigns and their committees unconstitutional, except for presidential candidates. This proposition also restricted lobbyists from donating to political campaigns and placed a $10 gift limit. It also established strict conflict of interest laws and requires state and local agency officials who frequently donate to campaigns to publicly disclose personal financial information. Anonymous contributions over $100 were also banned, as well as mandated extensive campaign disclosure information to promote transparency surrounding donors to political campaigns. The Political Reform Act also enacted laws to minimize incumbent advantage, like prohibiting mass mailings as a public expense. However, some of these laws have been altered through court or regulatory action. Finally, the Fair Political Practices Commission (FPPC)<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Political Reform Act |url=https://www.fppc.ca.gov/about-fppc/about-the-political-reform-act.html |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=www.fppc.ca.gov}}</ref> was created to ensure the enforcement of these laws, which previously did not happen as there was no regulatory body for campaign finance laws. In addition to the creation of the FPPC, the Franchise Tax Board regularly performs audits on political campaign finance statements. All of these components work together to ensure the transparency of political campaign finances in the state of California.

===Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002===
The Congress passed the [[Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act]] (BCRA), also called the McCain–Feingold bill after its chief sponsors, [[John McCain]] and [[Russ Feingold]]. The bill was passed by the House of Representatives on February 14, 2002, with 240 yeas and 189 nays, including 6 members who did not vote. Final passage in the Senate came after supporters mustered the bare minimum of 60 votes needed to shut off debate. The bill passed the Senate, 60–40 on March 20, 2002, and was signed into law by [[George W. Bush|President Bush]] on March 27, 2002. In signing the law, Bush expressed concerns about the constitutionality of parts of the legislation but concluded, "I believe that this legislation, although far from perfect, will improve the current financing system for Federal campaigns." The bill was the first significant overhaul of federal campaign finance laws since the post-[[Watergate scandal]] era. Academic research has used [[game theory]] to explain Congress's incentives to pass the Act.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Gill, David |author2=Lipsmeyer, Christine |title=Soft Money and Hard Choices: Why Political Parties Might Legislate Against Soft Money Donations |ssrn=1422616 |publisher=Public Choice|year=2005}}</ref>

The BCRA was a mixed bag for those who wanted to remove big money from politics. It eliminated all [[soft money]] donations to the national party committees, but it also doubled the contribution limit of hard money, from $1,000 to $2,000 per election cycle, with a built-in increase for inflation. In addition, the bill aimed to curtail ads by non-party organizations by banning the use of corporate or union money to pay for "electioneering communications", defined as broadcast advertising that identifies a federal candidate within 30 days of a primary or nominating convention, or 60 days of a general election. This provision of McCain–Feingold, sponsored by Maine Republican [[Olympia Snowe]] and Vermont Independent James Jeffords, as introduced applied only to for-profit corporations, but was extended to incorporate non-profit issue organizations, such as the [[Environmental Defense Fund]] or the [[National Rifle Association of America]] (NRA), as part of the "Wellstone Amendment", sponsored by Senator [[Paul Wellstone]].

The law was challenged as unconstitutional by groups and individuals including the California State Democratic Party, the National Rifle Association, and Republican Senator [[Mitch McConnell]] ([[Kentucky]]), the Senate Majority [[Whip (politics)|Whip]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Mickey Kaus |title=Wellstone's Folly |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2002/04/the-dead-rat-on-campaign-finance-reform-s-kitchen-floor.html |website=slate |publisher=The Slate Group |access-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107015507/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2002/04/the-dead-rat-on-campaign-finance-reform-s-kitchen-floor.html |archive-date=7 November 2018 |language=en-US |date=4 April 2002 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Annie Feidt |title=Critics say Wellstone's finance reform amendment may violate freedom of speech rights |url=https://archive.mpr.org/stories/2001/03/27/critics-say-wellstones-finance-reform-amendment-may-violate-freedom-speech-rights |website=Minnesota Public Radio |access-date=31 May 2023 |language=en-US |format=audio |date=27 March 2001 }}</ref> After moving through lower courts, in September 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments in the case, ''[[McConnell v. FEC]]''. On Wednesday, December 10, 2003, the Supreme Court issued a 5–4 ruling that upheld its key provisions.<ref>{{cite web |title=McConnell v. FEC, 540 U.S. 93 (2003) |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/540/93/ |website=JUSTIA |publisher=US Supreme Court |access-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235652/https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/540/93/ |archive-date=3 March 2016 |language=en-US |date=10 December 2003 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Since then, campaign finance limitations continued to be challenged in the Courts. In 2005 in Washington state, Thurston County Judge Christopher Wickham ruled that media articles and segments were considered in-kind contributions under state law. The heart of the matter focused on the I-912 campaign to repeal a fuel tax, and specifically two broadcasters for Seattle conservative talker KVI. Judge Wickham's ruling was eventually overturned on appeal in April 2007, with the Washington Supreme Court holding that on-air commentary was not covered by the State's campaign finance laws (''No New Gas Tax v. San Juan County'').<ref>{{caselaw source |case=San Juan County v. No New Gas Tax (Supreme Court of Washington) |findlaw=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/wa-supreme-court/1298765.html}}</ref>

In 2006, the United States Supreme Court issued two decisions on campaign finance. In ''[[Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.]]'', it held that certain advertisements might be constitutionally entitled to an exception from the 'electioneering communications' provisions of McCain-Feingold limiting broadcast ads that merely mention a federal candidate within 60 days of an election. On remand, a lower court then held that certain ads aired by Wisconsin Right to Life in fact merited such an exception. The Federal Election Commission appealed that decision, and in June 2007, the Supreme Court held in favor of Wisconsin Right to Life. In an opinion by Chief Justice John Roberts, the Court declined to overturn the electioneering communications limits in their entirety, but established a broad exemption for any ad that could have a reasonable interpretation as an ad about legislative issues.

Also in 2006, the Supreme Court held that a Vermont law imposing mandatory limits on spending was unconstitutional, under the precedent of ''[[Buckley v. Valeo]]''. In that case, ''[[Randall v. Sorrell]]'', the Court also struck down Vermont's contribution limits as unconstitutionally low, the first time that the Court had ever struck down a contribution limit.

In March 2009, the U.S. Supreme Court heard arguments about whether or not the law could restrict advertising of a documentary about [[Hillary Clinton]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/25/washington/25scotus.html?hp Justices Seem Skeptical of Scope of Campaign Law], ''The New York Times'', March 24, 2009</ref> ''[[Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission]]'' was decided in January 2010, the Supreme Court finding that §441b's restrictions on expenditures were invalid and could not be applied to ''[[Hillary: The Movie]]''.

===DISCLOSE Act of 2010===
The DISCLOSE Act (S. 3628) was proposed in July 2010. The bill would have amended the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 to prohibit government contractors from making expenditures with respect to such elections, and establish additional disclosure requirements for election spending. The bill would have imposed new donor and contribution disclosure requirements on nearly all organizations that air political ads independently of candidates or the political parties. The legislation would have required the sponsor of the ad to appear in the ad itself. President Obama argued that the bill would reduce foreign influence over American elections. Democrats needed at least one Republican to support the measure in order to get the 60 votes to overcome GOP procedural delays, but were unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/27/disclose-act-faces-gop-fi_n_660461.html |title=DISCLOSE Act Faces GOP Filibuster In Senate |work=Huffington Post |access-date=November 13, 2011 |date=July 27, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://downwithtyranny.blogspot.com/2010/07/gop-filibuster-succeeds-in-blocking.html |title=DownWithTyranny!: GOP Filibuster Succeeds In Blocking Campaign Finance Reform |publisher=Downwithtyranny.blogspot.com |date=July 28, 2010 |access-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref>

== Current proposals for reform ==

=== Voting with dollars ===
The voting with dollars plan would establish a system of modified public financing coupled with an anonymous campaign contribution process. It was originally described in detail by Yale Law School professors [[Bruce Ackerman]] and [[Ian Ayres]] in their 2002 book ''Voting with Dollars: A New Paradigm for Campaign Finance''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ackerman|first1=Bruce|last2=Ayres|first2=Ian|date=2002|title=Voting with Dollars: A New Paradigm for Campaign Finance|publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0300092622|url=https://archive.org/details/votingwithdollar00acke}}</ref> All voters would be given a $50 publicly funded voucher to donate to federal political campaigns. All donations including both the $50 voucher and additional private contributions, must be made anonymously through the FEC. Ackerman and Ayres include model legislation in their book in addition to detailed discussion as to how such a system could be achieved and its legal basis.

Of the Patriot dollars (i.e. $50 per voter) given to voters to allocate, they propose $25 going to presidential campaigns, $15 to Senate campaigns, and $10 to House campaigns. Within those restrictions the voucher can be split among any number of candidates for any federal race and between the primary and general elections. At the end of the current election cycle any unspent portions of this voucher would expire and could not be rolled over to subsequent elections for that voter. In the context of the 2004 election cycle $50 multiplied by the approximately 120 million people who voted would have yielded about $6 billion in "public financing" compared to the approximate $4 billion spent in 2004 for all federal elections (House, Senate and Presidential races) combined.<ref>{{cite news |last=Walsh |first=Joan |url=http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2007/02/05/campaign_finance/index.html |title=How to fix campaign financing forever for $50 – 2008 Elections |work=Salon.com |access-date=November 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426025450/http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2007/02/05/campaign_finance/index.html |archive-date=April 26, 2009 |df=mdy }}</ref> Ackerman and Ayres argue that this system would pool voter money and force candidates to address issues of importance to a broad spectrum of voters. Additionally they argue this public finance scheme would address taxpayers' concerns that they have "no say" in where public financing monies are spent, whereas in the Voting with dollars system each taxpayer who votes has discretion over their contribution.

Lessig (2011, p. 269) notes that the cost of this is tiny relative to the cost of [[corporate welfare]], estimated at $100 billion in the 2012 US federal budget. However, this considers only direct subsidies identified by the [[Cato Institute]]. It ignores tax loopholes and regulatory and trade decisions, encouraging business mergers and other activities that can stifle competition, creativity and economic growth; the direct subsidies can be a tiny fraction of these indirect costs.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

The second aspect of the system increases some private donation limits, but all contributions must be made anonymously through the FEC. In this system, when a contributor makes a donation to a campaign, they send their money to the FEC, indicating to which campaign they want it to go. The FEC masks the money and distributes it directly to the campaigns in randomized chunks over a number of days. Ackerman and Ayres compare this system to the reforms adopted in the late 19th century aimed to prevent vote buying, which led to our current secret ballot process. Prior to that time voting was conducted openly, allowing campaigns to confirm that voters cast ballots for the candidates they had been paid to support. Ackerman and Ayres contend that if candidates do not know for sure who is contributing to their campaigns they are unlikely to take unpopular stances to court large donors which could jeopardize donations flowing from voter vouchers. Conversely, large potential donors will not be able to gain political access or favorable legislation in return for their contributions since they cannot prove to candidates the supposed extent of their financial support.

In 2015, Seattle voters approved the Democracy Vouchers Program, which gives city residents four $25 vouchers to donate to participating candidates. Vouchers have been proposed in other cities and states as a means to diversify the donor pool, help more candidates run for office, and boost political engagement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://democracypolicy.network/the-agenda/policy_kit/democracy-vouchers|title=Democracy Policy Network}}</ref>

=== Matching funds ===
Another method allows the candidates to raise funds from private donors, but provides [[matching funds]] for the first chunk of donations. For instance, the government might "match" the first $250 of every donation. This would effectively make small donations more valuable to a campaign, potentially leading them to put more effort into pursuing such donations, which are believed to have less of a corrupting effect than larger gifts and enhance the power of less-wealthy individuals. Such a system is currently in place in the [[U.S. presidential primary|U.S. presidential primaries]]. As of February 2008, there were fears that this system provided a safety net for losers in these races, as shown by a loan taken out by John McCain's campaign that used the promise of matching funds as collateral.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uslatest/story/0,,-7326212,00.html] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> However, in February 2009 the Federal Election Commission found no violation of the law because McCain permissibly withdrew from the Matching Payment Program and thus was released from his obligations. It also found no reason to believe that a violation occurred as a result of the committee's reporting of McCain's loan. The Commission closed the files.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fec.gov/press/press2009/20090227MUR.shtml |title=20090227MUR |publisher=Fec.gov |date=February 27, 2009 |access-date=November 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019234414/http://fec.gov/press/press2009/20090227MUR.shtml |archive-date=October 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

===Empowering Citizens Act (2013)===

The Empowering Citizens Act (2013) was a legislative bill proposed by Representative David Price (D-NC) and Representative Chris Van Hollen (D-MD) that was modeled after a small donor campaign funding program in New York City. Donations up to $250 from individual donors would be matched and adjusted with inflation at a 5:1<ref>{{Cite web |title=Text of H.R. 270 (113th): Empowering Citizens Act (Introduced version) |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr270/text |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=GovTrack.us |language=en}}</ref> ratio to public funds. This creates a more direct relationship between candidates and their constituents and incentivizes them to reach a more diverse audience of constituents. It was also proposed that candidates would have a contribution limit of $1,250 from individual donors,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Empowering Citizens Act {{!}} Brennan Center for Justice |url=https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/empowering-citizens-act |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=www.brennancenter.org |language=en}}</ref> if they opt into the public campaign financing system. This bill was proposed but was never enacted into law.

=== Clean elections ===
Another method, which supporters call [[Clean Elections|clean money, clean elections]], gives each candidate who chooses to participate a certain, set amount of money. In order to qualify for this money, the candidates must collect a specified number of signatures and small (usually $5) contributions. The candidates are not allowed to accept outside donations or to use their own personal money if they receive this public funding. Candidates receive matching funds, up to a limit, when they are outspent by privately funded candidates, attacked by independent expenditures, or their opponent benefits from independent expenditures. This is the primary difference between clean money public financing systems and the presidential campaign system, which many have called "broken" because it provides no extra funds when candidates are attacked by 527s or other independent expenditure groups. Supporters claim that Clean Elections matching funds are so effective at leveling the playing field in Arizona that during the first full year of its implementation, disproportionate funding between candidates was a factor in only 2% of the races.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Road to Victory. Clean Elections Shapes 2002 Arizona Elections |url=http://www.azclean.org/documents/2002RoadtoVictory-Final.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625131712/http://www.azclean.org/documents/2002RoadtoVictory-Final.pdf |archive-date=June 25, 2008 |access-date=June 20, 2008 |website=www.azclean.org}}</ref> The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in ''[[Davis v. Federal Election Commission]]'', however, cast considerable doubt on the constitutionality of these provisions, and in 2011 the Supreme Court held that key provisions of the Arizona law – most notably its matching fund provisions – were unconstitutional in ''[[McComish v. Bennett|Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett]]''.

This procedure has been in place in races for all statewide and legislative offices in [[Arizona]] and [[Maine]] since 2000. Connecticut passed a Clean Elections law in 2005, along with the cities of [[Portland, Oregon]] and [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]], although Portland's was repealed by voter initiative in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.portlandoregon.gov/auditor/article/329306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410031751/http://www.portlandoregon.gov/auditor/article/329306|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 10, 2016|title=November 2010 General Election - Official Results|publisher=The City of Portland, Oregon}}</ref> Sixty-nine percent of the voters in Albuquerque voted yes to Clean Elections. A 2006 poll showed that 85% of Arizonans familiar with their Clean Elections system thought it was important to Arizona voters. However, a [[California Proposition 89 (2006)|clean elections initiative]] in California was defeated by a wide margin at the November 2006 election, with just 25.7% in favor, 74.3% opposed, and in 2008 Alaska voters rejected a clean elections proposal by a two to one margin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adn.com/election/story/506632.html |title=defeated |publisher=Adn.com |access-date=November 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102221321/http://www.adn.com/election/story/506632.html |archive-date=January 2, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
Many other states (such as [[New Jersey]]) have some form of limited financial assistance for candidates, but New Jersey's experiment with Clean Elections was ended in 2008, in part due to a sense that the program failed to accomplish its goals.<ref>{{cite web|author=Star-Ledger Editorial Board |url=http://blog.nj.com/njv_editorial_page/2008/09/end_cleanelections_flop.html |title=End clean-elections flop | NJ.com |date=September 6, 2008 |publisher=Blog.nj.com |access-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref> Wisconsin and Minnesota have had partial public funding since the 1970s, but the systems have largely fallen into disuse.

A clause in the [[Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act]] of 2002 ("McCain–Feingold") required the nonpartisan General Accounting Office to conduct a study of clean elections programs in Arizona and Maine. The report, issued in May 2003, found none of the objectives of the systems had yet been attained, but cautioned that because of the relatively short time the programs had been in place, "it is too soon to determine the extent to which the goals of Maine’s and Arizona’s public financing programs are being met... [and] We are not making any recommendations in this report."<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d03453.pdf|title = Campaign Finance Reform: Early Experiences of Two States That Offer Full Public Funding for Political Candidates|publisher = U.S. General Accounting Office|date = May 2003|id = GAO-03-453|access-date = December 29, 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061228213030/http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d03453.pdf|archive-date = December 28, 2006|url-status = dead}}</ref> A 2006 study by the [[Center for Governmental Studies]] (an advocate for campaign finance reform) found that Clean Elections programs resulted in more candidates, more competition, more voter participation, and less influence-peddling.<ref>http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/bitstreams/4523.pdf{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2008, however, a series of studies conducted by the [[Center for Competitive Politics]] (which generally opposes regulation and taxpayer funded political campaigns),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.campaignfreedom.org/about/ |title=About the Center for Competitive Politics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205103612/http://www.campaignfreedom.org/about/ |archive-date=5 February 2012 |url-status=dead |date=November 6, 2011 |publisher=Institute for Free Speech}}</ref> found that the programs in Maine, Arizona, and New Jersey had failed to accomplish their stated goals, including electing more women, reducing government spending, reducing special interest influence on elections, bringing more diverse backgrounds into the legislature, or meeting most other stated objectives, including increasing competition or voter participation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Do "Clean Election" Laws Increase Women in State Legislatures? |url=http://www.campaignfreedom.org/docLib/20080826_Issue_Analysis_3.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325135941/http://www.campaignfreedom.org/docLib/20080826_Issue_Analysis_3.pdf |archive-date=March 25, 2009 |access-date=2008-09-18 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.campaignfreedom.org/research/resID.104/research_detail.asp |title=Center for Competitive Politics |access-date=2008-09-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106195655/http://www.campaignfreedom.org/research/resID.104/research_detail.asp |archive-date=January 6, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.campaignfreedom.org/research/resID.96/research_detail.asp |title=Center for Competitive Politics |access-date=2008-12-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106200523/http://www.campaignfreedom.org/research/resID.96/research_detail.asp |archive-date=January 6, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ifs.org/2008/05/01/httpwww-campaignfreedom-orgdoclib20091014_issueanalysis2-pdf/ |title=Issue Analysis 2: Legislator Occupations: Change or Status Quo After Clean Elections? |publisher=Institute for Free Speech |date=1 May 2008 |first=Laura |last=Renz |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929011511/https://www.campaignfreedom.org/research/resID.85/research_detail.asp |archive-date=September 29, 2011 |df=mdy |access-date=September 14, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ifs.org/2008/05/27/appendix5-pdf/ |title=Appendix 5: Conclusions & Recommendations on New Jersey's "Clean Elections" Experiment |publisher=Institute for Free Speech |date=May 27, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914170400/https://www.ifs.org/2008/05/27/appendix5-pdf/ |archive-date=September 14, 2018 |df=mdy-all |access-date=September 14, 2018 }}</ref> These reports confirmed the results of an earlier study by the conservative/libertarian [[Goldwater Institute]] on Arizona's program.<ref>[http://www.goldwaterinstitute.org/Common/Files/Multimedia/935.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927045947/http://www.goldwaterinstitute.org/Common/Files/Multimedia/935.pdf|date=September 27, 2011}}</ref>

=== Constitutional amendments ===
{{main|Campaign finance reform amendment}}
====OCCUPIED Amendment====

The [[Occupy movement|Occupy Movement]], spreading across the United States and other nations with over 1,500 sites, called for U.S. campaign finance reform eliminating corporate influence on politics and reducing social and economic inequality.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ikenberry|first1=G. John|last2=Hardt|first2=Michael|last3=Negri|first3=Antonio|date=2000|title=Empire|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=79|issue=4|pages=148|doi=10.2307/20049831|issn=0015-7120|jstor=20049831}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Erde|first=John|date=August 2014|title=Constructing archives of the Occupy movement|journal=The Journal of the Archives and Records Association|volume= 35|issue= 2|pages=77–92|doi = 10.1080/23257962.2014.943168|s2cid=153741622}}</ref><ref name="constitutioncenter.org">{{Cite web|url = https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/a-constitutional-agenda-for-the-occupy-protesters|title = A constitutional agenda for the "Occupy" protesters|publisher = National Constitution Center|work = Constitution Daily|language = en|date = 27 October 2011|last = Denniston|first = Lyle|access-date = May 28, 2018|archive-date = May 28, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180528214720/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/a-constitutional-agenda-for-the-occupy-protesters|url-status = dead}}</ref> In response to the [[Occupy Wall Street]] protests, Representative [[Ted Deutch]] introduced the "Outlawing Corporate Cash Undermining the Public Interest in our Elections and Democracy" (OCCUPIED) [[United States Constitution#The Amendments|constitutional amendment]] on November 18, 2011.<ref>Deutch, T. (November 18, 2011) [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c112:H.J.RES.90: "H.J. Res. 90" bill text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216145848/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c112:H.J.RES.90: |date=December 16, 2012 }}, 112th Congress (2011–2012) ''THOMAS.loc.gov''</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher =Ted Deutch for Congress Committee |url =http://www.theoccupiedamendment.org/about/ |title =About the OCCUPIED Amendment|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127095611/http://www.theoccupiedamendment.org/about/ |archive-date=November 27, 2011 |website=theoccupiedamendment.org}}</ref> The OCCUPIED amendment would outlaw the use of for-profit corporation money in U.S. election campaigns and give Congress and states the authority to create a public campaign finance system.<ref>Khimm, S. (November 18, 2011) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/house-democrat-occupy-the-constitution/2011/11/18/gIQA63CPZN_blog.html "House Democrat: Occupy the Constitution!"] ''The Washington Post''</ref> Unions and non-profit organizations will still be able to contribute to campaigns.<ref>Portero, A. (November 22, 2011) [http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/254139/20111122/house-democrat-introduces-occupied-constitutional-amendment-ban.htm "House Democrat Introduces OCCUPIED Constitutional Amendment to Ban Corporate Money in Politics"] ''International Business Times''</ref> On November 1, 2011, Senator [[Tom Udall]] also introduced a constitutional amendment in Congress to reform campaign finance which would allow Congress and state legislatures to establish public campaign finance.<ref>[[Tom Udall|Udall, T.]] (November 1, 2011) [https://www.scribd.com/doc/71154073/A-Constitutional-Amendment-to-Reform-Campaign-Finance "A Constitutional Amendment to Reform Campaign Finance"] ''112th Congress, 1st Session'' (Washington, D.C.: [[United States Senate]])</ref> Two other constitutional campaign finance reform amendments were introduced in Congress in November 2011.<ref>Carney, E.N. (November 29, 2011) [http://www.rollcall.com/issues/57_65/Advocacy-Groups-Seek-to-Curb-Corporations-210594-1.html "Advocacy Groups Seek to Curb Corporations"] ''Roll Call''</ref>

Harvard law professor and [[Creative Commons]] board member [[Lawrence Lessig]] called for a [[Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution|constitutional convention]] in a September 24–25, 2011 conference co-chaired by the [[Tea Party Patriots]]' national coordinator.<ref name="conconcon">[http://conconcon.org Conference on the Constitutional Convention], Harvard University, September 24–25, 2011</ref> Lessig's initial constitutional amendment would allow legislatures to limit political contributions from non-citizens, including corporations, anonymous organizations, and foreign nationals, and he also supports [[Campaign finance#Public financing|public campaign financing]] and [[United States electoral college|electoral college]] reform to establish the [[one person, one vote]] principle.<ref>Hill, A. (October 4, 2011) [http://marketplace.publicradio.org/display/web/2011/10/04/am-campaign-finance-lobbying-major-roadblocks-to-effective-government/ "Campaign finance, lobbying major roadblocks to effective government"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120713213901/http://marketplace.publicradio.org/display/web/2011/10/04/am-campaign-finance-lobbying-major-roadblocks-to-effective-government/ |date=July 13, 2012 }} ''Marketplace Morning Report'' (American Public Media)</ref> Lessig's web site convention.idea.informer.com allows anyone to propose and vote on constitutional amendments.<ref>Lessig, L. (2011) [http://convention.idea.informer.com/ "Propose Amendments to the Constitution"] ''convention.idea.informer.com''</ref>

====Saving American Democracy Amendment====

The Saving American Democracy Amendment is a United States [[constitutional amendment]] proposed in December 2011 by [[United States Senate|Senators]] [[Mark Begich]] (D-[[Alaska]]) and [[Bernie Sanders]] (I-[[Vermont]]) "to expressly exclude for-profit corporations from the rights given to natural persons by the [[Constitution of the United States]], prohibit corporate spending in all elections, and affirm the authority of [[United States Congress|Congress]] and the States to regulate corporations and to regulate and set limits on all election contributions and expenditures."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sanders|first=Bernard|date=2011-12-08|title=Text - S.J.Res.33 - 112th Congress (2011-2012): A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to expressly exclude for-profit corporations from the rights given to natural persons by the Constitution of the United States, prohibit corporate spending in all elections, and affirm the authority of Congress and the States to regulate corporations and to regulate and set limits on all election contributions and expenditures.|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/senate-joint-resolution/33/text|access-date=2021-11-23|website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> The Saving American Democracy Amendment was meant to overturn the 2010 [[United States Supreme Court decision]] ''[[Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission]]''.

====Democracy For All Amendment====

The Democracy For All Amendment was introduced in multiple sessions of Congress beginning with the [[113th United States Congress|113th]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Congressional Record Senate Articles|url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2014/9/8/senate-section/article/s5355-1|access-date=2021-11-23|website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> It would grant Congress and the States the ability to limit the raising and spending of money in campaigns for public office. It would also grant Congress and the States the ability to distinguish between a [[natural person]] and an artificial entity, such as a corporation. The resolution was introduced in the Senate by Senator [[Tom Udall]] and in the House by Representative [[Ted Deutch]] during both congresses. During the 113th Congress the resolution received 129 co-sponsors in the House (all Democrats), and 48 co-sponsors in the Senate (46 Democrats, 2 Independents). In the Senate, the resolution was never voted on, and in the House, it was sent to the [[United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice|House Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Proposed constitutional amendment to rein in campaign spending fails in Senate|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2014/09/11/proposed-constitutional-amendment-to-rein-in-campaign-spending-fails-in-senate/|access-date=2021-11-23|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

====We The People Amendment====

The We the People Amendment would establish that [[constitutional rights]] are reserved for [[natural persons]] only, that [[Juridical person|artificial entities]] — [[corporations]], [[limited liability companies]], and other [[Incorporation (business)|incorporated entities]] established by the laws of any state, the United States, or any foreign state — have no rights under the Constitution and are subject to [[Regulation (law)|regulation]] through [[Law of the United States|federal]], [[State law (United States)|state]], or [[Local ordinance|local law]], and further establishes that [[Privilege (legal ethics)|privileges]] of such entities cannot be construed as [[Inalienable right|inherent or inalienable]]. It would require [[Federal government of the United States|federal]], [[State governments of the United States|state]], and [[Local government in the United States|local governments]] to regulate, limit, or prohibit [[Campaign finance|political contributions or expenditures]], including those made by a candidate, and would require any permissible political contributions and expenditures to be publicly disclosed. It would also prohibit the [[Judiciary|courts]] from construing the spending of money to influence elections as a form of protected speech under the [[First Amendment of the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] or from holding that the amendment would abridge the [[Freedom of the press in the United States|freedom of the press]].

=== CFR28 ===
CFR28 is a proposed constitutional amendment designed to deliver campaign finance reform without infringing on free speech. It claims to do this using two primary provisions.

First, CFR28 restricts candidate funding to consist of small citizen contributions and public financing. These citizen contribution limits are set biannually at one percent of the median annual income of all Americans (currently less than $400), so limits adjust with inflation. However, these limited contributions can be supplemented or displaced by Congress or State Legislatures.

Second, to overcome the ''[[Citizens United v. FEC]]'' decision that equated money spent on political speech with the speech itself (thus giving such spending First Amendment protection), CFR28 specifically targets independent political advertising for elimination. It does this by defining advertising as uninvited media that costs more than the limit mentioned above. This definition still allows unlimited spending on news, commentary and entertainment about candidates, but the audience will only see such media if they choose to after being told who is sponsoring it. All other speech about candidates is unlimited.

CFR28 further claims to prevent foreign influence on American elections because foreign sponsored media will not be able to hide among messaging from domestic super PACs since super PAC advertising will be eliminated.

At almost two pages and the first amendment with subsections, CFR28 is longer than other proposed constitutional amendments on campaign finances as it attempts to eliminate loopholes and provide some implementation provisions.

As a loophole example, CFR28 disallows any funding source not authorized under CFR28 to eliminate all corporate funding and nullifying the [[Buckley v. Valeo]] decision, which allows candidates themselves to spend unlimited personal funds on their campaigns. And by preventing donors from giving to candidates outside their voting district or state (except for the President), it also voids the decision in [[McCutcheon v. FEC]] which allowed citizens to contribute to an unlimited number of candidates around the country.

CFR28's implementing provisions include preventing subsidies and interference in citizen choices to help candidates, and allows unlimited volunteering for candidates. It also has reporting requirements and mandates that Congress enact relevant laws "''to ensure manifold commitment to the integrity of American democracy''" in order to compel networks and social media to cooperate.

In addition to providing the text of the proposed constitutional amendment, the CFR28.org web site<ref>[https://campaignfinancereform.org CFR28 Web Site]</ref> explains it line-by-line both in writing and through several videos. It also includes a blog on related topics.

=== Redefining ''Quid Pro Quo'' ===
A different approach would allow private contributions as they currently are; however it would severely penalize those who gain substantive, material favors in exchange for their contributions and those who grant such favors in exchange for receiving contributions. Thus new limitations would not be imposed on what one can give—but rather on what one can get in return. (Needless to say, if such additional limitations could be introduced, many of the special interests would contribute much less than they currently do, and the effects of the remaining contributions would be much less corrupting). Currently quid pro quo is considered a bribery only if the person who provided material incentives to a public official explicitly tied those on receiving a specific favor in return.<ref>For more discussion, see MCCUTCHEON ET AL. v. FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION. 572 U. S. ____ (2014)</ref>

=== Maine Question One (2024) ===
{{Main|2024 Maine Question 1}}

Maine Question 1, also known as the Limit Contributions to Super PACs Initiative, was a citizen-initiated referendum on the November 5, 2024 ballot that sought to limit contributions to super PACs to $5,000. The measure passed overwhelmingly with 74.9% voter approval, carrying every municipality in Maine except two.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-08 |title=A voter-approved Maine limit on PAC contributions sets the stage for a legal challenge |url=https://apnews.com/article/maine-referendum-super-pac-donation-limits-dccfd8f49c4337b1d9e7053a0e3a4fef |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

The initiative was designed to challenge the legal framework established by [[Campaign finance in the United States#Citizens United v. FEC (2010) and SpeechNOW.org v. FEC (2010)|''SpeechNow.org v. FEC'' (2010)]], a [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Circuit Court]] decision that declared limits on contributions to PACs unconstitutional, but which has never been reviewed by the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alschuler |first=Albert |last2=Tribe |first2=Laurence |last3=Eisen |first3=Norman |last4=Painter |first4=Richard |date=2018-04-01 |title=Why Limits on Contributions to Super PACs Should Survive Citizens United |url=https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol86/iss5/2 |journal=Fordham Law Review |volume=86 |issue=5 |pages=2299}}</ref>

Following the initiative’s passage, two super PACs sued to block enforcement of the law, citing ''SpeechNow''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinner Table Action v. Schneider, 25-1705 - CourtListener.com |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/71030880/dinner-table-action-v-schneider/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=CourtListener |language=en-us}}</ref> In July 2025, a federal judge ruled in their favor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Kevin |date=2025-07-15 |title=Federal judge blocks Maine's voter-approved law capping donations to super PACs |url=https://www.mainepublic.org/politics/2025-07-15/federal-judge-blocks-maines-voter-approved-law-capping-donations-to-super-pacs |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Maine Public |language=en}}</ref> The case, ''Dinner Table Action v. Schneider'', is now on appeal to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|First Circuit Court of Appeals]], with the Maine Attorney General and the advocacy organization [[Equal Citizens]] defending the law.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Emma |date=2025-10-22 |title=Latest filings in campaign finance court battle argue Maine has legal right to regulate super PACs • Maine Morning Star |url=https://mainemorningstar.com/2025/10/22/latest-filings-in-campaign-finance-court-battle-argue-maine-has-legal-right-to-regulate-super-pacs/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Maine Morning Star |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-24 |title=Maine’s effort to limit some political contributions now before federal appeals court |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2025/10/24/maines-effort-to-limit-some-political-contributions-now-before-federal-appeals-court/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=The Portland Press Herald |language=en-US}}</ref> The case is on track to reach the Supreme Court, providing an opportunity for theCourt to rule definitively on whether contribution limits are constitutional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Maine super PAC case could reshape campaign finance rules nationwide - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2025/10/22/nation/super-pac-lessig/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=BostonGlobe.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Should the court overturn ''SpeechNow'', Maine’s contribution limits would take effect, and existing state and federal limits on PAC contributions would be revived.

== ''Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission'' ==
In ''[[Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission]]'', in January 2010, the US Supreme Court ruled that corporations and unions can not constitutionally be prohibited from promoting the election of one candidate over another candidate.<ref name="supremecourt.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/09pdf/08-205.pdf |title=Citizens United v. Federal Election Comm'n |access-date=November 13, 2011 |archive-date=June 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622070029/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/09pdf/08-205.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Ruling ===
[[Anthony Kennedy|Justice Kennedy's]] majority opinion<ref name=autogenerated2>[https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/09pdf/08-205.pdf Syllabus : Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622070029/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/09pdf/08-205.pdf |date=June 22, 2017 }}, Supreme Court of the United States.</ref> found that the BCRA §203 prohibition of all independent expenditures by corporations and unions violated the First Amendment's protection of free speech. The majority wrote, "If the First Amendment has any force, it prohibits Congress from fining or jailing citizens, or associations of citizens, for simply engaging in political speech."

Justice Kennedy's opinion for the majority also noted that since the First Amendment (and the Court) do not distinguish between media and other corporations, these restrictions would allow Congress to suppress political speech in newspapers, books, television and blogs.<ref name="LiptakJan2010">{{Cite news|last=Liptak|first=Adam |title=Justices, 5–4, Reject Corporate Spending Limit |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/22/us/politics/22scotus.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2010-01-21}}</ref> The Court overruled ''[[Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce]]'', 494 U.S. 652 (1990), which had held that a state law that prohibited corporations from using treasury money to support or oppose candidates in elections did not violate the First and Fourteenth Amendments. The Court also overruled that portion of ''[[McConnell v. Federal Election Commission]]'', 540 U.S. 93 (2003), that upheld BCRA's restriction of corporate spending on "electioneering communications". The Court's ruling effectively freed corporations and unions to spend money both on "electioneering communications" and to directly advocate for the election or defeat of candidates (although not to contribute directly to candidates or political parties).

The majority argued that the First Amendment protects associations of individuals as well as individual speakers, and further that the First Amendment does not allow prohibitions of speech based on the identity of the speaker. Corporations, as associations of individuals, therefore have speech rights under the First Amendment.

=== Dissent ===
Justice Stevens, J. wrote, in partial dissent:

{{quote|The basic premise underlying the Court’s ruling is its iteration, and constant reiteration, of the proposition that the First Amendment bars regulatory distinctions based on a speaker’s identity, including its "identity" as a corporation. While that [[glittering generality]] has rhetorical appeal, it is not a correct statement of the law. Nor does it tell us when a corporation may engage in electioneering that some of its shareholders oppose. It does not even resolve the specific question whether Citizens United may be required to finance some of its messages with the money in its PAC. The conceit that corporations must be treated identically to natural persons in the political sphere is not only inaccurate but also inadequate to justify the Court’s disposition of this case.

In the context of election to public office, the distinction between corporate and human speakers is significant. Although they make enormous contributions to our society, corporations are not actually members of it. They cannot vote or run for office. Because they may be managed and controlled by nonresidents, their interests may conflict in fundamental respects with the interests of eligible voters. The financial resources, legal structure, and instrumental orientation of corporations raise legitimate concerns about their role in the electoral process. Our lawmakers have a compelling constitutional basis, if not also a democratic duty, to take measures designed to guard against the potentially deleterious effects of corporate spending in local and national races.<ref name="supremecourt.gov"/>}}

Justice Stevens also wrote: "The Court’s ruling threatens to undermine the integrity of elected institutions across the Nation. The path it has taken to reach its outcome will, I fear, do damage to this institution. Before turning to the question whether to overrule Austin and part of McConnell, it is important to explain why the Court should not be deciding that question."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/09pdf/08-205.pdf |title=Citizens United v. Federal Election Comm'n, page 88 |access-date=November 13, 2011 |archive-date=June 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622070029/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/09pdf/08-205.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Impact on spending ===
{{ multiple image | total_width=550
| image1= Political donations.webp |caption1= Political donations by wealthy individuals
| image2= 2004, 2024 Billionaire donations to political parties.svg |caption2= Political donations from the growing number of billionaires and their immediate families has increased dramatically since 2004, with Republicans receiving a sharp increase in 2024 compared to Democrats.<ref name=NYTimes_20260309>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Mike |last2=Rich |first2=Steven |title=The Scale of Billionaires’ Campaign Donations is Overwhelming U.S. Politics |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/09/us/billionaires-federal-election-campaign-contributions.html |work=The New York Times |date=March 9, 2026 |url-status=live |quote=(In 2024) For every dollar donated by billionaires and their immediate families to a candidate or committee associated with Democrats, five dollars went to Republicans.}}</ref>
}}
The effects of the ruling can be seen in the amount of spending and money raised after this decision. The largest donation from an organization before this ruling was over $14 million just in 2008 with the average around $9 million from 2000 to 2010. Starting in election year 2012, the amount of donations began to increase every election year with the largest donation in 2020 being $167 million from a single organization.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=A 501tax-exempt|first1=OpenSecrets|last2=NW|first2=charitable organization 1300 L. St|last3=Washington|first3=Suite 200|last4=info|first4=DC 20005 telelphone857-0044|title=Who are the Biggest Organization Donors?|url=https://www.opensecrets.org/elections-overview/top-organizations?cycle=2020|access-date=2021-11-23|website=OpenSecrets|language=en}}</ref>

=== Public response ===
Senator McCain, one of the two original sponsors of campaign finance reform, noted after the decisions that "campaign finance reform is dead" – but predicted a voter backlash once it became obvious how much money corporations and unions now could and would pour into campaigns.<ref name="ABC_NEWS">{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory?id=9649150 |title=McCain says campaign finance reform is dead |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |access-date=2010-06-01 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127180259/http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory?id=9649150 |archive-date=January 27, 2010 |df=mdy }} Associated Press via ABC News. January 24, 2010</ref>

In a Washington Post-ABC News poll in early February 2010 it was found that roughly 80% of Americans were opposed to the January 2010 Supreme court's ruling. The poll reveals relatively little difference of opinion on the issue among Democrats (85 percent opposed to the ruling), Republicans (76 percent) and independents (81 percent).<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/17/AR2010021701151.html Poll: Large majority opposes Supreme Court's decision on campaign financing] Associated Press via Yahoo News. February 17, 2010</ref> In response to the ruling, a grassroots, bipartisan group called [[Move to Amend]] was created to garner support for a constitutional amendment overturning [[corporate personhood]] and declaring that money is not speech.<ref name="Move to Amend">{{cite web | url=http://movetoamend.org/ | title=Move to Amend | publisher=Move to Amend | access-date=December 26, 2011}}</ref>

== ''McCutcheon et al. v. Federal Election Commission'' ==
On April 2, 2014, the Supreme Court issued a 5–4 ruling that the 1971 FECA's aggregate limits restricting how much money a donor may contribute in total to all candidates or committees violated the First Amendment. The controlling opinion was written by Chief Justice Roberts, and joined by Justices Scalia, Alito and Kennedy; Justice Thomas concurred in the judgment but wrote separately to argue that ''all'' limits on contributions were unconstitutional. Justice Breyer filed a dissenting opinion, joined by Justices Ginsburg, Kagan and Sotomayor.<ref>[https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/13pdf/12-536_e1pf.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702021620/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/13pdf/12-536_e1pf.pdf|date=July 2, 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Campaign finance in the United States]]
* [[Publicly funded elections]]
* [[Democracy Matters]]
* [[Electoral reform in the United States]]
* [[Jeff Kurzon]]
* [[Money loop]]
* [[Pacific scandal]]

==References==
* {{cite book |last1= Ackerman |first1= Bruce |author-link1= Bruce Ackerman |last2= Ayres |first2= Ian |author-link2= Ian Ayres |title= Voting with Dollars |year= 2002 |publisher= Yale U. Pr. |isbn= 978-0300092622 |url= https://archive.org/details/votingwithdollar00acke }}
* Basham, Patrick and Dennis Polhill (June 30, 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100120154753/http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=3941 "Uncompetitive Elections and the American Political System."] Cato Institute
* {{cite journal |title=A Bad Day for Democracy |journal=The Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2010/0122/Supreme-Court-s-campaign-ruling-a-bad-day-for-democracy| access-date=January 22, 2010 |date=2010-01-22 }}
* {{cite web |title=Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act |work=The Campaign Finance Institute |url=http://www.cfinst.org/eguide/shays.html | access-date=August 3, 2005 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050317200121/http://www.cfinst.org/eguide/shays.html  |archive-date = March 17, 2005}}
* [https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4365524,00.html "BP stops paying political parties"], March 2002
* [[Cato Institute]] (2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100114110754/http://www.cato.org/pubs/handbook/hb111/hb111-9.pdf Chapter 9, Cato Handbook for Policymakers], 7th Edition.
* {{cite book
|editor1-first= Anthony |editor1-last= Corrado
|editor2-first=David B. |editor2-last=Magleby |editor2-link=David Magleby
|editor3-first=Kelly D. |editor3-last=Patterson |editor3-link=Kelly D. Patterson
|title=Financing the 2004 Election |year= 2006
|publisher=The Brookings Institution |isbn=978-0-8157-5439-8}}
* {{cite web |title=The Federal Election Campaign Laws: A Short History |work=Federal Election Commission |url=http://www.fec.gov/info/appfour.htm |access-date=August 3, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050730082922/http://www.fec.gov/info/appfour.htm |archive-date=July 30, 2005 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}
* Hoersting, Stephen M. (April 3, 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100119061115/http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=6326 "Free Speech and the 527 Prohibition."] Cato Institute
* {{cite book |last= Lessig |first= Lawrence |author-link= Lawrence Lessig |title= Republic, Lost: How Money Corrupts Congress – and a Plan to Stop It |url= https://archive.org/details/republiclosthowm00less_0 |year= 2011 |publisher= Twelve |isbn= 978-0-446-57643-7 }}
* {{cite book
|editor1-first= David
|editor1-last= Magleby
|editor1-link= David Magleby
|editor2-first= Quin
|editor2-last= Monson
|title= The Last Hurrah? Soft Money and Issue Advocacy in the 2002 Congressional Elections
|url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780815754374
|year= 2002
|isbn= 978-0-8157-5436-7
|access-date= May 23, 2013
|publisher= Brookings Institution
|df= mdy-all
}}
* {{cite web|title=Public Funding of Presidential Elections |work=Federal Election Commission |url=http://www.fec.gov/pages/brochures/pubfund.shtml |access-date=August 3, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222110433/http://www.cfinst.org/pr/111005.html |archive-date=February 22, 2006 |df=mdy }}
* {{cite book |author=Smith, Bradley |title=Unfree Speech: The Folly of Campaign Finance Reform |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-691-11369-2 |author-link=Bradley A. Smith |url=https://archive.org/details/unfreespeech00brad }}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Prone to spam|date=February 2016}}

{{U.S. political divisions electoral reform|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Campaign Finance Reform}}
[[Category:Campaign finance reform in the United States| ]]

Saifuddin Kitchlew

2026-03-06T07:05:22Z

Serzohe: fixes

{{short description|Indian revolutionary and politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saifuddin Kitchlew
| image =Saifuddin Kitchlew 1989 stamp of India.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1888|01|15}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1963|10|09|1888|01|15}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Independence activist, politician
}}

'''Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew''' (15 January 1888 – 9 October 1963) was an Indian [[Indian independence movement|independence activist]], [[barrister]], politician and later a leader of the [[World Peace Council|peace movement]]. A member of [[Indian National Congress]], he first became [[Punjab Provincial Congress Committee|Punjab Provincial Congress Committee (Punjab PCC)]] head and later the [[All India Congress Committee#General Secretary|General Secretary]] of the [[All India Congress Committee]] in 1924. He is most remembered for the protests in Punjab after the implementation of [[Rowlatt Act]] in March 1919, after which on 10 April, he and another leader [[Satyapal]], were secretly sent to [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]]. A public protest rally against their arrest and that of [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]], on 13 April 1919 at [[Jallianwala Bagh]], [[Amritsar]], led to the infamous [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]].<ref name="ti">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060126/aplus.htm#1|title=From the Land of Paradise to the Holy City|date=26 January 2006|work=The Tribune|archive-date=6 January 2019|access-date=23 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106052537/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060126/aplus.htm#1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Gilani2019>{{Cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/376839/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-of-1919-and-kashmir-connection/|title=Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919 and Kashmir Connection|last=Nazir Gilani|first=Syed|date=14 April 2019|website=Daily Times|language=en-US|access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref><ref name=ma>{{cite book|last=Mahmud|first=Sayed Jafar |title=Pillars of modern India, 1757-1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8XPyBqxwX8C&pg=PA40|year=1994|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=81-7024-586-9|page=40}}</ref> He was also a founding member of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]. He was awarded the [[Stalin Peace Prize]] (now known as [[Lenin Peace Prize]]) in 1952.<ref name="BSE2E">{{cite book|title=Great Soviet Encyclopedia.|publisher=Sovetskaya Enciklopediya|edition=2nd|pages=vol. 24, p. 366|year=1953|location=Moscow|language=ru|no-pp=true}}</ref>

==Early life==
Saifuddin Kitchlew was born on January 15, 1888 in [[Amritsar]], in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]] into a [[Kashmiris in Punjab|Kashmiri Muslim]] family<ref name="Sharma2019">{{cite web |date=October 9, 2019 |last=Sharma |first=Unnati |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/saifuddin-kitchlew-freedom-fighter-hero-jallianwala-bagh/302658/ |url-status=live |access-date=July 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127143738/https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/saifuddin-kitchlew-freedom-fighter-hero-jallianwala-bagh/302658/ |archive-date=November 27, 2019 |title=Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew, the freedom fighter who is hailed as the hero of Jallianwala Bagh |publisher=[[The Print]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=April 14, 2022 |last=Sen Gupta |first=Abhijit |url=https://www.siasat.com/remembering-kitchlew-and-satyapal-on-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-anniversary-2308403/ |url-status=live |access-date=July 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414073812/https://www.siasat.com/remembering-kitchlew-and-satyapal-on-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-anniversary-2308403/ |archive-date=April 14, 2022 |title=Remembering Kitchlew and Satyapal on Jallianwala Bagh massacre anniversary |publisher=[[The Siasat Daily]] |language=en }}</ref> of the [[Kichlu|Kitchlew]] clan, to parents Azizuddin Kitchlew and Dan Bibi. His father owned a [[pashmina]] and [[saffron]] trading business and originally belonged to a [[Kashmiri Pandit|Brahmin]] family of [[Baramulla]], who had [[Kashmiri Muslim tribes from Hindu lineage|converted]] to [[Islam]] from [[Hinduism]]. His ancestor, Prakash Ram Kitchlew, had converted to Islam and his grandfather, Ahmed Jo migrated from Kashmir to Punjab in the mid-19th century after the Kashmir famine of 1871.<ref name="ti"/>

Kitchlew went to Islamia High School in Amritsar, later obtaining a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] from [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]], and a [[Ph.D.]] from a German university, before practising law in India.<ref name="ti"/><ref name=to/>

==Career==
On his return Kitchlew established his legal practice in Amritsar, and soon came in contact with Gandhi. In 1919, he was elected the Municipal Commissioner of the city of Amritsar. He took part in the [[Satyagraha]] ([[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|Non-cooperation]]) movement and soon left his practice to join the [[Indian independence movement]], as well as the [[All India Khilafat Committee]].<ref name="ti"/><ref name=ma/>

==Political career==

===Jallianwala Bagh===
[[File:Saif-ud-Din Kitchlew 1919.jpg|thumb|Saif-ud-Din Kitchlew<ref>Mohan, Pearay. (1920) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.15881/page/n3 ''An Imaginary Rebellion'']. Lahore: Khosla Bros. p. 113.</ref>]]
{{main article|Timeline of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre}}
Kitchlew was first exposed to [[Indian nationalism]] after public outcry over the [[Rowlatt Acts]]. Kitchlew was arrested with Gandhi and Dr. [[Satyapal]] for leading protests in Punjab against the legislation.{{clarify|date=March 2026}} To protest the arrest of the trio, a public meeting had gathered at the [[Jallianwala Bagh]], when General [[Reginald Dyer]] and his troops fired upon the unarmed, civilian crowd. Thousands were killed, and Thousands were injured. This act was the worst case of [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|civilian massacre]] since the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and riots broke out throughout the [[Punjab region|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/Killing-field/articleshow/2256071.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811070001/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-08-05/special-report/27962650_1_rowlatt-act-narrow-lane-light-and-sound-show|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Killing field|date=5 August 2007|first1=Ronojoy|work=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Sen}}</ref>

===Political mainstream===
Kitchlew rose in the Congress Party, heading its Punjab unit before rising to the post of [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] General Secretary, an important executive position in 1924. Kitchlew was also the chairman of the reception committee of the Congress session in [[Lahore]] in 1929–30, where on 26 January 1930, the Indian National Congress declared Indian independence and inaugurated an era of civil disobedience and revolution aimed to achieve full independence.

Kithclew was a founding leader of the [[Naujawan Bharat Sabha]] (Indian Youth Congress), which rallied hundreds of thousands of students and young Indians to nationalist causes. He was a member of the Foundation Committee of Jamia Millia Islamia, which met on 29 October 1920 and led to the foundation of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] University.<ref name="qawmi">{{Cite book|title=Qawmi Taleemi Tehreek|trans-title=National Educational Movement |author=Shamsur Rahman Mohsini |location=Delhi |publisher=Maktaba Jamia |edition=2012|isbn=978-81-7587-788-7|page=19}}</ref><ref name="jm">{{cite web|url=http://www.jmi.ac.in/HistoryofJamia.htm|title=History of Jamia: Foundation|publisher=[[Jamia Millia Islamia]] website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416203919/http://www.jmi.ac.in/HistoryofJamia.htm|archive-date=16 April 2010}}</ref>

He started an [[Urdu]] daily ''Tanzim'' and was instrumental in the establishment of ''Swaraj Ashram'' in January 1921 at Amritsar to train young men for national work and to promote [[Hindu-Muslim unity]]. Throughout the 1930-1934 struggles, Kitchlew was repeatedly arrested, and in all spent fourteen years behind bars.

Kitchlew supported a [[composite nationalism|united Indian nationalism]] against British colonial rule and [[Opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]], holding that a divided India would weaken Muslims, both economically and politically.<ref name="Sharma2019"/>

==Post-independence==
Kitchlew was opposed to the [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]]'s demand for Pakistan and later in the 1940s became President of the Punjab Congress Committee. In 1947 he strongly [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the acceptance of the Partition of India]]. He spoke out against it at public meetings across the country, and at the All India Congress Committee session that ultimately voted for the resolution. He called it a blatant ''"surrender of nationalism for communalism"''. Some years after partition and Independence, he left the Congress. He moved closer to the [[Communist Party of India]]. He was the founder president of the All-India Peace Council and remained President of 4th Congress of All-India Peace Council, held at Madras in 1954, besides remaining Vice President of the [[World Peace Council]].<ref name=ma/>

Kitchlew moved to [[Delhi]] after his house burnt down during the [[partition of India]] riots of 1947, spending the rest of his life working for closer political and diplomatic relations with the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]. He received the [[Stalin Peace Prize]] in 1952. In 1951, a Government Act made him, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and [[Abul Kalam Azad|Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], life trustees of the Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/new-law-likely-to-keep-cong-place-on-jallianwala-bagh-trust/8934/|title=New law likely to keep Cong place on Jallianwala Bagh trust|date=21 July 2006|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

He died on 9 October 1963, survived by a son, [[Toufique Kitchlew]], who lives in a Lampur village on the outskirts of Delhi, and five daughters. While four of his daughters married men from Pakistan, one daughter, Zahida Kitchlew, was married to the South Indian music director [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] who worked mainly in [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film industries.<ref name="ti"/><ref name=to>{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/ousted-by-amritsar-for-his-religion-freedom-fighters-son-counts-days-in-capital-to-return-home/498080/|title=Ousted by Amritsar for his religion, freedom fighter's son counts days in Capital — to return 'home'|date=5 August 2009|work=The Indian Express|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005150820/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/ousted-by-amritsar-for-his-religion-freedom-fighters-son-counts-days-in-capital-to-return-home/498080/|archive-date=5 October 2012}}</ref>

==Legacy==
A colony in [[Ludhiana]], Punjab, popularly called Kitchlu Nagar, is named after him. ''[[India Post]]'' released a special commemorative stamp featuring him in 1989. The [[Jamia Millia Islamia|Jamia Milia Islamia]] created a Saifuddin Kitchlew Chair at the MMAJ Academy of Third world Studies in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jmi.ac.in/press/press2009/pr_2009feb20.htm|title=JMI PRESS RELEASE|date=19 February 2009|publisher=Jamia Milia Islamia website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719224903/http://www.jmi.ac.in/press/press2009/pr_2009feb20.htm|archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> Kitchlu Chowk in Amritsar, at the intersection of Mall Road and Court Road, is named after him; there is a small bust on a pillar at the intersection.

==See also==

* [[Indian Independence Movement]], [[Indian Nationalism]], [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[Composite nationalism]]
* [[Amritsar Massacre]], [[Salt Satyagraha]], [[Partition of India]]
* Dr [[Syed Mahmud]], [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]], [[Maulana Azad]], [[Abbas Tyabji]], [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]], [[Asaf Ali]], [[Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* ''Freedom fighter: The story of Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew'', by F. Z. Kichlew. New Horizon, 1979. {{ISBN|0-86116-126-2}}.
* ''Saifuddin Kitchlew: hero of Jallianwala Bagh'' (National Biography), by [[Toufique Kitchlew]]. National Book Trust, India, 1987.
* ''Selected works and speeches of Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew'', Ed. [[Toufique Kitchlew]]. 1999.
* ''Luminous Life Of Saifuddin Kitchlew'', by Shyam Dua. Tiny Tots Publication, 2004. {{ISBN|81-7573-818-9}}.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kitchlew, Dr. Saifuddin}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian barristers]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia]]
[[Category:Politicians from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Stalin Peace Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Founders of Jamia Millia Islamia]]
[[Category:Presidents of Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]

Intellectual property in India

2026-03-06T01:34:13Z

Serzohe: enhance intro additionally and improved wording

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
'''Intellectual property in India''' refers to the patents, copyrights and other intangible assets in India.

India's colonial history has significantly influenced its intellectual property (IP) laws. During [[British Raj|British rule]], India adopted several legal frameworks based on British laws, including those related to intellectual property. The first copyright law in India, for example, was the Copyright Act of 1847, which was essentially an extension of the British [[Copyright Act 1842]].

After gaining [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence in 1947]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1947 Indian Independence Act |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/collections1/collections2/1947-indian-independence-act/ |access-date=18 February 2024 |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221071113/https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/collections1/collections2/1947-indian-independence-act/ |url-status=live }}</ref> India began to develop its own legal systems and policies, but the foundation laid during the colonial period continued to shape its approach to intellectual property.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saikia |first=Nandita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3H1gDwAAQBAJ |title=Art and Indian Copyright Law: A Statutory Reading |date=2015-02-17 |publisher=. |pages=4 |language=en}}</ref> The Indian Patent Act of 1970 and the Copyright Act of 1957, for example, were influenced by earlier British laws but were modified to suit India's socio-economic needs and priorities.

India's colonial history also influenced its approach to IP in terms of balancing the rights of creators with the needs of the public. The emphasis on access to knowledge and affordable medicines, for example, can be traced back to the colonial experience of dealing with monopolies and restrictive practices.<ref>{{Cite journal |last='t Hoen |first=Ellen |date=2002-04-01 |title=TRIPS, Pharmaceutical Patents, and Access to Essential Medicines: A Long Way From Seattle to Doha |url=https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol3/iss1/6 |journal=Chicago Journal of International Law |volume=3 |issue=1 |issn=1529-0816 |access-date=18 February 2024 |archive-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218180800/https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol3/iss1/6/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Government Policy==
Indian government approved its [[National Intellectual Property Rights Policy|first Intellectual Property Rights Policy]] in May 2016.<ref>{{citation |title=Cabinet approves Intellectual Property Rights policy |url=http://thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-approves-national-intellectual-property-rights-policy/article8594387.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |archive-date=13 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513095125/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-approves-national-intellectual-property-rights-policy/article8594387.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Laws==

===Copyrights===
{{Main|Copyright law of India}}

The "Copyright Act, 1957" (as amended by the Copyright Amendment Act 2012) governs the subject of copyright law in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Copyright Office |url=https://copyright.gov.in/ |access-date=18 February 2024 |archive-date=13 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613112652/http://www.copyright.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The history of copyright law in India can be traced back to its colonial era under the [[British Empire]].<ref>Arul George Scaria, Piracy in the Indian Film Industry: Copyright and Cultural Consonance (Cambridge University Press 2014) 47-53</ref> The Copyright Act, 1957 was the first post-independence copyright legislation in India and the law has been amended six times since 1957.<ref>Jatindra Kumar Das, Law of Copyright (PHI Learning Private Ltd. 2015) 88</ref> The most recent amendment was in the year 2012, through the Copyright (Amendment) Act 2012.<ref>http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=13230 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070922/http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=13230 |date=4 March 2016 }} ([[WIPO Lex]])</ref>

===Trademarks===
{{Main|Indian trademark law}}

"Indian trademark law" statutorily protects [[trademarks]] as per the Trademark Act, 1999 and also under the [[common law]] remedy of [[passing off]].<ref name=narayanan>{{cite book|last=Narayanan|first=P.|title=Law of Trade Marks and Passing off|year=2004|publisher=Eastern Law House|location=Kolkata|isbn=9788171772322|edition=6th|page=3}}</ref> Statutory protection of trademark is administered by the [[Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks]], a government agency which reports to the [[Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion (India)|Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion]] (DIPP), under the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dipp.gov.in/|title=DIPP under Ministry of Commerce and Industry|access-date=23 February 2019|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730092936/https://dipp.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Patents ===
{{Main|Indian Patent Office}}
The Patents Act, 1970<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipindia.gov.in/history-of-indian-patent-system.htm|title=History of Indian Patent System | About Us | Intellectual Property India | Government of India|website=www.ipindia.gov.in|access-date=18 February 2024|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929144600/https://ipindia.gov.in/history-of-indian-patent-system.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> was brought into force on 20 April 1972, and further amendments were carried in 1999, 2002 and 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pharmatutor.org/articles/ammendments-patent-act-1999-2002-2005-overview-comparison|title=AMMENDMENTS IN PATENT ACT- 1999, 2002 AND 2005- OVERVIEW AND COMPARISON|website=PharmaTutor|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-date=26 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226122050/http://www.pharmatutor.org/articles/ammendments-patent-act-1999-2002-2005-overview-comparison|url-status=live}}</ref> The Patent Rules, 2003 was introduced along with the Patent Act (amendment), 2002 on 20 May 2003,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/legislation/details/7620|title=WIPOLex|website=wipolex.wipo.int|access-date=2019-03-17|archive-date=2 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202122709/https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/legislation/details/7620|url-status=live}}</ref> and recent amendments were carried in 2016, and 2017. The Patents (Amendment) Rules 2016 mainly focused on expediting the grant process, benefits to startup, and increase in official fees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/IPORule/1_42_1_Patent__Amendment_Rules_2016_16May2016.pdf|title=The Patents (Amendment) Rules 2016|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-date=23 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223074321/http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/IPORule/1_42_1_Patent__Amendment_Rules_2016_16May2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
Patent filing has increased drastically, with over 138,000 patents filed between 2015–21, with over 85,000 filed in emerging technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Survey 2022-23 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/echapter.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311124449/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/echapter.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2023}}</ref>
There is a growing space of research literature about the Indian Patent regime, for example, in the context of how the working of pharmaceutical patents remains low in India, and how the Form 27 amendment does not sync with the reality of how it brings quality to Indian patents.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/journals/qmjip/14/4/article-p374.xml |title=Tania Sebastian and Nancy Sebastian, Local Working of Pharmaceutical patents in India: an empirical exploration into its determinants, 14 (4), Queen Mary Journal of IP, 2024 |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref>

==Authority==

The Intellectual Property India is administered by the Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks (CGPDTM). This is a subordinate office of the [[Government of India]] and administers the Indian law of Patents, Designs, Trade Marks and Geographical Indications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/about-us.htm|title=About Us {{!}} Intellectual Property India|website=www.ipindia.nic.in|access-date=2019-02-23|archive-date=24 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224062430/http://www.ipindia.nic.in/about-us.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Economic Effects of Intellectual Property Reform==

The economic effects of intellectual property reform in India is a complex subject area, and would require a separate detailed article. A beginning may be made by referring to Sunil Kanwar and Stefan Sperlich (2020),<ref>Kanwar, Sunil & Stefan Sperlich, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00181-019-01707-3</ref> who study the effect of intellectual property reform on technological advancement and productivity increases in manufacturing industry in the emerging market context of India.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]

{{India-law-stub}}

David Wanklyn

2026-03-05T14:27:21Z

Serzohe: small fix

{{Short description|Royal Navy submarine commander}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox military person
|name = Malcolm David Wanklyn
|image = David Wanklyn VC IWM A 7293.jpg
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption = Wanklyn (left) with his [[first lieutenant]] and senior engineer J. R. D. Drummond (right), 13 January 1942{{efn|Drummond was later lost in command of [[HMS Sickle (P224)|HMS ''Sickle'']].<ref>Allaway 2004, p. 140.</ref>}}
|nickname = ''Wanks''
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1911|06|28}}
|birth_place = [[Calcutta]], British India
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1942|04|14|1911|06|28}}
|death_place = [[Mediterranean Sea]]
|placeofburial =
|allegiance = United Kingdom
|branch = [[Royal Navy]]
|serviceyears = 1925–1942
|rank = [[Lieutenant Commander]]
|servicenumber =
|unit = [[Royal Navy Submarine Service]]
|commands = {{HMS|Upholder|P37|6}} (1940–42) {{HMS|H31}} (1940)
|battles = [[Second World War]]
* [[Battle of the Mediterranean]]
** [[Siege of Malta (World War II)|Siege of Malta]]
** [[Operation Excess]]
** [[Operation Substance]]
** [[Battle of the Duisburg Convoy]]
|awards = [[Victoria Cross]] [[Distinguished Service Order]] & [[Medal bar|Two Bars]]
|relations =
|laterwork =
}}
[[Lieutenant Commander]] '''Malcolm David Wanklyn''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100|sep=,|VC|DSO2}} (28 June 1911 – missing in action 14 April 1942) was a [[Royal Navy]] commander and one of the most successful submariners in the [[Western Allies|Western Allied]] navies during the [[Second World War]]. Wanklyn and his crew sank 16 enemy vessels.

Born in 1911 to an affluent family in [[Kolkata]], [[British India]], Wanklyn was influenced into a military career at a young age. His father was a successful businessman and engineer who served in the [[British Army]] in the [[First World War]] and his uncle was a [[destroyer]] commander who had a successful war fighting German [[U-boats]] in the [[Battle of the Atlantic (1914-1918)|First Battle of the Atlantic]].

Wanklyn developed a seafaring interest at the age of five and applied to join the Royal Navy aged 14. Despite some physical ailments, he was able to pass the selection boards. He progressed as [[commissioned officer]] fairly quickly and by 1931 had been promoted to [[sub-lieutenant]] and lieutenant two years later in 1933. After serving on a variety of surface ships, he joined the [[Royal Navy Submarine Service|submarine service]].

After the outbreak of the [[Second World War]], Wanklyn was given command of {{HMS|H31}} which he commanded from February until August 1940. Wanklyn sailed on patrol in the [[North Sea]], during which he sank one vessel. In August 1940 he was given command of newly commissioned {{HMS|Upholder|P37|6}}. In December 1940 the submarine was reassigned to the [[Mediterranean]]. Wanklyn began the first of his patrols in January 1941 and remained on operations in the [[Battle of the Mediterranean]] for the remainder of his career.

During 15 months of operations, Wanklyn led ''Upholder'' on 27 patrols and sank 11 [[Axis powers|Axis]] [[Cargo ship|merchant]] and [[troopship]]s while damaging four more. During his combat career he fought many actions with ''[[Regia Marina]]'' (Italian Navy) warships. He sank one destroyer and one [[minesweeper]], and damaged a [[light cruiser]]. In a rare achievement, he also sank three Italian submarines. It amounted to 128,353 tons of [[Axis powers|enemy shipping]].<ref>Hart 2008, p. 161.</ref> For the sinking of the heavily defended enemy transport [[SS Conte Rosso|SS ''Conte Rosso'']] without working [[Asdic]], he received the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be bestowed upon personnel in the British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

On 14 April 1942, while on his 28th patrol, Wanklyn and his crew disappeared. He was posted [[missing in action]]. His exact fate remains unknown. Research suggests ''Upholder'' was sunk by a combination of an Italian warship and German aircraft. In 1986 the Royal Navy launched another submarine of the same name. The [[Upholder/Victoria-class submarine]] [[HMCS Chicoutimi (SSK 879)|HMS ''Upholder'']] served until 1994 when it was transferred to the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] as HMCS ''Chicoutimi''. It remains operational.

==Early life and family==
David Wanklyn's parents were William Lumb Wanklyn and Marjorie Wanklyn. His father was English and his mother's parents were Irish. As a young man Wanklyn preferred to be thought of as [[Scottish people|Scottish]]. He spent his formative years in Scotland and developed a close affinity for the country and people. He learned to [[Shooting|shoot]] and practice his fishing skills while living there.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 14–18.</ref>

Wanklyn's father was born in [[Argentina]] and brought up in [[Ayrshire]], Scotland. His ancestors had moved to Argentina in the 19th century. His maternal grandfather was managing director of the [[Mercantile]] Bank of the [[Río de la Plata|River Plate]] until its collapse in 1875. His grandfather, Frederick, died soon afterwards and his grandmother Elizabeth discovered his estate had been mismanaged. Left destitute, she headed back to England with her eight children including William. Ill-fortune struck again during their return when the vessel in which they were travelling, the [[Royal Mail Steam Packet Company]], ''Boyne'', ran aground on Friday 13 August on the rocks off the Isle of Molene, near [[Brest, France]]. The family lost most of their belongings.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 14–18.</ref>
[[File:Delhi Durbar, 1911.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|left|The Delhi Durbar of 1911, with King George V and Queen Mary seated upon the dais.]]
With little money, his mother sent William to one of the family's many connections. He was adopted by a wealthy [[Manchester]] businessman who relocated him to the family's Ayrshire residence. He attended [[Marlborough College]] and qualified as an engineer. He married Marjorie Josephine Rawson in 1906. At 21 she was 14 years his junior. Eventually they moved to [[India]]. William was appointed chief engineer of the Port Engineering Company based near [[Calcutta]]. During this time they travelled around the Far East and North America generating business contacts.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 14–18.</ref>

On 28 June 1911 their third son, Malcolm "David" Wanklyn was born in [[Kolkata]], India. He had two brothers Peter (b. 1907), Patrick (b. 1915), and two sisters, Nancy (b. 1917—died of [[meningitis]] on her first birthday) and Nancy (b. 1924). The Wanklyns quickly became wealthy and by the time of David's birth they were at the height of their material and social success. In 1911 they were invited to the [[Delhi Durbar]], attended by [[King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]].<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 14–18.</ref>

When the [[First World War]] broke out in 1914 William Wanklyn joined the [[Calcutta Light Horse]]. He served on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] until 1915 when he returned home to the [[commissioned officer]] rank of major in the [[Royal Engineers]]. When he was only six, David Wanklyn became enamoured with the sea. At this age he first met his uncle, his mother's brother. Lieutenant Alec Anderson was serving in the [[Royal Navy]]. He had commanded a [[destroyer]], and during a convoy escort operation he had rammed and sunk a German [[U-boat]] off the coast of Ireland. His crippled ship was towed into [[Newport, County Tipperary|Newport]] for repairs, and he used the opportunity to visit his sister and nephew in Scotland. The meeting had a profound effect upon David, who was deeply impressed by his exploits. Alec survived the war, but not the [[1918 flu pandemic]].<ref>Allaway 2004, p. 20.</ref>

Wanklyn became a keen sailor and angler and was particularly fond of shooting. He was also an accomplished musician. In his teenage years, his uncle's stories were still vivid and Wanklyn's desires still lay with a naval career. He attended Parkfield Preparatory School in [[Haywards Heath]], Sussex. Academically he excelled, although he was shy and a loner, and had a propensity to avoid team games. Nevertheless, his intellectual approach to his studies won him respect amongst his fellow students and made him a popular individual.<ref>Allaway 2004, p. 20.</ref>

==Royal Navy==
In 1925 he applied to join the [[Royal Navy]]. During the selection board process it was discovered he was [[Color blindness|colour blind]]. This congenital disorder would normally have ended his career. Fortunately the chief medical officer was a patient man and coached him to differentiate between what he was seeing and what was a congenital illusion. He passed the written examinations and negotiated the [[Admiralty Interview Board]]. In 1925, he entered [[Britannia Royal Naval College|Dartmouth Naval College]].<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 22–23.</ref>

He was assigned as a [[midshipman]] on 1 May 1929 after finishing top of his class in five subjects. In 1930 he was assigned to the [[battleship]] [[HMS Marlborough (1912)|''Marlborough'']], part of the Third Battle Squadron; and the following year to the [[battlecruiser]] {{HMS|Renown|1916|2}} in September 1931 on which he served with fellow midshipman, and future [[vice admiral]], [[Peter Gretton]]. While serving in the ship, Wanklyn was promoted to acting [[sub-lieutenant]], the equivalent of an army [[second lieutenant]]. He was promoted sub-lieutenant on 1 January 1932.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33887 |date=29 November 1932 |startpage=7587 |accessdate=15 August 2015 }}</ref> Soon afterwards he moved to the [[Naval artillery|naval gunnery]] school—[[HMS Excellent (shore establishment)|HMS ''Excellent'']]—at [[Whale Island, Hampshire|Whale Island]], [[Portsmouth]] to learn more about naval [[navigation]] to qualify for his second ring at the rank of lieutenant. In February 1933 he moved to [[HMS Dolphin (shore establishment)|HMS ''Dolphin'']]<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 26–27, 29.</ref> and was promoted lieutenant on 1 February 1933.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33980 |date= 22 September 1933|startpage=6151 |accessdate=15 August 2015 }}</ref>

===Submarine service===
After attending promotion courses in 1932 he joined the [[Royal Navy Submarine Service]] the following spring, 1933. He served at [[Gosport]] and undertook intensive training on [[submarine]]s. In September he served in the submarine {{HMS|Oberon|P21|2}} which was part of the [[Mediterranean Fleet (United Kingdom)|Mediterranean Fleet]]. It was his first appointment as a submariner. In 1934 he accompanied his new post on trips around the Mediterranean. Visits to [[Gibraltar]], [[Malta]], [[Algeria]], France and Italy followed. In October 1934 he transferred to [[HMS L56|HMS ''L56'']] based with the rest of the 6th Submarine Flotilla at [[Portsmouth]]. Wanklyn spent a year on board before becoming the boat's [[executive officer|first lieutenant]]. He learned a number of officer functions and was responsible for the vessel's [[Diving plane|diving trim]] and crew discipline. He would recall the performance of the [[British L-class submarine|L-class submarine]] when he commanded other such vessels in early 1940. He served aboard [[HMS Shark (54S)|HMS ''Shark'']] for the majority of 1937 and 1938 and became her first lieutenant.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 31–35, 38.</ref>

He patrolled around Gibraltar during the [[Spanish Civil War]]. [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] orders dictated any [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist]] or [[Spanish Republican Navy]] vessel that attempted to attack British shipping was to be sunk on sight. On one occasion, the submarine encountered a German [[U-boat]]. The two submarines watched each other from a distance of {{convert|1|nmi|spell=in}} without taking action.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 39–41</ref> While based at Malta Wanklyn married his girlfriend Betty at the [[Church of the Holy Trinity, Sliema|Holy Trinity Church]], [[Sliema]], on 5 May 1938. Wanklyn invited all the officers and men who formed a [[guard of honour]]. It was not usual for officers to mix with lower ranks but Wanklyn showed no prejudice.<ref>Allaway 2004, p. 43.</ref>

Wanklyn returned to Gosport in July 1939 and became the first lieutenant and second-in-command of [[HMS Otway|HMS ''Otway'']], part of the 5th Submarine Flotilla, in August 1939. The submarine left Gosport on 24 August 1939 and sailed to [[Gibraltar]] to take on fuel and supplies. At the outbreak of war Wanklyn was deployed to Malta on 2 September and then to [[Alexandria]] in [[Egypt]] on 2 October 1939. Over the course of the [[Phoney War]], ''Otway'' was in training. On [[Christmas Day]] the vessel docked in [[Marseille]]. Wanklyn was ordered to [[London]] to receive a new command. He was driven to [[Paris]], where he spent boxing day and then on to [[Cherbourg]], where he sailed for England.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 52–59.</ref>

==Second World War==
Wanklyn was then appointed as the commanding officer of [[HMS H31|HMS ''H31'']] on 5 February 1940.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 61–62.</ref> ''H32'' conducted several exercises throughout the next few months and refitted in April. By July 1940 the situation had worsened for the Royal Navy. On 14 May the [[Battle of the Netherlands|Dutch capitulated]]. [[Battle of Belgium|Belgium surrendered]] on 28 May and [[Battle of France|France collapsed]] on 22 June 1940. Some 14 submarines had been lost and the [[British Army]] evacuated [[Norwegian Campaign|from Norway]] in the same month. It left the navy defending British waters against a hostile coastline which ran from northern Norway to the French [[Atlantic Ocean]] coast. The Royal Navy prepared itself for a possible [[Operation Sea Lion|German invasion]] of Britain should the [[Royal Air Force]] fail in the [[Battle of Britain]]. It was also busy defending sea communications in the [[English Channel]]—during the ''[[Kanalkampf]]''—and the [[Battle of the Atlantic]].

===North Sea operations===
To exert pressure on German naval forces Wanklyn undertook a patrol on 14 July. On 18 July he arrived off the Dutch coast. North of [[Terschelling Island]] he sighted three [[Naval trawler|anti-submarine trawlers]] in formation. After spending an hour closing on the vessels he launched a [[British 21 inch torpedo|single torpedo]] at 07:37, from a range of {{convert|900|yd}}, on a 125 degree track angle to bring all the ships nearly in line with the torpedo and maximise a chance of a hit. He heard the torpedo through the [[hydrophones]]. Two minutes later there was an explosion and the German submarine chaser ''UJ-126'' sank. For the next thirty minutes eight depth charges were directed at the submarine, the nearest detonating {{convert|250|yd}} away, before the enemy gave up and retired eastward. A curt statement in his report marked the victory: "The behaviour of the crew was most satisfactory."<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 64–65.</ref>

Wanklyn returned to port in [[Blyth, Northumberland|Blyth]]. His success was to be rewarded in August 1940. Wanklyn was relocated to the north-west, to [[Barrow-in-Furness]], where he was presented with the command of {{HMS|Upholder|P37|6}}, which was then under construction. He commanded her for the remainder of the war.<ref>Allaway 2004, p. 65.</ref> ''Upholder'' was a [[British U-class submarine|U-class submarine]] equipped with four internal and two external torpedo tubes. These were supplemented by a 76 mm [[QF 3-inch 20 cwt]] deck gun. She was laid down on 30 October 1939 and launched in July 1940. Wanklyn took command just as she was completed and watched over the ship during her construction. The vessel was {{convert|196|ft|m}} long with a beam of {{convert|12|ft}}. Her surface speed was {{convert|12|kn}} and submerged could reach {{convert|9|kn|spell=in}}. She could dive to periscope depth in 45 seconds.<ref>Hart 2008, pp. 21, 23, 26.</ref>

After a five-month fitting-out and sea trial phase she was declared battle ready. Wanklyn sailed for the [[Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II|Mediterranean Theatre]] on 10 December 1940. The vessel docked at Gibraltar before deploying for [[Malta]].<ref>Hart 2008, p. 25.</ref> The entry of [[Italy]] into the war on 10 June 1940 had made the region a war zone. The Italian Navy (''[[Regia Marina]]'') and Italian Air Force (''[[Regia Aeronautica]]'') laid [[Siege of Malta (World War II)|siege to the island]]. In September 1940 the [[Italian invasion of Egypt]] began a major land campaign. The objective of British submarine forces was to prevent the large Italian merchant fleets from supplying the [[Italian Army]], and later the [[Afrika Korps|German Afrika Korps]], in [[North Africa]]. Wanklyn now formed part of the 10th Submarine Flotilla in Malta under the command of Commander George Simpson. ''Upholder'' arrived there on 14 January 1941. While journeying to Malta, he provided distant cover for the supply fleet [[Operation Excess]].<ref>Wingate 1991, pp. 30–31.</ref>

===Mediterranean===
Wanklyn's first success in this theatre was an attack on a large ship escorted by a destroyer heading to port in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]]. At 01:30 on 26 January 1941 he began his attack surfaced. He evaded the destroyer, but both torpedoes missed. Later another convoy was sighted and he fired two torpedoes but once again, both missed. On 28 January 1941 Wanklyn's lookouts sighted another convoy. Closing undetected to {{convert|900|yd}}, he scored one hit on the 7,500-ton transport ''Duisburg'', which was damaged. On 30 January 1941 he fired two torpedoes at a northbound convoy and claimed a hit on a 5,000-ton cargo ship which has not been confirmed. Having expended all of his torpedoes, ''Upholder'' berthed in Malta on 1 February.<ref>Wingate 1991, pp. 40–41.</ref> He was promoted lieutenant commander on 1 February 1941.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=35116 |date= 25 March 1941|startpage=1735 |accessdate=15 August 2015 }}</ref>

Wanklyn was back at sea on 12 February 1941. In the dark, lookouts sighted a submarine and Wanklyn ordered an attack. After realising it was a British vessel from its silhouette, the attack was aborted. It was later discovered the submarine had been the [[British T-class submarine]] {{HMS|Truant||2}}.<ref>Wingate 1991, pp. 45–46.</ref> Ten days later, on 22 February, restrictions on British submarines were lifted and shipping in the entire Mediterranean Sea was considered fair game and to be sunk on sight.<ref>Wingate 1991, p. 46.</ref>
[[File:HMS Upholder.jpg|thumb|right|''Upholder'' in late 1940]]
On 10 March, a convoy of small ships 'in [[ballast]]' was sighted off Tripoli. Conscious of the shortage of torpedoes he held fire.<ref>Wingate 1991, p. 50.</ref> While on his fourth patrol, on 3 April 1941, he sighted a convoy but the ships were at extreme range. On 10 April, a second attack went wrong when his torpedoes' tracks were seen and the convoy took evasive action. ''Upholder'' was subjected to a sustained counter-attack and was then forced to crash-dive deep when the hydrophones detected a torpedo closing on the vessel.<ref>Wingate 1991, p. 53.</ref> Rather than give up, Wanklyn decided to reconnoitre convoys. On the 12 April 1941 he sighted five large ships with three destroyers. He surfaced to broadcast their position to Malta headquarters, but an enemy aircraft spotted him and ''Upholder'' was forced to dive. Later, Wanklyn repeated the procedure which was acknowledged. He fired a star shell over the convoy to mark its position and the enemy fleet quickly reversed direction to port. It attracted the 14th Destroyer Flotilla, comprising {{HMS|Janus|F53|2}}, {{HMS|Jervis|F00|2}}, {{HMS|Mohawk|F31|2}} and {{HMS|Juno|F46|2}}. The force did not make contact that night. Days later, during the [[Battle of the Tarigo Convoy]], the same tactics allowed other submarines to lead the force to devastate an Italian convoy for the loss of one destroyer.<ref>Wingate 1991, pp. 453–454.</ref>

In early April, British naval intelligence received a report that [[Albert Kesselring]], the ''Luftwaffe'' (German air force) commander-in-chief for the Mediterranean, was setting up his headquarters at the Miramar Hotel in [[Taormina]] in [[Sicily]]. Simpson selected Wanklyn and ''Upholder'' for an operation to land [[commandos]] onto enemy-held coastland for an [[assassination]] attempt against Kesselring. The town lay {{convert|200|yd}} from a rocky coast cut into a hill side in the middle of an oil grove. ''Upholder'' was fitted with a fender to protect the hull from the rocks. 23 commandos were to be landed. They would destroy the hotel and its occupants with explosive and gunfire. Wanklyn gave them 40 minutes to complete the attack and return to the submarine under the cover of the deck gun. The day before the operation it was postponed, and submarines were deployed to intercept a convoy from [[Naples]]. Two weeks later intelligence reported Kesselring had left the area and the operation was abandoned.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 90–91.</ref>

Simpson received a report from naval intelligence that two enemy [[cruiser]]s and destroyers were leaving port in Sicily to rendezvous with a convoy south of [[Kerkennah Islands]]. Wanklyn was ordered to remain off the island of [[Lampedusa]], midway between Malta and [[Tunisia]]. Nothing was seen, so Wanklyn sailed to the Tunisian coast and selected an area well known for its convoy traffic. On 25 April Wanklyn spotted a merchant ship and its armed trawler escort but managed to close to {{convert|700|yd}} undetected before firing two torpedoes. The ship was hit and sank. It was later identified as the small merchant vessel ''Antonietta Lauro'', which was loaded with [[nitrates]] bound for Italy. She sank slowly, and went under after six hours.<ref>Allaway 2004, p. 93.</ref>

The following day, 26 April, he spotted two ships that had run aground. He waited for darkness so that he could escape under cover, and closed on the merchant and its destroyer escort, hoping to torpedo both. As he closed to eliminate the destroyer first he ran aground in {{convert|29|ft}} of water. Unable to risk torpedoes in such shallow water, he moved alongside the transport, which had been heavily damaged in an attack and appeared to be deserted, with no live personnel on board. The deck was covered in motorcycles, cars and trucks earmarked for the ''Afrika Korps''. Wanklyn ordered a boarding party to loot whatever they could and lay [[Scuttling|scuttling charges]], which blew up the ship. He elected to leave the destroyer, which lay in much shallower water, until the following day. Wanklyn ran aground again and was forced to abandon the attack, returning to base with ''Arta'' as his solitary kill.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 92–95.</ref>

In North Africa, German forces had gone onto the offensive in [[Operation Sonnenblume]]. By late April British Army forces were being forced out of [[Libya]] and [[Siege of Tobruk|Tobruk was surrounded]]. Simpson ordered his submarines to intercept convoys sailing from Naples and delivering supplies to the Axis armies in Africa. To assist, Horton formed the 5th Destroyer Flotilla with the [[light cruiser]] [[HMS Gloucester (62)|''Gloucester'']] as support. Simpson sent ''Upholder'', [[HMS Ursula (N59)|''Ursula'']] and [[HMS Upright (N89)|''Upright'']]. Simpson ordered his submarines into action on 27 April and 1 May. On 1 May 1941, ''Upholder'' and ''Ursula'' gained contact with a convoy, but the ships were travelling too fast to close to effective range. Six hours later he spotted five transports with four destroyers conducting zig-zagging courses to avoid underwater attacks. The water was rough but Wanklyn fired a three-torpedo salvo at the two largest, overlapping, vessels. Three explosions were heard. The German liner ''Leverkusen'', which had been hit twice, sank by the [[stern]]. The third torpedo had stopped ''Arcturus'', which was listing heavily by the [[Bow (watercraft)|bow]]. The enemy delivered a moderate counter-attack and sped off. Wanklyn used his final two torpedoes to sink the damaged vessel. The tanker ''Bainsizza'' was also hit by ''Upholder'' and sank immediately.{{efn|''Bainsizza'' was third ship according to Edwyn Gray.<ref>Gray 1988, p. 202.</ref>}} The patrol yielded three ships of around 19,000 tons. Simpson immediately recommended Wanklyn and his officers for awards.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 95–96.</ref><ref>Hart 2008, pp. 75–77.</ref><ref>Wingate 1991, pp. 55–56.</ref><ref>Walters 2004, p. 49.</ref>

===Leading submariner===
Wanklyn did not partake in social activities excessively. When he returned to shore he spent 24 hours discussing his patrol report with Simpson and checking over preparations for the next sortie. Wanklyn did this immediately, as no commander knew when he would be called into action again. The toll and strain of operations prompted Simpson to send his commanders into the country to relax when there was a lull in operations. Wanklyn's letters to his wife usually carried the address of [[San Anton Palace]], where he became the frequent guest of the governor [[General]] Sir [[William Dobbie]]. To release his stress Wanklyn tended to his pig farm and occasionally did some shooting but submariner's greatest hobby was fishing. Although somewhat austere, Wanklyn did play the guitar and drank socially, realising his need to bond with the officers and crew. He did not join in with organised parties, because he was tired and physically drained much of the time.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 99–102.</ref>

Wanklyn was called into action again on 15 May 1941. ''Unique'' had reported five cruisers and smaller craft convoying in the [[Straits of Messina]]. Simpson considered ''Upholder{{'}}s'' presence beneficial. Wanklyn set course for the convoy route to [[Benghazi]] and then towards Messina to maximise his chance of catching an enemy ship. Bad luck plagued the early part of the mission. A torpedo leaked and had to be reloaded submerged. A convoy was sighted but was too close to shore and could not be brought within range. ''Upholder{{'}}s'' [[Asdic]] had been knocked out. A faulty washer let in sea water which destroyed the insulation around an electrical cable. A signal arrived in the afternoon informing him of a convoy near [[Patras]]. Wanklyn's look outs spotted it—a tramp steamer, two tankers and a corvette, barely visible against the backdrop of the coastline. Wanklyn fired three torpedoes at {{convert|7,000|yd|km}}. One explosion was heard. Minutes later two more were heard but Wanklyn assumed they had struck shore. A 4,000-ton tanker was claimed damaged. Six depth charges were dropped but missed, roughly by {{convert|1|mi|spell=in}}. On 22 May an Italian hospital ship was allowed to pass by without an attack.<ref>Allaway 2004, p. 102.</ref>
[[File:Victoria Cross.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The Victoria Cross]]
On 23 May he spotted a convoy of two tankers. Looking through the periscope he saw that one ship carried French colours, and consulted his identification books to determine her identify. The crew identified the name on her hull—''Damieni''. The second ship was called ''Alberta''. There was no intelligence of neutral shipping in the area and both ships sounded Italian. After some thought, Wanklyn attacked. Three torpedoes were fired and ''Capitaine Damiani'', a [[Vichy France|Vichy French]] vessel travelling under Italian charter, sank by the stern roughly {{convert|5|nmi|spell=in}} south-west of [[Punta di Pellaro]]. ''Alberta'' carried out evasive action and the escorting vessels dropped 26 depth charges and hunted ''Upholder'' all afternoon. The following afternoon a further 21 were dropped. None came close. With no Asdic, Wanklyn dived to {{convert|150|ft}}, as he could not easily determine enemy movements. The enemy abandoned the attacks and at [[dusk]] ''Upholder'' surfaced.<ref>Allaway 2004, p. 103.</ref>

As it grew dark, lookouts spotted a large ship with five destroyers. The Italian liner-turned troopship [[SS Conte Rosso|SS ''Conte Rosso'']] was identified by periscope. As he moved to attack he was nearly rammed by the [[Freccia-class destroyer|destroyer ''Freccia'']] which had not seen the submarine. He fired his torpedoes and dived to {{convert|150|ft}}. He heard two explosions and the ship, carrying the flag of [[Rear Admiral]] Francesco Canzoneri, sank with 2,279 soldiers and crew on board roughly 50 km (27 nm) east of [[Portopalo di Capo Passero]] in Sicily. Around 1,300 of these men died. Over the next hours he evaded 37 depth charges as the escort counter-attacked.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 103–104, 106.</ref><ref>Walters 2004, p. 52.</ref> Several days later, one of [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|life boat]]s from the ''Conte Rosso'' was found wrecked upon Malta and the sinking was confirmed.<ref>Turner 2008, p. 82.</ref><ref>Gray 1988, pp. 204–205.</ref> The sinking of the 19,000-ton ship, which was under heavy guard, and without working Asdic, prompted the award of the [[Victoria Cross]], the most prestigious award for bravery and skill in the face of the enemy.<ref>Allaway 2004, p. 106.</ref> Wanklyn was [[gazetted]] for his actions on 1 December 1941.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35382|date=16 December 1941|startpage=7103|supp=yes|accessdate=16 May 2009}}</ref>

The strain of operations was already showing and commander Simpson ordered Wanklyn to be taken off patrols. Simpson could not spare his crew and they were not afforded the same respite. Wanklyn was now one of the most successful submarine commanders on the Allied side and Simpson was anxious to rest him. While off combat duty, Wanklyn lectured and tutored new officers if he was asked, but preferred not to force junior commanders to listen to his experiences. Simpson did not want to expose ''Upholder'' to undue risk in his absence, and the submarine was allotted the [[Messina]] to Tripoli route, rather than allowing it to conduct operations close to the enemy shore. In Wanklyn's absence, a new 27-year-old commander, [[Arthur Hezlet]], took over from him. Hezlet was an aggressive commander and Simpson made sure to send the vessel somewhere he could not get the crew into trouble, so that they would be returned to Wanklyn intact. Only a German hospital ship came across his path during the single June 1941 patrol, and he was forced to let it go.<ref>Allaway 2004, p. 109.</ref>

''Upholder'' and ''Unbeaten'' were ordered by Simpson to sail again on 24 June. A convoy of four liners was sailing from Naples to Tripoli. Wanklyn took a position {{convert|8|mi|spell=in}} to the west in error. Hydrophones picked up the convoys propeller noises and occasional depth charges but saw nothing. The boat was recalled and arrived in Malta on 27 June, making this her shortest patrol. It was the first patrol in many that Wanklyn could not fly the [[Use of the Jolly Roger by submarines|Jolly Roger]] to denote a kill. During these patrols, ''Upholder'' hosted [[war correspondent]] and future actor Commander [[Anthony Kimmins]].<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 110–111.</ref> Kimmins contributed an article to [[The Listener (magazine)|''The Listener'' magazine]], which was broadcast on the [[BBC Home Service]] on 20 February 1942.<ref>Allaway 2004, p. 112.</ref>

===Summer 1941===
Wanklyn was ordered to depart again on 30 June 1941 to patrol the southern [[Straits of Messina]]. Within twenty-four hours he had spotted a liner. ''Upholder'' closed to very close range and fired three torpedoes, but the skilful seamanship of the Italian captain avoided the torpedoes by zig-zagging. Wanklyn concluded that the torpedoes had probably passed under the ship. The next two days were spent avoiding two destroyers, which were clearing a way for an oncoming convoy. On 3 July, Wanklyn's patience was rewarded when a 4,000-ton tanker hove into view. He pursued it as it hugged the coastline but was forced to break off as it changed course around [[Capo dell'Armi]]. While in the vicinity of [[Cape Spartivento]], three hours later, he spotted three ships escorted by one destroyer. The escort suddenly dropped a depth charge and turned straight towards ''Upholder''. Wanklyn dived the submarine to {{convert|45|ft}} and climbed to periscope depth when he could hear the destroyer passing off to the west. He engaged a grey cargo vessel laden with wooden packing cases. Two explosions were heard and [[distress signal]]s identified her as ''Laura C''. The destroyer dropped 19 depth charges, which shattered light bulbs and came close to damaging the submarine. Later, a [[submarine chaser]] dropped 27 depth charges wide of the target. ''Upholder'' withdrew to Malta on the 8 July.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 113–114.</ref><ref>Walters 2004, p. 48.</ref><ref>Gray 1988, p. 205.</ref>
[[File:RN Garibaldi 1938.jpg|thumb|right|''Giuseppe Garibaldi'' was torpedoed by Wanklyn and damaged in July 1941]]
On 19 July ''Upholder'' left harbour once more, to take part in [[Operation Substance]], which was a supply operation to deliver a much-needed convoy to the island. Wanklyn was moved to guard the south island of [[Marettimo]]. Two days later Wanklyn moved to [[San Vito Lo Capo]], on the western tip of Sicily. There, he could cover enemy movements from [[Palermo]]. On 24 July he spotted and engaged a transport with a single destroyer escort. He dived and fired three torpedoes at {{convert|5,000|yd|km}}, one of which struck and his victim, the 5,000-ton ''Dandolo'' sank. The destroyer dropped 17 depth charges over two hours and attempted a hydrophone hunt, but Wanklyn dived to {{convert|150|ft}} and retired to the north-west. His score now stood at 67,000 tons of enemy shipping sunk.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 115–116.</ref>

On 28 July, while in thick fog north of Marettimo, Wanklyn's spotters saw two cruisers supported by destroyers. The escorts were zig-zagging on either side while the cruiser maintained a steady course. It was identified as the [[Italian cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi (1936)|''Giuseppe Garibaldi'']], travelling at high speed—the [[asdic]] gave a reading of 230 [[Revolutions per minute|revs]] indicating {{convert|28|kn|lk=in}}. Wanklyn had to think quickly if he was not to miss his chance. At {{convert|4,000|yd|km}} he fired a spread of four {{convert|35|kn|adj=on}} Mark IV torpedoes at 12-second intervals. The submarine dived and the crew clearly heard two explosions. The ''Garibaldi'' stopped as her escorts created a [[smoke screen]] and dropped depth charges for 45 minutes. The officers of ''Upholder'' counted 38. The presence of the escorts and smoke denied the British the chance to assess the results of the attack. ''Upholder'' returned to Malta and learned that the operation had been a success.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 116–118.</ref><ref>Wingate 1991, p. 85.</ref>

As the summer progressed, British submariners had noticed how vulnerable Italian coastal [[railway]] networks were. On 15 August 1941 Wanklyn and ''Upholder'' sailed to the Marittimo area with the hope of landing saboteurs—or train wrecking parties—along the coast to plant explosives along coastal railways. British submarines were now carrying out these operations regularly. Over the closing months of 1941, 12 such operations were carried out. On one occasion a submarine surfaced and shot up a locomotive with its deck gun. Once in the area, Wanklyn was directed onto two convoys and missed them both. On 20 August he moved to the Cape of St Vito. After breakfast he sighted a small cargo vessel and a [[Naval trawler|trawler]]. Wanklyn ordered two torpedoes fired, one of which hit. The vessel—''Enotria''—staggered under the blow and sank. The trawler hastily unloaded depth charges and retreated to the west in the direction of [[Trapani]]. Wanklyn followed and observed the port under air attack.<ref>Allaway 2004, p. 119.</ref><ref>Wingate 1991, p. 92.</ref>

Wanklyn moved ''Upholder'' back to the Marettimo area. On the afternoon of 22 August lookouts sighted three tankers under escort from three destroyers and a [[flying boat]]. Wanklyn targeted the lead ship as the aircraft moved off to the disengaged side of the convoy and the destroyer nearest to him was moving to cover the rear of the convoy. The tanker carried three large drums on its deck and was painted in [[mauve]] and [[khaki]] dazzle camouflage. Wanklyn ordered a full salvo. Two torpedoes struck the target, the ''Lussin'', which sank with heavy loss of life. Wanklyn noted that the destroyers dropped 43 depth charges in eight minutes, followed by a further 18. The tactics of the Italians were improving. At one point, ''Upholder'' was trapped in between two destroyers. Wanklyn believed they were saved because the Italians began their attack at excessive speeds causing them to overshoot by {{convert|200|yd}}. On 24 August Wanklyn attacked a convoy of ships which included six destroyers two cruisers and a {{sclass|Conte di Cavour|battleship|1}}. At {{convert|3|mi|spell=in}} he could not catch the smaller ships but fired his last two torpedoes at a cruiser. The officers heard one explosion and claimed a cruiser damaged. The escort launched 32 depth charges, some of which came close to ''Upholder''.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 120–121.</ref>

The following day Wanklyn dropped a raiding party inland near [[Palermo]]. The party failed to find a target and returned after a few skirmishes with Italian patrols. On the way in, ''Upholder'' scraped the sea bed and Wanklyn moved the submarine {{convert|1|mi|spell=in}} out. While there he was spotted and experienced fire from the shore. The party returned without loss, having failed in their mission to find a target, and the submarine quickly departed. The risk of being attacked by Italian [[motor torpedo boat]]s was very high. [[HMS Urge|''Urge'']] had better success, when she landed a party that blew up a supply bridge near [[Taormina]]. Another unsuccessful patrol followed—their 13th—and they returned on 1 September 1941. During the sortie he engaged the three huge liner-transports ''Neptunia'', ''Oceania'' and ''Marco Polo''. He fired all of his torpedoes and all missed and once again ''Upholder'' was subjected to counter-attacks. Just 17 days later, Wanklyn would engage two of these vessels again.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 122–123.</ref>

===''Neptunia'', ''Oceania'', ''Duisburg'' convoy===
The day following their return—2 September 1941—several of the crew received awards. Wanklyn received the [[Distinguished Service Order (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Service Order]]. The Victoria Cross award for his sinking of ''Conte Rosso'' had not been publicly announced. The ''London Gazette'' published the exploits of Wanklyn and he became a well-known figure in Britain and the men were given two weeks leave on Malta. Simpson summoned all of his commanding officers to his harbour headquarters. ''Upholder'', [[HMS Upright (N89)|''Upright'']], ''Ursula'' and ''Unbeaten'' were to patrol the Tripoli sea lanes and intercept the convoy Wanklyn had failed to intercept two weeks earlier. On 16 September ''Upholder'' departed Malta. At 3 a.m on the morning of 18 September 1941, Wanklyn received a message from ''Unbeaten'', which had spotted the convoy.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 125–126.</ref>

At night as the liners were illuminated by the moon, Wanklyn attacked with four torpedoes. The submarine could only manage {{convert|10.5|kn}} and a swell was rocking her from side to side, making aiming difficult. It was too dark to begin a submerged attack against a fast-moving convoy. Wanklyn deduced that the attack must be made at long range, outside the escorts' protective screen. Wanklyn saw that on occasion the targets overlapped, and as they did so he fired at the bow of one and stern of the other. Bringing back the aiming point to the centre of the overlapping mass, he fired two more torpedoes. Two torpedoes struck. The first destroyed the propellers of the ''Oceania'' and she stopped dead in the water. The other struck and tore a large hole in ''Neptunia''. The escorts stopped to pick up survivors. Wanklyn retired to a safe distance and reloaded. Closing to finish the crippled ''Oceania'', Wanklyn was forced to crash-dive because of an Italian destroyer. Too close to fire, he continued under the liner and emerged on the other side. There he fired a single torpedo which blew the ship apart and it sank. ''Unbeaten'' had arrived and was about to fire but saw the second strike disintegrate the ship, which was carrying several thousand German soldiers. ''Neptunia'' limped off with a destroyer at {{convert|5|kn}} but her bulkheads collapsed due to the damage and she came to a stop with a single destroyer in attendance. Two more torpedoes from ''Upholder'' sank her. Wanklyn had accounted for nearly 40,000 tons in the same attack. The gyro-compass had been put out of action during the action.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 127–128.</ref><ref>Walters 2004, p. 64.</ref><ref>Gray 1988, pp. 207–208.</ref>

''Upholder'' experienced a barren run over the next few weeks. Her next patrol, between 23 September and 2 October, was north of Marittimo and stretching to Cape St Vito. Two weeks later, in mid-October 1941, the boat operated with ''Urge'' in the [[Kerkenah Bank]] off [[Tunisia]]. On the night of 8 November 1941, lookouts spotted a [[U-boat]] in the moonlight off [[Melito di Porto Salvo]]. Wanklyn determined it was Italian, possibly a [[Perla-class submarine|''Perla'']], [[Sirena-class submarine|''Sirena'']] or ''Argonauta''-class submarine. A full salvo sank the vessel. No survivors were recovered, and only a large oil slick was visible on the surface. ''Upholder'' picked up the noise of the enemy vessel breaking apart as it sank.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 129–131.</ref>

Just 36 hours later, Wanklyn witnessed the [[Battle of the Duisburg Convoy]]. Captain [[William Gladstone Agnew]] led [[Force K]]—a flotilla of several destroyers—into a surface battle. Speeding up to attack any stragglers, Wanklyn engaged and sank the Italian [[Maestrale-class destroyer|''Maestrale''-class destroyer ''Libeccio'']]. Wanklyn attempted to engage a cruiser but hit an ''Avieri''–class destroyer, which he claimed damaged. During the battle the gyro failed on one of the ''Upholder'' torpedoes, which ran in circles and came close to the ''Upholder'' before sinking.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 132–133.</ref><ref>Thomas 1999, p. 90.</ref><ref>Wingate 2003, p. 120.</ref><ref>Walters 2004, p. 67.</ref>

===Last patrols===
On 25 November 1941 ''Upholder'' left for her eighteenth patrol. Wanklyn positioned the submarine south east of the Messina straits. At 07:30 on the 27 November they sighted a large tanker with destroyers for escort. Wanklyn fired a full salvo at {{convert|2,800|yd|km}} but underestimated the enemy's speed. This convoy was later intercepted, and the tanker sunk, by Force K. On 29 November ''Upholder'' sailed into the midst of an Italian naval squadron on a night exercise. The enemy fleet consisted of three cruisers and five destroyers. With the closest vessel only {{convert|3,000|yd|km}} away Wanklyn continued to calculate the bearing and speed of the enemy, until eventually he ordered the boat to dive. He could not see anything through the periscope in the winter night. By using dead-reckoning, he fired off a salvo at the last ship using his asdic. The target disappeared on a reciprocal bearing and then reappeared right over the top of ''Upholder''. Wanklyn docked at Malta on the morning of 21 December 1941.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 134–136.</ref>

In Wankln's absence, the BBC had broadcast news of the Victoria Cross award on 11 December. Wanklyn's wife and son, Ian, were presented with the award at the home of her parents in [[Meigle]]. Her husband's achievements and records came as shock since all his letters were censored for security reasons. Many newspapers used his picture and interview with the ''[[Times of Malta]]'', made earlier in the year, to draw on his account of the sea war. Wanklyn's reserved nature permitted him only to say that he was "exhilarated" by the news. When asked what was most needed in submarine warfare for success, he replied, "That's a nasty one, so I will use a long word: Imperturbability". Wanklyn only became expansive in describing the crew's debt to their cook, an able seaman, who was essential for the crew's welfare. The award was the seventh to be bestowed upon a member of the navy, but the first to the submarine service.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 136–137.</ref><ref>Gray 1988, p. 198.</ref>

On 31 December Wanklyn put to sea again. He fired three torpedoes at a merchant ship off [[Cape Gallo]] but all missed and one exploded upon hitting the shore. West of Palermo on 4 January 1942, ''Upholder'' engaged the Italian merchant ''Sirio''. The first two torpedoes failed, and one fell to the sea bed and exploded under ''Upholder'' causing no serious damage. Closing to {{convert|1,000|ya}}, Wanklyn ordered two more firings. One torpedo struck amidships. The heavily damaged vessel stopped to lower some lifeboats, but then continued on. Wanklyn surfaced to destroy her with the deck gun but was forced under again when the ship returned fire with deck armament. ''Sirio'' soon picked up speed and escaped. The following night off Messina, Wanklyn attacked an enemy submarine with his last torpedo. His victim, the ''Ammiraglio Saint'', was lost. The men standing on the conning tower survived: Lieutenant Como, Petty Officer and Telegraphist Valentino Chico and Torpedoman Ernst Fiore. They were willing to identify their boat to their captors and described their vessel as a 1,500 ton submarine. Wanklyn made for port. On the journey the submarine was attacked by [[Junkers Ju 88]]s which landed bombs {{convert|200|yd}} off the vessel's starboard quarter. Once docked, Wanklyn was ordered on a months leave. Commander Pat Norman took command of her for a patrol during which he sank the armed trawler ''Aosta'' on 8 February.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 143–145.</ref><ref>Walter 2004, pp. 67–68.</ref><ref>Wingate 1991, p. 136.</ref><ref>Gray 1988, p. 211.</ref>

On 21 February 1942 Wanklyn took command again. Simpson ordered her to participate in operations of the Libyan coast. On the morning of 23 February, ''Upholder'' took up her position off [[Misurata]]. Wanklyn pursued two ships until he realised they were destroyers. On 26 February ''Upholder'' picked up a contact of [[Sidi Blal]]. He closed to attack on the surface before appreciating his error—his quarry was another destroyer. Wanklyn ordered the boat to dive. Apparently they had sailed so close Wanklyn saw the sparkle of a cigarette thrown from the destroyer. Off Tripoli ''Upholder'' intercepted the transport ''[[SS Tembien|Tembien]]'' and her single destroyer escort. Wanklyn ordered three torpedoes fired and three hit. The cargo ship sank in twenty minutes. From 28 February—3 March, no more vessels were encountered and Wanklyn docked in Malta on 5 March.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 152–153.</ref> ''Tembien'' was carrying 468 [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[prisoners of war]], a fact known to the British through [[Ultra (cryptography)|Ultra]] decryptions. Her sinking caused the deaths of at least 390 prisoners and 78 crew and guards.

On 14 March 1942, Wanklyn departed on his 27th patrol in the Gulf of Taranto. On the night of the 18 March he sighted a submarine on the surface and determined her to be hostile. He engaged with a full spread of torpedoes, and the submarine blew apart and sank. The submarine, later identified as the ''Tricheco'', was lost with all hands. There was no counterattack, but motor torpedo boats shadowed her movements for hours which ran down her battery and oxygen. The following day Wanklyn moved to St Cataldo Point hoping to find a softer target for his deck gun. The lookouts sighted four vessels, a trawler and three [[Smack (ship)|fishing smacks]]. Wanklyn ordered the submarine to surface {{convert|100|yd}} from the trawler, ''Maria''. His officers gestured to the crew to abandon ship and ''Upholder'' fired seven shells into the vessel which sank. The smacks fled close to shore. The action had lasted 14 minutes and Wanklyn decided it was too dangerous to give chase. On 23 March ''Upholder'', ''Proteus'' and ''P36'' loitered off Taranto in the hope of engaging Italian warships. One convoy was sighted and Wanklyn fired on a light cruiser but missed. All three returned to Malta without success.<ref>Allaway 2004, pp. 155–158.</ref><ref>Gray 1988, p. 211.</ref>

==Death==
Wanklyn is believed to have been killed along with his crew when ''Upholder'' was lost on her 25th patrol, becoming overdue on 14 April 1942. The most likely explanation is that she fell victim to [[depth charge]]s dropped by the Italian [[torpedo boat]] [[Italian torpedo boat Pegaso (1936)|''Pegaso'']] north east of Tripoli on 14 April 1942, although no debris was seen on the surface. The attack was {{convert|100|mi}} away from Wanklyn's patrol area; it is thought that he may have changed position to find more targets. It is also possible that the submarine was sunk by a mine on 11 April 1942 near Tripoli, when a submarine was reported as approaching a minefield. More recent research carried out by Italian naval specialist Francesco Mattesini points to a German aerial patrol supporting the same convoy, composed of two [[Dornier Do 17]]s and two [[Messerschmitt Bf 110]]s, which attacked an underwater contact with bombs two hours before the ''Pegaso'' incident. The author also asserts that the seaplane crew was unsure if the target they pinpointed to ''Pegaso'' was a submarine or a school of dolphins. Mattesini, however, admits the possibility that ''Pegaso'' could have finished off the submarine previously damaged by the German aircraft. Wanklyn was the Allies' most successful submariner in terms of tonnage sunk.

==Ships sunk==
{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|-
! Date
! Ship
! Combatant
! Tonnage
! Fate
|-
| 18 July 1940
| ''UJ-126'' later ''Steiermark''
| {{navy|Nazi Germany}}
| 455
| sunk at {{coord|58|28|N|05|01|E|type:event|name=Steiermark (ship)}}<ref>Rohwer 1997, p. 34</ref>
|-
| 28 January 1941
| ''Duisburg ''
| {{navy|Nazi Germany}}
| 7,400
| damaged
|-
| 25 April 1941
| ''Antonietta Lauro''
| {{navy|Kingdom of Italy}}
| 5,500
| sunk at {{coord|34|57|N|11|44|E|type:event|name=Antonietta Lauro (ship)}}<ref>Rohwer 1997, p. 134</ref>
|-
| 26 April 1941
| ''Arta''
| {{navy|Nazi Germany}}
| 2,500
| destroyed with charges {{coord|34|54|N|11|37|E|type:event|name=Arta (ship)}}<ref>Rohwer 1997, p. 134</ref>
|-
| 1 May 1941
| ''Arcturus''
| {{navy|Nazi Germany}}
| 2,500
| sunk at {{coord|34|38|N|11|39|E|type:event|name=Arcturus (ship)}}<ref>Rohwer 1997, p. 134</ref>
|-
| 1 May 1941
| ''Leverkusen''
| {{navy|Nazi Germany}}
| 7,400
| sunk at {{coord|34|38|N|11|39|E|type:event|name=Leverkusen (ship)}}<ref>Rohwer 1997, p. 134</ref>
|-
| 20 May 1941
| ''Bainsizza''
| {{navy|Kingdom of Italy}}
| 4,000
| damaged [[Strait of Messina]]
|-
| 23 May 1941
| ''Capitaine Damiani''
| {{flag|Vichy France}}
| 5,000
| sunk {{coord|37|56|N|15|36|E|type:event|name=Capitaine Damiani (ship)}}<ref>Rohwer 1997, p. 136</ref>
|-
| 24 May 1941
| {{SS|Conte Rosso}}
| {{navy|Kingdom of Italy}}
| 18,000
| sunk at {{coord|36|41|N|15|42|E|type:event|name=Conte Rosso (ship)}}<ref>Rohwer 1997, p. 136</ref>
|-
| 3 July 1941
| ''Laura C''
| {{navy|Kingdom of Italy}}
| 6,100
| sunk at {{coord|37|55|N|15|44|E|type:event|name=Laura C (ship)}}
|-
| 24 July 1941
| ''Dandolo''
| {{navy|Kingdom of Italy}}
| 5,000
| damaged at {{coord|38|08|N|12|37|E|type:event|name=Dandolo (ship)}}
|-
| 28 July 1941
| ''[[Italian cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi (1936)|Giuseppe Garibaldi]]''
| {{navy|Kingdom of Italy}}
| 9,000
| damaged at {{coord|38|04|N|11|57|E|type:event|name=Dandolo (ship)}}<ref>Rohwer 1997, p. 140</ref>
|-
| 20 August 1941
| ''Enotria''
| {{navy|Kingdom of Italy}}
| 500
| sunk at {{coord|38|09|N|12|39|E|type:event|name=Enotria (ship)}}<ref>Rohwer 1997, p. 140</ref>
|-
| 22 August 1941
| ''Lussin''
| {{navy|Kingdom of Italy}}
| 4,000
| sunk<ref>Rohwer 1997, p. 142</ref>
|-
| 22 August 1941
| ''Tarvisio''
| {{navy|Kingdom of Italy}}
| unknown
| damaged
|-
| 18 September 1941
| ''Neptunia''
| {{navy|Kingdom of Italy}}
| 19,500
| sunk at {{coord|33|01|N|14|49|E|type:event|name=Neptunia (ship)}}<ref>Rohwer 1997, p. 142</ref>
|-
| 18 September 1941
| ''Oceania''
| {{navy|Kingdom of Italy}}
| 19,500
| sunk at {{coord|33|01|N|14|49|E|type:event|name=Oceania (ship)}}<ref>Rohwer 1997, p. 142</ref>
|-
| 8 November 1941
| Italian submarine "Luigi Settembrini"
| {{navy|Kingdom of Italy}}
| 1,600
| missed
|-
| 9 November 1941
| [[Maestrale-class destroyer|Italian destroyer ''Libeccio'']]
| {{navy|Kingdom of Italy}}
| 1,600
| sunk at {{coord|36|50|N|18|10|E|type:event|name=Libeccio (ship)}}<ref>Rohwer 1997, p. 147</ref>
|-

| 4 January 1942
| ''Sirio''
| {{navy|Kingdom of Italy}}
| 5,300
| damaged at {{coord|38|07|N|35|52|E|type:event|name=Sirio (ship)}}<ref>Rohwer 1997, p. 150</ref>
|-
| 5 January 1942
| [[Cagni-class submarine|''Ammiraglio Saint'']]
| {{navy|Kingdom of Italy}}
| 1,500
| sunk at {{coord|38|22|N|15|22|E|type:event|name=Ammiraglio Saint (ship)}}<ref>Rohwer 1997, p. 150</ref>
|-
| 27 February 1942
| ''[[SS Tembien|Tembien]]''
| {{navy|Kingdom of Italy}}
| 5,500
| sunk at {{coord|32|55|N|12|42|E|type:event|name=Tembien (ship)}}<ref>Rohwer 1997, p. 153</ref>
|-
| 18 March 1942
| Italian submarine ''Tricheco''
| {{navy|Kingdom of Italy}}
| 800
| sunk at {{coord|40|42|N|17|57|E|type:event|name=Tricheco (ship)}}<ref>Rohwer 1997, p. 154</ref>
|-
| 19 March 1942
| ''B.14/Maria''
| {{navy|Kingdom of Italy}}
| 25
| sunk at {{coord|40|18|N|18|28|E|type:event|name=B.14/Maria (ship)}}<ref>Rohwer 1997, p. 154</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea]]
* {{Commons category-inline|David Wanklyn}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist|4}}
{{Refbegin}}
;Bibliography
* Allaway, Jim. (1991) ''Hero of the Upholder: The Story of Lieutenant Commander M.D. Wanklyn VC, DSO**''. Airlife, London. {{ISBN|978-1853102189}}
* Clayton, Tim. (2012) ''Sea Wolves: The Extraordinary Story of Britain's World War II Submarines''. Abacus, London. {{ISBN|978-0-349-12289-2}}
* Gray, Edwyn. (1988) ''Captains Of War: They Fought Beneath the Sea''. Leo Cooper, London. {{ISBN|0-85052-246-3}}
* Hart, Sydney. (2008) ''Submarine Upholder''. Amberley, Gloucester. {{ISBN|978-1-84868-116-3}}
* [[Jurgen Rohwer|Rohwer, Jurgen]]. ''Allied Submarine Attacks of World War Two: European Theatre of Operations, 1939–1945''. Greenhill. {{ISBN|978-1-85367274-3}}
* Thomas, David. (1999). ''Malta Convoys 1940–42: The Struggle at Sea''. Leo Cooper, South Yorkshire. {{ISBN|0-85052-6639}}
* Turner, John Frayn. (2008) ''Periscope Patrol: The Saga of the Malta Force Submarines''. Pen and Sword, Barnsley. {{ISBN|978-1-84415-724-2}}
* Walters, Derek. (2004) ''The History of the British U Class Submarine''. Pen and Sword Maritime, South Yorkshire. {{ISBN|978-1-84415-131-8}}
* Wingate, John. (1991) ''The Fighting Tenth''. Leo Cooper, Penzance. {{ISBN|1-904381-16-2}}
{{Refend}}
{{Subject bar
| portal1=Biography
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wanklyn, Malcolm David}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1940s missing person cases]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Royal Navy personnel killed in World War II]]
[[Category:British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Graduates of Britannia Royal Naval College]]
[[Category:Missing in action of World War II]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Kolkata]]
[[Category:People lost at sea]]
[[Category:Royal Navy officers of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Navy recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Royal Navy submarine commanders]]
[[Category:Military personnel of British India]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

Mani Magudam

2026-03-04T05:12:15Z

Serzohe: brief corrected information after review and improved wording

{{short description|1966 film by S. S. Rajendran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mani Magudam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. S. Rajendran]]
| writer = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Mani Magudam''|M. Karunanidhi}}
| producer = D. V. Narayanasami
| starring = S. S. Rajendran [[C. R. Vijayakumari]] [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] [[M. N. Nambiar]]
| cinematography = T. M. Sundarababu
| editing = R. Devarajan
| music = [[R. Sudarsanam]]
| studio = S.S.R. Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1966|12|09}}
| runtime = 128 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mani Magudam''''' is a 1966 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Historical fiction|historical]] [[action film]], directed by [[S. S. Rajendran]] and written by [[M. Karunanidhi]]. The film stars Rajendran, [[C. R. Vijayakumari]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]], and [[M. N. Nambiar]]. Based on Karunanidhi's play of the same name, it was released on 9 December 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1966 –மணிமகுடம் – எஸ்.எஸ்.ஆர்.பிக். |url=http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1966-cinedetails30.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708072625/http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1966-cinedetails30.asp |archive-date=8 July 2022 |access-date=8 July 2022 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ஹுசைன் |first=முகமது |date=3 June 2022 |title=முத்தமிழ் அறிஞரின் முத்தான காவியங்கள் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/809210-the-greatest-movies-of-kalaignar-karunanidhi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708073212/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/809210-the-greatest-movies-of-kalaignar-karunanidhi.html |archive-date=8 July 2022 |access-date=8 July 2022 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=December 2022}}
A group of revolutionaries from Manimagudapuram raise a revolt against their king and try to establish democracy in their kingdom. However, they do not know that their king is a kindhearted man.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[S. S. Rajendran]] as King Mani Maaran/Puthumai Pithan
*[[C. R. Vijayakumari]] as Alli
*[[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]] as Poongodi/Kalarani
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Raja Guru/Veera Mahendran
*[[S. A. Natarajan]] as Diwan Gunaselar
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Vanchi
*[[A. Karunanidhi]] as Ulagappan, Vanchi's brother
*[[O. A. K. Thevar]] as Ponnazhagan,
*"En Thangai" Natarajan
*R. V. Udayappa as Marutheeran
*N. S. K. Kolappan as Azhangappan
*[[S. V. Sahasranamam]] in Guest appearance
*[[Nagesh]] as Anandhan in Guest appearance
{{div col end}}

== Production ==
''Mani Magudam'' is based on Karunanidhi's play of the same name. While Rajendran, the lead actor of the play, reprised his role in the film adaptation, Manorama was replaced by Vijayakumari as the lead actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2017 |title=கே.பாலசந்தரின் "தாமரை நெஞ்சம்{{''}} விஜயகுமாரிக்கு பதில் சரோஜாதேவி நடித்தார் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2017/07/25215430/1098503/cinima-history-vijayakumari.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601054010/https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2017/07/25215430/1098503/cinima-history-vijayakumari.vpf |archive-date=1 June 2019 |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=மனோரமா... தமிழ் சினிமாவின் தவப்புதல்வி! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/69323-a-tribute-to-legendry-actress-aachi-manorama |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713070724/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/69323-a-tribute-to-legendry-actress-aachi-manorama |archive-date=13 July 2022 |language=ta |date=10 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[R. Sudarsanam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mani Magudam (1966) |url=http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/Mani-Magudam-T0002207 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106200443/http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/Mani-Magudam-T0002207 |archive-date=6 January 2015 |access-date=6 January 2015 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Aathavan Uthiththaan" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]] || [[Kannadasan]] || 04:09
|-
| "Naan Vantha Paathai" || T. M. Soundararajan || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 03:19
|-
| "O Ho Paar Intha Pakkam" || P. Susheela || Kannadasan || 03:11
|-
| "Valiyor Silar" || T. M. Soundararajan || Bharathidasan || 03:10
|-
| "Thathi Sellum" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || Vaali || 03:10
|}

== Reception ==
''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' noted that, among the three roles portrayed by Rajendran, only the insane one was worth applauding.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=25 December 1966 |title=மணிமகுடம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1966/dec/25-12-1966/p17.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220726050834/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1966/dec/25-12-1966/p17.jpg |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=4 January 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=17 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2043915}}

[[Category:1960s historical action films]]
[[Category:1966 Indian films]]
[[Category:1966 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1966 films]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. Sudarsanam]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by M. Karunanidhi]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Shahpur Bamheta

2026-03-03T08:45:54Z

Serzohe: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}

'''Shahpur Bamheta''' is a village in [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It is situated adjacent to the Delhi-Meerut Expressway and N.H. 91 (G.T Road), located 6.8 km away from Ghaziabad Railway Station. The village is inhabited primarily by people of the [[Yadav]] community.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alam |first=Shafaque |title=Ghaziabad: BJP has failed in every aspect despite several chances, says Poonam Yadav |work=The Times of India |date=6 May 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ghaziabad/-bjp-has-failed-in-every-aspect-despite-several-chances-yadav/articleshow/100025276.cms |access-date=14 February 2026 }}</ref>

There is a post office of India Post located in the village and Shahpur Bamheta, pin code is 201002. The post office name is Shahpur Bamheta Branch Post Office and post office type is branch office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.postalcodeindia.com/shahpur-bamheta-shahpur-bamheta-bo-pincode-201002-uttar-pradesh/|title=Pin Code of Shahpur Bamheta, Ghaziabad {{!}} Postal Code: 201002|website=www.postalcodeindia.com|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref>

Ajit Pal is currently Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) Muradnagar and [[Atul Garg]] is currently Member of Parliament (MP) from Ghaziabad.

==Geography==
Shahpur Bamheta is located at 28.6462° N, 77.4745° E. It has an average elevation of 213 meters.

==Transport==
Shahpur Bamheta is well connected with N.H. 24 & N.H. 91. Anyone can reach here easily by auto rickshaw, bus etc. Nearest Railway station is [[Ghaziabad Junction railway station|Ghaziabad railway station]] which is 6.8 km away.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://infolog.in/shahpur-bamheta-zamindari/ Shahpur Bamheta (Zamindari)]

{{coord|28|39|N|77|29|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Ghaziabad district, India]]

Khongbu Konthouba

2026-02-26T07:21:16Z

Serzohe: started a post

{{Short description|Monarch of Khuman dynasty}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Khongbu Konthouba
| title = Khuman Ningthou
| image = Ancient and Modern Meitei language names of a Khuman dynasty ruler of Classical Antiquity - Khongpu Konthoupa (Khongbu Konthouba).jpg
| reign = 1150 CE – 1160 CE
| reign-type = [[Monarch]]
| predecessor = [[Thingkol Hanba]]
| successor = [[Sekpu Kainou Chingsomba]]
| birth_name = Khongpu Konthoupa
| house = [[Khuman dynasty]]
| occupation = Monarch
| religion = [[Sanamahism]]
}}
{{Khuman Kingdom}}
{{Meitei people}}
'''Khongbu Konthouba''' ([[Old Manipuri]]: ꯈꯣꯡꯄꯨ ꯀꯣꯟꯊꯧꯄ, ''romanised'': Khongpu Konthoupa) was a monarch of the [[Khuman dynasty]] who ruled from '''1150 CE''' to '''1160 CE'''.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book |last=Khelchandra Singh |first=Ningthoukhongjam |author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/২৭/mode/thumb |title=Khuman Kangleirol |publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive |year=1980 |location=India |language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book |last=Ibobi |first=Laikhuram |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb |title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron |publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive |year=1998 |location=India |language=mni}}</ref>

He was a contemporary of [[Atom Yoiremba]], a ruler of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]], who reigned from '''1150 CE''' to '''1163 CE'''.<ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra3">{{Cite book |last=Kullachandra Sharma |first=B |author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb |title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba |publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive |year=1998 |location=India |language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba3">{{Cite book |last=Kullachandra |first=B. |author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb |title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba |date=1989-03-15 |publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive |location=India |language=mni}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Khuman kings]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]

Vinodhini Vaidyanathan

2026-02-25T14:07:18Z

Serzohe: done - done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vinodhini Vaidyanathan
| image = Actress Vinodhini.jpg
| caption = Vinodhini Vaidyanathan in 2019
| imagesize =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actress, writer
| othername = Vinodhini
| yearsactive = 2011 - present (Films) 2003 - present (Theatre)
| parents = Vaidyanathan & Chandralekha
}}

'''Vinodhini Vaidyanathan''' is an Indian actress and writer who has mainly worked in [[Tamil cinema]] and theatre. She made her debut in [[AR Murugadoss|A. R. Murugadoss]]'s ''[[Engaeyum Eppothum]]'' portraying [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]]'s sister.<ref>{{cite web |title=I was amazed to get a call from Mani Ratnam |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/I-was-amazed-to-get-a-call-from-Mani-Ratnam/2013/08/10/article1726587.ece |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133743/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/I-was-amazed-to-get-a-call-from-Mani-Ratnam/2013/08/10/article1726587.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is best known for her performances in [[OK Kanmani]] (2015), ''[[Appa (2016 film)|Appa]]'' (2016), ''[[Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)|Aandavan Kattalai]]'' (2016), ''[[Ratsasan]]'' (2018), ''[[Comali]]'' (2019), ''[[Game Over (2019 film)|Game Over]]'' (2019), ''[[Ponmagal Vandhal]]'' (2020) and ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' (2020), ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' (2022) and ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' (2023).

==Career==
Vinodhini made her first film appearance in [[Priyadarshan]]'s ''[[Kanchivaram]]'' (2009), after being selected by the director to be a part of the film after he watched her during a performance with the Tamil theatre troupe, [[Koothu-P-Pattarai]]. The film won critical acclaim and recognition at the [[National Film Awards]]. In early 2010, director [[M. Saravanan (film director)|Saravanan]] had watched Vinodhini's solo performance titled ''Saami Aattam'', in which Vinodhini played multiple characters in a 45-minute monologue, and was impressed enough to cast her in his first Tamil film, ''[[Engeyum Eppodhum]]'' (2011), produced by [[AR Murugadoss]].<ref name=ss>{{cite web |url=https://silverscreen.in/features/work-and-play-the-vinodhini-interview/ |title=Work and Play: The Vinodhini Interview |first=Deepika|last=Ramesh|date=31 March 2015 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412214246/https://silverscreen.in/features/work-and-play-the-vinodhini-interview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her performance in the film as the character of [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]]'s sister, was well received.

Since 2011, Vinodhini has appeared in several other films including the comedy ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]'' (2013), the horror film ''[[Pisaasu]]'' (2014) and two collaborations with [[Mani Ratnam]] in ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]'' (2013) and ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'' (2015).<ref name=ss/> She also played a significant supporting role as the wife of a gangster in [[Karthik Subbaraj]]'s ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' (2014) and in a leading role in [[Balu Mahendra]]'s ''[[Thalaimuraigal]]'' (2013), where she played his daughter.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131204/entertainment-kollywood/article/vinodhini-grabs-major-roles-now |title=Vinodhini grabs major roles now |first=logesh |last=balachandran |date=4 December 2013 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=27 May 2015 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213160904/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131204/entertainment-kollywood/article/vinodhini-grabs-major-roles-now |url-status=live }}</ref>

By 2016, Vinodhini started to be recognized for her performances, going on to win Best Performance in a Comedy Role (Female) 2016 at the [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]] for her role in Aandavan Kattalai, as a junior lawyer.

She has also appeared in a few Telugu-language films. Regarding her performance in ''[[Crazy Fellow]]'' (2022), a critic called her "a revelation".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/oct/15/crazy-fellow-movie-review-a-comedy-of-errors-that-entertains-mostly-2508249.html |title='Crazy Fellow' movie review: A comedy of errors that entertains, mostly |date=15 October 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |last=Krishna CH |first=Murali |access-date=3 January 2023 |archive-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218144541/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/oct/15/crazy-fellow-movie-review-a-comedy-of-errors-that-entertains-mostly-2508249.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Vinodhini is also a playwright and theatre director. Her theatre group, Theatre Zero has been actively staging plays since 2012, some of which are Petti Kathaigal,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/may/29/chennais-theatre-scene-begins-with-a-small-petti-1610527.html |title=Chennai's theatre scene begins with a small petti |website=The New Indian Express |date=30 May 2017 |access-date=12 April 2019 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412210440/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/may/29/chennais-theatre-scene-begins-with-a-small-petti-1610527.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the musical extravaganza "Aayirathoru Iravugal", which she wrote and directed for the prestigious Hindu Theatre Fest in 2016,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Celebrating-Tamil-theatre/article14620153.ece |title=Celebrating Tamil theatre |first=Subha J. |last=Rao |date=27 July 2016 |work=The Hindu |access-date=12 April 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507112729/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Celebrating-Tamil-theatre/article14620153.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and Nagercoil Expressum Nadaga Companyum,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jayantiblogshere.blogspot.com/2016/07/nagercoil-expressum-nadaga-companyum.html |title=jayantiblogshere: Nagercoil Expressum Nadaga companyum ... review |date=30 July 2016 |access-date=12 April 2019 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412211748/http://jayantiblogshere.blogspot.com/2016/07/nagercoil-expressum-nadaga-companyum.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which toured extensively in 2016–17. Her play, titled Grand Rehearsal,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-hindu-theatre-fest-is-back/article7403573.ece |title=Let the drama begin |first=Elizabeth |last=Mathew |date=10 July 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=12 April 2019 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412211748/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-hindu-theatre-fest-is-back/article7403573.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/gear-up-for-a-laugh-riot-at-the-hindu-theatre-fest/article7522331.ece |title=Of cackling women, cracked radios and crazy productions |first=Raveena |last=Joseph |date=10 August 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=12 April 2019 |archive-date=4 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504153720/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/gear-up-for-a-laugh-riot-at-the-hindu-theatre-fest/article7522331.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> was the first ever Tamil play to be staged at The Hindu Theatre Fest, which is primarily a festival for English plays from India and abroad. It was declared a laugh riot amid standing ovation from the audience.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/take-3three-oneact-plays-citizen-reiews/article7553737.ece |title=Take 3: Three one-act plays - Citizen reviews |date=18 August 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=12 April 2019 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921194007/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/take-3three-oneact-plays-citizen-reiews/article7553737.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Similarly, her play Aayirathoru Iravugal, "had the audience roaring with laughter", when it opened in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/aayirathioru-iravagal-in-pictures/article14628550.ece1/photo/1/ |title=Aayirathioru Iravagal: In Pictures |date=31 August 2016 |work=The Hindu |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604221910/https://www.thehindu.com/features/aayirathioru-iravagal-in-pictures/article14628550.ece1/photo/1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As of January 2020, Theatre Zero has partnered with stand-up comic [[Alexander Babu]] to bring back Vinodhini's play Nagercoil Expressum Nadaga Companyum in its new version and tour with it worldwide.

Vinodhini also writes professionally. Her short stories and articles have been published in [[Silverscreen.in]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://silverscreen.in/features/the-n-muthuswamy-tribute-the-thespian-whose-demise-is-a-frightening-huge-loss-to-theatre/ |title=The N Muthuswamy Tribute: The Thespian Whose Demise Is A Frightening Huge Loss To Theatre |date=November 3, 2018 |access-date=12 April 2019 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412214242/https://silverscreen.in/features/the-n-muthuswamy-tribute-the-thespian-whose-demise-is-a-frightening-huge-loss-to-theatre/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Madras Mag, [[The News Minute]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/abuse-threats-violence-why-social-media-devil-actor-vinodhini-vaidyanathan-writes-59811 |title=Abuse, threats, violence: Why social media is the devil, actor Vinodhini Vaidyanathan writes |publisher=The News Minute |date=4 April 2017 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412214241/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/abuse-threats-violence-why-social-media-devil-actor-vinodhini-vaidyanathan-writes-59811 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[The Hindu (Tamil)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tamil.thehindu.com/society/lifestyle/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F-%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D/article9681647.ece |title=கிருஷ்ணதேவராயர் சாப்பிட்ட லாலிபாப் |first=வினோதினி |last=வைத்தியநாதன் |website=இந்து தமிழ் திசை|date=5 May 2017 }}</ref> among others.

==Personal life==
Vinodhini completed her B.Sc. from Ethiraj College for Women, Chennai and went on to do her master's degree in Human Resources Management from XIME, Bangalore. She also holds a second master's degree in Psychology from University of Madras. <ref name=ss/>

==Filmography==
=== Tamil films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Vinodhini Vaidyanathan Tamil film credits
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2009 || ''[[Kanchivaram]]'' || Subhatra ||
|-
|2011|| ''[[Engaeyum Eppothum]]''|| Selvi||
|-
|rowspan="4" |2013|| ''[[Yamuna (film)|Yamuna]]''|| Chandrika ||
|-
| ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]''|| Fisher woman ||
|-
|''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]''|| Police Inspector ||
|-
|''[[Thalaimuraigal]]''|| Sivaraman's sister ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
| ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''|| Soundar's wife ||
|-
|''[[Vanmam]]''|| Palraj's wife ||
|-
|''[[Pisaasu]]''|| Mahesh's mother ||
|-
|rowspan="5" |2015 || ''[[Nannbenda]]'' || Ramya's colleague ||
|-
| ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'' || Saroja Vasudevan ||
|-
|''[[Sivappu]]'' || Malar ||
|-
| ''[[Om Shanti Om (2014 film)|Om Shanti Om]]'' || Kumar's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Pasanga 2]]'' || Sailaja ||
|-
|rowspan="4" |2016 || ''[[Azhagu Kutti Chellam]]'' || Anandhi ||
|-
| ''[[Aranmanai 2]]'' || Sandhya ||
|-
| ''[[Appa (2016 film)|Appa]]'' || Singaperumal's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)|Aandavan Kattalai]]'' || Junior Lawyer ||Won, [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Comedian – Female]]
|-
|rowspan="3" |2017 || ''[[Aramm]]''|| Government Health Officer ||
|-
|''[[Sathya (2017 Tamil film)|Sathya]]''|| Hema ||
|-
|''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]''|| Sivaranjani ||
|-
|rowspan="4" |2018 || ''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam]]'' || Mangaiyarkarasi ||
|-
| ''[[Kaathadi]]'' || Anitha's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Echcharikkai]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
|''[[Ratsasan]]'' || Kokila ||
|-
|rowspan="6" |2019 || ''[[LKG (film)|LKG]]'' || School Principal ||
|-
|''[[Boomerang (2019 film)|Boomerang]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
|''[[Devarattam]]'' || Pechi ||
|-
|''[[Game Over (2019 film)|Game Over]]'' || Kalamma ||
|-
|''[[Kalavani 2]]''|| Manimekalai Rajendran||
|-
|''[[Comali]]'' || Bhanu ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2020 || ''[[Ponmagal Vandhal]]'' ||Venba's neighbour ||
|-
| ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' ||Chitra Ramaswamy ||
|-
| ''[[Naanga Romba Busy]]'' || Dr. Shantha||
|-
| ''[[Paava Kadhaigal]]''
|Sathaar's and Sahira's mother
|[[Netflix]] [[anthology series]]; segment ''Thangam''
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021 || ''[[Eeswaran]]'' ||Papathi||
|-
| ''[[Calls (film)|Calls]]''
|Deputy Director Shailaja
|
|-
| ''[[MGR Magan]]'' || Judge ||
|-
| ''Operation Jujupi'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |2022 || ''[[Naai Sekar]]'' || Company Director ||
|-
|''[[Kaatteri]]'' || Chithra ||
|-
| ''[[Trigger (2022 film)|Trigger]]'' || Prabhakaran's sister-in-law ||
|-
| ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' || Vasuki ||
|-
|''[[Super Senior Heroes]]'' || Reporter || Also writer
|-
| ''[[Parole (2022 film)|Parole]]'' || Gifty Maria ||
|-
|''[[Yugi (film)|Yugi]]'' || Dr. Chandrika ||
|-
|''[[Laththi]]'' || Ranganathan's wife ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2023 || ''[[Vizhithelu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' || Vasuki ||
|-
|''[[Kulasami]]'' || Vasuki ||
|-
| ''[[Baba Black Sheep (2023 film)|Baba Black Sheep]]'' || Councillor ||
|-
| ''[[Let's Get Married (2023 film)|Let's Get Married]]'' || Deepa Akka ||
|-
| ''[[Are You Ok Baby?]]'' || Suguna ||
|-
| ''[[Sooragan]]'' || Chithirai Selvi ||
|-
| ''[[Kuiko]]'' || Pushpa ||
|-
| ''Sarakku'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Tik Tok (2023 film)|Tik Tok]]'' || Susan ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2024 || ''[[Local Sarakku]]'' || Vinodha ||
|-
| ''[[Saamaniyan]]'' || Gayathri ||
|-
| ''[[PT Sir]]'' || Nandhini's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Weapon (film)|Weapon]]'' || Mother ||
|-
| rowspan=14 | 2025 || ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai (2025 film)|Kadhalikka Neramillai]]'' || Jalaja ||
|-
| ''[[Dragon (2025 film)|Dragon]]'' || Chitra Dhanapal || Dubbed for Indumathy Manikandan
|-
| ''[[2K Love Story]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dinasari]]'' || Gayathri ||
|-
| ''[[Badava]]'' || Collector ||
|-
| ''[[Konjam Kadhal Konjam Modhal]]'' || Karthik's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Jinn - The Pet]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]'' || Judge ||
|-
| ''[[House Mates]]'' || Vijayalakshmi "Viji" ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-07-29 |title=Exclusive: Sivakarthikeyan reveals reason for not actively promoting House Mates |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/29/exclusive-sivakarthikeyan-reveals-reason-for-not-actively-promoting-house-mates |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Madharaasi]]'' || Raghu's aunt ||
|-
| ''[[Right (film)|Right]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kutram Thavir]]'' || Kasturi ||
|-
| ''[[Dude (2025 film)|Dude]]'' || Dr. Nandini ||
|-
| ''[[Yellow (2025 film)|Yellow]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=1 | 2026 || ''L.S.S: Love Subscribe Share'' || ||
|-
|}

===Telugu films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Vinodhini Vaidyanathan Telugu film credits
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2019 || ''[[Game Over (2019 film)|Game Over]]'' || Kalamma
|-
|''[[Rakshasudu (2019 film)|Rakshasudu]]'' || Padma
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022 || ''[[Khiladi (2022 film)|Khiladi]]'' || Mahalakshmi
|-
| ''[[Crazy Fellow]]'' || Abhiram's sister-in-law
|-
|2023
| ''[[My Name Is Shruthi]]'' || Shruthi's mother
|}
===Malayalam films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Vinodhini Vaidyanathan Malayalam film credits
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
|-
|2022
| ''[[Yugi (film)|Adrishyam]]'' || Dr. Chandrika
|-
|2023 || ''[[Thaaram Theertha Koodaram]]'' || Selvi
|-
|}

=== Television ===
*''All television shows are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Vinodhini Vaidyanathan television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2003 ||''Appa''|| ||rowspan=4|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
| 2005-2006 ||''Selvi''|| Malar ||
|-
| 2020 ||''[[Chithi 2]]''|| Herself
| Guest appearance<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/radhika-chithi-2-serial-shoot-begins/articleshow/71434274.cms |title=Chithi after 22 years; Radikaa fans are happy |website=[[The Times of India]] - Samayam |access-date=26 November 2020 |archive-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921072308/https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/radhika-chithi-2-serial-shoot-begins/articleshow/71434274.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2022; 2023 || ''[[Anandha Ragam (TV series)|Anandha Ragam]]'' || Meenakshi
|Extended Guest appearance<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ilavarasu-and-vinodhini-to-appear-in-a-tamil-daily-soap-deets-inside/articleshow/92429549.cms |title=Ilavarasu and Vinodhini to appear in a Tamil daily soap; deets inside |website=The Times of India |date=24 June 2022 |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007140224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ilavarasu-and-vinodhini-to-appear-in-a-tamil-daily-soap-deets-inside/articleshow/92429549.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Amudhavum Annalakshmiyum]]'' || Herself || rowspan=2|[[Zee Tamil]] || Guest appearance
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Nala Damayanthi (TV series)|Nala Damayanthi]]'' || Annapurani||Photographic Appearance
|-
| rowspan=2|2024 || ''[[Thangamagal (TV series)|Thangamagal]]'' || Vaishali || [[Vijay Television|Star Vijay]]||
|-
| ''Naanga Ready Neenga Ready Ah''|| Judge || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || Reality Game show
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Chinnanchiru Kiliye]]'' || Judge || [[Zee Tamil]]|| Guest appearance
|}

=== Streaming television series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Role
! scope="col" | Network
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Tamil Rockerz (web series)|Tamil Rockerz]]''
| Baanu
| [[SonyLIV]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2022 |title=Tamil Cinema's Venerable Production House Enters OTT Age With 'Tamil Rockerz' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/tamil-cinema-s-venerable-production-house-enters-ott-age-with-tamil-rockerz--news-206606 |access-date=4 July 2022 |website=OutlookIndia |language=en |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705162943/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/tamil-cinema-s-venerable-production-house-enters-ott-age-with-tamil-rockerz--news-206606 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Accidental Farmer and Co]]'' || Nallamakka || SonyLIV || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/mar/10/the-accidental-farmer-and-co-series-review-a-quirky-premise-that-needed-more-quips-to-stay-entertai-40862.html|title=The Accidental Farmer and Co Series Review: A quirky premise that needed more quips to stay entertaining|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=10 March 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|}

===Short Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"

|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2012 || ''1 mark '' || Devika ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=6678966|name=Vinodhini}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaidyanathan, Vinodhini}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Tamil dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Actresses from Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

Technical Higher Secondary School, Vattamkulam

2026-02-22T11:26:03Z

Serzohe: new - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
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| chaplain =
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| grades =
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| city =
| state = [[Kerala]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| district =
| oversight =
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| campus =
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'''Technical Higher Secondary School, Vattamkulam''' is a secondary school in [[Vattamkulam]], [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]].<ref name="The Hindu - 30 January 2012 - Vattamkulam technical school tops arts fete">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/vattamkulam-technical-school-tops-arts-fete/article2843922.ece|title=Vattamkulam technical school tops arts fete|date=30 January 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|access-date=8 August 2014}}</ref>
THSS Vattamkulam Managed by IHRD is located at Nellyssery, Vattamkulam near Naduvattam, Edappal Malappuram.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://thssvattamkulam.ihrd.ac.in/ School website]

{{Education in Kerala}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Schools in Malappuram district]]

Nation

2026-02-18T13:01:32Z

Serzohe: added references

{{Short description|Community based on common ethnic, cultural or political identity}}
{{Other uses|Nation (disambiguation)|The Nation (disambiguation)}}
{{See also|National identity|Nationalism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Nationalism sidebar|Development}}
{{Politics}}

A '''nation''' is a type of [[social organization]] where a collective [[Identity (social science)|identity]]—a [[national identity]]—has emerged from a combination of shared features across a given population, such as [[language]], [[history]], [[ethnicity]], [[culture]], [[territory]], or [[society]]. Some nations are constructed around ethnicity (see [[ethnic nationalism]]) while others are bound by political [[constitution]]s (see [[civic nationalism]]).{{sfn|Eller|1997}}

A nation is generally more overtly political than an [[ethnic group]].<ref name="black">{{cite dictionary |title=nation |dictionary=[[Black's Law Dictionary]] |publisher=Thomson Reuters |date=2014 |editor-last=Garner |editor-first=Bryan A. |edition=10th |page=1183 |isbn=978-0-314-61300-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=James |first=Paul |author-link=Paul James (academic) |title=Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community |url=https://www.academia.edu/40353321 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |location=London |year=1996 |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006234455/https://www.academia.edu/40353321 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Benedict Anderson]] defines a nation as "an [[Imagined community|imagined political community]] […] imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion",<ref>{{cite book |title=Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism |last=Anderson |first=Benedict R. O'G. |year=1991 |publisher=Verso |location=London |isbn=978-0-86091-546-1
|pages=6–7}}</ref> while [[Anthony D. Smith]] defines nations as cultural-political communities that have become conscious of their [[autonomy]], unity and particular interests.<ref name="Smith1991">{{cite book |first=Anthony D. |last=Smith |title=The Ethnic Origins of Nations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=740O4K52DCwC |date=8 January 1991 |publisher=Wiley |page=17 |isbn=978-0-631-16169-1 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Anthony D. |title=National Identity |date=1991 |publisher=Penguin |location=London |isbn=9780140125658 |page=99}}</ref> ''[[Black's Law Dictionary]]'' also defines nation as a community of people inhabiting a defined territory and organized under an independent government.<ref name="black" /> Thus, nation can be synonymous with [[State (polity)|state]] or [[country]]. Indeed, according to [[Thomas Hylland Eriksen]], what distinguishes nations from other forms of collective identity, like ethnicity, is this very relationship with the state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eriksen |first1=Thomas Hylland |title=Nationalism and Ethnicity |date=2010 |publisher=Pluto Press |location=London |page=119 |edition=3rd}}</ref>

The consensus among scholars is that nations are [[Social constructionism|socially constructed]], historically contingent, organizationally flexible, and a distinctly [[Modernity|modern]] phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mylonas |first1=Harris |last2=Tudor |first2=Maya |date=2023 |title=Varieties of Nationalism: Communities, Narratives, Identities |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/varieties-of-nationalism/479019877D9D7F0504AD64F6D9AF102B |journal=Cambridge University Press |language=en |doi=10.1017/9781108973298 |isbn=9781108973298 |s2cid=259646325 |quote=a broad scholarly consensus that the nation is a recent and imagined identity dominates political science|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Mylonas">{{cite journal |last1=Mylonas |first1=Harris |last2=Tudor |first2=Maya |date=2021 |title=Nationalism: What We Know and What We Still Need to Know |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=109–132 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-101841 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Throughout history, people have had an attachment to their [[kin group]] and [[Tradition|traditions]], territorial authorities and their homeland, but [[nationalism]] – the belief that state and nation should align as a [[nation state]] – did not become a prominent ideology until the end of the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kohn |first1=Hans |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/nationalism |title=Nationalism |date=2018 |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115182310/https://www.britannica.com/topic/nationalism |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Etymology and terminology ==
The English word ''nation'' from [[Middle English]] c. 1300, ''nacioun'' "a race of people, large group of people with common ancestry and language," from [[Old French]] ''nacion'' "birth (''naissance''), rank; descendants, relatives; country, homeland" (12c.) and directly from [[Latin]] ''nationem'' (nominative [[wikt:Special:Search/natio|''natio'']] ''(nātĭō), supine of verb nascar « to birth » ([[supine]] : natum)'') "birth, origin; breed, stock, kind, species; race of people, tribe," literally "that which has been born," from ''natus'', past participle of ''nasci'' "be born" ([[Old Latin]] ''gnasci''), from [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] root *gene- "give birth, beget," with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups.<ref>{{Cite web |title=nation {{!}} Etymology of nation by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/nation |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en}}</ref>

In Latin, ''natio'' represents the children of the same birth and also a human group of same origin.<ref>Dictionnaire ''[[Le Petit Robert]]'', édition 2002.</ref> By [[Cicero]], ''natio'' is used for "people".<ref>''Dictionnaire Latin-Français'', [[Félix Gaffiot|Gaffiot]].</ref>

== Nations in History ==
=== The existence of earlier nations ===
{{See also|Nationalism in Antiquity|Nationalism in the Middle Ages}}
The broad consensus amongst [[Nationalism studies|scholars of nationalism]] is that nations are a recent phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mylonas |first1=Harris |last2=Tudor |first2=Maya |date=2023 |title=Varieties of Nationalism: Communities, Narratives, Identities |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/varieties-of-nationalism/479019877D9D7F0504AD64F6D9AF102B |journal=Cambridge University Press |language=en |doi=10.1017/9781108973298 |isbn=9781108973298 |s2cid=259646325 |quote=a broad scholarly consensus that the nation is a recent and imagined identity dominates political science|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, some historians argue that their existence can be traced to the medieval period, or a minority believe even to antiquity.

[[Adrian Hastings]] argued that nations and nationalism are predominantly Christian phenomena, with Jews being the sole exception. He viewed them as the "true proto-nation" that provided the original model of nationhood through the foundational example of [[ancient Israel]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]], despite losing their political sovereignty for nearly two millennia. Regarding the latter, Jews maintained their cohesive national identity through collective memory, religion and sacred texts, which ultimately culminated in the emergence of [[Zionism]] and the establishment of modern lsrael.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hastings |first=Adrian |title=The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=0-521-59391-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=186–187}}</ref> Anthony D. Smith wrote that the Jews of the late [[Second Temple period]] provide "a closer approximation to the ideal type of the nation ... perhaps anywhere else in the ancient world."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Anthony D. |title=National Identity |date=1993 |publisher=University of Nevada Press |isbn=978-0-87417-204-1 |edition=Reprint |series=Ethnonationalism in comparative perspective |location=Reno Las Vegas |pages=48–50}}</ref>

[[Susan Reynolds]] has argued that many European medieval kingdoms were nations in the modern sense, except that political participation in nationalism was available only to a limited prosperous and literate class,<ref>{{cite book |first=Susan |last=Reynolds |author-link=Susan Reynolds |title=Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe 900–1300 |location=Oxford |date=1997}}</ref> while Hastings claims England's Anglo-Saxon kings mobilized mass nationalism in their struggle to repel Norse invasions. He argues that [[Alfred the Great]], in particular, drew on biblical language in his law code and that during his reign selected books of the Bible were translated into [[Old English]] to inspire Englishmen to fight to turn back the Norse invaders. Hastings argues for a strong renewal of English nationalism (following a hiatus after the [[Norman conquest]]) beginning with the [[Wycliffe's Bible|translation of the complete bible into English by the Wycliffe circle in the 1380s]], positing that the frequency and consistency in usage of the word nation from the early fourteenth century onward strongly suggest [[English nationalism]] and the English nation have been continuous since that time.<ref>{{cite book |first=Adrian |last=Hastings |author-link=Adrian Hastings |title=The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=1997}}</ref>

However, [[John Breuilly]] criticizes Hastings's assumption that continued usage of a term such as 'English' means continuity in its meaning.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Özkirimli |first1=Umut |title=Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |pages=78 |edition=2nd}}</ref> [[Patrick J. Geary]] agrees, arguing names were adapted to different circumstances by different powers and could convince people of continuity, even if radical discontinuity was the lived reality.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Özkirimli |first1=Umut |title=Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |pages=77 |edition=2nd}}</ref>

[[Florin Curta]] cites Medieval [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian nation]] as another possible example. [[First Bulgarian Empire|Danubian Bulgaria]] was founded in 680-681 as a continuation of [[Old Great Bulgaria|Great Bulgaria]]. After the adoption of [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] in 864 it became one of the cultural centres of [[Slavs|Slavic]] Europe. Its leading cultural position was consolidated with the invention of the [[Cyrillic script]] in its capital [[Preslav]] on the eve of the 10th century.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIAYMNOOe0YC&pg=PR1 |title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250, Cambridge Medieval Textbooks |first=Florin |last=Curta |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |pages=221–222 |access-date=11 February 2015 |isbn=9780521815390 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Hugh Poulton argues the development of [[Old Church Slavonic]] literacy in the country had the effect of preventing the assimilation of the [[South Slavs]] into neighboring cultures and stimulated the development of a distinct ethnic identity.<ref name="Poulton2000">{{cite book |last=Poulton |first=Hugh |title=Who are the Macedonians? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppbuavUZKEwC&pg=PA19 |edition=2nd |year=2000 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |isbn=978-1-85065-534-3 |pages=19–20 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> A symbiosis was carried out between the numerically weak Bulgars and the numerous Slavic tribes in that broad area from the Danube to the north, to the [[Aegean Sea]] to the south, and from the [[Adriatic Sea]] to the west, to the [[Black Sea]] to the east, who accepted the common ethnonym "''Bulgarians''".<ref>{{cite book |first=Vassil |last=Karloukovski |url=http://www.kroraina.com/macedon/mik_6_1.html |script-title=mk:Средновековни градови и тврдини во Македонија. Иван Микулчиќ (Скопје, Македонска цивилизација, 1996) |title=Srednovekovni gradovi i tvrdini vo Makedonija. Ivan Mikulčiḱ (Skopje, Makedonska civilizacija, 1996) |language=mk |trans-title=Medieval cities and fortresses in Macedonia. Ivan Mikulcic (Skopje, Macedonian Civilization, 1996) |isbn=978-9989756078 |page=72 |publisher=Kroraina.com |access-date=11 February 2015 |year=1996 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915012207/http://www.kroraina.com/macedon/mik_6_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the 10th century the Bulgarians established a form of national identity that was far from modern nationalism but helped them to survive as a distinct entity through the centuries.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MUVgsK_GfxYC&pg=PA11 |title=An Introduction to Post-Communist Bulgaria: Political, Economic and Social Transformations |first=Emil |last=Giatzidis |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |access-date=11 February 2015 |isbn=9780719060953 |year=2002 |via=[[Google Books]] |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115223028/https://books.google.com/books?id=MUVgsK_GfxYC&pg=PA11 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C&q=Thus+by+Peter%27s+reign+the+Bulgar+and+Slavic+elements+had+merged+to+form+a+Slavic |title=The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century |first=John V. A. Jr. |last=Fine |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |year=1991 |page=165 |access-date=11 February 2015 |isbn=978-0472081493 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=If it's "far from modern nationalism" explain how this fits into the discussion|date=August 2023}}

[[Anthony Kaldellis]] asserts in ''Hellenism in Byzantium'' (2008) that what is called the [[Byzantine Empire]] was the Roman Empire transformed into a [[nation-state]] in the [[Middle Ages]].{{Page needed|date=August 2022}}

Azar Gat also argues [[China]], [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] were nations by the time of the [[European Middle Ages]].<ref>Azar Gat, ''Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2013, China, p. 93 Korea, p. 104 and Japan p., 105.</ref>

The ''Bulletin de la Société de géographie'' (1855), Maury (1855), Marty (1916), and Gadzekpo (2002) argue that, the [[Serer people|Serer]] ethnoreligous group found in present-day Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania, are a nation, and one of the oldest inhabitants of the [[Senegambia region]].<ref name="Bul Soc">''Bulletin de la Société de géographie, Volume 26.'' Société de Géographie (1855), pp. 35 - 36. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hJ9bQf7f-RoC&pg=PA35] (retrieved 18 Feb 2026). Quote:
: "La nation sérère, aujourd'hui dispersée en plusieurs petits États sur la côte ou refoulée dans les bois de l'intérieur, doit être une des plus anciennes de la Sénégambie."</ref><ref>Maury, Alfred, ''Rapports à la Soc. de géographie, volume 1.'' (1855). p. 25 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ujg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA25] (retrieved 18 Feb 2026)</ref><ref>Marty, Paul, ''L'Islám en Mauritanie et au Sénégal.'' E. Leroux
(1916), p. 49</ref><ref>Gadzekpo, Seth Kordzo. "History of African Civilisations." Rabbi Books (2002), p. 137. {{ISBN|9789988778736}}</ref> The Serers of the north originated from the ancient kingdom of [[Takrur]], now part of present-day Fouta Toro – which was part of Serer country,<ref>Chavane, Bruno A., "Villages de l’ancien Tekrour", Vol. 2, Hommes et sociétés. Archéologies africaines, p. 10, KARTHALA Editions (1985), {{ISBN|2-86537-143-3}}</ref> who, [[Persecution of Serers|from the 11th century, faced religious and ethnic persecution]] from Islamic forces, resulting in the [[Takrur#Serer Exodux|Serer Exodus]] from Takrur to the south.<ref>Chavane, Bruno A., "Villages de l’ancien Tekrour", Vol. 2, Hommes et sociétés. Archéologies africaines, KARTHALA Editions (1985), p. 38, {{ISBN|2-86537-143-3}}</ref> The influence of [[Serer religion]], [[Serer ancient history|history]], culture, and traditions, on the land has been so immense that, historian, Professor Charles Becker, in his paper "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays Sereer" (1993) writes:

{{cquote|''Finally we should remember the important relic call Sereer in [[Futa Toro|Fouta]], but also in the former countries of the Ferlo, [[Jolof Empire|Jolof]] and [[Cayor|Kajoor]], which marked the migration of proto-Sereer, whose imprint on the Fouta was so significant and remains in the memory of the [[Pulaar language|Halpulaareen]]'' [speakers of the Pulaar language in [[Senegal]] and the [[Gambia]] such as the [[Fula people|Fula]] and [[Toucouleur people]]].<ref>Becker, Charles, "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer". Dakar. 1993. CNRS – ORS TO M</ref>}}
After a thousand years of [[religious persecution|religious]] and ethnic persecution, the Serer, "today scattered in several small states on the coast or pushed back into the woods of the interior, must be one of the oldest in [[Senegambia]]."<ref name="Bul Soc"/> They form the third largest ethnic group in [[Senegal]], and form a minority in neighbouring [[Gambia]], [[Mauritania]], and to a lesser extent, [[Guinea-Bissau]].

=== Criticisms ===
In contrast, Geary rejects the conflation of early medieval and contemporary group identities as a myth, arguing it is a mistake to conclude continuity based on the recurrence of names. He criticizes historians for failing to recognize the differences between earlier ways of perceiving group identities and more contemporary attitudes, stating they are "trapped in the very historical process we are attempting to study".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Özkirimli |first1=Umut |title=Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |pages=77–78 |edition=2nd}}</ref>

Similarly, [[Sami Zubaida]] notes that many states and empires in history ruled over ethnically diverse populations, and "shared ethnicity between ruler and ruled did not always constitute grounds for favour or mutual support". He goes on to argue ethnicity was never the primary basis of identification for the members of these multinational empires.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Özkirimli |first1=Umut |title=Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |pages=77–78 |edition=2nd}}</ref>

Paul Lawrence criticises Hastings's reading of [[Bede]]'s ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]'' as evidence of an early [[English national identity]], instead observing that those writing so-called 'national' histories may have "been working with a rather different notion of 'the nation' to those writing history in the modern period". Lawrence goes on to argue that such documents do not demonstrate how ordinary people identified themselves, pointing out that, while they serve as texts in which an elite defines itself, "their significance in relation to what the majority thought and felt was likely to have been minor".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawrence|first1=Paul|editor1-last=Breuilly |editor1-first=John |title=The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-876820-3 |page=715 |chapter=Nationalism and Historical Writing}}</ref>

=== Use of term ''nationes'' by medieval universities and other medieval institutions ===
{{main article|Nation (university)}}

A significant early use of the term ''nation'', as ''natio'', occurred at [[medieval university|medieval universities]]<ref>''see: [[nation (university)]]''</ref> to describe the colleagues in a college or students, above all at the [[University of Paris]], who were all born within a ''pays'', spoke the same language and expected to be ruled by their own familiar law. In 1383 and 1384, while studying theology at Paris, [[Jean Gerson]] was elected twice as a procurator for the French ''natio''. The [[Charles University in Prague|University of Prague]] adopted the division of students into ''nationes'': from its opening in 1349 the ''[[studium generale]]'' which consisted of Bohemian, Bavarian, Saxon and Polish ''nations''.

In a similar way, the ''nationes'' were segregated by the [[Knights Hospitaller|Knights Hospitaller of Jerusalem]], who maintained at [[Rhodes]] the hostels from which they took their name "where foreigners eat and have their places of meeting, each nation apart from the others, and a Knight has charge of each one of these hostels, and provides for the necessities of the inmates according to their religion", as the Spanish traveller [[Pedro Tafur]] noted in 1436.<ref>Pedro Tafur, ''[http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/tafur.html#ch5 Andanças e viajes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629042823/http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/tafur.html#ch5 |date=29 June 2011 }}''.</ref>

== Early modern nations ==
{{See also|Nation state}}
In his article, "The Mosaic Moment: An Early Modernist Critique of the Modernist Theory of Nationalism", [[Philip S. Gorski]] argues that the first modern [[Nation state|nation-state]] was the [[Dutch Republic]], created by a fully modern political nationalism rooted in the model of [[biblical nationalism]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Philip S. |last=Gorski |title=The Mosaic Moment: An Early Modernist Critique of the Modernist Theory of Nationalism |journal=[[American Journal of Sociology]] |volume=105 |number=5 |date=2000 |pages=1428–68 |doi=10.1086/210435 |jstor=3003771 |s2cid=144002511 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3003771 |access-date=27 April 2023 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204162126/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3003771 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In a 2013 article "Biblical nationalism and the sixteenth-century states", [[Diana Muir|Diana Muir Appelbaum]] expands Gorski's argument to apply to a series of new, Protestant, sixteenth-century nation states.<ref>{{cite book |first=Diana Muir |last=Appelbaum |chapter=Biblical nationalism and the sixteenth-century states |title=National Identities |date=2013 |volume=15 |issue=4 |page=317 |doi=10.1080/14608944.2013.814624 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4879193}}</ref> A similar, albeit broader, argument was made by Anthony D. Smith in his books, ''Chosen Peoples: Sacred Sources of National Identity'' and ''Myths and Memories of the Nation''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Anthony D. |last=Smith |title=Chosen Peoples: Sacred Sources of National Identity |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Anthony D. |last=Smith |title=Myths and Memories of the Nation |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1999}}</ref>

In her book ''Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity'', [[Liah Greenfeld]] argued that nationalism was invented in England by 1600. According to Greenfeld, England was “the first nation in the world".<ref>{{cite book |first=Steven |last=Guilbert |title=The Making of English National Identity |url=http://www.cercles.com/review/R12/kumar7.htm |access-date=17 March 2014 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201948/http://www.cercles.com/review/R12/kumar7.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Liah |last=Greenfeld |title=Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |date=1992}}</ref>

For Smith, creating a 'world of nations' has had profound consequences for the global state system, as a nation comprises both a cultural and political identity. Therefore, he argues, "any attempt to forge a national identity is also a political action with political consequences, like the need to redraw the geopolitical map or alter the composition of political regimes and states".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Anthony D. |title=National Identity |date=1991 |publisher=Penguin |location=London |isbn=9780140125658 |page=99}}</ref>

== Social science ==
There are three notable perspectives on how nations developed. [[Primordialism]] (perennialism), which reflects popular conceptions of nationalism but has largely fallen out of favour among academics,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coakley |first1=J |title="Primordialism" in nationalism studies: theory or ideology? |journal=[[Nations and Nationalism (journal)|Nations and Nationalism]] |date=2017 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=327–347 |doi=10.1111/nana.12349 |s2cid=149288553 |url=https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/136558806/coakley_primordialism_nn_2017_upload.pdf |access-date=28 September 2022 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928031810/https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/136558806/coakley_primordialism_nn_2017_upload.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> proposes that there have always been nations and that nationalism is a natural phenomenon. [[Ethnosymbolism]] explains nationalism as a dynamic, evolving phenomenon and stresses the importance of symbols, myths and traditions in the development of nations and nationalism. [[Modernization theory (nationalism)|Modernization theory]], which has superseded primordialism as the dominant explanation of nationalism,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Woods |first1=Eric Taylor |last2=Schertzer |first2=Robert |last3=Kaufmann |first3=Eric |date=April 2011 |title=Ethno-national conflict and its management |journal=Commonwealth & Comparative Politics |volume=49 |issue=2 |page=154 |doi=10.1080/14662043.2011.564469 |s2cid=154796642}}</ref> adopts a [[Constructivism (ethnic politics)|constructivist]] approach and proposes that nationalism emerged due to processes of [[Modernization theory|modernization]], such as [[Industrialisation|industrialization]], urbanization, and mass education, which made national consciousness possible.<ref name="Mylonas" /><ref name="Anthony Smith">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Deanna |title=Nationalism |publisher=[[Polity Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7456-5128-6 |edition=2nd |location=Cambridge}}</ref>

Proponents of modernization theory describe nations as "[[imagined communities]]", a term coined by Benedict Anderson.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=Benedict |title=Imagined Communities |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |location=London |year=1983}}</ref> A nation is an imagined community in the sense that the material conditions exist for imagining extended and shared connections and that it is objectively impersonal, even if each individual in the nation experiences themselves as subjectively part of an embodied unity with others. For the most part, members of a nation remain strangers to each other and will likely never meet.<ref>{{cite book |last=James |first=Paul |author-link=Paul James (academic) |title=Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In |url=https://www.academia.edu/1642214 |date=2006 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |location=London |access-date=2 November 2017 |archive-date=29 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429234210/https://www.academia.edu/1642214/Globalism_Nationalism_Tribalism_Bringing_Theory_Back_In_2006_ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nationalism is consequently seen an "[[invented tradition]]" in which shared sentiment provides a form of collective identity and binds individuals together in political solidarity. A nation's foundational "story" may be built around a combination of ethnic attributes, values and principles, and may be closely connected to narratives of belonging.<ref name="Mylonas" /><ref name="Anderson">{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Benedict |title=Imagined Communities: Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |year=1983 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hobsbawm |first1=E. |title=The Invention of Tradition |last2=Ranger |first2=T. |date=1983 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, UK}}</ref>

Scholars in the 19th and early 20th century offered constructivist criticisms of primordial theories about nations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Buck |first=Carl Darling |date=1916 |title=Language and the Sentiment of Nationality |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400012120/type/journal_article |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=45 |doi=10.2307/1946302 |jstor=1946302 |s2cid=146904598 |issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A prominent lecture by Ernest Renan, "[[What Is a Nation?|What is a Nation?]]", argues that a nation is "a daily referendum", and that nations are based as much on what the people jointly forget as on what they remember. Carl Darling Buck argued in a 1916 study, "Nationality is essentially subjective, an active sentiment of unity, within a fairly extensive group, a sentiment based upon real but diverse factors, political, geographical, physical, and social, any or all of which may be present in this or that case, but no one of which must be present in all cases."<ref name=":0" />

In the late 20th century, many social scientists{{Who|date=August 2023}} argued that there were two types of nations, the [[civic nation]] of which French republican society was the principal example and the [[ethnic nationalism|ethnic nation]] exemplified by the German peoples. The German tradition was conceptualized as originating with early 19th-century philosophers, like [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]], and referred to people sharing a common language, religion, culture, history, and [[ethnic origins]], that differentiate them from people of other nations.<ref name="Noiriel">{{cite book |last=Noiriel |first=Gérard |title=Population, immigration et identité nationale en France:XIX-XX siècle. |language=fr |trans-title= |date=1992 |publisher=Hachette |isbn=2010166779}}</ref> On the other hand, the civic nation was traced to the [[French Revolution]] and ideas deriving from 18th-century French philosophers. It was understood as being centred in a willingness to "live together", this producing a nation that results from an act of affirmation.<ref>[[Rogers Brubaker]], Citizenship and nationhood in France and Germany, [[Harvard University Press]], 1992, {{ISBN|978-0-674-13178-1}}</ref> This is the vision, among others, of [[Ernest Renan]].<ref name="Noiriel" />

==Debate about a potential future of nations==
{{See also|Clash of Civilizations|Tribe (Internet)|Global citizenship|Geographic mobility|Transnationalism|Postnationalism}}
There is an ongoing debate about the future of nations − about whether this framework will persist as is and whether there are viable or developing alternatives.<ref name=news>{{cite magazine |title=End of nations: Is there an alternative to countries? |url=http://mpc-journal.org/blog/2016/11/09/end-of-nations-is-there-an-alternative-to-countries/ |magazine=[[New Scientist]] |access-date=10 May 2017 |archive-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318172657/http://mpc-journal.org/blog/2016/11/09/end-of-nations-is-there-an-alternative-to-countries/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The theory of the [[clash of civilizations]] lies in direct contrast to [[Cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] theories about an ever more-connected world that no longer requires nation states. According to [[political scientist]] [[Samuel P. Huntington]], people's cultural and religious [[Identity (social science)|identities]] will be the primary source of conflict in the post–[[Cold War]] world. The theory was originally formulated in a 1992 lecture<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aei.org/issue/29196 |title=U.S. Trade Policy — Economics |publisher=AEI |date=15 February 2007 |access-date=20 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629170348/http://www.aei.org/issue/29196 |archive-date=29 June 2013 }}</ref> at the [[American Enterprise Institute]], which was then developed in a 1993 ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'' article titled "The Clash of Civilizations?",<ref name="FAarticle">Official copy (free preview): {{cite web |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19930601faessay5188/samuel-p-huntington/the-clash-of-civilizations.html |title=The Clash of Civilizations? |work=[[Foreign Affairs]] |date=Summer 1993 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629022856/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19930601faessay5188/samuel-p-huntington/the-clash-of-civilizations.html |archive-date=29 June 2007 }}</ref> in response to [[Francis Fukuyama]]'s 1992 book, ''[[The End of History and the Last Man]]''. Huntington later expanded his [[thesis]] in a 1996 book ''The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order''.

Huntington began his thinking by surveying the diverse theories about the nature of global politics in the post–[[Cold War]] period. Some theorists and writers argued that [[human rights]], [[liberal democracy]] and capitalist [[free market]] economics had become the only remaining ideological alternative for nations in the post–Cold War world. Specifically, Francis Fukuyama, in ''The End of History and the Last Man'', argued that the world had reached a [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegelian]] "end of history".

Huntington believed that while the age of [[ideology]] had ended, the world had reverted only to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural and religious lines. [[Postnationalism]] is the process or trend by which nation states and national identities lose their importance relative to supranational and global entities. Several factors contribute to the trend Huntington identifies, including [[economic globalization]], a rise in importance of [[multinational corporation]]s, the internationalization of financial markets, the transfer of [[socio-political power]] from national authorities to supranational entities, such as multinational corporations, the [[United Nations]] and the [[European Union]] and the advent of new information and culture technologies such as the [[Internet]]. However attachment to citizenship and [[national identities]] often remains important.<ref>R. Koopmans and P. Statham; "Challenging the liberal nation-state? Postnationalism, multiculturalism, and the collective claims making of migrants and ethnic minorities in Britain and Germany"; ''[[American Journal of Sociology]]'' 105:652–96 (1999)</ref><ref>R.A. Hackenberg and R.R. Alvarez; "Close-ups of postnationalism: Reports from the US-Mexico borderlands"; ''Human Organization'' 60:97–104 (2001)</ref><ref>I. Bloemraad; "Who claims dual citizenship? The limits of postnationalism, the possibilities of transnationalism, and the persistence of traditional citizenship"; ''International Migration Review'' 38:389–426 (2004)</ref>

Jan Zielonka of the [[University of Oxford]] states that "the future structure and exercise of political power will resemble the medieval model more than the Westphalian one" with the latter being about "concentration of power, sovereignty and clear-cut identity" and [[neo-medievalism]] meaning "overlapping authorities, divided sovereignty, multiple identities and governing institutions, and fuzzy borders".<ref name=news/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Politics|Society}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{anl|Citizenship}}
* {{anl|City network}}
* {{anl|Country}}
* {{anl|Government}}
* {{anl|Identity (social science)}}
* {{anl|Imagined Communities|''Imagined Communities''}}
* {{anl|Invented tradition}}
* {{anl|Irredentism}}
* [[Lists of people by nationality]]
* {{anl|Meta-ethnicity}}
* {{anl|Minzu (anthropology)}}
* {{anl|Multinational state}}
* {{anl|National emblem}}
* {{anl|National god}}
* {{anl|National memory}}
* {{anl|Nationalism}}
* {{anl|Nationality}}
* {{anl|People}}
* {{anl|Polity}}
* {{anl|Race (human categorization)}}
* {{anl|Republic}}
* {{anl|Republicanism}}
* {{anl|Separatism}}
* {{anl|Society}}
* {{anl|Sovereign state}}
* {{anl|Stateless nation}}
* {{anl|Tribe}}
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last=Anderson |first=Benedict |title=Imagined Communities |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |location=London |year=1983}}
* {{cite book |last=Gellner |first=Ernest |title=Nations and Nationalism |publisher=Blackwell |location=Cambridge |year=1983}}
* {{Cite book |last=James |first=Paul |author-link= Paul James (academic) |title=Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community |volume=1 |url=https://www.academia.edu/40353321 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |location=London |year=1996}}
* {{Cite book |last=James |first=Paul |author-link=Paul James (academic) |title=Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In — Volume 2 of Towards a Theory of Abstract Community |url=https://www.academia.edu/1642214 |year=2006 |publisher= Sage Publications | location= London }}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Anthony | title=The Ethnic Origins of Nations |publisher=Blackwell |location=London |year=1986}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhabha |first=Homi K. |title=Nations and Narration |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York |year=1990}}
* {{cite journal |last=Eller |first=Jack David |title=Ethnicity, Culture, and "The Past" |journal=[[Michigan Quarterly Review]] |volume=36 |issue=4 |date=1997 |hdl=2027/spo.act2080.0036.411}}
* Mylonas, Harris; Tudor, Maya (11 May 2021). "[https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-101841 Nationalism: What We Know and What We Still Need to Know]". ''Annual Review of Political Science''. '''24''' (1): 109–132.
*''Bulletin de la Société de géographie, Volume 26.'' Société de Géographie (1855), pp. 35 - 36. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hJ9bQf7f-RoC&pg=PA35] (retrieved 18 Feb 2026)
*Maury, Alfred, "Rapports à la Soc. de géographie, Volume 1." (1855). p. 25 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ujg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA25] (retrieved 18 Feb 2026)
*Marty, Paul, ''L'Islám en Mauritanie et au Sénégal.'' E. Leroux (1916), p. 49
*Gadzekpo, Seth Kordzo. "History of African Civilisations." Rabbi Books (2002), p. 137. {{ISBN|9789988778736}}
*Chavane, Bruno A., "Villages de l’ancien Tekrour", Vol. 2, Hommes et sociétés. Archéologies africaines, p. 10, 38, KARTHALA Editions (1985), {{ISBN|2-86537-143-3}}
*Becker, Charles, "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer". Dakar. 1993. CNRS – ORS TO M

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* [[Pierre Manent|Manent, Pierre]] (2007). "What is a Nation?"{{Cite web |url=http://www.mmisi.org/IR/42_02/manent.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 November 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003636/http://www.mmisi.org/IR/42_02/manent.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}, ''The Intercollegiate Review'', Vol. XLII, No. 2, pp. 23–31.
* [[Ernest Renan|Renan, Ernest]] (1896). [https://archive.org/stream/poetryofcelticra00renauoft#page/60/mode/2up "What is a Nation?"] In: ''The Poetry of the Celtic Races, and Other Essays''. London: The Walter Scott Publishing Co., pp. 61–83.
* {{cite book |last1=Leach |first1=Michael |title=Nation-Building and National Identity in Timor-Leste |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781315311647 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iiglDwAAQBAJ |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326152316/https://books.google.com/books?id=iiglDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Anthony D.|author-link=Anthony D. Smith|title=The Ethnic Revival in the Modern World|year=1981|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521232678|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pks7AAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Anthony D.|author-link=Anthony D. Smith|title=Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era|year=1995|location=Cambridge|publisher=Polity Press|isbn=9780745610191|url=https://archive.org/details/nationsnationali0000smit|url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Anthony D.|author-link=Anthony D. Smith|title=The Nation in History: Historiographical Debates about Ethnicity and Nationalism|year=2000|location=Hanover|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=9781584650409|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXhxE1lgmhEC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Anthony D.|author-link=Anthony D. Smith|title=Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History|year=2010|orig-year=2001|edition=2.|location=Cambridge|publisher=Polity Press|isbn=9780745651279|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUEszleiXNMC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Anthony D.|author-link=Anthony D. Smith|title=Ethno-symbolism and Nationalism: A Cultural Approach|year=2009|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135999483|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAaTAgAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Anthony D.|author-link=Anthony D. Smith|title=The Nation Made Real: Art and National Identity in Western Europe, 1600-1850|year=2013|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199662975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgtEwZUGtggC}}
{{refend}}

{{Wikiquote}}

{{Ethnicity}}
{{Political philosophy}}
{{Military and war}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ethnicity]]
[[Category:Nation| ]]
[[Category:Political geography]]
[[Category:Political science terminology]]
[[Category:Types of communities]]

Parliament

2026-02-17T14:21:59Z

Serzohe: Content refreshed with new edits

{{short description|Legislative body of government}}
{{About|the legislative institution}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2011}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{politics}}[[File:House of Commons 2010.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The facing benches of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]] are said to contribute to an adversarial style of debate.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmxVA92UkOQC&pg=PA141|title=Parliament Today|last=Rush|first=Michael|date=2005|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=9780719057953|page=141}}</ref>]]
[[File:Chamber_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Japan.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[hemicycle]] of the [[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]] of [[Japan]]]]
[[File:Bundesratswahl 2009 - Applaus.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[National Council (Switzerland)|National Council]] of [[Switzerland]]]]

{{Legislature}}

A '''parliament''' is a [[legislature|type of legislature]], or law-making body, of a [[State (polity)|state]]. Generally, a parliament has three functions: [[Representation (politics)|representing]] the [[Election#Electorate|electorate]], making [[Law|laws]], and overseeing the [[Executive (government)|executive government]] via hearings and inquiries. Its role is similar to that of a [[senate]], [[synod]] or [[congress]]; a parliament is the institutional form of [[parliamentary system]]s based on the [[fusion of powers]]. The term ''parliament'' is commonly used in countries that are current or former [[monarchies]]. Some contexts restrict the use of the word to parliamentary systems, although it is also used to describe the legislature in some [[presidential system]]s (e.g., the [[Parliament of Ghana]]), even where it is not in the [[Legal name|official name]]. A parliament is typically made up of elected [[Member of parliament|members]], who are [[Legislator|legislators]].

Historically, parliaments included various kinds of deliberative, consultative, and judicial assemblies. Parliamentary gatherings in the [[Middle Ages]] began to establish that [[Monarch|monarchs]] were subject to law and first summoned representatives of common people, notably the [[Cortes of León]] in 1188, and an [[Simon de Montfort's Parliament|English parliament in 1265]], which developed into an enduring [[House of Commons of England|House of Commons]]. During the [[early modern period]], the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688 in Britain established the primacy of [[parliamentary sovereignty]], through which the [[rule of law]] could be enforced. Many other modern concepts of parliamentary government developed in the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] (1707–1800) and were later exported to other countries around the world. The [[revolutions of 1848]] in Europe largely failed to strengthen parliaments in most European countries, as conservative forces regained control and reversed changes, but they made a return to the pre-1848 status quo impossible, leading to gradual, long-term parliamentary development across much of Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Trencsényi |first1=Balázs |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198737148.001.0001/acprof-9780198737148 |title=A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe: Volume I: Negotiating Modernity in the 'Long Nineteenth Century' |last2=Janowski |first2=Maciej |last3=Baar |first3=Monika |last4=Falina |first4=Maria |last5=Kopecek |first5=Michal |date=2016-02-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-873714-8 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198737148.003.0007}}</ref> Expansion of [[suffrage]] in the 19th and 20th centuries led to many parliaments around the world becoming [[democratically]] elected.
{{TOC limit}}

==Etymology==
The English term is derived from [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]] and dates to the 14th century, coming from the 11th century [[Old French]] word {{lang|fr|[[parlement]]}} {{gloss|discussion, discourse}}, from {{Lang|fr|parler}}, {{gloss|to talk}}.<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/word/parliament Parliament] Online Etymology Dictionary.</ref> The meaning evolved over time, originally referring to any discussion, conversation, or negotiation through various kinds of deliberative or judicial groups, often summoned by a monarch. By the 15th century, in Britain, it had come to specifically mean the legislature.<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', Third Edition, 2005, [http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/137992 ''s.v.'']</ref>

==Early parliaments==
{{See also|History of parliamentarism}}
Since ancient times, when societies were tribal, there were councils or a headman whose decisions were assessed by village elders. This is called [[tribalism]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/467746/political-system Political System] Encyclopædia Britannica Online</ref> Some scholars suggest that in ancient [[Mesopotamia]] there was a primitive democratic government where the kings were assessed by council.<ref>Jacobsen, T. (July 1943). "Primitive Democracy in Ancient Mesopotamia". Journal of Near Eastern Studies 2 (3): 159–172. {{doi|10.1086/370672}}. {{JSTOR|542482}}.</ref> The same has been said about ancient India, where some form of deliberative assemblies existed, and therefore there was some form of [[democracy]].<ref>[[Eric W. Robinson|Robinson, E. W.]] (1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=T1kfcobFRSMC The First Democracies: Early Popular Government Outside Athens]. Franz Steiner Verlag. {{ISBN|3-515-06951-8}}.</ref> However, these claims are not accepted by other scholars, who see these forms of government as [[oligarchies]].<ref>Bailkey, N. (July 1967). "Early Mesopotamian Constitutional Development". American History Review 72 (4): 1211–1236. {{doi|10.2307/1847791}}. {{JSTOR|1847791}}.</ref><ref>Larsen, J.A.O. (Jan. 1973). "Demokratia". Classical Philology 68 (1): 45–46. {{doi|10.1086/365921}}. {{JSTOR|268788}}.</ref><ref>de Sainte, C.G.E.M. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LkYIAAAAIAAJ The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World]. Cornell University Press. {{ISBN|0-8014-1442-3}}.</ref><ref>Bongard-Levin, G.M. (1986). A complex study of Ancient India. South Asia Books. {{ISBN|81-202-0141-8}}.</ref><ref>Sharma, J.P. (1968). [https://books.google.com/books?id=sQKNAAAAMAAJ Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India]. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.</ref>

[[Ancient Athens]] was the cradle of [[democracy]].<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ccoOfhyjFNEC&q=athens| title = John Dunn:''Democracy: A History'', p.24| isbn = 9780871139313| last1 = Dunn| first1 = John| year = 2005| publisher = Atlantic Monthly Press}}</ref> The [[Athenian assembly]] ({{lang|grc|ἐκκλησία}}, ''ekklesia'') was the most important institution, and every free male [[citizen]] could take part in the discussions. Slaves and women could not. However, [[Athenian democracy]] was not representative, but rather direct, and therefore the ''ekklesia'' was different from the parliamentary system.

The [[Roman Republic]] had [[Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Republic|legislative assemblies]], who had the final say regarding the election of magistrates, the enactment of new [[statute]]s, the carrying out of capital punishment, the declaration of war and peace, and the creation (or dissolution) of alliances.<ref>Abbott, Frank Frost (1901). A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions. Elibron Classics. {{ISBN|0-543-92749-0}}.</ref> The [[Roman Senate]] controlled money, administration, and the details of foreign policy.<ref>Byrd, Robert (1995). The Senate of the Roman Republic. US Government Printing Office Senate Document 103–23.</ref>

Assemblies and councils were prevalent in Europe following the collapse of the Roman Empire. However, these assemblies are distinct from parliaments in several ways:

* The assemblies were not national (unlike parliaments), but instead localized to smaller pre-state polities.
* The assemblies lacked institutional regularity, formal structure, and distinctive agendas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=R. |first=Maddicott, J. |date=2010 |title=The Origins of the English Parliament, 924-1327 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/32533 |journal=Oxford University Press |language=en |pages=2 |doi=10.1093/acprof:o |doi-broken-date=21 January 2026 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250913145456/https://academic.oup.com/book/32533 |archive-date=2025-09-13}}</ref>

The Parliament of England is unique by retaining the same parliamentary structure from its establishment in 1265 to the present, almost without interruption.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boucoyannis |first=Deborah |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/kings-as-judges/1C3CD368959E253F85A95BC36E0CF6CD |title=Kings as Judges: Power, Justice, and the Origins of Parliaments |date=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-16279-2 |pages=5}}</ref>

===England===
{{main|Parliament of England}}

====Early forms of assembly====
England has long had a tradition of a body of men who would assist and advise the king on important matters. Under the [[Anglo-Saxon]] kings, there was an advisory council, the [[Witenagemot]]. The name derives from the [[Old English]] ƿitena ȝemōt, or witena gemōt, for "meeting of wise men". The first recorded act of a witenagemot was [[Law of Æthelberht|the law code issued by King Æthelberht]] of Kent around 600, the earliest document which survives in sustained Old English prose; however, the Witan was certainly in existence long before then.<ref>Liebermann, Felix, The National Assembly in the Anglo-Saxon Period (Halle, 1913; repr. New York, 1961).</ref> The Witan, along with the folkmoots (local assemblies), is an important ancestor of the modern English parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/origins/|title=Anglo-Saxon origins|work=UK Parliament}}</ref>

As part of the [[Norman Conquest]], the new king, [[William I of England|William I]], did away with the Witenagemot, replacing it with a [[Curia Regis]] ("King's Council"). Membership of the Curia was largely restricted to the [[tenant-in-chief|tenants-in-chief]], the few nobles who "rented" great estates directly from the king, along with [[ecclesiastic]]s. William brought to England the [[feudal system]] of his native [[Normandy]], and sought the advice of the Curia Regis before making laws. This is the original body from which the Parliament, the higher courts of law, and the [[Privy Council]] and Cabinet descend. Of these, the legislature is formally the High Court of Parliament; judges sit in the [[Senior Courts of England and Wales|Supreme Court of Judicature]]. Only the executive government is no longer conducted in a royal court.

Most historians date the emergence of a parliament with some degree of power, to which the throne had to defer, no later than the reign of [[Edward I of England|Edward I]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kaeuper|first=Richard W.|title=War Justice and Public Order: England and France in the Later Middle Ages|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1988|isbn=9780198228738|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z35oAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Like previous kings, Edward called leading nobles and church leaders to discuss government matters, especially [[finance]] and [[taxation]]. A meeting in 1295 became known as the [[Model Parliament]] because it set the pattern for later Parliaments. The significant difference between the Model Parliament and the earlier Curia Regis was the addition of the Commons: that is, the inclusion of elected representatives of rural landowners and of townsmen. In 1307, Edward agreed not to collect certain taxes without the "consent of the realm" through parliament. He also enlarged the court system.

====''Magna Carta'' and the model parliament====
[[File:Magna Carta (British Library Cotton MS Augustus II.106).jpg|thumb|A 1215 edition of ''[[Magna Carta]]'', as featured on display at the British Library]]
The tenants-in-chief often struggled for power with the ecclesiastics and the king. In 1215, they secured ''[[Magna Carta]]'' from [[John of England|King John of England]]. This established that the king may not levy or collect any taxes (except the feudal taxes to which they were hitherto accustomed), save with the consent of a council. It was also established that the most important tenants-in-chief and ecclesiastics be summoned to the council by personal writs from the sovereign, and that all others be summoned to the council by general writs from the [[sheriff]]s of their counties. Modern government has its origins in the Curia Regis; parliament descends from the Great Council, later known as the ''parliamentum'', established by ''Magna Carta''.

During the reign of [[Henry III of England|King Henry III]] (13th century), [[Parliament of England|English Parliaments]] included elected representatives from shires and towns. Thus these parliaments are considered forerunners of the modern parliament.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/firstparliaments/ |title=Birth of the English Parliament: The first Parliaments |publisher=Parliament.uk |access-date=13 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013132032/http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/firstparliaments/ |archive-date=13 October 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In 1265, [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]], then in rebellion against Henry III, summoned [[Simon de Montfort's Parliament|a parliament]] of his supporters without royal authorisation. The [[archbishop]]s, [[bishop]]s, [[abbot]]s, [[earl]]s, and [[baron]]s were summoned, as were two [[knight]]s from each shire and two [[burgess (title)|burgesses]] from each [[borough]]. Knights had been summoned to previous councils, but it was unprecedented for the boroughs to be represented. In 1295, [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] adopted De Montfort's ideas for representation and election in the so-called "[[Model Parliament]]". At first, each [[Estates of the realm|estate]] debated independently; by the reign of [[Edward III of England|Edward III]], however, Parliament had grown closer to its modern form, with the legislative body having two separate chambers.

====Parliament under Henry VIII and Edward VI====
The purpose and structure of Parliament in Tudor England underwent a significant transformation under the reign of [[Henry VIII]]. Originally its methods were primarily medieval, and the monarch still possessed a form of inarguable dominion over its decisions. According to Elton, it was [[Thomas Cromwell]], 1st Earl of Essex, then chief minister to Henry VIII, who initiated still other changes within parliament.

The [[Acts of Supremacy]] established the monarch as head of the Church of England.

====Civil War and beyond====
The power of Parliament, in its relationship with the monarch, increased considerably after the [[English Civil War|Civil War]], and again at the [[Glorious Revolution]]. It also provided the country with unprecedented stability. More stability, in turn, helped assure more effective management, organisation, and efficiency. Parliament printed statutes and devised a more coherent [[parliamentary procedure]].

The rise of Parliament proved especially important in the sense that it limited the repercussions of dynastic complications that had so often plunged England into civil war. Parliament still ran the country even in the absence of suitable heirs to the throne, and its legitimacy as a decision-making body reduced the royal prerogatives of kings like Henry VIII and the importance of their whims. For example, Henry VIII could not simply establish supremacy by proclamation; he required Parliament to enforce statutes and add felonies and treasons. An important liberty for Parliament was its freedom of speech; Henry allowed anything to be spoken openly within Parliament and speakers could not face arrest – a fact which they exploited incessantly. Nevertheless, Parliament in Henry VIII's time offered up very little objection to the monarch's desires. Under his and [[Edward I of England|Edward]]'s reign, the legislative body complied willingly with the majority of the kings' decisions.

Much of this compliance stemmed from how the English viewed and traditionally understood authority. As Williams described it, "King and parliament were not separate entities, but a single body, of which the monarch was the senior partner and the Lords and the Commons the lesser, but still essential, members."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Monaghan |first1=E. Jennifer |title=Learning to Read and Write in Colonial America |date=2002 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press}}</ref>

[[File:Statue_of_Oliver_Cromwell_280_tcm4-569959.jpg|thumb|The statue of [[Oliver Cromwell]], as it stands outside the House of Commons at the Palace of Westminster]]

Although its role in government had expanded significantly in the mid-16th century, the Parliament of England saw some of its most important gains in the 17th century. A [[English Civil War|series of conflicts]] between the Crown and Parliament culminated in the execution of [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] in 1649. For a brief period, England became a [[Commonwealth of England|commonwealth]], with [[Oliver Cromwell]] the de facto ruler, with the title of [[Lord Protector]]. Frustrated with its decisions, Cromwell purged and suspended Parliament on several occasions.

A controversial figure notorious for [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland|his actions in Ireland]], Cromwell is nonetheless regarded as essential to the growth of democracy in England.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/timelines/zttpsbk |title = Was Oliver Cromwell the father of British democracy? |publisher=BBC |work= iWonder |access-date=5 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151121190743/https://www.bbc.co.uk/timelines/zttpsbk |archive-date= Nov 21, 2015 }}</ref> The years of the Commonwealth, coupled with the [[Restoration (1660)|restoration of the monarchy]] in 1660 and the subsequent [[Glorious Revolution|Glorious Revolution of 1688]], helped reinforce and strengthen Parliament as an institution separate from the Crown.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2jwAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38 |title=Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1139991384 |editor1-last=Kopstein |editor1-first=Jeffrey |edition=4, revised |pages=37–9 |quote=Britain pioneered the system of liberal democracy that has now spread in one form or another to most of the world's countries |access-date=31 August 2017 |editor2-last=Lichbach |editor2-first=Mark |editor3-last=Hanson |editor3-first=Stephen E. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630231313/https://books.google.com/books?id=L2jwAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="refIIP">{{cite web |title=Constitutionalism: America & Beyond |url=http://www.ait.org.tw/infousa/zhtw/DOCS/Demopaper/dmpaper2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024130317/http://www.ait.org.tw/infousa/zhtw/DOCS/Demopaper/dmpaper2.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=30 October 2014 |publisher=Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP), U.S. Department of State |quote=The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th, and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House of Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law (although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The "rights of man" enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lodge |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBSpvBxGyqcC |title=The History of England&nbsp;– From the Restoration to the Death of William III (1660–1702) |publisher=Read Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4067-0897-4 |page=8 |access-date=29 September 2020 |orig-date=1910 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328140723/https://books.google.com/books?id=EBSpvBxGyqcC |archive-date=28 March 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Acts of Union====
The Parliament of England met until it merged with the [[Parliament of Scotland]] under the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]]. This union created the new [[Parliament of Great Britain]] in 1707. The Parliament of the United Kingdom followed at the union with Ireland.

===France===
{{main|Estates General (France)}}

Originally, there was only the [[Parlement of Paris]], born out of the Curia Regis in 1307, and located inside the medieval royal palace, now the [[Paris Hall of Justice]]. The jurisdiction of the ''Parliament'' of Paris covered the entire kingdom. In the thirteenth century, judicial functions were added. In 1443, following the turmoil of the [[Hundred Years' War]], King [[Charles VII of France]] granted [[Languedoc]] its own ''parliament'' by establishing the ''Parliament'' of [[Toulouse]], the first ''parliament'' outside of Paris, whose jurisdiction extended over the most part of southern France. From 1443 until the [[French Revolution]] several other ''parliaments'' were created in some provinces of France ([[Grenoble]], [[Bordeaux]]).

All the ''parliaments'' could issue regulatory decrees for the application of royal edicts or of customary practices; they could also refuse to register laws that they judged contrary to fundamental law or simply as being untimely. Parliamentary power in France was suppressed more so than in England as a result of [[Absolute monarchy|absolutism]], and parliaments were eventually overshadowed by the larger [[Estates General (France)|Estates General]], up until the [[French Revolution]], when the last Estates General transformed itself into a [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]], a legislative body whose existence is independent of the royal power.

===Germanic and Nordic countries===
[[File:Alþingishúsið.jpg|thumb|right|Iceland's parliament house, the [[Alþingishúsið]], at [[Austurvöllur]] in [[Reykjavík]], built in 1880–1881, home of one of the oldest still-acting parliaments in the world]]
A ''[[thing (assembly)|thing]]'' or ''ting'' ([[Old Norse]] and {{langx|is|þing}}; other modern [[Scandinavian languages|Scandinavian]]: ''ting'', ''ding'' in [[Dutch language|Dutch]]) was the governing assembly in [[Germanic tribes|Germanic]] societies, made up of the free men of the community and presided by [[lawspeaker]]s.

The thing was the assembly of the free men of a country, province or a [[hundred (division)|hundred]] ''(hundare/härad/herred)''. There were consequently, hierarchies of things, so that the local things were represented at the thing for a larger area, for a province or land. At the thing, disputes were solved and political decisions were made. The place for the thing was often also the place for public religious rites and for commerce.

The thing met at regular intervals, legislated, elected [[Germanic chieftains|chieftains]] and [[Germanic king|kings]], and judged according to the law, which was memorised and recited by the "[[law speaker]]" (the judge).

The Icelandic, Faroese and Manx parliaments trace their origins back to the [[Viking expansion]] originating from the [[petty kingdoms of Norway]] as well as Denmark, replicating Viking government systems in the conquered territories, such as those represented by the [[Gulating]] near Bergen in western Norway:{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}
* The Icelandic [[Althing]], dating from 930.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurstwic.org/history/articles/society/text/laws.htm|title= Viking-age Laws and Legal Procedures |website=Hurstwic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214225600/https://www.hurstwic.org/history/articles/society/text/laws.htm |archive-date= Dec 14, 2023 }}</ref>
* The Faroese [[Løgting]], dating from a similar period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.logting.fo/files/File/2008/faldari_EN_web.pdf|title=The Faroese Parliament |publisher=Løgting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126201839/https://www.logting.fo/files/File/2008/faldari_EN_web.pdf |archive-date= Nov 26, 2023 }}</ref>
* The Manx [[Tynwald]], which claims to be over 1,000 years old.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.tynwald.org.im/about/Pages/default.aspx |title=About |publisher=Tynwald |access-date=14 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602004259/http://www.tynwald.org.im/about/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date= Jun 2, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Downie |first=Leonard Jr. |date=6 July 1979 |title=Isle of Man Marks Millennium with Pomp, Circumstance |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/07/06/isle-of-man-marks-millennium-with-pomp-circumstance/abbf8543-2bfb-4d8d-a3d3-7aa2949b10a7/ | newspaper=The Washington Post |location= Washington DC |access-date=24 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Robinson |first1=Vaughan |last2=McCarroll |first2=Danny |title=The Isle of Man: celebrating a sense of place |publisher=[[Liverpool University Press]] |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-85323-036-6 |page=123 }}</ref>

[[File:Eduskunta istuntosali.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Art Deco|Art Deco-styled]] session hall of the [[Parliament House, Helsinki|Parliament House of Finland]]]]
Later national diets with chambers for different estates developed, e.g. in Sweden and in Finland (which was part of Sweden until 1809), each with a [[Swedish House of Nobility|House of Knights]] for the nobility. In both these countries, the national parliaments are now called [[Riksdag of the Estates|riksdag]] (in Finland also ''eduskunta''), a word used since the Middle Ages and equivalent of the German word [[Reichstag (disambiguation)|Reichstag]].

Today the term lives on in the official names of national legislatures and other institutions in the North Germanic{{clarify|date=July 2023}} countries. In [[Yorkshire]] and former [[Danelaw]] areas of England, which were subject to Norse invasion and settlement, the [[wapentake]] was another name for the same institution.

In the [[Low Countries]], the equivalent assembly developed into the [[States General of the Netherlands|States-General]] (''Staten-Generaal''), which first met in [[Bruges]] in 1464 as a gathering of representatives from the provinces of the [[Burgundian Netherlands]]. Initially a feudal consultative body convened by the [[Duke of Burgundy]], it evolved during the [[Dutch Revolt]] (1568–1648) into a [[sovereign state|sovereign]] assembly of the [[Dutch Republic]], and later became the [[bicameral]] parliament of [[the Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/archief/1.01.02|title=Archief van de Staten-Generaal|publisher=[[Nationaal Archief]]|access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=States General|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/States-General-Dutch-history|access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

===Italy===
The [[Sicilian Parliament]] in [[Palermo]], dating to 1097, evolved as the legislature of the [[Kingdom of Sicily]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://sites.google.com/site/ilparlamento02/storia-del-parlamento| title = Storia del Parlamento – Il Parlamento| access-date = 24 March 2014| archive-date = 27 June 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220627095732/https://sites.google.com/site/ilparlamento02/storia-del-parlamento| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>Enzo Gancitano, ''Mazara dopo i Musulmani fino alle Signorie – Dal Vescovado all'Inquisizione'', Angelo Mazzotta Editore, 2001, p. 30.</ref>

===Hungary===
{{main|Diet of Hungary}}

[[File:Hungarian_Parliament_Building_-_Council_Hall_(27368050660).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Interior of the [[Hungarian Parliament Building]] (in Hungarian: Országház)]]The Diet of Hungary, or originally Parlamentum Publicum and Parlamentum Generale <ref>András Gergely, Gábor Máthé: The Hungarian state: thousand years in Europe (published in 2000)</ref> ({{langx|hu|Országgyűlés}}), became the supreme legislative institution in the [[Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages|medieval kingdom of Hungary]] from the 1290s,<ref>[[Elemér Hantos]]: The Magna Carta of the English And of the Hungarian Constitution (1904)</ref> and in its successor states, [[Royal Hungary]] and the [[Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen|Habsburg kingdom of Hungary]] throughout the [[Early Modern period]]. The name of the legislative body was originally "Parlamentum" during the Middle Ages, the "Diet" expression gained mostly in the Early Modern period.<ref>Cecil Marcus Knatchbull-Hugessen Brabourne (4th Baron): The political evolution of the Hungarian nation: (Volume I. in 1908)</ref> It convened at regular intervals with interruptions during the period of 1527 to 1918, and again until 1946.

Some researchers have traced the roots of the Hungarian institution of national assemblies as far back as the 11th century. This based on documentary evidence that, on certain "important occasions" under the reigns of [[Ladislaus I of Hungary|King Ladislaus I]] and [[Coloman of Hungary|King Coloman]] "the Learned", assemblies were held on a national scale where both ecclesiastic and secular dignitaries made appearances.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Zoltán |last1=Szente |title=The Historic Origins of the National Assembly in Hungary|url=http://www.historiaconstitucional.com/index.php/historiaconstitucional/article/viewFile/37/28 |website=Historia Constitucional |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151122040412/http://www.historiaconstitucional.com/index.php/historiaconstitucional/article/viewFile/37/28 |archive-date= Nov 22, 2015 }}</ref>
The first exact written mention of the word "parlamentum" (Parliament) for the nationwide assembly originated during the reign of [[Andrew II of Hungary|King Andrew II]] in the [[Golden Bull of 1222]], which reaffirmed the rights of the smaller nobles of the old and new classes of royal servants (servientes regis) against both the crown and the magnates, and to defend the rights of the whole nation against the crown by restricting the powers of the latter in certain fields and legalizing refusal to obey its unlawful/unconstitutional commands (the "''ius resistendi''").
The lesser nobles also began to present Andrew with grievances, a practice that evolved into the institution of the Hungarian Diet.

An institutionalized Hungarian parliament emerged during the 14th and 15th centuries. Beginning under [[Charles I of Hungary|King Charles I]], continuing under subsequent kings through into the reign of [[Matthias Corvinus|King Matthias I]], the Diet was essentially convened by the king. However, under the rule of heavy handed kings like Louis the Great and during reign of the early absolutist Matthias Corvinus the parliaments were often convened to announce the royal decisions, and had no significant power of its own. Since the reign of the Jagiellonian dynasty, the parliament has regained most of its former power.

===Poland===
[[File:The_First_Sejm_1182.jpg|thumb|The First Sejm in Łęczyca. Recording of laws. A.D. 1180]]
According to the ''[[Chronicle]]s'' of [[Gallus Anonymus]], the first legendary Polish ruler, [[Siemowit]], who began the [[Piast dynasty]], was chosen by an ancient ''[[Veche|wiec]]'' council. The idea of the ''wiec'' led to the development of the Polish parliament, the ''[[Sejm]]'', in around 1180.
[[File:20070907 sejm rp 100B5000.jpg|thumb|The modern [[Sejm]]]]
The term "sejm" comes from an old Polish expression denoting a meeting of the populace. The power of early sejms grew between 1146 and 1295, when the power of individual rulers waned and various councils grew stronger. Since the 14th century irregular sejms (described in various [[Latin]] sources as ''contentio generalis, conventio magna, conventio solemna, parlamentum, parlamentum generale, dieta'') have been convened by Poland's monarchs. From 1374, the king had to receive permission from that assembly to raise [[tax]]es and the 1454 [[Nieszawa Statutes]] granted the [[szlachta]] (nobles) unprecedented concessions and authority. The General Sejm (Polish ''sejm generalny'' or ''sejm walny''), first convoked by the [[John I Albert]] in 1493 near [[Piotrków Trybunalski|Piotrków]], evolved from earlier regional and provincial meetings called ''[[sejmik]]s''. Simultaneously, the [[Senate of Poland|Senate]] was founded on the earlier ''[[curia regis]]'', convened at the king's discretion. Hence, the year 1493 marked the beginning of a [[Bicameral parliament|bicameral legislative body of government]]. With the subsequent development of Polish [[Golden Liberty]] in the next several decades, the Sejm's powers systematically increased. Poland was among the few countries in Europe where the parliament played an especially important role in its national identity as it contributed to the unity of the nation and the state.

The general parliament of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] consisted of three estates – the King of Poland, the Senate (consisting of Ministers, Palatines, Castellans and Roman Catholic Bishops) and the Chamber of Envoys comprising 170 nobles acting on behalf of their holdings as well as representatives of major cities, who did not possess any voting privileges. In 1573, a convocation sejm established an [[Royal elections in Poland|elective monarchy]] in the Commonwealth.

===Portugal===
{{main|Portuguese Cortes}}

After its self-proclamation as an independent kingdom in 1139 by [[Afonso I of Portugal]] (followed by the recognition by the [[Kingdom of León]] in the [[Treaty of Zamora]] of 1143), the first historically established Cortes of the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] occurred in 1211 in [[Coimbra]] by initiative of [[Afonso II of Portugal]]. These established the first general laws of the kingdom (''Leis Gerais do Reino''): protection of the king's property, stipulation of measures for the administration of justice and the rights of his subjects to be protected from abuses by royal officials, and confirming the clerical donations of the previous king [[Sancho I of Portugal]].

After the conquest of [[Algarve]] in 1249, the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] completed its [[Reconquista]]. In 1254 King [[Afonso III of Portugal]] summoned [[Portuguese Cortes]] in [[Leiria]], with the inclusion of [[bourgeoisie|burghers]] from old and newly incorporated municipalities. This inclusion establishes the Cortes of Leiria of 1254 as the second sample of modern [[parliamentarism]] in the history of Europe (after the [[Cortes of León]] in 1188). In these Cortes the [[monetagio]] was introduced: a fixed sum was to be paid by the burghers to the Crown as a substitute for the [[septennium]] (the traditional revision of the face value of coinage by the Crown every seven years). These Cortes also introduced [[Staple right|staple]] laws on the [[Douro River]], favouring the new royal city of [[Vila Nova de Gaia]] at the expense of the old episcopal city of Porto.

The [[Portuguese Cortes]] met again under King [[Afonso III of Portugal]] in 1256, 1261 and 1273, always by royal summon. Medieval Kings of Portugal continued to rely on small assemblies of notables, and only summoned the full Cortes on extraordinary occasions. A Cortes would be called if the king wanted to introduce new taxes, change some fundamental laws, announce significant shifts in foreign policy (e.g. ratify treaties), or settle matters of royal succession, issues where the cooperation and assent of the towns was thought necessary. Changing taxation (especially requesting war subsidies), was probably the most frequent reason for convening the Cortes. As the nobles and clergy were largely tax-exempt, setting taxation involved intensive negotiations between the royal council and the [[bourgeoisie|burgher]] delegates at the Cortes.

Delegates (''procuradores'') not only considered the king's proposals, but, in turn, also used the Cortes to submit petitions of their own to the royal council on a myriad of matters, e.g. extending and confirming town privileges, punishing abuses of officials, introducing new price controls, constraints on [[Jews]], pledges on coinage, etc. The royal response to these petitions became enshrined as ordinances and statutes, thus giving the Cortes the aspect of a legislature. These petitions were originally referred to as ''aggravamentos'' (grievances) then ''artigos'' (articles) and eventually ''capitulos'' (chapters). In a Cortes-Gerais, petitions were discussed and voted upon separately by each estate and required the approval of at least two of the three estates before being passed up to the royal council. The proposal was then subject to royal veto (either accepted or rejected by the king in its entirety) before becoming law.

Nonetheless, the exact extent of Cortes power was ambiguous. Kings insisted on their ancient prerogative to promulgate laws independently of the Cortes. The compromise, in theory, was that ordinances enacted in Cortes could only be modified or repealed by Cortes. But even that principle was often circumvented or ignored in practice.

The Cortes probably had their heyday in the 14th and 15th centuries, reaching their apex when [[John I of Portugal]] relied almost wholly upon the bourgeoisie for his power. For a period after the 1383–1385 Crisis, the Cortes were convened almost annually. But as time went on, they became less important. Portuguese monarchs, tapping into the riches of the [[Portuguese empire]] overseas, grew less dependent on Cortes subsidies and convened them less frequently. [[John II of Portugal|John II]] (r.1481-1495) used them to break the high nobility, but dispensed with them otherwise. [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]] (r.1495-1521) convened them only four times in his long reign. By the time of [[Sebastian of Portugal|Sebastian]] (r.1554–1578), the Cortes was practically an irrelevance.

Curiously, the Cortes gained a new importance with the Iberian Union of 1581, finding a role as the representative of Portuguese interests to the new [[Habsburg]] monarch. The Cortes played a critical role in the [[1640 Restoration]], and enjoyed a brief period of resurgence during the reign of [[John IV of Portugal]] (r.1640-1656). But by the end of the 17th century, it found itself sidelined once again. The last Cortes met in 1698, for the mere formality of confirming the appointment of Infante John (future [[John V of Portugal]]) as the successor of [[Peter II of Portugal]]. Thereafter, Portuguese kings ruled as absolute monarchs and no Cortes were assembled for over a century. This state of affairs came to an end with the [[Liberal Revolution of 1820]], which set in motion the introduction of a new constitution, and a permanent and proper parliament, that however inherited the name of Cortes Gerais.

===Russia===
[[File:Фракция ЕР В Зале Пленарных Заседаний ГД.JPG|thumb|[[State Duma]] of the [[Federal Assembly of Russia]]]]
The [[Zemsky Sobor|zemsky sobor]] (Russian: зе́мский собо́р) was the first Russian parliament of the feudal Estates type, in the 16th and 17th centuries. The term roughly means assembly of the land.

It could be summoned either by [[Tsardom of Russia|tsar]], or [[Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'|patriarch]], or the [[Boyar Duma]]. Three categories of population, comparable to the Estates-General of France but with the numbering of the first two Estates reversed, participated in the assembly:

* Nobility and high bureaucracy, including the Boyar Duma
* The Holy Sobor of high [[Russian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] clergy
* Representatives of merchants and townspeople (third estate)

The name of the parliament of nowadays Russian Federation is the [[Federal Assembly of Russia]]. The term for its lower house, [[State Duma]] (which is better known than the Federal Assembly itself, and is often mistaken for the entirety of the parliament) comes from the Russian word ''думать'' (''dumat''), "to think". The [[Boyar Duma]] was an advisory council to the [[grand prince]]s and [[tsars]] of [[Tsardom of Russia|Muscovy]]. The Duma was discontinued by [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]], who transferred its functions to the [[Governing Senate]] in 1711.

====Novgorod and Pskov====
The ''[[veche]]'' was the highest legislature and judicial authority in the republic of [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorod]] until 1478. In its sister state, [[Pskov Republic|Pskov]], a separate veche operated until 1510.

Since the Novgorod revolution of 1137 ousted the ruling [[grand prince]], the veche became the supreme state authority. After the reforms of 1410, the veche was restructured on a model similar to that of [[Venice]], becoming the [[Commons]] chamber of the parliament. An upper [[Senate]]-like Council of Lords was also created, with title membership for all former city magistrates. Some sources indicate that veche membership may have become full-time, and parliament deputies were now called ''vechniks''. It is recounted that the Novgorod assembly could be summoned by anyone who rung the veche [[bell (instrument)|bell]], although it is more likely that the common procedure was more complex. This bell was a symbol of republican sovereignty and independence. The whole population of the city—boyars, merchants, and common citizens—then gathered at [[Yaroslav's Court]]. Separate assemblies could be held in the districts of Novgorod. In Pskov the veche assembled in the court of the [[Trinity Cathedral in Pskov|Trinity cathedral]].

===Roman Catholic Church===
{{main|Conciliarism}}

"[[Conciliarism]]" or the "conciliar movement", was a reform movement in the 14th and 15th century [[Roman Catholic Church]] which held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with the Roman Church as corporation of Christians, embodied by a [[Ecumenical council|general church council]], not with the [[pope]]. In effect, the movement sought – ultimately, in vain – to create an All-Catholic Parliament. Its struggle with the Papacy had many points in common with the struggle of parliaments in specific countries against the authority of Kings and other secular rulers.

===Scotland===
{{main|Parliament of Scotland|Scottish Parliament}}

[[File:Scottish Parliament, Main Debating Chamber - geograph.org.uk - 1650829.jpg|thumb|The debating chamber of the reconvened [[Scottish Parliament]] from the public gallery]]
From the 10th century the [[Kingdom of Alba]] was ruled by chiefs (''[[Taoiseach|toisechs]]'') and subkings (''[[mormaers]]'') under the [[suzerainty]], real or nominal, of a [[High King]]. Popular assemblies, as in Ireland, were involved in law-making, and sometimes in king-making, although the introduction of [[tanistry]]—naming a successor in the lifetime of a king—made the second less than common. These early assemblies cannot be considered "parliaments" in the later sense of the word, and were entirely separate from the later, Norman-influenced, institution.

The [[Parliament of Scotland]] evolved during the [[Middle Ages]] from the King's Council of Bishops and Earls. The unicameral parliament is first found on record, referred to as a ''colloquium'', in 1235 at [[Kirkliston]] (a village now in [[Edinburgh]]).

By the early fourteenth century the attendance of knights and [[freehold (law)|freeholders]] had become important, and from 1326 [[burgh]] commissioners attended. Consisting of the Three Estates; of [[clerics]], lay [[tenant-in-chief|tenants-in-chief]] and burgh commissioners sitting in a single chamber, the Scottish parliament acquired significant powers over particular issues. Most obviously it was needed for consent for [[taxation]] (although taxation was only raised irregularly in Scotland in the [[medieval]] period), but it also had a strong influence over [[justice]], [[foreign policy]], war, and all manner of other legislation, whether political, ecclesiastical, social or economic. Parliamentary business was also carried out by "sister" institutions, before c. 1500 by [[General Council (Scotland)|General Council]] and thereafter by the [[Convention of Estates]]. These could carry out much business also dealt with by Parliament – taxation, legislation and policy-making – but lacked the ultimate authority of a full parliament.

The parliament, which is also referred to as the Estates of Scotland, the Three Estates, the Scots Parliament or the auld Scots Parliament ([[English language|Eng]]: ''old''), met until the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]] merged the Parliament of Scotland and the [[Parliament of England]], creating the new [[Parliament of Great Britain]] in 1707.

Following the [[1997 Scottish devolution referendum]], and the passing of the [[Scotland Act 1998]] by the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]], the [[Scottish Parliament]] was reconvened on 1 July 1999, although with much more limited powers than its 18th-century predecessor. The parliament has sat since 2004 at its newly constructed [[Scottish Parliament Building]] in Edinburgh, situated at the foot of the [[Royal Mile]], next to the royal palace of [[Holyroodhouse]].

===Spain===
[[File:Daoiz o Velarde.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Congress of Deputies]], the lower house of the [[Spanish Parliament]]]]
{{main|Cortes Generales}}

Although there are documented councils held in 873, 1020, 1050 and 1063, there was no representation of commoners. What is considered to be the first parliament, the [[Cortes of León]], was held in the [[Kingdom of León]] in 1188.<ref>Michael Burger: The Shaping of Western Civilization: From Antiquity To the Enlightenment. Page: 190</ref><ref>Susana Galera: Judicial Review: A Comparative Analysis Inside the European Legal System. Page: 21</ref><ref>Gaines Post: Studies in Medieval Legal Thought: Public Law And the State, 1100–1322 Page 62</ref> According to the UNESCO, the Decreta of Leon of 1188 is the oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system. In addition, UNESCO granted the 1188 Cortes of Alfonso IX the title of "Memory of the World" and the city of [[León, Spain|Leon]] has been recognized as the "Cradle of Parliamentarism".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aytoleon.es/ES/AYUNTAMIENTO/CUNADELPARLAMENTARISMO/Paginas/cuna_parlamentarismo_ingles.aspx|title=Ayuntamiento de León – León, cradle of parliamentarism|website=www.aytoleon.es|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2013/06/19/castillayleon/1371632533.html|title=La Unesco reconoce a León Como Cuna Mundial del parlamentarismo|last=Internet|first=Unidad Editorial|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref>

After coming to power, King [[Alfonso IX]], facing an attack by his two neighbours, [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Portugal]], decided to summon his [[curia regis|royal council]] ({{langx|la|curia regis}}). This was a medieval organization composed of aristocrats and bishops but because of the seriousness of the situation and the need to maximize political support, Alfonso IX took the decision to also call the representatives of the urban middle class from the most important cities of the kingdom to the assembly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/CI/pdf/mow/nomination_forms/spain_decreta_of_leon.pdf |title=International Memory of the World Register [Nomination form] – The Decreta of León of 1188 – The oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system|author=Spain|date=February 2012|access-date=21 May 2016}}</ref> León's Cortes dealt with matters like the right to [[private property]], the inviolability of domicile, the right to appeal to justice opposite the King and the obligation of the King to consult the Cortes before entering a war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interun.ru/ss/interun/u/files/charterv_e.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070224/http://www.interun.ru/ss/interun/u/files/charterv_e.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=The Leones parliament of 1188: The first parliament of the western world (The Magna Carta of Alfonso IX)|author=Catedrático de la Universidad Estatal de León López González, Hermenegildo; Catedrático de la Universidad Internacional en Moscú Raytarovskiy, V.V.|access-date=21 May 2016}}</ref> Prelates, nobles, and commoners met separately in the three estates of the Cortes. In this meeting, new laws were approved to protect commoners against the arbitrarities of nobles, prelates, and the king. This important set of laws is known as the {{lang|la|Carta Magna Leonesa}}.

Following this event, new Cortes would appear in the other different territories that would make up Spain: [[Principality of Catalonia]] in 1192, the [[Kingdom of Castile]] in 1250, [[Kingdom of Aragon]] in 1274, [[Kingdom of Valencia]] in 1283 and [[Kingdom of Navarre]] in 1300.

After the union of the Kingdoms of Leon and Castile under the [[Crown of Castile]], their Cortes were united as well in 1258. The Castilian Cortes had representatives from Burgos, Toledo, León, Seville, Córdoba, Murcia, Jaén, Zamora, Segovia, Ávila, Salamanca, Cuenca, Toro, Valladolid, Soria, Madrid, Guadalajara and Granada (after 1492). The Cortes' assent was required to pass new taxes, and could also advise the king on other matters. The [[Revolt of the Comuneros|comunero rebels]] intended a stronger role for the Cortes, but were defeated by the forces of [[Habsburg Spain|Habsburg]] Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] in 1521. The Cortes maintained some power, however, though it became more of a consultative entity. However, by the time of [[Philip II of Spain|King Philip II]], Charles's son, the Castilian Cortes had come under functionally complete royal control, with its delegates dependent on the Crown for their income.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haliczer |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Haliczer |title=The Comuneros of Castile: The Forging of a Revolution, 1475–1521 |year=1981 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |location=Madison, Wisconsin |page=227 |isbn=0-299-08500-7 |ref=Hal81}}</ref>

The Cortes of the [[Crown of Aragon]] kingdoms retained their power to control the king's spending with regard to the finances of those kingdoms. But after the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] and the victory of another royal house – the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbons]] – and King [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]], their Cortes were suppressed (those of [[Aragon]] and [[Valencia]] in 1707, and those of [[Catalonia]] and the [[Balearic islands]] in 1714).

The first Cortes representing the whole of Spain (and the Spanish empire of the day) assembled in 1812, in [[Cádiz]], where it operated as a government in exile as at that time most of the rest of Spain was in the hands of [[Napoleon]]'s army.

===Switzerland===
The [[Federal Diet of Switzerland]] was one of the longest-lived representative bodies in history, continuing from the 13th century to 1848.

===Ukraine===
{{main|Verkhovna Rada}}

Stemming from the tribal assemblies of the ancient Slavs, the ''viche'' (from Proto-Slavonic *větje, meaning 'council', 'counsel' or 'talk') functioned not only as a form of self-organization in cities of medieval [[Kievan Rusʹ]] but also as a form of protect against policies of the Princes.<ref>Yermolaiev, V. (2002). Viche in Kievan Rus: issues of competence (9th – middle of the 12th century). Bulletin of the Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, No. 4, pp. 45–55. [In Ukrainian]</ref> The tradition of viche contributed to the culture of peaceful assemblies in contemporary Ukraine.<ref>Drozd, O., Romanov, M., Moroz, V., Stremenovskyi, S., & Zelenyi, V. (2022). The right of citizens to assemble peacefully, unarmed, to hold rallies and demonstrations: historical origins and genesis of formation. Amazonia Investiga, 11(51), 257-266. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.51.03.26</ref><ref>Emmanuel Karagiannis (2016) Ukrainian volunteer fighters in the eastern front: ideas, political-social norms and emotions as mobilization mechanisms, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 16:1, 139-153, DOI: 10.1080/14683857.2016.1148413</ref>

The [[Sich Rada]] (council) was an institution of [[Zaporizhian Cossacks|Cossack administration]] from the 16th to the 18th century. With the establishment of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]] in 1648, it was officially known as the General Military Council, or [[Cossack Rada]], until 1750.

The [[Central Council of Ukraine]], or the Central Rada, founded on March 4, 1917, was the All-Ukrainian council of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]], which declared its full state independence in the [[Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council]] in 1918. The contemporary Ukrainian parliament is called the [[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine.

==Development of modern parliaments==
The development of the modern concept of parliamentary government dates back to the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] (1707–1800).

===United Kingdom===
The [[Parliament of Great Britain]] was formed in 1707 by the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]] that replaced the former parliaments of England and Scotland. A [[Acts of Union 1800|further union in 1801]] united the Parliament of Great Britain and the [[Parliament of Ireland]] into a [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]. Through a series of [[Reform Acts]] in the 19th and 20th centuries, it became democratically elected.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Loughran |first1=Thomas |last2=Mycock |first2=Andrew |last3=Tonge |first3=Jonathan |date=2021-04-03 |title=A coming of age: how and why the UK became the first democracy to allow votes for 18-year-olds |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2021.1890589 |journal=Contemporary British History |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=284–313 |doi=10.1080/13619462.2021.1890589 |issn=1361-9462 |quote=Westminster’s vanguard role in providing a global model of democracy as the ‘Mother of Parliaments’}}</ref>

The British Parliament is often referred to as the ''[[Mother of Parliaments]]'' (in fact a misquotation of [[John Bright]], who remarked in 1865 that "England is the Mother of Parliaments") because the British Parliament has been the model for most other parliamentary systems, and its [[Act of Parliament|Acts]] have created many other parliaments.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Seidle |first1=F. Leslie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6je60BF-3sC&pg=PA3 |title=Reforming parliamentary democracy |last2=Docherty |first2=David C. |date=2003 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=9780773525085 |page=3}}</ref> Many nations with parliaments have to some degree emulated the British "three-tier" model known as the [[Westminster system]]. Most countries in Europe and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] have similarly organised parliaments with a largely ceremonial [[head of state]] who formally opens and closes parliament, a large elected lower house and a smaller, upper house.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Julian Go |title=Constitutionalism and political reconstruction |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004151741 |editor1-last=Arjomand |editor1-first=Saïd Amir |pages=93–94 |chapter=A Globalizing Constitutionalism? Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000 |quote=Thirty-eight out of the 49 ex-British colonies adopted parliamentary systems in their independence constitutions. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYmmnYKEvE0C&pg=PA94}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 December 2013 |title=How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/features/how-the-westminster-parliamentary-system-was-exported-around-the-world |access-date=16 December 2013 |publisher=University of Cambridge}}</ref> The Parliament of the United Kingdom has been described as characterised by the stability of its governing institutions and its capacity to absorb change.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=The House of Lords and the British political tradition |url=https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/3749/ |publisher=University of Birmingham |date=2012 |degree=Ph.D. |language=English |first=Anthony |last=Mc Manamon}}</ref>

[[File:1 westminster palace panorama 2012 dusk (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Palace of Westminster]], London]]

In the United Kingdom, Parliament consists of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]], the [[House of Lords]], and the [[Monarch]]. The House of Commons is composed of 650 members who are directly elected by British citizens to represent single-member constituencies. The leader of a party that wins more than half the seats, or less than half but is able to gain the support of smaller parties to achieve a majority in the house, is invited by the Monarch to form a government. The House of Lords is a body of long-serving, unelected members: [[Lords Temporal]] (92 of whom inherit their titles, of whom 90 are elected internally by members of the House to lifetime seats), 588 of whom have been appointed to lifetime seats, and [[Lords Spiritual]] (26 bishops, who are part of the house while they remain in office).

Legislation can originate from either the Lords or the Commons. It is voted on in several distinct stages, called [[reading (legislature)|readings]], in each house. First reading is merely a formality. Second reading is where the bill as a whole is considered. Third reading is detailed consideration of clauses of the bill.

In addition to the three readings a bill also goes through a committee stage where it is considered in great detail. Once the bill has been passed by one house it goes to the other and essentially repeats the process. If after the two sets of readings, there are disagreements between the versions that the two houses passed it is returned to the first house for consideration of the amendments made by the second. If it passes through the amendment stage [[Royal Assent]] is granted and the bill becomes law as an [[Act of Parliament]].

The House of Lords is the less powerful of the two houses as a result of the [[Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949]]. These Acts removed the veto power of the Lords over a great deal of legislation. If a bill is certified by the [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker of the House of Commons]] as a [[money bill]] (i.e. acts raising taxes and similar) then the Lords can only block it for a month. If an ordinary bill originates in the Commons the Lords can only block it for a maximum of one [[session of Parliament]]. The exceptions to this rule are things like bills to prolong the life of a Parliament beyond five years.

In addition to functioning as the second chamber of Parliament, the House of Lords was also the final court of [[appeal]] for much of the law of the United Kingdom—a combination of judicial and legislative function that recalls its origin in the Curia Regis. This changed in October 2009 when the [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom]] opened and acquired the former jurisdiction of the House of Lords.

Since 1999, there has been a [[Scottish Parliament]] in [[Edinburgh]], and, since 2020, a [[Senedd]]—or Welsh Parliament—in [[Cardiff]]. However, these national, unicameral legislatures do not have complete power over their respective [[countries of the United Kingdom]], holding only those powers devolved to them by Westminster from 1997. All three cannot legislate on defence issues or currency, whilst Northern Ireland and Wales cannot legislate on national taxation (e.g. VAT, or Income Tax), however, following the [[Scotland Act 2016]], the Scottish Parliament has some legislative control over aspects of taxation including some elements of [[Income tax in Scotland|income tax]], Air Departure Tax and Aggregates Tax.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taxes |url=https://www.gov.scot/policies/taxes/ |website=www.gov.scot |access-date=31 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Scotland Act 2016">{{cite web |title=Scotland Act 2016 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/11/section/13/enacted |website=www.legislation.gov.uk |access-date=31 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Additionally, the bodies in Northern Ireland and Wales can be theoretically dissolved, at any given time, by the British Parliament without the consent of the devolved government. The Scotland Act 2016 made both the Scottish Parliament and [[Scottish Government]] permanent components of the constitution in Scotland, and can only be dissolved following a vote in a legally binding referendum if a majority voted in favour of its dissolution.<ref name="Scotland Act 2016"/>

===Sweden===
{{Main|Age of Liberty}}

In [[Sweden]], the half-century period of parliamentary government beginning with [[Charles XII]]'s death in 1718 and ending with [[Gustav III of Sweden|Gustav III]]'s [[self-coup]] in 1772 is known as the [[Age of Liberty]]. During this period, [[civil rights]] were expanded and power shifted from the monarch to parliament.

While [[suffrage]] did not become universal, the taxed peasantry was represented in Parliament, although with little influence and commoners without taxed property had no suffrage at all.

===Poland===
Changes in Poland's internal situation in the 1980s led to the Round Table Talks which ended in the signing of the famous Round Table Agreement on 5 April 1989. The Agreement spearheaded the evolutionary transformation of the country's political system; independence was regained once again. The document Position on Political Reforms provided grounds for amending the Constitution. The amended Constitution restored the office of the President of the Polish People's Republic and the Senate – both to be elected in free and democratic elections. In the Sejm, the opposition was allocated 35% of the mandates. Thus the so called "contract" elections could not be fully democratic. The Sejm (first chamber) became superior to the Senate (second chamber). In addition, the institution of National Assembly was established, consisting of the Sejm and the Senate sitting jointly to elect the President of the Polish People's Republic. A declaration of the Solidarity Citizens' Committee heralded the prompt enactment of a new, democratic constitution and electoral law. As a result of Solidarity's success in elections to the Sejm and the Senate, profound reforms of the political system were undertaken by adopting an amendment to the Constitution on 29 December 1989. In the Constitution, the Republic of Poland was defined as a democratic state ruled by law. As the provisional constitution lasted too long, it was decided to adopt a provisional regulation in the form of the so called Small Constitution. The President signed it on 17 October 1992. The Small Constitution regulated above all the relationship between the executive and legislative powers, on the basis of the doctrine of separation of powers. A bicameral parliament was maintained.

After long years of legislative work, on 2 April 1997, the National Assembly adopted The Constitution of the Republic of Poland. It entered into force on 17 October 1997. The new Constitution introduced a "rationalised" parliamentary-cabinet system in Poland. It is the first Constitution of the Third Republic. That was the first Constitution of the Third Republic. The act defined the position of the Sejm and the Senate within the system without using the term "parliament". It adopted the doctrine of separation of powers, which provided for a balance between the legislative and executive powers. In practice the binding provisions of the Constitution ensure the supremacy of the legislative power. Both chambers are autonomous bodies, independent of each other, with their own powers. The Constitution retained the principle of bicameralism of the legislature. The Sejm and the Senate sitting jointly constitute the National Assembly. Characteristically, the new Constitution conferred very extensive powers on the Sejm. On the other hand, the powers of the Senate are limited, as in the Constitutions of 1921 and 1992.

==Parliamentary system==
[[File:Unibicameral Map.svg|upright=1.6|thumb|right|{{legend|#37abc8|Nations with a bicameral legislature.}}{{legend|#ff9955|Nations with a unicameral legislature.}}{{legend|#000000|Nations with no legislature.}}]]{{Further|Parliamentary system|Parliamentary republic}}
Many parliaments are part of a [[parliamentary system]] of government, in which the [[executive branch|executive]] is constitutionally answerable to the parliament from the genetic moment of the birth of Government ([[Motion of confidence]]), to the final moment of his termination ([[Motion of no confidence]]), through all the commitments that can be added to the [[Confidence and supply|government contract]] from time to time through [[Motion (parliamentary procedure)|motions]] and [[Resolution (law)|resolutions]].<ref>For the latter instruments see Giampiero Buonomo, [https://www.questionegiustizia.it/data/doc/2982/163358983718572.pdf ''La crescente procedimentalizzazione dell’atto parlamentare di indirizzo politico''], Questione giustizia, 7 ottobre 2021.</ref> Some restrict the use of the word ''parliament'' to parliamentary systems, while others use the word for any elected legislative body. Parliaments usually consist of ''[[Chambers of parliament|chambers]]'' or ''houses'', and are usually either [[bicameralism|bicameral]] or [[unicameralism|unicameral]] although more complex models exist, or have existed (''see [[Tricameralism]]'').

In some parliamentary systems, the [[prime minister]] is a member of the parliament (e.g. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|in the United Kingdom]]), whereas in others they are not (e.g. [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|in the Netherlands]]). They are commonly the leader of the majority party in the lower house of parliament, but only hold the office as long as the "confidence of the house" is maintained. If members of the lower house lose faith in the leader for whatever reason, they can call a [[vote of no confidence]] and force the prime minister to resign. In case of general discontent with the head of government, their replacement can be made very smoothly without all the complications that it represents in the case of a presidential system, where impeachment would be needed to force out the head of government, which process is supposed to be a purely legal, not political matter (although it often becomes [[Politicisation|politicized]]).

The parliamentary system can be contrasted with a [[presidential system]], such as the [[United States Congress|American congressional system]], which operates under a stricter [[separation of powers]], whereby the executive does not form part of, nor is it appointed by, the parliamentary or legislative body. In such a system, congresses do not select or dismiss [[head of government|heads of governments]], and governments cannot request an early dissolution as may be the case for parliaments. Some states, such as [[France]], have a [[semi-presidential system]] which falls between parliamentary and congressional systems, combining a powerful head of state (president) with a head of government, the prime minister, who is responsible to parliament.

In some unconventional parliamentary systems, the prime minister is elected by parliament (this was previously the case in [[Israel]]), or the president (head of state) also serves as head of government, and answers to parliament as a prime minister ([[Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency|parliamentary system with an executive president]]). With notable exceptions, in most parliamentary republics the president (head of state) is not actually elected by the parliament, rather most commonly by [[Direct election|popular vote]]. The president may have a formal or informal role as a check on the parliament, although this is less prevalent in the case when parliament elects the president.

== Women in parliament ==
{{Main|Women in government}}

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|file = [[File:share of women in parliament, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Share of women in parliament]]
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==List of national parliaments==
{{See also|List of legislatures by country}}
[[File:Den Haag Binnenhof 02.jpg|thumb|The [[Binnenhof]] in [[The Netherlands]] is the oldest Parliament buildings in the world still in use.]]
[[File:Centre Block - Parliament Hill.jpg|thumb|right|The centre block of the [[Parliament of Canada]] Building in [[Ottawa]]]]
[[File:Budapest Parliament 4604.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Hungarian Parliament Building]] in [[Budapest]]]]
[[File:Moroccan Parliament Building.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Parliament of Morocco]] in [[Rabat]]]]
[[File:Diet of Japan Kokkai 2009.jpg|right|thumb|The [[National Diet Building]] in [[Tokyo]], Japan]]
[[File:Glimpses of the new Parliament Building, in New Delhi (2).jpg |thumb|right|[[New Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]]]
[[File:Parliament House at dusk, Canberra ACT.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A large white and cream coloured building with grass on its roof. The building is topped with a large flagpole.|[[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]], [[Canberra]], [[Australia]]]]
[[File:Riigikogu Parliament of Estonia (47623229042).jpg|thumb|The [[Toompea Castle|Parliament House]] of ''[[Riigikogu]]'' in [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]]]]
[[File:Government office building.jpg|thumb|The [[Parliament of Tuvalu]] in [[Funafuti]]]]

===Parliaments of the European Union===
* [[European Parliament]]
* [[Parliament of Austria]] (consisting of the [[National Council (Austria)|National Council]] and the [[Federal Council (Austria)|Federal Council]])
* [[Belgian Federal Parliament]] (consisting of the [[Chamber of Representatives of Belgium|Chamber of Representatives]] and the [[Senate of Belgium|Senate]])
* [[National Assembly of Bulgaria]]
* [[Croatian Parliament]]
* [[House of Representatives of Cyprus|House of Representatives]] ([[Cyprus]])
* [[Parliament of the Czech Republic]] (consisting of the [[Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic|Chamber of Deputies]] and the [[Senate of the Czech Republic|Senate]])
* [[Folketing]] ([[Denmark]])
* [[Riigikogu]] ([[Estonia]])
* [[Parliament of Finland]] (Eduskunta)
* [[Parliament of France]] (consisting of the [[French National Assembly|National Assembly]] and the [[Senate of France|Senate]])
* [[Bundestag]] and [[Bundesrat of Germany|Bundesrat]] ([[Germany]])
* [[Hellenic Parliament]] ([[Greece]])
* [[National Assembly of Hungary|National Assembly]] ([[Hungary]])
* [[Oireachtas]] ([[Ireland]]) (consisting of the [[President of the Republic of Ireland|President of Ireland]], [[Dáil Éireann]] (Lower House) and [[Seanad Éireann]] (Senate))
* [[Parliament of Italy]] (consisting of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] and the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate]])
* [[Saeima]] ([[Latvia]])
* [[Seimas]] ([[Lithuania]])
* [[Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg|Chamber of Deputies]] ([[Luxembourg]])
* [[House of Representatives of Malta|House of Representatives]] ([[Malta]])
* [[States General of the Netherlands]] (consisting of the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|Chamber of Representatives]] and the [[Senate (Netherlands)|Senate]])
* [[Storting]] ([[Norway]])
* [[National Assembly of the Republic of Poland]] (consisting of the [[Sejm of the Republic of Poland|Sejm]] and the [[Senate of the Republic of Poland|Senate]])
* [[Assembly of the Republic of Portugal|Assembly of the Republic]] ([[Portugal]])
* [[Parliament of Romania]] (consisting of the [[Chamber of Deputies of Romania|Chamber of Deputies]] and the [[Senate of Romania|Senate]])
* [[National Council of the Slovak Republic|National Council]] ([[Slovakia]])
* [[Parliament of Slovenia]] (consisting of the [[National Assembly (Slovenia)|National Assembly]] and the [[National Council (Slovenia)|National Council]])
* [[Cortes Generales]] ([[Spain]]) (consisting of the [[Congress of Deputies of Spain|Congress of Deputies]] and the [[Senate of Spain|Senate]])
* [[Riksdag]] ([[Sweden]])

===Others===
* [[Parliament of Albania]]
* [[General Council of Andorra]]
* [[Parliament of Australia]] (consisting of the [[Monarchy of Australia|King]], the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], and the [[Australian Senate|Senate]])
** The federal government of the [[Commonwealth of Australia]] has a [[bicameral]] '''parliament''' and each of [[States and territories of Australia|Australia's six states]] has a bicameral '''parliament''' except for [[Queensland]], which has a unicameral parliament.
* [[Parliament of The Bahamas]]
* [[Jatiya Sangsad]] ([[Bangladesh]])
* [[Parliament of Barbados]]
* [[Parliament of Canada]] (consisting of the [[Monarchy of Canada|King]], an Upper House styled the [[Senate of Canada|Senate]], and the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]])
** The federal government of Canada has a bicameral '''parliament''', and each of [[Provinces of Canada|Canada's 10 provinces]] has a unicameral '''parliament'''.
* [[National People's Congress|National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China]]
* [[Løgtingið]] ([[Faroe Islands]])
* [[Parliament of Fiji]]
* [[Parliament of Ghana]]
* [[States of Deliberation]] of Guernsey
* [[Althing|Althing (Parliament of Iceland)]] - Oldest surviving parliament
* [[Parliament of India]] (consisting of the [[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Rajya Sabha]])
* [[People's Consultative Assembly]] of [[Indonesia]] (consisting of the [[People's Representative Council]] and the [[Regional Representative Council]])
* [[Council of Representatives of Iraq]]
* [[Knesset]] of [[Israel]]
* [[National Diet of Japan]] (consisting of the [[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]] and the [[House of Councillors (Japan)|House of Councillors]])
* [[States Assembly]] of Jersey
* [[Parliament of Kazakhstan]] (consisting of the [[Mäjilis]] and the [[Senate of Kazakhstan|Senate]])
* [[Parliament of Lebanon]]
* [[Tynwald]], the parliament of the Isle of Man
* [[Parliament of Malaysia]]
* [[Parliament of Moldova]]
* [[Parliament of Montenegro]]
* [[Parliament of Morocco]]
* [[Parliament of Nauru]]
* [[Parliament of Nepal]] (recently reorganised)
* [[Parliament of New Zealand]] (consisting of the [[King of New Zealand|King]] and [[NZ House of Representatives|House of Representatives]])
* [[Assembly of the Republic of North Macedonia]]
* [[Majlis-e-Shoora]], [[Pakistan]]
* [[National Assembly of Serbia]]
* [[Parliament of Singapore]]
* [[Parliament of South Africa]]
* [[National Assembly of South Korea]]
* [[Parliament of Sri Lanka]]
* [[Legislative Yuan]] of [[Taiwan]]
* [[National Assembly of Thailand]]
* [[Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration]]
* [[Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago]]
* [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]]
* [[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine
* [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] (consisting of the [[House of Lords of the United Kingdom|House of Lords]] and the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]
* [[Parliament of Zimbabwe]]

==List of subnational parliaments==

===Australia===
{{Main|Parliaments of the Australian states and territories}}

Australia's States and territories:
*[[Parliament of New South Wales]]
*[[Parliament of Victoria]]
*[[Parliament of Queensland]]
*[[Parliament of Western Australia]]
*[[Parliament of South Australia]]
*[[Parliament of Tasmania]]
*[[Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Parliament of the Northern Territory]]

===Belgium===
In the federal (bicameral) kingdom of Belgium, there is a curious asymmetrical constellation serving as directly elected legislatures for three "territorial" ''regions''—[[Flanders]] ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]), [[Brussels]] (bilingual, certain peculiarities of competence, also the only region not comprising any of the 10 provinces) and [[Wallonia]] (French)—and three cultural ''communities''—Flemish (Dutch, competent in Flanders and for the Dutch-speaking inhabitants of Brussels), Francophone (French, for Wallonia and for Francophones in Brussels) and German (for speakers of that language in a few designated municipalities in the east of the Walloon Region, living alongside Francophones but under two different regimes):
* [[Flemish Parliament]] serves both the Flemish Community and the region of Flanders (in all matters of regional competence, its decisions have no effect in Brussels-Capital Region)
* [[Parliament of the French Community]]
* [[Parliament of the German-speaking Community]]
* [[Parliament of Wallonia]]
* [[Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region]] (within the capital's regional assembly, however, there also exist two ''Community Commissions'', a [[Flemish Community Commission|Dutch-speaking one]] and a [[French Community Commission|Francophone one]], for various matters split up by linguistic community but under Brussels' regional competence, and even "joint community commissions" consisting of both for certain institutions that could be split up but are not.

===Brazil===
{{Main|Legislative Assemblies of Brazilian states}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Legislative Assembly of Acre]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Alagoas]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Amapá]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Amazonas]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Bahia]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Ceará]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Espírito Santo]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Goiás]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Maranhão]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Mato Grosso]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Mato Grosso do Sul]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Pará]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Paraíba]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Paraná]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Pernambuco]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Piauí]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Rio de Janeiro]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Norte]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Sul]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Rondonia]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Roraima]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Santa Catarina]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Sergipe]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of São Paulo]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Tocantins]]
* [[Legislative Chamber of the Federal District]]
}}

===Canada===
{{Main|Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories}}

[[File:Canada Provinces.png|frameless|right]]
Canada's provinces and territories:
*[[Legislature of Ontario|Parliament of Ontario]]
*[[Quebec Legislature]]
*[[General Assembly of Nova Scotia]]
*[[New Brunswick Legislature]]
*[[Manitoba Legislature]]
*[[Parliament of British Columbia]]
*[[General Assembly of Prince Edward Island]]
*[[Saskatchewan Legislature]]
*[[Alberta Legislature]]
*[[General Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador]]
*[[Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories]]
*[[Yukon Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Legislative Assembly of Nunavut]]

===China===
* [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Macau]]

===Denmark===
* [[Inatsisartut]]
* [[Løgting]]

===Finland===
[[File:Plenum vid BSPC 19 i Mariehamn pa aland.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Parliament of Åland]]]]
* [[Åland]]

===Germany===
* [[Landtag#German Legislatures|State legislatures of Germany]]

Except for the [[city-state]]s of [[Berlin]], [[Bremen]] and [[Hamburg]], where the [[city council]] is also the [[State Parliament (Germany)|state parliament]], all state parliaments are called ''[[Landtag]]'':
*[[Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin]]
*[[Bürgerschaft of Bremen|Bremische Bürgerschaft]]
*[[Hamburg Parliament|Bürgerschaft der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg]]
*[[Landtag of Baden-Württemberg]]
*[[Landtag of Bavaria]]
*[[Landtag of Brandenburg]]
*[[Landtag of Hesse]]
*[[Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]]
*[[Landtag of Lower Saxony]]
*[[Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia]]
*[[Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate]]
*[[Landtag of Saarland]]
*[[Landtag of Saxony]]
*[[Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt]]
*[[Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein]]
*[[Landtag of Thuringia]]

===India===
{{India States and Territories Labelled Map||float=right}}

====Indian states and territorial legislative assemblies====
{{Main|State legislative assemblies of India}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
}}

====Indian states legislative councils====
{{Main|State legislative councils of India}}

* [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
* [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
* [[Karnataka Legislative Council]]
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
* [[Telangana Legislative Council]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]

===Malaysia===
{{Main|Parliament of Malaysia|State legislative assemblies of Malaysia}}

===Netherlands===
* [[Provincial council (Netherlands)]]
* [[States General of the Netherlands]]

===Norway===
{{Main|Subnational parliamentary system in Norway}}

===Philippines===
* [[Bangsamoro Parliament|Parliament of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region]]

===Portugal===
* [[Legislative Assembly of the Azores]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Madeira]]

===Spain===
{{Main|List of Spanish regional legislatures}}

===Sri Lanka===
* [[Provincial Councils (Sri Lanka)]]

=== Switzerland ===
{{Main|List of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland}}

=== Trinidad and Tobago ===
* [[Tobago House of Assembly]]

===United Kingdom===
* [[Northern Ireland Assembly]]
* [[Scottish Parliament]]
* [[Senedd (Welsh Parliament)]]

==Other parliaments==

===Contemporary supranational parliaments===
{{Main|International parliament|Inter-parliamentary institution}}

:''List is not exhaustive''
* [[Pan-African Parliament]]
* [[Central American Parliament]]
* [[Latin American Parliament]]
* [[European Parliament]]

===Equivalent national legislatures===
* [[Majlis]], e.g. in Iran
* in Indonesia: [[People's Consultative Assembly]], consists of [[People's Representative Council]] (elected, legislative lower house) and [[Regional Representative Council]] (elected, legislative upper house with limited powers)

===Defunct===
* [[Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria]] (1861–1918)
* [[Parliament of Southern Ireland]] (1921–1922)
* [[People's Parliament]] (1940s)
* [[Silesian Parliament]] (1922–1945)
* [[Parliament of Northern Ireland]] (1921–1973)
* [[Batasang Pambansa|Batasang Pambansâ]] (1978–1986)
* [[National Assembly of the Republic of China]] (1913–2005)

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Congress]]
* [[Delegated legislation]]
* [[Democratic mundialization]]
* [[Government]]
* [[History of democracy]]
* [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]]
* [[Legislation]]
* [[Non-human electoral candidate]]
* [[Parliamentary procedure]]
* [[Parliamentary records]]
* [[Parliament of the World's Religions]]
* [[List of current presidents of assembly]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Parliaments}}
* [https://complegdatabase.com/ Comparative Legislators Database]. A dataset on over 67,000 legislators from 16 countries.
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Parliament}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090618132318/http://www.parliament.uk/index.cfm United Kingdom Parliament]

{{Portal bar|Politics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Legislatures]]
[[Category:Westminster system]]
[[Category:Parliamentary procedure]]

Chatterjee

2026-02-17T00:20:52Z

Serzohe: correct formatting to improve readability

{{wikt|Chatterjee|Chattopadhyay}}
{{Infobox surname
|name = Chatterjee
|pronunciation =
|image =
|caption =
|meaning =
|region = [[Bengal]]
|origin = [[Bengali Hindu]]
|variant =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Chatterjee''' ({{langx|bn|চ্যাটার্জি}}), also known as '''Chattopadhyay''' is a [[Bengali Hindu]] surname, used by the [[Kulin Brahmin|Kulin]] group of the [[Bengali Brahmin]] caste.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hanks |first=Patrick |date=2003 |chapter=Chatterjee |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vG7MZ9J6dAgC&q=chatterjee%20chattopadhyay%20anglicize&pg=PA320 |title=Dictionary of American Family Names: 3-Volume Set |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=9780195081374 |pages=320 |language=en}}</ref> Together with [[Banerjee]]s, [[Mukherjee]]s, [[Bhattacharjee]]s, and [[Ganguly (surname)|Ganguly]]s, Chatterjees form the Kulin Brahmins, the highest tier of the [[Bengalis|Bengali]] caste system.<ref>{{Cite book |editor1-last=Bromley |editor1-first=David G. |editor2=Larry D. Shinn |date=1989 |title=Krishna Consciousness in the West |location=Lewisburg, Pa. |publisher=Bucknell University Press |isbn=0-8387-5144-X |oclc=17984402}}</ref> They belong to [[Rarh region|Rarhi]] clan of Bengali Brahmins and the [[Kashyapa]] [[gotra]].

==Variation==
''Chatterjee'' is an [[Anglicisation|Anglicized]] variant of the Sanskritized ''Chattopadhyay''.<ref name=":0"/> English language spellings include Chatterjee, Chatterjea, Chatterji, Chaterjee, Chattopadhyay, and Chattopadhyaya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rodrigues |first=Hillary |date=2003 |title=Ritual Worship of the Great Goddess: The Liturgy of the Durga Puja with Interpretations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onyaEhwhJBUC&pg=PA320 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9780791488447 |pages=320|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Priya |date=2002 |title=In Another Country: Colonialism, Culture, and the English Novel in India |url=https://archive.org/details/inanothercountry0000josh |url-access=registration |publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231500906 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/inanothercountry0000josh/page/283 283] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions |title=Names of Persons: National Usages for Entry in Catalogues |date=2013 |chapter=Bengali |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8zoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=9783110974553 |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EH08DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |title=Ānandamaṭh, Or, The Sacred Brotherhood |last1=Chatterji |first1=Bankim Chandra |last2=Caṭṭopādhyāẏa |first2=Baṅkimacandra |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195178579 |pages=5 |language=en |chapter=Introduction}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakraborty |first=Paulomi |date=2018 |title=The Refugee Woman: Partition of Bengal, Gender, and the Political |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1ZxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT70 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199095391 |pages=270}}</ref>

== Notable Chatterjees ==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[Abhishek Chatterjee]] {{en dash}} Bengali film and television actor
* [[Abir Chatterjee]] – actor
* [[Adhar Kumar Chatterji]] – former Chief of the Naval Staff of the Indian Navy (1966–1970)
* [[Aditi Chatterjee]] – Bengali film and television actress
* [[Alok Chatterjee]] – theatre actor and director
* [[Amarendranath Chatterjee]] – freedom fighter
* [[Amitabha Chattopadhyay]] – biophysicist
* [[Amitava Chattopadhyay]] – INSEAD professor of marketing and innovation
* [[Angana P. Chatterji]] – anthropologist, activist and feminist historian
* [[Anil Chatterjee]] – actor
* [[Anindo Chatterjee]] – tabla player
* [[Anjan Chatterjee (neuroscientist)]] – cognitive neuroscientist
* [[Aroup Chatterjee]] – British Indian atheist, physician, author of ''Mother Teresa: The Untold Story''
* [[Ashim Chatterjee]] – politician and activist
* [[Asima Chatterjee]] – Indian organic chemist and the second woman to be conferred a Doctorate of Science by an Indian university
* [[Atul Chandra Chatterjee]] – Indian diplomat and government official. Served as the Indian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom from 1925 to 1931.
* [[Bamakhepa|Bamacharan Chattopadhyay]] – ardent devotee of Maa Tara, also considered to be an avatar of Lord Shiva
* [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]] – Indian patriot, writer, poet and journalist and composer of [[Vande Mataram]], the national song of India
* [[Basu Chatterjee]] – film director
* [[Bhaswar Chatterjee]] – Indian actor
* [[Biswajit Chatterjee]] – Bollywood actor
* [[Debabarta Chatterjee]] – botanist
* [[Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya]] – author, philosopher
* [[Debjani Chatterji]] – Indian-born British poet
* [[Deen K. Chatterjee]] - philosopher
* [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]] – actor
* [[Dhruva Chatterjee]] – writer and screenplay writer of Hindi movies
* [[Dipankar Chatterji]] – molecular biologist
* [[Ramakrishna|Gadadhar Chattopadhyay]] – Sri Sri Ramakrishna Paramahansa, devotee of Dakshina Kali and Priest of Dakshineswar Kali Temple.
* [[Gautam Chattopadhyay]] – musician
* [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay]] – poet, actor and brother of Sarojini Naidu
* [[Indira Chatterji]] (born 1973), Swiss-Indian mathematician
* [[Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee]] – Indian freedom fighter, activist and member of Rajya Sabha
* [[Joya Chatterji]] – Professor of South Asian history
* [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]] – social reformer
* [[Kshetresa Chandra Chattopadhyaya]] – Sanskrit scholar
* [[Mirai Chatterjee]] – Indian social worker
* [[Mohini Mohun Chatterji]] – theosophist, scholar
* [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] – Bollywood actress
* [[Neil Chatterjee]] – American lawyer, political advisor, and government official, chair of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission twice between 2017 and 2020
* [[Nigamananda]] – Yogi
* [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] – actor
* [[Partha Chatterjee (scholar)|Partha Chatterjee]] – scholar and author
* [[Piya Chattopadhyay]] – Canadian broadcaster
* [[Pratap Chatterjee]] – journalist and author
* [[Priyadarshini Chatterjee]] – Miss India World 2016
* [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]] – Bollywood actor
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] – actor
* [[Pulok Chatterji]] – former bureaucrat and Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India (2011–2014)
* [[Purnendu Chatterjee]] – businessman, founder of TCG
* [[Rabiranjan Chattopadhyay]], Indian politician
* [[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]] – born Gadadhar Chattopadhyay, a famous mystic of 19th-century India
* [[Ramananda Chatterjee]] — founder, editor, and owner of the [[Modern Review (Calcutta)|Modern Review]], he has been described as the father of Indian journalism
* [[Rangan Chatterjee]] – Physician, author, television presenter and broadcaster
* [[Sabitri Chatterjee]] – Indian Bengali female actress
* [[Sankar Chatterjee]] – paleontologist
* [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]], Indian writer
* [[Sarojini Naidu]] née Chattopadhyay – freedom fighter, poet
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]] – actor
* [[Shakti Chattopadhyay]] – poet
* [[Shekhar Chatterjee]] – entrepreneur
* [[Shiba P. Chatterjee]] – professor, former president of International Geographical Union
* [[Sitaramdas Omkarnath]] – Bhakti saint
* [[Somnath Chatterjee]] – eminent lawyer and former speaker of Lok Sabha
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] – actor
* [[Sourav Chatterjee]] – mathematician
* [[Sovan Chatterjee]] – former mayor of the city of Kolkata
* [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] – actress
* [[Subhendu Chatterjee]] – actor
* [[Subhadeep Chatterjee]] – Indian molecular biologist
* [[Sudeep Chatterjee]] – cinematographer
* [[Sudip Chattopadhyay]] – biologist
* [[Suman Chatterjee]] (now Kabir Suman) – musician
* [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] – Indian linguist, educationist and litterateur
* [[Swapan Chattopadhyay]] – director of the Cockcroft Institute
* [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] – actress
* [[Upamanyu Chatterjee]] – author
* [[Utpal Chatterjee]] – cricketer
* [[Uttam Kumar]] (Arun Chatterjee) – actor
* [[Vikram Chatterjee]] – Indian actor of Bengali cinema
* [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya]] – activist
{{Div col end}}

== See also ==
* [[Bengali Hindus]]
* [[Bengali Brahmin]]s
* [[Kulin Brahmins]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{surname}}
{{Bengali Hindu people}}

[[Category:Brahmin communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Bengali-language surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindu surnames]]
[[Category:Kulin Brahmin surnames]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of West Bengal]]

Varkala Beach

2026-02-13T17:37:40Z

Serzohe: small changes

{{Short description|Beach in Trivandrum, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
[[File:Varkala beach from above.jpg|thumb|Varkala Beach]]
[[File:Varkala Beach.jpg|thumb|Sunset at Varkala Beach]]

'''Varkala Beach''' is situated in the town of [[Varkala]] in Varkala Municipality, Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/india/2017/06/22/top-10-places-to-visit-in-kerala|title=Head Straight to Kerala, God's Own Country, for a Perfect Vacation|website=thequint.com|access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref> The beach skirts the [[Arabian Sea]], part of the Indian Ocean.

==Geography==
Varkala is located at {{Coord|8.73|N|76.71|E}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Varkkallai.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Varkkallai, India|website=fallingrain.com|access-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205232544/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Varkkallai.html|archive-date=5 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Culture==
The [[Janardana Swami Temple]] is known for a ten-day festival held twice a year, called Arattu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/varkala/janardhana-temple--arattu-festival.php|title=Arattu Festival, Janardhana Temple, Varkala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala – Kerala Tourism|website=keralatourism.org|access-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122020119/http://www.keralatourism.org/varkala/janardhana-temple--arattu-festival.php|archive-date=22 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Activities==
Varkala Beach has adventure and leisure activities such as boat riding, [[parasailing]], [[jet ski]]ing, and horse-riding. There are also restaurants and cafes; alcohol is not served.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/india/2017/06/22/top-10-places-to-visit-in-kerala|title=Head Straight to Kerala, God's Own Country, for a Perfect Vacation|website=thequint.com|access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref>

==Landmarks==
Varkala beach is the only place in southern Kerala where cliffs are found adjacent to the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>http://www.karthikaplaza.com/varkala.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310071242/http://www.karthikaplaza.com/varkala.html |date=10 March 2010 }} | Details of Varkala</ref>

==Transport==
Train service is available at [[Varkala Sivagiri Railway Station]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
വർക്കല ക്ലിഫ്.jpg|Varkala beach
Varkala natural spring.JPG|A natural water spout in Varkala Beach
Karkkidaka vavu bali at varkkala.jpg|Karkidaka Vavu Bali ritual being performed at Varkala Beach
Varkala. jpg.jpg|Evening at Varkala beach
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Varkala Beach}}
* [http://indiatourism.ws/kerala/varkala/ Varkala Beach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502232834/http://indiatourism.ws/kerala/varkala/ |date=2 May 2015 }} photographs and 360° panoramas

{{Waters of Kerala}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}

[[Category:Beaches of Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Varkala]]

1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election

2026-02-11T10:13:24Z

Serzohe: expanded content

{{Short description|State assembly election in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Maharashtra State Assembly Elections 1990
| country = India
| flag_year =
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| previous_election = 1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1985
| next_election = 1995 Maharashtra state assembly elections
| next_year = 1995
| seats_for_election = All 288 assembly constituencies to [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| election_date = 27 February 1990
| turnout = 62.26%  ({{increase}} 3.09%)
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Sharad Pawar, Minister of AgricultureCrop.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=05|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Sharad Pawar]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 = [[Indian National Congress|INC+]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]
| last_election1 = 161
| seats1 = '''141'''
| popular_vote1 = '''11,334,773'''
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 20
| percentage1 = '''38.17%'''
| swing1 = {{down}} 5.24%

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| leader2 = [[Manohar Joshi]]
| party2 = Shiv Sena
| alliance2 = [[BJP|BJP+]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Dadar Assembly constituency|Dadar]]
| last_election2 = ''Not Contested in 1985''
| seats2 = 52
| popular_vote2 = 4,733,834
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 52
| percentage2 = 15.94%
| swing2 = {{up}} 15.94%

| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Gopinath Ji Munde.jpg|bSize=170|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=45|oTop=66}}
| leader3 = [[Gopinath Munde]]
| party3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance3 = [[BJP|BJP+]]
| leaders_seat3 = [[Renapur Assembly constituency|Renapur]]
| last_election3 = 16
| seats3 = 42
| popular_vote3 = 3,180,482
| seat_change3 = {{increase}} 26
| percentage3 = 10.71%
| swing3 = {{up}} 3.26%
| map_image = 1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election Results.png
| map_size = 400px
| map_caption =
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Sharad Pawar]]
| after_election = [[Sharad Pawar]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| majority_seats = 145
}}

The '''Maharashtra State Assembly election, 1990''' was held in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] in 1990, to elect 288 members of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].<ref name= pdf>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra, Election Commission of India}}</ref>

==Results==

'''List of Political Parties participated in 1990 Maharashtra Assembly Elections.'''

{| class="wikitable"
! Colspan=2|Party
! Abbreviation
|-
! Colspan=4|National Parties
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}
| [[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha]]
| [[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha|ICS(SCS)]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
| [[Janata Party|JP]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Lok Dal}}
| [[Lok Dal|Lok Dal (Bahuguna)]]
| [[Lok Dal|LKD(B)]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| [[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
! Colspan=4|State Parties
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
| {{party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
| [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|Peasants and Workers Party]]
| [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
| [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
! Colspan=4|Registered (Unrecognised) Parties
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha}}
| [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha|HMS]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
| [[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Doordarshi Party}}
| [[Doordarshi Party|DDP]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bolshevik Party of India}}
| [[Bolshevik Party of India|BPI]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]]
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|CPI(ML)]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian People's Front}}
| [[Indian People's Front|IPF]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
| [[Republican Party of India|RPI]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}
| [[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]
| [[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)|RPI(K)]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh}}
| [[Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh|All India Dalit Muslim Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh]]
| [[Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh|DMM]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Hul Jharkhand Party}}
| [[Hul Jharkhand Party|HJP]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Azad Hind Fauz (Rajkiya)}}
| Azad Hind Fauz (Rajkiya)
| AHF(R)
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Republican Paksha}}
| BRP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Proutist Bloc India}}
| PBI
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Maratha Mahasangh}}
| MMS
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Krishi Udyog Sangh}}
| BKUS
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Revolutionary Shoshit Samaj Dal}}
| BRSS
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Loktantrik Mazdoor Sangh}}
| LMD
|-
| {{Party color cell|Republican Party of India (Balakrishnan)}}
| Republican Party of India (Balakrishnan)
| RPI(B)
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Republican Presidium Party of India}}
| RPPI
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Sampooran Rashtriya Sena}}
| SRS
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Surajya Paksha}}
| SYP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Vishal Bharat Party}}
| VBP
|-
|}

[[Indian National Congress]] won the most number of seats.<ref name= pdf /> And [[Sharad Pawar]] was sworn in as the 7th [[Chief minister of Maharashtra]].

'''Summary of results of the Maharashtra State Assembly election, 1990'''<ref name= pdf />

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan=10|[[File:India Maharashtra Legislative Assembly 1990.svg]]
|-
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable"|
! rowspan="2" |Political Party
! colspan="3" |Seats
! colspan="3" |Popular Vote
|-
!Contested
!Won
!Change +/-
!Votes polled
!Votes%
!Change +/-
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]{{Composition bar|141|288|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|276
|141
|{{decrease}} 20
|11,334,773
|38.17%
|{{decrease}} 5.24%
|-
| {{party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]{{Composition bar|52|288|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|183
|52
|{{increase}} 52
|4,733,834
|15.94%
|{{increase}} 15.94% ''(Not Contested in 1985)''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]{{Composition bar|42|288|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party }}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|104
|42
|{{increase}} 26
|3,180,482
|10.71%
|{{increase}} 3.46%
|-
| {{party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal]]{{Composition bar|24|288|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|214
|24
|{{increase}} 24
|3,776,737
|12.72%
|{{increase}} 12.72% ''(New Party)''
|-
| {{party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]{{Composition bar|8|288|{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|40
|8
|{{decrease}} 5
|719,807
|2.42%
|{{decrease}} 1.35%
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]{{Composition bar|3|288|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|13
|3
|{{increase}} 1
|258,433
|0.87%
|{{increase}} 0.08%
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]{{Composition bar|2|288|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|16
|2
|{{nochange}}
|219,080
|0.74%
|{{decrease}} 0.18%
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha]]{{Composition bar|1|288|{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|71
|1
|{{decrease}} 53 ''(from [[Indian Congress (Socialist)|IC(S)]] seats)''
|290,503
|0.98%
|{{decrease}} 16.30% ''(from [[Indian Congress (Socialist)|IC(S)]] vote share)''
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]{{Composition bar|1|288|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|9
|1
|{{increase}} 1
|150,926
|0.51%
|{{increase}} 0.51% ''(Not Contested in 1985)''
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}
|[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]{{Composition bar|1|288|{{party color|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|18
|1
|{{increase}} 1
|147,683
|0.50%
|{{decrease}} 0.02%
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Republican Paksha}}
|43
|0
|''(New Party)''
|338,685
|1.14%
|{{Up}}1.14% ''(New Party)''
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
| 21
|0
|{{Steady}}
|206,486
|0.70%
|{{Down}}0.30%
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|122
|0
|''(New Party)''
|126,026
|0.42%
|{{Up}}0.42% ''(New Party)''
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|11
|0
|{{Down}}20
|31,349
|0.11%
|{{Down}}7.27%
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]{{Composition bar|13|288|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|2286
|13
|{{decrease}} 7
|4,036,403
|13.59%
|{{decrease}} 3.90%
|-style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
|
|align="left"|'''Total'''||3764||288||{{nochange}}||29,693,838||62.26%||{{increase}} 3.09%
|-
|}

== Region-wise Breakup ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Region
!Total seats
! colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
! colspan="2" |[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shivsena]]
! colspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
! colspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
!Others
|-
|Western Maharashtra
|76
|56
|
|04
|{{Increase}} 04
|02
|
|08
|{{Increase}} 08
|06
|-
|Vidarbha
|62
|25
|
|04
|{{Increase}} 04
|13
|
|09
|{{Increase}} 09
|11
|-
|Marathwada
|47
|21
|
|14
|{{Increase}} 14
|05
|
|02
|{{Increase}} 02
|05
|-
|Thane+Konkan
|29
|08
|
|11
|{{Increase}} 11
|05
|
|02
|{{Increase}} 02
|03
|-
|Mumbai
|34
|09
|
|15
|{{Increase}} 15
|09
|
|00
|{{No change}}
|01
|-
|North Maharashtra
|40
|22
|
|04
|{{Increase}} 04
|08
|
|03
|{{Increase}} 03
|03
|-
!Total<ref>{{cite news|title=Spoils of five-point duel|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141020/jsp/nation/story_18944791.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020001027/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141020/jsp/nation/story_18944791.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2014|access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref>
!288
!''141''
!{{decrease}} 20
!''52''
!{{increase}} 52
!''42''
!{{increase}} 26
!''24''
!{{increase}} 24
!29
|}

{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:60%;" |'''141'''
| style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}; width:22%;" |'''52'''
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; width:18%;" |'''42'''
|-
|'''INC'''
|'''SHS'''
|'''BJP'''
|}
== District-wise Results ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Name of Division
!District
!Seats
! colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! colspan="2" |[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
! colspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! rowspan="5" |[[Amravati Division]]
|[[Akola district|Akola]]
|5
|2
|
|1
|{{Increase}} 1
|1
|
|-
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|8
|8
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|0
|
|-
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|7
|3
|
|3
|{{Increase}} 3
|1
|
|-
|[[Yavatmal]]
|7
|3
|
|4
|{{Increase}} 4
|0
|
|-
|[[Washim district|Washim]]
|3
|2
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|0
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Total Seats
!30
!18
!
!8
!{{Increase}} 8
!2
!
|-
! rowspan="8" |[[Aurangabad Division]]
|[[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|9
|4
|
|5
|{{Increase}} 1
|1
|
|-
|[[Beed district|Beed]]
|6
|3
|
|1
|{{Increase}} 1
|2
|
|-
|[[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|5
|5
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|0
|
|-
|[[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]]
|4
|2
|
|2
|{{Increase}} 1
|0
|
|-
|[[Nanded district|Nanded]]
|9
|5
|
|2
|{{Increase}} 1
|1
|
|-
|[[Latur district|Latur]]
|6
|6
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|0
|
|-
|[[Parbhani]]
|4
|3
|
|1
|{{Increase}} 1
|0
|
|-
|[[Hingoli district|Hingoli]]
|3
|2
|
|1
|{{Increase}} 1
|0
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Total Seats
!46
!30
!
!12
!{{Increase}} 12
!4
!
|-
! rowspan="5" |[[Konkan Division]]
|[[Mumbai City]]
|9
|3
|
|2
|{{Increase}} 1
|1
|
|-
|[[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
|26
|6
|
|9
|{{Increase}} 1
|4
|
|-
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|24
|1
|
|5
|{{Increase}} 1
|4
|
|-
|[[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|7
|1
|
|4
|{{Increase}} 1
|0
|
|-
|[[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]
|3
|1
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|0
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Total Seats
!69
!12
!
!20
!{{Increase}} 20
!9
!
|-
! rowspan="6" |[[Nagpur Division]]
|[[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]
|3
|2
|
|1
|{{Increase}} 1
|0
|
|-
|[[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]
|6
|3
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|3
|
|-
|[[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]]
|3
|3
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|0
|
|-
|[[Gondia district|Gondia]]
|4
|2
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|2
|
|-
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|12
|7
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|5
|
|-
|[[Wardha district|Wardha]]
|4
|2
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|0
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Total Seats
!32
!19
!
!1
!{{Increase}} 1
!10
!
|-
! rowspan="5" |[[Nashik Division]]
|[[Dhule]]
|5
|5
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|0
|
|-
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|11
|7
|
|2
|{{Increase}} 1
|2
|
|-
|[[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]
|4
|4
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|0
|
|-
|[[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|15
|10
|
|1
|{{Increase}} 1
|0
|
|-
|[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|12
|9
|
|2
|{{Increase}} 1
|0
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Total Seats
!47
!35
!
!5
!{{Increase}} 5
!2
!
|-
! rowspan="5" |[[Pune Division]]
|[[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
|10
|2
|
|1
|{{Increase}} 1
|1
|
|-
|[[Pune district|Pune]]
|21
|21
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|0
|
|-
|[[Sangli district|Sangli]]
|8
|1
|
|2
|{{Increase}} 1
|3
|
|-
|[[Satara district|Satara]]
|8
|1
|
|2
|{{Increase}} 1
|1
|
|-
|[[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|13
|9
|{{Increase}} 1
|0
|{{Steady}}
|1
|{{Increase}} 1
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Total Seats
!58
!27
!
!6
!{{Increase}} 6
!5
!
|-
! rowspan="2" |''288''
!141
!{{Decrease}} 20
!52
!{{Increase}} 52
!42
!{{Increase}} 26
|-
!
!
! colspan="4" |
|}

=== Analysis ===
According to journalist Makarand Gadgil, 1990 election was a "watershed election in Maharashtra's politics". Because, the right-wing [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Shiv Sena]] emerged as the major opposition for the first time winning 94 seats. Whereas until 1990 election, various left-wing parties like the [[Peasants and Workers Party]], [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)]], [[Janata Party]], [[Janata Dal]], [[Republican Party of India]], [[Communist Party of India]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] were the main opposition. These parties won 38 seats in the 1990 election. They won only 8 seats in the [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009 Assembly election]] showing that their decline has continued.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gadgil |first1=Makarand |title=Opinion |url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/l9SSzU5dfSOZ0iQKG8IEvI/Decline-and-extinction-of-left-liberal-parties-in-Maharashtr.html |accessdate=20 July 2018 |work=Mint |date=1 September 2014}}</ref>

== Results by constituency ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
|-
|1||[[Sawantwadi Assembly constituency|Sawantwadi]]||64.41%||Bhonsle Pravin Prataprao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||39,189||45.40%||Jayanand Mathkar||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||28,550||33.07%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,639'''
|-
|2||[[Vengurla Assembly constituency|Vengurla]]||66.14%||Pushpasen Sawant||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||43,946||54.12%||Sitaram Narayan Desai||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,316||25.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''23,630'''
|-
|3||[[Malvan Assembly constituency|Malvan]]||67.53%||[[Narayan Rane|Narayan Tatu Rane]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||31,466||39.26%||Y. D. Sawant||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,051||30.01%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''7,415'''
|-
|4||[[Deogad Assembly constituency|Deogad]]||68.39%||Appa Gogate||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||41,126||52.51%||A. G. Alias Dada Rane||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,176||33.42%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''14,950'''
|-
|5||[[Rajapur Assembly constituency|Rajapur]]||68.01%||Hatankar Laxman Rangnath||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||41,197||48.04%||Narvekar Chandrakant Balkrishna||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||29,543||34.45%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,654'''
|-
|6||[[Ratnagiri Assembly constituency|Ratnagiri]]||60.46%||Gotad Shivajirao Ramchandra||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||39,823||43.81%||Shivajirao Jadyar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,729||34.91%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''8,094'''
|-
|7||[[Sangameshwar Assembly constituency|Sangameshwar]]||63.84%||Ravindra Muralidhar Mane||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||32,385||40.15%||Jagannath Jadhav||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||22,151||27.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''10,234'''
|-
|8||[[Guhagar Assembly constituency|Guhagar]]||67.88%||Shridhar Dattatray Natu||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||48,116||55.10%||Bendal Ramchandra Sadashiv||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,716||42.04%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''11,400'''
|-
|9||[[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun]]||67.90%||Bapu Khedekar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||31,103||37.51%||Balasaheb Mate||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||30,460||36.73%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''643'''
|-
|10||[[Khed Assembly constituency|Khed]]||68.93%||[[Ramdas Kadam|Ramdas Gangaram Kadam]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||39,191||46.31%||Bhosale Keshavarao Jagatarao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||24,889||29.41%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''14,302'''
|-
|11||[[Dapoli Assembly constituency|Dapoli]]||68.80%||Dalvi Suryakant Shivram||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||46,882||52.87%||Vidya Belose||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,917||24.72%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''24,965'''
|-
|12||[[Mahad Assembly constituency|Mahad]]||69.29%||[[Prabhakar More (politician)|Prabhakar Sundarrao More]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||32,220||36.84%||Sudhakar Shankar Sawant||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,110||33.28%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''3,110'''
|-
|13||[[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan]]||61.60%||Raut Ravindra Narayan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||41,032||45.52%||Pandurang Bandhuji Sawant||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||34,882||38.69%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,150'''
|-
|14||[[Mangaon Assembly constituency|Mangaon]]||63.39%||Ashok Sabale||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||38,834||42.92%||Bhai Sawant||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||27,557||30.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,277'''
|-
|15||[[Pen Assembly constituency|Pen]]||65.73%||Mohan Mahadeo Patil||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||51,184||51.52%||Mahatre Balaji Damaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||40,904||41.17%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''10,280'''
|-
|16||[[Alibag Assembly constituency|Alibag]]||72.00%||Patil Dattatrey Narayan||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||58,878||51.03%||Kawale Vijay Namdev||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||43,596||37.79%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''15,282'''
|-
|17||[[Panvel Assembly constituency|Panvel]]||63.86%||Dattatraya Narayan Patil||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||45,693||39.06%||Ganapat Ragho Patil Alias G. R. Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||43,007||36.76%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''2,686'''
|-
|18||[[Khalapur Assembly constituency|Khalapur]]||62.78%||[[Devendra Satam|Devendra Vitthal Satam]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||46,611||42.83%||Mundhe Ram Ganpat||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,298||33.35%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''10,313'''
|-
|19||[[Colaba Assembly constituency|Colaba]]||41.89%||Patrawala Marazban Jal||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,945||40.25%||Gawade Dnyaneshwar Bhimmaji||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||14,007||28.27%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,938'''
|-
|20||[[Umarkhadi Assembly constituency|Umarkhadi]]||56.79%||[[Bashir Moosa Patel]]||{{party name with color|All-India Muslim League}}||34,886||48.92%||Jawkar Satyawan Ganpat||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||22,561||31.64%||style="background:{{party colour|All-India Muslim League}}"|'''12,325'''
|-
|21||[[Mumbadevi Assembly constituency|Mumbadevi]]||45.54%||[[Raj K. Purohit]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||25,955||49.98%||Lali Jamnadas Kapadia||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,706||36.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''7,249'''
|-
|22||[[Khetwadi Assembly constituency|Khetwadi]]||46.69%||Premkumar Shankardatt Sharma||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||27,006||47.98%||Prakash Binsale||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,135||35.77%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''6,871'''
|-
|23||[[Opera House Assembly constituency|Opera House]]||55.08%||Chandrakant Shankar Padwal||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||29,757||52.69%||Prabhu Chandrashekhar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,222||35.81%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''9,535'''
|-
|24||[[Malabar Hill Assembly constituency|Malabar Hill]]||48.61%||Balvantray Ambelal Desai||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,474||38.10%||Amar Jariwala||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||19,778||25.57%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,696'''
|-
|25||[[Chinchpokli Assembly constituency|Chinchpokli]]||49.04%||Annasaheb Alias B. D. Zute||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,236||41.16%||Abdul Alim Khan||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||15,002||24.47%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,234'''
|-
|26||[[Nagpada Assembly constituency|Nagpada]]||52.13%||[[Syed Ahmed (politician)|Dr. Syed Ahmed (politician)]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,026||32.54%||Yusuf Husain Mujawar||{{party name with color|All-India Muslim League}}||19,467||30.13%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,559'''
|-
|27||[[Mazgaon Assembly constituency|Mazgaon]]||57.07%||[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||36,790||50.80%||Eknath (Bhai) Bandal||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,141||41.62%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''6,649'''
|-
|28||[[Parel Assembly constituency|Parel]]||61.36%||Vithal Chavan||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||44,907||50.95%||Sharad Khatu||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||22,899||25.98%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''22,008'''
|-
|29||[[Shivadi Assembly constituency|Shivadi]]||52.37%||[[Datta Rane]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||31,442||38.26%||Dadu Santu Atyalkar||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||23,192||28.22%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''8,250'''
|-
|30||[[Worli Assembly constituency|Worli]]||58.43%||Nalawade Datta Shankar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||31,718||42.59%||Nanaware Vasant Pandurang||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,312||29.96%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''9,406'''
|-
|31||[[Naigaon Assembly constituency|Naigaon]]||64.26%||[[Kalidas Kolambkar|Kolambkar Kalidas Nilkanth]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||44,415||48.49%||Vilas Vishnu Sawant||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,437||40.87%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''6,978'''
|-
|32||[[Dadar Assembly constituency|Dadar]]||63.72%||[[Manohar Joshi]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||47,617||54.99%||Bhaurao Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,367||28.14%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''23,250'''
|-
|33||[[Matunga Assembly constituency|Matunga]]||96.13%||[[Chandrakanta Goyal]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||32,355||33.45%||V. Subramnian||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,150||30.14%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''3,205'''
|-
|34||[[Mahim Assembly constituency|Mahim]]||58.91%||Suresh Anant Gambhir||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||37,587||43.70%||Shyam Shetty||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,652||29.83%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''11,935'''
|-
|35||[[Dharavi Assembly constituency|Dharavi]]||48.62%||[[Jyoti Gaikwad|Dr. Jyoti Gaikwad]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||46,643||41.33%||Ramesh Medhekar||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||39,430||34.94%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,213'''
|-
|36||[[Vandre Assembly constituency|Vandre]]||48.26%||Salim Zakaria||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,251||45.44%||Ramdas Nayak||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||30,086||39.92%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,165'''
|-
|37||[[Kherwadi Assembly constituency|Kherwadi]]||57.42%||[[Madhukar Sarpotdar]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||42,742||45.68%||Kamble Vijay Baburao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||41,948||44.83%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''794'''
|-
|38||[[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle]]||51.56%||[[Ramesh Prabhoo|Dr. Ramesh Yashsant Prabhoo]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||44,408||45.79%||Pushpakant Anant Mhatre||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,520||32.50%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''12,888'''
|-
|39||[[Amboli Assembly constituency|Amboli]]||54.28%||Shantaram Soma Ambre||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||47,921||34.29%||Makwana Ismail Mohammed||{{party name with color|All-India Muslim League}}||39,728||28.43%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''8,193'''
|-
|40||[[Santacruz Assembly constituency|Santacruz]]||52.78%||Abhiram Singh||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||40,854||37.13%||Oommachen C. D.||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,647||31.49%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''6,207'''
|-
|41||[[Andheri Assembly constituency|Andheri]]||54.22%||Ramesh Dubey||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||62,276||44.36%||More Ramesh Shankar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||61,264||43.64%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,012'''
|-
|42||[[Goregaon Assembly constituency|Goregaon]]||54.54%||[[Subhash Desai]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||47,021||40.98%||Sharad Rao||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||46,426||40.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''595'''
|-
|43||[[Malad Assembly constituency|Malad]]||51.66%||[[Gajanan Kirtikar]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||80,364||44.43%||Chandrakant Tripathi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||71,125||39.32%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''9,239'''
|-
|44||[[Kandivali Assembly constituency|Kandivali]]||47.50%||Chandrakant Gosalia||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||52,725||39.83%||Ratnakar Kamat||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||40,618||30.68%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''12,107'''
|-
|45||[[Borivali Assembly constituency|Borivali]]||49.09%||Hemendra Mehta||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||96,038||56.94%||Sutrale Vijay Ramdas||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||38,160||22.62%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''57,878'''
|-
|46||[[Trombay Assembly constituency|Trombay]]||57.01%||Javed Iqbal Khan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||97,715||56.09%||Acharya Sharad Narayan||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||66,447||38.14%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''31,268'''
|-
|47||[[Chembur Assembly constituency|Chembur]]||55.20%||[[Hashu Advani]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||49,739||47.76%||[[Chandrakant Handore]]||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||49,071||47.12%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''668'''
|-
|48||[[Nehrunagar Assembly constituency|Nehrunagar]]||58.29%||Suryakant Mahadik||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||40,409||39.96%||Sajid Rashid||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||33,197||32.83%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''7,212'''
|-
|49||[[Kurla Assembly constituency|Kurla]]||53.92%||Mayekar Ramakant Shankar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||64,794||40.51%||Celine D. Silva||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||59,543||37.23%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''5,251'''
|-
|50||[[Ghatkopar Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar]]||56.90%||[[Prakash Mehta]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||53,733||48.62%||Bakshi Verandra||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||40,982||37.09%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''12,751'''
|-
|51||[[Bhandup Assembly constituency|Bhandup]]||60.32%||[[Liladhar Dake]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||70,834||44.86%||Patil Dinanath Bama||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||58,523||37.06%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''12,311'''
|-
|52||[[Mulund Assembly constituency|Mulund]]||56.96%||Vamanrao Ganpatrao Parab||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||73,438||50.90%||R. R. Singh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||55,566||38.51%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''17,872'''
|-
|53||[[Thane Assembly constituency|Thane]]||54.54%||Moreshwar Damodar Joshi||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||94,236||58.50%||[[Kanti Koli|Kanti Kisan Koli]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||53,237||33.05%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''40,999'''
|-
|54||[[Belapur Assembly constituency|Belapur]]||51.59%||[[Ganesh Naik]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||1,14,947||49.00%||Manohar Rama Salvi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||87,386||37.25%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''27,561'''
|-
|55||[[Ulhasnagar Assembly constituency|Ulhasnagar]]||59.56%||[[Pappu Kalani|Suresh @ Pappu Budharmal Kalani]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||88,804||69.02%||Harchandani Sitaldas Khubchand||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||34,549||26.85%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''54,255'''
|-
|56||[[Ambernath Assembly constituency|Ambernath]]||53.58%||[[Sabir Shaikh]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||71,322||48.31%||Sanjay Satish Dutt||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,121||20.40%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''41,201'''
|-
|57||[[Kalyan Assembly constituency|Kalyan]]||53.36%||[[Jagannath Patil|Jagannath Shivram Patil]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||106,145||59.99%||Bhoir Sudam Hari||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||59,392||33.56%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''46,753'''
|-
|58||[[Murbad Assembly constituency|Murbad]]||67.65%||Gotiram Padu Pawar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||50,083||53.06%||Digambar Narayan Vishe||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||39,700||42.06%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,383'''
|-
|59||[[Wada Assembly constituency|Wada]]||53.12%||[[Vishnu Savara| Vishnu Rama Savar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||48,184||49.99%||Duinada Laxman Kadya||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||35,656||36.99%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''12,528'''
|-
|60||[[Bhiwandi Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi]]||50.77%||Taware Parsharam Dhondu||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||60,818||38.50%||Raghunath (Appa) Padyal||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||39,123||24.77%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''21,695'''
|-
|61||[[Vasai Assembly constituency|Vasai]]||64.38%||Thakur Appa Urf Hitendra Vishnu||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||92,958||59.90%||Dominik John Gonsalvis||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||46,490||29.96%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''46,468'''
|-
|62||[[Palghar Assembly constituency|Palghar]]||58.76%||Avinash Baliram Sutar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||36,141||39.20%||Kaluram Kakadya Dhodade||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||28,424||30.83%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''7,717'''
|-
|63||[[Dahanu Assembly constituency|Dahanu]]||55.63%||Nam Shankar Sakharam||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||35,981||40.80%||Keny Ramkrishna Mangesh||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||19,937||22.61%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''16,044'''
|-
|64||[[Jawhar Assembly constituency|Jawhar]]||53.17%||Kom Lahanu Shidva||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||39,408||48.19%||Kom Ladkya Radka||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,060||28.20%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''16,348'''
|-
|65||[[Shahapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shahapur]]||57.31%||Mahadu Nago Barora||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,998||48.94%||Padmakar Namdeo Kewhari||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||34,880||48.78%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''118'''
|-
|66||[[Igatpuri Assembly constituency|Igatpuri]]||49.19%||Yadavrao Anandrao Bambale||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||22,656||32.25%||Ghare Vitthalrao Ganpat||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||19,632||27.95%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''3,024'''
|-
|67||[[Nashik Assembly constituency|Nashik]]||54.32%||Kathe Ganpatrao Pundalik||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||64,425||48.27%||Khaire Pandharinath Sadhavrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||58,801||44.05%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''5,624'''
|-
|68||[[Deolali Assembly constituency|Deolali]]||48.10%||[[Babanrao Gholap]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||53,400||56.83%||Sadaphule Ramdas Dayaram (Baba)||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||21,153||22.51%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''32,247'''
|-
|69||[[Sinnar Assembly constituency|Sinnar]]||65.76%||Dighole Tukaram Sakharam||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||46,830||50.58%||Gadhak Suryabhan Sukdeo||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||26,536||28.66%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''20,294'''
|-
|70||[[Niphad Assembly constituency|Niphad]]||67.39%||Mogal Malojirao Sadashiv||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||45,447||42.57%||Shinde Gangadhar Narayan (G. N. )||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||29,088||27.24%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''16,359'''
|-
|71||[[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla]]||60.41%||Marutirao Narayan Pawar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,721||39.42%||Arun Laxman Thorat||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||24,067||25.83%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''12,654'''
|-
|72||[[Nandgaon Assembly constituency|Nandgaon]]||62.65%||Dhatrak Jagannath Murlidhar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,406||20.08%||Ashok Yadavrao Rasal||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||16,360||16.10%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,046'''
|-
|73||[[Malegaon Assembly constituency|Malegaon]]||70.17%||[[Nihal Ahmed Maulavi Mohammed Usman]]||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||67,944||50.39%||Haji Shabbir Ahmed Haji Gulam Rasool||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||35,668||26.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''32,276'''
|-
|74||[[Dabhadi Assembly constituency|Dabhadi]]||61.23%||Hiray Pushpatai Vyakatarao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||43,460||46.65%||Nikam Ashok Damodar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||32,577||34.97%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,883'''
|-
|75||[[Chandwad Assembly constituency|Chandwad]]||63.68%||Kasliwal Jaichand Deepchand||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||39,514||46.26%||[[Shirishkumar Vasantrao Kotwal]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,264||34.26%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''10,250'''
|-
|76||[[Dindori, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Dindori]]||55.79%||Gaikwad Bhagawantrao Dharmaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||41,837||50.95%||Khetade Ramdas Daulat||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||22,302||27.16%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''19,535'''
|-
|77||[[Surgana Assembly constituency|Surgana]]||55.62%||[[Jiva Pandu Gavit]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||39,753||51.76%||Bhoye Sitaram Sayaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,154||30.15%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''16,599'''
|-
|78||[[Kalwan Assembly constituency|Kalwan]]||60.26%||[[Arjun Tulshiram Pawar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||49,516||59.15%||Bahiram Kashinath Narayan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,088||35.94%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''19,428'''
|-
|79||[[Baglan Assembly constituency|Baglan]]||53.88%||Ahire Lahanu Bala||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,111||43.73%||Borse Dilip Mangalu||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||25,080||33.12%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''8,031'''
|-
|80||[[Sakri Assembly constituency|Sakri]]||51.82%||Govindrao Shivram Chaudhary||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||29,402||35.75%||Chaure Bapu Hari||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,289||35.61%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''113'''
|-
|81||[[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur]]||61.60%||[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||66,510||67.41%||Thakare Ambar Barik||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||16,728||16.95%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''49,782'''
|-
|82||[[Nandurbar Assembly constituency|Nandurbar]]||55.75%||Valvi Pratap Kubaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||43,342||49.15%||Gavit Krushnarao Damaji||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||37,206||42.19%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,136'''
|-
|83||[[Talode Assembly constituency|Talode]]||58.63%||Dilwarsing D. Padvi||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||40,619||55.40%||Valvi Arjunsing Pirsing||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,431||18.32%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''27,188'''
|-
|84||[[Akrani Assembly constituency|Akrani]]||61.43%||K. V. Padvia||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||38,872||52.06%||Bhandari Tarasing Chandrasing||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,956||46.81%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''3,916'''
|-
|85||[[Shahada Assembly constituency|Shahada]]||73.39%||Dr. Deshmukh Hemant Bhaskar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||57,601||50.20%||Annasaheb P. K. Patil||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||52,406||45.67%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,195'''
|-
|86||[[Shirpur Assembly constituency|Shirpur]]||67.19%||[[Amrish Patel|Amrishbhai Rasiklal Patel]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||60,344||58.82%||Vishwasrao Patil||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||27,226||26.54%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''33,118'''
|-
|87||[[Sindkheda Assembly constituency|Sindkheda]]||68.83%||Bhadane Dattatray Waman||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||44,299||51.21%||Rajput Thansing Jibhau Alias Mangalsing Nimji||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||27,050||31.27%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''17,249'''
|-
|88||[[Kusumba Assembly constituency|Kusumba]]||67.33%||Rohidas Chudaman Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||64,742||67.47%||Khairnar Gulabrao Jayvantrao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||15,857||16.53%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''48,885'''
|-
|89||[[Dhule Assembly constituency|Dhule]]||55.46%||Borse Shalini Sudhakar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,266||33.78%||Bapu Shardul||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||32,210||32.70%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,056'''
|-
|90||[[Chalisgaon Assembly constituency|Chalisgaon]]||45.41%||Ishwar Ramchandra Jadhav||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||27,315||34.95%||Changare Vasudeoram Apuram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,066||23.12%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''9,249'''
|-
|91||[[Parola Assembly constituency|Parola]]||58.85%||Vasantrao Jivanrao More||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,511||31.67%||Patil Bhaskarrao Rajaram||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||28,830||28.97%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,681'''
|-
|92||[[Amalner Assembly constituency|Amalner]]||62.88%||Gulabrao Wamanrao Patil||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||44,211||44.53%||Dajiba Parvat Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,714||31.94%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''12,497'''
|-
|93||[[Chopda Assembly constituency|Chopda]]||69.89%||Arunlal Gowardhandas Gujrathi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||54,805||58.61%||Rana Ganesh Jagannath||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||18,644||19.94%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''36,161'''
|-
|94||[[Erandol Assembly constituency|Erandol]]||63.69%||Hari Atmaram Mahajan||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||36,685||37.40%||Wagh Parvatabai Chandrabhan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,068||32.69%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''4,617'''
|-
|95||[[Jalgaon Assembly constituency|Jalgaon]]||61.15%||[[Suresh Jain|Sureshkumar Bhikamchand Jain]]||{{party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}||61,562||50.41%||[[Ishwarlal Jain|Ishwarlal Shankarlal Jain]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,792||30.13%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}"|'''24,770'''
|-
|96||[[Pachora Assembly constituency|Pachora]]||60.58%||Patil Krishnarao Maharu||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,565||35.21%||Onkar Narayan Wagh||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||34,542||35.19%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''23'''
|-
|97||[[Jamner Assembly constituency|Jamner]]||64.03%||Dattatray Ughadu Mahajan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,531||34.21%||Pralhadrao Eknathrao Patil||{{party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}||27,956||30.33%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,575'''
|-
|98||[[Bhusawal Assembly constituency|Bhusawal]]||49.76%||Phalak Nilkanth Chintaman||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,838||36.53%||Rajabhau Pawar||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||27,891||29.24%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,947'''
|-
|99||[[Yawal Assembly constituency|Yawal]]||67.82%||Chaudhary Ramesh Vitthal||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||44,668||48.75%||Arun Govinda Mahajan||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||37,607||41.05%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,061'''
|-
|100||[[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver]]||72.73%||Mahukar Dhanaji Chaudhari||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42,116||39.79%||Gunwant Rambhan Sarode||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||36,837||34.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,279'''
|-
|101||[[Edlabad Assembly constituency|Edlabad]]||67.44%||[[Eknath Khadse]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||35,052||34.86%||G. N. Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,390||32.21%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''2,662'''
|-
|102||[[Malkapur Assembly constituency|Malkapur]]||68.88%||Tangade Dayaram Sugdeo||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||33,578||34.98%||Kolte Dinkar Yadao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,578||31.86%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''3,000'''
|-
|103||[[Buldhana Assembly constituency|Buldhana]]||68.14%||Gode Rajendra Vyankatrao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||43,244||39.33%||Shingane Bhaskarrao Sampatrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42,478||38.64%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''766'''
|-
|104||[[Washim Assembly constituency|Washim]]||56.02%||[[Lakhan Sahadeo Malik|Lakhan Malik]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||27,668||35.65%||Kamble Bhimrao Haibati||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,761||30.62%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''3,907'''
|-
|105||[[Mangrulpir Assembly constituency|Mangrulpir]]||66.13%||Thakare Subhashrao Pandhari||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||28,200||29.83%||Rathod Gokuldas Devisingh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,884||26.32%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''3,316'''
|-
|106||[[Mehkar Assembly constituency|Mehkar]]||74.18%||Subodh Keshao Saoji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||54,219||49.10%||Jadhao Prataprao Ganpatrao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||44,609||40.40%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,610'''
|-
|107||[[Khamgaon Assembly constituency|Khamgaon]]||68.99%||Kokare Nana Nimbaji||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||31,150||26.82%||Deshmukh Prakashrao Keshaorao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,994||24.10%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''3,156'''
|-
|108||[[Jalamb Assembly constituency|Jalamb]]||75.16%||Krushnarao Ganpatrao Ingle||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||39,746||37.35%||Gawande Vasanti Shrikant||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||33,988||31.94%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''5,758'''
|-
|109||[[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot]]||70.83%||Jagannath Sitaramji Dhone||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||35,436||35.70%||Gangane Sudhakar Ramkrishna||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,926||26.12%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''9,510'''
|-
|110||[[Borgaon Manju Assembly constituency|Borgaon Manju]]||68.16%||Dalu Gajanan Deorao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||44,153||37.87%||Gawai Ramesh Ramrao||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Republican Paksha}}||27,098||23.24%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''17,055'''
|-
|111||[[Murtizapur Assembly constituency|Murtizapur]]||63.67%||Pawar Makhram Banduji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||31,069||34.63%||[[Motiram Lahane]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||26,033||29.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''5,036'''
|-
|112||[[Balapur Assembly constituency|Balapur]]||66.21%||Kisanrao Babanrao Raut||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||39,183||40.88%||Gazi Mohammadali Qaz Mohd. Ibrahimali||{{party name with color|All-India Muslim League}}||32,870||34.29%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''6,313'''
|-
|113||[[Medshi Assembly constituency|Medshi]]||66.47%||Zanak Subhash Ramraoji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,261||34.34%||Gawali Pundlikrao Ramji||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||21,598||24.51%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''8,663'''
|-
|116||[[Karanja Assembly constituency|Karanja]]||65.70%||Gawande Gulabrao Ramrao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||35,297||40.87%||Babasaheb Dhabekar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,007||28.95%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''10,290'''
|-
|118||[[Daryapur Assembly constituency|Daryapur]]||68.10%||[[Prakash Gunvantrao Bharsakale]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||25,682||27.20%||Deorao Gondaji Wankhade||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Republican Paksha}}||16,996||18.00%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''8,686'''
|-
|119||[[Melghat Assembly constituency|Melghat]]||44.02%||Kale Tulshiram Rupna||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,098||41.66%||Ramesh Raikwar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||16,186||24.00%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,912'''
|-
|120||[[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur]]||61.14%||[[Vinayak Korde]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||37,287||38.78%||Babanrao Alias Dattaraya Magorao Metkar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,476||19.22%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''18,811'''
|-
|121||[[Morshi Assembly constituency|Morshi]]||68.74%||Harshwardhan Pratapsinha Deshmukh||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||38,014||40.77%||Maukar Purushottam Gulab||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,509||28.43%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''11,505'''
|-
|122||[[Teosa Assembly constituency|Teosa]]||63.82%||Mangle Natthuji Dewaji||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||24,459||29.70%||Tasare Sharad Motiram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,154||28.12%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India}}"|'''1,305'''
|-
|123||[[Walgaon Assembly constituency|Walgaon]]||62.33%||Anil Warhade||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,983||25.48%||Subhash Alias Nanubhau Mahalle||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||19,373||23.53%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,610'''
|-
|124||[[Amravati Assembly constituency|Amravati]]||57.56%||Jagdish Motilal Gupta||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||35,319||32.35%||Pushpatai Vijay Bonde||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,133||28.52%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''4,186'''
|-
|125||[[Badnera Assembly constituency|Badnera]]||57.95%||Wadnere Pradeep Babanrao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||26,224||29.77%||Yate Purushottam Vishnupant||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||13,929||15.81%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''12,295'''
|-
|126||[[Chandur Assembly constituency|Chandur]]||67.49%||[[Pratap Adsad|Pratap Arunbhau Adsad]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||36,201||41.10%||Sherekar Yeshwant Gangaram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,997||27.25%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''12,204'''
|-
|127||[[Arvi Assembly constituency|Arvi]]||64.82%||[[Sharadrao Kale|Dr. Sharadrao Kale]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,050||36.02%||Khonde Jyoti Vijayrao||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||28,444||27.66%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''8,606'''
|-
|128||[[Pulgaon Assembly constituency|Pulgaon]]||64.81%||Saroj Ravi Kashikar||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||37,651||38.65%||Prabha Rau||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,758||37.74%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''893'''
|-
|129||[[Wardha Assembly constituency|Wardha]]||59.86%||Manik Mahadeo Sabane||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||41,604||40.24%||Shande Pramod Bhauraoji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||38,126||36.88%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''3,478'''
|-
|130||[[Hinganghat Assembly constituency|Hinganghat]]||68.23%||Bonde Vasnat Laxmanrao||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||40,730||34.33%||Deshmukh Suresh Bapuraoji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,867||31.08%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''3,863'''
|-
|131||[[Umred Assembly constituency|Umred]]||65.91%||Parate Sharwan Govindrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,555||29.37%||Itkelwar Vasantrao Balaji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||23,146||23.00%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,409'''
|-
|132||[[Kamthi Assembly constituency|Kamthi]]||62.59%||Bhoyar Yadavrao Krushnarao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,715||33.14%||Radke Deorao Santoshrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||34,116||32.57%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''599'''
|-
|133||[[Nagpur North Assembly constituency|Nagpur North]]||44.72%||Shende Upendra Mangaldas||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}||33,603||37.30%||Badhel Bhola||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||21,358||23.71%||style="background:{{party colour|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}"|'''12,245'''
|-
|134||[[Nagpur East Assembly constituency|Nagpur East]]||50.48%||[[Satish Chaturvedi|Satish Jhaulal Chaturvedi]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||80,333||60.34%||Dnyanesh Wakudkar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||41,462||31.14%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''38,871'''
|-
|135||[[Nagpur South Assembly constituency|Nagpur South]]||55.17%||Dhawad Ashok Shankarrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||35,682||37.20%||Wadibhame Ashok Ramchander||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||29,387||30.64%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,295'''
|-
|136||[[Nagpur Central Assembly constituency|Nagpur Central]]||52.88%||Bajirao Yashwant Narayan||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||22,323||31.54%||[[Anees Ahmed]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,317||31.53%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''6'''
|-
|137||[[Nagpur West Assembly constituency|Nagpur West]]||50.44%||[[Vinod Gudadhe Patil]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||55,081||39.28%||[[Gev Manchersha Avari]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||46,438||33.11%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''8,643'''
|-
|138||[[Kalmeshwar Assembly constituency|Kalmeshwar]]||66.76%||Kedar Chhatrapal Anandrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||38,767||37.21%||Gawande Pandurang Narayanrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||28,348||27.21%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,419'''
|-
|139||[[Katol Assembly constituency|Katol]]||68.36%||Sunil Shamrao Shinde||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,597||41.87%||Ram Mannalal Neole||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||25,327||28.20%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''12,270'''
|-
|140||[[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner]]||66.72%||[[Ranjeet Deshmukh]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,410||35.90%||Mangle Dadarao Mahadeorao||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||31,873||31.43%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,537'''
|-
|141||[[Ramtek Assembly constituency|Ramtek]]||64.67%||Pandurang Jairamji Hajare||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||43,482||39.83%||Kimmatkar Madhukar Ghanshyamrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,525||31.62%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''8,957'''
|-
|142||[[Tumsar Assembly constituency|Tumsar]]||70.01%||Subhashchandra Narayanraoji Karemore||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||29,246||31.13%||Ishwardayal Mahipali Patale||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||19,693||20.96%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''9,553'''
|-
|143||[[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara]]||66.99%||Aswale Ram Gopal||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||29,356||31.35%||Jayant Vasant Vairagade||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,693||27.44%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''3,663'''
|-
|144||[[Adyar Assembly constituency|Adyar]]||71.33%||Shrungapawar Vilas Vishwanath||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||28,091||27.53%||Ramteke Charandas Marotrao||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||20,521||20.11%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''7,570'''
|-
|145||[[Tirora Assembly constituency|Tirora]]||66.85%||More Harish Ukandrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42,650||45.84%||Binzade Vishnu Barku||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||32,743||35.19%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,907'''
|-
|146||[[Gondiya Assembly constituency|Gondiya]]||67.05%||Hariharbhai Manibhai Patel||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||35,856||36.21%||Agarwal Radheshyam Harishchandra (Babli)||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||22,995||23.22%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''12,861'''
|-
|42||[[Goregaon Assembly constituency|Goregaon]]||54.54%||[[Subhash Desai]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||47,021||40.98%||Sharad Rao||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||46,426||40.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''595'''
|-
|148||[[Amgaon Assembly constituency|Amgaon]]||70.47%||Bahekar Bharatbhau Narayanbhau||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||41,134||36.55%||Nagpure Bhersinh Dukluji||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||28,991||25.76%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''12,143'''
|-
|149||[[Sakoli Assembly constituency|Sakoli]]||74.28%||Dr. Hemkrishna Shamraoji Kapgate||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||39,372||36.78%||Badole Janardhan Kisan||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||18,646||17.42%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''20,726'''
|-
|150||[[Lakhandur Assembly constituency|Lakhandur]]||73.08%||Diwathe Namdeo Harbaji||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||40,504||35.02%||Ramchandra Maroti Thakre||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,808||28.37%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''7,696'''
|-
|151||[[Armori Assembly constituency|Armori]]||58.08%||Warkhade Hariram Atmaram||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||36,518||42.94%||Weakey Sukhadeobabu Pundalik||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,681||33.72%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''7,837'''
|-
|152||[[Gadchiroli Assembly constituency|Gadchiroli]]||60.07%||[[Marotrao Kowase|Marotrao Sainuji Kowase]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,903||43.29%||Kodap Vilas Shamrao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||34,800||39.75%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,103'''
|-
|153||[[Sironcha Assembly constituency|Sironcha]]||54.20%||[[Dharamrao Baba Atram|Dharamraobaba Bhagwantrao Atram]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,377||36.09%||Atram Raje Satyavanrao Raje Vishveshvarrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||22,697||31.06%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,680'''
|-
|154||[[Rajura Assembly constituency|Rajura]]||61.95%||[[Wamanrao Chatap|Wamanrao Sadashivrao Chatap]]||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||47,949||45.52%||Mamulkar Prabhakar Bapurao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,476||35.57%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''10,473'''
|-
|155||[[Chandrapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Chandrapur]]||59.78%||Shyam Gopalrao Wankhede||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||57,622||43.37%||Trivedi Gayacharam Mahaviraprasad||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||24,947||18.78%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''32,675'''
|-
|156||[[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli]]||45.26%||[[Shobha Fadnavis]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||49,924||42.95%||Gaddamwar Waman Vistari||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,630||31.51%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''13,294'''
|-
|157||[[Bramhapuri Assembly constituency|Bramhapuri]]||74.01%||Donadkar Namdeo Bakaram||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||39,837||33.84%||Deshmukh Shantaram Tulshiramji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||18,905||16.06%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''20,932'''
|-
|158||[[Chimur Assembly constituency|Chimur]]||72.98%||Waghmare Baburao Jasuji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,442||22.87%||Jaiswal Baba Alias Yogendra Laximinarayan||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||24,432||21.13%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,010'''
|-
|159||[[Bhadrawati Assembly constituency|Bhadrawati]]||67.28%||Temurde Moreshwar Vithalrao||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||34,666||31.04%||Wasade Babasaheb Sonbaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,495||27.30%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''4,171'''
|-
|160||[[Wani Assembly constituency|Wani]]||64.61%||[[Wamanrao Bapurao Kasawar|Wamanrao Kasawar]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||47,142||50.80%||Guruji D.M.Thawari||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||19,675||21.20%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''27,467'''
|-
|161||[[Ralegaon Assembly constituency|Ralegaon]]||50.39%||Netaji Tanbaji Rajgadkar||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||33,759||44.85%||Wooike Gulabrao Bajirao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,334||36.31%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''6,425'''
|-
|162||[[Kelapur Assembly constituency|Kelapur]]||68.54%||Gedam Deorao Jaituji||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||57,874||62.22%||Shivaji Shioramji Moghe||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,598||30.75%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''29,276'''
|-
|163||[[Yavatmal Assembly constituency|Yavatmal]]||59.57%||Jawahar Trimbakrao Deshmukh||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||30,271||31.85%||Gade Holeshwarrao Tulshiramji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||23,632||24.86%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''6,639'''
|-
|164||[[Darwha Assembly constituency|Darwha]]||66.92%||[[Manikrao Thakare|Manikrao Govindrao Thakare]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,781||28.75%||Shridhar Dhondabaji Mohod||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||21,504||23.09%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,277'''
|-
|165||[[Digras Assembly constituency|Digras]]||63.32%||Pratapsing Ramsing Ade||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||45,964||47.13%||Yeshwant Wasudeo Upganlawar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||24,123||24.73%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''21,841'''
|-
|166||[[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad]]||70.99%||[[Sudhakarrao Naik|Sudhakarrao Rajusing Naik]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||59,364||54.01%||Ambhore Shriramsonba||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||34,088||31.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''25,276'''
|-
|167||[[Umarkhed Assembly constituency|Umarkhed]]||65.71%||Deosarkar Prakash Patil||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||47,351||48.45%||Deshmukh Balasaheb Vithalrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,586||38.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''9,765'''
|-
|168||[[Kinwat Assembly constituency|Kinwat]]||66.06%||Jadhv Subhash Limbaji||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||46,449||52.15%||Kishanrao Champatrao Pachpute||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,258||31.73%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India}}"|'''18,191'''
|-
|169||[[Hadgaon Assembly constituency|Hadgaon]]||68.19%||Ashtikar Bapurao Shivram Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,739||31.20%||Deshmukh Prataprao Vinayakrao||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||25,449||25.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,290'''
|-
|170||[[Nanded Assembly constituency|Nanded]]||61.55%||D. R. Deshmukh||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||48,645||35.13%||[[Kamalkishor Kadam]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,270||24.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''15,375'''
|-
|171||[[Mudkhed Assembly constituency|Mudkhed]]||67.90%||[[Sahebrao Baradkar Deshmukh]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,403||29.40%||Choudhary Ramrao Laxmikantrao||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||23,757||22.24%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,646'''
|-
|172||[[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar]]||66.07%||[[Madhavrao Bhujangrao Kinhalkar|Dr. Madhavrao Bhujangrao Kinhalkar]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,838||23.83%||Kesrale Kishor Bhujangrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||20,774||21.67%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,064'''
|-
|173||[[Biloli Assembly constituency|Biloli]]||64.71%||Bhaskerrao Bapurao Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||75,512||58.85%||Patne Gangadher Mahalappa||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||35,612||27.75%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''39,900'''
|-
|174||[[Mukhed Assembly constituency|Mukhed]]||55.64%||Ghate Madhukarrao Rangoji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||40,100||42.15%||Patil Vishwanath Nadhavrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||22,033||23.16%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''18,067'''
|-
|175||[[Kandhar Assembly constituency|Kandhar]]||60.75%||Keshavrao Shankarrao Dhondge||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||30,195||28.14%||Rohidas Khobraji Chavan||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||21,815||20.33%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''8,380'''
|-
|176||[[Gangakhed Assembly constituency|Gangakhed]]||54.15%||Gaikwad Dnyanoba Hari||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||40,033||50.36%||Ghandant Sitaram Chimaji||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||27,216||34.23%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''12,817'''
|-
|177||[[Singnapur Assembly constituency|Singnapur]]||67.74%||Suresh Ambadasrao Warpudkar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||58,295||58.56%||Renge Tukaram Ganpatrao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||37,882||38.05%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''20,413'''
|-
|178||[[Parbhani Assembly constituency|Parbhani]]||57.69%||Bobde Hanumantrao Daulatrao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||49,534||42.04%||Shamim Ahemad Khan Rahim Ahemad Khan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,966||32.22%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''11,568'''
|-
|179||[[Basmath Assembly constituency|Basmath]]||66.30%||[[Jaiprakash Shankarlal Mundada|Dr. Jaiprakash Shankarlal Mundada]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||54,498||49.77%||Bagal Ramchandra Khobraji||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||31,959||29.19%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''22,539'''
|-
|180||[[Kalamnuri Assembly constituency|Kalamnuri]]||65.21%||Maratrao Parasram Shinde||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||31,615||30.00%||[[Rajeev Satav]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,924||25.55%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''4,691'''
|-
|181||[[Hingoli Assembly constituency|Hingoli]]||64.50%||Baliram Kotkar Patil||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||43,966||41.45%||Patil Sahebrao Narayanrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,269||30.42%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''11,697'''
|-
|182||[[Jintur Assembly constituency|Jintur]]||64.72%||Ramprasad Kadam Bordikar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42,149||42.33%||Ramprasad Wamanrao Bhamble||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||33,175||33.31%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''8,974'''
|-
|183||[[Pathri Assembly constituency|Pathri]]||62.60%||Haribhau Vitthalrao Lahane||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||37,437||42.83%||Dudhgaonker Ganeshrao Nagorao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,720||25.99%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''14,717'''
|-
|184||[[Partur Assembly constituency|Partur]]||64.16%||Akat Vaijanathrao Yadavrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,289||35.35%||Yadav Digambar Dattatrayrao||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||28,296||29.17%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,993'''
|-
|185||[[Ambad Assembly constituency|Ambad]]||63.76%||Kharat Vilasrao Vithalrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||55,957||51.78%||Paulbudhe Bhausaheb Bapurao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||25,735||23.81%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''30,222'''
|-
|186||[[Jalna Assembly constituency|Jalna]]||58.32%||[[Arjun Khotkar]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||57,226||50.49%||Bothra Manikchand Jaichandlal||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,566||26.97%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''26,660'''
|-
|187||[[Badnapur Assembly constituency|Badnapur]]||64.14%||Chavan Narayanrao Satwaji||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||29,696||28.78%||Appasaheb Sheshrao Chavan||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||15,858||15.37%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''13,838'''
|-
|188||[[Bhokardan Assembly constituency|Bhokardan]]||69.57%||[[Raosaheb Danve]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||62,684||53.26%||Ranganathrao Shivram Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,174||31.59%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''25,510'''
|-
|189||[[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod]]||65.12%||Manikrao Palodkar Sandu||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||40,021||42.74%||Kale Gulabrao Laxmanrao||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||32,098||34.28%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,923'''
|-
|190||[[Kannad Assembly constituency|Kannad]]||62.37%||Raibhan Rambhaji Jadhav||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||34,832||32.81%||Kishor Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,875||26.26%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''6,957'''
|-
|191||[[Vaijapur Assembly constituency|Vaijapur]]||68.01%||[[Ramkrishna Baba Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||40,305||42.54%||Kailashrao Ramrao Patil||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||35,165||37.11%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,140'''
|-
|192||[[Gangapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Gangapur]]||58.19%||Kailas Patil||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||43,233||40.58%||Sahebrao Patil Dongaonker||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,024||30.99%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''10,209'''
|-
|193||[[Aurangabad West Assembly constituency|Aurangabad West]]||58.80%||[[Chandrakant Khaire]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||88,964||44.37%||Jawed Hussan Khan Kasim Hussan Khan||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||59,809||29.83%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''29,155'''
|-
|194||[[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East]]||59.54%||[[Haribhau Bagade]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||55,581||47.89%||Trimbakrao Ganpatrao Sirasth||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||43,856||37.78%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''11,725'''
|-
|195||[[Paithan Assembly constituency|Paithan]]||58.56%||Appasaheb Alias Babanrao Waghchaure||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||48,273||54.64%||K. P. Zargad (Mamma)||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||16,419||18.58%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''31,854'''
|-
|196||[[Georai Assembly constituency|Georai]]||62.30%||Shivajirao Ankushrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||67,770||68.33%||Suryakant Alias Vaijinath Suryabhan Yewle||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||20,630||20.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''47,140'''
|-
|197||[[Majalgaon Assembly constituency|Majalgaon]]||58.28%||Patil Radhakrishna||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||58,209||52.21%||Dak Narayan Govindrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||21,149||18.97%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''37,060'''
|-
|198||[[Beed Assembly constituency|Beed]]||56.86%||Prof. Nawle Suresh Niwrutirao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||43,643||40.90%||Jagtap Rajendra Sahebrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||29,626||27.77%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''14,017'''
|-
|199||[[Ashti Assembly constituency|Ashti]]||61.15%||Bhimrao Anandrao Dhonde||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||44,072||39.97%||Darekar Sahebrao Nathuji||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||41,958||38.06%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,114'''
|-
|200||[[Chausala Assembly constituency|Chausala]]||58.69%||Kshirsagar Jaydatta Sonajirao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||51,189||47.49%||Tupe Janardhan Tatyaba||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||26,013||24.13%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''25,176'''
|-
|201||[[Kaij Assembly constituency|Kaij]]||53.31%||[[Vimal Mundada|Dr. Vimal Mundada]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||35,957||35.72%||Bhagoji Nivruttirao Satpute||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,736||26.56%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''9,221'''
|-
|202||[[Renapur Assembly constituency|Renapur]]||65.08%||[[Gopinath Munde|Gopinath Pandurang Munde]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||60,275||48.99%||Daund Panditrao Narayan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||54,285||44.12%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''5,990'''
|-
|203||[[Ahmedpur Assembly constituency|Ahmedpur]]||63.27%||Jadhav Balasaheb Kishan Rao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,492||40.16%||Nagargoje Bhagwanrao Kerbaji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||21,970||23.53%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''15,522'''
|-
|204||[[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir]]||62.10%||Patil Narayanrao Bajirao||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||39,246||37.36%||Baswaraj Malsetti Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||38,844||36.98%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''402'''
|-
|205||[[Her Assembly constituency|Her]]||57.39%||Tondchirkar Shivraj Maloji||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||29,706||37.98%||Dharmaraj Girjappa Sonkawade||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,756||30.38%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''5,950'''
|-
|206||[[Latur Assembly constituency|Latur]]||65.24%||[[Vilasrao Deshmukh|Vilasrao Dagadojirao Deshmukh]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||70,662||49.69%||Gomare Manoharrao Eknathrao||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||40,102||28.20%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''30,560'''
|-
|207||[[Kalamb Assembly constituency|Kalamb]]||54.95%||Ghodke Kundlik Eknath||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||35,588||42.15%||Yeshwant Pralahadrao Sarwade||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||24,839||29.42%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''10,749'''
|-
|208||[[Paranda Assembly constituency|Paranda]]||66.22%||Anandrao Maharudra Mote||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||58,912||56.01%||Panditrao Ganpatrao Chede||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||27,941||26.56%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''30,971'''
|-
|209||[[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad]]||66.79%||[[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil|Dr. Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||66,884||61.35%||Gore Arvind Janardhan||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||34,470||31.62%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''32,414'''
|-
|210||[[Ausa Assembly constituency|Ausa]]||69.25%||Jadhav Kishanrao Sampatrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||45,272||49.09%||Jadhav Suryabhan Narayanrao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||17,102||18.54%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''28,170'''
|-
|211||[[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga]]||65.00%||[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||56,312||52.86%||Vishwambharrao Shankarrao Mand||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||43,136||40.49%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''13,176'''
|-
|212||[[Omerga Assembly constituency|Omerga]]||61.85%||Kazi Abdul Khalek A. Kadar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,277||37.17%||Patil Balbhim Bhaurao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||27,310||27.98%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''8,967'''
|-
|213||[[Tuljapur Assembly constituency|Tuljapur]]||68.67%||[[Madhukarrao Chavan| Madhukarao Deorao Chavan]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||47,474||52.46%||Khaple Manikrao Bhimrao||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||32,108||35.48%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''15,366'''
|-
|214||[[Akkalkot Assembly constituency|Akkalkot]]||66.73%||Patil Mahadeo Kashiraya||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||43,045||48.40%||Tanawade Babasaheb Sharannappa||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||41,213||46.34%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,832'''
|-
|215||[[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South]]||68.48%||Anandrao Narayan Devkate||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||39,870||43.81%||Patil Sidramappa Malakappa||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||34,782||38.22%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,088'''
|-
|216||[[Solapur City South Assembly constituency|Solapur City South]]||60.39%||Yalgurwar Prakash Balkrishna||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,975||35.34%||Birajdar Patil Shivsharan Hanmantappa||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||30,884||34.14%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,091'''
|-
|217||[[Solapur City North Assembly constituency|Solapur City North]]||66.52%||[[Lingaraj Valyal]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||42,059||54.23%||Chakote Baburao Channappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,128||41.42%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''9,931'''
|-
|218||[[North Sholapur Assembly constituency|North Sholapur]]||61.30%||[[Sushilkumar Shinde|Sushilkumar Sambhaji Shinde]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||77,309||61.93%||Chalawade Mallikarjun Shankar||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||38,067||30.49%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''39,242'''
|-
|219||[[Mangalwedha Assembly constituency|Mangalwedha]]||62.22%||Dhobale Laxman Kondiba||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||49,605||53.45%||Ramesh Dhondapa Shinde||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||37,307||40.20%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''12,298'''
|-
|220||[[Mohol Assembly constituency|Mohol]]||71.09%||Nimbalkar Chandrakant Dattaji||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||49,505||51.17%||Shahjiroa Shankarrao Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||41,098||42.48%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''8,407'''
|-
|221||[[Barshi Assembly constituency|Barshi]]||64.78%||[[Dilip Gangadhar Sopal]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||44,974||49.76%||Deshmukh Krishanarao Nanasaheb||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||25,356||28.05%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''19,618'''
|-
|222||[[Madha Assembly constituency|Madha]]||66.40%||Pandurang Ganapat Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,510||32.99%||Sathe Dhanaji Ganapatrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||22,525||22.18%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,985'''
|-
|223||[[Pandharpur Assembly constituency|Pandharpur]]||64.97%||Sudhakar Ramchandra Paricharak||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||89,597||76.94%||Patil Prakash Bhivaji||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||9,751||8.37%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''79,846'''
|-
|224||[[Sangola Assembly constituency|Sangola]]||74.22%||[[Ganpatrao Deshmukh|Ganpatrao Abasaheb Deshmukh]]||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||72,341||55.40%||[[Shahajibapu Rajaram Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||56,023||42.90%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''16,318'''
|-
|225||[[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras]]||75.35%||[[Vijaysinh Mohite–Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||84,747||64.73%||Patil Subhash Balasaheb||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||44,445||33.94%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''40,302'''
|-
|226||[[Karmala Assembly constituency|Karmala]]||65.24%||Jaywantrao Namdeorao Jagtap||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||35,762||44.06%||Patil Raosaheb Bhagwanrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,670||25.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''15,092'''
|-
|227||[[Karjat Assembly constituency|Karjat]]||56.27%||Bhailume Vittal Sahadu||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||40,764||48.72%||Lokhande Sadashiv Kisan||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||22,015||26.31%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''18,749'''
|-
|228||[[Shrigonda Assembly constituency|Shrigonda]]||71.22%||[[Babanrao Pachpute|Pachpute Babanrao Bhikaji]]||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||52,738||42.90%||Nagwade Shivajirao Narayan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||51,920||42.23%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''818'''
|-
|229||[[Ahmednagar South Assembly constituency|Ahmednagar South]]||65.27%||[[Anil Rathod]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||42,419||37.72%||Kalamkar Dadabhau Dasarth Rao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,638||28.13%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''10,781'''
|-
|230||[[Ahmednagar North Assembly constituency|Ahmednagar North]]||64.36%||Shelke Maruti Deoram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||63,577||55.09%||Mule Madhavrao Dagduji||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||32,281||27.97%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''31,296'''
|-
|231||[[Pathardi Assembly constituency|Pathardi]]||60.29%||[[Rajeev Rajale]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||46,178||49.25%||Bhapse Baburao Yeshwantrao||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||41,864||44.65%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,314'''
|-
|232||[[Shegaon Assembly constituency|Shegaon]]||70.37%||[[Tukaram Gangadhar Gadakh]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||50,202||47.34%||Ghule Marutrao Shankarrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||44,278||41.76%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''5,924'''
|-
|233||[[Shrirampur Assembly constituency|Shrirampur]]||64.66%||Murkute Bhanudas Kashinath||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||43,993||49.55%||[[Govindrao Adik|Govindrao Wamanrao Adik]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||41,139||46.33%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''2,854'''
|-
|234||[[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi]]||61.00%||Mhaske Annasaheb Sarangdhar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||45,886||52.43%||Ghogare Eknath Chandrabhan||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||28,089||32.10%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''17,797'''
|-
|235||[[Kopargaon Assembly constituency|Kopargaon]]||65.33%||[[Shankarrao Genuji Kolhe]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||56,673||60.91%||Kale Sambhajirao Kisan||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||32,801||35.25%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''23,872'''
|-
|236||[[Rahuri Assembly constituency|Rahuri]]||73.67%||[[Prasad Tanpure|Prasadrao Baburao Tanpure]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||56,590||53.85%||Dhumal Ramdas Vishwanath||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||46,674||44.41%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,916'''
|-
|237||[[Parner Assembly constituency|Parner]]||66.31%||Zaware Nandkumar Bhausaheb||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||35,657||42.07%||Gaikwad Sabajirao Mahadu||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||27,350||32.27%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''8,307'''
|-
|238||[[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner]]||69.73%||[[Balasaheb Thorat|Vijay Bhausaheb Thorat]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||57,465||49.67%||Gunjal Vasantrao Sakharam||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||52,603||45.47%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,862'''
|-
|239||[[Nagar–Akola Assembly constituency|Nagar–Akola]]||60.89%||[[Madhukar Pichad]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||57,446||55.62%||Ashok Yashwant Bhangare||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||34,539||33.44%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''22,907'''
|-
|240||[[Junnar Assembly constituency|Junnar]]||66.35%||[[Vallabh Benke]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,953||36.55%||Gunjal Mahadeo Rakhama Alias Tatyasaheb||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||27,577||26.56%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,376'''
|-
|241||[[Ambegaon Assembly constituency|Ambegaon]]||66.07%||[[Dilip Walse Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,354||36.74%||Patil Shivarajirao Marutrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||20,809||25.18%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,545'''
|-
|242||[[Khed Alandi Assembly constituency|Khed Alandi]]||61.83%||Narayanrao Baburao Pawar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||57,072||56.22%||Takalkar Pratap Genbhau||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||27,830||27.42%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''29,242'''
|-
|243||[[Maval Assembly constituency|Maval]]||66.27%||Bafna Madanlal Harakchand||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||45,469||41.53%||Bhegde Vishwanath Rambhau||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||40,004||36.54%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,465'''
|-
|244||[[Mulshi Assembly constituency|Mulshi]]||55.52%||Ashok Namdeorao Mohol||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||72,834||67.00%||Nandu Ghate||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||24,965||22.96%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''47,869'''
|-
|245||[[Haveli, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Haveli]]||51.38%||Landge Dnyaneshwar Pandurang||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||74,413||36.86%||Nair Rajan Krishna||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||47,560||23.56%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''26,853'''
|-
|246||[[Bopodi Assembly constituency|Bopodi]]||53.97%||Rambhau Genba Moze||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||54,762||66.87%||Patole Balasaheb Shankar||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||11,473||14.01%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''43,289'''
|-
|247||[[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]||61.03%||[[Shashikant Sutar]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||77,297||50.46%||Ankush Kakade||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||67,637||44.16%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''9,660'''
|-
|248||[[Parvati Assembly constituency|Parvati]]||55.66%||[[Sharad Ranpise]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||66,865||47.34%||Gangurde Vishwas Krishnarao||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||56,530||40.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,335'''
|-
|249||[[Kasba Peth Assembly constituency|Kasba Peth]]||68.41%||[[Anna Joshi]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||49,152||53.25%||Shantilal Suratwala||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42,075||45.58%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''7,077'''
|-
|250||[[Bhavani Peth Assembly constituency|Bhavani Peth]]||57.95%||Dhere Prakash Keshavrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||38,986||42.12%||Kachi Rajan Namdeorao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||27,917||30.16%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,069'''
|-
|251||[[Pune Cantonment Assembly constituency|Pune Cantonment]]||63.01%||Balasaheb Alias Chandrakant Shivarkar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||71,789||53.46%||[[Vitthal Tupe]]||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||49,797||37.08%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''21,992'''
|-
|252||[[Shirur Assembly constituency|Shirur]]||65.18%||N. N. Alias Bapusaheb Thite||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,499||38.81%||Kakade Sambhaji Sahebrao||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||26,759||28.45%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,740'''
|-
|253||[[Daund Assembly constituency|Daund]]||63.11%||Subhash Baburao Kul||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||59,982||48.75%||Jagdale Ushadevi Krishnarao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||50,194||40.79%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''9,788'''
|-
|254||[[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur]]||67.36%||Ganpatrao Sitaram Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||62,638||54.24%||More Jagannathrao Marutrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||29,135||25.23%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''33,503'''
|-
|255||[[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]||74.62%||[[Sharad Pawar]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,02,066||86.89%||Chopade Marutrao Dhondiba||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||13,843||11.78%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''88,223'''
|-
|256||[[Purandar Assembly constituency|Purandar]]||64.24%||Dada Jadhav||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||56,421||49.37%||Kolate Vijay Vinayak||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||52,621||46.04%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''3,800'''
|-
|257||[[Bhor Assembly constituency|Bhor]]||72.32%||Anantrao Thopate||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||51,653||55.26%||Madhavrao Tapare||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||21,429||22.92%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''30,224'''
|-
|258||[[Phaltan Assembly constituency|Phaltan]]||71.38%||Kadam Suryajirao Shankarrao Alais Chimanrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||54,620||48.85%||Shinde Subhashrao Tukaram||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||24,915||22.28%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''29,705'''
|-
|259||[[Man Assembly constituency|Man]]||60.29%||Waghmare Dhondiram Ganapati||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||38,490||38.95%||Sonavane Vishnu Tatoba||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||36,036||36.47%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''2,454'''
|-
|260||[[Khatav Assembly constituency|Khatav]]||69.99%||Gudage Mohanrao Pandurang||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||55,481||52.65%||Bagal Arunrao Shivaram||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||41,150||39.05%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,331'''
|-
|261||[[Koregaon Assembly constituency|Koregaon]]||73.10%||Jagtap Shankarrao Chimaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||56,247||53.66%||[[Shalini Patil|Dr. Shalini Patil]]||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||44,688||42.63%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,559'''
|-
|262||[[Wai Assembly constituency|Wai]]||72.73%||Madanrao Prataprao Pisal||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,680||38.76%||[[Laxmanrao Pandurang Patil| Laxmanrao Pandurang Jadhav Patil]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||21,713||22.94%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,967'''
|-
|263||[[Jaoli Assembly constituency|Jaoli]]||64.19%||Kadam Genuji Govind||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||46,383||44.58%||Sapkal Sadashiv Pandurang||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||20,662||19.86%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''25,721'''
|-
|264||[[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara]]||69.10%||Abhaysinh Shahumaharaj Bhosale||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||74,936||64.27%||Bhonsale Rajmata Kalpanarraje Pratapsinh Maharaj||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||38,783||33.26%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''36,153'''
|-
|265||[[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan]]||74.38%||[[Vikramsinh Patankar|Vikramsinh Ranjitsinh Patankar]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||62,647||59.36%||Desai Viajyadevi Shivajirao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||40,003||37.90%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''22,644'''
|-
|266||[[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North]]||66.09%||Ashtekar Shyam Alias Janardan Balkrishna||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||58,243||51.79%||Babasaheb Chorekar||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||28,014||24.91%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''30,229'''
|-
|267||[[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South]]||70.25%||Vilasrao Balkrishna Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||64,100||56.92%||Mohite Indrajit Yeshwantrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||32,643||28.99%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''31,457'''
|-
|268||[[Shirala Assembly constituency|Shirala]]||74.09%||[[Shivajirao Deshmukh|Shivajirao Bapusaheb Deshmukh]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||56,404||50.10%||Fattesing Anandrao Naik||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||32,938||29.26%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''23,466'''
|-
|269||[[Walva Assembly constituency|Walva]]||80.10%||[[Jayant Patil|Jayant Rajaram Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||81,018||60.12%||Shinde Vilasrao Bhauso||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||48,459||35.96%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''32,559'''
|-
|270||[[Bhilwadi Wangi Assembly constituency|Bhilwadi Wangi]]||75.86%||[[Patangrao Kadam]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||64,665||55.17%||Lad Ganpati Dada||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||49,738||42.44%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,927'''
|-
|271||[[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli]]||70.20%||[[Sambhaji Pawar]]||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||60,856||53.11%||Vishwanathrao Shamrao Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||50,843||44.37%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''10,013'''
|-
|272||[[Miraj Assembly constituency|Miraj]]||64.92%||Patil Sharad Ramgonda||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||50,014||48.54%||Shinde Mohanrao Alias Ramsing Ganpatrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||44,451||43.14%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''5,563'''
|-
|273||[[Tasgaon Assembly constituency|Tasgaon]]||72.58%||[[R. R. Patil|Raosaheb Ramrao Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||56,254||57.93%||Dasharath Maruti Alias D.M. Patil||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||23,699||24.40%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''32,555'''
|-
|274||[[Khanapur Atpadi Assembly constituency|Khanapur Atpadi]]||68.33%||[[Anil Babar]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||60,383||55.21%||Patil Hanmantrao Yashavantrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||35,116||32.11%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''25,267'''
|-
|275||[[Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Kavathe Mahankal]]||72.05%||Shivajirao Krishnaji Shendge||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||48,962||45.21%||Ajitrao Shankarrao Ghorpade||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||45,474||41.99%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,488'''
|-
|276||[[Jat Assembly constituency|Jat]]||57.39%||Sanamadikar Umaji Dhanappa||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||41,054||48.98%||Adsul Anandrao Vithoba||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||20,479||24.43%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''20,575'''
|-
|277||[[Shirol Assembly constituency|Shirol]]||77.86%||[[Ratnappa Kumbhar|Dr. Ratnappa Bharamappa Kumbhar]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||71,081||52.62%||Shamgonda Kalgonda Patil||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||51,415||38.06%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''19,666'''
|-
|278||[[Ichalkaranji Assembly constituency|Ichalkaranji]]||71.28%||K. L. Malabade||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||72,600||49.26%||[[Prakashanna Awade]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||66,446||45.09%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''6,154'''
|-
|279||[[Vadgaon Assembly constituency|Vadgaon]]||54.24%||Avale Jayawant Gangaram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||50,445||56.92%||Akaram Shivaram Dabade (Mistri)||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||20,131||22.72%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''30,314'''
|-
|280||[[Shahuwadi Assembly constituency|Shahuwadi]]||78.21%||Babasaheb Yeshwantrao Patil Sarudkar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||54,223||50.63%||Sanjaysing Jayasingrao Gaikwad||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||50,334||47.00%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''3,889'''
|-
|281||[[Panhala Assembly constituency|Panhala]]||71.73%||Yashwant Alias Dada Eknath Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||59,821||65.36%||Ashokrao Shankarrao Patil||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||28,837||31.51%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''30,984'''
|-
|282||[[Sangrul Assembly constituency|Sangrul]]||78.80%||Bondre Shripatrao Shankarrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||59,507||52.68%||Patil Anandrao Dnyandey||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||24,360||21.57%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''35,147'''
|-
|283||[[Radhanagari Assembly constituency|Radhanagari]]||75.53%||Patil Shankar Dhondi||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||58,803||50.75%||Jadhav Dinkerrao Bhauso||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||51,090||44.10%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''7,713'''
|-
|284||[[Kolhapur Assembly constituency|Kolhapur]]||62.49%||Desai Diliprao Malharrao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||35,889||36.03%||Kharade Sakharambapu||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,282||28.40%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''7,607'''
|-
|285||[[Karvir Assembly constituency|Karvir]]||63.90%||Digvijay Bhauso Khanvilkar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||62,417||55.16%||S. R. Patil||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||35,404||31.29%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''27,013'''
|-
|286||[[Kagal Assembly constituency|Kagal]]||81.76%||[[Sadashivrao Dadoba Mandlik]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||58,100||52.54%||Ghatage Sanjay Anandrao||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||51,596||46.66%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,504'''
|-
|287||[[Gadhinglaj Assembly constituency|Gadhinglaj]]||74.37%||Shinde Shripatrao Dinkarrao||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||45,901||44.45%||Krishnarao Rakhamajirao Desai Alias Babasaheb Kupekar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||45,227||43.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Dal}}"|'''674'''
|-
|288||[[Chandgad Assembly constituency|Chandgad]]||75.24%||Narsingrao Gurunath Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||57,826||55.17%||Bharamu Subarao Patil||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||34,783||33.19%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''23,043'''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Maharashtra State Assembly election}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1990s in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1990 State Assembly elections in India|Maharashtra]]

Sindhudurg district

2026-02-06T07:43:56Z

Serzohe: minor correct formatting as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{More citations needed|date=June 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sindhudurg district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District of Maharashtra]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Queen's beach (Sindhudurg fort) (5363549355).jpg
|photo1b = Sunset at Sawantwadi.jpg
|photo2a = Southern tip of Chivla beach (5364136748).jpg
|photo2b = Tirlot bridge - panoramio.jpg
|photo3a = Amboli ghat, scenic beauty.jpg
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Sindhudurg Fort]], sunset at [[Sawantwadi]], Tirlot Bridge, [[Amboli Ghat]], Chivla Beach
| image_map = Sindhudurg in Maharashtra (India).svg
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Oros, Sindhudurg
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konkan division|Konkan]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Oros, Sindhudurg|Oros]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Talukas]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 1. [[Dodamarg]], 2. [[Sawantwadi]], 3. [[Vengurla]], 4. [[Kudal]], 5. [[Malvan]], 6. [[Kankavli]], 7. [[Devgad]], 8. [[Vaibhavwadi]]
| area_total_km2 = 5,207
| area_footnotes =
| governing_body = '''Sindhudurg Zilla Parishad'''
| leader_title = Guardian Minister
| leader_name = '''[[Nitesh Narayan Rane]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister MH]])}}
| leader_title1 = President Z. P. Sindhudurg
| leader_name1 = '''NA'''
| leader_title2 = District Collector
| leader_name2 = '''Ms. K. Manjulekshmi (IAS)'''
| leader_title3 = CEO Z. P. Sindhudurg
| leader_name3 = '''NA'''
| leader_title4 = [[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha|MPs]]
| leader_name4 = '''[[Narayan Rane]]''' {{small|([[Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg]])}}
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 849,651
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 12.59%
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 85.56%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 1,036
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH-66]]
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 3,287 mm
| website = {{URL|https://sindhudurg.nic.in/en/}}
| official_name =
}}
[[File:Sindhudurg District.jpg|thumb|Map of Sindhudurg district with its ''talukas'']]
[[File:Tirlot bridge - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Tirlot Bridge, north of Amberi]]
'''Sindhudurg district''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[sin̪d̪ʱud̪uɾɡə]]]) is an administrative [[Districts of Maharashtra|district]] of the [[Konkan division]] in India, which was carved out of the erstwhile [[Ratnagiri district]]. The district headquarters are located at [[Oros, Sindhudurg|Oros]]. The district occupies an area of approximately 5,207 km{{Sup|2}} and has a population of 849,651, of which 12.59% were urban (as of 2011).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/367-sindhudurg.html|title=Sindhudurg District Population Census 2011, Maharashtra literacy sex ratio and density|website=census2011.co.in|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref> As of 2011, it is the least populous district of Maharashtra (out of [[Districts of Maharashtra|36]]).<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Sindhudurg |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/830/download/36188/DH_2011_2733_PART_A_DCHB_SINDHUDURG.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Sindhudurg district is located in western part of Maharashtra.

== Guardian Minister ==
{{Infobox Political post
| post = Guardian Minister
| native_name = '''पालकमंत्री '''
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg
| insigniasize = 50px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of India
| image =
| incumbent =
| incumbentsince =
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| imagesize =
| termlength = 5 years / No time limit
| appointer = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| residence =
| formation =
| succession =
| website = {{url|http:}}
}}

==History==
Sindhudurg district was established on 1 May 1981.

The word '[[Konkan]]' is of Indian origin and considerable antiquity, though the origin of the name has never been definitively explained. The seven kingdoms of the Konkan of mythology are mentioned in the History of Kashmir and are said to have included nearly the whole west coast of India. The [[Pandava]]s are said to have passed through this region in the 13th year of their exile and to have settled in this area for some time. The Raja of this region, Veerat Ray, accompanied them in the [[Kurukshetra War|war at Kurukshetra]] with the [[Kaurava]]s.<ref name="historyref">{{cite web|url=https://sindhudurg.nic.in/en/about_district/history/|title=History|publisher=sindhudurg.nic.in}}</ref>

In the middle of the sixth century, kings of the [[Mauryas of Puri|Maurya]] and [[Nala dynasty|Nala]] dynasties appear to have ruled in the Konkan. The district of [[Ratnagiri]] was under the [[Shilahara|Silahars]], and the capital of their kingdom was probably Goa. Later it may have been relocated to a more central place in the vicinity of Ratnagiri or Kharepatan. [[Chandrapur]] was one of the most ancient towns in Konkan, probably founded by [[Chandraditya (Chalukya dynasty)|Chandraditya]], son of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] king [[Pulakeshin II]].<ref name="historyref"/>

The 16th century saw the advent and rise of Portuguese power on the west coast of India and Sindhudurg was not immune. The sultan lost his hold on the district in 1675 with the rise of [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]], and the district became part of the [[Maratha Empire]]. Marathas continued to rule the district till 1817, when the conflict between the British and the [[Peshwa]]s concluded and the whole of Konkan was transferred to the British.<ref name="historyref"/>

In 1819 South Konkan was formed as separate district with its headquarters first at [[Bankot]] and later at Ratnagiri. Three northern subdivisions were transferred to [[Thane district]] in 1830 and the district was reduced to a sub-collectorate level under Thane district. In 1832, it was again made a full-fledged district and named Ratnagiri district. In the year 1945, a new ''Mahal'' ([[Tehsil|tahsil]]) called Kankavli Mahal (tahsil) was formed. The former Indian state of [[Sawantwadi]] was merged with the district and the taluka boundaries reorganized in the year 1949. In the same year the new taluka of Sawantwadi was created and two new mahals, Kudal and Lanja, were formed. With the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|reorganization of states]] in 1956, the district was included in [[Bombay State]] and since 1960, it is a part of Maharashtra. The name of the district has been adopted from the sea fort of Sindhudurg. This was built by Shivaji Maharaj near [[Malvan|Malwan]] and its name literally means 'Sea Fort'. Its construction started on 25 November 1664 and was completed in three years, designed such that it could not be seen easily by enemies coming from the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name="historyref"/>

Sindhudurg district is the southern part of the [[Konkan|Konkan coast]] which is historically known for its long coast line and safe harbours. Sindhudurg district was earlier a part of Ratnagiri district. For administrative convenience and industrial and agricultural development, Ratnagiri district was divided into Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg with effect from 1 May 1981. Sindhudurg district now comprises the eight tahsils of Sawantwadi, Kudal, Vengurla, Malvan, Devgad, Kankavli, Vaibhavwadi and Dodamarg.

== Geography==
Sindhudurg district is the southernmost district of Maharashtra.<ref name =VNS>{{Cite book|last=Swami|first=V.N.|title=D.C.C. Bank Clerk Grade Examination|publisher=Vidyabharti Publication|year=2020|location=[[Latur]], India|pages=113|language=mr}}</ref> It has deposits of Iron, Bauxite and Manganese.<ref name =VNS/> Sindhudurg is bordered on the north by [[Ratnagiri district]], on the south east by [[Belagavi district]] of [[Karnataka state]] and south by the state of [[Goa]], on the west by the [[Arabian Sea]], and to the east across the crest of the [[Western Ghats]] or Sahyadris is [[Kolhapur district]]. Sindhudurg is part of the [[Konkan]] (coastal) region, a narrow [[coastal plain]] in western Maharashtra which lies between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea.

Sindhudurg has a semi-tropical climate and remains warm and humid most of the year. It has three clear seasons: rainy (June–October), Winter (November–mid February) and Summer (mid February–May). Temperatures rise to a maximum of 32 °C and monsoon winds bring heavy rains (average rainfall 3240.10 mm).{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

The people of Sindhudurg district mostly speak "[[Malvani language|Malvani]]" a distinct dialect of Konkani and Marathi; almost all are fluent in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] as well.

==Administrative Divisions==
The eight talukas of this district are [[Devgad taluka|Devgad]], [[Kankavli]], [[Malvan]], [[Kudal]], [[Sawantwadi]], [[Vengurla taluka|Vengurla]] and [[Dodamarg taluka|Dodamarg]] and [[Vaibhavwadi taluka|Vaibhavwadi]].

There are three Vidhan Sabha constituencies in this district. These are [[Kankavli]], Sawantwadi and Kudal. All of these are part of the Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg Lok Sabha constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/Voters_1_8_06.htm|title=Election Commission, Maharashtra – No. of Voters 1.8.2006|website=maharashtra.gov.in|access-date=6 April 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010181247/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/Voters_1_8_06.htm|archive-date=10 October 2008}}</ref>

*'''Talukas''': 8
*'''Towns''': 16
*'''Municipal Councils''': 3
*'''Nagar Panchayats''': 5
*'''Gram Panchayats''': 433
*'''Villages''': 743
*'''Police Stations''': 9
*'''Police Outposts''': 23

=== Tehsils and Panchayat Samiti ===
# [[Dodamarg]]
# [[Sawantwadi]]
# [[Kudal]]
# [[Vengurla]]
# [[Malvan]]
# [[Kankavli]]
# [[Devgad]]
# [[Vaibhavwadi]]

=== Nagar Palika ===
# [[Sawantwadi]]
# [[Malvan]]
# [[Vengurla]]

=== Nagar Panchayat ===
# [[Kankavli]]
# [[Kudal]]
# [[Vaibhavwadi|Vabhave-Vaibhavwadi]]
# [[Devgad|Devgad-Jamsande]]
# [[Dodamarg|Kasai-Dodamarg]]

=== Proposed Nagar Palikas ===
# [[Kankavli]]
# [[Kudal]]

=== Proposed Nagar Panchayats ===
# [[Oros, Sindhudurg|Oros]]
# [[Vijaydurg (city)|Vijaydurg]]
# [[Amboli, Sindhudurg|Amboli]]
# [[Banda, Maharashtra|Banda]]
# [[Nerur, Maharashtra|Nerur]]
# [[Rameshwar Wadi|Rameshwar]]
# [[Majgaon, Sindhudurg|Majgaon]]
# [[Kalmath]]

=== Cities ===
# [[Malvan]]
# [[Vengurla]]
# [[Sawantwadi]]
# [[Vaibhavwadi]]
# [[Devgad]]
# [[Kankavli]]
# [[Kudal]]
# [[Dodamarg]]
# [[Oros, Sindhudurg|Oros]]

=== Smaller Towns ===
# [[Vijaydurg (city)|Vijaydurg]]
# [[Amboli, Sindhudurg|Amboli]]
# [[Banda, Maharashtra|Banda]]
# [[Nerur, Maharashtra|Nerur]]
# [[Rameshwar Wadi|Rameshwar]]
# [[Majgaon, Sindhudurg|Majgaon]]
# [[Kalmath]]
# [[Jamsande]]
# [[Vabhave]]
# [[Kasai, Maharashtra|Kasai]]

=== Villages ===
# [[Kumbhawade]]
# [[Otvane]]
# [[Tulsuli]]
# [[Girye]]
# [[Shiroda (Maharashtra)|Shiroda]]
# [[Mhapan]]
# [[Mangaon, Sindhudurg|Mangaon]]
# [[Phondaghat]]
# [[Bhedshi]]
# [[Kot Kamte]]
# [[Kandalgaon]]
# [[Katta, Sindhudurg|Katta]]
# Gothos
# Talere
# Shirgaon
# Naringre
# Kharepatan
# Achara
# Sukalwad
# Khotale
# Hedul
# Vanygawde
# Kasal
# Pawashi
# Kadawal
# Trimbak
# Masure
# Bandiwade,(बांदिवडे) Malvan
# Shiroda
# Ghonsari
# Hivale
# Poip
# Tirlot
# Navanagar
# Amberi
# Waghotan
# Tirawade
# Redi
# Talvade Gate
# Tale Bazar
# Salgaon
# Bhuibawada- Vaibhavwadi
# Kunkeshwar
# Katwan
# Phanasgaon
# Undil
# Manache-Mutat
# Mathbudruk
# Budhavle
# Sanadave
# Masure
# Chouke
# Shivapur Kudal
# Ovaliye
# Padel
# Sarambal
# [[Verle, Maharashtra|Verle]]
# Tulas
# Satuli
# Akeri
# Madkhol
# Karivade
# Sarmale
# Kesari
# [[Danoli Village|Danoli, Sawantwadi]]
# Chaukul
# Fansavde
# Parpoli
# Tembavli

* Vengurla taluka
# Redi
# Ansur
# Asoli
# Dabholi
# Hodawade
# Math
# Pal
# Tulas
# Wayangani

==Agriculture==
Sindhudurg's major crops are [[Rice]], [[Coconut]], [[Kokum]], [[Mango]] and [[Cashew]], of which the last three are the major annual crops.

The irrigated area in Sindhudurg is 23.48%, through wells and small canals. 33,910 hectares of the district's agricultural land are irrigated, while {{formatnum:104390}} hectares are not. 74% of the total land holding in the district is held by small and marginal farmers. The district has 38,643 hectares of forest cover.

=== Irrigation ===

*Major projects: 2 (Tilari and Talamba)
*Medium projects: 4
*Small projects (state owned): 33
*Small projects ([[District council (India)|Zilla Parishad]] owned): 460

==Education==
*Primary schools: Zilla Parishad operated – 1469, Private – 49
*Secondary schools: Grantable institutions – 184, Central Government institutions: 1, Private: 22
*Junior Colleges: 43
*Senior Colleges: 7
*D.Ed./ B.Ed. Colleges: 4 + 1
*Medical Colleges Offering MBBS
In Sindhudurg, two colleges currently offer the MBBS program:
1.[[Government Medical College, Sindhudurg]]– Located in Oros, this college was established in 2021.

2.SSPM Medical College & Lifetime Hospital, Sindhudurg – Founded in 2017 in village Ranbambuli, Taluka Kudal, and offers 150 MBBS seats annually, approved by [[National Medical Commission|NMC]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhudurg Shikshan Prasarak Mandal Medical College and Lifetime Hospital, Sindhudurg: Courses, Admission 2025, Cutoff, Fees, Placements, Ranking |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/sindhudurg-shikshan-prasarak-mandal-medical-college-and-lifetime-hospital-sindhudurg |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Careers360 |language=en}}</ref>

*Engineering Colleges: 2
*Polytechnic Colleges: 3
*Industrial Training Institutes (ITI): 7 (1. Sawantwadi 2. Malvan 3. Deogad 4. Sindhudurgnagari 5. Vengurla 6. Phondaghat 7. Vaibhavwadi)
*Art Institute: 1 [B. S. Bandekar College of Fine Art (Applied Art), Sawantwadi].<ref>{{Cite web |title=B. S. Bandekar College of Fine Art – Step into the world of imagination |url=https://www.fineartsawantwadi.org.in/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=5,43,058|13=1911|14=5,53,550|15=1921|16=5,31,211|17=1931|18=5,98,968|19=1941|20=6,37,574|21=1951|22=6,76,335|23=1961|24=7,24,817|25=1971|26=7,57,917|27=1981|28=7,80,891|29=1991|30=8,32,152|31=2001|32=8,68,825|33=2011|34=8,49,651|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Sindhudurg district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion – Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|91.85}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Muslims|Islam]]|green|3.09}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|yellow|2.91}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.82}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.33}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Sindhudurg district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 849,651,<ref name="districtcensus"/> roughly equal to the nation of [[Qatar]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Qatar 2,374,860 may 2015 est. | archive-date = 27 September 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> or the US state of [[South Dakota]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=30 September 2011|quote=South Dakota 814,180|archive-date=27 December 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20101227010452/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> This gives it a population ranking of 474th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|163|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was -2.21%. Sindhudurg has a sex ratio of 1037 females for every 1000 males, which is second highest in Maharashtra,<ref name="districtcensus" /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 85.56%. 12.59% of the population live in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 6.54% and 0.82% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Sindhudurg district (2011)<ref name="Language"/>
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 91.22 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Malvani language|Malwani]] |value2 = 2.29 |color2 = brown
|label3 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] |value3 = 1.65 |color3 = salmon
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 1.54 |color4 = green
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 1.33 |color5 = orange
|label6 = [[Kannada]] |value6 = 0.93 |color6 = darkslateblue
|label7 = Others |value7 = 1.04 |color7 = grey
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 91.22% of the population spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 2.29% [[Malvani language|Malwani]], 1.65% [[Konkani language|Konkani]],{{efn|It seems some Konkani speakers were erronenously recorded as speaking Kukna in the census.}} 1.54% [[Urdu]], 1.33% [[Hindi]] and 0.93% [[Kannada]] as their first language.<ref name="Language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Population
!Literacy
|-
!Overall
|8,49,651
|| 85.56%
|-
! Male
|4,17,890
|| 91.58%
|-
! Female
|4,50.935
|| 79.81%
|}

==Economy==
*Banking sector: The district has
**Nationalised banks (66 branches), Co-operative banks (106 branches) and rural banks (15 branches).
* Fisheries
**Sindhudurg has a sea coast length of 121 km. and an [[Exclusive economic zone]] spanning 16000 km2.
**Main fisheries centers of Sindhudurg are 8 – Vijaydurg, Devgad, Nivati, Achara, Malvan, Sarjekot, Vengurla, Shiroda
**Total fish production: 19273 M. Tons
**Fisheries Co.Op. Soc.: 34 (total members: 14216)

==Transportation==

Sindhudurg is connected to the state capital Mumbai by road through the erstwhile National Highway 17 ([[NH-17]]), now renumbered as NH-66.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/21/stories/2010112153980500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124033742/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/21/stories/2010112153980500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 November 2010 |work=The Hindu |title = NH in state renumbered |date=2010-11-21 |access-date= 9 October 2012 }}</ref> This highway also connects the district to neighbouring Goa and [[Karnataka]]. There are regular [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation|MSRTC]] and private luxury buses connecting to adjoining cities like [[Kolhapur]] (110 km away from Kankavli), [[Belagavi|Belgaum]] (90 km from Sawantwadi City), Panaji – Goa (55 km away Sawantwadi & Vengurle). Towns and major villages are well connected to Mumbai as a large percentage of emigrants from the district are based in the Mumbai area. The district is also well connected by [[Konkan Railway]] to Mumbai, Thane, Goa and other parts of the country like [[Mangalore]], [[Karwar]] [[Ernakulam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Tirunelveli]], Hapa, Veraval, New Delhi, Jodhpur and Porbundar. The main railway stations on this route are [[Kudal]], [[Kankavli]] and [[Sawantwadi]]. Many trains halt at these stations. The nearest major airports are [[Manohar International Airport|Mopa]] & [[Dabolim Airport|Dabolim]] in Goa which is around 80 km from cities like Sawantwadi, Kudal and Vengurle. [[Sindhudurg Airport]] at Chipi-Parule, near [[Malvan]] was inaugurated in 2019.Currently Alliance Air, a subsidiary of Air India provides daily flight services to and from Mumbai & Fly91 provides alternate day flights to Bangalore & Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Work-on-Chipi-airport-takes-off/articleshow/19534792.cms|title=Work on Chipi airport takes off – Times of India|website=indiatimes.com|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
[[Sindhudurg and Ratnagiri Kokum]] was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 31 March 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seven agriculture products get GI tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/seven-agriculture-products-get-gi-tag/articleshow/52579129.cms |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=4 June 2016}}</ref>

Sindhudurg Ratnagiri Mahakokum Sanstha from [[Malvan]], proposed the GI registration of Sindhudurg & Ratnagiri Kokum. After filing the application in March 2014, the Kokum was granted the GI tag in 2016 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Sindhudurg & Ratnagiri Kokum" exclusive to the Kokum grown in the region. It thus became the first Kokum variety from India and the 13th type of goods from Maharashtra to earn the GI tag.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Geographical Indications |publisher=Intellectual Property India |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/474|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Niharika Sahoo |title=Geographical Indication Protection in India: The Evolving Paradigm |date=13 September 2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-19-4296-9 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Geographical_Indication_Protection_in_In/BdiIEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Sindhudurg+%26+Ratnagiri+Kokum+gi&pg=PA210&printsec=frontcover |access-date=8 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

The prestigious GI tag, awarded by the GI registry, certifies that a product possesses distinct qualities, adheres to traditional production methods, and has earned a reputation rooted in its geographical origin.

==Cuisine==
The cuisine of the district is popularly known as [[Malvani cuisine]]. Coconut, rice, and fish feature prominently in Malvani cuisine. Seafood, particularly ''[[Indian mackerel|Bangada]]'', ''[[Pomfret|Paplet]]'', prawns, and ''[[Mussel|Tisrya]]'', is very popular. ''Kombdi Vade'', also called ''Vade Sagoti'', a chicken savory, is the most popular dish. Others include ''Ukadya Tandulachi Pej'' (उकड्या तांदळाची पेज – a semi-fluid boiled brown-red rice [[Congee]] preparation) and ''[[Solkadhi]]'' (सोल कढी – A preparation made of sol (kokum) सोल and coconut milk). Dry fish is also a local delicacy – varieties include ''Sungata'' and ''Golma'' which are both dried prawn preparations.

Malvani cuisine differs from cuisines in the rest of Maharashtra, with dishes prepared using locally available spices and generally with little oil. Some popular Malvani dishes include
* Kombadi Vade or Vade Sagoti (कोंबडी वडे thick [[puri]]s made of rice flour)
* Ghavane – ras (घावने – Rice dosa with sweet coconut milk)
* Amboli – {{not a typo|Usal}} (आंबोळी उसळ – fermented rice dosa with spicy curry)
* Shirvale (शिरवाळे – noodles served with sweet coconut milk)
* Dhondas (धोंडस)
* Fried fish and fish curry using Malvani spices
* Solkadi (सोलकढी)
* Khaprolya (खापरोळ्या)
* Malvani Ukadiche Modak (Steamed [[Modak]])
* Malvani Khaja (खा)
* Nhevre/Karanjee (करंजी – Stuffed crunchy sweet delicacy)
* Olya Kajuchi {{not a typo|Usal}}
* Pithi Bhat (पिठी-भात – Pithi is made of horsegram unlike the [[Gram flour|besan]] prevalent across the rest of Maharashtra)
* Ukdya Tandlachi Pej with
* Phanasachi bhaji ([[Jackfruit]] dish)

[[Mango]] is a major influence on the socioeconomic life of Sindhudurg. [[Alphonso (mango)|Alphonso Mango]] (हापुस आंबा ) varieties from [[Devgad]] are particularly popular. Other varieties of mango: Mankur (मानकुर), Goa Mankur, Keshar, Pāyari (पायरी), Karel (करेल – used for preparing Mango Pickle), and Rayval are also popular for their distinct taste. Jackfruit is also one of the most popular fruits of Sindhudurg.

Malvani cuisine also has many vegetarian dishes, including Garyache Sandan, Karmal pickle, Bimble, Amba Halad, Karadichi Bhakri, Kanyacha Sanja, Appe, Ghavan, Dalimichi Usual, and Kaju Usual, Raiwal Ambyacha Rayta, Yelapp.

==Places of attraction==

=== Tourist destinations ===
* [[Amboli, Sindhudurg|Amboli]] Hill Station [[Sawantwadi]]
* [[Sindhudurg Fort]] in Malvan
* [[Vijaydurg Fort]] Devgad
* [[Tarkarli]] Beach
* [[Nivati fort|Nivati Rock]] (a lighthouse in deep sea), Nivati Beach
* [[Ganapati Temple, Redi]]
* [[Tillari (Forebay) Dam|Tilari Dam]] (Dodamarg)

=== Temples ===
* [[Kunkeshwar]] temple, Devgad<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.konkanonline.com/Sindhudurg/Kunkeshwar-Temple.html|title=Kunkeshwar Temple and Beach | Sindhudurg|publisher=Konkanonline.com|access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref>
* [[Shri Dev Rameshwar Temple]] (16th Century) in [[Rameshwar Wadi|Rameshwar]], [[Girye]]-[[Vijaydurg (city)|Vijaydurg]]

===Beaches===
{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Redi, Maharashtra|Redi]]
* [[Shiroda (Maharashtra)|Shiroda]]
* [[Tarkarli]]
* [[Malvan]]
* [[Vijaydurg (city)|Vijaydurg]]
* [[Rameshwar Wadi|Rameshwar]]
}}

==Officer==

===Members of Parliament===
* Mr. Narayan Rane (BJP) Ratnagiri_Sindhudurg Constituency

===Guardian Minister===

====list of Guardian Minister ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Term of office
|-
| '''[[Deepak Kesarkar]]'''
| 5 December 2014 – 8 November 2019
|-
| '''[[Uday Samant]]'''
|9 January 2020 – 27 June 2022
|-
|'''[[Anil Parab]]''' Additional charge
|27 June 2022 – 29 June 2022
|-
|'''[[Ravindra Chavan]]'''
|24 September 2022- 26 November 2024
|-
|'''[[Nitesh Narayan Rane]]'''
|18 January 2025- Incumbent
|}

===District Magistrate/Collector===

====list of District Magistrate / Collector ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Term of office
|-
| '''Ms. K. Manjulekshmi (IAS)'''
|2018 – Incumbent
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{notelist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://sindhudurg.gov.in Sindhudurg district official website]
*[http://www.snmcpn.org/documentation/project-reports/sindhudurg-report Sea Eagle study by Sahyadri Nisarga Mitra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504000822/http://www.snmcpn.org/documentation/project-reports/sindhudurg-report |date=4 May 2018 }}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Sindhudurg district
|North = [[Ratnagiri district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Kolhapur district]]
|Southeast = [[Belgaum district]], Karnataka
|South = [[North Goa district]], Goa
|Southwest =
|West = ''[[Arabian Sea]]''
|Northwest =
}}

{{Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|16.108889|N|73.690833|E|source:itwiki_region:IN|format=dms|display=title}}

[[Category:Sindhudurg district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Konkan division]]

Sethji (TV series)

2026-02-05T04:47:49Z

Serzohe: article

{{Short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sethji TV Series.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = Intertitle
| genre = {{plainlist|
* [[Indian soap opera]]
* [[Romance (love)|Romance]]
}}
| creator = Divye Ratna Dixit
| creative_director = Priyamvada Kant, Nameeta Sharma
| screenplay = Roopa Desai
| starring = [[Sethji (TV series)#Cast|See below]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 120
| producer = Divye Ratna Dixit
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Offshore Productions
| network = [[ZEE TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2017|4|17|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2017|9|29|df=y}}
| list_episodes =
| channel =
| released =
}}

'''''Sethji''''' is an Indian [[drama]] television series produced by Offshore Productions. The show premiered on [[Zee TV|ZEE TV]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Zee TV's new show Sethji is about #IndiaBhiBharatBhi|url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2017/04/zee-tv-rsquo-s-new-show-sethji-is-about-indiabhibharatbhi/|website=Best Media Info|access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The TV show happened for this character in Sethji 8000 People's audition (Translated)|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/tv-around-8000-auditioned-for-tv-show-seth-ji-15989106.html|access-date=8 May 2017|publisher=Jagran}}</ref>

it replaced [[Kaala Teeka]] and was replaced by [[Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey (TV series)|Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey]] in its original time slot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baddhan |first=Raj |date=2017-04-01 |title=ZEE TV axes 'Kaala Teeka' for 'Sethji' this month |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-tv-axes-kaala-teeka-sethji-month/ |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Brit, Events and Music |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IWMBuzz |first=Team |date=2017-08-04 |title=Zee TV's Sethji to get an intermediate time shift; Jay Productions' show to launch on 21 August |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/zee-tvs-sethji-to-get-an-intermediate-time-shift-jay-productions-show-to-launch-on-21-august/2017/08/04 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en-US}}</ref> Shortly after the time slot change, it went off the air.

==Plot==
The show is based on the life of a young boy, Bajirao who belongs to a village in [[Maharashtra]], ruled by Sethji, a strong-headed traditional lady. However, when he falls in love with modern Pragati, it creates ripples across the village.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rumman Ahmed redefines swag on Zee TV's 'Sethji'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rumman-ahmed-redefines-swag-on-zee-tvs-sethji/articleshow/58382478.cms|access-date=26 April 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gurdeep Kohli to return to fiction with Sethji|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gurdeep-Kohli-to-return-to-fiction-with-Sethji/articleshow/55243538.cms|access-date=4 November 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Gurdeep Kohli]]<ref>{{cite news|title=TV actress Gurdeep Kohli all set to make a comeback with 'Sethji'|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/tv-gurdeep-kohli-punj-sanjivani-diya-aur-baati-hum-pregnancy-lifetv/1/803190.html|access-date=5 November 2016|publisher=India Today}}</ref> as Sethji/Ahilya Devi
*[[Avinash Mishra]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Sethji's Avinash Kumar injures foot during action scene|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sethjis-avinash-kumar-injures-foot-during-action-scene/articleshow/59563789.cms|access-date=12 July 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> as Baji/Bajirao
* Rumman Ahmed as Pragati
* Nadeem Khan as Sethji/Vinayak Rao
* [[Prachi Kowli]] as Devi
* Savi Thakur as Raghoji
* Divya Bhatnagar
* Amol Bawdekar
* Worshipp Khanna as Ganesh Rao
* Riya Chand
* Danish Bhatt
* Anurag
* Ayush Gautam
* Neha Solanki
* Aprajita Singh

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sethji}}
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]

Karan Singh Tyagi

2026-01-04T12:39:11Z

Serzohe: started new bio

{{Short description|Indian lawyer and filmmaker}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Karan Singh Tyagi
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| education =[[Government Law College, Mumbai|Government Law College]], [[Mumbai]] [[Harvard Law School]]
| occupation = Lawyer Writer Film director
| years_active =
| known_for = ''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]'' (2025)
| notable_works =
| awards = [[IFFI Best Debut Director Award]] (2025)
}}
'''Karan Singh Tyagi''' (born c. 1985) is an Indian lawyer and writer, best known as co-writer and director of the 2025 Hindi film ''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]''.<ref name=Shah2025>{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Jigar |title=‘I wanted to honour the martyrs Of Jallianwala Bagh’: Karan Singh Tyagi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-wanted-to-honour-the-martyrs-of-jallianwala-bagh-karan-singh-tyagi/articleshow/120608536.cms |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518235615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-wanted-to-honour-the-martyrs-of-jallianwala-bagh-karan-singh-tyagi/articleshow/120608536.cms |archive-date=18 May 2025}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Karan Singh Tyagi was born in 1985 or 1986.<ref name=Seta2025>{{cite news |last1=Seta |first1=Fenil |title=WAVES 2025: Kesari Chapter 2 director Karan Singh Tyagi|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/waves-2025-kesari-chapter-2-director-karan-singh-tyagi-confesses-walked-2-kms-snow-watch-name-khan-summoned-entire-harvard-class-watch-movie-wishes-make-film-dr-b/ |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=6 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He was brought up in [[Meerut]], India, before completing a law degree from the [[Government Law College, Mumbai|Government Law College]], [[Mumbai]].<ref name=Print2025>{{cite news |title="We knew the story had to be told...": Karan Singh Tyagi on his directorial debut 'Kesari Chapter 2' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/we-knew-the-story-had-to-be-told-karan-singh-tyagi-on-his-directorial-debut-kesari-chapter-2/2600323/ |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=23 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251122093742/https://theprint.in/feature/we-knew-the-story-had-to-be-told-karan-singh-tyagi-on-his-directorial-debut-kesari-chapter-2/2600323/ |archive-date=22 November 2025}}</ref> He later graduated from [[Harvard Law School]].<ref name="Intol">{{cite web |date=25 April 2025 |title=How Did Karan Singh Tyagi Turn a Colonial Courtroom Battle into Cinematic Gold? |url=https://www.intolegalworld.com/post/how-did-karan-singh-tyagi-turn-a-colonial-courtroom-battle-into-cinematic-gold |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123130128/https://www.intolegalworld.com/post/how-did-karan-singh-tyagi-turn-a-colonial-courtroom-battle-into-cinematic-gold |archive-date=23 November 2025 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=Intolegalworld |language=en}}</ref>

==Early career and film==
After working at law firms in Paris and New York, Tyagi took a [[sabbatical]] in 2015 to explore filmmaking in Mumbai.<ref name=Intol/><ref name=Singh2025>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Suhani |date=14 May 2025 |title=‘Kesari Chapter 2’ breaks fake narratives about Jallianwala Bagh killings: Karan Singh Tyagi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/kesari-chapter-2-breaks-fake-narratives-about-jallianwala-bagh-killings-karan-singh-tyagi-2724644-2025-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251122091718/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/kesari-chapter-2-breaks-fake-narratives-about-jallianwala-bagh-killings-karan-singh-tyagi-2724644-2025-05-14 |archive-date=22 November 2025 |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Following his experience on [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]'s ''[[Rangoon (2017 Hindi film)|Rangoon]]'', he took to screenwriting.<ref name=Intol/>

Tyagi directed the 2025 Hindi film ''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]''.<ref name=TOI2025>{{cite news |date=22 April 2025 |title=Karan Singh Tyagi reveals why Akshay Kumar used ‘f***k you’ in Kesari 2: 'To look the Britishers in the eye and say it for what they have done' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/karan-singh-tyagi-reveals-why-akshay-kumar-used-fk-you-in-kesari-2-to-look-the-britishers-in-the-eye-and-say-it-for-what-they-have-done/articleshow/120521706.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251122091157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/karan-singh-tyagi-reveals-why-akshay-kumar-used-fk-you-in-kesari-2-to-look-the-britishers-in-the-eye-and-say-it-for-what-they-have-done/articleshow/120521706.cms |archive-date=22 November 2025 |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was adapted from [[C. Sankaran Nair|Sir C. Sankaran Nair's]] grandson's 2019 book ''[[The Case That Shook The Empire]]'' based on the aftermath of the 1919 [[Jallianwala Bagh Massacre]] and the 1924 ''[[O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Case|O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Trial]]''.<ref name=TOI2025/>

==Awards==
In 2025 Tyagi received the [[IFFI Best Debut Director Award]] for ''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]'' at the [[56th International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=IFFI 2025 closing ceremony: Rajinikanth receives honour, Vietnamese film ‘Skin of Youth’ wins The Golden Peacock |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/iffi-2025-closing-ceremony-rajinikanth-receives-honour-vietnamese-film-skin-of-youth-wins-the-golden-peacock/article70337682.ece#google_vignette |access-date=29 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=29 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251129085227/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/iffi-2025-closing-ceremony-rajinikanth-receives-honour-vietnamese-film-skin-of-youth-wins-the-golden-peacock/article70337682.ece#google_vignette |archive-date=29 November 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name}}

{{IFFI Award for Best Debut Film of a Director}}

[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:People from Meerut]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]

Siya (film)

2026-01-04T06:02:14Z

Serzohe: stub - done

{{Short description|2022 film produced by Drishyam Films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{infobox film
| name = Siya
| image = SIYA_MOVIE_POSTER.jpg
| director = [[Manish Mundra]]
| producer = Raghav Gupta
| writer = Manish Mundra Haider Rizvi Samah
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |Rashmi Somvanshi}}
}}
| starring = Pooja Pandey [[Vineet Kumar Singh]] Ambrish Kumar Saxena Rudra Chaudhary
| cinematography = Rafey Mehmood Subhransu
| editing = Manendra Singh Lodhi
| music = '''Songs:''' Rajarshi Sanyal '''Score:''' Neel Adhikari
| studio = [[Drishyam Films]] [[Panorama Studios]]
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|09|16|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''Siya''' is a 2022 Indian Hindi-language crime drama film directed by [[Manish Mundra]], in his directorial debut, and produced by his [[Drishyam Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Siya' Director Calls The Film 'A Story Of Resilience And Grit' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-siya-director-calls-the-film-a-story-of-resilience-and-grit--news-218862 |website=[[Outlook India]]|date=25 August 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Siya Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/siya/movieshow/93315421.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |script-title= |access-date=2023-01-19}}</ref> written by Haider Rizvi

== Plot ==
The film is about a small town girl, Siya who fought for justice against all odds and start protest against the vicious system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archana |date=2022-09-15 |title=Siya Reviews, Release Date, Star Cast, Plot, Trailer & More Updates Here |url=https://en.janbharattimes.com/entertainment/siya-release-date-trailer-star-cast-plot-more-updates-here |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=JanBharat Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Pooja Pandey as Siya
*[[Vineet Kumar Singh]] as Mahender
* Ambrish Kumar Saxena as Shankar Singh
* Rudra Chaudhary as Shankar
*Arsh Pnadey as Bachchan
*Purnima sharma Supporting Character
*Shubham Kumar as Deepak Tiwari
*Dev Chauhan as Inspector Pandey
*Rohit Pathak as MLA Arunoday singh
*Lajjawati Mishra as Daadi

== Release ==
The film had a limited theatrical release on 16 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vineet Kumar Upset With 'Siya' Releasing On Very Few Screens, Urges Fans To Watch The Film |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/vineet-kumar-upset-with-siya-releasing-on-very-few-screens-urges-fans-to-watch-the-film-1554130 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=ABPLive |date=19 September 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> The film is scheduled for a digital premiere on [[ZEE5]] on 16 Jun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vineet Kumar Upset With 'Siya' Releasing On Very Few Screens, Urges Fans To Watch The Film |url=https://theprint.in/feature/vineet-kumar-singhs-siya-to-premiere-on-zee5-on-june-16/1620159/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=ThePrint |date=9 June 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
[[Shubhra Gupta]], film critic of [[The Indian Express]] rated 2 out of 5 ratings,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Subhra |date=2022-09-16 |title=Siya movie review: Despite its powerful premise, the film peters out |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/siya-movie-review-despite-its-powerful-premise-the-film-peters-out-8154370/ |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Nishtha Gautam of [[The Quint]] verdict the film 4 out of 5,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gautam |first=Nishtha |date=2022-09-14 |title=Siya Review: Indian Cinema's Giant Leap Taken by Industry's Small-Scale Players |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/siya-review-indian-cinemas-giant-leap-made-by-industrys-small-scale-players-drishyam-vineet-kumar-singh-unnao-rape |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=[[TheQuint]] |language=en}}</ref> Dhaval Roy of [[The Times of India]] rated 3.5 out of 6,<ref>{{Citation |last=Roy |first=Dhaval |title=Siya Movie Review: A straightforward account of crime and the fight for justice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/siya/movie-review/94161237.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2023-01-19}}</ref> Shilajit Mitra of [[The New Indian Express]] rated 2.5 out of 5 ratings<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |title='Siya' review: Alternates between hollow and harrowing |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/sep/17/siya-review-alternates-between-hollow-and-harrowing-2499076.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=17 September 2022 }}</ref> and Prateek Sur of [[Outlook India]] rated 3.5 out of 5 ratings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sur |first=Prateek |title='Siya' Movie Review: Manish Mundra Plays Safe With A Hard-Hitting Story On Rape Survivors |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-siya-movie-review-manish-mundra-plays-safe-with-a-hard-hitting-story-on-rape-survivors-pooja-pandey-vineet-kumar-singh-movie_reviews-225219 |website=[[Outlook India]]|date=23 September 2022 }}</ref>

Subhash K. Jha, film critic of Firstpost wrote "Siya is not a film without virtues. But it’s a film without hope. And that defeats the very purpose of cinema.",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=2022-09-14 |title=Siya movie review: Piling on the misery morbidly |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/siya-movie-review-piling-on-the-misery-morbidly-11248731.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> Udita Jhunjhunwala of News9Live wrote "Manish Mundra’s directorial debut is well-intentioned but unsettled",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |date=2022-09-14 |title=Siya movie review: Manish Mundra's directorial debut is well-intentioned but unsettled |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/siya-movie-review-bollywood-hindi-cinema-drishyam-films-manish-mundras-directorial-debut-well-intentioned-but-unsettled-195785 |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=News9Live |language=en-US}}</ref> Dishya Sharma of [[News18 India]] wrote the film as "Hard-Hitting Film About Rape Victim",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Dishya |date=2022-09-16 |title=Siya Review: Vineet Kumar Singh, Pooja Pandey Deliver Hard-Hitting Film About Rape Victim |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/siya-review-vineet-kumar-singh-pooja-pandey-deliver-hard-hitting-film-about-rape-victim-5967037.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=[[News18 India]] |language=en}}</ref> Tanul Thakur of [[The Indian Wire]] wrote "An impressive film scoops out meanings from the real-life story itself.",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Tanul |title='Siya' Tackles Caste, Corruption and Sexual Assault in Rural India But Remains Generic |url=https://thewire.in/film/siya-film-review-manish-mundra |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=[[The Indian Wire]]}}</ref> Nairita Mukherjee of [[India Today]] wrote "Pooja Pandey, Vineet Singh's film is brutal and honest".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Nairita |title=Siya Movie Review: Pooja Pandey, Vineet Singh's film is brutal and honest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/siya-movie-review-pooja-pandey-vineet-singh-s-film-is-brutal-and-honest-1999609-2022-09-13 |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=[[India Today]] |date=13 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The film has been also reviewed by [[Mayank Shekhar]], film critic of [[Mid-Day]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekhar |first=Mayank |date=2022-09-17 |title=Siya Movie Review: See ya! |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/siya-movie-review-see-ya-23246174 |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=[[Mid-day]] |language=en}}</ref> Avinash Singh of [[Live Hindustan]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Avinash |title=Siya Review: समाज के हालात पर सोचने को मजबूर करती है सिया, पूजा पांडे और विनीत कुमार सिंह ने दिखाई बढ़िया अदाकारी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/film-review/story-siya-review-starring-pooja-pandey-and-vineet-kumar-singh-directed-by-manish-mundra-7074788.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=[[Live Hindustan]] |language=hindi}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee of [[NDTV]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |title=Siya Review: Would Have Been A Hammer Blow Of A Film Had It Played Less Safe |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/siya-review-would-have-been-a-hammer-blow-of-a-film-had-it-played-less-safe-2-5-stars-3349288 |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of [[Scroll.in]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Siya' review: A familiar but competent tale of rape and the quest for justice |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1032678/siya-review-a-familiar-but-competent-tale-of-rape-and-the-quest-for-justice |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=16 September 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> and Anuj Kumar of [[The Hindu]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2022-09-16 |title='Siya' movie review: The anguish behind the silence of the lambs |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/siya-movie-review-the-anguish-behind-the-silence-of-the-lambs/article65898839.ece |access-date=2023-01-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt21398196}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/siya/0-0-1z5375872 ''Siya''] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Panorama Studios films]]

Sterling Cineplex

2025-12-21T04:15:56Z

Serzohe: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Multiplex cinema hall in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox theatre
| name = Sterling Cineplex
| image = Sterling Cineplex.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Sterling Cineplex in 2024
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| address = 65, Cinema Lane, Marzaban Road, [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]]
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| country = [[India]]
| designation =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.938|72.833|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| architect =
| owner =
| tenant =
| operator =
| capacity =
| type = Multiplex
| opened = 1969
| reopened = 2007
| years_active = 1969–present
| rebuilt =
| closed =
| demolished =
| other_names = ''Sterling Cinema'', ''Sterling Theatre''
| production =
| current_use =
| website = http://www.sterlingcineplex.in/
}}
'''Sterling Cineplex''' (previously known as ''Sterling Cinema'') is a [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex]] cinema hall in [[Mumbai]]. Opened (as a multiplex) in 2007, Sterling has three screens and was the first cinema in [[India]] to be [[THX|THX certified]].<ref name=dnam07>{{cite news|title=Sterling boosts short film genre|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_sterling-boosts-short-film-genre_1094150|accessdate=19 March 2012|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=2 May 2007}}</ref> It is considered a landmark in [[South Mumbai]].<ref name=dna06>{{cite news|title=Sterling screen will go blank|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_sterling-screen-will-go-blank_1028638|accessdate=19 March 2012|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=10 May 2006}}</ref>

==History==
Sterling Cinema (also referred to as ''Sterling Theatre'') was opened in 1969 with ''[[Doctor Dolittle (film)|Doctor Dolittle]]'', a Hollywood [[Musical film|musical]]. Sterling was a frontrunner in terms of technology, being the first cinema in India to introduce [[Dolby]] sound and [[Xenon arc lamp|Xenon projectors]].<ref name=dnaa07>{{cite news|title=Swanky Sterling to reopen|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_swanky-sterling-to-reopen_1092982|accessdate=19 March 2012|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=26 April 2007}}</ref> In terms of snacks and shows too, Sterling was the first cinema in India to introduce [Caramel Popcorn], matinee shows as well as late night shows.<ref name=dnam07/> In fact, at one time Sterling was the only cinema in [[South Mumbai]] to have a late night show.<ref name=ie00>{{cite news|title=The big screen bug bites the suburbs|url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/20000209/ien09025.html|accessdate=19 March 2012|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=9 February 2000}}</ref> Its matinee shows were popular among students of nearby colleges.<ref name=dnaa07/> As a single screen cinema, Sterling used to screen only Hollywood films.<ref name=toi11>{{cite news|title=PVR sells off Phoenix Mills plex for 100 cr|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-06/mumbai/29515893_1_multiplex-way-big-cinemas-pvr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221101932/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-06/mumbai/29515893_1_multiplex-way-big-cinemas-pvr|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 December 2013|accessdate=19 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 May 2011}}</ref> [[Ajay Bijli]], the owner of [[PVR Cinemas]] (then ''Priya Cinema'' in [[New Delhi]]) visited Sterling Cinema in 1990, which was then the only cinema in India with Dolby sound and was so impressed by it that he convinced his father to remodel Priya Cinema along the lines of Sterling, with Dolby sound and screening Hollywood movies.<ref name=ht07>{{cite news|title=Ajay Bijli: The original Mister Multiplex|url=http://www.livemint.com/2007/10/27000349/Ajay-Bijli--The-original-Mist.html|accessdate=19 March 2012|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=27 October 2007}}</ref><ref name=eto07>{{cite news|title=Sundowner with Ajay Bijli: The showman who saw it coming|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/the-leisure-lounge/sundowner-with-ajay-bijli-the-showman-who-saw-it-coming/articleshow/2433781.cms|accessdate=19 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=6 October 2007}}</ref> In 1999, Sterling was looted by robbers armed with knives. The robbers beat up cinema staff and locked them in toilets before escaping with cash and valuables.<ref name=ie99>{{cite news|title=Sterling cinema ransacked|url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19990525/ige25056.html|accessdate=19 March 2012|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=25 May 1999}}</ref>

==Conversion to multiplex==

With the advent of new age multiplexes in Mumbai, Sterling, which catered to a niche English-speaking youth crowd, faced competition<ref name=ibn07>{{cite news|title=India 360: 10 yrs of multiplexes|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-360-10-yrs-of-multiplexes/42441-8-p0.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126133047/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-360-10-yrs-of-multiplexes/42441-8-p0.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|accessdate=19 March 2012|newspaper=[[CNN IBN]]|date=8 June 2007}}</ref> apart from the fact that single screen cinemas were heavily taxed whereas new multiplexes had tax incentives.<ref name=dna06/> It was first reported in 2003, that Sterling along with other single screen cinemas in Mumbai was looking at conversion into a multiplex.<ref name=toi03>{{cite news|title=City set to become multiplex capital of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bombay-times/City-set-to-become-multiplex-capital-of-India/articleshow/39839.cms|accessdate=19 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 June 2003}}</ref> In May 2006 it was confirmed that Sterling would close down for a year to make way for a multiplex under the same management.<ref name=dna06/><ref name=dnaa07/> It reopened in May 2007 as ''Sterling Cineplex'' for audiences of both [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] and [[Bollywood]] with films ''[[Spider-Man 3]]'' and ''[[Yatra (2007 film)|Yatra]]''. The renewed theatre had three screens, a [[food court]], THX certification and online booking facilities.<ref name=dnam07/> When reopened, the Sterling management confirmed that it would screen both Hollywood and Bollywood movies, though priority would be given to Hollywood films.<ref name=ibnj07>{{cite news|title=Mumbai's Sterling pounded into multiplex|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mumbais-sterling-pounded-into-multiplex/39652-8.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502011044/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mumbais-sterling-pounded-into-multiplex/39652-8.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 2014|accessdate=19 March 2012|newspaper=[[CNN IBN]]|date=20 June 2007}}</ref> In 2009, it was reported that prior to the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], trained [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] militants had surveyed various other places in Mumbai, including Sterling Cinema.<ref name=th09>{{cite news|title='LeT men in India mapped out Mumbai for attackers'|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200902261012.htm|accessdate=19 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 February 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=33em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sterlingcineplex.in/ Official Website]

[[Category:Cinemas in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Jayanagar, Mysore

2025-12-13T14:55:14Z

Serzohe: started a info

{{Short description|Suburb in Mysore, Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jayanagar
| native_name =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mysore]]
| image_skyline = Bedara Kannappa temple.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Bedara Kannappa temple, Jayanagar
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Chamarajapuram Railway Station
| coordinates = {{coord|12.292505|76.638080|display=inline,title}}
| timezone = [[indian standard time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[postal code|PIN]]
| postal_code = '''570014'''
}}
'''Jayanagar''' is a residential suburb in [[Mysore]] city of the state of [[Karnataka]] in India. It is 4 km from the Mysore city bus stand. Noted landmarks in Jayanagar are Sankethi hostel, Srirama Mandira, ISKCON temple, Prashanth PG and Bedara Kannappa temple.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://starofmysore.com/free-accommodation-for-orphan-girls/|title=Free accommodation for orphan girls in Jayanagar|work=Star of Mysore|access-date=9 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/trin-trin-programmes-to-promote-cycling-as-safer-healthier-commuting-option-in-mysuru/article33069755.ece/|title=Trin Trin programmes to promote cycling as safer, healthier commuting option in Mysuru|work=The Hindu|date=10 November 2020|access-date=9 December 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
The nearest railway station is [[Ashokapuram, Mysore|Ashokapuram]], 2 kilometer away. City buses No. 53, 60, 61, 63 connect this suburb to the city bus stand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mitra.ksrtc.in/MysoreMBus/busspd.jsp?value=A%20-%20B|title=Stop details|website=Mitra KSRTC.com}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" class="center" caption="">
File:Jayanagar Cricket Stadium2.jpg|Jayanagar cricket stadium
File:Deepavali in Mysore.jpg|Deepavali celebration at Bedara Kannappa temple, Jayanagar
File:Jayanagar, Mysore.jpg|Farm in the middle of the city at Jayanagar
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Akshaya Bhandar]]
* [[Kuvempunagar]]
* [[Ballal Circle, Mysore|Ballal Circle]]
* [[Raghavendra Nagar]]
* [[Kalyanagiri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Mysore]]
[[Category:Mysore South]]

Gabriel Chiramel

2025-12-02T17:40:07Z

Serzohe: added references

{{Short description|Indian priest}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Fr. Gabriel Chiramel CMI
| birth_date = {{birth date|1914|12|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manalur]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|5|11|1914|12|11|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_cause =
| occupation = Educationist, scholar, social reformer, priest
| website = {{url|http://frgabriel.com}}
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]
}}
'''Fr. Gabriel Chiramel CMI''' (11 December 1914 – 11 May 2017) was an Indian [[Syro-Malabar Catholic]] priest, educationist, zoologist, author and social reformer, known for his services in the fields of education, health and human welfare. He was awarded [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2007 by the Government of India for his contribution to education and literature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://photodivision.gov.in/new/IntroPhotodetails.asp?thisPage=81 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-05-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504173723/http://photodivision.gov.in/new/IntroPhotodetails.asp?thisPage=81 |archive-date=4 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Biography==
Fr. Gabriel Chiramel CMI was born with the Christian name, Antony, on 11 December 1914 in [[Manalur]] in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="100th Birthday Greetings to Padma Bhushan Rev. Fr. Gabriel CMI">{{Cite web |url=http://www.devamatha.net/Gabriel.pdf |title=100th Birthday Greetings to Padma Bhushan Rev. Fr. Gabriel CMI |date=2017 |publisher=Devamatha |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701182104/http://www.devamatha.net/Gabriel.pdf |archive-date=1 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He made his first profession on 24 November 1933 and was ordained as a priest on 30 May 1942. He entered the field of teaching in the Upper Primary School in [[Champakkulam]]. In 1943 he moved to teach the Aspirants in Mannanam. After passing Intermediate with First Rank in [[St. Berchmans College]], [[Changanassery]] and B.A Honours with 2nd Rank from [[Presidency College, Madras]], he started teaching in [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.devamatha.in/index.php |title=CMI Devamatha Province, Thrissur |access-date=2014-05-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504172647/http://www.devamatha.in/index.php |archive-date=4 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Chiramel served as the founder principal of Christ College in Irinjalakuda from 1956 to 1975. He built up the institution as a place of excellence with the integration of academics, literature, arts, sports and games. After his retirement from Christ College, he served as the provincial of Devamatha Province, Thrissur. It was during this time he initiated the establishment of Amala Cancer Hospital in 1978<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-04 |title=Welcome to Amala Institute of Medical Sciences |url=http://www.amalaims.org/amala_history.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504172748/http://www.amalaims.org/amala_history.php |archive-date=2014-05-04 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=amalaims.org}}</ref> which has now grown into [[Amala Institute of Medical Sciences]], a Medical College offering the courses such as MBBS, MD, MS, DM, BSc Nursing, General Nursing, other paramedical courses, Diploma courses in pharmacy, nursing and therapy in Ayurveda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AmalaIMS |title=Home |url=https://amalaims.org/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Amala Institute of Medical Sciences}}</ref> The institution aims at the integration of multiple systems of medicine viz., Modern Medicine, Ayurveda and Homeopathy on the same campus.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

Chiramel was instrumental in establishing number of other institutions such as [[St. Joseph's College, Irinjalakuda]], [[Carmel Higher Secondary School, Chalakudy]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carmel H.S.S., Chalakudy |url=https://www.carmelchalakudy.com/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=www.carmelchalakudy.com}}</ref> Bharathamatha School, Palakkad, Catholic Centre, Irinjalakuda, Deepthi Cultural Centre, Calicut, Sneha Bhavan for training physically challenged children and parallel colleges at Ambazhakad and Varantharapilly.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-11 |title=Service of priest to society lauded |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He also established the Zoology Department of Sacred Heart College, Thevara.<ref name="A centenarian leading a meaningful life">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/a-centenarian-leading-a-meaningful-life/article6681086.ece |title=A centenarian leading a meaningful life |date=11 December 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Gabriel Chiramel died, at the age of 102, on 11 May 2017 at [[Amala Institute of Medical Sciences]] campus where he was staying towards the later part of his life.<ref name="പ്രശസ്ത ജന്തുശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞനും പത്മഭൂഷൺ ജേതാവുമായ ഫാ.ഗബ്രിയേൽ ചിറമ്മൽ അന്തരിച്ചു">{{Cite web |date=11 May 2017 |title=പ്രശസ്ത ജന്തുശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞനും പത്മഭൂഷൺ ജേതാവുമായ ഫാ.ഗബ്രിയേൽ ചിറമ്മൽ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/2017/05/11/fr-gabriel-chiramel-passes-away.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512013236/http://www.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/2017/05/11/fr-gabriel-chiramel-passes-away.html |archive-date=2017-05-12 |publisher=Malayala Manorama}}</ref>

==Scientific contribution==
It was while teaching in Sacred Heart College, Thevara, in 1953, Chiramel discovered the wood boring [[mollusc]] that ate into ship platforms. It was later named '''Bankia Gabrieli''' after him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-08 |title=ISRO Chairman calls on his teacher |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
== Legacy ==
'''Bankia Gabrieli''' and '''Stenaelurillus Gabrieli''' are both named after him.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 December 2016 |title=New spider species named after Fr Gabriel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/dec/14/new-spider-species-named-after-fr-gabriel-1548753.html |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Institutions founded==
[[File:amala institute of medical sciences.jpg|right|thumb|Amala Institute of Medical Sciences]]
[[File:Christ College,Irinjalakuda.JPG|right|thumb|Christ College, Irinjalakuda]]

Fr Gabriel founded several institutions during his career.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-04-17 |title=Church Institutions In Kerala Ignore Poor, Says Award-Winning Catholic Priest |url=http://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/2007/04/18/church-institutions-in-kerala-ignore-poor-says-awardwinning-catholic-priest&post_id=5626 |website=UCA News}}</ref>
* Zoology Department of [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara]]
* [[Amala Institute of Medical Sciences]], Thrissur
* [[Christ College, Irinjalakuda]]
* [[St. Joseph's College, Irinjalakuda]]
* [[Carmel Higher Secondary School, Chalakudy]]
* [[Bharatha Matha Higher Secondary School|Bharathamatha School]], Palakkad
* Catholic Centre, Irinjalakuda
* Deepthi Cultural Centre, Calicut
* Sneha Bhavan for training physically challenged children

He also founded two parallel colleges at Ambazhakad and Varanthaarapilly.

==Awards==
* [[Padma Bhushan]] Award by Government of India, 2006.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commonscat}}

* [http://news.wikinut.com/Williamsji-Maveli-s-Media-Column%3A-NUTSHELL-Padma-Bhushan-Rev.-Fr.-Gabriel-Chiramal/2dy9gyaj/ Media on Padma Bhshan Award] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225019/http://news.wikinut.com/Williamsji-Maveli-s-Media-Column:-NUTSHELL-Padma-Bhushan-Rev.-Fr.-Gabriel-Chiramal/2dy9gyaj/ |date=3 March 2016 }}
* [http://talent-kerala.net/previous/2007/mar/4.htm Reference on Padma Bhushan Award]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140504172647/http://www.devamatha.in/index.php Devamatha web site]
* [http://christcollegeijk.edu.in Christ College web site]
* [http://www.amalaims.org AIMS web site]
* [http://www.stjosephs.edu.in St. Joseph's College web site]
* [http://www.carmelchalakudy.com Carmel Higher Secondary School web site]
* [http://www.bharathamathaschool.org Bharathamatha School web site]
* [http://en.radiovaticana.va/storico/2007/03/29/in_india,_founder_of_christ_college_awarded_%E2%80%9Cpadma_bhushan%E2%80%9D/in2-390790 on Vatican Radio]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chiramel, Gabriel}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholics]]
[[Category:Indian Eastern Catholics]]
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Kerala]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar priests]]

Diviseema

2025-11-29T11:07:51Z

Serzohe: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|River island in india}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
[[File:Temples in Diviseema-en.jpg|thumb|right|Map showing important temples in Divi Taluk]]
[[File:Ganesha stone carved Relief Srikakula Andhra Mahavishnu Temple.jpg|thumb|upright|Ganesa stone carved Relief at Srikakula Andhra Mahavishnu Temple]]
'''Diviseema''' is a small and [[River Delta|deltaic]] [[island]] in [[Krishna District]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It comprises seven Mandals in total - Avanigadda, Challapalli, Mopidevi, Nagayalanka, Koduru, Ghantasala and Movva . Diviseema was also known as Divi Taluk in the past. <ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30148/download/33329/39373_1961_KRI.pdf
]. Divi Taluk . Retrieved on 2024-10-23. </ref>

[[Avanigadda]] and [[Challapalli]] are the major towns in Diviseema. This area was formerly ruled by the Yarlagadda kings of Deverakota estate. <ref>[https://youtube/aDalOSi2ibs?feature=shared]. Challapalli Rajas History . Retrieved on 2024-10-23. </ref> Modern Day Diviseema area comes under [[Avanigadda Assembly constituency]] .

== Etymology ==
Diviseema is obtained from the two words Deevi meaning 'island' and seema meaning 'country' or 'region' in Telugu. Diviseema (pronounced as Deeviseema) means "Region of the Island". The famous [[Hamsaladeevi]] beach is present in Diviseema.

== Geography ==
Diviseema is located in the [[river delta|delta]] area formed at Puligadda ([[Avanigadda]]), where the [[Krishna River]] is divided into two before merging into the [[Bay of Bengal]]. One merges in Bay of Bengal at Hamsaladeevi ([[Koduru mandal]]) and the other near to Gullalamoda ([[Nagayalanka mandal]]).

It is a fertile low lying plain interspersed with Krishna river and its distributaries. It is irrigated by canal irrigation drawn from Prakasam Barrage at Vijayawada. The confluence of Krishna River and Bay of Bengal at Palakayatippa is a weekend getaway and also a pilgrimage center. Towards the sea, Diviseema has rich mangroves and is notified as Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary.

== Cyclone ==
The unprecedented loss of human life suffered during the [[1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone]] across this region on 19 November 1977. It is estimated that 10,000 people and 10,00,000 animals died as a result of this natural disaster. The survivors have recouped, due largely to voluntary organizations and governmental efforts.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12179475&dopt=Abstract | pmid=12179475 | date=1982 | last1=Kumar | first1=P. V. | title=The awakening from devastation to development. (A case study of the Diviseema Social Service Society (DSSS) in the metamorphosis of the socio-economic conditions in the Diviseema, Andhra Pradesh devastated by the cyclonic tidal wave of November 1977) | journal=The Great Concern | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=1–40 }}</ref>

== Notable people ==
*[[Yarlagadda Sivarama Prasad]] - Last ruler of Deverakota estate (Diviseema) and Mla of [[Avanigadda Assembly constituency]] till 1972
*[[Pingali Venkayya]] - National Flag designer
*[[Ghantasala (singer)]] - Famous musician
*[[Myneni Hariprasada Rao]] - Former director of NPCL , Padma Shri awardee and grandfather to actor [[Sharwanand]]
*[[Meka Srikanth]]- Senior Star actor
*[[Nani (actor) ]] – Star Actor in [[Tollywood (Telugu)|Tollywood]]
*[[Sharwanand]] – Actor in [[Tollywood (Telugu)|Tollywood]]
*[[Mandali Venkata Krishna Rao]] - Famous mla and minister
*[[Simhadri Satyanarayana Rao]] - Famous mla and minister
*[[Mandali Buddha Prasad]] - Mla and Former Deputy Speaker
*Bondada Raghavendra Rao - Industrialist and founder of Bondada Engineering Ltd

== References ==
{{portal|Islands}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|15.77|80.94|display=title}}

[[Category:Geography of Krishna district]]
[[Category:Islands of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]
[[Category:Islands of the Bay of Bengal]]

Khaibung

2025-11-28T01:14:07Z

Serzohe: started new post

{{refimprove|date=March 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khaibung
| native_name =
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| pushpin_label_position = right
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Molvom
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of India#Regions|Region]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Northeast India]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]]
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| population_as_of = 2011
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| population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank1 =
| population_density_blank1_km2 =
| population_blank2_title = Official
| population_blank2 = [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 797106
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|nagaland.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Khaibung''' is a [[Kuki people|Kuki]] village located in the [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]] of [[Nagaland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mapsofindia.com/villages/nagaland/dimapur/medziphema/khaibung.html|title=Map of Khaibung|website=www.mapsofindia.com|access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Khaibung is situated in the Chümoukedima District of Nagaland. As per the Population Census 2011, there are a total 87 households in Khaibung. The total population of Khaibung is 437.

== See also ==
*[[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Chümoukedima district]]

The Bachelorette India

2025-11-25T07:40:40Z

Serzohe: new - done

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = TheBacheloretteIndiaImage.jpg
| caption =
| runtime = 45 minutes
| creator =
| creative_director = [[Nivedita Basu]]
Rakesh Ravikant Tak
| writer =
| presenter = [[Rohit Roy]]
| director =
| producer =
| executive_producer =
| starring =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| editor =
| cinematography =
| company =
| num_seasons =
| network = [[Life OK]]
| country = India
| location = Mumbai
| language = Hindi
| first_aired = {{start date|2013|10|23|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2013|11|8|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 15
}}

'''''The Bachelorette India''''' (tagline: ''Mere Khayaalon ki Mallika'') is an Indian television [[reality show]].<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1905632/report-show-review-the-bachelorette-india-mere-khayalon-ki-mallika Show Review: The Bachelorette India - Mere Khayalon Ki Mallika - Entertainment - DNA]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/the-bachelorette-india-monthly-expenses-of-mallika-is-around-25-million-rupees-214529-2013-10-15|title = The Bachelorette India: Monthly expenses of Mallika are around Rs 25 lakh| date=16 October 2013 }}</ref> which featured [[Bollywood]] actor [[Mallika Sherawat]] who set out to find "the perfect bachelor" for herself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/the-bachelorette-india-monthly-expenses-of-mallika-is-around-25-million-rupees-214529-2013-10-15|title = The Bachelorette India: Monthly expenses of Mallika are around Rs 25 lakh| date=16 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130427072801/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-mallika-sherawat-is-doing----the-bachelorette-india----only-for-money-rakhi-sawa-4245013-NOR.html Mallika Sherawat is doing'The Bachelorette India'only for money]</ref> It aired on [[Life OK]].<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/the-bachelorette-india-when-the-challenge-is-to-lift-bharti-singh-214607-2013-10-16 The Bachelorette India: When the challenge is to lift Bharti Singh! : Television, News - India Today]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://m.ibnlive.com/news/the-bachelorette-india-when-contestants-lifted-bharti/428864-44-124.html |title=The Bachelorette India: When contestants lifted Bharti-TV News - IBNLive Mobile |access-date=21 October 2013 |archive-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021163548/http://m.ibnlive.com/news/the-bachelorette-india-when-contestants-lifted-bharti/428864-44-124.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Life OK Programmes}}
{{Bachelor}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bachelorette India}}
[[Category:Life OK original programming]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:The Bachelor (franchise)]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on American television series]]
[[Category:Indian dating and relationship reality television series]]

{{Reality-tv-prog-stub}}