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Girish Chodankar

2026-05-08T08:17:42Z

Serzeqy: creating the stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician and teacher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Girish Chodankar
| image = Girish Chodankar at Congress House 2021.jpg
| caption = Chodankar at [[Goa Pradesh Congress Committee|GPCC]] headquarters, 2021
| birth_name = Girish Raya Chodankar
| birth_date = 25 July {{Birth based on age as of date|50|2017|8|23}}
| office1 = [[All India Congress Committee#In-Charges|AICC in-charge]] of [[Tamil Nadu Congress Committee|Tamil Nadu CC]] and [[Puducherry PCC]]
| term_start1 = 14 February 2025
| predecessor1 = [[Ajoy Kumar]]
| office2 = AICC in-charge of [[Tripura PCC]], [[Sikkim PCC]], [[Manipur PCC]], and [[Nagaland PCC]]
| successor2 = [[Saptagiri Sankar Ulaka]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rahul-gandhi-social-justice-aicc-reshuffle-caste-obc-faces-9838523/|title=In echo of Rahul Gandhi's 'social justice' pitch, AICC rejig balances castes, pushes for OBC faces|date=17 February 2025}}</ref>
| term_start2 = 23 December 2023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tripuratimes.com/ttimes/girish-chodankar-appointed-tripura-cong-incharge-13330.html|title=Girish Chodankar appointed Tripura Cong incharge|website=tripuratimes.com|access-date=2024-04-08|archive-date=2024-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408075932/https://tripuratimes.com/ttimes/girish-chodankar-appointed-tripura-cong-incharge-13330.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| term_end2 = 14 February 2025
| predecessor2 = Ajoy Kumar
| office3 = [[President (government title)|President]] of [[Goa Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start3 = 26 April 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/Apr/26/girish-chodankar-replaces-shantaram-naik-as-president-of-goa-congress-1806753.html|title=Girish Chodankar replaces Shantaram Naik as President of Goa Congress|date=26 April 2018|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=8 April 2024|archive-date=8 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408083946/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/Apr/26/girish-chodankar-replaces-shantaram-naik-as-president-of-goa-congress-1806753.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| term_end3 = 15 March 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/girish-chodankar-quits-as-goa-congress-chief/article65226856.ece|title=Girish Chodankar quits as Goa Congress chief|first=Shoumojit|last=Banerjee|date=15 March 2022|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
| predecessor3 = [[Shantaram Naik]]
| successor3 = Amit Patkar
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|teacher}}
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (since {{circa|1989}})
| alma_mater = {{ubl|
* [[Annamalai University]] ([[B.Ed]])
* [[Goa University]] ([[M.Com]])}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Sunita Chodankar|1998}}
| signature = Girish Chodankar signature.svg
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/GirishChodankarGoa}}
| module = {{Listen
| embed = yes
| filename = Girish Chodankar 2021.ogg
| title = Girish Chodankar's voice
| description = Chodankar in response to three [[MLA (India)|MLA]]'s joining the [[Indian National Congress]] party. Recorded 8 November 2021
}}
}}

'''Girish Raya Chodankar''' (born 25 July 1966 or 1967) is an Indian politician and teacher who serves as the [[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC) [[All India Congress Committee#In-Charges|in-charge]] of [[Tamil Nadu Congress Committee|Tamil Nadu CC]] and [[Puducherry PCC]] since 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-02-14 |title=T.N. and Puducherry Congress units get new AICC in-charge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-and-puducherry-congress-units-get-new-aicc-in-charge/article69220949.ece |access-date=2025-03-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He previously served as the [[President (government title)|president]] of the [[Goa Pradesh Congress Committee]] (GPCC) from 2018 to 2022. A former [[All India Congress Committee#AICC office bearers|AICC secretary]], in 2023, he was appointed as a [[Congress Working Committee#Permanent Invitees|permanent invitee]] of the [[Congress Working Committee]] (CWC).

==Early life==
Girish Raya Chodankar was born on either 25 July<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Carlos Alvares |date=25 July 2023 |title=Happy birthday to our young, dynamic and youthful leader Girish Chodankar |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/rNL5jPW8YffTVdeX/?mibextid=xfxF2i |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=Facebook}}</ref> 1966 or 1967<ref>{{Cite web |title=Girish Raya Chodankar(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- PANAJI : BYE ELECTION ON 23-08-2017(NORTH GOA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/goa2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=292 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=myneta.info |archive-date=2024-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408072224/https://myneta.info/goa2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=292 |url-status=live }}</ref> to Raya Chodankar. He obtained his [[Master of Commerce]] (M.Com.) degree with a specialization in [[Business Management]] from [[Goa University]] in 1990. Subsequently, in 1993, he completed his [[Bachelor of Education]] (B.Ed.) degree with a focus on [[Commerce]] I & ii from [[Annamalai University]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":3" />

==Political career ==
Chodankar began his political career with the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), assuming the role of booth president for the [[Comba, Goa]] booth in [[Fatorda]] during the period of 1989–1990. He subsequently rose through the ranks of the party, holding positions such as [[general secretary]] and president of the Fatorda Block Youth Congress Committee. In 2018, Chodankar's contributions were recognized when he was appointed as the [[President (government title)|president]] of the [[Goa Pradesh Congress Committee]] (GPCC). Chodankar's political involvement began in 1995 when he successfully contested the [[Margao]] [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Council]] election and secured a seat representing the Comba [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|ward]]. In 1998, he assumed the position of general secretary of the Goa Pradesh Youth Congress Committee (GPYCC).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-27 |title=Party has acknowledged hard work of an ordinary worker: Girish |work=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/04/27/goanews/party-has-acknowledged-hard-work-of-an-ordinary-worker-girish/ |access-date=2024-04-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408185138/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/04/27/goanews/party-has-acknowledged-hard-work-of-an-ordinary-worker-girish/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Chodankar served as the president of the Goa Pradesh Youth Congress Committee from 2000 to 2008, further solidifying his involvement to the party's [[youth wing]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2018 |title=Girish appointed GPCC chief |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=130066 |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408080759/http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=130066 |url-status=live }}</ref> Before being appointed to the highest decision-making body of the Congress party, Chodankar held the position of a [[All India Congress Committee#AICC office bearers|secretary]] in the [[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chodankar appointed as 'special invitee' of Congress Working Committee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/chodankar-appointed-as-special-invitee-of-congress-working-committee/articleshow/102881195.cms |access-date=2024-04-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408080855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/chodankar-appointed-as-special-invitee-of-congress-working-committee/amp_articleshow/102881195.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He assumed this role in June 2013 and worked closely with the office of [[Rahul Gandhi]], a prominent leader within the party. Prior to his tenure as AICC secretary, Chodankar was stationed at the AICC [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|secretariat]] in [[New Delhi]] from 2011 onwards. Chodankar's responsibilities extended to his position as the AICC [[All India Congress Committee#AICC office bearers|in-charge]] of the [[National Students' Union of India]] (NSUI). During his tenure, he played a pivotal role in establishing and strengthening student bases in various states, notably achieving success in [[student council]] elections at [[Delhi University]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2013-06-18 |title=Former Goa Pradesh Youth Congress chief appointed AICC secretary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/former-goa-pradesh-youth-congress-chief-appointed-aicc-secretary/articleshow/20638463.cms |access-date=2024-04-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408073228/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/former-goa-pradesh-youth-congress-chief-appointed-aicc-secretary/articleshow/20638463.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2017, Chodankar was selected to be a part of the AICC committee established by Rahul Gandhi. The committee's purpose was to choose the president of NSUI using an open application process.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ghadyalpatil |first=Abhiram |date=2017-08-28 |title=Panaji bypoll: Meet Girish Chodankar, who gave Manohar Parrikar a good fight |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/OBgAgUJxXyrCdeoAfqbkkL/Panaji-bypoll-Meet-Girish-Chodankar-who-gave-Manohar-Parr.html |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408072243/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/OBgAgUJxXyrCdeoAfqbkkL/Panaji-bypoll-Meet-Girish-Chodankar-who-gave-Manohar-Parr.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Chodankar served as the chief of the Goa Pradesh Youth Congress Committee (GPYCC), where he played a pivotal role in mobilizing the support of young individuals to strengthen the party's foundation at the grassroots level and facilitate the reconstruction of the party organization. Throughout the period of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s (BJP) governance in [[Goa]] from 2000 to 2005, Chodankar actively engaged with the government on various matters, even in instances where senior [[party leaders]] refrained from confronting the then [[Chief Minister of Goa]], [[Manohar Parrikar]].<ref name=":1" />

Chodankar has participated in multiple elections as a candidate representing the [[Indian National Congress]]. In the [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]], Chodankar contested from the [[Margao Assembly constituency]]; however, he was unsuccessful in securing victory, as he was defeated by the BJP candidate, [[Digambar Kamat]], with a margin of 4,744 votes, consequently placing second.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Assembly Elections Statistics |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/appln/uil/PreviosElections.aspx |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=ceogoa.nic.in |archive-date=2023-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801111916/https://ceogoa.nic.in/appln/uil/PreviosElections.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Similarly, during the 2017 [[by-election]] for the [[Panaji Assembly constituency]], Chodankar faced defeat against the BJP candidate, Manohar Parrikar, with a margin of 4,803 votes, thereby finishing in the second position.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2017 |title=By-election results: Manohar Parrikar wins Panaji, big win for AAP in Delhi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/by-election-results-manohar-parrikar-wins-panaji-congress-leads-in-bawana-117082800113_1.html |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=[[Business Standard]] |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407232650/https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/by-election-results-manohar-parrikar-wins-panaji-congress-leads-in-bawana-117082800113_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Furthermore, Chodankar also participated in the [[2019 Indian general election in Goa]], vying for the [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency]]. In this election, he faced defeat against the BJP candidate, [[Shripad Naik]], with a substantial margin of 80,247 votes, ultimately securing the second position.<ref>{{Cite web |title=North Goa Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result: Candidates Profiles, Map, Total Votes, Past Results {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/goa/north-goa |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=2024-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320003045/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/goa/north-goa |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following his defeat in the 2017 by-election against Manohar Parrikar, the Chief Minister of Goa at the time, Chodankar characterized the outcome as a dignified conclusion to a formidable struggle. He expressed pride in being selected as a candidate by his party and embracing the challenge of competing against a serving chief minister, as well as contending with the resources and support of the government and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Chodankar considered his fight to be honorable due to the Congress party's commitment to democratic values by actively engaging in the [[electoral process]].<ref name=":2" />

As of April 2018, Chodankar is employed as a teacher at a [[higher secondary school]] in [[Curchorem]].<ref name=":0" /> In preparation for his [[election campaign]] in 2019, Chodankar announced his intention to highlight the deficiencies of Shripad Naik, a four-time [[Member of Parliament]] and the Union Minister of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy (AYUSH). During his campaign, he initiated a bicycle journey through different districts in [[North Goa]] as part of his strategic efforts to connect with voters in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamat |first=Prakash |date=2019-04-01 |title=Girish Chodankar files nomination from North Goa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/girish-chodankar-files-nomination-from-north-goa/article26706260.ece |access-date=2024-04-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2024-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408072253/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/girish-chodankar-files-nomination-from-north-goa/article26706260.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
On 15 November 1998, Chodankar married Sunita,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chodankar |first=Girish |date=15 November 2023 |title=Happy Anniversary dear Sunita... |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/cgLjNoxuRTApJ1XU/?mibextid=xfxF2i |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=Facebook}}</ref> a private [[insurance agent]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Girish Raya Chodankar(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- NORTH GOA(GOA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/loksabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=9056 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=myneta.info |archive-date=2024-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408140837/https://myneta.info/loksabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=9056 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of December 2023, he resides in the [[Gogol]] suburb of [[Margao]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=AICC Office bearers In Charges |url=https://inc.in/aicc-office-bearers/in-charges |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=Indian National Congress |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221134612/https://www.inc.in/aicc-office-bearers/in-charges |url-status=live }}</ref> On 10 February 2021, Chodankar's father, Raya, aged 82, died to [[COVID-19]] at the [[Goa Medical College]] in [[Bambolim]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-11 |title=Chodankar's father among two Covid casualties |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/chodankars-father-among-two-covid-casualties/articleshow/80805118.cms |access-date=2024-04-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408075155/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/chodankars-father-among-two-covid-casualties/articleshow/80805118.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Girish's father dies of Covid |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/%EF%BB%BFgirishs-father-dies-of-covid/65539.html |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408072223/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/%EF%BB%BFgirishs-father-dies-of-covid/65539.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chodankar, Girish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Presidents of Goa Pradesh Congress Committee]]

Shakuntala Sahu

2026-05-07T03:43:18Z

Serzeqy: Made new details first draft!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| office = Member of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Gaurishankar Agrawal]]
| successor = Sandeep Sahu
| term_start = 2018
| term_end = 2023
| constituency = [[Kasdol Assembly constituency|Kasdol]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Shakuntala Sahu''' (born 1964) is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. She was an MLA from [[Kasdol Assembly constituency]] in [[Baloda Bazar district]]. She won the [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-12 |title=Kasdol Assembly Election Result:Congress Candidate SHAKUNTALA SAHU is won by 48,418 Votes |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/chhattisgarh-election/article/kasdol-assembly-constituency-election-2018-chhattisgarh-polls-candidates-bjp-gauri-shankar-agrawal-congress-shakuntala-sahu/313431 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasdol assembly election results 2023: Kasdol Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/chhattisgarh/kasdol-assembly-result-26044 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sahu is from [[Kasdol Assembly constituency|Kasdol]], Baloda Bazar district, Chhattisgarh. She completed her graduation in arts in 1987 at a college affiliated with [[Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University|Pandit Ravishanker Shukla University]], Raipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shakuntala Sahu(Janta Congress Chhattisgarh (J)):Constituency- PATAN(DURG) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/chhattisgarh2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=1614 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sahu won from Kasdol Assembly constituency representing the [[Indian National Congress]] in the 2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election. She polled 121,422 votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[Gaurishankar Agrawal]] of Bharatiya Janata Party, by a margin of 48,418 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/chhattisgarh/kasdol-assembly-constituency-s26aed2008a044/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasdol Constituency Election Results 2023: Kasdol Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh/constituency-show/kasdol |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Elections Constituencies List 2018, Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha Election Seats List 2018, Candidates Names, Map, Results |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/chhattisgarh-election-constituencies-list-2018/kasdol-elections-2018-results/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahu, Shakuntala}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People from Baloda Bazar district]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2018–2023]]

Kalpa Latha

2026-05-05T20:24:13Z

Serzeqy: Added initial info more to come

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kalpa Latha
| image =
| caption = Latha in 2024
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|01|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manuguru]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India (now in [[Telangana]], India)
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2010{{ndash}}present
}}

'''Kalppa Latha Garllapati''', (born 19 January 1977) credited as '''Kalpa Latha''', is an Indian actress who predominantly works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]] and television shows. She is best known for her role as [[Allu Arjun]]'s mother in the [[Pushpa (film series)|''Pushpa'' film series]] (2021{{endash}}2024).<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2021-12-23 |title=Pushpa Movie: తనకు ఇద్దరూ కూతుర్లే.. ఇప్పుడు పుష్పరాజ్ వంటి కొడుకు కావాలంటున్న కల్పలత.. |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/pushpa-mother-character-kalpalatha-emotional-comments-on-allu-arjun-602491.html |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-22 |title=Govt turned our farms into mines, but we are still waiting for money: Kalpa Latha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/govt-turned-our-farms-into-mines-but-we-are-still-waiting-for-money-kalpa-latha/articleshow/68107318.cms |access-date=2024-09-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='पुष्पा'मध्ये अल्लू अर्जुनची आई साकारणारी अभिनेत्री रिअल लाईफमध्ये आहे खूप ग्लॅमरस |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/bollywood/allu-arjun-mother-in-pushpa-movie-name-is-kalpalatha-actress-42-year-old-a590/|work=Lokmat|date=26 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='पुष्पा' में अल्लू अर्जुन की मां का रोल करने वाली ये एक्ट्रेस असली जिंदगी में बेहद ग्लैमरस, तस्वीरों से नहीं हटा सकेंगे नजर |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/actress-kalpalatha-who-plays-allu-arjun-mother-in-pushpa-is-very-glamorous-in-real-life-will-not-be-able-to-be-seen-from-pictures-3248040 |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=|first= |date=2022-02-01 |title=रियल लाइफ में बेहद ग्लैमरस हैं 'पुष्पा' की मां, 500 करोड़ की इस फिल्म में भी आ चुकी हैं नज़र |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/allu-arjun-onscreen-pushpa-mother-kalpalatha-is-very-glamorous-and-modern-in-real-life-2052210 |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

* ''All films are in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] unless mentioned otherwise''

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2010
|[[Vedam (film)|''Vedam'']]
|style="text-align: center;"|''Unknown''
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Rajanna]]''
|Villager
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Run Raja Run]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|[[Tungabhadra (film)|''Tungabhadra'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
| an inhabitant of Mahishmathi / Magizhmathi
| Simultaneously shot in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|''[[Express Raja]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Manamantha]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ism (film)|Ism]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
|an inhabitant of Mahishmathi
|
|-
|''[[Nene Raju Nene Mantri]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Arjun Reddy]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
|''[[Bhaagamathie]]''
|
|Simultaneously shot in Tamil
|-
|''[[Juvva]]''
|Bhogam's wife
|
|-
|''[[Krishnarjuna Yudham]]''
| Riya's mother
|
|-
|''[[Paper Boy]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhairava Geetha]]''
|Lakshmamma
|Simultaneously shot in [[Kannada]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |2019
|[[Yatra (2019 film)|''Yatra'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Nuvvu Thopu Raa]]''
|Ramya's mother
|
|-
|[[Sita (2019 film)|''Sita'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Ranarangam]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Marshal (film)|''Marshal'']]
| Abhi's mother
|
|-
|''[[Iddari Lokam Okate]]''
| Mahi's mother
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2020
|''[[Bheeshma (2020 film)|Bheeshma]]''
|Maid
|
|-
|''[[HIT: The First Case]]''
|Saraswathi
|
|-
|''[[Valayam (film)|Valayam]]''
|Disha's mother
|
|-
|''[[Bhanumathi & Ramakrishna]]''
| Ramakrishna's mother
|
|-
|''[[Coronavirus (film)|Coronavirus]]''
|Lakshmi
|
|-
|''[[Solo Brathuke So Better]]''
|Virat's aunt
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2021
|''[[Ninnila Ninnila]]''
|Maya's mother
|
|-
|[[Vivaha Bhojanambu (2021 film)|''Vivaha Bhojanambu'']]
|Mahesh's mother
|
|-
|''[[Seetimaarr]]''
|
|
|-
|''True''
|
|
|-
|''[[Gully Rowdy]]''
|Patapagalu Latha
|
|-
|[[Bro (2021 film)|''Bro'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|Parvathamma
|
|-
|''[[Arjuna Phalguna]]''
|Thadodu's mother
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Urvasivo Rakshasivo]]''
|Sharadakka
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2023
|''[[Waltair Veerayya]]''
|Protestor
|
|-
|[[Vaathi|''Sir / Vaathi'']]
|Meenakshi's mother
|Simultaneously shot in Tamil
|-
|''[[Meter (film)|Meter]]''
|Arjun’s mother
|
|-
|''[[Ahimsa (2023 film)|Ahimsa]]''
|
|
|-
|''Ala Ninnu Cheri''
|
|
|-
|''[[O Saathiya]]''
| Arjun's mother
|
|-
|''[[Gandeevadhari Arjuna]]''
|Radhika Varma
|
|-
|''[[Prema Vimanam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
| Surabhi's mother
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
|''[[Bhoothaddam Bhaskar Narayana]]''
|Bhaskar Narayana's mother
|
|-
|[[Aa Okkati Adakku (2024 film)|''Aa Okkati Adakku'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Yevam]]''
| Soumya's mother
|
|-
|''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
|Parvathamma
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2025
|''[[Oka Padhakam Prakaram]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thandel]]''
|Gowramma
|
|-
|''[[Nidurinchu Jahapana]]''
|Jayamma
|
|-
|''[[Sarangapani Jathakam]]''
|K. Devika
|
|-
|''[[Single (film)|Single]]''
|Harini's mother
|
|-
|''[[Constable (film)|Constable]]''
|Kashi’s sister
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|''[[Euphoria (2026 film)|Euphoria]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sri Chidambaram Garu]]''
| Solomon's mother
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Network
!Notes
|-
|
|''Muhurtha Balam''
|[[DD Saptagiri]]
|
|-
|
|''[[Mogali Rekulu]]''
|[[Gemini TV]]
|
|-
|
|''Ashta Chamma''
|
|
|-
|
|''Pratibimbam''
|
|
|-
|2013{{En dash}}2016
|''Sravana Sameeralu''
|[[Gemini TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krish |first=Swathi |date=2025-04-09 |title=Actress Kalpalatha : పేడకల్లు ఎత్తుకుంటూ డబ్బుల కోసం కష్టాలు.. గుండెల్ని పిండేస్తున్న కల్పలత కథ.. |url=https://www.bigtvlive.com/entertainment/actress-kalpalathas-emotional-journey-know-about-her-struggles-in-life.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=BigTvLive |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|
|''Pasupu Kumkuma''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|
|-
|
|''Agni Sakshi''
|[[Star Maa]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Latha, Kalpa}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Telangana]]
[[Category:People from Khammam district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]

{{India-film-actor-1970s-stub}}

Aryamba Pattabhi

2026-05-01T04:27:16Z

Serzeqy: added new data v1

{{Short description|Indian novelist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Aryamba Pattabhi
| image = Aryamba Face.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1936|3|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mandya]], [[Karnataka]], [[British India]]
| occupation = Novelist
| language = [[Kannada]]
| nationality = Indian
| period = 1955– Present
| genre = Biographies, Sports, Fiction on Family Dramas, Romance, Psychological/ Mental Illness, Social Stigma, Feminism
| subject =
| movement = Kannada Sahitya Dalita Bandaya
| notableworks = Kappu-Bilipu, Eradu Mukha, Savathiya Neralu, Marali Gudige
| spouse = Pattabhi Ramaiah
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Anasuya Shankar|Triveni]] (sister) [[B. M. Srikantaiah]] (uncle) [[Vani (writer)|Vani]] (aunt)

}}

'''Aryamba Pattabhi''' (born 12 March 1936) is an Indian novelist and writer in [[Kannada language]].<ref name="whowho"/> She is the younger sister of [[Anasuya Shankar|Triveni]], a popular Kannada novelist and the niece of [[B. M. Srikantaiah]], a famous Kannada poet, writer and translator.

Her novels have been made into feature films, most prominently, ''[[Kappu Bilupu]]'' (1969), directed by [[Puttanna Kanagal]] and made into three south Indian languages Kannada, Telugu and Tamil, ''[[Eradu Mukha]]'' (1969) directed by M.R.Vittal and won the Karnataka State Award and best picture award from Madras Film Lovers Association, ''[[Savathiya Neralu]]'' (1978) directed by Y.R.Swamy and ''[[Marali Gudige]]'' (1984) directed by Shantharam and won the State Award. Her novel ''[[Parampare]]'' was selected and published by the [[Government of Karnataka]] in 1985.<ref name="whowho">{{cite book|last1=Dutt|first1=Kartik Chandra|title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M|date=1999|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126008735|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC|accessdate=1 May 2017}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Earlier days.jpg|thumb|Aryamba in early days]]
Aryamba is the youngest daughter of B.M Krishnaswamy and Thangamma. Krishnaswamy was the younger brother of [[B. M. Srikantaiah]], the doyen of [[Kannada literature]]. Aryamba was born on March 12, 1936, in [[Mandya]], in the erstwhile [[Kingdom of Mysore]] of [[British India]] (in present-day [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Kannada Novelist Triveni's House In City To Be A Museum|url=http://starofmysore.com/kannada-novelist-trivenis-house-city-museum/|website=Star of Mysore|date=2 April 2017 |accessdate=25 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425194906/http://starofmysore.com/kannada-novelist-trivenis-house-city-museum/|archivedate=25 April 2017}}</ref>
Aryamba comes from an illustrious family of established writers. Her uncle [[B. M. Srikantaiah]] was a renowned scholar and poet, whose translations are present in university texts all over the world. Her aunt [[Vani (writer)|Vani]] was a popular novelist. She had two sisters including famous novelist [[Anasuya Shankar|Triveni]] and four brothers.

Aryamba completed her Master of Arts (MA) in Sociology, from Mysore University.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==Career==
Over the course of several years, she has published 32 novels, 5 short story collections, 12 books for children, 5 biographies (including one on Mother Teresa whom she interviewed), 6 dramas, 3 essays, and 1 on sports literature. [[Rajyotsava Awards (2015)|2015]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Scientist, actor, cricketer among 60 Rajyotsava awardees|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/509276/scientist-actor-cricketer-among-60.html|work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=1 May 2017|date=31 October 2015}}</ref>

Aryamba conducted research for several of her biographies, including interviewing Mother Teresa when she had visited Mysore. Like her sister, she began to write fiction at a time when there were very few female writers in Kannada.

Her [[Eradu Mukha]] won Karnataka State Award and best picture award from Madras Film Lovers Association. [[Marali gudige]] won the State Award. [[Parampare]] novel (1985) was selected and published by Government of Karnataka. [[Bharathada Mahapurusharu]] was prescribed as the non detailed text book by Karnataka University, IInd PUC for 2 years (1977–1978). Some parts of the book were published in the text book of 10th standard - Karnataka and Kerala state schools. All six of her dramas have been broadcast from Mysuru and Bengaluru A.I.R, stations. She has presented at several literary state seminars throughout Mysore and Bangalore, presented her work on the [[All India Radio]] stations, won several awards and felicitations, had her work published in several daily, weekly and monthly Kannada magazines and papers, and is the founder of several organizations. She was the chief editor of "Mahila Sahithya Sameekshe" and "Sahithya Vimarshe".<ref>{{cite web|title=Sahitya Academy award for Aryamba Pattabhi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Sahitya-Academy-award-for-Aryamba-Pattabhi/articleshow/1749650230.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=1 May 2017|date=5 January 2002}}</ref>

Four novels have been made into films and several short stories have been translated into Marathi.

=== Novels ===
* Honganasu 1961
* Aradhane 1962
* Priyasangama 1964
* Eradu Mukha 1965
* Kappu Bilupu 1965
* Beesida Bale 1966
* Marali Gudige 1966
* Badukina Bavaneyalli 1967
* Savathiya neralu 1967
* Baduku 1968
* Bevu-Bella 1969
* Atthu Nagisidaga 1972
* Devamanava 1972
* Saakshathkara 1975
* Parampare 1976
* Kasturi 1977
* Premakathe 1978
* Asangatha 1980
* Kamanabillu 1981
* Kunike 1982
* Narabhakshaka 1987
* Vishwadharma 1987
* Prakruthi Purusha 1987
* Sambandhagalu + suli 1999
* Basavi 2000
* Sakumaga + Guri 2002
* Apporva kathe + Bandaya 2004
* Budhimandyathe 2012
* Arohana 2018

=== Collection of Short stories ===

* Marali Banda Mamathe 1968
* Udayaravi 1968
* Nannavalu 1970
* Tere Saridaga 2000
* "Aryamba pattabhi awara Samagra Kathasankalana" (Fifty five short stories) – 2002.

===Films based on her novels===

* Kappu-Bilipu
* Eradu Mukha
* Savathiya Neralu
* Marali gudige

===Books For Children===
[[File:Aryamba Writing.jpg|thumb|Aryamba writing]]
* Ranadheera Kanteerava Narasimha Raja Odeyar 1975
* Nalwadi Krishna Raja Odeyar 1975
* Ravindranath Tagore 1987
* Thayi Theresa 1987
* Habbagalu 1987
* Cha.Vasudeviah 1987
* Vignana Sadhakaru Part –1,2,3,4 1991
* Marie Curie 1997
* Triveni 2002

===Biographies===

* Bharatada Mahapurusharu 1975
* Thayi Theresa 1985
* Mother Teresa 2000(English)
* Mysuru Maharajaru 2016
* Vishwa Vignanigalu 2017

===Dramas===

* Salu deepa
* Bekkina Kannu
* Belakinattha
* Dudidavane Doddappa
* Sakumaga
* Kasthuri

===Sports Literature===

* Tennis - 1987 (Detailed Study on the game of tennis – published by the [[University of Mysore]] in 1983, revised edition in 2011)

===Essays===

* Mahile, Ondu Adhyayana 1998
* Lekhanubandha 2004
* Sthree, Samasye – Saadhane 2018

==Personal life==

Aryamba married Rajendrapura Pattabhi Ramaiah in 1958. Her hobbies include tennis, table tennis, chess and collecting world stamps and coins.

==Awards==
[[File:Karnataka Award.jpg|thumb|Receiving Award]]

===State Awards===
[[File:State Award.jpg|thumb|[[B.Saroja Devi|Saroja Devi]] presenting an award to Aryamba]]
* "Mallika Prashasthi" for 'Tennis' Kannada Sahithya Parishath – 1989.
* "Attimabe prashasthi" – Attimabe Prathistana Trust, Bengaluru -1996
* "Karnataka Sahithya Academy Award" – Book Prize for 'Videsha Pravasa' 1997.
* "Lingaraj Sahithya Prashasthi" – for 'Videsha Pravasa' – Best Book of the year – 1997.
* "Kannada Lekhakiyara Parishat Prashasthi" – For 'Videsha Pravasa Grantha' in the year 1997.
* "Sir.M.Vishvesvaraiah Navarathna Prashasthi" – 'Bharatharathna Sir.M.Vishvesvaraiah' Engineering Prathistana, Bengaluru 1998
* "Karnataka chethana prashasthi" – 'Kannada Patrika Kala Sanskriti Vedike' Bengaluru 1999
* "Srimathi Savithramma Deja Gou Mahila Sahithya Prashasthi" – DejaGou Trust, Mysuru 1999.
* "Kitturu Rani Chennama Prashasthi"(Literature) – Women and Child Development Department, Karnataka Government 2000.
* "Karnataka Sahithya Academy GOWRAVA Prashasti" Karnataka Sahithya Academy 2000.
* "Unmilana Abhinandana Grantha Samarpane" (State Felicitation Samithi) from state writers - 2002.
* "Smt B S Chandrakala Swara Lipi Prashasti and Lipi Pragne Title" Gayana Samaja, Bengaluru 2003.
* "Sir.M.Vishvesvaraiah Sahithya Prashasti" Sahithya Kshethra, Mysuru 2003.
* "Karnataka Vibhushana Rajya Prashasthi" Karnataka Janatha Sevadala, Bengaluru 2003.
* "Adarsha Seva Rathna Prashasti" – Adarsha Seva Sangha, Mysuru 2006
* "Padmabhushana Dr.B.Sarojadevi Sahithya Prashasthi" Kannada Sahithya Parishath, Bengaluru 2009.
* "Sanchi Honamma Prashasthi" – Amba Prakashana, Yelanduru - 2009
* "Aryabhatta Anthararashtriya Sahithya Prashasthi" – Aryabhatta Sanskrithika Samsthe, Bengaluru 2009.
* "Amma Prashasthi" – Geetharaj Foundation, Mysuru 2012.
* "Vidyaranya Prashasthi" (Sahithya) Vidyaranyapuram Samskruthika Samithi, Mysuru 2014
* "Kannada Rajyothsava Prashasthi" Government of Karnataka (received award from Ex Chief Minister Siddaramaiah ) 2015, Bengaluru.
[[File:Award 3.jpg|thumb|International Award]]

===Felicitations===
[[File:Award 4.jpg|thumb|Felicitations]]
* Bengaluru Transportation Corporation (BTC) -1971
* Mysore Zilla Kannada Cheluvaligarara Sangha - 1975.
* Lekakiyara Sahithya Sammelana, Kannada Sangha, Davanagere -1981.
* Rajyothsava Samaramba, Mandya -1984.
* Dejegow Samskrithika Prathishtana, Mysuru - 1984.
* 4th Akhila Karnataka Lekhakiyara Sahithya Sammelana, Mandya- 1985
* Bramhana Sabha, Mandya- 1992
* Sri. Ganapathi Sachindananda Swamy Ashrama, Mysuru - 1992
* Rotary West, Mysuru -1994
* Babburu Kamme Seva samithi, Bengaluru - 1995.
* BEML Kannada Sangha, Mysuru -1997
* Maharani Arts and Commerce College, Mysuru - 1997
* Girija Kalyanothsava, Srikanteshwara Temple Nanjangud - 1997
* Kannada Samskruthika Samsthe, Vidyaranyapuram, Mysuru - 1997
* Kannada Lekhakiyara Trust, Mysuru - 1997.
* Akhila Karnataka Bramhana Mahasabhe, Prathama Vipra Mahila Sammelana, Bengaluru - 2000
* Sri Anjaneyaswamy Devasthana Trust, Mysuru - 2000
* Sri. Lakshmi Mahila Samaja, Mysuru - 2000
* Sharada Nikethana Hostel, Mysuru, -2000
* Mahila chinthana samavesha, Maddur & Mahila adhyayana vibhaga, Hampi University - 2006
* Vipra Mahila Sangama Trust, Mysuru - 2006.
* Karnataka Janathadala, Bengaluru - 2006
* Arivina mane mahila balaga, Mysuru -2006
* Vipra mahila vedike, Piriyapatna - 2007
* Prajapitha Bramhakumari Eshwari Vidyalaya, Mysuru - 2009
* The Institute of Engineers, Mysuru - 2009
* Bramhana Mahila Vedike, Mysuru - 2012.
* The Graduate Co-operative Bank, Mysuru in the year 2014.
* Sahakara sangha, Srirangapatna - 2016

===Felicitations in the Year 2015===
[[File:Karnataka State Award.jpg|thumb|Award Function]]
* Koutilya University
* T.T.L.College
* Cosmopolitan Club
* Kadamba Ranga vedike
* Kannada Odhugara okkuta
* Bankers Recreation Club
* Sankalpa Manimandira Apartment
* Kannada Sahithya Kala Koota and Kalpavrukhsa Trust
* Vismaya Prakashana
* Samvahana Samskruthika Trust
* Githa Shishu Shikshana Sangha
* Writers from Mandya
* State Bank of Mysore
* Sri Lakshmi Mahila Society
* Institute of Engineers
* Mysuru Chess Association
* Babburu Kamme Yashaswini Mahila Sangha

==Presentations in Literary State Seminars==
[[File:Literary Presentations.jpg|thumb|Literary Presentations]]
* Vichara Gosti, Kannada Lekakiyara Sangha, Bengaluru-1967.
* Ramamurthy Kannada Mithra Sangha, Bengaluru -1970.
* District Sahithya Sammelana, Hassan – 1971.
* 48th Akila Kannada Sahitya Sasmmelana, Mysuru -1974.
* Third Akila Karnataka Women Writers Sammelana, Tumkur-1984.
* Fifth District Sahithya Sammelana, Chikkamagalur – 1984.
* Chaithrothsava, Kannada Sahithya Parishat, Hubli – 1984.
* Fourth Akhila Karnataka Women Writers Sammelana, Mandya-1985.
* Sarvadharma and Sahithya Sammelana, 59th Adiveshana, Dharmasthala – 1988.
* Vasantha Sahithyothsava, Kannada Sahithya Parishat, Pandavapura – 1988.
* Second State Level Lekakiyara Sammelana, Kannada Sahithya Parishat, Bengaluru -1990.
* Akila Karnataka Lekakiyara Sammelana, Davanagere- 1990.
* Karnataka State Makkala Sahitya Vedike, Bengaluru-1991.
* President of Mysuru District Lekakiyara Sammelana, Mysuru – 8 and 9 March 1992.
* Mysuru District Sahitya Sammelana, T.Narasipur – 1993
* Akila Karnataka Lekakiyara Sammelana, Davanagere-1993.
* Suvarna Mahotsava, Kannada Lekakiyara Sangha, Bengaluru-1993.
* First Mysore City, Brahmins Sammelana – 1994.
* Mahila Samvada Gosti, Mysuru-2001.
* Akka‟ Rastriya Mahila Natakothsava, Mysuru-2001.
* Mandya District Sixth Kannada Sahithya Sammelana, Bengaluru-2003.
* Karnataka Reshme Udyamigala Nigama Kendra, Bengaluru-2009.
* Karnataka Sahitya Academy „Rajyothsava‟ – 2010.
* B.M.Shri- Ondu Nenapu‟, Mysore University – 2011.
* B.Nanjamma Book release function, Bengaluru -2014.
* Kavitha Smaraka Prashasti Pradhana and book release function by Yashoda Ragow trust – 2015.

===Talks===
[[File:Aryamba Talk.jpg|thumb|Aryamba Talk]]
* Chintanagalu (around 15, all major Hindu festivals)
* Bekkina Kannu(Triveni's novel) broadcast in - 1998
* Smt Vani interview – 1980.
* Participated in the programme – "Triveni Ondu Nenapu"
* Twenty five short stories
* Talk on "Mother Teresa"
* One hour interview by Dr.H.P.Geetha

==Organizations==

* Publisher, Poornima Prakashana, Mysuru
* Ex- President, Kannada Lekhakiyara Trust, Mysuru
* President, Mahila Dhyana Vidyapeeta, Mysuru.
* Founder member, C.N.Jayalakshmidevi trust, Mysuru.
* Life member, Kannada Sahitya Parishat,
* Founder, President – Women's Sports Club.
* Ex-president, old students Association, Maharani‟s Arts and Commerce college, Mysuru.
* Ex-member, Book Selection Committee, State Library, Bengaluru.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pattabhi, Aryamba}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Mandya]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2015]]
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

Kaṭhina

2026-04-28T17:09:18Z

Serzeqy: Added the entry w/ infobox!

{{short description|Theravāda Buddhist festival}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Kathina
| type = Buddhist
| image = Abhisit offer Kathina robes.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Former Prime Minister [[Abhisit Vejjajiva]] of Thailand offers robes to monks in the 2010 Kathina.
| official_name =
| nickname = {{unbulleted list|কঠিন চীবর্ দান্ ''Kaṭhina Cībar Dān''|ကထိန် ''Kahtein''|កឋិន ''Kâthĕn''|กฐิน ''Kathin''|ကထ့ၢ် ''Kuh-htay''}}
| observedby = [[Theravādin|Theravādin Buddhists]]
| litcolor =
| significance =
| begins =
| ends =
| date =
| scheduling = Full moon of the eleventh month of the lunar calendar
| duration = 1 month
| frequency = Annual
| date2016 = October 23<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wattampainenglish.com/test/13-special-events/holidays/22-end-of-buddhist-lent.html|title=End of Buddhist Lent - October 04, 2020 Cancelled - WatTampaInEnglish|access-date=October 5, 2016|archive-date=October 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006064008/http://wattampainenglish.com/test/13-special-events/holidays/22-end-of-buddhist-lent.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| date2017 = 
| date2018 = 
| celebrations =
| observances =
| relatedto = [[Vassa]]
}}
{{Theravada Buddhism|Days}}
'''Kathina''' is a Buddhist festival which comes at the end of [[Vassa]], the three-month rainy season retreat for [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhists]] in [[Buddhism in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] (known as Kaṭhina Cībar Dān), [[Buddhism in Cambodia|Cambodia]], [[Buddhism in Myanmar|Myanmar]], [[Buddhism in Thailand|Thailand]], [[Buddhism in India|India]], [[Buddhism in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]], [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Vietnam]], [[Buddhism in Laos|Laos]], [[Buddhism in Malaysia|Malaysia]], and [[Buddhism in Singapore|Singapore]].<ref name="bbc">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/holydays/kathina.shtml Kathina] at [[BBC]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kathina Festival – VietNam Breaking News |url=https://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/2016/12/the-kathina-festival/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=www.vietnambreakingnews.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412082905/https://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The season during which a monastery may hold Kathina is one month long, beginning after the full moon of the eleventh month in the [[Lunar calendar]] (usually October).

It is a time of giving, for the laity to express gratitude to [[bhikkhu]]s (Buddhist monks).<ref name="kathina">{{Cite web |url=http://www.viet.net/~anson/ebud/ebdha086.htm |title=Vassa (Rains Retreat) and Kathina (Robe Offering) Ceremony |access-date=2010-10-17 |archive-date=2023-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412083016/https://www.viet.net/anson/ebud/ebdha086.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="tv">{{Cite web |url=http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=6,9375,0,0,1,0 |title=Vassa, The Rains Retreat |access-date=2010-10-17 |archive-date=2010-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028111431/http://buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=6,9375,0,0,1,0 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Householder (Buddhism)|Lay followers]] bring donations to temples, especially new robes for the monks. The gift of the Eight Requisites<ref>They are «the 3 robes, the bowl, a razor, a needle, the girdle, a water-strainer» (''The PTS Pali-English dictionary'': s. v. [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/pali_query.py?qs=parikkh%C4%81ra&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact parikkhāra])
.</ref> (''aṭṭha parikkhārā'', or Atapirikara in Sri Lanka) is also part of the offerings.<ref name="bbc"/><ref name="kathina"/><ref name="tv"/>

==Origins==
''Kaṭhina'' (or ''Kaṭina'') is a [[Pali]] word referring to the wooden frame used to measure the length and width by which the robes of Buddhist monks are cut.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.identity.opm.go.th/identity/doc/nis00847.PDF|title=The Royal Kathin Ceremony|work=Thailand: Traits and Treasures|publisher=National Identity Office|access-date=19 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603232056/http://www.identity.opm.go.th/identity/doc/nis00847.PDF|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> As the legend goes, thirty [[bhikkhu]]s were journeying with the intention of spending Vassa with [[Gautama Buddha]].<ref name="bbc"/> However, the rains began before they reached their destination and they had to stop at Saketa.<ref name="bbc"/><ref name="mind">{{Cite web |url=http://www.buddhamind.info/leftside/lifesty-2/kathina.htm |title=Buddhist Festivals: Kathina |access-date=2008-03-26 |archive-date=2017-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107121441/http://www.buddhamind.info/leftside/lifesty-2/kathina.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to Buddha's guidelines for Vassa, mendicant monks shouldn't travel during the rainy season as they may unintentionally harm crops and/or insects during their journey.<ref name="access">{{Cite web |url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khantipalo/wheel206.html#rains |title=Lay Buddhist Practice - The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence |access-date=2010-10-17 |archive-date=2020-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014731/https://accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khantipalo/wheel206.html#rains |url-status=live }}</ref> As such, the monks had to stop.<ref name="bbc"/><ref name="mind"/>

The bhikkhus passed their time together without conflict and practising Dhamma so afterwards, the Buddha rewarded the monks by demonstrating a way to practice sharing and generosity. A lay disciple had previously donated pieces of cloth to the Buddha, so the Buddha now gave the pieces to the group of monks and told them to make it into a robe and then offer it as a gift to one of them. A frame, called a Kathina, was used to hold the pieces while they were being made into one robe.<ref name="bbc"/><ref name="mind"/>

[[Chaturmasya]] ({{langx|sa|चातुर्मास्य|lit=Cāturmāsya}}; [[Pali]]: ''Catumāsa''),<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-02-09 |title=Caturmasya, Cāturmāsya: 18 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/caturmasya |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> also rendered '''Chāturmāsa''', is a similar holy period of four months in [[Hinduism]], beginning on [[Shayani Ekadashi]] (June-July) and ending on [[Prabodhini Ekadashi]] (October-November).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YnQSAAACAAJ |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism |date=2002 |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-2287-1 |pages=145 |language=en}}</ref> This period also coincides with the [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]] season in India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Melton |first=J. Gordon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&dq=chaturmas+hinduism&pg=PA172 |title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |date=2011-09-13 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-205-0 |pages=172 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rinehart |first=Robin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&dq=chaturmas+hinduism&pg=PA142 |title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice |date=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-905-8 |pages=142 |language=en}}</ref>

==Practices==

=== Malaysia ===
Kathina has been held in Malaysia since 2009, across many temples. Although 19.4% of those practising [[Buddhism in Malaysia]] are predominantly of the [[Mahayana]] tradition, a recent emergence of the [[Theravada]] tradition from Thailand in the North and Sri Lanka in the South has started the tradition of the observance of [[Vassa]] across Buddhist temples in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2009/10/29/kathina-fest-in-a-cave|title=Kathina fest in a cave|date=2009-10-29|website=The Star Online|language=en|access-date=2019-10-20|archive-date=2019-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020110734/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2009/10/29/kathina-fest-in-a-cave|url-status=live}}</ref> Vassa is observed starting on the fifteenth day of the sixth month of the Chinese lunar calendar, and the choice of the date of the Kathina celebration, as well as the end of Vassa observance for each respective temple, can range from the first day of the ninth lunar month to the fifteenth day of the tenth lunar month.

===Myanmar===
[[File:Trees of plenty Padaetharpin.jpg|thumb|Kahtein trees from Myanmar]]
[[File:Portrait of Lord Buddha created with money in Kahtein festival.jpg|thumb|Kahtein tree portraying [[Lord Buddha|Buddha]] made out of money]]
'''Kathein''' ({{langx|my|ကထိန်}}, from Pali {{lang|my|ကထိန}}) refers to the ceremony during which yellow robes called ''matho thingan'' ({{lang|my|မသိုးသင်္ကန်း}}) are offered to the [[Sangha (Buddhism)|sangha]] between the first waning day of [[Thadingyut]] ({{lang|my|သီတင်းကျွတ်}}, approximately October) and the full moon day of [[Tazaungmon]] ({{lang|my|တန်ဆောင်မုန်း}}, approximately November)<ref name="kahtein">[http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/Article/Article2004/Nov/Nov12.htm Kahtein Festival of Tazaungmon]{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in the [[Burmese calendar]]. During this period, certain rules of the [[Vinaya]] are relaxed for monks.<ref name="kahtein"/> Kahtein trees called ''badaytha bin'' ({{lang|my|ပဒေသာပင်}}), on which offerings like money are hung, are also offered.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://myanmartravelinformation.com/mti-myanmar-festivals/kathein.htm |title=Kahtein Thingan Offering Festival |access-date=2010-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620194621/http://myanmartravelinformation.com/mti-myanmar-festivals/kathein.htm |archive-date=2010-06-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kahtein trees can also be portrayed by using [[Burmese kyat|Kyat]] money between ten and hundred thousand as desired.<ref>{{cite journal |title=ငွေပဒေသာပင်တို့သီကုံးရာ |journal=The Voice Journal |url=https://thevoicejournal.com/archives/6898 |access-date=6 November 2017 |language=my |format=News |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114094417/https://thevoicejournal.com/archives/6898 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Thailand and Laos===
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2024}}

'''Kathin''' ({{langx|th|กฐิน}}) in [[Thailand]] is the name for the robes of an [[Buddhism in Thailand#Ordination and clergy|ordained monk]].<ref name=ORID>[http://rirs3.royin.go.th/dictionary.asp On-line Royal Institute Dictionary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303000030/http://rirs3.royin.go.th/dictionary.asp |date=2009-03-03 }} (ORID - 1999)</ref>

The ceremony of ''kathina'' is called ''Thot Kathin'' ({{langx|th|ทอดกฐิน}}). Under the [[Thai lunar calendar]], the ceremony can begin from the first day of the waning moon of the eleventh month. The presentation of ''kathin'' by the [[Rama (Kings of Thailand)|King of Thailand]]'s representative is called ''Royal Kathin Ceremony'' and often has been an [[Buddhism in Thailand#Government ties|occasion]] for one of Thailand's [[Royal Barge Procession]]s.

The Kathin Festival is a traditional Buddhist festival celebrated by villagers in [[Isan]] and [[Laos]]. Colourful parades and offering ceremonies at the end of monks' retreat at local temples. On ''Ok Phansa'' day of the full moon, villagers and city dwellers will go to their local temple for prayers and paying respect to the sacred. ''Ok Phansa'' is also the beginning of a 30-day period of [[merit-making]] which affords a special opportunity for prayers to Buddha and for the presentation of gifts to the monks for preserving the faith. This 30-day span of merit-making and religious gift-giving is referred to as ''Thot Kathin''.

''Thot Kathin'' takes its name from the "laying down" of new robes to the monks. The offering of new, saffron robes to the monks is particularly meritorious and important. Other gifts to the monks may include basic utensils, toiletries, writing materials, and food. Gift-giving is an act of appreciation and gratitude to the monks. Individuals or community groups (such as a village) may perform them. Many villagers combine efforts by collecting cash donations for the maintenance of their local temple. Such donations are vividly arranged on a "money tree" which looks rather like a colourful Christmas tree bedecked with banknotes as the "foliage". The money tree is ceremoniously paraded to the temple, led by a team of drummers and musicians, with the villagers carrying their own individual gifts on trays bringing up the rear. In this way at ''Thot Kathin'', the lay-people of Thailand reaffirm their faith and, in a joyous fashion, bring gifts to Buddha and his servants.

==See also==
*[[Pavarana]]
*[[Asalha Puja]]
*[[Wan Ok Phansa]]
*[[Thadingyut Festival]]
*[[Tazaungdaing Festival]]
*[[List of Buddhist festivals]]

==References==
{{commonscat|Kathina Festival}}
{{Reflist}}
*[https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=KXhyphQAAAAJ&citation_for_view=KXhyphQAAAAJ:qjMakFHDy7sC] Anuda Kanchana, “A Brief Introduction to the Gradual Development of Kaṭhina”, Refereed Journal of the Department of Practical Buddhist Studies (2019), Sri Lanka Bhikshu University, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, Page Numbers – 136- 145.

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Sri Lankan Buddhist Observances}}

[[Category:Theravada]]
[[Category:Buddhist festivals]]
[[Category:October observances]]
[[Category:Buddhist festivals in Thailand]]
[[Category:Buddhist festivals in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Observances on non-Gregorian calendars]]

Bhim S. Dahiya

2026-04-27T01:10:57Z

Serzeqy: added a info v1.

{{Short description|Indian academician and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhim S. Dahiya
| office = [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Kurukshetra University]]
| term_start = July 1993
| term_end = July 1996
| predecessor1 = Krishnaswami Balaram
| successor1 = M. L. Ranga
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 24 June 1982
| term_end2 = 23 June 1987
| constituency2 = Rohat
| predecessor2 = Om Prakash Rana
| successor2 = Mohinder Singh
| image = Bhim S. Dahiya - Portrait.jpg
| caption = Dahiya in 2009
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1938|04|07}}
| birth_place = Silana ([[Sonipat district]]), [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Haryana]], [[India]])
| citizenship = India
| children = 3
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
*[[Panjab University]] ([[B.Sc.]])
*[[Kurukshetra University]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]])
*[[University of Cincinnati]] ([[Ph.D.]]) }}
| profession = {{hlist|Academic|writer|politician}}
| appointer = [[Dhanik Lal Mandal]]
}}
'''Bhim Singh Dahiya''' (born 7 April 1938) is an Indian educationist, author and a politician. He was formerly [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Kurukshetra University]] and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member]] of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]], elected to the assembly from Rohat constituency. Having numerous books to his name, he wrote extensively on [[literary criticism]], [[Education reform|educational reforms]] and politics of [[Haryana]].

==Education==
Dahiya received his early education in Rohtak, after-which he graduated from [[Panjab University]] with a [[B.Sc.]] degree in 1960. He received an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in English with distinction from [[Kurukshetra University]] in 1963. While teaching, he obtained his [[Ph.D.]] from the [[University of Cincinnati]], Ohio, in 1975.<ref>{{cite news |title=Literary speaking |date=27 September 2010 |newspaper=[[The Tribune (India)]]|location=Chandigarh |page=3 |via=Life+Style}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Bhim Singh Dahiya was born on 7 April 1938.<ref name="mla"/> He started his teaching career as a [[lecturer]] at All India Jat Heroes' Memorial College, Rohtak, in 1963 and joined [[Delhi University]] in the same capacity in 1964, and then the Kurukshetra University in 1965.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |last=Malik |first=Rakesh |title=Time to go for a complete revamp |date=4 March 2011 |newspaper=[[Times of India]]|location=Haryana |pages=1–2 |via=Times Plus}}</ref>

He joined as a teaching fellow in [[University of Cincinnati]]'s Department of English between 1971 and 1975 and was then awarded the Taft Fellowship for three years in the same university in 1973. During 1976–77, he served as [[Reader (academic rank)|reader]] at Kurukshetra University. He subsequently joined [[Maharshi Dayanand University|M.D. University]] as a professor of English during 1979 and 1980. He was a professor of English at Kurukshetra University from 1987 to 1991. During 1996–98, Dahiya was a senior research fellow at [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]].<ref name="toi"/>

He held multiple administrative positions also. He served as [[Registrar (education)|registrar]] of M.D. University from 1977 to 1979. Later became the Chairman of Department of English at Kurukshetra University from 1991 to 1992. Eventually became the [[Pro-Vice Chancellor]] of the same university and remained in the position from 1992 to 1993, finally he was appointed as the [[Vice-Chancellor]] in 1993 and held the position up to 1996.<ref name="DOE">{{cite web |title=Department Of English, Kurukshetra University (Profile) |url=http://kuknew1.tripod.com/dept/eng.pdf |publisher=[[Kurukshetra University]]}}</ref> During 1996–1998, Dahiya remained on the board of directors of United States Educational Foundation in India (presently known as the [[United States-India Educational Foundation]]).<ref name="toi"/>

He briefly entered public life and remained [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA)]] of [[Lok Dal]] party in [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] (Haryana State Legislature), representing Rohat constituency (presently known as [[Kharkhauda Assembly constituency]]) from 1982 to 1987.<ref name="mla">{{cite web |title=MLA Details, Haryana Vidhan Sabha | date=17 July 2018 |url=https://haryanaassembly.gov.in/mla-details/?id=22191 |publisher=[[Haryana Vidhan Sabha]]}}</ref>

Dahiya has been President of The Shakespeare Association, India, since its inception in 2008. The Association organises international seminars and discussions on important literary events.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr. Hans honoured by the Shakespeare Association |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130430/haryana.htm#9 |newspaper=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]|location=India|date=29 April 2013|access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref>

== Works ==
Dahiya's works include:

===Books===
* ''The Hero in Hemingway: A Study in Development''. Bahri Publishers, New Delhi, 1978.
* ''Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises: A Critical Introduction''. Lakeside Publishers, Faridabad, 1986.
* ''Teaching English Literature''. Lakeside Publishers, Faridabad, 1988.
* ''Poet-critics on Shakespeare''. Ajanta International, Delhi, 1991.
* ''Hemingway's a Farewell to Arms: A Critical Study''. Academic Foundation, New Delhi, 1991.
* ''Major Trends In English Literature (1837-1945)''. Academic Foundation, New Delhi, 1992.
* ''Sound in Sense: An Anthology of Poems''. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1993.
* ''Higher Education in India: Some Reflections''. Khama Publishers, New Delhi, 1996.
* ''Education in Independent India: Promises, Pressures, Pitfalls''. Khosla Publishing House, New Delhi, 1998.
* ''The University Autonomy in India: The Idea and the Reality''. Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, 2001.
* ''Objective Type Questions On Literature In English (for UGC's Net)''. Cee Bee Publications, Delhi, 2004.
* ''A New History of English Literature''. Doaba Publications, New Delhi, 2005.
* ''Dr Sarup Singh and His Times: An Anecdotal Account''. Shanti Prakashan, Ahmedabad, 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pride of Haryana, R. W. Desai|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070429/spectrum/book5.htm|publisher=[[The Tribune (India)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=For Dr Sarup Singh |date=9 March 2007 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|location=Chandigarh |page=4 |via=HT City Weekend}}</ref>
* ''Power Politics in Haryana: A View from the Bridge''. Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Complex Picture, Anand Prakash|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081207/spectrum/book5.htm|publisher=[[The Tribune (India)]]}}</ref>
* ''Postmodern Essays on Love, Sex, and Marriage in Shakespeare''. Viva Books, New Delhi, 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Realism of the Great Bard, G. K. Das|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080224/spectrum/book1.htm|publisher=[[The Tribune (India)]]}}</ref>
* ''Shakespeare's Intellectual Background''. Viva Books, New Delhi, 2008.
* ''Scholars in Shakespeare: A Postmodern Scrutiny''. The Shakespeare Association, Kurukshetra, 2010.<ref name="rev"/>
* ''Shakespeare: A New Biography''. The Shakespeare Association, Kurukshetra, 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inimitable Bard of Avon, Shelly Walia|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101010/spectrum/book1.htm|publisher=[[The Tribune (India)]]}}</ref>
* ''Shakespeare's Speculum: Essays on Social Issues''. The Shakespeare Association, Kurukshetra, 2011.<ref name="rev">{{cite web |title=Bard in the Present, Shelley Walia|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111030/spectrum/book1.htm|publisher=[[The Tribune (India)]]}}</ref>
* ''The Rise of Haryana and the Fall of Democracy''. Shanti Prakashan, Ahmedabad, 2012.
* ''Women in Shakespeare: A Post-Feminist Review''. Viva Books, New Delhi, 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shakespeare's heroines: A room of their own, Rumina Sethi|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131117/spectrum/book1.htm|publisher=[[The Tribune (India)]]}}</ref>

===Scholarly articles===
*"Structural Patterns in the Novels of Barth, Vonnegut and Pynchon", Indian Journal of American Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1 & 2 (Jan. & July, 1975), pp. 53–68. <ref group=N name="Additional inclusions group=N">Later included in the 20th Century American Novel: A Collection of Critical Articles, ed. B.M. Bhalte (New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers, 1981), pp. 203-218.</ref>
* "The Idea of Influence in Literature", Jodhpur Studies in English,. Vol. 1 (1980), pp. 85–95.<ref group=N name="Additional inclusions 2 group=N">Reprinted in Focus in Literature: Professor C.A. Shepard Commemoration Volume, ed. C.T. Thomas, Dr. S. Velayudhin, et al. (Madras: MacMillan, 1982), pp. 297-305.</ref>
* "Stevens' Sunday Morning: A Reading", Indian Journal of American Studies, Vol. 8, No. 1 (January, 1978), pp. 1–8.
* "The Two Gentlemen of Verona as Comedy", Panjab University Research Bulletin (Arts), Vol. XI, No. 1 & 2 (1980), pp. 17–24.
* "Life and Arts in Hemingway's The Garden of Eden", Panjab University Research Bulletin (Arts), Vol. XX, No. 2 (October, 1989).
* "Shakespeare's Mona Lisa: Another Look at Hamlet", Panjab University Research Bulletin (Arts), Vol. XXIII, No. I (April, 1992), pp. 3–10.
* "Managing Supply and Demand in Human Resource Planning Through Universities", Human Resource Development: Global Changes and Strategies in 2000 A.D., ed. Uddesh Kohli and Dharni P. Sinha (New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1994), pp. 121–129.
* "Higher Education Today: An Overview", Universities News, Association of Indian Universities, Vol. XXXILI, No. 10 (March 6, 1995), pp. 1–3.
* "Translating a Literary Text from English to an Indian Language: Difficulties and Challenges", University News, Association of Indian Universities, Vol. XXXIT, No.17 (April 24, 1995), pp. 1–3.
* "Challenges of Globalization For the Academic Profession", Global Civilization and Cultural Roots (Paris: International Association of Universities, 1995), pp. 124–129.
* "Treatment of Suffering in Wordsworth, Arnold and Auden", Panjab Journal of English Studies, Vol. 12 (1997), pp. 1–10.

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group="N"}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dahiya, Bhim S.}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Cincinnati alumni]]
[[Category:Kurukshetra University alumni]]
[[Category:Scholars of English literature]]
[[Category:Shakespearean scholars]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Kurukshetra University]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:Lok Dal politicians]]

Podem Veeraiah

2026-04-25T06:53:24Z

Serzeqy: starting basic post added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Podem Veeraiah''' (born 2 January 1966) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is a three time MLA from [[Bhadrachalam Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for ST community in [[Bhadradri Kothagudem district]]. He represented [[Indian national Congress party]] and won the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhadrachalam (ST) assembly election results 2023: Bhadrachalam (ST) Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/bhadrachalam-st-assembly-result-29119 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Bhadrachalam Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bhadrachalam-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687725.html |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Veeraiah is from [[Mulugu]], [[Mulugu district]], Telangana. His is born to Sammaiah and Radha Bai. He completed his intermediate in 1984 at Government High School, Mulugu, [[Hanamkonda district|Hanamkonda]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://myneta.info/telangana2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5251 | title=PODEM VEERAIAH (Winner) | website=myneta.info | access-date=2024-07-25}}</ref> He married Podem Padma and they have a son and a daughter.<ref name=":0">[https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/getMLAMemberDetails?memid=3406&constid=119&orderby=1&termid=15 Unknown]{{Dead link | date=July 2024 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

== Career ==
Veeraiah won from [[Bhadrachalam Assembly constituency]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Indian National Congress]] in the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 47,746 votes and defeated his nearest rival [[Tellam Venkata Rao]] of [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] by a margin of 11,785 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bhadrachalam Constituency Election Results 2023: Bhadrachalam Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/bhadrachalam |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Earlier, he became an MLA for the first time winning the [[Mulug Assembly constituency]] in the [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. He defeated [[Azmeera Chandulal]] of Telugu Desam Party by a margin of 14,555 votes. He retained Mulug seat representing Indian National Congress in the [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004 Assembly election]] for the second time defeating [[Seethakka|Anasuya Danasari (Seethakka)]] of Telugu Desam Party by a margin of 14,594 votes. But had to wait till [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]] to win again.<ref name=":0" /> However, contesting on Congress ticket, he lost the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Bhadrachalam Telangana Assembly Constituency Election 2023: Date of Result, Voting, Counting; Candidates |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bhadrachalam-telangana-constituency-election-2023-candidates-list-election-voting-election-result-date-winner-runner-up-details/3280939/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahdrachalam Election Result 2023 Live, Bahdrachalam Elections Vote Counting, Telangana Results 2023 {{!}} ABP News |url=https://news.abplive.com/electionselectionselectionselections/telangana-assembly-election-2023/telangana-bahdrachalam-constituency-119.html |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> to [[Tellam Venkata Rao|Dr. Tellam Venkata Rao]] of BRS by a margin of 5,719 votes.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vikramarka, Mallu Bhatti}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:People from Bhadradri Kothagudem district]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Balakrishnan Manikantan

2026-04-24T14:21:45Z

Serzeqy: added some stub from scratch

{{Short description|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, India}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| name = Balakrishnan Manikantan
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM|AVSM|VM}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Air Marshal Balakrishnan Manikantan.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]
| term_start = 1 May 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Ashutosh Dixit]]
| office1 = Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]]
| term_start1 = 1 May 2023
| term_end1 = 30 April 2025
| predecessor1 = [[Jonnalagedda Chalapati]]
| successor1 = [[Manish Khanna (air marshal)|Manish Khanna]]
| birth_date = 
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]
| allegiance = {{Country|India}}
| branch = {{Air force|India}}
| service_years = 7 June 1986 – Present
| rank = [[File:Indian IAF OF-8.svg|24px]] [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| military_blank1 = [[Service number]]
| military_data1 = 18291<ref name="bmani-brf">{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/18291|title=Air Marshal Balakrishnan Manikantan - BRF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=2023-05-01}}</ref>
| unit = [[No. 152 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 152 Helicopter Unit]]
| commands = [[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]] [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]]
| battles = [[Operation Meghdoot]] [[Operation Pawan]]
| battles_label =
| awards = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[Vayu Sena Medal]]
| spouse = [[Group captain (India)|Group Captain]] Nirmala Tutakne Manikantan
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| other_name =
| memorials =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| module =
| alma_mater = [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]]
}}

[[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] '''Balakrishnan Manikantan''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vayu Sena Medal|VM]] is an officer of the [[Indian Air Force]]. He is currently serving as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C), [[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]. Previously, he served as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]]. He assumed the office on 1 May 2023 till 30 April 2025 succeeding [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Jonnalagedda Chalapati]].<ref name="pib-020523">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1921367|title= AIR MARSHAL BALAKRISHNAN MANIKANTAN TAKES OVER AS AIR OFFICER COMMANDING-IN-CHIEF SOUTHERN AIR COMMAND|publisher=PIB|date=2023-05-02}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Balakrishnan Manikantan, a native [[Thiruvarppu]], a village in [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]. Born to a teacher couple, Balakrishna Pillai and P K Lakshmi Kutty Amma, Manikantan is an alumnus of [[Sainik School Kazhakootam|Sanik School]], [[Kazhakootam]] and [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], [[Pune]]. He holds a Post Graduate degree from [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]], Masters in Management Studies (MMS) from [[College of Defence Management]], [[Secunderabad]] and M Phil from [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], [[New Delhi]].<ref name="iaf-sac">{{cite web|url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/southern-air-command|title=AOC-in-C-SAC|publisher=Indian Air Force|date=2023-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504072822/https://indianairforce.nic.in/southern-air-command/|archive-date=2023-05-04}}</ref><ref name="lmt-010523">{{cite web|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/sainik-school-classmates-on-a-high-as-new-southern-air-command-chief-takes-over-on-tuesday/|title=Sainik School, classmates on a high as new Southern Air Command chief takes over on Tuesday |publisher=Lokmat Times|date=2023-05-01}}</ref>

==Career==
Balakrishnan Manikantan was commissioned as the helicopter pilot in the Indian Air Force. In a career spanning over 37 years, he has as more than 5,400 hours of flying experience across various helicopters and fixed wing plane.<ref name="th-010523">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/air-marshal-b-manikantan-takes-over-as-aoc-in-c-sac/article66803556.ece|title= Air Marshal B. Manikantan takes over as AOC-in-C, SAC|work=The Hindu|date=2023-05-01|first=Nanditakumar|last=T}}</ref>

He is a Helicopter combat leader and a Cat ‘A’ qualified flying instructor. He served as the commanding officer of [[No. 152 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 152 Helicopter Unit]] and has taken part in the Indian Air Force contingent at UN Mission in [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]].

As [[Group captain (India)|Group Captain]], he served as the station commander of [[Allahabad Airport]] and later as [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]], he served as the Air Officer Commanding of 21 Wing at [[Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport|AFS Leh]] in the Western sector. Under his command, the units won trophies for performance at the Command level.

As [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]], he served as the Senior Air & Administration Staff Officer, [[Maintenance Command]] at [[Nagpur]]. Later, helped in setting up International Defence Cooperation at HQ-IDS and served as the Assistant Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (ACIDS) at [[Integrated Defence Staff]].

He took part in the [[Operation Pawan]], an operation against [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] by [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] and [[Operation Meghdoot]].<ref name="mb-100822">{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kottayam-native-becomes-3rd-malayali-to-be-promoted-as-air-marshal-1.7773921|title=Kottayam native B Manikandan becomes 3rd Malayali to be promoted as Air Marshal|publisher=Mathrubhumi|date=2022-08-10}}</ref>

After his promotion to [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] in August 2022, he served as the Senior Air Staff Officer, [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]] till 30 April 2023.<ref name="nie-080822">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/aug/08/kottayam-native-manikantan-set-to-become-air-marshal-2485195.html|title=Kottayam native Manikantan set to become Air Marshal|first=Cynthia|last=Chandran|publisher=New Indian Express|date=2022-08-08}}</ref>

He took over as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]] on 1 May 2023 from [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Jonnalagedda Chalapati]] and served till 30 April 2025.<ref name="pib-020523"/>

Later, he was appointed as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]] on 1 May 2025.<ref name="NIE-010525">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/30/armed-forces-up-for-major-rejig-as-new-northern-army-commander-iaf-vice-chief-appointed|title=Armed forces up for major rejig as new Northern Army Commander, IAF Vice Chief appointed|publisher=New Indian Express|date=2025-05-01}}</ref>

== Honours and decorations ==
During his career, Balakrishnan Manikantan has received the Commendation card by AOC-in-C, [[Training Command (India)|Training Command]] in 1988 and again by GOC-in-C, [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]] in 2015. He has been awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2025, [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2017 and [[Vayu Sena Medal]] in 2006 for his service.<ref name="PVSM">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096200|title=President approves Gallantry awards to 93 Armed Forces personnel, including 12 posthumous & 305 defence decorations on the eve of Republic Day 2025|work=PIB|date=2025-01-25}}</ref><ref name="iaf-sac"/><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1485391|title= 398 Republic Day Gallantry and other Defence Decorations Announced |publisher=PIB|date=2017-01-25}}</ref>

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Vayusena Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} [[File:IND_Samanya_Seva_medal.svg|105x105px]] [[File:IND_Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_Siachen_Glacier_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Operation_Vijay_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Operation_Parakram_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_High_Altitude_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Videsh_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:75yearmedal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_50th_Anniversary_Independence_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:UN_MONUC_Medal_ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Vayu Sena Medal]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Special Service Medal (India)|Special Service Medal]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Siachen Glacier Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Operation Vijay Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Videsh Seva Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[MONUSCO]]
|}

== Personal life ==
A fitness enthusiast and voracious reader, he is married to [[Group captain (India)|Group Captain]] Nirmala Tutakne Manikantan (Retd). The couple has a son Astrith and a daughter Abhishree.<ref name="mb-100822"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}{{Succession box
| title = Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]
| years = 1 May 2025 – Present
| before = [[Ashutosh Dixit]]
| after = Incumbent
}}{{Succession box
| title = Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]]
| years = 1 May 2023 – 30 April 2025
| before = [[Jonnalagedda Chalapati]]
| after = [[Manish Khanna (air marshal)|Manish Khanna]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = Senior Air Staff Officer - [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]
| years = 22 August 2022 – 30 April 2023
| before = [[Amar Preet Singh]]
| after = [[Tejinder Singh (air marshal)|Tejinder Singh]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manikantan, Balakrishnan}}
[[Category:Sainik School alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force air marshals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vayu Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]

Ministry of Ports Development (Maharashtra)

2026-04-23T09:59:58Z

Serzeqy: created new details

{{Short description|Maharashtra government ministry responsible for Ports Development}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a = '''मंत्रालय बंदर विकास विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Ports Development [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Nitesh Rane]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Ports Development''' is a Ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]].

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] minister. '''[[Nitesh Rane]]''' is Current Minister of Ports Development, [[Government of Maharashtra]] as on October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETInfra.com |title=Maharashtra approves ₹3,040 cr for mega Vadhvan port project |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/ports-shipping/maharashtra-approves-3040-cr-for-mega-vadhvan-port-project/120119908 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Maritime: 15 MoUs Signed for Port Expansion |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/maharashtra-signs-15-mous-3777790 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Ports Development (Maharashtra)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Ports Development}} '''मंत्री बंदर विकास विभाग'''
|image=File:Nitesh rane at ministry meeting (cropped).jpg
| incumbent = [[Nitesh Narayan Rane]]
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''', 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural =
*'''[[Homi J. H. Taleyarkhan]]'''
(1960-1962)
| precursor =
* '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
(2024 - 2024)
| deputy =
'''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 21 December 2024
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Ports Development
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Homi J. H. Taleyarkhan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 22 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''M. G. Mane''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 02 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''D. S. Palaspagar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Balasaheb Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan Constituency No. 261]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Yashwantrao Mohite]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South Constituency No. 260]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''M. B. Popat''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Dhobitalao Constituency No. 160]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Yashwantrao Mohite]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South Constituency No. 260]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Hari Govindrao Vartak]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Bassein-Vasai Constituency No. 180]]- [[Palghar district|Palghar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Nihal Ahmed Maulavi Mohammed Usman]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malegaon Central Assembly constituency|Malegaon Central Constituency No. 114]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|17 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}
|[[Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''S. M. I. Aseer''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Ahmednagar South Constituency No. 223]]- [[Ahmednagar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|11 October}} 1982
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1982|10|11}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 October}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|10|11|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Balachandra Bhai Sawant''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Balachandra Bhai Sawant''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Balachandra Bhai Sawant''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Waman Ramchandra Sherekar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhandup Assembly constituency|Bhandup Constituency No. 178]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Padamsinh Bajirao Patil (dr- Saheb) 2014-05-17 06-38.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad Constituency No. 242]]- [[Osmanabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|01|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Datta Meghe]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 15 - [[Wardha District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1991|01|015|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|30 December}} 1991
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1991|12|30}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="2" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vijaysinh Mohite Patil 2014-05-19 00-16.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vijaysinh Mohite-Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras Constituency No. 254]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|12|30|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Prabhakar Dharkar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 16 - [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]] Supported party [[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Ganesh Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Belapur Assembly constituency|Belapur Constituency No. 151]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Diwakar Raote]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 20 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May }} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Narayan Rane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kudal Assembly constituency|Malvan Constituency No. 269]]- [[Sindhudurg District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Husain Dalwai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Ratnagiri Khed Constituency No. 266]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2003|01|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|23 December}} 2003
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2003|12|23}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|23 December}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|12|23|2004|11|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Patangrao Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon Constituency No. 285]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Ravisheth Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pen Assembly constituency|Pen Constituency No. 191]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi Constituency No. 218]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Narayan Rane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 03 - [[Sindhudurg District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2019|11|12}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''(In Charge)''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Subhash Desai.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Subhash Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Aslam Shaikh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malad West Assembly constituency|Malad West Constituency No. 162]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} ''(In Charge)''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|
|'''[[Dadaji Bhuse]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency|Malegaon Outer Constituency No. 81]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
!{{ayd|2022|08|14|2023|07|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|45
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
| [[File:Shri._Sanjay_Bansode.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Sanjay Bansode]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir Constituency No. 237]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2023|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|46
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|05}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|47
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Nitesh rane at ministry meeting (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Nitesh Narayan Rane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kankavli Assembly constituency|Kankavli-Vaibhavwadi-Devgad Constituency No. 268]]- [[Sindhudurg District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Ports Development
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar Abdul Nabi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod Constituency No. 104]]- [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District]] Also Previously Known [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|27}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| rowspan="2"|[[Aslam Shaikh]]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Aditi Tatkare]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} ''Additional_Charge''
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|27|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024'
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Dadaji Bhuse]] (2022 - 2023)
*[[Sanjay Bansode]] (2023 – 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"|[[Nitesh Rane]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Nandita Roy

2026-04-20T10:36:51Z

Serzeqy: created new entry

{{short description|Indian filmmaker and screenwriter (born 1958)}}
{{Mscn|date=April 2026}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nandita Roy
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1955|4|3}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter
| website = {{URL|http://www.windowsproductions.com/}}
}}
'''Nandita Roy''' (born April 3, 1955) is an Indian filmmaker, editor and screenwriter. She made her directorial debut with the film ''[[Icche]]'' (2011) along with her co-director [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]. The two have also directed ''[[Accident (2012 film)|Accident]]'', ''[[Muktodhara]]'', ''[[Alik Sukh]]'', ''[[Ramdhanu]]'', ''[[Bela Seshe]]'', ''[[Haami]]'', ''[[Praktan]]'' , ''[[Posto (film)]], [[Konttho|Konntho]], [[Gotro]]''.<ref>{{cite web | title = Director duo Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee: Rooted in reality | publisher = [[Khaleej Times]] | url = http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=data/expressions/2014/March/expressions_March3.xml&section=expressions | author = Swati Sengupta | date = 1 March 2014 | accessdate = 10 July 2014 | archive-date = 9 September 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140909075153/http://khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=data%2Fexpressions%2F2014%2FMarch%2Fexpressions_March3.xml&section=expressions | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Tollywood|publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140530/jsp/t2/story_18413963.jsp#.U769P5SSyAo | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182320/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140530/jsp/t2/story_18413963.jsp#.U769P5SSyAo | url-status = dead | archive-date = 14 July 2014 |date=30 May 2014| accessdate = 10 July 2014 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Nandita Roy was born on April 3, 1955, in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nandita Roy|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm5181252/|access-date=2021-04-20|website=IMDb}}</ref> She attended high school at [[St. Joseph's Convent High School, Mumbai|St. Joseph's Convent High School]] in the suburb of [[Vile Parle]], and is an economics graduate of Parle College. She began work as a primary schoolteacher in St. Joseph's Convent. She later studied for her postgrad in economics from [[University of Mumbai]], [[Santacruz, Mumbai#Kalina|Kalina]]. She married [[Nitish Roy]] in 1977. Currently she lives in [[Kolkata]], [[India]] with her family.

==Career==
{{example farm|section|date=March 2017}}
Roy began her professional career in 1978, as a glove-puppet operator and co-director on ''Agadoom-Bagadoom'', a short puppet film for children. Through the 1980s and 1990s, Roy built up a broad resume in various films, working as an assistant editor, assistant director, set dresser, research assistant, and scriptwriter, learning many sides of the business.

Roy moved to television{{when|date=March 2017}} and became responsible for [[ETV Network]]'s first nonfiction and fiction production house, and was the creative and administrative manager of their Bengali-language channel. She created 19 original nonfiction programs for the network, including the first Bengali women's magazine program, ''Sreemoti''. Roy also started a series of one-hour television films by well-known directors.

Roy started Windows Productions with [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]].{{when|date=March 2017}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.windowsproductions.com/index.php/en/about-wp/producers |title=Meet Our Producers |access-date=9 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033551/http://www.windowsproductions.com/index.php/en/about-wp/producers |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Together they produced programs for many channels:

*Tara Bangla – ''Benudir Ranna Ghar'', ''Ki Chai Aaj Ke Taka Na Sona''
*Zee Bangla – ''Naari'', ''Kaane Kaane'', ''Ilish E Parbon'', ''Oder Bolte Dao'', ''Shanai'', ''Bangla Bolche'', ''Cadre No. 1''
*E-TV Bangla – ''Ritur Mela Jhoom Tara Ra Ra'', ''Aajker Mushkil Assan'', ''Pujor Caravan'', ''Pochishe Baisakh (Anondo Dhwani Jagao Gagane)'', ''Modhukar Manjiro Baje'', ''Chandalika'' (dance drama), ''Shyama'' (dance drama), ''Shapmochan'' (dance drama), ''Mayar Khela'' (dance drama), ''Mahanayika'' (live event), ''Megastar'', ''Saath pake bandha'', ''Ebong Rituporno'', ''Jobab chai jobab dao'', ''Saaf Kotha'', ''Janata Express'', ''Barishaler Bor Kolkatar kone'', ''Prothoma''
*E-TV Bihar, UP, MP, Rajasthan – ''Koi Kisise Kam Nahin'', ''Galiyon Ka Raja''
*Aakash Bangla – ''Swarga Live'', ''Siddhel Chor'', ''Kailash Prem'', ''Swapno Sundari''
*Tara Muzik – ''Anjali'', ''Gitanjali'', ''Gitobitan'', ''Ganer Tori'', ''Cholti Haoa'', ''World of DJs'', ''Dhitang Dhitang Bole'', ''Cinemar Gaan''
*N-TV (Bangladesh) – ''Ke Korbe Baaji Maat''
*Channel–I (Bangladesh) – ''Modhukar Manjiro Baje'', music videos
*24 Ghanta – ''Aajker Naari''
*Doordarshan Kendra–Kolkata – ''Bouma'', ''Dakbabu''
*Rupashi Bangla – ''Dance pe chance'' (season 1 and 2)

==Filmography as director and screenplay writer==
{{Update section|date=May 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Filmography as director and screenplay writer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5181252/|title=Nandita Roy|website=IMDb|access-date=30 June 2018|archive-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314110758/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm5181252/?|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Release date !! Title !! CBFC rating !! Producer
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Haami]]'' || U ||Windows Productions
|-
| 15 July 2011|| ''[[Icche]]'' || U || Vignesh Films
|-
| 30 September 2011|| ''Hello Memshaheb'' || U/A || Arijit Biswas
|-
| 3 August 2012 || ''[[Muktodhara]]'' || U/A || Bachchu Biswas
|-
| 28 September 2012|| [[Accident (2012 film)|''Accident'']] || A || Kaustav Ray
|-
| 19 July 2013 || ''[[Alik Sukh]]'' || U ||Windows Production
|-
| 6 June 2014 || ''[[Ramdhanu]]'' || U ||Windows Production
|-
| 1 May 2015 || ''[[Bela Seshe]]'' || U || Atanu Raychaudhuri, Probhat Roy, M.K. Media and Windows
|-
| 27 May 2016 || ''[[Praktan]]'' || U/A || Atanu Raychaudhuri, Probhat Roy, Windows Production House
|-
| May 2017 || ''[[Posto (film)|Posto]]'' || U ||Windows Production
|}

''Praktan'' was the highest-grossing Bengali film of 2016 and swept the [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|West Bengal Film Journalist Awards]] including Most Popular Film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kolkatabengalinfo.com/2017/01/wbfja-2016-award-winner-names-best-bengali-film-actor.html|title=WBFJA 2016 Award Winner Names {{!}} List of All WBFJA 2016 Award Winners of Bengali Film Industry|last=Kumar|first=S|website=www.kolkatabengalinfo.com|access-date=2017-03-04|archive-date=4 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304200033/http://www.kolkatabengalinfo.com/2017/01/wbfja-2016-award-winner-names-best-bengali-film-actor.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Bela Seshe'' and ''Icche'' also had highly-successful theatrical runs of 250 and 125 days, respectively. Many of her films met with critical acclaim. ''Icche'' was screened at the Indian Panorama Film Festival, ''Accident'' was selected for the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]], and ''Alik Sukh'' premiered at the [[Cannes Film Festival]]. The [[National Film Archive of India]] accepted ''Icche'' as part of their collection for cultural and educational purposes. ''Icche'', ''Muktodhara'' and ''Ramdhanu'' were included in the BEd curriculum of [[Visva-Bharati University]]. ''Icche'' and ''Muktodhara'' have also been used by the Certificate Course on Legal and Psychological Counselling for Women in Distress.

==Awards==
* [[Anandalok Awards|Anandalok Award 2012]] – Best Film for ''[[Muktodhara]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kolkatabengalinfo.com/2012/11/anandalok-award-winners-2012-who-wins.html|title=Anandalok Award Winners 2012 – Who wins Anandalok Puraskar of Bengali TV & Films|first=S|last=Kumar|website=www.kolkatabengalinfo.com|access-date=9 July 2014|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109085418/http://www.kolkatabengalinfo.com/2012/11/anandalok-award-winners-2012-who-wins.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Awards East|Filmfare Award (East) 2014]] – Best Direction for the film ''[[Alik Sukh]]''<ref>[[Filmfare Awards East]]</ref>
* Indian Business Film Awards 2016 to ''[[Praktan]]''{{verify source|date=March 2017}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Praktan-gets-Highest-Grossing-Movie-award/articleshow/54602987.cms|title=Praktan gets Highest Grossing Movie award - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-03-04|archive-date=19 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119052355/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Praktan-gets-Highest-Grossing-Movie-award/articleshow/54602987.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[8th Filmfare Awards Bangla|Filmfare Awards Bangla 2025]] – Best Film for ''[[Bohurupi]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-bangla-and-glamour-style-awards-2025/bangla-winners|title=Filmfare Awards Bangla 2025 Winners: Complete List Out|work=Filmfare|access-date=18 March 2025|archive-date=18 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318195555/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-bangla-and-glamour-style-awards-2025/bangla-winners|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[8th Filmfare Awards Bangla|Filmfare Awards Bangla 2025]] – Best Director for ''[[Bohurupi]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-bangla-and-glamour-style-awards-2025/bangla-winners|title=Filmfare Awards Bangla 2025 Winners: Complete List Out|work=Filmfare}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5181252}}

{{Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Nandita}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards East winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards Bangla winners]]
[[Category:Windows Production]]

Tribal Museum Bhopal

2026-04-18T04:09:12Z

Serzeqy: Made basic article v1!

{{Short description|Museum of tribal art in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Madhya Pradesh State Tribal Museum
| image =
| caption =
| established = {{Start date and age|6 June 2013}}
| location = Shymala Hills, [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] 462002
| coordinates = {{coord|23.2344|77.3848|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}
| type = Anthropological museum
| website = {{url|https://mptribalmuseum.com/english/}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}

[[File:Tribal Museum Bhopal 3.jpg|thumb|Madhya Pradesh Tribal Museum, Bhopal]]

The '''Tribal Museum of Bhopal''' or '''Madhya Pradesh Tribal Museum''' is located close to the [[State Museum, Bhopal]], near the [[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya|Museum of Man/ Museum of Mankind]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mptribalmuseum.com/|title=मध्यप्रदेश जनजातीय संग्रहालय, भोपाल|website=mptribalmuseum.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/mp/inspire-me/culture/view-life-tribal-museum-bhopal/|title=A View into Life: Tribal Museum Bhopal|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yometro.com/travel-guide/attraction-tribal-museum-bhopal|title=Tribal Museum, Bhopal – History, Timings, Entry Fee, Location |website=YoMetro : Metro Travel Guide}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-9th-foundation-day-of-mp-tribal-museum-to-begin-from-june-6|title=Bhopal: 9th foundation day of MP Tribal Museum to begin from June 6|website=Free Press Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://visitworldheritage.com/en/buddha/madhya-pradesh-tribal-museum/e47faf87-1d7d-483c-be04-eb79add1f22d|title=Madhya Pradesh Tribal Museum | World Heritage Journeys Buddha|website=visitworldheritage.com}}</ref> in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. This is a museum dedicated to the living aspects of tribal life, indigenous knowledge systems, and aesthetics.

[[File:Tribal Museum Bhopal 1.jpg|thumb]]

[[File:Tribal Museum Bhopal 2.jpg|thumb]]

==Introduction==
The tribal museum was designed by [[Revathi Kamath]]. It was inaugurated on June 6, 2013, by the then-[[president of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.taleof2backpackers.com/tribal-museum-bhopal/|title=MP Tribal Museum, Bhopal, Preserving Cultural Identity | T2B|first=Agni|last=Amrita|date=4 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/tribal-museum-to-stay-open-till-8pm-to-stay-shut-on-mondays/articleshow/89258399.cms|title=Tribal Museum To Stay Open Till 8pm, To Stay Shut On Mondays|website=The Times of India|date=February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Ina |date=2022 |title=The Madhya Pradesh Tribal Museum in Bhopal, India |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/fbfa65f4eab31272ada1e434df7dcd9d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=26212 |journal=International Journal of Arts and Management |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=96–105 |id={{ProQuest| }}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Ina |date=2019 |title=A guilty pleasure? The Indian museum as a popular backdrop for selfies |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09647775.2019.1596827?journalCode=rmmc20 |journal=Museum Management and Curatorship |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=433–447 |doi=10.1080/09647775.2019.1596827 |s2cid=150617640 |via=Taylor and Francis Online|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The museum is divided into six different theme galleries showcasing traditional art, craft and culture of various tribes of Madhya Pradesh like [[Gondi people|Gonds]], [[Bhil]]s, [[Bharia people|Bharias]], [[Saharia|Sahariya]], [[Korku people|Korku]], [[Kol people|Kol]], and [[Baiga tribe|Baiga]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mptribalmuseum.com/english/galleries.html | title=MP Tribal Museum }}</ref> As of June 2022, the museum allows its visitors to access its exhibits and presentations virtually. The digital tour is categorised into ten parts: the upper and lower level of the museum, lifestyle gallery, tribal spiritual world, Chhattisgarh gallery, Awas (tribal housing), Likhandra (painting exhibition and library), Rakku (children gallery), and Chinhari (the museum shop).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Tribal Museum Virtual Tour |url=https://mptribalmuseum.com/english/virtual-tour.html}}</ref> On May 18 2023, which was also [[International Museum Day]], the [https://tourism.mp.gov.in/ Madhya Pradesh Tourism Board] launched a QR-based audio guide to help tourists learn about the state's rich heritage and culture.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Panwar |first=Himakshi |date=May 18, 2023 |title=International Museum Day: MP launches QR-Based Audio Guides At 7 Museums |work=Outlook Traveller |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/travelnews/story/72121/international-museum-day-mp-launches-qr-based-audio-guides-in-7-museums}}</ref> Furthermore, considering the state of Madhya Pradesh recognises 43 different tribes, it has recently announced the launching of a "Cultural Diversity Centre".<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 22, 2023 |title=Bhopal: Cultural Diversity Centre at Tribal Museum soon |work=Free Press Journal |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-cultural-diversity-centre-at-tribal-museum-soon}}</ref> The overarching idea is to illustrate how despite the differences there are shared commonalities between the tribes found in the region.

The museum receives up to 71,000 visitors (66,000 Indian nationals – 5,000 foreign nationals) per year.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Ina |date=2018 |title=The museum as a dating venue: Couples in the Madhya Pradesh Tribal Museum in Bhopal, India |url=https://journals.le.ac.uk/ojs1/index.php/mas/article/view/2459 |journal=Museum and Society |publisher=University of Leicester |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=72–87 |doi=10.29311/mas.v16i1.2459 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[File:Tribal Museum Bhopal 4.jpg|thumb]]
==Major galleries==
The six galleries display various aspects of the tribal life.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mptribalmuseum.com/english/galleries.html | title=MP Tribal Museum }}</ref>

# '''Jeevan Shaili:''' A gallery of traditional houses of the [[Gondi people|Gond]], [[Korku people|Korku]], [[Bhil]], and [[Sahariya]] tribes made up of mud, bamboo, dung, hay, and grass which also portrays the essentials such as agricultural tools, earthenware used by them. These housing structures allow one to understand how historically such tribal communities have built their life around natural resources.
# '''Sanskritik Vaividhya:''' Culturally diverse exhibits that showcase different traditions such as weddings and festivals of the tribal communities.
# '''Kalabodh:''' The expression of tribal lifestyle in the form of artwork
# '''Devlok:''' This section comprises the traditional tribal houses dedicated to deities exhibiting different myths and beliefs associated with the customs of worshipping mother earth, mountains, rivers, etc.
# '''Chhattisgarh Dirgha''' depicts the tribal art of Chhattisgarh.
# '''Rakku Dirgha:''' This gallery allows one to learn about the traditional games played by the young children of tribal communities.

==Other features==
There is an amphitheatre inside the museum which hosts scheduled plays, musical performances, and folk dances. There is also a retail outlet for handicrafts and artefacts, called '''''Chinhari'''''. The museum also publishes an in-house magazine, '''''Choumasa''''', about the tribal lifestyle.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Museums in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bhopal]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Museums in Bhopal]]

Bhatli Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T17:36:18Z

Serzeqy: added basic pg added tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Bhatli}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhatli
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 5
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Northen Division
| district = [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bargarh]]
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Irasis Acharya]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,32,280{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Bhatli''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] [[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Bargarh district]] in [[Odisha]] [[States and union territories of India|State]]. It was established in 1952 as Sohella.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317193120/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |archive-date=17 March 2024 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Extent of Assembly Constituencies ==

* Sohella Block
* Bhatli Block
* Ambabhona Block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies and their Extent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls|title=Seats of Odisha}}</ref>

== Elected members ==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp126.htm|title= 126 - Bhatli Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 27 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|54.65}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|53.04}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|43}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|42.58}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|42.08}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|64.47}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|34.77}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|45.44}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.97}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|67.69}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|50.72}}
}}

Since its formation in 1952, 17 elections were held till date. In 1952, It was known as Sohella and was a 2 member constituency. From 1957, It came to known as Bhatli.

List of members elected from Bhatli constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan="4"| {{center|''As Sohella Constituency''}}
|-
| rowspan=2| [[1952 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1952]]{{efn|It was a 2 member Constituency}}
| Bhikari Sahu{{efn| representing Sohella}}
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bisi Bibhar{{efn| representing Sohella (ST)}}
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan="4"| {{center|''As Bhatli constituency''}}
|-
| [[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Natabar Banchhor
| {{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|rowspan=2| Saraswati Pradhan
| {{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| Kunja Bihari Naik
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Mohan Nag
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Bimbadhar Kuanr
| {{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan=2| Mohan Nag
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Kumar Behera
| {{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| Mohan Nag
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|rowspan=2| Bimbadhar Kuanr
| {{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|rowspan=3| [[Susanta Singh]]
| {{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
| [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |accessdate=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=24 May 2019 |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archivedate=8 November 2022 |accessdate=8 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bhatli Assembly Election Results 2024: Bhatli Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/bhatli-constituency-result-18005 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Irasis Acharya]]
| {{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 20 May 2024 in 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Irasis Acharya defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Susanta Singh]] by a margin of 27,892 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Bhatli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Irasis Acharya]]
|votes = 1,07,508
|percentage = 54.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Susanta Singh]]
|votes = 79,616
|percentage = 40.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Brahma Mahakud
|votes = 4614
|percentage = 2.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1229
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 27,892
|percentage = 14.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,96,714
|percentage = 84.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Susanta Singh]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Irasis Acharya]] by a margin of 23,232 votes.<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Bhatli<ref name="SP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=17 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Susanta Singh]]
|votes = 98,666
|percentage = 53.04
|change = {{increase}}8.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Irasis Acharya]]
|votes = 75,434
|percentage = 40.55
|change = {{increase}}23.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Saroj Kumar Mahapatra
|votes = 8,375
|percentage = 4.5
|change = {{decrease}}1.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,367
|percentage = 0.73
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 23,232
|percentage = 12.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 186017
|percentage = 80.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Susanta Singh]] defeated Independent candidate Sushant Mishra by a margin of 37,581 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/bhatli-odisha-assembly-constituency#2014|title=Bhatli Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|website=resultuniversity.com|access-date=2019-06-08}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|access-date=2014-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=2014-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Bhatli<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3631-orissa-2014/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2014 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Susanta Singh]]
|votes = 75,077
|percentage = 44.62
|change = {{increase}}2.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Sushant Mishra
|votes = 37,496
|percentage = 22.29
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sauri Charan Barik
|votes = 29,316
|percentage = 17.42
|change = {{increase}}5.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prakash Chandra Debta
|votes = 10,506
|percentage = 6.24
|change = {{decrease}}32.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1046
|percentage = 0.62
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 37,581
|percentage = 22.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,68,251
|percentage = 81.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 206590
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] [[Susanta Singh]] candidate defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Prakash Chandra Debata by 4,771 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=4771 |accessdate=31 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Bhatli<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Susanta Singh]]
|votes = 60,502
|percentage = 42.58
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prakash Chandra Debata
|votes = 55,725
|percentage = 39.22
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bimbadhar Kuanr
|votes = 17,075
|percentage = 12.02
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,771
|percentage = 3.36{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,42,114
|percentage = 74.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bargarh district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coord|21.47|83.54|display=title}}

[[Category:Bargarh district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Orissa]]

Agartala Town II Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:30:56Z

Serzeqy: added new place w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Tripura legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Agartala Town II
| type= SLA
| state = [[Tripura]]
| established = 1971
| abolished = 1976
| electors = 9,794
| mla = Krishnadas Bhattacharjee
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Agartala Town II Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Krishnadas Bhattacharjee || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
== Election results ==
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Agartala Town II<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishnadas Bhattacharjee |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,009 |percentage=48.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashoke Chakraborty |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,322 |percentage=37.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Niren Kumar Bhattacharyya |party=Independent politician |votes=448 |percentage=7.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nishith Ranjah Das |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=281 |percentage=4.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jiban Kumar Bandopadhyaya |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=164 |percentage=2.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Prasad Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=43 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=687 |percentage=10.96% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,267 |percentage=65.01% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,794 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}
[[Category:1971 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:1976 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1971]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1976]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Agartala]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
{{Tripura-geo-stub}}

Sampagaon II Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:02:12Z

Serzeqy: Made some details w/ refs!

{{Short description|Former constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sampagaon II
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Belagavi Lok Sabha constituency|Belagavi]]
| established = 1957
| abolished = 1967
| electors = 
| reservation = None
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
}}
'''Sampagaon II Assembly constituency''' was one of the Vidhan Sabha constituencies in the state assembly of [[Mysore State|Mysore]], in India. It was part of [[Belagavi Lok Sabha constituency]], which is adjacent to [[Uttara Kannada Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="2" | Nagnur Mugatsab Nabisab || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sampagaon II <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nagnur Mugatsab Nabisab |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,856 |percentage = 57.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parwatgouda Basangouda Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,592 |percentage = 38.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devengouda Kallangouda Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 764 |percentage = 2.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rachappa Mahantappa Sangoji |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 466 |percentage = 1.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,264 |percentage = 19.21% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,282 |percentage = 78.68% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,821}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,924 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sampagaon II <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link |candidate = Nagnur Mugatsab Nabisab |party = Indian National Congress |percentage = |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,910 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|15.813525|74.841113|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Akbarpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:53:27Z

Serzeqy: added basic article basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Akbarpur
| constituency_no = 281
| map_image = 281-Akbarpur.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Ram Achal Rajbhar]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = 268,672 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Akbarpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Ambedkar Nagar district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Ambedkar Nagar Lok Sabha constituency]]. Akbarpur Assembly constituency came into existence in 1955 as a result of the "Final Order DC (1953-1955)". The extant and serial number of this constituency was last defined in "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008".<ref name="Final Order DC (1953-1955)">{{cite news|title=Final Order DC (1953-1955)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=9 June 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/delimitation_pub_rpt.aspx}}</ref><ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 9 June 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 ">{{cite news|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=9 June 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=5 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==

Akbarpur assembly constituency comprises Akbarpur, Sikandarpur, Rampur Sakarwari & Akbarpur MB of Akbarpur Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{{Pie chart
| caption = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] is the most successful political party in [[Akbarpur (Assembly constituency)|Akbarpur]] Assembly elections.
| value1 = 29.41
| label1 = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|'''BSP''']] (5 terms)
| color1 = {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| value2 = 17.65
| label2 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']] (3 terms)
| color2 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| value3 = 11.76
| label3 = [[Samajwadi Party|'''SP''']] (2 terms)
| color3 = {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}
| value4 = 11.76
| label4 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']] (2 terms)
| color4 = {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| value5 = 5.88
| label5 = [[Indian National Congress (I)|'''INC (I)''']] (1 term)
| color5 = #0ef4e1
| value6 = 5.88
| label6 = [[Independent (politician)|'''Independent''']] (1 term)
| color6 = white
| value7 = 5.88
| label7 = [[Praja Socialist Party|'''PSP''']] (1 term)
| color7 = #E0115F
| value8 = 5.88
| label8 = [[Janata Party|'''JP''']] (1 term)
| color8 = blue
| value9 = 5.88
| label9 = '''[[Shiv Sena]]''' (1 term)
| color9 = {{party color|Shiv Sena}}
}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Akbarpur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/akbarpur.html |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Balwan Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Jai Ram Varma]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |Priyadarshi Jetly
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Hari Ram Verma
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Priya Darshi Jetly
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Akbar Husain Babar
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[Pawan Pandey]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Ram Achal Rajbhar]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Ram Murti Verma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ram Achal Rajbhar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Akbarpur<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2022 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Ram Achal Rajbhar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:81931}}
|percentage = 38.14
|change = {{increase}}9.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Dharmraj Nishad]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:69595}}
|percentage = 32.39
|change = {{increase}}4.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chandra Prakash Verma
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:53398}}
|percentage = 24.85
|change = {{decrease}}10.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Priyanka
|votes = {{formatnum:2735}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1656}}
|percentage = 0.77
|change = {{decrease}}0.08
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12336}}
|percentage = 5.75
|change = {{decrease}}1.11
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:214843}}
|percentage = 64.6
|change = {{decrease}}2.13
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing = -
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Akbarpur<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ram Achal Rajbhar]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:72325}}
|percentage = 35.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ram Murti Verma]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:58312}}
|percentage = 28.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chandra Prakash Verma
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:57821}}
|percentage = 28.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shriram
|party = NISHAD Party
|votes = {{formatnum:6550}}
|percentage = 3.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1719}}
|percentage = 0.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14013}}
|percentage = 6.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:204316}}
|percentage = 66.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Akbarpur<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|title=2012 Election Results|access-date=9 June 2015|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Ram Murti Verma]]
|votes = 91,126
|percentage = 51.31
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar
|votes = 64,840
|percentage = 36.51
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Amit Kumar
|votes = 7,305
|percentage = 4.11
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 26,286
|percentage = 14.80
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 177,613
|percentage = 64.77
|change = -
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: }}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing = -
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[Ambedkar Nagar district]]
*[[Ambedkar Nagar Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|26.44|82.55|display=title}}

[[Category:Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ambedkar Nagar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Ajit Singh (Assam politician)

2026-04-02T04:13:25Z

Serzeqy: added a bio needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Minister for [[Third Tarun Gogoi Ministry|Excise, Sports and Youth Welfare]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1993-present)
| alma_mater = Gurucharan College
| successor = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] (Sports & Youth Welfare) [[Parimal Suklabaidya]] (Excise)
| parents = Dwarika Prasad Singh (Father) Sanjari Devi (Mother)
| occupation = *[[Politician]]
*[[Trade union|Trade Unionist]]
| successor3 = [[Mihir Kanti Shome]]
| predecessor3 = Jagannath Singh
| constituency3 = [[Udharbond (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udharbond]]
| term3 = 1998 - 19 May 2016
| office3 = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| children = 2
| office2 = [[Minister of state]] (Independent Charge) for [[Third Tarun Gogoi Ministry|Excise, Sports and Youth Welfare]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Kusum Singh|11 March 1993}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|11|25}}
| 1blankname2 = [[List of Chief Ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| 1namedata = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| 1blankname = [[List of Chief Ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]]
| term_end2 = 19 January 2015
| term_start2 = 27 May 2011
| term_end = 19 May 2016
| term_start = 23 January 2015
| predecessor2 = [[Gautam Roy]] (Excise)
}}

'''Ajit Singh''' (born 25 November 1960) is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] from the state of [[Assam]]. He served as Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Udharbond (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udharbond]] (1998 to 2016), as [[Minister of State|minister of state]] (2011 to 2015) and as a cabinet minister (2015 to 2016).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-07-31 |title=Who's Who |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/ajit-singh-2011.html |access-date=2022-05-03 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731223359/http://assamassembly.gov.in/ajit-singh-2011.html |archive-date=31 July 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Udharbond Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/udharbond-assam-assembly-constituency |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-24 |title=Ajit Singh from Udharbond: Early Life, Controversy & Political Career - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/assam-election-2021/candidates/phase2/ajit-singh-from-udharbond-early-life-controversy-political-career-530264 |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajit Singh(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- Udharbond (Cachar) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/assam2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=228 |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He has contested the [[Udharbond (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udharbond]] constituency every election since 1998.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Udharbond Election Results 2016, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up and Current MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/udharbond.html |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh was born on 25 November 1960 to the late Dwarika Prasad Singh and the late Sanjari Devi. Singh has a [[High School Leaving Certificate (India)|HSLC]] from Govt. Boys H.S. School Silchar in 1977 and a [[Bachelor of Science|BSC]] From GC College Silchar in 1987.

== Political career ==

=== Early political career ===
Singh was the [[Indian National Congress|INC]] candidate for the [[Udharbond (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udharbond constituency]] in a 1998 [[by-election]]. He received 34879 votes, defeating his nearest opponent by 14156 votes and became [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Udharbond (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udharbond]].<ref name=":2" />

Singh was the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in the 2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election for [[Udharbond (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udharbond]]. He received 30657 votes, 43.47% of the total vote. He defeated his nearest opponent by 3989 votes.<ref name=":1" />

Singh sought reelection in the [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] in [[Udharbond (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udharbond]]. He received 39432 votes, defeating his nearest opponent by 17245 votes.<ref name=":1" />

Singh again sought reelection in the [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] in [[Udharbond (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udharbond]]. He received 56755 votes, 61.41% of the total vote, defeating his nearest opponent by 44435 votes.<ref name=":1" />

=== Ministership ===

==== Minister of State ====
On 27 May 2011, Singh was inducted into the [[Third Tarun Gogoi Ministry|Third Tarun Gogoi cabinet]], as one of four ministers of state with independent charge. He became Minister of state for Excise, Sports and Youth Welfare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-30 |title=Assam Ministers Get Portfoloios |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/assam-ministers-get-portfoloios-3075.html |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2011, Singh distributed funds for the development of sports in rural areas and in women's sports. Singh stated that emphasis will be accorded in the development of rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2011 |first=Oinam |last=Sunil |title=Assam sports minister Ajit Singh today distributed funds for the development of sports in rural areas and women sports. He said emphasis will be accorded in developing sports in rural areas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assam-sports-minister-ajit-singh-today-distributed-funds-for-the-development-of-sports-in-rural-areas-and-women-sports-he-said-emphasis-will-be-accorded-in-developing-sports-in-rural-areas-/articleshow/8926584.cms |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2011, during the ongoing session of the state he stated that 116 youths were undergoing training at centres without any coaches.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Abdul Gani|date=Jul 30, 2011 |title=Shortage of coaches at SAI centres {{!}} Guwahati News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/shortage-of-coaches-at-sai-centres/articleshow/9413459.cms |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

On 3 March 2012, Singh along with an additional chief secretary visited the Bhuvan Valley Tea estate, at the behest of Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi due to 14 tea works dying, possibly of starvation.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Mar 3, 2012 |title=Minister, inquiry committee visit Bhuvan Valley Tea Estate {{!}} Guwahati News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/minister-inquiry-committee-visit-bhuvan-valley-tea-estate/articleshow/12127042.cms |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Singh attended the meeting in honour of 150th birth anniversary of [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Mar 18, 2012 |title=Tagore anniversary celebrations to end with grand finale {{!}} Guwahati News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/tagore-anniversary-celebrations-to-end-with-grand-finale/articleshow/12320129.cms |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

On 29 June 2012, Singh along with irrigation minister [[Ardhendu Kumar Dey]] visited several flooded areas in Barak Valley by boat.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Jun 29, 2012 |title=Barak River eats up parts of NH-6 at Panchgram {{!}} Guwahati News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/barak-river-eats-up-parts-of-nh-6-at-panchgram/articleshow/14509249.cms |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Following the [[ASEAN]] car rally in December 2012, in an evening Singh hosted a dinner.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI|date=Dec 16, 2012 |title=ASEAN Rally reaches Assam {{!}} Racing News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/top-stories/asean-rally-reaches-assam/articleshow/17638445.cms |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

After the delaying of a 201 km broad gauge project connecting [[Lumding]] with [[Silchar]], hundreds of protesters gathered outside Singh's house requesting the immediate completion of the railway project.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Aug 18, 2013 |title=Dharna near minister's house for railway project {{!}} Guwahati News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/dharna-near-ministers-house-for-railway-project/articleshow/21889324.cms |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2013, following the return of Everesters from [[Assam]], Singh attended the reception for their return.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Jun 5, 2013 |title=Everesters from Assam accorded rousing welcome {{!}} Guwahati News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/everesters-from-assam-accorded-rousing-welcome/articleshow/20433412.cms |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2013, after [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] [[Tarun Gogoi]] asked for the revival of Assam Flying Club, the sports commissioner submitted minutes of meetings to Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Aug 25, 2013 |title=Gogoi for reviving Assam Flying Club in 3 months {{!}} Guwahati News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/gogoi-for-reviving-assam-flying-club-in-3-months/articleshow/22046500.cms |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Singh resigned along with all members of the cabinet on 19 January 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Talukdar |first=Sushanta |date=2015-01-19 |title=14 Congress Ministers resign ahead of Cabinet reshuffle in Assam |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/14-Congress-ministers-resign-ahead-of-Cabinet-reshuffle-in-Assam/article60350203.ece |access-date=2022-05-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==== Cabinet Minister ====
Singh was inducted into the new ministry, however he was promoted to a cabinet minister.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |title=Portfolios allocated to new Assam ministers |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/portfolios-allocated-to-new-assam-ministers/articleshow/46021304.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-05-03}}</ref> He was made minister for excise, sports and youth welfare.<ref name=":3" />

On 26 April 2015, Singh, while speaking at a function in the premises of the flag station here today, said his ministry "has laid stress on development of better infrastructure for augmenting the fleet of bus services and also modernization, keeping in view the increasing number of commuters and their expectations of better services from the ASTC". He also addressed how this was his vision for Barak Valley, and other areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-27 |title=Minister Ajit Singh lays stress on modernization of ASTC services - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/minister-ajit-singh-lays-stress-on-modernization-of-astc-services/ |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016 Assam Legislative assembly election]], Singh sought reelection in [[Udharbond (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udharbond]]. He received 45598 votes, 40.65% of the total vote. He was defeated by [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate and the incumbent [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Udharbond (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udharbond]] [[Mihir Kanti Shome]] by 8606 votes.<ref name=":1" /> He was one of ten cabinet ministers who lost in the election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Gogoi cabinet ministers bite the dust |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/10-gogoi-cabinet-ministers-bite-the-dust/cid/1411566 |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

=== Post-ministerial career ===
In the [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], Singh was again the [[Indian National Congress]] for [[Udharbond (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udharbond]]. He received 59060 votes, 45.28% of the total vote. He again lost to [[Mihir Kanti Shome]] by 2685 votes.<ref name=":1" />

== Personal life ==
Singh married Smt. Kusum Singh on 11 March 1993 and they had one daughter and one son. Singh enjoys reading, travelling, sports and gardening. He also enjoys watching TV and reading books and journals. He enjoys working for the upliftment of the weaker sections of society and he attended a three-month conference in [[Singapore]] related to Trade Union activities.<ref name=":0" />

== Positions ==

* Assistant General Secretary, Cachar Sramik Union.
* Assistant General Secretary, INTUC
* Chairman, INTUC, Young Council, Assam and other socio-economic organisations
* General Secretary, Indian National Plantation Workers Federation
* Secretary, APCC (I)
* Vice Chairman, Assam Livestock & Poultry Farm
* MLA Udharbond
* Chairman, Petition Committee in 11th ALA
* Member, STA
* Chairman, ATDC
* Parliamentary Secretary, Finance, Government of Assam
* Minister of State (IC), Excise and Sports & Youth Welfare, Government of Assam
* Cabinet Minister for excise, sports and youth welfare

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ajit}}
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Assam]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Asom Gana Parishad politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Cachar district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1996–2001]]

Ahmedabad

2026-03-27T06:45:52Z

Serzeqy: brief cleanup intro based on references and updated info

{{Short description|Most populous city in Gujarat, India}}
{{Redirect|Karnavati|other uses|Karnavati (disambiguation)|and|Ahmedabad (disambiguation)}}
{{Good article}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ahmedabad
| native_name = {{nativename|gu|Amdavad}}
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Ashaval, Karnavati
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/2
| image1 = SG Highway Skyline.jpg
| caption1 = Skyline across [[Sarkhej–Gandhinagar Highway|SG Highway]]
| image2 = Sabarmati riverside.jpg
| caption2 = [[Sabarmati Riverfront]]
| image3 = Sheth Hutheesinh Temple.jpg
| caption3 = [[Hutheesing Temple]]
| image4 = Atal Pedestrian Bridge at Night.jpg
| caption4 = [[Atal Pedestrian Bridge]]
| image5 = Ahemdabad Skyline.jpg
| caption5 = Ahmedabad Aerial View
| image6 = Pole 42.jpg
| caption6 = [[Pol (housing)|Heritage Pol in Ahmedabad]]
| image7 = Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad 01.jpg
| caption7 =[[Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad|Jama Mosque]]
| image8 = Louis Kahn Plaza, IIM Ahmedabad.jpg
| caption8 =[[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM-Ahmedabad]]
| image9 = Narendra_Modi_Stadium_view_from_the_gallery.jpg
| caption9 = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]]
}}
| nicknames = Manchester of the East, Heritage City of India
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India#Asia#Earth
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat##Location in India##Location in Asia##Location in Earth
| pushpin_relief = 2
| mapframe = Yes
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|23|01|21|N|72|34|17|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Central Gujarat]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Gujarat.svg}} [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
| established_title = Establishment
| established_date = 11th Century as [[Ashaval]]
| named_for = [[Ahmad Shah I]]
| founder = King Asha Bhil
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[List of mayors of Ahmedabad|Mayor]]
| leader_name = Pratibha Jain ([[BJP]])<ref name="dc">{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=BJP corporator Pratibha Jain elected as mayor of Ahmedabad; Vadodara too gets new mayor |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/gujarat/bjp-corporator-pratibha-jain-elected-as-mayor-of-ahmedabad-vadodara-too-gets-new-mayor-2681357 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120063654/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/gujarat/bjp-corporator-pratibha-jain-elected-as-mayor-of-ahmedabad-vadodara-too-gets-new-mayor-2681357 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader_name2 = Jatin Patel ([[BJP]])<ref name="dc" />
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.auda.org.in/Content/about-us-42 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220004611/http://www.auda.org.in/Content/about-us-42 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |access-date=8 April 2023 |work=[[Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority]]}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 505
| area_urban_km2 = 1060.95
| area_urban_footnotes = <ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web |title=Towns and Urban Agglomerations Classified by Population Size Class in 2011 with Variation Since 1901 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42876/download/46544/CLASS_I.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
| area_metro_km2 = 1866
| area_rank = 8th in India (1st in Gujarat)
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="citypopulation.de">{{cite web |title=Gujarāt (India): State, Major Agglomerations & Cities – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-Gujarat.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430115558/http://www.citypopulation.de/India-Gujarat.html |archive-date=30 April 2016 |work=citypopulation.de}}</ref>
| area_note =
| elevation_m = 69.65
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 5577940
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban = 9,272,670 (2026 estimate)
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/india/ahmedabad|title=Ahmedabad Population 2026|website=World Population Review}}</ref>
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Amdavadi, Ahmedabadi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 3800xx<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://pincode.hindiastar.com/GUJARAT/AHMADABAD
|title=Post Offices in Ahmedabad
|website=PinCode
|access-date=2026-02-18
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+9179xxxxxxxx]]
| registration_plate = GJ-01 (West) GJ-27 (East) GJ-38 (Rural)<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kaushik |first1=Himanshu |last2=Parikh |first2=Niyati |date=3 January 2019 |title=GJ-01 series registers 12% drop in one year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gj-01-series-registers-12-drop-in-one-year/articleshow/67356737.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808104137/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gj-01-series-registers-12-drop-in-one-year/articleshow/67356737.cms |archive-date=8 August 2020 |access-date=8 August 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2016)}}
| blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.867<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Human Development Reports United Nations Development Programme |url=https://www.undp.org/india/publications/district-human-development-reports |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307163242/https://www.undp.org/india/publications/district-human-development-reports |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> – very high
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1.11<ref>{{cite web |title=Distribution of Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Sex-Ratio and Population Density |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/gujarat/table-1.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113182831/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/gujarat/table-1.xls |archive-date=13 November 2011 |access-date=21 March 2012 |work=[[2011 census of India]] |publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name = Literacy rate
| blank2_info = 85.3%<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gujarat elections 2022: Seats with high literacy rates record low voting numbers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-elections-2022-seats-with-high-literacy-rates-record-low-voting-numbers/articleshow/96044854.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307161739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-elections-2022-seats-with-high-literacy-rates-record-low-voting-numbers/articleshow/96044854.cms |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Gross Domestic Product]] (PPP) (2022-23)
| blank_info_sec2 = $136.1 Billion<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad |url=https://www.c40.org/cities/ahmedabad/ |website=C40 Cities |language=en-GB}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]
| website = {{URL|ahmedabadcity.gov.in/}}
| module = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (v)}}(ii), (v)
| ID = 1551
| year = 2017
| area = {{convert|535.7|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| buffer_zone = {{convert|395|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}
}}
}}

'''Ahmedabad''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑː|m|ə|d|ə|b|æ|d|,_|-|b|ɑː|d}} {{respell|AH|mə|də|ba(h)d}}), also spelt '''Amdavad''' ({{IPA|gu|ˈəmdɑʋɑd|lang}}), is the most populous city in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Gujarat]]. It is the administrative headquarters of the [[Ahmedabad district]] and the seat of the [[Gujarat High Court]]. Ahmedabad's population of 5,570,585 (per the 2011 population census) makes it the [[List of cities in India by population|fifth-most populous city]] in India,<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Cities by Population 2025 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/india |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603043930/https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/cities/india |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=worldpopulationreview.com |language=en}}</ref> and the encompassing [[urban agglomeration]] population estimated at 8,854,444 (as of 2024) is the [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|seventh-most populous]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad Population 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/ahmedabad-population |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722050040/https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/ahmedabad-population |archive-date=22 July 2020 |access-date=22 July 2020 |website=World Population Review}}</ref> Ahmedabad is located near the banks of the [[Sabarmati River]],<ref name="citypop India aggs">{{cite web |date=29 September 2016 |title=India: States and Major Agglomerations – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-Agglo.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217011539/http://citypopulation.de/India-Agglo.html |archive-date=17 December 2014 |website=citypopulation.de}}</ref> {{convert|25|km|abbr=on|mi}}<ref name="citypop world aggs">{{cite web |date=1 January 2017 |title=Major Agglomerations of the World – Population Statistics and Maps |url=http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402222958/http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |archive-date=2 April 2016 |website=citypopulation.de}}</ref> from the capital of [[Gujarat]], [[Gandhinagar]], also known as its twin city.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 December 2015 |title=Ahmadabad & Gandhinagar a tale of twin cities |url=https://oneindiaonepeople.com/ahmedabad-gandhinagar-a-tale-of-twin-cities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515102604/https://oneindiaonepeople.com/ahmedabad-gandhinagar-a-tale-of-twin-cities/ |archive-date=15 May 2023 |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=One India One People}}</ref>

Ahmedabad has emerged as an important economic, industrial and cultural hub in India. It is the second-largest producer of [[cotton]] in India, due to which it was known as the '[[Manchester]] of India' along with [[Kanpur]]. The [[Ahmedabad Stock Exchange]] (before it was shut down in 2018) was the country's second-oldest. [[Cricket]] is a popular sport in Ahmedabad; the [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] at [[Motera]] can accommodate 132,000 spectators, making it the [[List of stadiums by capacity|largest stadium in the world]]. The [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave]] located near the stadium will be one of the biggest in the country once complete.

The effects of the [[Economic liberalisation in India|liberalisation of the Indian economy]] have energised the city's economy towards [[Tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary sector]] activities such as commerce, communication and construction.<ref name="jnnurm">{{cite web |author=Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission |year=2006 |title=Profile of the City Ahmadabad |url=http://www.egovamc.com/cdp/AMC_CDP.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819215527/http://www.egovamc.com/cdp/AMC_CDP.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=22 July 2008 |work=Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation, Ahmadabad, Urban Development Authority and CEPT University, Ahmadabad |publisher=Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation}}</ref> Ahmedabad's increasing population has increased demand in the construction and housing industries, resulting in the development of skyscrapers.<ref name="Ahmadabad joins ITES hot spots">{{Cite news |date=16 August 2002 |title=Ahmadabad joins ITES hot spots |url=http://infotech.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19249001.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103080350/http://infotech.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19249001.cms |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=30 July 2006 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 2010, Ahmedabad was ranked third in ''[[Forbes]]''{{'}}s list of fastest growing cities of the decade.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kotkin |first=Joel |title=In pictures—The Next Decade's fastest growing cities |url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin_slide_4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014101651/http://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin_slide_4.html |archive-date=14 October 2010 |access-date=10 July 2010 |work=[[Forbes]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2012, ''[[The Times of India]]'' chose Ahmedabad as India's best city to live in.<ref name="best city to in which to live in India">{{cite news |title=Ahmedabad best city to live in, Pune close second |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ahmedabad-best-city-to-live-in-Pune-close-second/articleshow/11066689.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212180503/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-11/india/30504461_1_cities-ahmedabad-kolkata |archive-date=12 December 2011 |access-date=11 December 2011 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad metro was estimated at $136.1 billion in 2023.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Anuj |date=22 October 2021 |title=Richest Cities Of India |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/top-10-richest-cities-in-india-2021-552132.html?picid=2181885 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008015840/https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/top-10-richest-cities-in-india-2021-552132.html?picid=2181885 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |access-date=22 October 2021 |newspaper=[[India Times]] |quotation=The Manchester of East, Ahmedabad, is among the richest cities of India. The city ranks eighth on the list with an estimated GDP of $68 billion.}}</ref> In 2020, Ahmedabad was ranked as the third-best city in India to live in by the Ease of Living Index.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title=Ahmedabad rated as third best city to live in, moves up by 20 spots in a year |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/ahmedabad/article/ahmedabad-rated-as-third-best-city-to-live-in-moves-up-by-20-spots-in-a-year/728623 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204601/https://www.timesnownews.com/ahmedabad/article/ahmedabad-rated-as-third-best-city-to-live-in-moves-up-by-20-spots-in-a-year/728623 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=20 June 2021 |website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref> In July 2022, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine included Ahmedabad in its list of the world's 50 greatest places of 2022.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Ahmedabad, India: World's Greatest Places 2022 |url=https://time.com/collection/worlds-greatest-places-2022/6194590/ahmedabad-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712161736/https://time.com/collection/worlds-greatest-places-2022/6194590/ahmedabad-india/ |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref>

Ahmedabad has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a [[smart city]] under the [[Government of India]]{{'}}s flagship [[Smart Cities Mission]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2016 |title=Government releases list of 20 smart cities |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Government-releases-list-of-20-smart-cities/articleshow/50756701.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202024057/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Government-releases-list-of-20-smart-cities/articleshow/50756701.cms |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=6 February 2016 |website=The Times of India |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In July 2017, the [[Historic City of Ahmadabad|historic city of Ahmedabad]], or Old Ahmedabad, was declared a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 2017 |title=600-year-old smart city gets World Heritage tag |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/600-year-old-smart-city-gets-world-heritage-tag/articleshow/59510439.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710094740/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/600-year-old-smart-city-gets-world-heritage-tag/articleshow/59510439.cms |archive-date=10 July 2017 |access-date=9 July 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Ahmedabad}}

=== Toponymy ===
Based on relics found in several neighbourhoods of the old city and on writings of the Persian historian [[al-Biruni]], it is surmised that an early [[Bhil]] tribal group settlement was known as [[Ashaval]].{{Sfn|Michell|Shah|1988|p=17}}{{Sfn|Bobbio|2015|p=164}}

According to [[Merutunga]], [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]], the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]] (Solanki) ruler of Anhilvada (modern [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]), successfully launched a military campaign against Ashaval and founded a city nearby called Karnavati.{{Sfn|Michell|Shah|1988|p=17}} The location of Karnavati is not definitively known.{{Sfn|Bobbio|2015|p=164}} References from the 14th and 15th centuries mention Ashaval but do not mention Karnavati.{{Sfn|Bobbio|2015|p=164}}

[[Ahmad Shah I]] of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]] transferred its capital from Anhilvada to Ashaval in 1411 CE; as was customary, the city was subsequently renamed Ahmedabad after the Sultan.{{Sfn|Michell|Shah|1988|p=18}}

=== Early history ===
The area around Ahmedabad has been inhabited since the 11th century, when it was known as ''[[Ashaval]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|first= Jane|last= Turner|title=The Dictionary of Art|publisher=Grove|volume=1|isbn=978-1-884446-00-9|page=471|year=1996}}</ref> At that time, [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]], the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]] (Solanki) ruler of Anhilwara (modern [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]), waged a successful war against the [[Bhil]] king of Ashaval,<ref>{{Cite book| first=George| last=Michell|author2=Snehal Shah| author3-link=John Burton-Page|author3= John Burton-Page |author4=Mehta, Dinesh|title=Ahmadabad|publisher=Marg Publications|date=28 July 2006|isbn=81-85026-03-3|pages=17–19}}</ref> and established a city called ''[[Karnavati]]'' on the banks of the Sabarmati.<ref name="Madan">{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |title=India Through the Ages |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |year=1990 |editor=K.S. Gautam |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/173 173]}}</ref> Solanki rule lasted until the 13th century, when Gujarat came under the control of the [[Vaghela dynasty]] of [[Dholka]]. Gujarat subsequently came under the control of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in the 14th century. However, by the earlier 15th century, the local Muslim governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar established his independence from the Delhi Sultanate and crowned himself [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultan of Gujarat]] as [[Muzaffar Shah I]], thereby founding the [[Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat|Muzaffarid dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wink|first=André|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&q=gujarat+sultanate+tank+khatri&pg=PA143|title=Indo-Islamic Society: 14th - 15th Centuries|date=1990|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-13561-1|pages=143|quote=Zafar Khan Muzaffar, the first independent ruler of Gujarat was not a foreign muslim but a Khatri convert, of a ''low subdivision called Tank'', originally from Southern Punjab.|access-date=14 August 2021|archive-date=29 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729193612/https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&q=gujarat+sultanate+tank+khatri&pg=PA143#v=onepage&q=gujarat%20sultanate%20tank%20khatri&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Kapadia|first=Aparna|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/in-praise-of-kings/355C797BE6B102214BF1C4A043450482|title=In Praise of Kings: Rajputs, Sultans and Poets in Fifteenth-century Gujarat|date=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-15331-8|location=Cambridge|pages=120|quote=Gujarati historian Sikandar does narrate the story of Muzaffar Shah's ancestors having once been Hindu "Tanks", a branch of Khatris who trace their dynasty from the solar god.|access-date=11 July 2021|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603044226/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/in-praise-of-kings/355C797BE6B102214BF1C4A043450482|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |pages=114–115}}</ref> In 1411, the area came under the control of his grandson, Sultan [[Ahmed Shah of Gujarat|Ahmed Shah]], who selected the forested area along the banks of the Sabarmati river for his new capital. He laid the foundation of a new walled city near Karnavati and named it Ahmedabad after himself.<ref name="baba">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/baba-maneknath-s-kin-keep-alive-600yr-old-tradition/698967 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035148/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/baba-maneknath-s-kin-keep-alive-600yr-old-tradition/698967 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Baba Maneknath's kin keep alive 600-yr old tradition |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 October 2010 |access-date=21 February 2013 |author=More, Anuj}}</ref><ref>This ambiguity is similar to the case of [[Tsar]] [[Peter the Great]] naming his new capital "[[Saint Petersburg]]", referring officially to [[Saint Peter]] but in fact also to himself.</ref> According to other versions, he named the city after four Muslim saints in the area who all had the name Ahmed.<ref name="AMC History">{{cite web|title=History of Ahmedabad |url=http://www.egovamc.com/AhmCity/history.aspx |publisher=Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, egovamc.com |access-date=14 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223012426/http://egovamc.com/AhmCity/history.aspx |archive-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> Ahmed Shah I laid the foundation of the city on 26 February 1411<ref name="Pandya 2010">{{cite web | last=Pandya | first=Yatin | title=In Ahmedabad, history is still alive as tradition | website=dna | date=14 November 2010 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-in-ahmedabad-history-is-still-alive-as-tradition-1466396 | access-date=26 February 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804080254/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-in-ahmedabad-history-is-still-alive-as-tradition-1466396 | archive-date=4 August 2016 | df=dmy-all}}</ref> (at 1.20 pm, Thursday, the second day of [[Dhu al-Qi'dah]], [[Hijri year]] 813<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egovamc.com/AhmCity/history.aspx|title=History|website=[[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]|access-date=27 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223012426/http://egovamc.com/AhmCity/history.aspx|archive-date=23 February 2016|quote=Jilkad is anglicized name of the month [[Dhu al-Qi'dah]], Hijri year not mentioned but derived from date converter}}</ref>) at [[Manek Burj]]. Manek Burj is named after the legendary 15th-century Hindu saint, [[Maneknath]], who intervened to help [[Ahmed Shah I]] build [[Bhadra Fort]] in 1411.<ref name="baba" /><ref name="igg">{{cite book |title=India Guide Gujarat |publisher=India Guide Publications |year=2007 |pages=93–94 |isbn=9780978951702 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&q=manek+chowk+ahmedabad&pg=PA93 |editor=Desai, Anjali H. |access-date=10 April 2021 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502120319/https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&q=manek+chowk+ahmedabad&pg=PA93 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mnk">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Flags-changed-at-citys-foundation-by-Manek-Nath-babas-descendants/articleshow/10261380.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040432/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-07/ahmedabad/30257006_1_flag-foundation-stone-puja |url-status=live |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Flags changed at city's foundation by Manek Nath baba's descendants |work=The Times of India |date=7 October 2011 |agency=TNN |access-date=21 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="tam">{{cite news |url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20A%201000%20Salutes&sectid=68&contentid=2010022620100226182744376d3de031 |title=Multi-layered expansion |work=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]] |date=26 February 2010 |agency=AM |access-date=21 February 2013 |author=Ruturaj Jadav and Mehul Jani |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207235844/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?page=article |archive-date=7 December 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ahmed Shah I chose it as the new capital on 4 March 1411.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.divyabhaskar.co.in/ahmedabad/12/26022015/0/1/|title=02/26/2015: Divya Bhaskar e-Paper, ahmedabad, e-Paper, ahmedabad e Paper, e Newspaper ahmedabad, ahmedabad e Paper, ahmedabad ePaper |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621050319/http://epaper.divyabhaskar.co.in/ahmedabad/12/26022015/0/1/ |archive-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> Chandan and Rajesh Nath, 13th generation descendants of Saint Maneknath, perform ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' and hoist the flag on Manek Burj on Ahmedabad's foundation day and for the [[Vijayadashami]] festival every year.<ref name="baba" /><ref name="mnk" /><ref name="India 2015">{{cite web |first=Lakshmi |last=Ajay |title=Ahmedabad city turns 604 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=27 February 2015 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-city-turns-604/ |access-date=29 May 2018 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502120321/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-city-turns-604/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dnax2011">{{cite news |title=Manek Burj's sorry state fails to move AMC |publisher=DNA |date=19 April 2012 |url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna/article/DNAHM53975 |access-date=7 January 2015 |archive-date=7 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107231456/http://dnasyndication.com/dna/article/DNAHM53975 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:City Walls of Ahmedabad page-0001.jpg|thumb|City walls of Ahmedabad, 1866]]
In 1487, [[Mahmud Begada]], the grandson of Ahmed Shah, fortified the city with an outer wall {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} in circumference and consisting of [[Gates of Ahmedabad|twelve gates]], 189 bastions, and over 6,000 battlements.<ref>{{Cite book|first=G|last=Kuppuram|title=India Through the Ages: History, Art, Culture, and Religion|publisher=Sundeep Prakashan|isbn=978-81-85067-08-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvggAAAAMAAJ&q=ahmedabad+189+bastions+and+over+6,000+battlements.|access-date=26 July 2008|page=739|year=1988|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502120304/https://books.google.com/books?id=AvggAAAAMAAJ&q=ahmedabad+189+bastions+and+over+6%2C000+battlements.|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1535 [[Humayun]] briefly occupied Ahmedabad after capturing [[Champaner]] when the ruler of Gujarat, [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]], fled to [[Diu, India|Diu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Mughal Throne|first=Abraham|last=Eraly|page=47|publisher=Orion Publishing|isbn=978-0-7538-1758-2|year=2004}}</ref> Ahmedabad was then reoccupied by the Muzaffarid dynasty until 1573 when Gujarat was conquered by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]]. During the Mughal reign, Ahmedabad became one of the Empire's thriving centres of trade, mainly in textiles, which were exported as far as Europe. The Mughal ruler [[Shahjahan|Shah Jahan]] spent the prime of his life in the city, sponsoring the construction of the [[Moti Shahi Mahal]] in [[Shahibaug]]. The [[Deccan Famine of 1630–32]] affected the city, as did famines in 1650 and 1686.<ref>{{cite book|first=Satpal|last=Sangwan|title=Land Use – Historical Perspectives: Focus on Indo-Gangetic Plains|date=2002|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-274-2|page=151|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNpXmQb0gv0C&q=deccan+famine+affected+ahmedabad&pg=PA151|author2=Y. P. Abrol|author3=Mithilesh K. Tiwari|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=29 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729193633/https://books.google.com/books?id=oNpXmQb0gv0C&q=deccan+famine+affected+ahmedabad&pg=PA151#v=snippet&q=deccan%20famine%20affected%20ahmedabad&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Ahmedabad remained the provincial headquarters of the Mughals until 1758, when they surrendered the city to the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prakash|first=Om|title=Encyclopaedic History of Indian Freedom Movement|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd|year=2003|pages=282–284|isbn=81-261-0938-6}}</ref>

=== Modern history ===
[[File:1901 Ahmedabadi Market.jpg|thumb|A market scene in Ahmedabad, 1901]]
During the period of Maratha governance, the city became the centre of a conflict between the [[Peshwa]] of [[Poona]] and the [[Gaekwad]] of [[Baroda]].<ref name="GNHistory">{{Cite book|last=Kalia|first=Ravi|title=Gandhinagar: Building National Identity in Postcolonial India|publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press|year=2004|chapter=The Politics of Site|isbn=1-57003-544-X|pages=30–59|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVhNO2MwOCAC&q=Gaekwad++mughal+ahmedabad&pg=PA39|access-date=26 July 2008|archive-date=29 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729193633/https://books.google.com/books?id=RVhNO2MwOCAC&q=Gaekwad++mughal+ahmedabad&pg=PA39#v=snippet&q=Gaekwad%20%20mughal%20ahmedabad&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1780, during the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]], a British force under [[James Hartley (Indian Army officer)|James Hartley]] stormed and captured Ahmedabad, but it was handed back to the Marathas at the end of the war. The [[British East India Company]] took over the city in 1818 during the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref name="AMC History" /> A military cantonment was established in 1824 and a municipal government in 1858.<ref name="AMC History" /> Incorporated into the [[Bombay Presidency]] during [[British Raj|British rule]], Ahmedabad became one of the most important cities in the Gujarat region. In 1864, a railway link between Ahmedabad and [[Mumbai]] (then Bombay) was established by the [[Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway]] (BB&CI), enabling traffic and trade between [[North India|northern]] and [[South India|southern India]] via the city.<ref name="AMC History" /> Over time, the city established itself as the home of a developing textile industry, which earned it the nickname "[[Manchester]] of the East".<ref name="BordenFraser2014">{{cite book|author1=Iain Borden|author2=Murray Fraser|author3-link=Barbara Penner|author3=Barbara Penner|title=Forty Ways to Think About Architecture: Architectural History and Theory Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=55o3BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA252|date=11 August 2014|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-82261-6|page=252|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017072518/https://books.google.com/books?id=55o3BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA252|archive-date=17 October 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Ahmedabad (Baedeker, 1914).jpg|thumb|left|Ahmedabad and its environs, ca 1914]]
The [[Indian independence movement]] developed roots in the city when [[Mahatma Gandhi]] established two [[ashram]]s – the [[Kochrab Ashram]] near [[Paldi (Ahmedabad)|Paldi]] in 1915 and the Satyagraha Ashram (now [[Sabarmati Ashram]]) on the banks of the Sabarmati in 1917 – which would become centres of nationalist activities.<ref name="AMC History" /><ref name="manchester">{{Cite news|author=A. Srivathsan|url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2006/06/23/stories/2006062300300200.htm|title=Manchester of India|date=23 June 2006|access-date=30 July 2006|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012165839/http://hindu.com/yw/2006/06/23/stories/2006062300300200.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> During the [[Non-Cooperation Movement|mass protests]] against the [[Rowlatt Act]] in 1919, textile workers burned down 51 government buildings across the city in protest at a British attempt to extend wartime regulations after the [[First World War]]. In the 1920s, textile workers and teachers went on strike, demanding civil rights and better pay and working conditions. In 1930, Gandhi initiated the [[Salt Satyagraha]] from Ahmedabad by embarking from his ashram on the [[Dandi Salt March]]. The city's administration and economic institutions were rendered inoperative in the early 1930s by the large numbers of people who took to the streets in peaceful protests, and again in 1942 during the [[Quit India Movement]].

==== Post-independence ====
Following independence and the [[partition of India]] in 1947, the city was scarred by the intense communal violence that broke out between [[Hinduism in India|Hindus]] and [[Islam in India|Muslims]] in 1947. Ahmedabad was the focus of settlement by Hindu migrants from Pakistan,<ref name="GillyGilinskiy2009">{{cite book|first1=Thomas Albert|last1=Gilly|first2=Yakov|last2=Gilinskiy|title=The Ethics of Terrorism: Innovative Approaches from an International Perspective (17 Lectures)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5SlnZilfMMC&pg=PA23|access-date=26 June 2012|date=8 December 2009|publisher=Charles C Thomas Publisher|isbn=978-0-398-07867-6|page=23|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612004348/http://books.google.com/books?id=w5SlnZilfMMC&pg=PA23|archive-date=12 June 2013}}</ref> who expanded the city's population and transformed its demographics and economy.

By 1960, Ahmedabad had become a metropolis with a population of slightly under half a million people, with classical and colonial European-style buildings lining the city's thoroughfares.<ref name="Ghurye1962">{{cite book|author=Govind Sadashiv Ghurye|title=Cities and Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/citiescivilizati0000ghur|url-access=registration|year=1962|publisher=Popular Prakashan|page=[https://archive.org/details/citiescivilizati0000ghur/page/96 96]}}</ref> It was chosen as the capital of Gujarat after the partition of the [[Bombay State|State of Bombay]] on 1 May 1960.<ref name="YājñikaSheth2005">{{cite book|author1=Acyuta Yājñika|author2=Suchitra Sheth|title=The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmKIiAPgnF0C|year=2005|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-400038-8|page=168|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017072518/https://books.google.com/books?id=wmKIiAPgnF0C|archive-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> During this period, a large number of educational and research institutions were founded in the city, making it a centre for [[Education in India|higher education]], science, and technology.<ref name="Political Science">{{cite book|title=Political Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSyrb3du-iwC&pg=RA1-PA114|access-date=24 February 2012|publisher=FK Publications|isbn=978-81-89611-86-6|pages=1–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616153912/http://books.google.com/books?id=eSyrb3du-iwC&pg=RA1-PA114|archive-date=16 June 2013|year = 1978}}</ref> Ahmedabad's economic base became more diverse with the establishment of heavy and chemical industry during the same period. [[File:Gandhi Ashram.jpg|thumb|[[Sabarmati Ashram]], established by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]]]
In the late 1970s, the capital shifted to the newly built city of [[Gandhinagar]]. This marked the start of a long period of decline in Ahmedabad, marked by a lack of development. The 1974 ''[[Nav Nirman|Navnirman]]'' agitation, a protest against a 20% hike in the hostel food fees at the [[L.D. College of Engineering]] in Ahmedabad, snowballed into a movement to remove [[Chimanbhai Patel]], then chief minister of Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web |work=India Today |title=60 revolutions—Nav nirman movement |url=http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=32&task=view&id=2727&acc=high |date=20 December 2007 |first=Ghanshyam |last=Shah |access-date=3 July 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224081015/http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=32&task=view&id=2727&acc=high |archive-date=24 December 2008}}</ref> In the 1980s, a [[Reservation in India|reservation policy]] was introduced in the country, which led to anti-reservation protests in 1981 and 1985. The protests witnessed violent clashes between people belonging to various [[Indian caste system|castes]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Seminar Publications |location=New Delhi |first=Achyut |last=Yagnik |title=The pathology of Gujarat |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/513/513%20achyut%20yagnik.htm |date=May 2002 |access-date=10 May 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322112252/http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/513/513%20achyut%20yagnik.htm |archive-date=22 March 2006}}</ref> The city was considerably impacted by the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]]; up to 50 multi-storey buildings collapsed, killing 752 people and causing much damage.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=WHO Regional Office for south-east Asia |first = Anil |last = Sinha |title=Lessons learned from the Gujarat earthquake |url=http://www.searo.who.int |access-date=13 May 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060619151815/http://www.searo.who.int/| archive-date= 19 June 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref> The following year, three days of violence between Hindus and Muslims in the western Indian state of Gujarat, known as the [[2002 Gujarat riots]], spread to Ahmedabad; in eastern [[Chamanpura]], 69 people were killed in the [[Gulbarg Society massacre]] on 28 February 2002.<ref name=Gulbarg>{{cite news| title =Safehouse of Horrors| work =Tehelka| url =http://www.tehelka.com/story_main35.asp?filename=Ne031107safehouseofhorrors.asp&page=1| date =3 November 2007| access-date =15 May 2010| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090429102953/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main35.asp?filename=Ne031107safehouseofhorrors.asp&page=1| archive-date =29 April 2009| url-status =dead}}</ref> Refugee camps were set up around the city, housing 50,000 Muslims, as well as some small Hindu camps.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN.com - Desolate life in India's refugee camps - May 15, 2002 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/05/15/gujarat.camps/index.html |access-date=28 June 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323064330/https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/05/15/gujarat.camps/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[2008 Ahmedabad bombings]], a series of seventeen bomb blasts, killed and injured several people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/index.html |title=17 bomb blasts rock Ahmedabad, 15 dead |date=26 July 2008 |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=26 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628002847/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/index.html |archive-date=28 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The terrorist group [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami|Harkat-ul-Jihad]] claimed responsibility for the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cnnwire.blogs.cnn.com/2008/07/27/india-blasts-toll-up-to-37/|title=India blasts toll up to 37|date=27 July 2008|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=27 July 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080802233922/http://cnnwire.blogs.cnn.com/2008/07/27/india-blasts-toll-up-to-37/ |archive-date = 2 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2020, the city hosted the ''[[Namaste Trump]]'' event at the newly-built [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], the world's largest.

== Demographics ==

=== Population ===
{{Historical populations
| title = Population census
| align = right
| cols = 2
| graph-pos = bottom
| source = [https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31954 Census of India]
| 1872 | 119762
| 1881 | 127621
| 1891 | 148412
| 1901 | 185889
| 1911 | 216777
| 1921 | 274007
| 1931 | 313789
| 1941 | 595210
| 1951 | 842643
| 1961 | 1156788
| 1971 | 1750134
| 1981 | 2534641
| 1991 | 3324197
| 2001 | 4488237
| 2011 | 5633927
}}
City population increased by 23.43% from 4,519,000 {{As of|2001|alt=as of the [[2001 census of India]]}} to 5,577,940 (2,938,985 males and 2,638,955 females resulting in a sex ratio of 898 females per 1,000 males) {{As of|2011|alt=as of the [[2011 census of India]]}} making Ahmedabad the [[List of most populous cities in India|fifth most populous city]] in India.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad Population 2023 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/314-ahmedabad.html |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Population Census |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011000058/https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/314-ahmedabad.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=City Census 2011 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/city.php |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Population Census |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927211318/http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Census: Population: City: Ahmedabad |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/india/census-population-by-selected-cities/census-population-city-ahmedabad |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=CEIC Data |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126055622/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/india/census-population-by-selected-cities/census-population-city-ahmedabad |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[urban agglomeration]] centred upon Ahmedabad had a population of 6,352,254 and was the [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|seventh most populous urban agglomeration]] in India {{As of|2011|alt=as of the [[2011 census of India]]}}.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban Agglomerations Census 2011 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/urbanagglomeration.php |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Population Census |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211210832/https://www.census2011.co.in/urbanagglomeration.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The population of children aged 0 to 6 was 621,034 (336,063 males and 284,971 females resulting in a child sex ratio of 848 females per 1,000 males) {{As of|2011|alt=as of the [[2011 census of India]]}}.<ref name=":3" /> The city had an average [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 88.29%, a male literacy rate of 92.30%, and a female literacy rate of 83.85%.<ref name=":3" />

The estimated population of Ahmedabad city is 7,692,000, while that of the urban agglomeration area is 8,772,000 as of 2023.<ref name=":3" /> The [[2021 census of India]] has been delayed to 2024-25, and the deadline to freeze administrative boundaries has been extended to 1 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-03 |title=Census to be delayed again, deadline for freezing administrative boundaries pushed to January 1, 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/census-delayed-deadline-administrative-boundaries-pushed-8697397/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729194123/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/census-delayed-deadline-administrative-boundaries-pushed-8697397/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Poverty ===
In the mid-1970s and early 1980s, the textile mills that were responsible for much of Ahmedabad's wealth faced competition from automation and domestic speciality looms. Several mills closed down, leaving between 40,000 and 50,000 people without a source of income, and many moved into informal settlements in the city centre. The [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] (AMC), the governing and administrative body of the city, simultaneously lost much of its tax base and saw an increased demand for services. In the 1990s, newly emerging pharmaceutical, chemical, and automobile manufacturing industries required skilled labour, so many migrants seeking work ended up in the informal sector and settled in slums.<ref name=":0">Bhatkal, Tanvi, William Avis, and Susan Nicolai. "A Cautionary Tale of Progress in Ahmedabad", n.d., 48.</ref>

Ahmedabad has made efforts to reduce poverty and improve the living conditions of poor residents. The urban poverty rate has declined from 28% in 1993–1994 to 10% in 2011–2012.<ref name=":0" /> This is partly due to the strengthening of the AMC and its partnership with several civil society organisations (CSOs) representing poor residents. Through projects and programs, the AMC has provided utilities and basic services to slums. However, some challenges remain, and there are still many residents who lack access to sanitation, clean running water, and electricity. Riots, often rooted in religious tensions, threaten the stability of neighbourhoods and have caused spatial segregation across religious and caste lines. There remains to be seen a concerted effort to balance pro-poor, inclusive development with national initiatives that aim to create 'global cities' that are the focus of capital investment and technological innovation.

==== Informal housing and slums ====
As of 2011, about 66% of the population lives in formal housing, with the other 34% living in slums or ''chawls'', which are tenements for industrial workers. There are approximately 700 slum settlements in Ahmedabad, and 11% of the total housing stock is public housing. The population of Ahmedabad has increased while the housing stock has remained generally constant, and this has led to a rise in the density of both formal and informal housing and a more economical usage of existing space. The Indian census estimates that the Ahmedabad slum population was 25.6% of the total population in 1991 and had decreased to 4.5% in 2011, but these numbers are contested, and local entities maintain that the census underestimates informal populations. There is a consensus that there has been a reduction in the percentage of the population that lives in slum settlements, and that there has also been a general improvement in living conditions for slum residents.<ref name=":0" />{{Update inline|date=August 2023|?=yes|reason=Information appears at least a decade old; demographics and housing data changes rapidly}}

==== Slum Networking Project ====
[[File:Ahmedabad-India-slums-1979-IHS-89-16-Slum in-the-rain.jpeg|thumb|Photograph of slum neighborhood in Ahmedabad, 1979.|right]]
In the 1990s, the AMC faced increased slum populations. They found that residents were willing and able to pay for legal connections to water, sewage, and electricity, but because of tenure issues, they were paying higher prices for low-quality, informal connections. To address this, beginning in 1995, the AMC partnered with civil society organisations to create the Slum Networking Project (SNP) to improve basic services in 60 slums, benefitting approximately 13,000 households.<ref name=":0" /> This project, also known as ''Parivartan (Change)'', involved [[participatory planning]] in which slum residents were partners alongside [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation|AMC]], private institutions, microfinance lenders, and local NGOs. The goal of the program was to provide both physical infrastructure (including water supply, sewers, individual toilets, paved roads, storm drainage, and tree planting) and community development (i.e. the formation of resident associations, women's groups, community health interventions, and vocational training).<ref name=":1">World Bank. 2007. ''[http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/353971468259772248/The-Slum-Networking-Project-in-Ahmedabad-partnering-for-change The Slum Networking Project in Ahmedabad: partnering for change (English)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429092702/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/353971468259772248/The-Slum-Networking-Project-in-Ahmedabad-partnering-for-change |date=29 April 2018 }}''. Water and Sanitation Program case study. Washington, DC: World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/353971468259772248/The-Slum-Networking-Project-in-Ahmedabad-partnering-for-change</ref> In addition, participating households were granted a minimum de facto tenure of ten years. The project cost a total of {{INR}}4,350 million. Community members and the private sector each contributed {{INR}}600 million, NGOs provided {{INR}}90 million, and the AMC paid for the rest of the project.<ref name=":1" /> Each slum household was responsible for no more than 12% of the cost of upgrading their home.<ref name=":0" />

This project has generally been regarded as a success. Having access to basic services increased the residents' working hours, since most work out of their homes. It also reduced the incidence of illness, particularly water-borne illness, and increased children's rates of school attendance.<ref>SEWA Academy (2002) ''Parivartan and its impact: A Partnership Programme of Infrastructure Development in Slums of Ahmedabad City''. SEWA Monograph. Ahmedabad: Self-Employed Women's Association.</ref> The SNP received the 2006 [[UN-Habitat Scroll of Honour Award|UNHABITAT]] Dubai International Award for Best Practice to Improve the Living Environment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mirror.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=10305&catid=46&typeid=73|title=Dubai International Award for Best Practices Winners {{!}} Ahmedabad Slum Networking Programme|website=mirror.unhabitat.org|access-date=28 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425214638/http://mirror.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=10305&catid=46&typeid=73|archive-date=25 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> However, concerns remain about the community's responsibility and capacity for the maintenance of the new infrastructure. Additionally, trust was weakened when the AMC demolished two of the slums that were upgraded as part of SNP to create recreational parks.<ref name=":0" />

=== Religion and ethnicity ===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Ahmedabad City (2011)<ref name="census2011"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|81.56}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|13.51}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Gujarat|Jainism]]|pink|3.62}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Gujarat|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.85}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.48}}
}}

According to the 2011 census, [[Hindus]] are the predominant religious community in the city, comprising 81.56% of the population, followed by [[Muslims]] (13.51%), [[Jains]] (3.62%), Christians (0.85%) and [[Sikhs]] (0.24%).<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> [[Buddhists]], people following other religions and those who did not state any religion make up the remainder.
* The Cathedral of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Mirzapur is the [[cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ahmedabad|Diocese of Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/3736.htm |title=Mount Carmel Cathedral |access-date=31 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201020132/http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/3736.htm |archive-date=1 February 2018}} GCatholic</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://stfxparish.blogspot.com/p/our-parish_15.html?m=1|title= Our Parish|publisher= St. Xavier’s Parish, Ahmedabad|access-date= 2 August 2023|archive-date= 2 August 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230802145138/http://stfxparish.blogspot.com/p/our-parish_15.html?m=1|url-status= live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in Pakistan|Religious]] group
! colspan="2" |1891<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states |jstor=saoa.crl.25318666 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318666 |last1=Baines |first1=Jervoise Athelstane |author2=India Census Commissioner |date=28 January 1891 |volume=1 |access-date=13 December 2023 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531191628/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318666 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dracup |first=A.H. |title=Census of India, 1941 |publisher=Government of India Press |year=1942 |volume=III: Bombay Tables |pages=56–57}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2001<ref>{{Cite web |title=2001 Census of India, C-15 City: Religious community by age-group and sex (city) (Gujarat) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables#}}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
|[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|16x16px]]
|102,619
|{{Percentage|102619|148412|2}}
|426,498
|{{Percentage|426498|591267|2}}
|2,853,494
|{{Percentage|2853494|3520085|2}}
|-
|[[Islam]] [[File:Star_and_Crescent.svg|15x15px]]
|30,946
|{{Percentage|30,946|148,412|2}}
|116,301
|{{Percentage|116301|591267|2}}
|476,620
|{{Percentage|476620|3520085|2}}
|-
|[[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|26x26px]]
|12,747
|{{Percentage|12,747|148,412|2}}
|30,935
|{{Percentage|30935|591267|2}}
|141,607
|{{Percentage|141607|3520085|2}}
|-
|[[Christianity]] [[File:Christian_cross.svg|21x21px]]
|1,031
|{{Percentage|1,031|148,412|2}}
|8,467
|{{Percentage|8467|591267|2}}
|32,917
|{{Percentage|32917|3520085|2}}
|-
|[[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15x15px]]
|723
|{{Percentage|723|148,412|2}}
!—
!—
!—
!—
|-
|[[Animism in India|Animism]]
|156
|{{Percentage|156|148,412|2}}
!—
!—
!—
!—
|-
|[[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|17x17px]]
|153
|{{Percentage|153|148,412|2}}
!—
!—
!—
!—
|-
|[[Sikhism]][[File:Khanda.svg|19x19px]]
!—
!—
|825
|{{Percentage|825|591267|2}}
|8,801
|{{Percentage|8801|3520085|2}}
|-
|[[Buddhism]][[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15x15px]]
!—
!—
!—
!—
|2,064
|{{Percentage|2064|3520085|2}}
|-
|Other
|37
|{{Percentage|37|148,412|2}}
|8,241
|{{Percentage|8241|591267|2}}
|2,678
|{{Percentage|2678|3520085|2}}
|-
!Total population
!148,412
!{{Percentage|148,412|148,412|2}}
!591,267
!{{Percentage|148,412|148,412|2}}
!3,520,085
|{{Percentage|3520085|3520085|2}}
|}
Most of the residents of Ahmedabad are native [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]], but there is a large population with origins outside the state who speak a variety of languages, mainly Hindi and Urdu (among Muslims). There is a Sindhi community dating from Partition, and a Marathi community dating back to Maratha rule over Gujarat. The city is home to some 2,000 [[Parsi people|Parsis]] ([[Zoroastrians]]),<ref name="High ageing rate, health problems worry Parsi community">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/High-ageing-rate-health-problems-worry-Parsi-community/articleshow/1440137447.cms|title=High ageing rate, health problems worry Parsi community|date=22 October 2001|access-date=1 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811034220/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-22/ahmedabad/27229948_1_parsi-community-ageing-population|archive-date=11 August 2011|work=The Times of India|url-status=live}}</ref> and some 125 members of the [[Bene Israel]] [[Jewish]] community.<ref>[http://www.jewishjournal.com/religion/article/jews_of_ahmedabad_india_welcome_torah_scroll "Jews of Ahmedabad, India, welcome Torah scroll"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915035600/http://www.jewishjournal.com/religion/article/jews_of_ahmedabad_india_welcome_torah_scroll |date=15 September 2012}} ''Jewish Journal''. 13 September 2012. 13 September 2012.</ref> There is also one synagogue in the city.<ref>{{cite web |publisher = Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs |title = The Last Jews in India and Burma
|url = http://www.jcpa.org/jl/jl101.htm |first = Nathan |last = Katz |author2 = Ellen S. Goldberg |access-date = 27 April 2006 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060902031415/http://www.jcpa.org/jl/jl101.htm |archive-date = 2 September 2006 |df = dmy-all}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value1 = 68.44 |color1 = skyblue
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 19.49 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 3.47 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |value4 = 2.24 |color4 = limegreen
|label5 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value5 = 2.02 |color5 = red
|label6 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value6 = 1.90 |color6 = maroon
|label7 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value7 = 0.67 |color7 = pink
|label8 = Others |value8 = 1.77 |color8 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 68.44% of the population spoke [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], 19.49% [[Hindi]], 3.47% [[Urdu]], 2.24% [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], 2.02% [[Marathi language|Marathi]] 1.90% [[Marwari language|Marwari]] and 0.67% [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue (Town level): Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10250/download/13362/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2400.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Ahmedabad}}

[[File:Cloth map of ahmedabad.jpg|thumb|19th-century painted cloth map of Ahmedabad]]

Ahmedabad lies in [[western India]] at 53 metres (174 feet) above sea level on the banks of the [[Sabarmati]] river, in north-central Gujarat. It covers an area of {{convert|505|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name='Municipal Extensions'>{{cite news|title=Expansion of Municipal Corporations|website=The Times of India |date=19 June 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-municipal-limits-of-six-cities-expanded/articleshow/76459795.cms|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818194323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-municipal-limits-of-six-cities-expanded/articleshow/76459795.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name='Municipalities have extension in Gujarat'>{{cite web|title=Municipalities have extension in Gujarat|url=https://www.gnsnews.co.in/municipal-corporation-limits-of-5-cities-including-gandhinagar-extended/|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920101249/https://www.gnsnews.co.in/municipal-corporation-limits-of-5-cities-including-gandhinagar-extended/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name='AMC Expands'>{{cite web|title=AMC Expansion|date=8 September 2020|url=https://citizenmatters.in/ahmedabad-municipal-corporation-expansion-real-estate-calls-shots-21022|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116144630/https://citizenmatters.in/ahmedabad-municipal-corporation-expansion-real-estate-calls-shots-21022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AMC">{{cite web|title=Amdavad city |url=http://www.egovamc.com/AhmCity/introduction_Eng.aspx |work=[[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=20 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627122123/http://www.egovamc.com/AhmCity/introduction_Eng.aspx |archive-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> The Sabarmati frequently dried up in the summer, leaving only a small stream of water, and the city is in a sandy and dry area. However, with the execution of the [[Sabarmati Riverfront|Sabarmati River Front]] Project and Embankment, the waters from the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] river have been diverted to the Sabarmati to keep the river flowing throughout the year, thereby eliminating Ahmedabad's water problems. The steady expansion of the [[Rann of Kutch]] threatened to increase desertification around the city area and much of the state; however, the Narmada Canal network is expected to alleviate this problem. Except for the small hills of [[Thaltej-Jodhpur Tekra]], the city is almost flat. Three lakes lie within the city's limits—[[Kankaria]], [[Vastrapur Lake|Vastrapur]] and Chandola. Kankaria, in the neighbourhood of [[Maninagar]], is an artificial lake developed by the Sultan of Gujarat, Qutb-ud-din, in 1451.<ref name="kankaria">{{Cite book|title=Gujarat State Gazetteers|publisher=Directorate of Govt, Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State|year=1984 |page=46}}</ref>

According to the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]], the town falls under [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|seismic zone 3]], in a scale of 2 to 5 (in order of increasing vulnerability to earthquakes).<ref name="hazardprofile">{{cite web |url=http://www.caee.uottawa.ca/India.pdf |title=Performance of buildings during the 2001 Bhuj earthquake|access-date=3 August 2008 |work=Jag Mohan Humar, David Lau, and Jean-Robert Pierre|publisher=The Canadian Association for Earthquake Engineering |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070710000016/http://www.caee.uottawa.ca/India.pdf |archive-date = 10 July 2007}}</ref>

Ahmedabad is divided by the Sabarmati into two physically distinct eastern and western regions. The eastern bank of the river houses the old city, which includes the central town of [[Bhadra Fort|Bhadra]]. This part of Ahmedabad is characterised by packed [[bazaar]]s, the ''[[pol (housing)|pol]]'' system of closely clustered buildings, and numerous places of worship.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5616 |title=Historic city of Ahmadabad - UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=9 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120084421/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5616/ |archive-date=20 November 2011}}</ref> A pol (pronounced as pole) is a housing cluster which comprises many families of a particular group, linked by [[caste]], [[profession]], or religion.<ref name="Others">{{cite book|title=Reader in Urban Sociology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEwOQh41NZMC&pg=PA179|access-date=15 February 2012|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-0-86311-152-5|pages=179–|year=1991|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602031957/http://books.google.com/books?id=fEwOQh41NZMC&pg=PA179|archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Residential Cluster, Ahmedabad: Housing based on the traditional Pols|url=http://www.plea2009.arc.ulaval.ca/Papers/1.CHALLENGE/1.2%20City/POSTER/1-2-22-PLEA2009Quebec.pdf|work=arc.ulaval.ca/|access-date=15 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518101300/http://www.plea2009.arc.ulaval.ca/Papers/1.CHALLENGE/1.2%20City/POSTER/1-2-22-PLEA2009Quebec.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> [[List of pols in Ahmedabad|This is a list of pols]] in the [[Old Ahmedabad|old walled city]]<ref name="Others" /> of Ahmedabad in [[Gujarat]], India. Heritage of these pols<ref>{{cite web|language=gu|last=Patel|first=Bholabhai|title=અમદાવાદની પોળ સંસ્કૃતિની એક મર્મસ્પર્શી ઝલક|work=Divya Bhaskar |url=http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/article/mag-amdavad-pol-culture-1888076.html|publisher=[[Divya Bhaskar]]|access-date=10 February 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228040941/http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/article/mag-amdavad-pol-culture-1888076.html|archive-date=28 February 2011|date=26 February 2011}}</ref> has helped Ahmedabad gain a place in [[UNESCO]]'s Tentative Lists, in [[World Heritage Site#Cultural criteria|selection criteria]] II, III and IV.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tentative Lists|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/state=in|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=10 February 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126154032/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/state=in|archive-date=26 January 2012}}</ref> The secretary-general of EuroIndia Centre quoted that if 12,000 [[Havelis|homes]] of Ahmedabad are restored they could be very helpful in promoting heritage tourism and its allied businesses.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dave|first=Jitendra|title=Ahmedabad heritage set to conquer Spain|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ahmedabad-heritage-set-to-conquer-spain_1285803|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=10 February 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311101838/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ahmedabad-heritage-set-to-conquer-spain_1285803|archive-date=11 March 2011|date=28 August 2009}}</ref> The ''Art Reverie'' in ''Moto Sutharvado'' is [[Res Artis]] center. The first pol in Ahmedabad was named ''Mahurat Pol''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vaarso |url=http://www.vaarso.com/pols-of-ahmedabad.html |work=Ahmedabad Mirror |access-date=10 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202164619/http://www.vaarso.com/pols-of-ahmedabad.html |archive-date=2 February 2012}}</ref> The old city also houses the main railway station, the main post office, and some buildings of the Muzaffarid and British eras. The colonial period saw the expansion of the city to the western side of the Sabarmati river, facilitated by the construction of [[Ellis Bridge]] in 1875 (and later the modern [[Nehru Bridge]]). The western part of the city houses educational institutions, modern buildings, residential areas, shopping malls, multiplexes and new business districts centred around roads such as [[Ashram Road]], [[C. G. Road]], and [[Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a Millennium |publisher=Vastu-Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design |year=2002 | page=83 |chapter=Urban Structure and Growth}}</ref>

{{wide image|Ahmedabad Panorama 1.jpg|800px|There are nine bridges on the river Sabarmati that connect the eastern and western regions.|align-cap=center}}

The [[Sabarmati Riverfront]] is a waterfront area being developed along the banks of the Sabarmati River in Ahmedabad, India. Proposed in the 1960s, its construction began in 2005, and it opened in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sabarmati River Front Time line |url=https://sabarmatiriverfront.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/History-copy.JPG |access-date=2 March 2023 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302075435/https://sabarmatiriverfront.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/History-copy.JPG |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Ahmedabad has a [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: [[Hot semi-arid climate|BSh]]), with marginally less rain than required for a [[tropical savanna climate]]. There are three main seasons: summer, monsoon, and winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is extremely dry. The weather is hot from March to June; the average summer maximum is {{convert|43|C|F|0}}, and the average minimum is {{convert|24|C|F}}. From November to February, the average maximum temperature is {{convert|30|C|F}}, and the average minimum is {{convert|13|C|F}}. Cold winds from the north are responsible for a mild chill in January. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The average annual rainfall is about {{convert|800|mm|in}}, but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause local rivers to flood, and it is not uncommon for droughts to occur when the monsoon does not extend as far west as usual. The highest temperature in the city was recorded on 20 May 2016, with it reaching {{convert|48|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 May 2016 |title=Ahmedabad records hottest day in century as mercury hits 48 degrees Celcius |newspaper=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-records-hottest-day-in-century-as-mercury-hits-48-degrees-celcius-2809687/ |url-status=live |access-date=20 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520120224/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-records-hottest-day-in-century-as-mercury-hits-48-degrees-celcius-2809687/ |archive-date=20 May 2016}}</ref>
{{center|
{{Weather box
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| location = Ahmedabad (1991–2020)
| Jan record high C = 36.1
| Feb record high C = 40.6
| Mar record high C = 43.9
| Apr record high C = 46.2
| May record high C = 48.0
| Jun record high C = 47.2
| Jul record high C = 42.2
| Aug record high C = 40.4
| Sep record high C = 41.7
| Oct record high C = 42.8
| Nov record high C = 38.9
| Dec record high C = 35.6
| year record high C = 48.0
| Jan high C = 27.9
| Feb high C = 31.0
| Mar high C = 35.8
| Apr high C = 39.7
| May high C = 41.8
| Jun high C = 39.0
| Jul high C = 33.7
| Aug high C = 32.3
| Sep high C = 33.6
| Oct high C = 35.6
| Nov high C = 33.1
| Dec high C = 29.5
| year high C = 34.4
| Jan mean C = 20.1
| Feb mean C = 22.8
| Mar mean C = 27.7
| Apr mean C = 31.9
| May mean C = 34.5
| Jun mean C = 33.3
| Jul mean C = 29.8
| Aug mean C = 28.8
| Sep mean C = 29.3
| Oct mean C = 28.8
| Nov mean C = 25.1
| Dec mean C = 21.6
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 12.4
| Feb low C = 14.6
| Mar low C = 19.6
| Apr low C = 24.2
| May low C = 27.3
| Jun low C = 27.7
| Jul low C = 26.1
| Aug low C = 25.3
| Sep low C = 24.9
| Oct low C = 21.8
| Nov low C = 17.2
| Dec low C = 13.6
| year low C = 21.2
| Jan record low C = 3.3
| Feb record low C = 2.2
| Mar record low C = 9.4
| Apr record low C = 12.8
| May record low C = 19.1
| Jun record low C = 19.4
| Jul record low C = 20.4
| Aug record low C = 21.2
| Sep record low C = 17.2
| Oct record low C = 12.6
| Nov record low C = 8.3
| Dec record low C = 3.6
| year record low C =
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 1.2
| Feb rain mm = 0.6
| Mar rain mm = 1.1
| Apr rain mm = 2.5
| May rain mm = 5.5
| Jun rain mm = 84.3
| Jul rain mm = 310.1
| Aug rain mm = 242.2
| Sep rain mm = 120.2
| Oct rain mm = 13.1
| Nov rain mm = 1.9
| Dec rain mm = 0.9
| year rain mm = 783.6
| Jan rain days = 0.2
| Feb rain days = 0.1
| Mar rain days = 0.2
| Apr rain days = 0.3
| May rain days = 0.3
| Jun rain days = 3.9
| Jul rain days = 11.3
| Aug rain days = 10.3
| Sep rain days = 6.1
| Oct rain days = 0.9
| Nov rain days = 0.3
| Dec rain days = 0.1
| year rain days = 33.9
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 35
| Feb humidity = 26
| Mar humidity = 21
| Apr humidity = 20
| May humidity = 25
| Jun humidity = 44
| Jul humidity = 69
| Aug humidity = 72
| Sep humidity = 63
| Oct humidity = 43
| Nov humidity = 39
| Dec humidity = 38
|year humidity = 41.25
| Jan dew point C = 9
| Feb dew point C = 10
| Mar dew point C = 10
| Apr dew point C = 14
| May dew point C = 19
| Jun dew point C = 23
| Jul dew point C = 25
| Aug dew point C = 25
| Sep dew point C = 24
| Oct dew point C = 19
| Nov dew point C = 14
| Dec dew point C = 11
| Jan sun = 287.3
| Feb sun = 274.3
| Mar sun = 277.5
| Apr sun = 297.2
| May sun = 329.6
| Jun sun = 238.3
| Jul sun = 130.1
| Aug sun = 111.4
| Sep sun = 220.6
| Oct sun = 290.7
| Nov sun = 274.1
| Dec sun = 288.6
| year sun =
| Jan uv = 6
| Feb uv = 8
| Mar uv = 11
| Apr uv = 12
| May uv = 12
| Jun uv = 12
| Jul uv = 12
| Aug uv = 12
| Sep uv = 11
| Oct uv = 9
| Nov uv = 7
| Dec uv = 6
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240408025145/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 8 April 2024
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Station: Ahmedabad Climatological Table 1991–2020
| work = Climatological Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 7 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=IMD2>{{cite web
|url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf
|title=Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010
|publisher=India Meteorological Department
|access-date=16 May 2014
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316064314/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf
|archive-date=16 March 2014
}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M48
| access-date = 26 December 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDcityrainfall>{{cite web
| url = https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42647
| title = Climatological Information - Ahmedabad (42647)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 8 August 2022
| archive-date = 21 July 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220721003329/https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42647
| url-status = live
}}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/ahmadabad/climate
|title = Climate & Weather Averages in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
|publisher = Time and Date
|access-date = 18 July 2022
|archive-date = 18 July 2022
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220718112442/https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/ahmadabad/climate
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
| source 2 = NOAA (sun 1971–1990),<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/IN/42647.TXT
| title = Ahmedabad Climate Normals 1971–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200721063343/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/IN/42647.TXT
| archive-date = 2020-07-21
| url-status = dead
| access-date = 25 March 2015}}</ref> IEM ASOS (May record high)<ref name=IEM>{{cite web
|url = http://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/sites/obhistory.php?network=IN__ASOS&station=VAAH&year=2016&month=05&day=18
|title = VAAH Data for May 18, 2016
|publisher = IEM
|access-date = 21 May 2016
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160701022942/http://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/sites/obhistory.php?network=IN__ASOS&station=VAAH&year=2016&month=05&day=18
|archive-date = 1 July 2016
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020);<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221201155746/https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42647
| archive-date = 1 December 2022
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42647
| title = Normals Data: Ahmedabad - India Latitude: 23.07°N Longitude: 72.63°E Height: 55 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref> Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web
| url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/ahmedabad-climate
| title = Climate and monthly weather forecast Ahmedabad, India
| publisher = Weather Atlas
| access-date = 12 June 2022
| archive-date = 12 June 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220612185309/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/ahmedabad-climate
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMDcityextremes2>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 1 January 2023
| title = Climatological Tables 1991-2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 1 January 2023
| page = 21}}</ref>

| source =
}}}}

Following a [[heat wave]] in May 2010, which reached {{convert|46.8|C}} and claimed hundreds of lives,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/weather-researchers-fear--may-2010-heat-wave--may-return-to-city/944740/|title=Weather: Researchers fear 'May 2010 heat wave' may return to city|date=3 May 2012|first1=Mandar|last1=Chitre|first2=Adam|last2=Halliday|access-date=13 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017072518/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/weather-researchers-fear--may-2010-heat-wave--may-return-to-city/944740/|archive-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> the [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] (AMC), in partnership with an international coalition of health and academic groups and with support from the [[Climate & Development Knowledge Network]], developed the Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Heat Action Plan – Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.egovamc.com/downloads/healthcare/healthpdf/heat_action_plan.pdf |publisher=[[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=28 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907053604/http://egovamc.com/Downloads/HealthCare/healthpdf/heat_action_plan.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2013}}</ref> Aimed at increasing awareness, sharing information and coordinating responses to reduce the health effects of heat on vulnerable populations, the action plan is the first comprehensive plan in Asia to address the threat of adverse heat on health.<ref>[http://cdkn.org/2013/04/feature-ahmedabad-india-launches-heat-wave-preparation-and-warning-system/?loclang=en_gb Feature: Ahmedabad, India launches heat wave preparation and warning system] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604121442/http://cdkn.org/2013/04/feature-ahmedabad-india-launches-heat-wave-preparation-and-warning-system/?loclang=en_gb |date=4 June 2013}} [[Climate & Development Knowledge Network]]. Retrieved 31 July 2013.</ref> It also focuses on community participation, building public awareness of the risks of [[extreme heat]], training medical and community workers to respond to and help prevent heat-related illnesses, and coordinating an interagency emergency response effort when heat waves hit.<ref>[http://cdkn.org/resource/addressing-heat-related-risks-india/ Addressing heat-related risks in urban India: Ahmedabad's Heat Action Plan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712235253/http://cdkn.org/resource/addressing-heat-related-risks-india/ |date=12 July 2014}}, Dr Tejas Shah, Dr Dileep Mavalankar, Dr Gulrez Shah Azhar, Anjali Jaiswal and Meredith Connolly, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Indian Institute of Public Health-Gandhinagar and the Natural Resources Defense Council, 2014</ref>

Ahmedabad has been ranked the 7th best "National Clean Air City" (under Category 1, >10L population cities) in India according to the Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=prana.cpcb.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Cityscape ===

Early in Ahmedabad's history, under [[Ahmed Shah of Gujarat|Ahmed Shah]], builders fused Hindu craftsmanship with [[Persian architecture]], giving rise to the [[Indo-Saracenic]] style.<ref name="KishoreSharma"/> Many mosques in the city were built in this fashion.<ref name="KishoreSharma">{{cite book|author=B.R. Kishore|author2=Shiv Sharma|title=India – A Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COHI7LlpkSAC&pg=PA491|access-date=4 April 2012|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-284-0067-4|page=491|year=2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602032457/http://books.google.com/books?id=COHI7LlpkSAC&pg=PA491|archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> [[Sidi Saiyyed Mosque]] was built in the last year of the Sultanate of Gujarat. It is entirely arched and has ten stone latticework windows or [[jali]] on the side and rear arches. Private mansions or [[haveli]] from this era have carvings.<ref name="Others"/> A [[Pol (housing)|pol]] is a typical housing cluster of [[Old Ahmedabad]].

After independence, modern buildings appeared in Ahmedabad. Architects given commissions in the city included [[Louis Kahn]], who designed the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM-A]]; [[Le Corbusier]], who designed the [[Villa Shodhan|Shodhan]] and [[Villa Sarabhai|Sarabhai Villa]]s, the [[Sanskar Kendra]] and the [[Mill Owners' Association Building]], and [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], who designed the administrative building of [[Calico Mills]] and the [[Calico Dome]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Yatin|last=Pandya|title=Calico dome: Crumbling crown of architecture|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/comment_calico-dome-crumbling-crown-of-architecture_1311809|work=Daily News and Analysis|location=India|access-date=24 February 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503202255/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/comment_calico-dome-crumbling-crown-of-architecture_1311809|archive-date=3 May 2010|date=15 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Parth|last=Shastri|title=Calico Dome: The icon of its time|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Calico-Dome-The-icon-of-its-time/articleshow/10371472.cms|access-date=24 February 2012|date=16 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501232903/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-16/ahmedabad/30285765_1_geodesic-dome-design-calico-dome|archive-date=1 May 2013|work=The Times of India|url-status=live}}</ref> [[B. V. Doshi]] came to the city from Paris to supervise Le Corbusier's works and later set up the [[CEPT University|School of Architecture]] (now CEPT). His local works include Sangath, [[Amdavad ni Gufa]], [[Tagore Memorial Hall]] and the School of Architecture. [[Charles Correa]], who became a partner of Doshi's, designed the [[Sabarmati Ashram|Gandhi Ashram]] and [[Achyut Kanvinde]], and the [[Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association]] complex.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-168251|title=Tagore hall|journal=Arts Asiatiques|year=1967|volume=60|last1=Doshi|first1=Balkrishna V.|last2=Tsuboi|first2=Yoshikatsu|last3=Raj|first3=Mahendra|access-date=3 May 2021|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503062523/https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-168251|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GansCorbusier2006">{{cite book|first1=Deborah|last1=Gans|title=The Le Corbusier guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsUvawMUeGsC&pg=PA211|access-date=4 April 2012|year=2006|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|isbn=978-1-56898-539-8|pages=211–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602030907/http://books.google.com/books?id=qsUvawMUeGsC&pg=PA211|archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="GargianiRosellini2011">{{cite book|author-link1=Roberto Gargiani|first1=Roberto|last1=Gargiani|first2=Anna|last2=Rosellini|title=Le Corbusier: Beton Brut and Ineffable Space (1940–1965): Surface Materials and Psychophysiology of Vision|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bqwHOVYYVl0C&pg=PA417|access-date=4 April 2012|date=25 November 2011|publisher=[[EPFL Press]]|isbn=978-0-415-68171-1|pages=417–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602030736/http://books.google.com/books?id=bqwHOVYYVl0C&pg=PA417|archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> [[Christopher Charles Benninger]]'s first work, the Alliance Française, is located in the Ellis Bridge area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Christopher Charles Benninger Architects |url=http://www.ccba.in/alliance_writeup.htm |access-date=4 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404204446/http://www.ccba.in/alliance_writeup.htm |archive-date=4 April 2012}}</ref> [[Anant Raje]] designed major additions to [[Louis Kahn]]'s [[Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad|IIM-A]] campus, namely the Ravi Mathai Auditorium and KLMD.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/He-was-a-teacher-and-an-institution/articleshow/4721898.cms |title=He was a teacher and an institution |date=1 July 2009 |access-date=16 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811030453/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-01/surat/28153636_1_architecture-works-institution |archive-date=11 August 2011 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live}}</ref>

Some of the most visited gardens in the city include [[Law Garden]], Victoria Garden, and Bal Vatika. Law Garden was named after the College of Law located nearby. Victoria Garden is located at the southern edge of the Bhadra Fort and contains a statue of [[Queen Victoria]]. Bal Vatika is a children's park situated on the grounds of [[Kankaria Lake]] and houses an amusement park. Other gardens in the city include [[Parimal Garden]], Usmanpura Garden, Prahlad Nagar Garden, and Lal Darwaja Garden.<ref name="Law_garden">{{cite web|title=Law Garden Night Market|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/gujarat/ahmedabad-amdavad/shopping/other/law-garden-night|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|access-date=24 February 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126145749/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/gujarat/ahmedabad-amdavad/shopping/other/law-garden-night|archive-date=26 November 2011}}</ref> Ahmedabad's Kamla Nehru Zoological Park houses a number of endangered species including flamingoes, [[caracal]]s, [[Dhole|Asiatic wolves]], and [[chinkara]].<ref name="cza">{{cite web|url=http://www.cza.nic.in/species.html |title=Endangered species Identified for breeding and their species coordinator |publisher=Central Zoo Authority India |access-date=25 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930232403/http://www.cza.nic.in/species.html |archive-date=30 September 2008}}</ref>

The [[Kankaria]] Lake, built in 1451 CE, is one of the biggest lakes in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gujarat-Daman-Diu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7EHTBl_pyQC&q=Kankaria+1451&pg=PA31|access-date=1 June 2012|isbn=9788125013839|year=1998|last=Ward|first=Philip| publisher=Orient Longman Limited |archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502120726/https://books.google.com/books?id=P7EHTBl_pyQC&q=Kankaria+1451&pg=PA31|url-status=live}}</ref> In earlier days, it was known by the name ''Qutub Hoj'' or ''Hauj-e-Kutub''.<ref name="kndfg">{{cite news|title=Reminiscing the Kankaria Lake of yore|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column_reminiscing-the-kankaria-lake-of-yore_1670566|author=Pandya, Yatin|newspaper=DNA India|access-date=1 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414145158/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column_reminiscing-the-kankaria-lake-of-yore_1670566|archive-date=14 April 2012|date=2 April 2012}}</ref> Lal Bahadur Shastri lake in Bapunagar is almost 136,000 square metres. In 2010, another 34 lakes were planned in and around Ahmedabad of which five lakes will be developed by AMC; the other 29 will be developed by the [[Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority]] (AUDA).<ref>{{cite news|first=Ruturaj |last=Jadav |title=City of lakes-With 34 new lakes under development, Ahmedabad is set to pose a challenge to Udaipur |url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=2&contentid=2010041420100414024003550f8f5a989 |access-date=6 October 2012 |newspaper=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]] |date=14 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508223054/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=2&contentid=2010041420100414024003550f8f5a989 |archive-date=8 May 2013}}</ref> [[Vastrapur lake|Vastrapur Lake]] is a small artificial lake located in the western part of Ahmedabad. Beautified by local authorities in 2002, it is surrounded by greenery and paved walkways and has become a popular leisure spot for the citizens.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vastapur lake travel guide |url=https://www.trodly.com/india/destination-4541/vastrapur-lake |website=Trodly |access-date=9 May 2019 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509080905/https://www.trodly.com/india/destination-4541/vastrapur-lake |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chandola Lake]] covers an area of 1200 hectares. It is home to [[cormorants]], [[painted stork]]s, and [[spoonbill]]s.<ref>It's a Jungle Out There [sic]. ''The Indian Express'', 18 August 2013</ref> During the evening, many people visit this place and take a stroll.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahmedabad.org.uk/lakes/chandola-lake.html|title=Chandola Lake|work=ahmedabad.org.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205110638/http://www.ahmedabad.org.uk/lakes/chandola-lake.html|archive-date=5 December 2012}}</ref> There is a recently developed lake in [[Naroda]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-get-ready-to-pay-entry-fee-at-naroda-lake-1394714|title=Get ready to pay entry fee at Naroda Lake|work=dna|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526114929/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-get-ready-to-pay-entry-fee-at-naroda-lake-1394714|archive-date=26 May 2015|date=11 June 2010}}</ref> and there is also the world's largest collection of antique cars in Kathwada at IB farm (Dastan Farm).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vccci.com/vintage-car-museum|title=VCCCI|work=vccci.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526111342/http://www.vccci.com/vintage-car-museum|archive-date=26 May 2015}}</ref> AMC has also developed the [[Sabarmati Riverfront]].<ref name="Mahadevia">{{cite book|first=Darshin|last=Mahadevia|title=Inside the Transforming Urban Asia: Processes, Policies and Public Actions|year=2008|publisher=Concept|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8069-574-2|page=650|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdKvxlYzTFkC&q=Sabarmati+riverfront|edition=1. publ.|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502120717/https://books.google.com/books?id=hdKvxlYzTFkC&q=Sabarmati+riverfront|url-status=live}}</ref>

Looking at the health of traffic police staff deployed near the Pirana dump site, the [[Ahmedabad City Police]] is going to install outdoor [[air purifiers]] at traffic points so that the deployed staff can breathe fresh air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-ahmedabad-air-purifiers-to-be-installed-near-pirana-dumping-site-for-traffic-police-2717465|title=Ahmedabad: Air purifiers to be installed near Pirana dumping site for traffic police|date=8 February 2019|website=dna|access-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222204552/https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-ahmedabad-air-purifiers-to-be-installed-near-pirana-dumping-site-for-traffic-police-2717465|archive-date=22 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Sidi-Saiyyed-Jaali-Ahmedabad.jpg|[[Sidi Saiyyed Mosque]]
File:Mosque of Sidi Sayed Jaali.JPG|A marble screen from the exterior of the Sidi Saiyyed Mosque

File:Hathee-Singh-Jain-Temple-Ahmedabad.jpg|Hutheesing Jain Derasar main entrance
File:Pole 44.jpg|[[Pol (housing)|Pol]] area of [[Old Ahmedabad]]
File:Sabarmati riverside.jpg|[[Sabarmati Riverfront]]
File:Kankaria lake.JPG|[[Kankaria Lake]], Ahmedabad
</gallery>

{{clear}}

== Civic administration ==
[[File:Gujarat-High-Court.jpg|thumb|[[Gujarat High Court]] in Ahmedabad]]

Ahmedabad is the administrative headquarters of [[Ahmedabad district]] and is administered by the [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] (AMC). The AMC was established in July 1950 under the Bombay Provincial Corporation Act of 1949. The AMC commissioner is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer appointed by the [[Government of Gujarat|state government]] who reserves the administrative executive powers, whereas the corporation is headed by the [[mayor of Ahmedabad]]. The city residents elect the 192 [[Councillor|municipal councillors]] by popular vote, and the elected councillors select the deputy mayor and mayor of the city. The mayor, Bijal Patel, was appointed on 14 June 2018.<ref name="AhmMir-15Jun">{{cite news |title=Bijal Patel appointed city Mayor |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/bijal-patel-appointed-city-mayor/articleshow/64593445.cms |work=Ahmedabad Mirror |date=15 June 2018 |access-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625185401/https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/bijal-patel-appointed-city-mayor/articleshow/64593445.cms |archive-date=25 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The administrative responsibilities of the AMC are water and sewerage services, primary education, health services, fire services, public transport and the city's infrastructure.<ref name="AMC"/> AMC was ranked 9th out of 21 cities for "the best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.4 out of 10 compared to the national average of 3.3."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nair|first1=Ajesh|title=Annual Survey of India's City-Systems|url=http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf|website=janaagraha.org|publisher=Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy|access-date=7 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319003215/http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> Ahmedabad registers two accidents per hour.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/city-registers-two-accidents-per-hour-and-gujarat-18-emri-108/articleshow/66672987.cms|title=Ahmedabad registers two accidents per hour and Gujarat 18: EMRI 108 |work=The Times of India|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120231342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/city-registers-two-accidents-per-hour-and-gujarat-18-emri-108/articleshow/66672987.cms|archive-date=20 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The city is divided into seven zones, constituting 48 wards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CCRS|url=http://www.amccrs.com/AMCPortal/View/ZonewiseWardList.aspx?m=ZoneWardList|access-date=30 May 2021|website=www.amccrs.com|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212240/http://www.amccrs.com/AMCPortal/View/ZonewiseWardList.aspx?m=ZoneWardList|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 May 2015|title=Delimitation order announced: Ahmedabad to have 48 wards|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/delimitation-order-announced-ahmedabad-to-have-48-wards/|access-date=30 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212702/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/delimitation-order-announced-ahmedabad-to-have-48-wards/|url-status=live}}</ref> The city's urban and suburban areas are administered by the [[Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority]] (AUDA).
* The city is represented by two elected members of parliament in the [[Lok Sabha]] (the lower house of the Indian Parliament) and 21 [[member of the Legislative Assembly|members of the Legislative Assembly]] at the Gujarat [[Vidhan Sabha]] (state legislative assembly).
* The [[Gujarat High Court]] is located in Ahmedabad, making the city the judicial capital of Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/ahemdabad_cityinfo.jsp|work=aai.aero/|title=City Information|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505035807/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/ahemdabad_cityinfo.jsp|archive-date=5 May 2012}}</ref>
* Law enforcement and public safety is maintained by the [[Ahmedabad City Police]], which is headed by the [[Police Commissioner]], an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer.<ref name="Saikia new Ahmedabad police chief">{{Cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Saikia-new-Ahmedabad-police-chief/230451/ |title=Saikia new Ahmedabad police chief |date=20 October 2007 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=25 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125055049/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Saikia-new-Ahmedabad-police-chief/230451/ |archive-date=25 January 2008}}</ref>

=== Municipal finance ===

According to audited financial statements published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation reported total revenue of ₹5,267 crore and total expenditure of ₹5,004 crore for the financial year 2022–23.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amdavad Municipal Corporation Financial Data |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/amdavad |publisher=Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India |access-date=1 April 2025}}</ref> The data is sourced from audited financial statements published by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.

=== Public services ===
* Electricity is generated and distributed by [[Torrent Power]] Limited, which is owned and operated by the Ahmedabad Electricity Company (a previously state-run corporation).<ref name="torrent">{{cite web|url=http://www.torrentlimited.com/aec.htm |title=Group Companies—The Ahmedabad Electricity Company Limited |publisher=Torrent Group |access-date=21 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123092555/http://www.torrentlimited.com/aec.htm |archive-date=23 January 2010}}</ref> Ahmedabad is one of the few cities in India where the power sector is privatised.<ref name="Vedavalli2007">{{cite book|first=Rangaswamy|last=Vedavalli|title=Energy for Development: Twenty-first Century Challenges of Reform and Liberalization in Developing Countries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeIRJAF5QtsC&pg=PA215|access-date=11 August 2012|date=13 March 2007|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-223-9|pages=215–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611234344/http://books.google.com/books?id=zeIRJAF5QtsC&pg=PA215|archive-date=11 June 2013}}</ref>

=== Hospitals ===
* [[Ahmedabad Civil Hospital]]
* Care Institute of Medical Sciences, Ahmedabad
* GCS Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre
* [[Krishna Heart Institute]]
* [[Sola Civil Hospital]]
* [[SVP Hospital]]
* [[Victoria Jubilee Hospital for Women]]

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Ahmedabad}}

[[File:Navratri Garba.jpg|thumb|[[Navaratri]] celebrations in Ahmedabad]]

Ahmedabad is known for its rich architecture, traditional housing designs, community-oriented settlement patterns, urban structure, as well as its unique crafts and mercantile culture.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Documentation and Cultural Heritage Inventories – Case of the Historic City of Ahmadabad |url=https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/II-5-W3/271/2015/isprsannals-II-5-W3-271-2015.pdf |journal=ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences |bibcode=2015ISPAn.II5..271S |last1=Shah |first1=K. |date=2015 |volume=II5 |page=271 |doi=10.5194/isprsannals-II-5-W3-271-2015 |doi-access=free |access-date=11 December 2023 |archive-date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214114921/https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/II-5-W3/271/2015/isprsannals-II-5-W3-271-2015.pdf |url-status=live | issn=2196-6346 }}</ref> The people of Ahmedabad celebrate a vast range of festivals. Celebrations and observances include [[Uttarayana|Uttarayan]], a harvest festival which involves kite-flying on 14 and 15 January. The nine nights of [[Navratri]] are celebrated with people performing [[Garba (dance)|Garba]], the most popular folk dance of Gujarat, at venues across the city. The annual [[Rath Yatra]] procession takes place on the ''Ashadh-sud-bij'' date of the [[Hindu calendar]] at the [[Jagannath Temple, Ahmedabad|Jagannath Temple]]. Festivals like Diwali, Holi, Christmas, and Muharram (pan-Indian festivals) are also celebrated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-13 |title=Lacklustre Uttarayan for kite sellers due to demand slump |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/lacklustre-uttarayan-for-kite-sellers-due-to-demand-slump-8380687/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402015551/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/lacklustre-uttarayan-for-kite-sellers-due-to-demand-slump-8380687/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-20 |title=Festive fervour high as people gear up for Navratri celebrations |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/festive-fervour-high-as-people-gear-up-for-navratri-celebrations-8162810/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402015605/https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/festive-fervour-high-as-people-gear-up-for-navratri-celebrations-8162810/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
One of the most popular dishes in Ahmedabad is the Gujarati ''[[thali]]'', which was first served commercially by Chandvilas Hotel in 1900.<ref>{{cite book|last=O'Brien|first=Charmaine|title=The Penguin Food Guide to India|date=2013|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5118-575-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ&q=gujarati+thali+is+popular+in+ahmedabad&pg=PT290|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502120721/https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ&q=gujarati+thali+is+popular+in+ahmedabad&pg=PT290|url-status=live}}</ref> It consists of [[roti]] (chapati), [[dal]], rice, and {{transliteration|gu|shaak}} (cooked vegetables, sometimes with [[curry]]), with accompaniments of [[Indian pickle|pickles]] and roasted ''[[papad]]s''. Sweet dishes include [[laddu|laddoo]], [[mango]], and {{transliteration|gu|italic=no|vedhmi}}. ''Dhoklas'', {{transliteration|gu|theplas}}, and {{transliteration|gu|dhebras}} are other popularly consumed dishes in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dalal|first=Tarla|title=The Complete Gujarati Cookbook|date=2003|publisher=Sanjay & Co.|isbn=81-86469-45-1|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXtEgtCJVucC&q=gujarati+thali+is+popular+in+ahmedabad&pg=PA4|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502120719/https://books.google.com/books?id=QXtEgtCJVucC&q=gujarati+thali+is+popular+in+ahmedabad&pg=PA4|url-status=live}}</ref> Beverages include [[buttermilk]] and tea. Drinking alcohol is legally banned in Ahmedabad, as Gujarat is a 'dry' state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/were-beneficiaries-of-reverse-colonialism-boris/articleshow/60092530.cms|title=We're beneficiaries of reverse colonialism: Boris|date=17 August 2017|author=Naomi Canton|work=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824223606/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/Were-beneficiaries-of-reverse-colonialism-Boris/articleshow/60092530.cms|archive-date=24 August 2017}}</ref>

Many restaurants serve Indian and international cuisines. Most of the food outlets serve only vegetarian food, as there exists a strong tradition of vegetarianism that has been maintained by the city's Jain and Hindu communities for centuries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Food – IIMA|url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/institute/about-ahmedabad/food.html|publisher=iimahd.ernet.in|access-date=27 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626132252/http://iimahd.ernet.in/institute/about-ahmedabad/food.html|archive-date=26 June 2014}}</ref> The first all-vegetarian [[Pizza Hut]] in the world opened in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Made for India: Succeeding in a Market Where One Size Won't Fit All|url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=4358|work=India Knowledge@Wharton|publisher=The Wharton School|access-date=18 February 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629194914/http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=4358|archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref> KFC has a separate staff uniform for serving vegetarian items and prepares vegetarian food in a separate kitchen,<ref>{{cite web|title=KFC in Ahmedabad |url=http://ahmedabad.burrp.com/brand/kfc/111135198 |publisher=Burrp.com [[Network 18]] |access-date=24 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605121835/http://ahmedabad.burrp.com/brand/kfc/111135198 |archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nair|first=Avinash|title=Kentucky {{sic|Friend|nolink=y}} Chicken changes dress code for {{sic|vegeterian|nolink=y}} Gujarat|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-17/news/30289880_1_kfc-brand-kentucky-friend-chicken-vegetarian-menu|access-date=27 April 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=17 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501205406/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-17/news/30289880_1_kfc-brand-kentucky-friend-chicken-vegetarian-menu|archive-date=1 May 2013}}</ref> as does McDonald's.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hum dono hai alag alag|url=http://www.mcdonaldsindia.com/McDonald%27s-VegVsNonVegPressRels-HumDonoHaiAlaghAlagh-Aug%2709.pdf|work=press release|publisher=[[McDonald's]] India|access-date=27 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016224558/http://mcdonaldsindia.com/McDonald%27s-VegVsNonVegPressRels-HumDonoHaiAlaghAlagh-Aug%2709.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mcdonald's in Ahmedabad |url=http://ahmedabad.burrp.com/brand/mcdonalds/183286326 |publisher=Burrp.com [[Network 18]] |access-date=24 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605130447/http://ahmedabad.burrp.com/brand/mcdonalds/183286326 |archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> Ahmedabad has a number of restaurants serving typical [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughlai]] non-vegetarian food in older areas like Bhatiyar Gali, [[Kalupur]] and Jamalpur.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Ahmedabad Food |url=http://traveller.outlookindia.com/destinationlink.aspx?id=33&destinationid=50 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612004722/http://traveller.outlookindia.com/destinationlink.aspx?id=33&destinationid=50 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 June 2011 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Traveller]] |access-date=24 February 2012}}</ref> [[Manek Chowk (Ahmedabad)|Manek Chowk]] is an open square near the centre of the city that functions as a vegetable market in the morning and a jewellery market in the afternoon. However, it is best known for becoming a vast congregation of food stalls in the evening, which sell local [[street food]]. It is named after the Hindu saint Baba [[Maneknath]].<ref name="Desai2007">{{cite book |author=Anjali H. Desai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&pg=PA106 |title=India Guide Gujarat |publisher=India Guide Publications |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-9789517-0-2 |page=93 |access-date=26 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602030524/http://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&pg=PA106 |archive-date=2 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The city has diverse food options for the vegan community as well. PETA India has named Ahmedabad as India's most vegan-friendly city of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad India's 'Most Vegan-Friendly City' |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/vegans-vegas/81880018.html |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

=== Art and crafts ===
Parts of Ahmedabad are known for their [[folk art]]. The artisans of Rangeela 'pol' make [[tie-dye]]d ''[[Kerchief|bandhinis]]'', while the cobbler shops of Madhupura sell traditional ''mojdi'' (also known as ''mojri'') footwear. Idols of the Hindu deity [[Ganesha]] and other religious icons are made in large numbers by artisans in the Gulbai Tekra area. In 2019, there was a surge in demand for eco-friendly idols due to increased awareness surrounding the effects of submerging the traditional plaster-of-paris idols in the Sabarmati River.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/go-green-with-ganesha/articleshow/70917990.cms|title=Go green with Ganesha|last1=Paniker|first1=Shruti|date=31 August 2019|website=Ahmedabad Mirror|access-date=2 September 2019|archive-date=2 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902074133/https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/go-green-with-ganesha/articleshow/70917990.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The shops at the [[Law Garden]] sell mirrorwork handicrafts.<ref name="Law_garden" />

[[File:Shree Swaminarayan Mandir Kalupur Ahmedabad Gujarat.jpg|thumb|The gate of [[Swaminarayan Temple, Ahmedabad|Swaminarayan Temple]] in Kalupur, Ahmedabad]]

Three main literary institutions were established in Ahmedabad for the promotion of [[Gujarati literature]]: [[Gujarat Vidhya Sabha]], [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] and [[Gujarat Sahitya Sabha]]. [[Saptak School of Music]] festival is held in the first week of the new year. This event was inaugurated by [[Ravi Shankar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Schedule of Virasat — virasatfestival.org |url=http://www.virasatfestival.org/Schedule%20of%20Events'13.pdf |publisher=virasatfestival.org |access-date=27 May 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212054005/http://www.virasatfestival.org/Schedule%20of%20Events%2713.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Saptak Music Festival|url=http://kadmusarts.com/festivals/4072.html|access-date=27 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527212750/http://kadmusarts.com/festivals/4072.html|archive-date=27 May 2014}}</ref>

The [[Sanskar Kendra]], one of the several buildings in Ahmedabad designed by [[Le Corbusier]], is a museum displaying the city's history, art, culture, and architecture. The [[Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya]] and the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial]] have permanent displays of photographs, documents, and other articles relating to the Gujarat-born Indian independence movement leaders [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Sardar Patel|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]]. The [[Calico Museum of Textiles]] has a large collection of Indian and international fabrics, garments, and textiles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.calicomuseum.com/ |title=The Calico Museum of Textiles |publisher=Calicomuseum.com |access-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601220001/http://calicomuseum.com/ |archive-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> The [[Hazrat Pir Mohammad Shah Library]] has a collection of rare original manuscripts in Arabic, [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], and [[Turkish language|Turkish]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khalidi |first=Omar |date=2011 |title=A Guide to Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Urdu Manuscript Libraries in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41475761 |journal=MELA Notes |issue=84 |pages=1–85 |jstor=41475761 |issn=0364-2410 |access-date=23 December 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223044453/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41475761 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Vechaar Utensils Museum has stainless steel, glass, brass, copper, bronze, zinc, and German silver tools on display.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/9/16|title=Vechaar Utensils Museum|access-date=20 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121043906/http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/9/16|archive-date=21 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vechaar.com|title=Vechaar ~ Utensils Museum Vishalla Environmental Center for Heritage of Art Architecture and Research|last=Kaushalam|website=vechaar.com|access-date=18 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916004054/http://vechaar.com/|archive-date=16 September 2017}}</ref> The [[Conflictorium]] is an interactive installation space that explores conflict in society through art.

The Shreyas Foundation has four museums on its campus. The Shreyas Folk Museum (Lokayatan Museum) has art forms and artefacts from various Gujarati communities. The [[List of children's museums in India|Kalpana Mangaldas Children's Museum]] has a collection of toys, puppets, dance and drama costumes, coins, and a repository of recorded music from traditional shows from all over the world. Kahani houses photographs of fairs and festivals of [[Gujarat]]. Sangeeta Vadyakhand is a gallery of musical instruments from India and other countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/9/21|title=Shreyas Folk Museum|access-date=20 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121043427/http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/9/21|archive-date=21 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shreyasfoundation.in/museums.html |title=Shreyas Foundation |publisher=Shreyasfoundation.in |access-date=20 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105065734/http://www.shreyasfoundation.in/museums.html |archive-date=5 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/ahmedabad-amdavad/attractions/lokayatan-folk-museum/a/poi-sig/478392/356239 |title=Lokayatan Folk Museum |access-date=20 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121165705/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/ahmedabad-amdavad/attractions/lokayatan-folk-museum/a/poi-sig/478392/356239 |archive-date=21 November 2016}}</ref>

The L. D. Institute of Indology houses 76,000 hand-written Jain manuscripts with 500 illustrated versions and 45,000 printed books, making it the largest collection of Jain scripts, Indian sculptures, terracottas, miniature paintings, cloth paintings, painted scrolls, bronzes, woodwork, Indian coins, textiles and decorative art, paintings of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], and art of Nepal and Tibet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/9/19|title=L D Museum of Indology|access-date=20 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121045514/http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/9/19|archive-date=21 November 2016}}</ref> The N. C. Mehta Gallery of Miniature Paintings has a collection of ornate miniature paintings and manuscripts from all over India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/9/20|title=N C Mehta Gallery|access-date=20 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121042244/http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/9/20|archive-date=21 November 2016}}</ref>

In 1949, the [[Darpana Academy of Performing Arts]] was established by the scientist [[Dr. Vikram Sarabhai]] and his wife, Bharat Natyam dancer Mrinalini Sarabhai. Its influence has led Ahmedabad to become a centre of [[Indian classical dance]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-21 |title=Dancer, patron of the arts Mrinalini Sarabhai: Her feet are footsteps in Ahmedabad's history |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/dancer-patron-of-the-arts-mrinalini-sarabhai-her-feet-are-footsteps-in-ahmedabads-history/ |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301083857/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/dancer-patron-of-the-arts-mrinalini-sarabhai-her-feet-are-footsteps-in-ahmedabads-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:Gujrat university.JPG|thumb|[[:Gujarat University|Gujarat university, Ahmedabad]]]]
{{Main|Education in Ahmedabad}}

=== Primary and secondary education ===
Schools in Ahmedabad are either run publicly by the AMC or privately by entities, trusts, and corporations. The majority of schools are affiliated with the [[Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board]], although some are affiliated with the [[Central Board for Secondary Education]], [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]], [[IB Diploma Programme|International Baccalaureate]], and [[National Institute of Open Schooling|National Institute of Open School]].

=== Higher education and research organisations ===
[[File:Gujarat College Ahmedabad Anupam.jpg|thumb|Gujarat College, established in 1860.]]
Several institutions of higher education with a focus on engineering, management, and design are located in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 19 Engineering Colleges in Ahmedabad in 2025 - Brandveda |url=https://www.brandveda.in/blog/engineering-colleges-in-ahmedabad#:~:text=Ahmedabad%20has%20numerous%20engineering%20colleges,in%20and%20around%20the%20city. |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=www.brandveda.in}}</ref> The oldest higher educational institution is [[Gujarat College]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yagnik |first1=Achyut |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivMAUx6Hdl8C&dq=first+college+hope+ahmedabad&pg=PT149 |title=Ahmedabad: From Royal City to Megacity |last2=Sheth |first2=Suchitra |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-8475-473-5 |access-date=19 June 2024 |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729194701/https://books.google.com/books?id=ivMAUx6Hdl8C&dq=first+college+hope+ahmedabad&pg=PT149#v=onepage&q=first%20college%20hope%20ahmedabad&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Among the [[:Category:universities and colleges in Ahmedabad|universities in Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat University]] is a [[collegiate university]] established in 1949<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat University, University, About Us |url=https://www.gujaratuniversity.ac.in/University |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Gujarat University |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203054656/https://www.gujaratuniversity.ac.in/University |url-status=live }}</ref> and has 286 affiliated colleges, 22 recognized institutions, and 36 postgraduate departments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat University, University, Jurisdiction |url=https://www.gujaratuniversity.ac.in/University/jurisdiction |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Gujarat University |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203054656/https://www.gujaratuniversity.ac.in/University/jurisdiction |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]], commonly known as IGNOU is a public university in India and having an active regional centre in Ahmedabad region to offer 290 ODL programs and 40+ online programs to the students lives in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IGNOU Ahmedabad Regional Centre |url=https://www.ignouhelp.in/ignou-ahmedabad-regional-centre/ |website=IGNOU University |date=24 August 2023 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125123719/https://www.ignouhelp.in/ignou-ahmedabad-regional-centre/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Other state universities in the city include [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=BAOU, Home, Contact |url=https://baou.edu.in/contact |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203054703/https://baou.edu.in/contact |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Gujarat Technological University]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Technological University, Contact Us |url=https://www.gtu.ac.in/page.aspx?p=ContactUsC |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Gujarat Technological University |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203054655/https://www.gtu.ac.in/page.aspx?p=ContactUsC |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Kaushalya Skill University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaushalya Skill University, Contact Us |url=https://kaushalyaskilluniversity.ac.in/contact.php |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Kaushalya Skill University |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729194636/https://kaushalyaskilluniversity.ac.in/contact.php |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Gujarat Vidyapith]], located near the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, Navrangpura|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium]], was founded by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1920 and became a [[deemed university]] in 1963.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Vidyapith, About Us, History |url=https://gujaratvidyapith.ac.in/history.htm |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Gujarat Vidyapith |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729194639/https://www.gujaratvidyapith.org/history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>


Private universities located in the city include [[Ahmedabad University]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad University, Contact Us |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/contact/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Ahmedabad University |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203054654/https://ahduni.edu.in/contact/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[CEPT University]] (formerly Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology),<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEPT University, Contact Us |url=https://cept.ac.in/contact |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=CEPT University |archive-date=5 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405222844/https://cept.ac.in/contact |url-status=live }}</ref> Indus University,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indus University, Contact Us |url=https://indusuni.ac.in/contact-us.php |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Indus University |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205042233/https://indusuni.ac.in/contact-us.php |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Nirma University]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirma University, Contact Us |url=https://nirmauni.ac.in/contact/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Nirma University}}</ref> [[GLS University]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=GLS University, Contact Us |url=https://www.glsuniversity.ac.in/contact.html |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=GLS University |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205042219/https://www.glsuniversity.ac.in/contact.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Silver Oak University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Silver Oak University, Contact Us |url=https://silveroakuni.ac.in/contact |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Silver Oak University |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205042234/https://silveroakuni.ac.in/contact |url-status=live }}</ref> Two [[Institutes of National Importance]] are located in the city—[[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, Connect with Us |url=https://www.iima.ac.in/connect-with-us-IIMA |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205042223/https://www.iima.ac.in/connect-with-us-IIMA |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad|National Institute of Design]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Institute of Design, About, Campuses, Ahmedabad Campus |url=https://www.nid.edu/about/campuses/ahmedabad-campus |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=National Institute of Design |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729195142/https://www.nid.edu/about/campuses/ahmedabad-campus |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other institutions located in the city include the [[Physical Research Laboratory]], which was established in 1947 by the physicist and astronomer [[Vikram Sarabhai]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=P |date=July 1999 |title=Physical Research Laboratory, India (Ahmedabad, Gujarat) |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02839018 |journal=Resonance |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=92–96 |doi=10.1007/BF02839018 |s2cid=122288683 |via=Springer |access-date=10 December 2023 |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729195307/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02839018 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is an autonomous research institute under the [[Department of Space]] with a focus on research in [[astronomy]], experimental and [[theoretical physics]], and [[earth science]]s.<ref name=":5" /> The [[Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association|Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association (ATIRA)]], registered in 1947, is an autonomous, non-profit association engaged in operational and applied research in the textile industry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarabhai |first=Dr Vikram A. |date=1954-09-25 |title=Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/174578a0 |journal=Nature |volume=174 |issue=4430 |pages=578–580 |doi=10.1038/174578a0 |bibcode=1954Natur.174..578S |access-date=10 December 2023 |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729195253/https://www.nature.com/articles/174578a0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Media ==
[[File:Ahmedabad DoordarshanTower.jpg|thumb|Broadcasting tower of the Ahmedabad Doordarshan]]

Newspapers in Ahmedabad include English dailies such as ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[Indian Express]]'', ''[[Daily News & Analysis|DNA]]'', ''[[The Economic Times]]'', ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'', ''[[Ahmedabad Mirror]],'' and ''Metro''.<ref name="newspapersss">{{cite web|title=Ahmedabad Newspapers |url=http://www.allyoucanread.com/ahmedabad-newspaper-india/ |publisher=All you can read |access-date=1 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602012638/http://www.allyoucanread.com/ahmedabad-newspaper-india/ |archive-date=2 June 2012}}</ref> Newspapers in other languages include ''[[Divya Bhaskar]]'', ''[[Gujarat Samachar]]'', ''[[Sandesh (newspaper)|Sandesh]]'', ''[[Rajasthan Patrika]]'', ''[[Sambhaav]]'', and ''Aankhodekhi''.<ref name=newspapersss /> The city is home to the historic [[Navajivan Trust|Navajivan Publishing House]], which was founded in 1919 by Mahatma Gandhi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gandhi copyright breathes life into Navjivan Trust|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gandhi-copyright-breathes-life-into-Navjivan-Trust/articleshow/212347.cms|access-date=1 June 2012|date=1 October 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501202732/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-10-01/ahmedabad/27179585_1_printing-press-navjivan-trust-gandhiji|archive-date=1 May 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|url-status=live}}</ref>

The state-owned [[All India Radio]] Ahmedabad is broadcast both on [[medium wave|medium wave bands]] and FM bands (96.7 MHz) in the city.<ref name="Radio">{{cite web |publisher=All India Radio |title=requency Schedule for 30 March 2008 to 26 October 2008 |url=http://www.allindiaradio.org/schedule/freq_wr.html |access-date=23 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518021513/http://allindiaradio.org/schedule/freq_wr.html |archive-date=18 May 2008}}</ref> It competes with five private local FM stations: [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] (91.1 MHz), [[Red FM 93.5|Red FM]] (93.5 MHz), My FM (94.3 MHz), [[Radio One (India)|Radio One]] (95.0 MHz), [[Radio Mirchi]] (98.3 MHz) and Mirchi Love (104 MHz). [[Gyan Vani]] (104.5 MHz) is an educational FM radio station run under the media co-operation model.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gyan Vani to be expanded|url=http://hindu.com/2001/07/30/stories/14302187.htm|access-date=6 October 2012|date=29 July 2001|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110234907/http://hindu.com/2001/07/30/stories/14302187.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> In March 2012, [[Gujarat University]] started a campus radio service on 90.8 MHz, which was the first of its kind in the state and the fifth in India.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ahmed|first=Syed Khalique|title=GU launches first campus FM radio station in state, fifth in country|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gu-launches-first-campus-fm-radio-station-in-state-fifth-in-country/930856/1|access-date=6 October 2012|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=31 March 2012|archive-date=29 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729195145/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gu-launches-first-campus-fm-radio-station-in-state-fifth-in-country/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The state-owned television broadcaster [[Doordarshan]] provides free terrestrial channels, while three [[multi system operator]]s—InCablenet, [[Siti Cable]], and GTPL—provide a mix of Gujarati, Hindi, English, and other regional channels via [[cable television|cable]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Jha|first=Paras|title=Historic silence: Staff strike switches off Akashvani, Doordarshan in Gujarat|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_historic-silence-staff-strike-switches-off-akashvani-doordarshan-in-gujarat_1471296|access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=DNA India|date=24 November 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316141046/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_historic-silence-staff-strike-switches-off-akashvani-doordarshan-in-gujarat_1471296|archive-date=16 March 2011}}</ref> Telephone services are provided by landline and mobile operators such as [[Jio]], [[BSNL Mobile]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], and [[Vodafone Idea Limited|Vodafone Idea]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Haslam|first=Catherine|title=A Guide to India's Telecom Market|url=http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=175079&print=yes|work=lightreading.com|publisher=Light reading Asia|access-date=27 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311143207/http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=175079&print=yes|archive-date=11 March 2012}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Ahmedabad}}

[[File:SabarmatiThermalPlant.jpg|thumb|[[Torrent Power]] thermal power station at Sabarmati, Ahmedabad]]

The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad was estimated at $64 billion in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Engineering Expo – Ahmedabad |url=http://www.mpponline.in/events/engineering-expo-ahmedabad/ |publisher=mpponline.in |access-date=27 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528010809/http://www.mpponline.in/events/engineering-expo-ahmedabad/ |archive-date=28 May 2014 |quotation=Total GDP of Ahmedabad is 64 Billion}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Know the 10 most developed Indian cities based on GDP|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/latest-news-10-most-developed-indian-cities-gdp-32256.html?page=8|work=IndiaTVNews|access-date=27 May 2014|date=9 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527211837/http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/latest-news-10-most-developed-indian-cities-gdp-32256.html?page=8|archive-date=27 May 2014 |quotation=Ahmedabad. This is the largest industrial hub in Gujarat, and it contributes a GDP of about $64 billion. }}</ref> The RBI ranked Ahmedabad as the seventh largest deposit centre and seventh largest credit centre nationwide as of June 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 10 Indian Cities and Their Major Industrial Activities|url=http://listice.com/top-10-indian-cities-and-their-major-industrial-activities/|work=Listice|access-date=27 May 2014|date=3 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527214041/http://listice.com/top-10-indian-cities-and-their-major-industrial-activities/|archive-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> In the 19th century, the textile and garments industry received strong capital investment. On 30 May 1861 [[Ranchhodlal Chhotalal]] founded the first Indian textile mill, the [[Ahmedabad Spinning and Weaving Company Limited]],<ref name="Textile industry of Ahmedabad">{{cite web|url=http://atmaahd.com/textahme.htm|title=Textile industry of Ahmedabad|publisher=Ahmedabad Textile Mills' Association|access-date=25 July 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212052029/http://www.atmaahd.com/textahme.htm|archive-date=12 December 2008}}</ref> followed by the establishment of a series of textile mills such as [[Calico Mills]], Bagicha Mills and [[Arvind Mills]]. By 1905 there were about 33 textile mills in the city.<ref name="History of textile industry in Ahmedabad">{{cite web|url=http://www.taindia.com/history.htm|title=History of textile industry in Ahmedabad|publisher=Textile Association of India|access-date=22 July 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225235612/http://www.taindia.com/history.htm|archive-date=25 December 2008}}</ref> The textile industry underwent rapid expansion during the [[First World War]] and benefited from the influence of Mahatma Gandhi's [[Swadeshi movement]], which promoted the purchase of Indian-made goods.<ref>
{{Cite book
|title=The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a Millennium
|publisher=Vastu-Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design
|year=2002
|page=34
|chapter=Industry and Commerce}}</ref> Ahmedabad was known as the "Manchester of the East" for its textile industry.<ref name="manchester"/> The city is the largest supplier of denim and one of the largest exporters of [[gemstone]]s and jewellery in India.<ref name="jnnurm"/> The [[Automotive industry in India|automobile industry]] is also important to the city; after [[Tata Group|Tata's]] [[Tata Nano|Nano]] project, [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[Suzuki]] and [[Peugeot]] have established engine and vehicle manufacturing plants near Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Groundbreaking performed for Peugeot plant at Sanand site in Gujarat|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2011/11/02/groundbreaking-ceremony-for-peugeot-plant-today/|publisher=deshgujarat.com|access-date=24 February 2012|date=2 November 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107053051/http://deshgujarat.com/2011/11/02/groundbreaking-ceremony-for-peugeot-plant-today/|archive-date=7 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Reuters]]|title=Suzuki to pick Gujarat for new $1.3 bln plant|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/auto/automobiles/suzuki-to-pick-gujarat-for-new-1-3-bln-plant/articleshow/9976365.cms|access-date=24 February 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=14 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ford bets big on India, to build plant in Gujarat|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-58494820110728|work=Reuters|access-date=24 February 2012|date=28 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315195519/http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/07/28/idINIndia-58494820110728|archive-date=15 March 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Old Stock Market Ahmedabad - 2.JPG|thumb|The defunct Ahmedabad Stock Exchange]]
The [[Ahmedabad Stock Exchange]], located in the Ambavadi area of the city, was India's second-oldest stock exchange. It is now defunct.<ref>{{cite news|title=ASE to sell off iconic Manekchowk building|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ase-to-sell-off-iconic-manekchowk-building_1698792|access-date=7 June 2012|newspaper=DNA India|date=6 June 2012|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502120837/https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-ase-to-sell-off-iconic-manekchowk-building-1698792|url-status=live}}</ref> Two of the biggest [[Pharmaceutical industry in India|pharmaceutical companies of India]]—[[Zydus Cadila|Zydus Lifesciences]] and [[Torrent Pharmaceuticals]]—are based in the city. The [[Nirma]] group of industries, which runs detergent and chemical industrial units, has its corporate headquarters in the city. The city houses the corporate headquarters of the [[Adani Group]], a multinational trading and infrastructure development company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adani.com/contact.aspx|title=Adani Group locations|work=Adani.com|access-date=7 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529103602/http://www.adani.com/contact.aspx|archive-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> The [[Sardar Sarovar Project]] of dams and canals has improved the supply of potable water and electricity for the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=Narmada water reaches Ahmedabad |url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/03/14/stories/141460l2.htm |work=[[Business Line]] |access-date=24 February 2012 |date=14 March 2001 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723170131/http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/03/14/stories/141460l2.htm |archive-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> The [[Information technology in India|information technology]] industry has developed significantly in Ahmedabad, with companies such as [[Tata Consultancy Services]] opening offices in the city.<ref name="Ahmedabad, Kolkata among new global hotspots">{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/dec/11spec.htm|title=Ahmedabad, Kolkata among new global hotspots|first=Nitasha|last=Tiku|date=11 December 2007|publisher=Rediff|access-date=22 July 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211204001/http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/dec/11spec.htm|archive-date=11 December 2008}}</ref> A [[NASSCOM]] survey in 2002 on the "Super Nine Indian Destinations" for IT-enabled services ranked Ahmedabad fifth among the top nine most competitive cities in the country.<ref name="Ahmedabad joins ITES hot spots">{{Cite news|url=http://infotech.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19249001.cms |title=Ahmedabad joins ITES hot spots |work=The Times of India |date=16 August 2002 |access-date=30 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103080350/http://infotech.indiatimes.com/articleshow/19249001.cms |archive-date=3 January 2009}}</ref> The city's educational and industrial institutions have attracted students and young skilled workers from the rest of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Ahmedabad|url=http://www.ozoneindiagroup.com/about_ahmedabad.htm|publisher=ozoneindiagroup|access-date=27 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413033417/http://www.ozoneindiagroup.com/about_ahmedabad.htm|archive-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> Ahmedabad houses other major Indian corporates such as [[Cadila Healthcare]], [[Rasna (drink)|Rasna]], [[Gujarat Tea Processors & Packers Ltd|Wagh Bakri]], [[Cadila Pharmaceuticals]], and [[Intas Biopharmaceuticals]]. Ahmedabad is the second largest cotton textile centre in India after Mumbai and the largest in Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web|first=Smriti|last=Chand|title=Cotton Textile Industry in India: Production, Growth and Problems|date=9 December 2013 |url=http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/industries/cotton-textile-industry-in-india-production-growth-and-problems/19704/|access-date=27 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528010043/http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/industries/cotton-textile-industry-in-india-production-growth-and-problems/19704/|archive-date=28 May 2014}}</ref> Many cotton manufacturing units operate in and around Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Soma Textiles & Industries, Ltd|url=https://www.somatextiles.com|access-date=27 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528005206/https://www.somatextiles.com/|archive-date=28 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kumar Textile Industries |url=http://www.kumartextile.com |access-date=27 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517173532/http://kumartextile.com/ |archive-date=17 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Textiles:: Reliance Industries Limited |url=http://www.ril.com/html/business/textiles.html |access-date=27 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527220257/http://www.ril.com/html/business/textiles.html |archive-date=27 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Growth of Cotton Textile Industry in Ahmedabad|url=http://www.importantindia.com/4685/growth-of-cotton-textile-industry-in-ahmedabad/|access-date=27 May 2014|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527212819/http://www.importantindia.com/4685/growth-of-cotton-textile-industry-in-ahmedabad/|archive-date=27 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Vipul|title=Longman Vistas 8|date=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2910-6|page=174|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BY5squlyzXcC&q=textiles+in+major+industry+in+ahmedabad&pg=PA174|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502120900/https://books.google.com/books?id=BY5squlyzXcC&q=textiles+in+major+industry+in+ahmedabad&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref> Textiles are one of the major industries of the city.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mehta|first=Makrand|title=The Ahmedabad Cotton Textile Industry: Genesis and Growth|date=1982|publisher=New Order Book Co}}</ref> Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation has acquired land in [[Sanand]] taluka of Ahmedabad to set up three new industrial estates.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dave|first=Kapil|title=Six new GIDC estates to come up in Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/six-new-gidc-estates-to-come-up-in-ahmedabad-gandhinagar/791016/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=27 May 2014|date=15 May 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527220623/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/six-new-gidc-estates-to-come-up-in-ahmedabad-gandhinagar/791016/|archive-date=27 May 2014}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
[[File:Ahmedabad Airport Terminal 2.jpg|thumb|[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]], Ahmedabad]][[File:Sabarmati Railway Station.JPG|thumb|Sabarmati Railway Station]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi inaugurating the Ahmedabad Metro in Ahmedabad, Gujarat on September 30, 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Ahmedabad Metro]]]]

=== Transportation ===
[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]], located in Hansol and operated by the [[Adani Group]], is Ahmedabad's principal airport.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adani Group takes over Ahmedabad airport on lease for 50 years, starts operations|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/adani-group-takes-over-ahmedabad-airport-on-lease-for-50-years-starts-operations/story/421427.html|access-date=20 June 2021|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=8 November 2020|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621152203/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/adani-group-takes-over-ahmedabad-airport-on-lease-for-50-years-starts-operations/story/421427.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Dholera International Airport]], located {{Convert|110|km|abbr=on}} southwest of central Ahmedabad in Navagam village, is under construction and expects completion of its first phase by 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Avinash |date=2023-05-15 |title=Hailed as 'India's Singapore': Dholera, dressed up and waiting |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/hailed-as-indias-singapore-dholera-dressed-up-and-waiting-8609294/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608044922/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/hailed-as-indias-singapore-dholera-dressed-up-and-waiting-8609294/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Ahmedabad railway division]], an operating division under the [[Western Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]], is headquartered in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-16 |title=Western Railway, About Us, Organisation, Division |url=https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,569,581 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=Western Railway |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210164410/https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,569,581 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ahmedabad railway station|Ahmedabad Junction railway station]], locally known as Kalupur railway station,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sohini |last2=Banerjee |first2=Rijit |date=2023-11-27 |title=Minarets, mosque & Kalupur station's road to redevelopment |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/kalupur-railway-stations-road-to-redevelopment-9043286/ |access-date=2023-12-10}}</ref> is Ahmedabad's primary and Gujarat's busiest railway hub.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad Junction Railway Station (ADI) |url=https://erail.in/info/ahmedabad-railway-station-ADI/20045 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=eRail |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210164408/https://erail.in/info/ahmedabad-railway-station-ADI/20045 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other major railway stations that service the city include {{Stnlnk|Chandlodiya}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=redBus, Train Tickets, Chandlodiya Railway Station |url=https://www.redbus.in/trains/stations/chandlodiya-cldy |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=redBus |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210180758/https://www.redbus.in/trains/stations/chandlodiya-cldy |url-status=live }}</ref> {{stnlnk|Gandhigram}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=redBus, Train Tickets, Gandhigram Railway Station |url=https://www.redbus.in/trains/stations/gandhigram-gg |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=redBus |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210180755/https://www.redbus.in/trains/stations/gandhigram-gg |url-status=live }}</ref> {{stnlnk|Maninagar}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=redBus, Train Tickets, Maninagar Railway Station |url=https://www.redbus.in/trains/stations/maninagar-man |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=redBus |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210180758/https://www.redbus.in/trains/stations/maninagar-man |url-status=live }}</ref> and {{Stnlnk|Sabarmati Junction}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=redBus, Train Tickets, Sabarmati BG Railway Station |url=https://www.redbus.in/trains/stations/sabarmati-bg-sbib |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=redBus |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210180757/https://www.redbus.in/trains/stations/sabarmati-bg-sbib |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=redBus, Train Tickets, Sabarmati Junction Railway Station |url=https://www.redbus.in/trains/stations/sabarmati-junction-sbt |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=redBus |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210180757/https://www.redbus.in/trains/stations/sabarmati-junction-sbt |url-status=live }}</ref>

Public transit includes the [[Ahmedabad Metro]], a [[Rapid transit|rapid transit system]] inaugurated in March 2019 with {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}} of track on two lines (East-West and North-South) and a daily ridership of 90,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=Ahmedabad Metro – Information, Route Maps, Fares, Tenders & Updates |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/ahmedabad-metro-information-map-updates/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613024528/https://themetrorailguy.com/ahmedabad-metro-information-map-updates/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Phase 2 of the Ahmedabad Metro—connecting Motera Stadium northwards to Mahatma Mandir in Gandhinagar—began construction in February 2021 and is expected to be complete by 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-24 |title=Ahmedabad Metro Phase 2 – Information, Route Maps, Tenders & Updates |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/ahmedabad-metro-phase-2-information-map/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=The Metro Rail Guy}}</ref> Other public transit options include the [[Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System|Ahmedabad BRTS]], also known as ''Janmarg'' (people's way), a bus rapid transit system inaugurated in October 2009 with a total fleet of 325 buses over 19 routes and a daily ridership of 190,000.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Ritu |date=2023-12-11 |title=Riding with the city: Ahmedabad's public transport is robust but only a tenth of residents rely on it |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-public-transport-bus-rapid-transit-system-municipal-bus-service-ahmedabad-population-9062668/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224013836/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-public-transport-bus-rapid-transit-system-municipal-bus-service-ahmedabad-population-9062668/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bus transportation is also provided by [[Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service]] (AMTS) with 700 buses over 149 routes.<ref name=":6" /> Both the Ahmedabad BRTS and the AMTS are overseen by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amdavad Municipal Corporation, Citizen Facilities, City Transport, BRTS |url=https://ahmedabadcity.gov.in/SP/BRTSCityTransport |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Amdavad Municipal Corporation |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211022657/https://ahmedabadcity.gov.in/SP/BRTSCityTransport |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amdavad Municipal Corporation, Citizen Facilities, City Transport, AMTS |url=https://ahmedabadcity.gov.in/SP/AMTS |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Amdavad Municipal Corporation |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224013838/https://ahmedabadcity.gov.in/SP/AMTS |url-status=live }}</ref> Ahmedabad also has self drive car rental service provided by private companies like Just Drive Self Drive Cars.

The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation introduced "AmdaBike", a public bicycle sharing system, in December 2019 to improve last mile connectivity.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Ritu |date=2022-12-26 |title=Pedalling to Fitness |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/cept-study-pedalling-to-fitness-ahmedabad-cycling-8343981/ |access-date=2023-12-23}}</ref> [[MYBYK]] is the main service provider for AmdaBike with 300 bicycle stations—including at Ahmedabad BRTS stations—and 4,000 bicycles.<ref name=":7" />

=== Road ===
[[File:Ahmedabad Inner Ring Road Skyline.jpg|thumb|Ahmedabad BRT]]
[[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]] passes through Ahmedabad, connecting it with [[New Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]]. The [[National Highway 147 (India)|National Highway 147]] also links Ahmedabad to Gandhinagar. The city is connected to [[Vadodara]] through [[Ahmedabad Vadodara Expressway|National Expressway 1]], a {{convert|94|km|mi|abbr=on}} expressway with two exits. This expressway is part of the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] project.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.blonnet.com/2003/01/30/stories/2003013001841300.htm|title=PM flags off Ahmedabad expressway|work=Business Line|date=30 January 2003|access-date=30 July 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102922/http://www.blonnet.com/2003/01/30/stories/2003013001841300.htm|archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref>

In 2001, the Central Pollution Control Board ranked Ahmedabad as the most polluted city in India out of 85 surveyed. The [[Gujarat Pollution Control Board]] provided autorickshaw drivers a {{Indian rupee}}10,000 incentive to convert all 37,733 vehicles to cleaner-burning [[compressed natural gas]] to reduce pollution. Consequently, by 2008, Ahmedabad was ranked as the 50th most polluted city in India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Economy/Ahmedabad_riding_clean_fuel_wave/articleshow/3347029.cms |title=Ahmedabad riding clean fuel wave to healthier future |work=The Economic Times |location=India |access-date=10 August 2008 |date=10 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103090303/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Economy/Ahmedabad_riding_clean_fuel_wave/articleshow/3347029.cms |archive-date=3 January 2009}}</ref>

== Sports ==
[[File:Aka arena .jpg|thumb|left|[[EKA Arena]] is a [[multi-purpose stadium]] in the city]]
[[File:Narendra Modi Stadium view from the gallery.jpg|thumb|[[Narendra Modi Stadium]]]]
[[Cricket in India|Cricket]] is the most popular sports in the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sports in Ahmedabad|url=http://www.ahmedabadonline.in/city-guide/sports-in-ahmedabad|publisher=ahmedabadonline|access-date=27 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527220715/http://www.ahmedabadonline.in/city-guide/sports-in-ahmedabad|archive-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> The [[Narendra Modi Stadium]]—originally the [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium]] (built in 1982) and also known as the Motera Stadium—hosts both [[one day international]]s and [[Test cricket|test matches]]. With a seating capacity of 132,000, it is the [[List of stadiums by capacity|largest stadium in the world by capacity]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/motera-stadium-worlds-largest-cricket-stadium/article30942091.ece|title=All about Motera stadium, the largest cricket stadium in the world|work=The Hindu|date=28 February 2020 |access-date=12 December 2020|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202225901/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/motera-stadium-worlds-largest-cricket-stadium/article30942091.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The venue hosted matches during the 1987, 1996, 2011, and 2023 [[Cricket World Cup]]s, including the 2023 final.<ref name="Indian Grounds">{{cite news|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC96/GROUNDS/IND/|title=Indian Grounds|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 July 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204194133/http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC96/GROUNDS/IND/|archive-date=4 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cricket scorecard - India vs Australia, Final, ICC Cricket World Cup 2023 |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scorecard/75651/ind-vs-aus-final-icc-cricket-world-cup-2023 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref> It serves as the home ground for the [[Gujarat cricket team]], a [[first-class cricket|first-class]] team, which competes in domestic tournaments. Ahmedabad has a second cricket stadium at the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation's [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, Navrangpura|Sports Club of Gujarat]].<ref name="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium">{{cite news|url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57852.html|title=Sardar Patel Stadium|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 July 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010025055/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57852.html|archive-date=10 October 2008}}</ref> Ahmedabad is also home to the IPL team Gujarat Titans, which won their first title in 2022 in front of its home crowd.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-29 |title=All-round Hardik Pandya leads debutants Gujarat Titans to dream title |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/gujarat-titans-vs-rajasthan-royals-final-1312200/match-report |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529183447/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/gujarat-titans-vs-rajasthan-royals-final-1312200/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other popular sports include [[field hockey]], [[badminton]], [[tennis]], [[squash (sport)|squash]], and [[golf]]. Ahmedabad has nine [[golf course]]s.<ref name="Five more golf courses to tee off in state">{{Cite news|url=http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1342524.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103160702/http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1342524.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Five more golf courses to tee off in state |first=Himanshu |last=Kaushik |date=20 January 2007 |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 August 2008}}</ref> The [[Mithakhali Multi Sports Complex]] is being developed by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation to promote various indoor sports.<ref name="Multi-crore sports complex in city">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Multi-crore-sports-complex-in-city/articleshow/2394083.cms|title=Multi-crore sports complex in city|first=Kumar|last=Manish|date=23 September 2007|access-date=3 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811034230/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-23/ahmedabad/27992376_1_indoor-sports-amc-budget-allocation|archive-date=11 August 2011|work=The Times of India|url-status=live}}</ref> The city has also hosted national-level games for [[roller skating]] and table tennis.<ref name="Looking to Feature">{{cite web|url=http://sycd.gov.in/sag/sagchp5.htm |title=Looking to Feature |publisher=Sports Authority of Gujarat |access-date=3 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828113755/http://sycd.gov.in/sag/sagchp5.htm |archive-date=28 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kart racing]] is gaining popularity in the city following the introduction of a 380 metre track based on [[Formula One]] design concepts.<ref name="No sense of adventure">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/no-sense-of-adventure/articleshow/933196.cms|title=No sense of adventure|first=Lekha|last=Menon|date=23 November 2004|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114112319/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/No-sense-of-adventure/articleshow/933196.cms|archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="Karting">{{cite web |url=http://www.jktyre.com/motorsports/karting.html |title=Karting|publisher=J K Tyres|access-date=3 August 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080716175934/http://www.jktyre.com/motorsports/karting.html |archive-date = 16 July 2008}}</ref>

[[file:Sabarmati marathon 2011-1.JPG|thumb|Participants in the [[Sabarmati Marathon]]]]
The [[Sabarmati Marathon]] has been held annually since 2011; its categories include full and half marathons, a {{convert|7|km|mi|abbr=on}} "dream run", a {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} run for the visually disabled, and a {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} wheelchair run.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sabarmati Marathon Official Website-Race Categories|url=http://www.sabarmatimarathon.net/categories.htm|work=sabarmatimarathon.net|access-date=10 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008013842/http://www.sabarmatimarathon.net/categories.htm|archive-date=8 October 2012}}</ref> In 2007, Ahmedabad hosted the 51st national-level [[Shooting sports|shooting]] games.<ref name="National Shooting C'ships to be held at Ahmedabad">{{Cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-33599069_ITM|title=National Shooting C'ships to be held at Ahmedabad|date=20 December 2007|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=3 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224080852/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-33599069_ITM|archive-date=24 December 2008}}</ref> The [[2016 Kabaddi World Cup (International Kabaddi Federation)|2016 Kabaddi World Cup]] was held at [[The Arena (Ahmedabad)|The Arena by Transtadia]] (a renovated Kankaria football ground). [[Geet Sethi]], a five-time winner of the [[World Professional Billiards Championship]] and a recipient of India's highest sporting award, the [[Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna]], was raised in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geet Sethi Profile |url=http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/billiards/players/geetsethi.html |access-date=27 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702062412/http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/billiards/players/geetsethi.html |archive-date=2 July 2014}}</ref>

The [[Ahmedabad Marathon|Adani Ahmedabad Marathon]] has been organised annually by the [[Adani Group]] since 2017. The inaugural event attracted 8,000 participants and the 2020 event was held virtually in compliance with [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] guidelines.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 August 2020|title=Fourth edition of Ahmedabad Marathon goes virtual with app-based remote running |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/fourth-edition-of-ahmedabad-marathon-goes-virtual-with-app-based-remote-running/story-mCHpXK1OvfIAe79GRRobHP.html|access-date=20 June 2021| newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201629/https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/fourth-edition-of-ahmedabad-marathon-goes-virtual-with-app-based-remote-running/story-mCHpXK1OvfIAe79GRRobHP.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 2020s, Ahmedabad has been proposed as India's host city for the [[2036 Summer Olympics]] and other multi-sport events. The [[Gujarat government]] has identified 33 sites in and around Ahmedabad for the development of infrastructure to support the Olympic bid.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ahead of Olympics bid, Gujarat identifies 33 sites | work=The Times of India | date=15 August 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ahead-of-olympics-bid-gujarat-identifies-33-sites/articleshow/102735573.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-02 |publisher=Times of India |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906081051/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ahead-of-olympics-bid-gujarat-identifies-33-sites/articleshow/102735573.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The bid is being developed with international experts, including consultants from Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aussie flair to shape Ahmedabad bid for 2036 Olympics | work=The Times of India | date=13 July 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/aussie-flair-to-shape-abad-bid-for-oly-2036/articleshow/101711062.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-02 |publisher=Times of India |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906081052/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/aussie-flair-to-shape-abad-bid-for-oly-2036/articleshow/101711062.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The Gujarat government is setting up a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) to manage the bid.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gujarat govt to set up SPV for Ahmedabad's 2036 Olympic Games bid |date=13 June 2023 |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2023/06/13/gujarat-govt-to-set-up-spv-for-ahmedabads-2036-olympic-games-bid/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |publisher=Desh Gujarat |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101119/https://deshgujarat.com/2023/06/13/gujarat-govt-to-set-up-spv-for-ahmedabads-2036-olympic-games-bid/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ahead of the city's staging of the [[2030 Commonwealth Games]], the [[Veer Savarkar Sports Complex]] in Naranpura and the planned [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave]] in Motera are slated to host events.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-26 |title=Amdavad, India confirmed as host of the 2030 Centenary Games |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4408937/www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4408937/commonwealth-sport-confirms-amdavad-india-as-host-of-the-2030-centenary-games |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Commonwealth Sport |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=As Ahmedabad preps for Olympics 2036, AMC in quandary about Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium's fate |date=25 August 2023 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/ahmedabad/as-ahmedabad-preps-for-olympics-2036-amc-in-quandary-about-sardar-vallabhbhai-patel-stadiums-fate-article-103049047 |access-date=2023-09-02 |publisher=Times Now News |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906081052/https://www.timesnownews.com/ahmedabad/as-ahmedabad-preps-for-olympics-2036-amc-in-quandary-about-sardar-vallabhbhai-patel-stadiums-fate-article-103049047 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== International relations ==

=== Twin towns – sister cities ===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in India}}{{location map+|World|float=right|width=400|caption=Sister cities of Ahmedabad|places={{Location map~ |World|mark = Green pog.svg  |coordinates ={{coord|23|N|72|E}}|label='''Ahmedabad''' |position=bottom |marksize=10 }}

{{Location map~ |World|coordinates = {{coord|23|07|48|N|113|15|36|E}} |label=[[Guangzhou]] |position=right |marksize=6 }}
{{Location map~ |World|coordinates = {{coord|40|42|36|N|74|03|36|W}} |label=[[Jersey City]] |position=left |marksize=6 }}}}

* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], United States (2008)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.columbusceo.com/article/20150801/NEWS/308019767|title=The India Connection: Local leaders work to grow Columbus' robust Indian business community|website=Columbus CEO|access-date=12 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412234437/https://www.columbusceo.com/article/20150801/NEWS/308019767|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou]], China (September 2014)<ref name="ndtv">{{cite news |last=Sanyal |first=Anindita |date=15 May 2015 |title=India Gets 3 Sister Cities in China, and One Sister Province |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-gets-3-sister-cities-in-china-and-one-sister-province-763295 |publisher=NDTV |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517054555/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-gets-3-sister-cities-in-china-and-one-sister-province-763295 |archive-date=17 May 2016}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jersey City]], United States (1994)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.jerseycitynj.gov/explore/dataset/sister-city-agreements/table/?sort=-date_of_resolution|title=Sister City Agreements|website=data.jerseycitynj.gov|access-date=12 April 2020|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502121026/https://data.jerseycitynj.gov/explore/dataset/sister-city-agreements/table/?sort=-date_of_resolution|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of people from Ahmedabad]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Ahmedabad]]
* [[Timeline of Ahmedabad]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==

* {{Citation |title=Ahmadabad |date=1988 |editor-last=Michell |editor-first=George |publisher=Marg Publications |isbn=8185026033 |editor2-last=Shah |editor2-first=Snehal}}
* {{Citation |last=Bobbio |first=Tommaso |title=Urbanisation, Citizenship and Conflict in India: Ahmedabad 1900-2000 |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315718774}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Muktirajsinhji Chauhan and Kamalika Bose. ''History of Interior Design in India'' Vol 1: Ahmedabad (2007) {{ISBN|81-904096-0-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Kenneth L. Gillion|title=Ahmedabad: A Study in Indian Urban History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lG8fnwEACAAJ|year=1968|publisher=University of California Press|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017072518/https://books.google.com/books?id=lG8fnwEACAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book
|last = Altekar
|first = Anant Sadashiv
|title = A History of Important Ancient Towns and Cities in Gujarat and Kathiawad (From the Earliest Times Down to the Moslem Conquest)
|id = ASIN B0008B2NGA
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 = Crook
|given1 = Nigel
|year = 1993
|title=India's Industrial Cities: Essays in Economy and Demography
|publisher= Oxford University Press
|isbn = 0-19-563172-2
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Rajan
|first = K. V. Soundra
|title=Ahmadabad
|publisher= Archaeological Survey of India
|year=1989}}
* {{cite book
|last = Forrest |first=George William |author-link=George William Forrest
|title=Cities of India
|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation
|isbn = 0-543-93823-9 
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 = Gandhi
|first1 = R
|year = 1990
|title=Patel: A Life
|publisher= Navajivan Press, Ahmedabad
|id = ASIN B0006EYQ0A
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Michell
|first = George
|title=Ahmadabad
|publisher=Art Media Resources
|year=2003
|isbn=81-85026-03-3
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 = Spodek
|given1 = Howard
|year = 2011
|title=Ahmedabad: Shock City of Twentieth-Century India
|publisher= Indiana University Press
|isbn = 978-0-253-35587-4
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://collectorahmedabad.gujarat.gov.in/ Ahmedabad Collectorate]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155654/http://collectorahmedabad.gujarat.gov.in/ |date=21 July 2011 }}.
*[https://www.britannica.com/place/Ahmadabad Ahmadabad] at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* {{openStreetMap link|n|245711197}}

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Pataas

2026-03-27T01:02:20Z

Serzeqy:

{{short description|2015 film by Anil Ravipudi}}
{{About||the 2020 Tamil film with a similar name|Pattas}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pataas
| image = Pataas Poster.jpg
| alt = A man holding a belt in his right hand.
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anil Ravipudi]]
| producer = [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]]
| writer = Anil Ravipudi
| starring = Nandamuri Kalyan Ram [[Shruti Sodhi]] [[Sai Kumar (actor, born 1960)|Sai Kumar]] [[Ashutosh Rana]]
| music = [[Sai Karthik]]
| cinematography = [[Sarvesh Murari]]
| editing = Tammiraju
| studio = [[N.T.R. Arts]]
| distributor = [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]] {{small|([[Andhra Pradesh|AP]] & [[Telangana]])}} Blue Sky {{small|([[United States]])}}<ref name=" Blasts In USA ">{{cite web|url= http://www.aptoday.com/movienews/pataas-blasts-in-usa/6495/|title= 'Pataas' Blasts In USA|publisher= aptoday.com |date= 24 January 2015 |accessdate= 24 January 2015 }}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|1|23}}<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.aptoday.com/movienews/patas-release-date-confirmed/6100/|title= 'Patas' release date confirmed|publisher= aptoday.com|date= 6 January 2015|accessdate= 7 January 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150109092452/http://www.aptoday.com/movienews/patas-release-date-confirmed/6100|archive-date= 9 January 2015|url-status= dead}}</ref>
| runtime = 133 minutes<ref name=" Movie Review Rating">{{cite web |url= http://cinebells.com/patas-pataas-movie-review-rating-kalyanram/ |title= Patas (Pataas) Movie Review Rating- Kalyanram |publisher= cinebells.com |date= 4 February 2015 |accessdate= 5 February 2015 |archive-date= 25 January 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150125085643/http://cinebells.com/patas-pataas-movie-review-rating-kalyanram/ |url-status= dead }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹7 crore
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|28.7 [[crore]]}}<ref name="final gross">{{cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/baahubali-kumari-21f-top-20-highest-grossing-telugu-tollywood-movies-2015-662060 | title=Baahubali to Kumari 21F: Top 20 highest-grossing Telugu/Tollywood movies of 2015 | work=[[International Business Times|International Business Times India]] | date=5 January 2016 | last=H. Hooli | first=Shekhar | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105145832/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/baahubali-kumari-21f-top-20-highest-grossing-telugu-tollywood-movies-2015-662060 | archivedate=5 January 2016}}</ref>
}}

''''' Pataas '''''({{translation|Cracker}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] written and directed by debutant [[Anil Ravipudi]] and produced by [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]] under his banner [[N.T.R. Arts]]. It stars Kalyan Ram, [[Shruti Sodhi]], [[Sai Kumar (Telugu actor)|Sai Kumar]] and [[Ashutosh Rana]]. [[Sai Karthik]] composed the film's music.

The film revolves around Kalyan Sinha, a corrupt police officer, who gets himself transferred to Hyderabad, where his estranged father, Murali Krishna, is serving as the [[Director General of Police|DGP]]. Kalyan hates his father and intends to teach him a lesson, and in the process, supports a local [[Member of parliament|MP]] and criminal named GK. With time, realizing some of his actions have gone wrong. Kalyan has a change of heart and decides to stand by his father and help the force take down GK and his allies.

Releasing theatrically on 23 January 2015, ''Pataas'' received positive reviews from critics and turned out to be Kalyan Ram's second most successful film at the box office after ''Athanokkade''. It was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva]]'' and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Pataki (film)|Pataki]]''.

== Plot ==
Kalyan Sinha is a corrupt [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer who gets himself transferred to [[Hyderabad]] as [[Assistant Commissioner|ACP]] and misuses his power to gain monetary benefits in unorthodox methods. During this process, he also encourages a local [[Member of parliament|MP]] named GK, who has become a headache to Murali Krishna, the [[Director General|DGP]] of [[Telangana]].

Kalyan happens to be Murali's son, who is angry at the latter as his supposed negligence killed his mother and newborn sister, though Murali actually left his wife in the hospital to save several families in a riot. Unaware of this, Kalyan left Murali and joined an orphanage where he became an IPS officer to seek revenge on his father. During his life in Hyderabad, Kalyan also meets two women: Mahathi, a journalist working for [[TV5 (India)|TV5]] and Kavya, a [[deaf-mute]] philanthropist who works in a coffee shop. He loves Mahathi and expects her to reciprocate the same only to be rejected by her because of his corrupt nature. Kavya is killed by GK's brother Nani when she tries to save a techie from being assaulted by him near [[HITEC City]]. Kalyan considered Kavya as his sister and her death enrages him, so he turns against GK.

GK wants to make Nani a politician while Kalyan challenges GK to save Nani from getting arrested. GK manages to kidnap the techie, but with the help of a transgender, who is the main witness, Kalyan arrests Nani with a [[arrest warrant|non-bailable warrant]]. He also challenges GK to bring Nani out of prison within 3 days. Murali and Kalyan are united, and Kalyan's marriage with Mahathi is approved. On the third day, GK's men kidnap the transgender and Mahathi. Murali, along with his team, go to the spot to save the witness, while Kalyan goes to save Mahathi. Kalyan saves Mahathi, but is very far from Murali, who is killed along with his team and the transgender by GK and his partners. Nani and his friends are released from jail, and Kalyan plans to kill all of them with the help of an old [[Non-Resident Indian|NRI]] turned actor ''Tsunami star'' Subhash.

Kalyan and his team assault one of GK's partners and his son and throw them on a railway track. They die with a fast train passing over them. The other partner and his son are intoxicated, and their car is made to collide with a static truck. Subhash enters the spot, disguised as a taxi driver, and presents himself as a witness to that accident, citing alcohol being the reason behind those two deaths. GK's two key henchmen are killed by transgender people, and police, with the help of Subhash, make media believe that they were killed in a stampede caused by fans of actress [[Tamannaah]] upon learning that she is inaugurating a mall. GK plans to escape to Delhi along with Nani to gain his position as an MP again with high security but is trapped by Ramesh, the head of [[Security police|police security]] who failed to arrest GK in the past in an illegal [[Land acquisition in India|land acquisition dispute]].

They reach the same spot where Murali was killed, and after being severely assaulted by Kalyan, the duo is made to sit in a car on which petrol is poured. The police shoot the car, and the duo dies in a blast. Subhash enters the spot as himself, who tells the media that he visited this place for location-scouting, and the duo died when they smoked in a ''No smoking'' area, triggering an explosion.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]] as [[Assistant Commissioner|ACP]] Kalyan Sinha
* [[Shruti Sodhi]] as Mahathi
* [[P. Sai Kumar]] as [[Director General of Police|DGP]] Murali Krishna IPS
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as GK
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Reddy
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Tsunami Star Subhash
* [[Madhunandan]] as Hijra
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Central Minister JP
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as [[Home Minister]]
* [[Y. Kasi Viswanath]] as Murali's colleague
* [[Pavitra Lokesh]] as Kalyan's mother
* Prachi Thaker as Kavya
* Ashish Gandhi
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Mahathi's brother-in-law
* [[Jhansi (actress)|Jhansi]] as Mahathi's sister
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as GK's nephew
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Mahathi's colleague
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as Politician
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Politician
* [[Sameer (Telugu actor)|Sameer]] as Ramesh
* [[Charandeep]] as GK's henchman
* [[Narsing Yadav]]
* [[Gautham Raju]] as Reporter
* [[Shakalaka Shankar]] as Police officer
* [[Sudharshan]] as GK's supporter
* Kadambari Kiran as Reporter
* Josh Ravi as GK's supporter
* Gemini Suresh
* [[Anil Ravipudi]] in a cameo appearance as one of the kidnappers of Central Minister JP in Chhattisgarh
{{colend}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Anil Ravipudi worked with [[Santosh Srinivas]] in the latter's directorial debut ''[[Kandireega]]'' (2011) as a writer and wrote this film's script.<ref name="Int IG">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kalyan-ram-did-a-hyper-role-in-pataas--anil-ravipudi-interview--telugu-news-123762|title=Kalyan Ram did a hyper role in 'Pataas' : Anil Ravipudi (Interview)|website=IndiaGlitz|date=22 January 2015|accessdate=31 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131071704/http://www.indiaglitz.com/kalyan-ram-did-a-hyper-role-in-pataas--anil-ravipudi-interview--telugu-news-123762|archivedate=31 January 2015}}</ref> He later approached Nandamuri Kalyan Ram through a friend.<ref name="Int DC">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150116/entertainment-tollywood/article/techie%E2%80%99s-dream-comes-true|title=A techie's dream comes true|last=Kavirayani|first=Suresh|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=16 January 2015|access-date=31 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131071706/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150116/entertainment-tollywood/article/techie%E2%80%99s-dream-comes-true|archive-date=31 January 2015}}</ref> Kalyan Ram liked the script and wanted to produce the film with other actor. However Ravipudi wanted Kalyan Ram to play the lead role which he accepted.<ref name="Int IG"/> Kalyan Ram was busy with the production of [[Om 3D]] (2013) and Ravipudi was constantly in touch with him.<ref name="Int DC"/> After completing with the writing, he again approached Kalyan Ram and both began working on the film.<ref name="Int TH">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/writer-anil-ravipudi-will-make-his-directorial-debut-with-kalyan-ram-starrer-pataas/article6704328.ece|title=Change in direction|last=Sunita Chowdary|first=Y.|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 December 2014|accessdate=31 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131071721/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/writer-anil-ravipudi-will-make-his-directorial-debut-with-kalyan-ram-starrer-pataas/article6704328.ece|archivedate=31 January 2015}}</ref>

Reports of Ravipudi making his directorial debut by collaborating with Kalyan Ram emerged in late March 2014 and Pre-production work was in progress.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Anil-Ravipudi-to-direct-Kalyanram/articleshow/32852370.cms|title=Anil Ravipudi to direct Kalyanram|newspaper=The Times of India|date=28 March 2014|accessdate=31 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131071859/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Anil-Ravipudi-to-direct-Kalyanram/articleshow/32852370.cms|archivedate=31 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kalyan Ram 'Pataas' Movie Latest Updates|url=http://www.eenaducinema.com/movie-news/kalyan-ram-pataas-movie-latest-updates/15946.html|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029085148/http://www.eenaducinema.com/movie-news/kalyan-ram-pataas-movie-latest-updates/15946.html|archivedate=29 October 2014|accessdate=29 October 2014|publisher=eenaducinema.com|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film was launched on 9 May 2014 at [[Ramanaidu Studios]] and was titled as ''Pataas''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Kalyan-Rams-Pataas-launched/articleshow/34885619.cms|title=Kalyan Ram's Pataas launched|newspaper=The Times of India|date=9 May 2014|accessdate=31 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131071901/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Kalyan-Rams-Pataas-launched/articleshow/34885619.cms|archivedate=31 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kalyan Ram turns police officer in his next film|url=http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=30&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOICH&mydateHid=12-05-2014&pubname=Times%20of%20India%20-%20Chennai&edname=&articleid=Ar03001&publabel=TOI|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029113408/http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=30&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOICH&mydateHid=12-05-2014&pubname=Times%20of%20India%20-%20Chennai&edname=&articleid=Ar03001&publabel=TOI|archive-date=29 October 2014|accessdate=29 October 2014|publisher=timesofindia.com}}</ref> The filming of ''[[Temper (film)|Temper]]'' (2015) was halted as its basic plot resembled this film's storyline.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140905/entertainment-tollywood/article/ntr-junior%E2%80%99s-film|title=NTR Junior's film is on|last=Kavirayani|first=Suresh|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=5 September 2014|access-date=31 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131071903/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140905/entertainment-tollywood/article/ntr-junior%E2%80%99s-film|archive-date=31 January 2015}}</ref> Ravipudi said in an interview that the film runs in the pattern of ''[[Singam]]'' (2010) with Telugu nativity and is about a corrupt cop who changes for the good, adding that it would be an image makeover for Kalyan Ram.<ref name="Int TH"/>

=== Casting ===
After ''Baahubali: The Beginning'', [[Rana Daggubati]] was approached to play the lead role in the film, but he denied the offer as the police officer role required him to have short hair.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/rana-daggubati-on-a-warrior-mode/article7057707.ece|title=On a warrior mode|author=Sangeetha Devi Dundoo|work=The Hindu|date=3 April 2015}}</ref> [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]] was seen as a police officer in the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150105/entertainment-tollywood/article/nandamuri-cops|title=Nandamuri cops!|last=Kavirayani|first=Suresh|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=5 January 2015|access-date=31 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131072306/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150105/entertainment-tollywood/article/nandamuri-cops|archive-date=31 January 2015}}</ref> Shruti Sodhi was cast as the female lead in late May 2014 marking her debut in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shruti-Sodhi-to-romance-Kalyan-Ram-in-Pataas/articleshow/35729124.cms|title=Shruti Sodhi to romance Kalyan Ram in Pataas|last=Sashidhar|first=A. S.|newspaper=The Times of India|date=29 May 2014|accessdate=31 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131072308/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shruti-Sodhi-to-romance-Kalyan-Ram-in-Pataas/articleshow/35729124.cms|archivedate=31 January 2015}}</ref> She was approached by Ravipudi after watching her pictures and was seen as a journalist in the film which was her job before entering films.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150127/entertainment-tollywood/article/meet-shruti-sodhi-patas-girl|title=Meet Shruti Sodhi, the Patas girl|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=27 January 2015|access-date=31 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131072310/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150127/entertainment-tollywood/article/meet-shruti-sodhi-patas-girl|archive-date=31 January 2015}}</ref> She described her character as a "morally, ethically correct and a strong worded girl", adding that the film is a hero-centric film.<ref name="Shruti TH">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/ready-with-the-launchpad/article6778552.ece|title=Ready with the launchpad|last=Sunita Chowdary|first=Y.|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 January 2015|accessdate=31 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131072424/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/ready-with-the-launchpad/article6778552.ece|archivedate=31 January 2015}}</ref> [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] was rumored to make a [[cameo appearance]] in the remix of the song ''Arey O Samba'' which remained unconfirmed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/ntr-to-appear-in-pataas--telugu-news-122346|title=NTR to appear in 'Pataas' ?|website=IndiaGlitz|date=3 January 2015|accessdate=31 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131072434/http://www.indiaglitz.com/ntr-to-appear-in-pataas--telugu-news-122346|archivedate=31 January 2015}}</ref>

[[Sai Kumar (Tollywood actor)|Sai Kumar]] was cast to play the role of [[Director General of Police]] and [[Srinivasa Reddy]] was cast for a supporting role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/dil-raju-and-sai-kumar-praise-pataas-telugu-news-123734|title=Dil Raju and Sai Kumar praise 'Pataas'|website=IndiaGlitz|date=22 January 2015|accessdate=31 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131072426/http://www.indiaglitz.com/dil-raju-and-sai-kumar-praise-pataas-telugu-news-123734|archivedate=31 January 2015}}</ref> A spoof was performed by the latter on the former's famous dialogue from the film ''[[Police Story (1996 film)|Police Story]]'' (1996).<ref name="Int IG"/> Television anchor Jhansi made a comeback with this film after a brief hiatus.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Anchor-Jhansi-returns-to-films/articleshow/45776815.cms|title=Anchor Jhansi returns to films|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 January 2015|accessdate=31 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131072608/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Anchor-Jhansi-returns-to-films/articleshow/45776815.cms|archivedate=31 January 2015}}</ref> Comedian [[M. S. Narayana]] was cast for a supporting role who died on the day of the film's release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/telugu-comedian-ms-narayana-passes-away-621307|title=Telugu Comedian MS Narayana Passes Away; Celebrities Condole His Death|last=Seshagiri|first=Sangeetha|publisher=International Business Times India|date=23 January 2015|accessdate=31 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131072603/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/telugu-comedian-ms-narayana-passes-away-621307|archivedate=31 January 2015}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on 10 May 2014 at [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-05-10/Kalyan-Ram-as-cop-in-%E2%80%98Pataas%E2%80%99-94641|title=Kalyan Ram as cop in 'Pataas'|newspaper=The Hans India|date=10 May 2014|accessdate=31 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131072605/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-05-10/Kalyan-Ram-as-cop-in-%E2%80%98Pataas%E2%80%99-94641|archivedate=31 January 2015}}</ref> By late October 2014, 90% of the filming was complete and an action sequence featuring Kalyan Ram and others were shot at [[Ramoji Film City]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Kalyanrams-Pataas-in-last-leg-of-shooting/articleshow/44970268.cms|title=Kalyanram's Pataas in last leg of shooting|newspaper=The Times of India|date=29 October 2014|accessdate=31 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131072746/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Kalyanrams-Pataas-in-last-leg-of-shooting/articleshow/44970268.cms|archivedate=31 January 2015}}</ref> Shruti Sodhi almost completed filming for her part by late October 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shruti-Sodhi-to-play-a-journalist-in-Kalyanrams-film/articleshow/45005832.cms|title=Shruti Sodhi to play a journalist in Kalyanram's film|newspaper=The Times of India|date=1 November 2014|accessdate=31 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131072748/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shruti-Sodhi-to-play-a-journalist-in-Kalyanrams-film/articleshow/45005832.cms|archivedate=31 January 2015}}</ref> The Remixed version of the song ''Arey O Samba'' was shot on Kalyan Ram and Shruti Sodhi at Hyderabad in early November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Kalyanram-Shruti-Sodhi-groove-for-a-remix-song-in-Pataas/articleshow/45069160.cms|title=Kalyanram, Shruti Sodhi groove for a remix song in Pataas|newspaper=The Times of India|date=7 November 2014|accessdate=31 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131072750/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Kalyanram-Shruti-Sodhi-groove-for-a-remix-song-in-Pataas/articleshow/45069160.cms|archivedate=31 January 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> After completing the shoot of a couple of songs, the filming ended on 22 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Pataas-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/45240028.cms|title=Pataas' shooting wrapped up|newspaper=The Times of India|date=22 November 2014|accessdate=31 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131072843/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Pataas-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/45240028.cms|archivedate=31 January 2015}}</ref> The same was confirmed by Kalyan Ram before the commencement of [[post-production]] phase.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141123/entertainment-tollywood/article/nandamuri-kalyan-ram-plays-cop|title=Nandamuri Kalyan Ram plays a cop|last=Kavirayani|first=Suresh|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=23 November 2014|access-date=31 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131072845/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141123/entertainment-tollywood/article/nandamuri-kalyan-ram-plays-cop|archive-date=31 January 2015}}</ref>

Ravipudi revealed in an interview that the film was shot in seventy working days and added that he directed the film without a scene paper on hand and knew every dialogue of each character and scene in hand.<ref name="Int TH"/> Despite being a trained dancer, Shruti Sodhi found the Telugu style of dancing difficult and said, "The choreographers’ movements are so fluid, the rhythm is amazing, they were a bit tough as it was the folk style. Also Telugu is not my language; so putting on right expressions for the language was tough" in an interview.<ref name="Shruti TH"/>

== Music ==
Sai Karthik composed the film's music and background score. The soundtrack consists of five songs, four originally composed by Karthk and written by [[Sri Mani]], B. Subbaraya Sarma and Tadaila Bapu apart from the remixed version of the song ''Arey O Samba'' composed by [[Bappi Lahari]] and written by [[Bhuvanachandra]] for the film ''[[Rowdy Inspector]]'' (1992).<ref name="track list">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kalyan-rams-pataas-audio-tracklist-telugu-news-120196|title=Kalyan Ram's 'Pataas' audio tracklist|website=IndiaGlitz|date=4 December 2014|accessdate=4 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204070956/http://www.indiaglitz.com/kalyan-rams-pataas-audio-tracklist-telugu-news-120196|archivedate=4 February 2015}}</ref> Karthik initially wanted to retain the background music of the original in the remixed version but later modified them to a small extent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/interview-saikarthik.html|title=Sai Karthik interview about Patas success|publisher=Idlebrain.com|date=27 January 2015|accessdate=4 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204071436/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/interview-saikarthik.html|archivedate=4 February 2015}}</ref> Shreyas Music acquired the audio rights in early December 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Shreyas-Music-buys-Pataas-audio-rights/articleshow/45347240.cms|title=Shreyas Music buys Pataas' audio rights|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2 December 2014|accessdate=4 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204071744/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Shreyas-Music-buys-Pataas-audio-rights/articleshow/45347240.cms|archivedate=4 February 2015}}</ref> The official track list was unveiled on 4 February 2014.<ref name="track list"/>

The soundtrack was supposed to be launched on 7 December 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Pataas-audio-launch-on-Dec-7/articleshow/45309202.cms|title=Pataas' audio launch on Dec 7|newspaper=The Times of India|date=28 November 2014|accessdate=4 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204072127/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Pataas-audio-launch-on-Dec-7/articleshow/45309202.cms|archivedate=4 February 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> But it was postponed due to the death of Kalyan Ram's brother Nandamuri Janakiram in an accident.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Pataas-audio-launch-postponed/articleshow/45403097.cms|title=Pataas' audio launch postponed|newspaper=The Times of India|date=7 December 2014|accessdate=4 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204072248/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Pataas-audio-launch-postponed/articleshow/45403097.cms|archivedate=4 February 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The release date was announced as 1 January 2015 in late December 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Pataas-audio-on-Jan-1/articleshow/45613450.cms|title=Pataas' audio on Jan 1|newspaper=The Times of India|date=23 December 2014|accessdate=4 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204072445/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Pataas-audio-on-Jan-1/articleshow/45613450.cms|archivedate=4 February 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Actors [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] and [[Ravi Teja]] along with directors [[Puri Jagannadh]] and [[Surender Reddy]] among others attended the audio launch event held at Hyderabad along with the film's cast and crew.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/NTR-Ravi-Teja-Puri-launch-Pataas-audio/articleshow/45729977.cms|title=NTR, Ravi Teja, Puri launch Pataas' audio|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2 January 2015|accessdate=4 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204072835/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/NTR-Ravi-Teja-Puri-launch-Pataas-audio/articleshow/45729977.cms|archivedate=4 February 2015}}</ref> [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.|Rama Rao Jr.]] unveiled the soundtrack discs and [[Ravi Teja]] received the first copy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/pataas-will-create-sensation-like-rowdy-inspector--ntr-telugu-news-122216|title='Pataas' will create sensation like 'Rowdy Inspector' : NTR|website=IndiaGlitz|date=1 January 2015|accessdate=4 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204070956/http://www.indiaglitz.com/kalyan-rams-pataas-audio-tracklist-telugu-news-120196|archivedate=4 February 2015}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Pataas
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sai Karthik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2015
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 19:32
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = [[Sai Karthik]]
| prev_title = [[Nuvvala Nenila]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Asura (2015 film)|Asura]]
| next_year = 2015
}}
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track-List
|total_length = 19:32
| title1 = Arey O Samba
| note1 = Remix
| extra1 = [[Jaspreet Jasz]], Divija Karthik
| lyrics1 = [[Bhuvanachandra]]
| length1 = 3:48
| title2 = Power Unnodu
| extra2 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| lyrics2 = B. Subbaraya Sharma
| length2 = 3:36
| title3 = Dhamki Maaro
| extra3 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| lyrics3 = [[Sri Mani]]
| length3 = 4:01
| title4 = Osi Chinnadanna
| extra4 = [[Rahul Nambiar]]
| lyrics4 = Sri Mani
| length4 = 4:09
| title5 = Tappa Tappam
| extra5 = M. L. R. Karthikeyan, [[Suchitra]]
| lyrics5 = Taidala Bapu
| length5 = 3:58
}}

== Release ==
=== Legal issues ===
A case was filed against the movie and the film makers for the inappropriate usage of the national [[Emblem of India]] in the title logo.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/77915/Case-filed-on-Kalyan-Ram-s-Pataas/|title= Case filed on Kalyan Ram ' s Pataas |publisher= apherald.com |date= 4 February 2015 |accessdate= 6 February 2015}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
The film received positive reviews from critics.<ref name="IBT review">{{cite web|url= http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-pataas-opens-well-gopala-gopala-enters-40-crore-club-621500|title= Box Office Collection: 'Pataas' Opens Well; 'Gopala Gopala' Enters ₹40-crore Club|publisher= ibtimes.co.in|date= 25 January 2015 |accessdate= 26 January 2015 }}</ref> Timesofindia.indiatimes.com rated it 3.5 out of 5 and stated that the film is a 'vindhu bhojanam' in the truest sense.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Pataas/movie-review/45994384.cms|title= Pataas Movie Review|newspaper=The Times of India|date= 23 January 2015|accessdate= 29 January 2015 }}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Pataas'' earned {{INR|1.7 [[crore]]}} on its opening day.<ref name="IBT review" /> By the end of its theatrical run, the film grossed {{INR|28.7 [[crore]]}} and was successful at the box office.<ref name="final gross" />

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Ceremony
!Category
!Nominee
!Result
|-
| rowspan="6" |2016
| rowspan="3" |[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director (Telugu)|Best Debut Director (Telugu)]]
|[[Anil Ravipudi]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian (Telugu)|Best Comedian (Telugu)]]
|[[Srinivasa Reddy]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut (Telugu)|Best Female Debut (Telugu)]]
|[[Shruti Sodhi]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[14th Santosham Film Awards]]
|Best Debut Director
|Anil Ravipudi
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1st IIFA Utsavam]]
|Performance in a Comic Role
|Srinivasa Reddy
|{{nom}}
|-
|Performance in a Supporting Role - Female
|Prachi Thaker
|{{nom}}
|}

== Remakes ==
Kannada remake rights of the film were bought by S. V. Babu while R. B. Choudry has bought the rights for Tamil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/babu-bash-with-pataas-kannada-news-126582|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924061706/http://www.indiaglitz.com/babu-bash-with-pataas-kannada-news-126582|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title= Babu Bash with Pataas|website=IndiaGlitz |date= 27 February 2015 |accessdate= 26 November 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/r-b-choudary-bags-patas-remake-rights.html|title= R B Choudary bags Patas remake rights ? |date= 28 February 2015 |publisher=123telugu.com|accessdate= 26 November 2015 }}</ref> The film was remade in Tamil as ''[[Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva]]'' with Raghava Lawrence and in Kannada as ''[[Pataki (film)|Pataki]]'' with Ganesh.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt4384242}}
{{Anil Ravipudi}}

[[Category:2015 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2015 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2015 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sai Karthik]]
[[Category:2010s masala films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anil Ravipudi]]
[[Category:2015 comedy films]]

Sundaram Karivaradhan

2026-03-24T07:57:50Z

Serzeqy: Made a details added tags!

{{Short description|Indian rally driver}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
|name=Sundaram Karivaradhan
|image=
|image_size=
|birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1954|06|20}}
|birth_place=[[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1995|08|24|1954|06|20}}
|death_place=[[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|occupation=[[Formula racing|Race driver]] [[Business executive]]
|father=G.K.Sundaram
}}
'''Sundaram Karivaradhan Naidu''' or '''Kari''' (20 June 1954 – 24 August 1995) was an Indian formula racing driver, designer and a business executive. He was one of the pioneers of Indian [[motorsports]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Wangchuk |first=Rinchen Norbu |date=2019-06-10 |title=How One Man From Coimbatore Laid The Foundation For Indian Motorsports |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/185572/coimbatore-karivardhan-india-motorsports-pioneer-formula-one/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Imtiaz |first=Md |date=2020-08-28 |title=How Coimbatore became the motorsports capital of India |url=https://thebridge.in/featured/how-coimbatore-became-motorsports-capital-india/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> He designed the [[Formula Maruti]]<ref name="Remembering Sundaram Karivardhan">{{Cite web |title=Remembering Sundaram Karivardhan |url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/opinions/remembering-sundaram-karivardhan/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Overdrive |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Team Evo |date=2018-08-24 |title=Remembering Kari – A man who gave so much to Indian motorsport |url=https://www.evoindia.com/features/remembering-kari |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Evo India |language=en}}</ref> open wheeled race car and supported Indian racers, notably [[Narain Karthikeyan]], [[Karun Chandhok]], and [[Armaan Ebrahim]], in their entry into motorsports. He was later killed in an air crash, aged 41.

==Early days==
Sundaram Karivaradhan was born on 20 June 1954<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-06 |title=Legendary Karivardhan gets special section in Coimbatore car museum |url=https://www.motorsport.com/general/news/sundaram-karivardhan-coimbatore-car-museum/4547839/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=www.motorsport.com |language=en}}</ref> in Coimbatore to G.K.Sundaram Naidu of the [[Lakshmi Mills]] textile family.<ref name="Remembering Sundaram Karivardhan"/>

==Motor racing==
He attended the [[Jim Russell (racing driver)|Jim Russell]] racing school. Later, he returned to India and started participating in the races held at [[Sholavaram]], [[Chennai]] and [[Barrackpore]], [[Kolkata]]. His first race was 1973 [[Sholavaram]] Grand Prix meet. Cars he raced ranged from [[Premier Padmini]], [[Datsun 510]], [[Sipani]] [[Reliant Kitten|Dolphin]], [[Formula Atlantic]], several cars of his own design and in the final years [[Formula 3]] cars. His last race was in a [[Formula Ford]] in Chennai's MMSC track. One of his early complete in-house designs was the Formula Monoposto based on the [[Formula Atlantic]] Chevron B40. During the early 1990s he purchased rights from a British-based kit car manufacturer to build replica models of the [[Ford GT40]], using a [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] [[Cosworth]], [[Lotus Seven|Lotus 7]], and [[AC Cobra]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Coimbatore – the motor sport capital of India| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 17 February 2011 | first=Rayan | last=Rozario | url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/Coimbatore-ndash-the-motor-sport-capital-of-India/article15448081.ece }}</ref>

In an effort to make racing more affordable in India and improve grassroots level racing he designed and tested a small single seater, dubbed as India's Formula Ford, with a Maruti 800 engine, and adapting easily available parts, sometimes made in-house. His second design was a two-seater car named McDowell 1000 using a [[Maruti Gypsy]] 1.0 liter engine. [[FISSME]] (Formula India Single Seater Maruti Engine) widely known as [[formula Maruti]] was launched in 1988.<ref>{{cite web | title = Kari's vision | year = 2005 | url =http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2005/04/03/stories/2005040300190200.htm| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20050420125859/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2005/04/03/stories/2005040300190200.htm| url-status =dead| work = [[The Hindu]] | archive-date =2005-04-20}}</ref> The class was discontinued from the mainstream championship in 2006.

[[File:Formula Maruti in Coimbatore Track.jpg|thumb|200px|A FISSME or Formula Maruti Single Seater racing Car]]
[[File:Team JK Hari Singh - Mcdowell Rally D'Endurance 1992.jpg|thumb|200px|Karivaradhan's rally tuned Team JK tyre Group A2(IND) Rally Gypsy driven by Hari Singh in the 1992 Rally D'Endurance]]

Kari entered in a few [[Rallying|rallies]]. He later launched the JK Rally team in 1992. Kari's racing team was known as Super Speeds, and the main sponsor was [[Lakshmi Mills]]. The early cars had a white and blue body shell which was later switched to black and gold. The company that built his cars was P&B Engineering.

Kari was interested in many areas of mechanics, and that included his interest in aviation as his family owned a Cessna airplane. In 1989 he started a small manufacturing plant near Coimbatore to manufacture Power Gliders using a Yezdi 250cc motorcycle engine, later a Rotax engine. He would often test his gliders flying to the Ooty Mountains, Dindigul, Kovilpatti, or Kayattar near Tirunelveli. The small airstrip in Coimbatore later became the Kari Motor Speedway. In 1989, he also won the McDowell Grand Prix at Sholavaram.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-24 |title=When February arrived, Madras hit top gear |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-february-arrived-madras-hit-top-gear/article8277933.ece |access-date=2024-03-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Death==
Karivaradhan died on 24 August 1995 while flying a [[HAL Pushpak]] trainer aircraft.<ref name=":0" />

==Popular culture==
The race track in [[Coimbatore]] is named after Karivaradhan ([[Kari Motor Speedway]]).<ref>{{cite web | title = To Kari with love, Kari Motor Speedway | year = 2003 | url =http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/01/stories/2003120102260100.htm| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20040103142952/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/01/stories/2003120102260100.htm| url-status =dead| work = [[The Hindu]] | archive-date =2004-01-03}}</ref> In June 2019, the GeeDee Car Museum in Coimbatore added a section for Karivardhan as a tribute on his 65th birth anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lund |first=Lakshmi L. |date=2019-06-21 |title=Tributes paid to Kovai's motor sports veteran |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/210619/tributes-paid-to-kovais-motor-sports-veteran.html |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources and links==
*[http://forbesindia.com/printcontent/17702 Revisiting Kari, Overdrive Magazine and Forbes India Magazine]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071127082057/http://www.nagpurtrade.com/Motorsport.html Indian Motorsport and Kari]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928123002/http://www.snehah.com/forum/view_topic/66/dare_devil_ace_car_racer_late_kari_form_psg_cbe/]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karivaradhan, Sundaram}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian racing drivers]]
[[Category:Indian rally drivers]]
[[Category:Tamil sportspeople]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1995]]
[[Category:Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in India]]

Mayaanadhi

2026-03-23T17:23:59Z

Serzeqy: created a post

{{Short description|2017 film directed by Aashiq Abu}}
{{About||the 2020 Tamil film|Maayanadhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mayaanadhi
| image = Mayaanadhi film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Aashiq Abu]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Aashiq Abu]]|Santhosh T. Kuruvilla}}
| writer = {{ubl|[[Syam Pushkaran]]|[[Dileesh Nair]]}}
| story =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Tovino Thomas]]|[[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]}}
| music = [[Rex Vijayan]]
| cinematography = Jayesh Mohan
| editing = [[Saiju Sreedharan]]
| studio = {{ubl|Dream Mill Cinemas and Entertainments|Moonshot Entertainment}}
| distributor = OPM Dream Mill Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|2017|12|22|df=y}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mayaanadhi''''' ({{translation|Mystic River}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film directed and co-produced by [[Aashiq Abu]], and written by [[Syam Pushkaran]] and [[Dileesh Nair]]. The film stars [[Tovino Thomas]] as a criminal on the run and [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] as an aspiring actress. Their troubled love and struggle for survival form the basic plot of the film. It released on 22 December 2017 to widespread critical acclaim from critics. The film was praised for the way it tackled with [[sexuality]] and was included in ''[[The Hindu]]''{{nbsp}}'s top 25 Malayalam films of the decade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-25-best-malayalam-films-of-the-decade-premam-maheshinte-prathikaram-kumbalangi-nights-and-more/article30349548.ece|title=The 25 best Malayalam films of the decade|website=The Hindu|date=19 December 2019|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref>

The plot was inspired by the 1960 French film [[Breathless (1960 film)|''Breathless'']].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/indian-cinema-gets-its-finest-love-story/20180119.htm|title = Indian Cinema gets its finest love story}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/is-the-bollywood-love-story-running-out-of-steam/story-VQb1CPOkfDsNUl7vmNiAdM.html|title = In the new Bollywood love stories, the couples have no daunting opposition|date = 7 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mayaanadhi-review-romantic-funny-and-touches-your-heart-review-malayalam-rmxl4Gaciedii.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226112716/http://www.sify.com/movies/mayaanadhi-review-romantic-funny-and-touches-your-heart-review-malayalam-rmxl4Gaciedii.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 December 2017|title = Mayaanadhi review: Romantic, funny and touches your heart!|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

== Plot ==
John Mathew a.k.a. Maathan is an orphan, living as a thug. He participates in an undercover deal on behalf of his boss, who is busy with his daughter's schooling. Maathan convinces his group that their boss is intentionally pulling out of the deal due to the risk involved. However, they reach the hotel without any issue. While Maathan is taking a bath, three police officers disguised as civilians enter the rooms and kill the accompanying three gang members. Maathan hides in the tub, and during his escape, he accidentally kills an officer. He reaches [[Kochi]] and moves in with his ex-boss and longtime friend Shaji.

Maathan intends to settle abroad with his ex-girlfriend "Appu" Aparna, who is an aspiring actress and is auditioning for a role. In this, she is helped by her ex-roommate Sameera, who is now a successful actress. Aparna is also making a livelihood as an anchor for parties and other events. Maathan suggests his plans to settle abroad using the money that he got from the deal. However, she refuses to move out with him as she believes that Maathan has stolen the money. She gets an offer for an ad shoot and travels to [[Kasaragod]]. Maathan accompanies her on the trip.

Maathan's boss is taken into custody, and he provides details on Maathan. He asks the officers to kill him and keep the looted money for themselves. The police learn that he is in contact with a woman. They find her at a mall in Kochi, and an officer introduces himself as Maathan's classmate, enquiring about his whereabouts. Aparna denies being in contact with him, and Maathan eavesdrops on the conversation. Later, Shaji asks him to leave his home. Planning to have a final word with Aparna, he meets her at Sameera's apartment. When Aparna makes it clear that she plans to pursue her acting career, Maathan decides to move on.

Aparna is interrogated by the police at a diner, and she reveals being in contact with Maathan. Aparna calls Maathan and asks him to meet her, where he is caught. But the policemen intend to kill him rather than taking him to court. Maathan tries convincing one officer to no avail. He is taken to a forest, and the officer lies to him that Aparna plotted the call intending him to be caught. Maathan replies that she was right in doing so and says that he loves her very much. He is then shot by one of the policemen and succumbs to his wounds. The last scene, set some time in the future, shows Aparna, oblivious to Maathan's death, getting her first shot as an actress and waiting for her first film, still living with a hope that Maathan will come back.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Tovino Thomas]] as John Mathew aka Maathan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayaanadhi {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mayaanadhi |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] as Aparna Ravi aka Appu
* [[Leona Lishoy]] as Sameera
* [[Harish Uthaman]] as Harish
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Police Inspector
* Jayakumar as Senthil
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Police Inspector
* [[Darshana Rajendran]] as Darshana
* Maya Menon as Vasumathi
* [[Unnimaya Prasad]] as Assistant Director
* [[Khalid Rahman]] as Assistant Director
* Meesai Rajendran as Xerox Murugan
* [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]] as Director Len Prasad (Extended Cameo)
* [[Basil Joseph]] as Director Jinu (Cameo)
* [[Soubin Shahir]] as Sameera's brother (Cameo)
* [[Aparna Balamurali]] as herself (Cameo)
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] (Cameo)
* [[Sushin Shyam]] (cameo)
* [[Rajesh Madhavan]] as Director's assistant (cameo)
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film is jointly scripted by Dileesh Nair and Syam Pushkaran both of whom have previously associated with Aashiq Abu in several films. The seed for the film came from director-cinematographer [[Amal Neerad]], a friend of Aashiq and Syam. Neerad narrated in one of their meetings something that he had heard while living in Bombay. Neerad himself had initially wanted to direct the story for his short film in the ''[[5 Sundarikal]]'' anthology. But later he put it on hold and proceeded with another script.<ref>{{cite news |author=Sanjith Sidhardhan |date=30 March 2017 |title= Tovino and Aashiq Abu's film is based on a real-life incident |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-and-aashiq-abus-film-is-based-on-a-real-life-incident/articleshow/57893861.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> Syam adapted Neerad's story to a more familiar surrounding for ''Mayaanadhi''.

[[Tovino Thomas]] was announced as the male lead for the film in February 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tovino Thomas signs his next after 'Godha' and it's based on Amal Neerad's story|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/tovino-thomas-signs-his-next-after-godha-and-its-based-on-amal-neerads-story/articleshow/57390682.cms|access-date=16 November 2017|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 February 2017}}</ref> Aashiq wanted to cast a new face as the female lead and model-turned-actress [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] was selected through audition.<ref>{{cite news|title='Mayaanadhi' actress Aishwarya Lekshmi opens up about the film, Tovino|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/12/23/mayaanadhi-actress-aiswarya-opens-up-about-the-film-tovino.html|access-date=5 January 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 December 2017}}</ref> Aishwarya had already debuted in films early in the year playing the female lead in ''[[Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela]]''. According to Aishwarya she never had to put any extra effort for portraying the role as the director and script writers would brief situations well. Cast includes [[Aparna Balamurali]] and [[Leona Lishoy]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=George|first1=Anjana |title=Aparna Balamurali and Leona in Mayanadhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aparna-balamurali-and-leona-in-mayanadhi/articleshow/61674190.cms |access-date=16 November 2017 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 November 2017}}</ref>

The shooting of the film started in May 2017. The first schedule was shot in [[Madurai]] and [[Kodaikanal]] and the second leg of shooting was completed in [[Kochi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Tovino Thomas to resume filming Mayanadhi in Kochi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-to-resume-filming-mayanadhi-in-kochi/articleshow/59219123.cms|access-date=20 June 2017|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 June 2017}}</ref> Other locations include [[Bekal]] and [[Dhanushkodi]].

== Influences ==
Some critics have pointed out the film's plot similarities with the 1960 French film ''[[Breathless (1960 film)|Breathless]]'', written and directed by [[Jean-Luc Godard]], which is about a wandering criminal ([[Jean-Paul Belmondo]]) and his American girlfriend ([[Jean Seberg]]).<ref name="Rangan" /><ref name="SifyReview" /> During the script development stage, Aashiq Abu had revealed that films like ''Breathless'' were a reference to ''Mayaanadhi''. An article from ''International Business Times'' states: "Even though ''Mayaanadhi'' owes a great deal of its plot structure to ''Breathless'', Aashiq Abu transforms and elevates the movie to a different level. He breaths fresh air and life into his protagonists, Maathan and Appu, and they stay with the viewers even after the movie's touching climax scene."<ref>{{cite news |author=Ragesh VR |date=1 January 2018 |title=Is Mayaanadhi a copy of Godard's French classic Breathless? Here is the truth behind social media campaign |newspaper=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mayaanadhi-copy-godards-french-classic-breathless-here-truth-behind-social-media-campaign-755169 |access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film released in [[Kerala]] on 22 December 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tovino Thomas announces 'Mayanadhi' release date |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tovino-thomas-announces-mayanadhi-release-date-70702 |access-date=3 November 2022 |work=The News Minute |publisher=[[The News Minute]] |date=28 October 2017 |language=en}}</ref> It released on [[Blu-ray]] on 26 September 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mayaanadhi Blu-ray (India) |url=https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Mayaanadhi-Blu-ray/217397 |website=blu-ray.com |access-date=3 November 2022 |ref=bluray}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Upon release, it received wide critical acclaim from various film critics<ref>{{cite web |author=Abhijith |date=28 December 2017 |title=Mayaanadhi: Praises Are Pouring In For The Movie! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2017/mayaanadhi-review-praises-are-pouring-for-the-movie-270602.html |publisher=Filmibeat.com |access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 December 2017 |title=Tovino Thomas thanks fans for Maayanadi, but has a plea |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/dec/27/tovino-thomas-thanks-fans-for-maayanadi-but-has-a-plea-1738427.html |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref> and was voted among the best Malayalam films of the year by ''[[The Hindu]]'',<ref>{{cite news |author=S. R. Praveen |date=28 December 2017 |title=Top 5 Malayalam movies in 2017 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/top-5-malayalam-movies-in-2017/article22291601.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'',<ref>{{cite news |author=Manoj Kumar R. |date=4 January 2018 |title=The best Malayalam films of 2017: Take Off, Angamaly Diaries and Ramaleela find place in the list |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/best-malayalam-films-of-2017-take-off-angamaly-diaries-ramaleela-5005812/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref> and ''[[International Business Times]]''.<ref name=Top5>{{cite news |title=Top 5 Malayalam movies of 2017 and the runners-up: A round-up |url= http://www.ibtimes.co.in/top-5-malayalam-movies-2017-runners-round-754955 |newspaper=[[International Business Times]] |author=Ragesh VR |date=29 December 2017 |access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref>

G. Raghesh of ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' has written that [[Aashiq Abu]]'s craftsmanship as a filmmaker makes 'Mayaanadhi' a neatly narrated love story that has some of the most beautiful romantic moments Malayalam cinema has ever produced.<ref>{{cite web|title='Mayaanadhi' review: Flows slowly, But Intensely|url= http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2017/12/22/mayanadhi-a-slow-paced-movie-review.html|publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]]}}</ref> Sudhi C. J. from the same newspaper wrote: "Mayaanadhi tugs at the heartstrings of viewers with the cinematic brilliance and excellence in craft displayed by Aashiq Abu, setting it apart from other contemporary films, most of which fail to leave an impression – of either sadness, happiness or thought – on the audience."<ref>{{cite news |author=Sudhi C. J. |date=27 December 2017 |title=Love is never fast-paced, says Aashiq Abu on 'Mayaanadhi' |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/2017/12/2017/12/27/love-is-never-fast-paced-says-ashiq-abu-on-mayaanadhi.html |newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref>

Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' has rated the film 3.5 of 5 stars and written that Aashiq Abu's 'Mayaanadhi' is a movie telling an intense story of urban characters without any superficiality. It's also a fine example on how two well fleshed out characters can take forward a film all on their own.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mayaanadhi Movie Review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/mayaanadhi/movie-review/62208353.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Neelima Mohan of ''[[The News Minute]]'' has written that 'Mayaanadhi' is a modern romance with all its trappings—yet the intensity cannot be more searing which inverts traditional ideas of romance.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mayaanadhi Review:Aashiq Abu's intense romance is a winner|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mayaanadhi-review-aashiq-abus-intense-romance-winner-73620|newspaper=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said that 'Mayaanadhi' is Aashiq Abu's best yet and movie is a quite an absorbing watch. The movie is a Magic of love, life, and all in between.<ref>{{cite news|title='Mayaanadhi' - Magic of love, life, and all in between|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/magic-of-love-life-and-all-in-between/article22268709.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Aditya Shrikrishna of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote: "There is something about Mayaanadhi, Ashiq Abu's new Malayalam film, that is as mystical as its title. The film seemingly gravitates between genres but keeps the tone intact. Mayaanadhi's gaze, most sensitive gaze of all, doesn't flinch. Two threads run in parallel, a manhunt widening in real time and a lived relationship uncovering its past. Never a false moment in its 136-minute run, Mayaanadhi begins like a thriller, sways into romance territory, and keeps jumping timelines and genres at will."<ref>{{cite news |author=Aditya Shrikrishna |date=2 January 2018 |title=When even gangsters get kind treatment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/jan/02/when-even-gangsters-get-kind-treatment-1742926.html |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref>

News and entertainment portal [[Sify]] has written that 'Mayaanadhi is the kind of film that goes straight into your heart and provides a variety of emotions. It's romantic, funny and moving. It's the kind of honest and realistic movie that is not to be missed.<ref name=SifyReview>{{cite web|title= Mayaanadhi review:Romantic, funny and touches your heart!|url= http://www.sify.com/movies/mayaanadhi-reviewromantic-funny-and-touches-your-heart-review-malayalam-rmxl4Gaciedii.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171223094410/http://www.sify.com/movies/mayaanadhi-reviewromantic-funny-and-touches-your-heart-review-malayalam-rmxl4Gaciedii.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= 23 December 2017|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Abhijith from online entertainment portal Filmibeat.com has reviewed that 'Mayaanadhi' is pre-dominantly a love story and at the same time, it has some thrilling elements in it. Aashiq Abu has successfully switched sequences between these two different genres and never ever one would feel a mismatch. He has rated the movie 4 of 5.<ref>{{cite web|title='Mayaanadhi' -This Tale Of Maathan & Aparna Will Find A Special Place In Your Heart!|date= 22 December 2017|url= https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2017/mayaanadhi-movie-review-rating-plot-aashiq-abu-270518.html|publisher=Filmibeat}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> Anna MM Vetticad from media portal Firstpost has written that in 'Mayaanadhi' Aishwarya Lekshmi, [[Tovino Thomas]] headline the romance of the year from Mollywood. She has stated that 'Mayaanadhi' has its fine balance between being relatable and yet being an epic romance. It is a befitting December release in a year that has witnessed some great works from Malayalam cinema and has rated the movie 4 of 5.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aishwarya Lekshmi, Tovino Thomas headline the romance of the year from Mollywood|date=25 December 2017|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mayaanadhi-movie-review-aishwarya-lekshmi-tovino-thomas-headline-the-romance-of-the-year-from-mollywood-4274751.html|publisher=Firstpost}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref>

Rating the film 4 in a scale of 5, film critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote: "We've seen many falling-in-love films, many falling-out-of-love films. This is a being-in-love film, with all the passions and problems the term suggests."<ref name=Rangan>[[Baradwaj Rangan]] (26 December 2017). [https://www.filmcompanion.in/article/mayaanadhi-movie-review "Mayaanadhi Movie Review"]. Filmcompanion.in. Retrieved 12 January 2018.{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> Another critic Veeyen in a brilliant tribute to the film, states that "In ‘Mayaanadhi, director Aashiq Abu, armed with a dexterously penned screenplay, settles down to sensitively sketch a doomed tale of love. An impeccable reconstruction of an age-old narrative in an untested realistic setting, ‘Mayanadhi’ is the kind of film that holds a depth of meanings in those abstract gazes, a profundity of emotions in those unuttered words, and which leaves an inexplicable, seething sting at the upshot of it all."<ref>{{cite web|title=Mayanadhi Movie Review-Veeyen|date=24 December 2017|url=http://veeyen.com/film-reviews/mayanadhi-2017-malayalam-movie-review-veeyen/}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film's soundtrack was composed, programmed and arranged by [[Rex Vijayan]]. Vijayan, along with Yakzan Gary Pereira and [[Neha Nair]] produced the background score of the film. [[Shahabaz Aman]] won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer]] for the rendition of the song "Mizhiyil Ninnum".<ref name="award">{{Cite press release |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2017 Declaration-Reg |url=http://www.keralafilm.com/images/2018/Kerala%20State%20Film%20Awards-2017-Declaration%20-Reg.pdf |publisher=Kerala Chalachitra Academy |date=8 March 2018 |access-date=8 March 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224051750/http://www.keralafilm.com/images/2018/Kerala%20State%20Film%20Awards-2017-Declaration%20-Reg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="music.apple.com">{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/tr/album/mayaanadhi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1330548387|title = Mayaanadhi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Rex Vijayan|date = 2 January 2018}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Mayaanadhi
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Rex Vijayan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = January 2, 2018
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 42:56
| label = OPM Records
| producer = Rex Vijayan
| prev_title = [[Parava (film)|Parava]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Sudani from Nigeria]]
| next_year = 2018
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|r2UGFFVQTIM|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

{{track listing
| headline = ''Mayaanadhi'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<ref name="music.apple.com" />
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Remembering Appu
| extra1 =
| length1 = 1:08
| lyrics1 =
| title2 = Escape and Accident
| extra2 =
| length2 = 2:35
| lyrics2 =
| title3 = Kiliye
| extra3 = [[Neha Nair]]
| length3 = 4:10
| lyrics3 = [[Rafeeq Ahammed]]
| title4 = Mathan and Appu Meet
| extra4 =
| length4 = 0:53
| lyrics4 =
| title5 = Uyirin Nadhiye
| extra5 = [[Rex Vijayan]], Neha Nair
| length5 = 4:30
| lyrics5 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| title6 = Mathan Theme
| extra6 =
| length6 = 1:14
| lyrics6 =
| title7 = Kaattil
| extra7 = [[Shahabaz Aman]]
| length7 = 5:39
| lyrics7 = Vinayak Sasikumar
| title8 = Appu's Audition
| extra8 =
| length8 = 1:57
| lyrics8 =
| title9 = A Walk To Remember
| extra9 =
| length9 = 0:37
| lyrics9 =
| title10 = Mizhiyil Ninnum
| extra10 = Shahabaz Aman
| length10 = 3:58
| lyrics10 = [[Anwar Ali (poet)|Anwar Ali]]
| title11 = The Police
| extra11 =
| length11 = 1:28
| lyrics11 =
| title12 = Mathan In Trouble
| extra12 =
| length12 = 1:35
| lyrics12 =
| title13 = Lift Fight
| extra13 =
| length13 = 1:54
| lyrics13 =
| title14 = Rejection
| extra14 =
| length14 = 0:41
| lyrics14 =
| title15 = The Surrender
| extra15 =
| length15 = 2:28
| lyrics15 =
| title16 = The Encounter
| extra16 =
| length16 = 2:45
| lyrics16 =
| title17 = Mayaanadhi
| extra17 = Shahabaz Aman
| length17 = 4:22
| lyrics17 = Anwar Ali
| title18 = Trailer
| extra18 =
| length18 = 2:02
| lyrics18 =
}}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organisations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[Asianet Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3"| 20 May 2018
| Best Performer of the Year
| [[Tovino Thomas]]{{efn|Also for ''[[Ezra (2017 film)|Ezra]]'', ''[[Godha (film)|Godha]]'', ''[[Oru Mexican Aparatha]]'', ''[[Tharangam (2017 film)|Tharangam]]''}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2018/05/20th-asianet-film-awards-2018-winners.html?m=1 |title=20th Asianet Film Awards 2018 - Winners, Best Film, Best Actor, Best Actress |website=Vinodadarshan |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Best New Face – Female
| [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]{{efn|Also for ''[[Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela]]''}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Male Playback Singer
| [[Shahabaz Aman]] – (for "Mizhiyil Ninnum")
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[CPC Cine Awards]]
| 18 February 2018
| Best Music Director
| [[Rex Vijayan]]{{efn|Also for ''[[Parava (film)|Parava]]''|name=Music}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/feb/19/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-bags-a-rich-haul-of-laurels-1775378.html |title='Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum' bags a rich haul of laurels |website=The New Indian Express |date=19 February 2018 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="8"| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="8"| [[65th Filmfare Awards South|16 June 2018]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam|Best Film – Malayalam]]
| ''Mayaanadhi'' – Dream Mill Cinemas and Entertainments, Moonshot Entertainment
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="8"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html |title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |website=Filmfare |date=4 June 2018 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887.html |title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |website=Filmfare |date=16 June 2018 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam|Best Director – Malayalam]]
| [[Aashiq Abu]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor – Malayalam]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Tovino Thomas]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Critics Best Actor – Malayalam]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]
| [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Best Music Director – Malayalam]]
| [[Rex Vijayan]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Malayalam|Best Lyricist – Malayalam]]
| [[Anwar Ali (poet)|Anwar Ali]] – (for "Mizhiyil Ninnum")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Malayalam|Best Male Playback Singer – Malayalam]]
| [[Shahabaz Aman]] – (for "Mizhiyil Ninnum")
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"| Indywood Academy Awards
| 1{{ndash}}5 December 2018
| Best Music Director
| [[Rex Vijayan]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indywoodacademyawards.com/winners18 |title=Indywood Academy Awards Winners 2018 |website=Indywood Academy Awards |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123025904/http://www.indywoodacademyawards.com/winners18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards 2017|21 April 2018]]
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Second Best Actor|Second Best Actor]]
| [[Tovino Thomas]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/film-critics-awards-announced/article23621153.ece |title=Film critics awards announced |website=The Hindu |date=21 April 2018 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Second Best Actress|Second Best Actress]]
| [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
| [[48th Kerala State Film Awards|8 March 2018]]
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Singer]]
| [[Shahabaz Aman]] – (for "Mizhiyil Ninnum")
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/48th-kerala-state-film-awards-winners-5090541/ |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2017: Indrans, Parvathy and Lijo Jose Pellissery bag top honours |website=The Indian Express |date=9 March 2018 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Mazhavil Manorama|Mazhavil Mango Music Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| 7 August 2018
| Best Music Director
| [[Rex Vijayan]] – (for "Mizhiyil Ninnum")
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2018/08/07/mazhavil-mango-music-awards-winners.html |title='Poomaram' wins big at Mazhavil Mango Music awards |website=Malayala Manorama |date=7 August 2018 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Best Lyricist
| [[Anwar Ali (poet)|Anwar Ali]] – (for "Mizhiyil Ninnum")
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4"| Movie Street Excellence Awards
| rowspan="4"| 5 February 2018
| Best Screenplay
| [[Syam Pushkaran]], [[Dileesh Nair]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/02/05/fahadh-manju-aishwarya-corner-movie-street-film-excellence-awards.html |title=Fahadh, Manju, Aishwarya corner Movie Street film excellence awards |website=Malayala Manorama |date=5 February 2018 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress
| [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[Rex Vijayan]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Male Playback Singer
| [[Shahabaz Aman]] – (for "Mizhiyil Ninnum")
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| North American Film Awards
| rowspan="2"| 7 May 2018
| Second Best Film
| ''Mayaanadhi'' – Dream Mill Cinemas and Entertainments, Moonshot Entertainment
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nafaawards.com/winners2018 |title=North American Film Award 2018 Winners |website=North American Film Award |access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Best Script
| [[Syam Pushkaran]], [[Dileesh Nair]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Padmarajan Award]]
| 23 May 2018
| Best Film
| Director: [[Aashiq Abu]] Writers: [[Syam Pushkaran]], [[Dileesh Nair]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/may/11/ashiq-abus-mayanadi-n-prabhakarans-kulipathalam-win-padmarajan-awards-1813327.html |title=Ashiq Abu's 'Mayanadi', N Prabhakaran's 'Kulipathalam' win Padmarajan awards |website=The New Indian Express |date=11 May 2018 |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423044603/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/may/11/ashiq-abus-mayanadi-n-prabhakarans-kulipathalam-win-padmarajan-awards-1813327.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7"| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="7"| [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|14{{ndash}}15 September 2018]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Malayalam|Best Film – Malayalam]]
| ''Mayaanadhi'' – Dream Mill Cinemas and Entertainments, Moonshot Entertainment
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/siima-awards-2018-nominations-vijays-mersal-leads-with-nine-nods-followed-by-vikram-vedha-4976241.html |title=SIIMA Awards 2018 nominations: Vijay's Mersal leads with nine nods, followed by Vikram Vedha |website=Firstpost |date=16 August 2018 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://siima.in/2018/winners.html|title=SIIMA 2018 Malayalam Winners |website=South Indian International Movie Awards |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604230740/http://siima.in/2018/winners.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Malayalam|Best Director – Malayalam]]
| [[Aashiq Abu]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor – Malayalam]]
| [[Tovino Thomas]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam
| {{won}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Malayalam|Best Lyricist – Malayalam]]
| [[Anwar Ali (poet)|Anwar Ali]] – (for "Mizhiyil Ninnum")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Malayalam|Best Male Playback Singer – Malayalam]]
| [[Shahabaz Aman]] – (for "Mizhiyil Ninnum")
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[Vanitha Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3"| 25 February 2018
| Best Script Writer
| [[Syam Pushkaran]], [[Dileesh Nair]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2018/02/25/vanita-film-awards-2018-live-updates.html |title=വനിത ഫിലിം അവാര്‍ഡ് 2018: ഫഹദ് മികച്ച നടൻ, മഞ്ജു വാരിയർ, പാർവതി മികച്ച നടിമാർ |trans-title=Women's Film Award 2018: Fahadh Best Actor, Manju Warrier and Parvathy Best Actress |language=Malayalam |website=Malayala Manorama |date=27 February 2018 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Best Romantic Hero
| [[Tovino Thomas]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Romantic Heroine
| [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]
| {{won}}
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6915596}}

{{Aashiq Abu}}

[[Category:2017 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rex Vijayan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kodaikanal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aashiq Abu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Neha Nair]]
[[Category:Films produced by Santhosh T. Kuruvilla]]

Soban Singh Jeena University

2026-03-22T05:23:39Z

Serzeqy:

{{short description|State university in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Soban Singh Jeena University, Almora
| image = Soban_Singh_Jeena_University.png
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{Start date and age|2020}}
| closed =
| type = State University
| endowment =
| rector =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Uttarakhand]]
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor = Satpal Singh Bisht
| principal =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Almora]]
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| former_names = SSJ Campus
| free_label =
| free =
| athletics =
| colours =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| website = {{URL|https://ssju.ac.in/}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
| coor =
| affiliations =[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| image_name =
| colors =
}}

'''Soban Singh Jeena University''' ('''SSJ University''') is a [[state university (India)|state university]]<ref>{{cite web |title=University |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=byxR5GCw1Am5pJwU3d9Ncw%3D%3D&Unitype=iA7z%2Fds2To+MdcuCvitOpQ%3D%3D |website=ugc.ac.in |access-date=4 December 2020 |date=4 December 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201204131528/https://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=byxR5GCw1Am5pJwU3d9Ncw%3D%3D&Unitype=iA7z%2Fds2To+MdcuCvitOpQ%3D%3D|archive-date = 2020-12-04}}</ref> situated at [[Almora]], [[Uttarakhand]], India. The university was established in 2020 under the ''Soban Singh Jeena University Act, 2019'' (Uttrakhand Act No. 19 of 2020),<ref>{{cite web |title=State Universities: Rajbhawan, Uttarakhand, India |url=https://governoruk.gov.in/pages/display/73-state-universities |website=Rajbhawan Uttarahand Govt. of Uttarakhand |access-date=4 December 2020 |date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020200430/https://governoruk.gov.in/pages/display/73-state-universities |archive-date=2020-10-20 }}</ref> which was approved by the cabinet of Uttarakhand in October 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uttarakhand govt approves new water policy |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/ukhand-govt-approves-new-water-policy/1647244 |access-date=30 December 2020 |work=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref> The university started operation in August 2020<ref>{{cite news |last1=Upreti |first1=Gopesh |title=प्रो.नरेन्द्र सिंह भण्डारी ने सोबन सिंह जीना विश्वविद्यालय अल्मोड़ा के पहले कुलपति का कार्यभार किया ग्रहण तत्कालीन कुलपति प्रोफेसर सतपाल सिंह बिष्ट हैं। इस विश्वविद्यालय द्वारा KITM ग्रुप ऑफ इंस्टीट्यूशंस भी सफलतापूर्वक चलाया जा रहा है।|url=http://shaktialmora.com/prof-narendra-singh-bhandari-took-charge-as-the-first-vice-chancellor-of-soban-singh-jeena-university-almora/ |access-date=6 January 2021 |work=शक्ति न्यूज अल्मोड़ा {{!}} |date=14 August 2020}}</ref> when Prof. Narendra Singh Bhandari, the founder [[Vice-Chancellor]] of the university, assumed his position.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhandari to be first VC of Soban Singh Jeena varsity |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/bhandari-to-be-first-vc-of-soban-singh-jeena-varsity.html |access-date=4 December 2020 |work=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

The university has four campuses affiliated to it :-
# Soban Singh Jeena Campus, Almora
# Laxman Singh Mahar Campus, [[Pithoragarh]]
# Pt. Badri Dutt Pandey Campus, [[Bageshwar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/bageshwar/story-bageshwar-degree-college-got-campus-status-4819303.html|title = बागेश्वर डिग्री कॉलेज को मिला कैंपस का दर्जा}}</ref>
# Champawat Campus, Champawat

Both the Pithoragarh and Bageshwar campuses were established in 2020 with the separation of SSJ University from Kumaun University and the Champawat campus was established in 2022.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{coord|29.5919406|79.6458561|type:edu_region:IN-UK|display=title}}

==External links==
* [https://ssju.ac.in/ Official website]
* [https://pgiedu.in/ College in Pithoragarh]

{{Universities in Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Universities in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2020]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in Uttarakhand]]

{{Uttarakhand-university-stub}}

Ranjini Krishnan

2026-03-21T01:18:51Z

Serzeqy: starting new page needs work

{{Short description|Indian screenwriter, academic and entrepreneur}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
'''Ranjini Krishnan''' (born Mozhikulam, Ernakulam, Kerala) is an Indian screenwriter, academic and entrepreneur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranjini Krishnan – Researcher, Writer & Entrepreneur {{!}} Speaker at Yaanam 2025 Kerala Tourism |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/yaanam |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=Yaanam 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This scriptwriter is making waves in beauty industry with her organic bath bombs |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/women/2017/11/12/ranjini-krishnan-scriptwriter-body-tree-organic-soaps.html |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> She works on gender and intimacy issues in Kerala through her work and articles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bharath |date=2021-07-31 |title=Daughters of Scheherazade · |url=https://voyancestories.com/feature-stories/daughters-of-scheherazade/ |access-date=2025-11-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> She is a part of sustainable wellness ventures based in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=lekshmimani |date=2024-06-11 |title=Global Public School's World Environment Day Initiatives: Promoting Land Restoration and Sustainability |url=https://globalpublicschool.org/global-public-schools-world-environment-day-initiatives-promoting-land-restoration-and-sustainability/ |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=Best School in Kochi, Kerala {{!}} Top CBSE School in Kochi {{!}} Global Public School |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinesh |first=Arya P. |date=2017-11-10 |title=The tropical fix |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thiruvananthapuram/2017/Nov/09/the-tropical-fix-1697112.html |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
She grew up in Moozhikulam, Ernakulam.<ref name=":1" /> She earned an MA in psychology and completed a doctorate in Cultural Studies at the Centre for the Study of Culture and Society in Bangalore.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ranjini Krishnan {{!}} India Foundation for the Arts |url=https://indiaifa.org/grants-projects/ranjini-krishnan.html |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=indiaifa.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranjini Krishnan — Centre for the Study of Culture and Society |url=http://cscs.res.in/Members/people-cscs/students-cscs/copy6_of_ashwin-kumar-a.p?month:int=9&year:int=2022&orig_query= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814214050/http://cscs.res.in/Members/people-cscs/students-cscs/copy6_of_ashwin-kumar-a.p?month:int=9&year:int=2022&orig_query= |archive-date=2022-08-14 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=cscs.res.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Films ==
Ranjini is the producer and scriptwriter of the national award-winning documentary ''[[A Pestering Journey]]'' (2010), and co-scriptwriter of the feature film [[Kanyaka Talkies]] (2013), which won Best Screenplay at the New York Indian Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New York Indian Film Festival 2014 |url=https://iaac.us/NYIFF2014/press.htm |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=iaac.us}}</ref> Her video art project ''Daughters of Scheherazade'' (2020), supported by the [[India Foundation for the Arts]], explores the cultural meanings of the nuptial chamber and female experience of intimacy and violence through interviews, poems, and visual installations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Entrepreneurship ==
Ranjini is the founder and managing director of Body Tree Naturals Pvt. Ltd., a company that produces organic bath products.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sahadevan |first=Sajini |date=2018-07-27 |title=Ranjini Krishnan's brand of artisanal soaps |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/ranjini-krishnans-brand-of-artisanal-soaps/article24530522.ece |access-date=2025-11-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=സമ്മാനമായി കേക്ക് കൊടുത്ത് മടുപ്പിക്കല്ലേ; പകരം നൽകാം ഗ്രീൻ ഗിഫ്റ്റ് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/women/interviews/2019/12/23/interview-with-ranjini-krishnan.html |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=സമ്മാനമായി കേക്ക് കൊടുത്ത് മടുപ്പിക്കല്ലേ; പകരം നൽകാം ഗ്രീൻ ഗിഫ്റ്റ് |language=ml}}</ref> The brand is noted for its handmade soaps and skincare products that follows sustainable practices in their production. She also directs Sradha Culture Lab (OPC) Pvt. Ltd., which focuses on menstrual awareness and research.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Somaraj |first=Varsha |date=2025-01-30 |title=Kerala researcher launches 'Go With The Flo' board game; aims to demystify menstruation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Jan/30/kerala-researcher-launches-go-with-the-flo-board-game-aims-to-demystify-menstruation |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2025-02-07 |title=Kochi {{!}} A game that debunks myths around menstruation PRINT The period game |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kochi-go-with-the-flo-the-period-game-is-an-educational-board-game-that-debunks-myths-around-menstruation/article69178694.ece |access-date=2025-11-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
* A Pestering Journey (2010) – Producer, Scriptwriter
* Kanyaka Talkies (2013) – Scriptwriter
* Daughters of Scheherazade (2019) – Director, Writer, Filmmaker
* Puthu Katha (2004) – Contributor (Malayalam short story anthology)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnan, Ranjini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kannan En Kadhalan

2026-03-20T05:15:05Z

Serzeqy:

{{Short description|1968 film by P. Neelakantan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kannan En Kadhalan
| image = Kannan En Kadhalan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[P. Neelakantan]]
| screenplay = [[R. M. Veerappan]]
| story = [[A. S. Prakasam]]
| producer = R. M. Veerappan
| starring = [[M. G. Ramachandran]] [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] [[Vanisri]]
| cinematography = V. Ramamoorthy
| editing = C. P. Jambulingam
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Sathya Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1968|04|26}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Kannan En Kadhalan''''' ({{Translation|Kannan, my lover}}) is a 1968 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by [[P. Neelakantan]], produced and co-written by [[R. M. Veerappan]], starring [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] and [[Vanisri]]. It was released on 25 April 1968.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=April 2021}}
Kannan is the adopted son of a retired Captain and Sundaram is the biological son. Mallika is the niece of this rich man, who is engaged, at birth to Sundaram. Mallika is secretly in love with Kannan. Malathi lost her father in an accident; she now lives with the widow as her adopted daughter. Malathi and Kannan fall in love as they share good bonding. Kannan and Sundaram aren't on good terms. Sundaram's behaviour towards Mallika and Malathi is not appropriates.Mallika died. Kannan married malathi . The film ends.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Kannan
* [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] as Maliga
* [[Vanisri]] as Malathi
* [[R. Muthuraman]] as The engineer Sundaram
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as Doctor Singh
* [[Cho Ramaswamy]] as Pathapi / Sabapathy
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Sheshastri Iyer
* [[J. P. Chandrababu]] (Guest-Star) as Chandran
* [[O. A. K. Thevar]] as Singaram
* Loose Arumugam
* Usilaimani as The false astrologer
* [[Gandhimathi]] as Neelambigai Ammu
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Girija
*[[Ennatha Kannaiya|Ennathe Kannaiya]] as Kulasekaran
* [[Karikol Raju]] as Advocate
* [[Shanmugasundari]] as Shanmugapriya Malliga's aunt
* Trichy Soundararajan as The Captain Gopal, redeemed military officer
* Justin as a goon in the cabaret
* Vijaya Chandrika as Malathi's friend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannan En Kathalan |url=https://gaana.com/album/kannan-en-kathalan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302152556/https://gaana.com/album/kannan-en-kathalan |archive-date=2 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-02 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1968 |title=Kannan En Kathalan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/kannan-en-kathalan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1328758100 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302221838/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/kannan-en-kathalan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1328758100 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-02 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The song "Paaduvor Paadinaal" was composed using various Indian classical and western instruments, most notably the piano, and is a "[[jazz]]-meets-Indian folk redux".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Anil |author-link=Anil Srinivasan |date=11 December 2016 |title=When Jayalalithaa was part of exciting era of experimentation in Tamil film music |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/823768/the-last-waltz-the-music-of-jayalalithaa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416105707/https://scroll.in/magazine/823768/the-last-waltz-the-music-of-jayalalithaa |archive-date=16 April 2021 |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| Opening title music || rowspan=2|[[M. S. Viswanathan]] || rowspan=2|No lyrics ||01:52 (instrumental)
|-
| Kannan on the piano, Mallika on the floor ||01.02 (instrumental)
|-
| "Kettikariyin Poyyum" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[P. Susheela]] ||[[Alangudi Somu|Alangudi Sômu]]|| 03:27 / 03:37 (film version)
|-
| "Paaduvor Paadinaal" || T. M. Soundararajan || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 03:06 / 04:41 (film version)
|-
| Kannan, Malathi & action on music (part 1) || rowspan=2|M. S. Viswanathan || rowspan=2|No lyrics ||02.42 (instrumental)
|-
| Kannan, Malathi & action on music (part 2) ||01:32 (instrumental)
|-
| "Kangal Irandum" || T. M. Soundararajan & P. Susheela ||Vaali || 03:07 / 03:37 (film version)
|-
| "Siriththaal Thangapadumai" || T. M. Soundararajan & P. Susheela ||Alangudi Sômu || 03:12 / 04:02 (film version)
|-
| "Minminiyei Kanmaniyai" || T. M. Soundararajan & [[L. R. Eswari]] ||rowspan=3|Vaali || 03:57 / 03:54 (film version)
|-
| "Paaduvor Paadinaal" (reprise 1) || T. M. Soundararajan & [[Jayalalithaa]] (Dialogues) || 02:57 / 02:58 (film version)
|-
| "Paaduvor Paadinaal" (reprise 2) || T. M. Soundararajan & P. Susheela || 0:49 (film version)
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Kannan En Kadhalan'' was released on 25 April 1968.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 April 1968 |title=Kannan En Kathalan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19680425&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=3 March 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' in its review dated 17 May 1968 wrote, "Director P. Neelakantan has made the film racy in tempo; there is not a moment of flagging interest".<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 May 1968 |title=Kannan En Kathalan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19680517&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2 March 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called the film as attractive as its title.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=19 May 1968 |title=கண்ணன் என் காதலன் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1968/may/19-05-1968/p25.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220725113918/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1968/may/19-05-1968/p25.jpg |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=25 November 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=25 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0248129}}

{{P. Neelakantan}}

[[Category:1968 Indian films]]
[[Category:1968 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Neelakantan]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Nagara Style

2026-03-19T08:42:12Z

Serzeqy:

{{Short description|Hindu architectural style}}
{{other uses|Nagara}}
[[File:Architecture of a Vishnu temple, Nagara style, 1915 sketch.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Design of a Vishnu Temple belonging to the ''Nagara Style'', drawn in 1915]]
'''The Nagara Style''' or '''Nagara architectural style''' is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] style of temple architecture, which is popular in [[North India|Northern]], [[Central India|Central]], [[Western India|Western]] and [[East India|Eastern India]], especially in the regions around [[Malwa]], [[Rajputana]] and [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]].<ref name="Dhaky1977p7">{{cite book|author=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|title=The Indian Temple Forms in Karṇāṭa Inscriptions and Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VyW32NwcMr4C |year=1977|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-065-5|pages=7–13}}</ref> Temples classified as Nagara Style are found in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Odisha]],{{Sfn|Hardy|2007|p=195–203}} [[Jharkhand]],{{Sfn|Hardy|2007|p=194}} [[Bihar]],{{Sfn|Hardy|2007|p=194}} [[Maharashtra]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (areas bordering Odisha) and [[West Bengal]] (southwest and [[Sundarbans]] areas).

In the [[5th century|fifth century]], the use of simple curved ''[[Shikhara]]'' ([[Spire|spires]]) began in temples; the earliest such temples being classified as Early Nagara Style.{{Sfn|Hardy|2007|p=168–173}} The Early Nagara Style was transformed into the Mainstream Nagara Style in the [[7th century|seventh century]].{{Sfn|Hardy|2007|p=174–176}}

This architectural style is one of the two main styles of [[Hindu temple architecture]], the other being the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian architectural]] style.<ref name="Dhaky1977p7"/> The Nagara style has three sub-styles or schools, which differ slightly from each other. The sub-styles or schools are ''Orissa school'', ''Chandel school'' and ''Solanki school''.

Developed in North India, this style of temple is built on a simple stone platform. One or more ''Sikhara''s are observed in temples, but the earliest temples consist of only one ''Sikhara''. The ''[[garbhagriha]]'' is always located directly below the highest ''Sikhara''. Also, the Nagara Style is characterized by the absence of boundary walls, which are widely used in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian architectural]] style of [[Hindu temple architecture]]. Some temple complexes and individual structures in the Nagara Style are listed as [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Sites]].{{efn|The [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho temple complex]],{{Sfn|Hardy|2007|p=182 and 185}} and the [[Konark Sun Temple]]{{Sfn|Hardy|2007|p=202}} and [[Mahabodhi Temple]]{{Sfn|Hardy|2007|p=194}} built in ''Nagara Style'', which are recognized as UNESCO [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Sites]].}}

== History ==
=== Origin and formative stage ===
The Nagara temple style evolved from the [[Gupta]] structural temples. From about the 5th century onwards, the development of Nagara temple style began, which passed through three formative stages until reaching its present form.{{Sfn|Hardy|2007|p=168}}

== Schools of Nagara Style ==
Nagara architectural style are observed in northern, western and eastern parts of India. Since its origin, this style has gone through various changes to its form. Variations within the style have developed over time from region to region, which have come to be recognized as sub-styles. Nagara architectural style has three sub-styles, namely ''Chandel'', ''Solanki'' and ''Odisha''.

=== Chandela School ===
The ''Chandela School'' or ''Chandela sub-style'' of temple construction originated in [[Central India]]. It was developed by the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel dynasty]], the rulers of the [[Bundelkhand]] region (then called ''Jejakabhukti'').This school or sub-style of temple construction is also known as ''Khajuraho'' School or sub-style. Temples built in this style have intricate carvings, which adorn the inner and outer walls. The sculptures in the temple are known for sensual themes, which were inspired by [[Vātsyāyana|Vatsyayana]]'s ''[[Kama Sutra]]''. [[Sandstone]] is mainly used in the construction of such temples.{{Sfn|Rastogi|2023|p=7}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:RNS Khajuraho23.jpg|[[Vamana Temple, Khajuraho|Vamana Temple]]
File:Vishwanath N-MP-23.jpg|[[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishwanath temple]]
File:The Chitragupta temple, Khajuraho 03.jpg|[[Chitragupta Temple, Khajuraho|Chitragupta temple]]
</gallery>

===Solanki school ===
The ''Solanki'' school or sub-style originated in [[Northwest India]], particularly in the present-day [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]]. As this sub-style expanded and developed, the [[Solanki dynasty|Solanki]] kings provided support and encouragement. The walls of temples built in the Solanki sub-style are without sculptures. Internally and externally the ''[[garbhagriha]]'' and ''[[mandapa]]'' are interconnected. A terraced water tank, known as ''Surya Kund'', is often found next to temples of this sub-style. This sub-style has also come to be known as the [[Māru-Gurjara architecture|''Māru-Gurjara'']] school or sub-style since the 20th century.{{Sfn|Rastogi|2023|p=7}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Rani ki vav 02.jpg|[[Rani ki Vav|Rani Ki Vav]], [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]
File:Taranga Jain Tirth, Satlasana, Mehsana, Gujarat, India (2017).jpg|[[Taranga Jain temple]]
File:Navlakha arial view 03.jpg|[[Navlakha temple|Navlakha Temple]]
</gallery>

=== Odisha School ===
The ''Odisha'' school or sub-style originated in the coastal regions of [[East India]], especially the present [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Odisha]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. This school or sub-style of temple construction is also known as ''[[Kalinga architecture|''Kalinga'']]'' School or sub-style.{{Sfn|Rastogi|2023|p=6}}{{Sfn|Dey|2022|p=86}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Lingaraj Temple complex at dusk during Shivratri 2020.jpg|[[Lingaraja Temple|Lingaraj Temple]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
File:Konark Temple Panorama2.jpg|[[Konark Sun Temple]], [[Konark]]
File:Shri Jagannatha Temple.jpg|[[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]], [[Puri]]
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last1=Hardy |first1=Adam |title=The temple architecture of India |date=2007 |publisher=J. Wiley and sons |location=Chichester (GB) |isbn=978-0-470-02827-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rastogi |first1= Twinkle |title =Study of North Indian-Style or Nagara Style of Indian Architecture in the Temples of Gwalior Fort |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370843563_STUDY_OF_NORTH_INDIAN-STYLE_OR_NAGARA_STYLE_OF_INDIAN_ARCHITECTURE_IN_THE_TEMPLES_OF_GWALIOR_FORT |date= May 2023 |pp = 1-14 |isbn = 978-81-960067-2-3}}
* {{cite web |last1=Vardia |first1=Shweta |title=Building Science of IndianTemple Architecture |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322852250_Building_Science_of_Indian_Temple_Architecture |access-date=19 November 2023}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Surender |last2=Ashish |first2=Dalal |last3=Sitender |first3=Chillar |title=Building Science of Ancient Indian Temples |journal=International Journal of Engineering Sciences Paradigms and Researches |url=https://www.ijesonline.com/GTC_Conference/paper%2021.pdf |access-date=19 November 2023}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dey |first1=Monidipa |title=Himachal Temple & The Bengal Connection |date=2022|publisher=Garuda Prakashana Private Limited |location=Gurugram, India |isbn=979-8-88575-058-5}}

{{Architecture of India}}

[[Category:Indian architectural styles]]

Chera dynasty

2026-03-15T18:35:57Z

Serzeqy: fix

{{Short description|Dynasty in ancient South India}}
{{redirect-multi|2|Chera|Cheras}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox former country
| symbol_type = Insignia
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| image_map = Chera country (early historic south India).jpg
| image_map_caption = Approximate extent of Chera influence in early historic south India (Gurukkal, 2002)
| conventional_long_name = Chera dynasty
| common_name =
| native_name =
| status =
| year_start = {{circa|3rd century BCE}}
| year_end = {{circa|5th century CE}}
| capital = * [[Vanchi (early historic)|Vanchi (Karur/Karuvur)]]
* [[Muziris|Muchiri (Vanchi)]]
* [[Tyndis|Thondi]]
| p1 =
| s1 =
| s2 =
| s3 =
| s4 =
| s5 =
| today = {{plainlist|
* [[Kerala]]
* [[Tamil Nadu]]}}
| religion = [[Jainism]] [[Hinduism]] [[Buddhism]]
| demonym =
| government_type = [[Monarchy]] (rudimentary state)
| official_languages = *[[Old Tamil]]
}}
{{Chera Dynasty}}
The '''Chera dynasty''' ([[ISO 15919|or]] '''Cēra''', {{IPA|ml|t͡ʃeːɾɐ|IPA}}), also known as '''Keralaputra,'''{{sfn|Veluthat|2018|pp=13–31}} from the early historic or the [[Sangam period]] in southern India, ruled over parts of present-day states [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].{{sfn|Karashima|2014|pp= 49-51}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=52-53}} The Cheras, known as one of the [[Three Crowned Kings|mu-ventar (the Three Crowned Kings)]] of [[Tamilakam|Tamilakam (the Tamil country)]] alongside the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]], have been documented as early as the third century BCE.{{sfn|Gurukkal|2002|p=142}}{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1028-30}} The Chera country was geographically well placed at the tip of the Indian peninsula to profit from maritime trade via the extensive [[Indian Ocean trade|Indian Ocean networks]]. Exchange of spices, especially [[black pepper]], with [[Middle East]]ern or [[Classical antiquity|Graeco-Roman]] merchants is attested to in several sources.{{sfn|Thapar|2018}}{{sfn|Balfour|1871|p=584}}{{sfn|Gurukkal|2015|pp=26-27}} Chera influence extended over central Kerala and western Tamil Nadu until the end of the early historic period in southern India.{{sfn|Karashima|2014|pp=49-51}}

The Cheras of the early historical period (c. second century BCE – c. third/fifth century CE) had their capital in interior Tamil country ([[Karur|Vanchi-Karuvur or Karur]], [[Kongunadu|the Kongu country]]), and ports/capitals at [[Muziris|Muchiri-Vanchi (Muziris)]] and [[Tyndis|Thondi (Tyndis)]] on the Indian Ocean coast of Kerala.{{sfn|Gurukkal|2015|pp=26-27}} They also controlled [[Palakkad Gap]] and the [[Noyyal River]] valley, the principal trade route between the [[Malabar Coast]] and eastern Tamil Nadu.{{sfn|The Hindu|2007}} The bow and arrow, or just the bow, was the traditional dynastic emblem of the Chera family.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=216-17}}

The major pre-[[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] polities of southern India — ruled by the Cheras, Pandyas, and Cholas — appear to have displayed a rudimentary [[State (polity)|state structure]].{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1039}} Early Tamil literature, known as the [[Sangam literature|Sangam texts]], and extensive classical [[Classical antiquity|Graeco-Roman]] accounts are the major sources of information about the early historic Cheras.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=52-53}} Other corroborative sources for the Cheras include [[Tamil-Brahmi]] inscriptions,{{Sfn|Pletcher|2018}}{{sfn|Veluthat|2018|pp=13–31}} silver portrait coins with [[Brahmi script|Tamil-Brahmi]] legends, and copper coins depicting the Chera symbols of the bow and the arrow on the reverse.{{sfn|Majumdar|2016}} With the close of the early historical period, between the third and fifth centuries CE, the Cheras witnessed a substantial decline in power.{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=118}}

[[Cenkuttuvan|"Kadal Pirakottiya" Chenkuttuvan]], the most celebrated Chera ruler of early Tamil literature, is famous for the traditions surrounding [[Kannagi (Tamil mythology)|Kannaki]], the principal character of the Tamil epic poem [[Cilappatikaram|Chilappathikaram]].{{sfn|Thapar|2018}}{{sfn|Narayanan|2013}} Several medieval dynasties, such as the Cheras of [[Kongu Chera dynasty|Karur (Kongu country)]], [[Athiyamān|Satiyaputra]] Cheras of [[Dharmapuri|Thagadur]], and the Chera "Perumals" of [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Mahodayapuram (Kerala)]] claimed descent from the early historic Chera rulers.{{sfn|Narayanan|2013|pp=passim}} The ruling lineage of the kingdom of [[Venad kingdom|Venad]], the Kulasekharas, was also known as the "Chera dynasty".<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |url=https://www.furkatingcollege.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/History-of-Early-India-From-the-Origins-to-AD-1300_Thapar.pdf |title=The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2003 |isbn= |location= |pages=368–69 |chapter=The Politics of the Peninsula |orig-year=2002}}</ref>{{sfn|Karashima|2014|p=124}}

== Etymology ==
The [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] title "Chera", along with its variants such as "Cheraman" and "Cheralar/Cheral", and its various [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] equivalents like "Keralaputras" or "Kerala", refers to the ruling dynasty or family, the people, and the geographical region(s) associated with them. The title "Cheraman" is generally believed to be a shortened form of the phrase "Cheramakan", which is also considered the original root of the phrase "Keralaputras".{{sfn|Veluthat|2018|pp=13–31}}

The etymology of the term "Chera" remains a subject of debate among historians.<ref name=":771">{{Cite book |last=Ferenczi |first=Roland |url=https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/bitstream/ediss/11295/1/Eo%CC%88tvo%CC%88s%20Lora%CC%81nd%20Tudoma%CC%81nyegyetem_new_2024.pdf |title=An Annotated Translation of the Patiṟṟuppattu and the Political Geography of the Early Cēra Kingdom |publisher=University of Hamburg |editor-last=Wilden |editor-first=E. |location=Hamburg |publication-date=2022 |pages=277–78 |editor-last2=Wojtilla |editor-first2=Gyula}}</ref>

* The ancient Tamil term "Cheralam" likely means "mountain range", suggesting a connection to the mountainous geography of [[Kerala]] or the [[Malabar Coast]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Subrahmanian |first=N. |url=https://cbc.gov.in/cbcdev/sangam/sangam.html |title=Sangam Polity: The Administration and Social Life of the Sangam Tamils |publisher=Ennes Publications |year=1966 |location=Madurai |pages=42}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Balasubramanian |first=C. |title=A Study of the Literature of the Cera Kingdom |date=1980 |publisher=University of Madras |location=Madras |pages=04–05}}</ref>
* It has also been suggested that the word "Chera" derives from the Tamil term "cherppu", meaning "seashore" (the Malabar Coast).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rangaswamy |first=Dorai |url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/book-detail?id=jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZtejZle&tag=The%20Surnames%20of%20the%20cankam%20age%20literary%20and%20tribal |title=The Surnames of the Cankam Age: Literary and Tribal |date=1968 |publisher=University of Madras |location=Madras |pages=110}}</ref>

A number of additional theories have also been proposed in historical studies.{{sfn|Menon|2011|p=15|ps=: According to Kerala historian A. Sreedhara Menon, the term "cherppu" possibly means "added" or "reclaimed". He suggests that this etymology aligns with the famous Parashurama Legend about the origin of Kerala. In the legend, Parashurama, an avatara of Vishnu, flung his battle axe across the sea, and the sea receded up to the point where the axe landed, thereby creating the land from Gokarna to Kanyakumari—including Kerala.}}{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=21|ps=: Citing K. Achyutha Menon, ''Ancient Kerala: Studies in Its History and Culture,'' pp. 7}}

It may seem that the title Chera is derived from the [[Malayalam]] word "keram" (meaning "[[coconut palm]]").<ref name=":771" /> However, the term "keram" itself is believed to have originated from the name [[Kerala]]. Alternatively, some suggest that "keram" is simply a shortened form of the Sanskrit word "narikela", meaning "coconut tree".<ref name=":771" />

=== Variations of the term Chera ===
The Cheras are cited in ancient non-Tamil sources under different forms of the names "Chera" or "Cheraman". For the first time, they are mentioned as "Kedalaputo" in the edicts of the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] emperor [[Ashoka|Asoka]] (third century BCE).{{sfn|Keay|2001}}

[[Pliny the Elder]] (1st century CE), author of Natural History, and [[Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolemy]] (2nd century CE), the astronomer and mathematician, referred to the Cheras of southern India as "Kaelobotros" and "Kerobottros", respectively. The [[Periplus Maris Erythraei]], an early Greek manual of sailing directions written in the 1st century CE, refers to the Cheras as "Keprobotras".{{sfn|Narayanan|2013|p=}}{{sfn|Caldwell|1998|p=92}} These Graeco-Roman names are probably corruptions of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] term "Kedala Puto/Kerala Putra".{{sfn|Narayanan|2013|p=}}{{sfn|Caldwell|1998|p=92}}

== Sources ==
{{quote box
| bgcolor = #fffcea
| title = Irumporai Cheras from Pugalur inscription
| fontsize = 100%
| quote = Arunattarmalai, Velayudhampalayam ([[Pugalur]])
* Athan Che[ra]l Irumporai/Irumpurai
* Perum Kadungon
* Kadungon Ilam Kadungo
| source = Mahadevan, I. (2003). pp. 117–119.
}}

=== External sources ===
The Cheras are referred to as "Kedalaputo" (related to Sanskrit: "Kerala Putra") in the edicts of the Maurya emperor [[Ashoka|Asoka]] (third century BCE).{{sfn|Keay|2001}} Brief references to the Keralas occur in the works of [[Katyayana]] (c. third-to-fourth centuries BCE), the philosopher [[Patanjali]] (c. second century BCE or fifth century CE), and the Maurya statesman and philosopher [[Kautilya|Kautilya or Chanakya]] ({{circa|third-to-fourth century BCE}}). However, the Sanskrit grammarian [[Pāṇini|Panini]] (c. sixth-to-fifth centuries BCE) does not mention the Keralas.{{sfn|Menon|2007|pp=26–29}}[[File:Chera Inscription from Pugalur, near Karur.jpg|thumb|[[Tamil Brahmi|Brahmi]] inscription from Pugalur, near Karur|300x300px]]
The earliest [[Greco-Roman world|Graeco-Roman]] accounts referring to the Cheras appear in the works of [[Pliny the Elder]] (author of the celebrated [[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]) in the first century CE, in the [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea|Periplus Maris Erythraei]] (an early Greek manual of sailing directions, first century CE), and in the writings of [[Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolemy]] (the astronomer-mathematician, and geographer of Greek descent who flourished in Alexandria) in the second century CE.{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=33}}{{sfn|Pletcher|2018}}

=== Epigraphical sources ===
Archaeologists have discovered both epigraphic and numismatic evidence for the early Cheras.{{sfn|Champakalakshmi|2003}}{{sfn|Pletcher|2018}}
* Two almost identical [[Tamil-Brahmi]] inscriptions discovered from Pugalur near [[Karur]] (c. second century CE; Arunattarmalai, Velayudhampalayam) describe three generations of Chera rulers. They record the construction of a rock shelter for Chenkayapan, a [[Jainism|Jain]] monk, on the investiture of Kadungon Ilam Kadungo, son of [[Perumkadungo|Perum Kadungon]], and the grandson of king Athan Che[ra]l Irumporai/Irumpurai.{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|pp=117–119}}{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1028-30}}
* A short Tamil-Brahmi engraving containing the word Chera ("Katummi Puta Cera"; Kadummi Putra Chera) was discovered at the [[Edakkal Caves]] in the [[Western Ghats]] (c. third century CE; [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]).{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|pp=117–119}}{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1028-30}} Another short graffiti from the same location (Edakkal) reads "Ko Athan", possibly referring to a different Chera ruler (c. third century CE).{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|pp=117–119}}{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1028-30}}
* Additional Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions can be found in locations such as Kodumanal, Aiyamalai, and Arachalur.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1037}}

=== Excavation at Karur and Pattanam ===
[[File:Amphorae sherds, Pattanam excavation site (Kerala).jpg|thumb|Amphorae sherds found at Pattnanam excavation site (Kerala).|300x300px]]
Archaeological discoveries confirm modern [[Karur]], or Vanchi/Karuvur, the early historic Chera capital on the [[Amaravati River]], as a major political, and economic centre of ancient south India.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1071-72}} It was an important centre of craft production, especially jewel making, and inland trade. Excavations at Karur have yielded huge quantities of copper coins with Chera symbols such as the bow and arrow, and pieces of Roman [[amphorae]]. Vellavur, near Karur, and the Amaravati river bed are noted for the presence large quantities of Roman coins. Pugalur, noted for the rare Chera donative inscription in Tamil-Brahmi, is located around 10 miles north of Karur, on the south bank of the Kaveri River.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1071-72}} An ancient trade route, from ports such as [[Muchiri]] and [[Thondi]] on the Kerala Coast through the [[Palakkad Gap|Palghat Gap]], along the Noyyal river, through Kodumanal, to [[Karur]] in interior Tamil Nadu can also be traced using extensive archaeological evidence.<ref name="Frontline 2012">{{harvnb|''Frontline''|2012}}</ref>{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1071-72}}

Historians have yet to precisely locate [[Muziris]], known in Tamil as Muchiri, the foremost port in the Chera kingdom and a capital on the Malabar Coast. However, archaeological excavations at [[Pattanam]] near [[Kochi]] increasingly suggest its identification with this location.{{sfn|Gurukkal|2015|pp=26-27}} Pattanam is notable for the remains of a brick-lined wharf made of laterite granules, lime, and clay. Other discoveries include amphora sherds, terra sigillata, carnelian intaglios, and fragments of Roman glass.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1115-16}} Roman coins have been discovered in large numbers from central Kerala and the Coimbatore-Karur region ([[Kottayam-Malabar|Kottayam-Kannur]], [[Valluvally]], [[Eyyal|Iyyal]], [[Vellalur]] and Kattankanni)<ref name="The Hindu 2007">{{harvnb|''The Hindu''|2007}}</ref><ref name="Frontline 2012" />

=== Numismatic discoveries ===
[[File:Chera coin (ancient south India) (cropped).jpg|thumb|A Chera coin with legend "Makkotai"|146x146px]]
Dynastic coins, primarily recovered from the bed of the [[Amaravati River]] in central Tamil Nadu, provide valuable historical insights into this period.<ref name="The Hindu 2007" />{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=216-17 and 1039}} Often found as surface or stray discoveries or held in private collections, these coins mainly consist of punch-marked designs.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=216-17}} Typically square in shape and made of copper, its alloys, or silver, they frequently feature a bow and arrow—the traditional emblem of the Cheras—on the obverse, sometimes accompanied by a legend. Silver punch-marked coins, imitating imperial [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] coins and bearing a Chera bow on the reverse, have also been reported.{{sfn|Majumdar|2016}}<ref name=":0">{{harvnb|''The Hindu''|2004}}</ref> Bronze dies for minting punch-marked coins were discovered in the riverbed in [[Karur]] (indicating the presence of a Chera mint there).{{sfn|Majumdar|2016}} Additionally, hundreds of copper coins attributed to the Cheras have been excavated at [[Pattanam]], Cochin, in central Kerala.{{sfn|Majumdar|2016}}<ref name=":0" /> It is also known that the Cheras counter-struck silver Roman coins.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1039}}

[[File:Kuttuvankotai-cash.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A Chera coin with legend "[[Kuttuvan Kotai]]"]]
Other major discoveries from central Tamil country include several silver portrait coins, such as one featuring a portrait with the Tamil-Brahmi legend "Makkotai" above it, found in the Krishna riverbed near [[Karur]], and another with a portrait and the legend "[[Kuttuvan Kotai]]" above it. Both of these impure silver coins are tentatively dated to around the first century CE or slightly later. The reverse sides of both coins are blank.<ref name="The Hindu 2007" /> Impure silver coins bearing the Chera legends "Kollippurai"/"Kollipporai" and "Kol-Irumporai" have also been discovered at Karur.{{Sfn|Majumdar|2016}} A silver coin depicting a person wearing a Roman-style bristled-crown helmet was also found in the Amaravati riverbed in Karur; its reverse side features a bow and arrow, the traditional symbol of the Chera family.<ref name="The Hindu 2007" />

A macro analysis of the Makkotai coin reveals strong similarities to contemporary [[Roman coins|Roman silver coins]], and the portrait coins are generally considered imitations of Roman coinage.<ref name="The Hindu 2007" />{{sfn|Majumdar|2016}} The legends, representing the names or titles of Chera rulers, are typically inscribed in [[Tamil-Brahmi]] characters on the obverse, while the reverse often features a bow and arrow symbol. Evidence of an alliance between the Cheras and the Cholas is seen in a joint coin, which displays the Chola tiger on the obverse and the Chera bow and arrow on the reverse. Additionally, [[Lakshmi]]-type coins, possibly of Sri Lankan origin, have been discovered at Karur.{{sfn|Majumdar|2016}}

== Political history from Tamil sources ==
A large body of Tamil works from the {{circa|second century BCE to third century CE}}, collectively known as the [[Sangam literature|Sangam (Academy) Literature]], describes a number of Chera, Chola, and Pandya rulers.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|p=12}}{{sfn|Sastri|1955|p=105}} These praise-filled poetic eulogies often glorify the rulers' accomplishments and virtues, perhaps serving to legitimize their political power.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1028-30 and 1035}}

Among these, the most important sources for the Cheras are the [[Patiṟṟuppattu|Pathitrupathu]], the [[Agananuru]] and the [[Purananuru]].{{sfn|Menon|2007|pp=26–29}} The Pathitrupattu, the fourth book in the [[Ettuthokai|Ettuthokai Anthology]], mentions several rulers (and possible heirs-apparents) of the Chera family.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=52-53}} Each Chera is praised in ten songs sung by a court poet.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|p=12}} The title Pathitrupathu indicates that there were ten texts, each consisting of a decad of lyrics; however, two of these have not yet been discovered.{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=01-05}} Additionally, the collection has not yet been worked into a connected history and settled chronology.{{sfn|Kanakasabhai|1997}}

=== Gajabahu-Chenguttuvan synchronism ===
[[File:Carnelian intaglios (with Greek or Roman goddess and lion), Pattanam Museum.jpg|thumb|227x227px|Carnelian Intaglio from Malabar Coast.]]
The events described in the early Tamil texts, or the [[Sangam literature|Sangam Literature]], are dated to around the first or second centuries CE based on the [[Gajabahu synchronism|Gajabahu-Chenguttuvan synchronism]], which is derived from certain verses in the Tamil epic poem [[Silappathikaram]].{{sfn|Kanakasabhai|1997}} Despite its reliance on a number of conjectures, this method is considered a sheet anchor for dating early historic south India. Complementary archaeological (and epigraphical) evidence broadly seems to support the Gajabahu chronology.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=37–39|ps=: Most 21st-century academics accept the opinion the Gajabahu Synchronism is an expression of genuine historical tradition.}}{{sfn|Pillai|1956|ps=: "We may be reasonably certain that chronological conclusion reached above is historically sound"}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=38}}

[[Ilango Adigal]], the author of [[Silappathikaram]], describes the renowned Chera ruler Chenguttuvan, a central figure in the epic, as his elder brother. He also mentions Chenguttuvan's consecration of a temple for the goddess [[Pattini|Pattini (Kannaki)]] at [[Thiruvanchikulam Temple|Vanchi]] (the Chera capital on the Malabar Coast).{{sfn|Tikkanen|2018|pp=}} According to the poem, a king named [[Gajabahu I of Sri Lanka|Gajabahu]]—identified with Gajabahu, a second-century ruler of Sri Lanka—was among those present at the Pattini temple consecration at Vanchi.{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=70}}{{sfn|Menon|1967}} Based on this context, Chenguttuvan and the other Chera rulers can be dated to either the first or the last quarter of the second century CE.{{sfn|Thapar|2018|pp=}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; font-size: 100%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+ Chera rulers (Pathitrupattu Decad and Poet) from the Pathitrupattu Collection
!Western Branch ([[Muziris|Muchiri-Vanchi]]; central Kerala)
|-
|'''Uthiyan Cheralathan (c. 130 CE)'''
|-
|[[Utiyan Cheralathan|Uthiyan Cheralathan]] is generally considered the earliest recorded ruler of the Western Branch of the Chera family and is thought to be the possible hero of the lost first decade of the Pathitrupathu Collection. According to the [[Purananuru]], he bore the royal title "Vanavarampan" (the Beloved of the Gods).{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=05-10}} The [[Purananuru]] and [[Agananuru]] describe him as the Chera ruler who hosted the great feast ("the Perum Chotru") for both the Pandavas and the Kauravas during the [[Kurukshetra War]] of the Mahabharata.{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=05-10}}

|-
|'''Nedum Cheralathan (Decad II, Kannanar){{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=52-53}}''' '''(c. 155 CE)'''
|-
|[[Nedum Cheralathan]], the son of Uthiyan Cheralathan, was known by the title "Imayavarampan". He was praised for subduing "Seven Crowned Kings", earning him the renowned title "Adhiraja".{{sfn|Menon|2007|pp=67–68}}{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=10-13}} Poet Kannanar extols his conquests, noting that he defeated enemies from Kumari ([[Cape Comorin]]) to the Himalaya Mountains and even carved the Chera Bow Emblem on the Himalayas.{{sfn|Menon|2007|pp=67–68}}{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=10-13}}
Among his greatest adversaries was the "Kadambu" clan (based on an "island"; probably along the Malabar Coast), whom he defeated in a battle after "crossing" the sea.{{sfn|Karashima|2014|pp=50-51}}{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=10-13}} Nedum Cheralathan is also credited with a victory over the [[Yona|Yavanas]] — probably [[Graeco-Roman]] navigators — on the Malabar coast. He captured several of them and, as punishment, poured hot ghee on their heads. However, he later released them in exchange for a heavy ransom consisting of diamonds, other precious stones, and intricately crafted vessels.{{sfn|Karashima|2014|pp=50-51}}

Nedum Cheralathan is sometimes identified with "Kudakko" Nedum Cheralathan, who was killed in battle against a Chola ruler.{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=36-38}}
|-
|'''Palyanai Chel Kelu Kuttuvan (Decad III, Palai Kauthamanar){{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=52-53}}''' '''(c. 155 - 165 CE)'''
|-
| Palyanai Chel Kelu Kuttuvan, the son of Uthiyan Cheralathan (and younger brother of Nedum Cheralathan), is credited with conquering "Kongar Nadu" (the country of the Kongar people, corresponding to the Kongu country; western Tamil Nadu).{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=15-17}} He is also described as the Lord of Puzhi Nadu, the Cheruppu, and the Aiyirai Hills.{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=15-17}}
Sources also mention that his headquarters was located at the mouth of the present-day Periyar River on the Malabar Coast.{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=15-17}}
|-
|'''"Kalankaikanni" Narmudi Cheral (Decad IV, Kappiyattukku Kappiyanar){{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=52–53}}''' '''(c. 180 - 190 CE)'''
|-
| Narmudi Cheral, the son of Nedum Cheralathan, is remembered for leading an expedition against Neduman Anji, the [[Athiyaman (Sathiyaputhra)|Adigaiman/Satyaputra]] chieftain of Thagadur ([[Dharmapuri]], in northern Tamil Nadu).{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=17-21}}{{sfn|Menon|1967}}
He also defeated and killed Nannan, the ruler of [[Ezhimala]], in the battle of "Kadambin Peruvayil" (or "Vakai Perunthurai").{{sfn|Menon|2007|pp=67–68}}{{sfn|Menon|1967}}
|-
| '''"Kadal Pirakottiya" Chenguttuvan (Decad V, Paranar){{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=52–53}}''' '''(c. 180 CE)'''
|-
|[[Chenkuttuvan|"Kadal Pirakottiya" Chenguttuvan]] is identified with "Kadalottiya" Vel Kelu Kuttuvan. He was a son of Nedum Cheralathan.{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=21-23}}
During his reign, the Chera territory encompassed the [[Malabar Coast]] (present-day [[Kerala]]) and the interior [[Kongu Nadu|Kongu country]] (western [[Tamil Nadu]]).{{sfn|Menon|1967}}{{sfn|Menon|2007|pp=67–68}} He is described as the Lord of the Kudavar people (that is, of Kudanadu) and as the Kuttuvan (the Lord of the Kuttuvar people){{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=21-23}}

Chenguttuvan successfully intervened in a succession dispute in the Chola kingdom, placing his relative [[Nalankilli|Killi]] on the Chola throne. Killi's rivals were defeated in the battle of "Vayil or "Neri-Vayil". Records also mention that he won a major victory at "Viyalur" (perhaps in the [[Ezhimala (hill, Kannur)|Ezhimala]] country of northern Kerala, against its traditional ruler Nannan).{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=21-23}}{{sfn|Thapar|2018|pp=}} The panegyric to the fifth decade describes Chenkuttuvan as "the king feared by the northerners", who wanted to take a sacred stone for the idol of the goddess [[Pattini]]. He also destroyed Kodukur, likely located in the Kongu country, and is also said to have slain an "[[Indo-Aryan languages|Arya]] king" (to obtain stone for the idol of the goddess Kannaki).{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=21-23}}{{sfn|Thapar|2018|pp=}}

Chenguttuvan is prominently mentioned in the [[Silapathikaram|Chilappathikaram]], the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] epic poem composed by [[Ilango Adigal|Ilanko Adikal]]''.''{{sfn|Karashima|2014|pp=50-51}}
|-
|'''"Adu Kottu Pattu" Cheralathan{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=27-32}} (Decad VI, Kakkai Padiniyar Nachellaiyar){{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=52–53}}''' '''(c. 180 - 190 CE)'''
|-
| "Adu Kottu Pattu" Cheralathan, a son of Nedum Cheralathan and brother of Narmudi Cheral, succeeded "Kadal Pirakottiya" Chenguttuvan.{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=70}}{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=27-32}}
He is said to have controlled the port of Naravu (in northern Kerala; on the Malabar Coast).{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=27-32}} He is probably identical with the Perum Cheralathan who fought against the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] ruler [[Karikala]] at the [[battle of Venni]]. In this battle, Cheralathan was wounded on the back by Karikala. Unable to endure the disgrace, he committed ritual suicide through slow starvation.{{sfn|Karashima|2014|pp=50-51}}{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=27-32}}
|-
!Irumporai or Porai Branch ([[Karur|Vanchi-Karuvur]]; western Tamil Nadu)
|-
|'''Chelva Kadumko Vali Athan (Decad VII, Kapilar){{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=52–53}}''' '''(c. 165 CE)'''
|-
|Chelva Kadumko Vali Athan, the son of Chera ruler Anthuvan Cheral, is recorded as having controlled the port of Pandar (on the Malabar Coast) and the settlement of Kodumanam (present-day [[Kodumanal]]).{{sfn|Karashima|2014|pp=50-51}}{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=38-40}} He defeated the combined armies of the Pandyas and the Cholas.{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=38-40}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=52-53}} He was the father of Perum Cheral Irumporai and is said to have died at a place called Chikkar Palli.{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=38-41}}
He is identified with Ko "Athan Che[ra]l Irumporai" mentioned in the Pugalur inscriptions ({{Circa|2nd century CE}}).{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=70}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=52–53}}
|-
|'''Perum Cheral Irumporai{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=41-43}} (Decad VIII, Arichil Kizhar){{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=52–53}} (c. 190 CE)'''
|-
|[[Perum Cheral Irumporai]] is renowned for his conquest of the fortified city of [[Dharmapuri|Thagadur]] (present-day [[Dharmapuri]]), the stronghold of the [[Athiyamān|Adigaiman-Satyaputra]] ruler Ezhini/Neduman Anji (who was aided by the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] rulers).{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=71}} {{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=41-43}}
In the later battle of Pazhi, the warriors of Nannan, the ruler of Ezhimala, defeated Neduman Anji, who had previously invaded Nannan's territory on behalf of Perum Cheral Irumporai. Perum Cheral Irumporai is described as "the lord of Puzhi", "the lord of Kolli Hills" and "the Lord of [Poom]Puhar". {{sfn|Menon|2007|p=71}} He is sometimes honored with the title "Kothai Marpa". He was the father of Illam Cheral Irumporai.{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=41-43}}

He is identified with "Perum Kadungon" mentioned in the Pugalur inscriptions ({{Circa|2nd century CE}}).{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=70}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=52–53}}
|-
|'''Kudakko Illam Cheral Irumporai{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=44-45}} (Decad IX, Perunkundur Kizhar{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=52-53}}) (c. 190 - 215 CE)'''
|-
|"Kudakko" Illam Cheral Irumporai, son of Perum Cheral Irumporai, is said to have defeated the Chola ruler Perum Chola, along Ilam Pazhaiyan Maran and Vicchi, and to have destroyed "five forts". He was known as "Kudakko" or "Lord of the West", as well as "Lord of Thondi", and was described as the master of "Kongar Nadu", "Kuttuvar Nadu", and "Puzhi Nadu".{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=44-45}}
He is also recorded as a descendant of [[Nedum Cheralathan]].{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=10-13}}

He is identified with "Kadungon Ilam Kadungo" mentioned in the Pugalur inscriptions ({{Circa|2nd century CE}}).{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=70}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=52–53}}
|}
Apart from the Chera rulers known from the Pathitrupattu, many more are mentioned in other early Tamil collections, such as the [[Purananuru]]. However, some of these names are re-duplications.{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=01-05}}

"Karuvur Eriya" Ol-val Ko Perum Cheral Irumporai is recorded as ruling from the city of Karuvur (present-day [[Karur]], Tamil Nadu).{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=01-05}}{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=34-36}} He was praised by the poet Nariveruttalaiyar.{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=34-36}} Another ruler is "Kadungo" Valia Athan, while certain "Palai Padiya" Perum Kadungo is also mentioned.{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=01-05}} Anthuvan Cheral Irumporai (c. 140 CE), the father of Chelva Kadumko Vali Athan (of the seventh decade), is another figure of importance.{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=01-05}} He was a contemporary of the Chola ruler "Mudittalai" Ko Perunar Killi, whose royal elephant famously wandered into the city of Karuvur.{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=01-05}}{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=36-38}}

"Yanaikatchai" [[Yanaikatchai Mantaran Cheral Irumporai|Mantharam Cheral Irumporai]] (c. 215 CE{{sfn|Thapar|2018|pp=}}) ruled a vast territory, stretching from the Kolli Hills (near Karur Vanchi) in the east to the ports of Thondi and Mantai on the western coast (central Kerala). He defeated his enemies in a battle at Vilamkil. However, he was later captured by the famous Pandya ruler [[Nedunjeliyan II|"Thalaiyalanganam" Nedum Chezhian II]] (early 3rd century CE), though he managed to escape captivity and successfully regain his lost territories.{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=72}}{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=01-05}}

Other rulers mentioned include Ko "Kothai Marpa", "Thagdur Erinta" Perum Cheral Irumporai, and [[Kuttuvan Kodai]].{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=01-05}} "Kudakko" Nedum Cheral Athan and Perum Cheral Athan are also listed.{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=01-05}} Another notable figure is Kanaikkal Irumporai, who is said to have defeated a chief named "Muvan" and imprisoned him. In an act of brutality, Kanaikkal pulled out the teeth of his prisoner and planted them on the gates of the city of Thondi (on the Malabar Coast). Later, when captured by the Chola ruler Chengannan, Kanaikkal committed suicide by starvation.{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=72}} "Kudakko" Cheral Irumporai is also recorded, along with "Kottambalattu Tunchiya" Makkodai, who is probably identical with the "Kottambalattu Tunchiya" Cheraman mentioned in [[Agananuru|Akananuru (168)]].{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=01-05}}{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=05-10}} Vanchan and "Kadalottiya" Vel Kelu Kuttuvan are further notable names in the tradition.{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=01-05}} Finally, Man Venko is remembered as a friend of both the Pandya ruler Ugra Peruvaluti and the Chola ruler "Rajasuyam Vetta" Perunar Killi.{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|pp=01-05}}

== Geographical extent ==
Recent studies on early historic south Indian history suggest that the three major Tamil rulers – the [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandya]], the Chera and the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] – were customarily based in [[Madurai]], [[Karur|Vanchi-Karuvur (Karur)]] and [[Uraiyur]] ([[Tiruchirappalli]]), respectively, in present-day Tamil Nadu.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1028-30}} Although these early kingdoms may have emerged in river plains with abundant agricultural resources — such as those of the [[Tambraparni River|Tamraparni]], [[Vaigai River|Vaigai]], and [[Kaveri]] rivers — they also established major ports/capitals on the [[Indian Ocean]] at [[Korkai]], [[Muziris|Muchiri-Vanchi (Muziris)]], and [[Kaveripattinam|Puhar (Kaveripumpattinam)]] respectively.{{sfn|Gurukkal|2015|pp=26-27}}{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1028-30}}

The Chera country of the early historical (pre-[[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]]) period consisted of present-day central Kerala and western Tamil Nadu (the Kongu country).{{sfn|Veluthat|2018|pp=13–31}}{{sfn|Gurukkal|2002|pp=138-150}} Multiple branches of the Chera family ruled simultaneously in central Kerala, with [[Muziris|Muchiri-Vanchi]] and [[Tyndis|Thondi]] as their two regional headquarters—both also being important ports on the Indian Ocean—and in the Kongu country (the Irumporai/Porai branch), with [[Karur|Vanchi-Karur]] as their capital, an important political and economic center. These collateral branches likely competed for the leadership of the Chera country.{{sfn|Karashima|2014|pp=50-51}}{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1028}} The southern tip of Kerala was controlled by the minor [[Ay dynasty]], while the [[Mushika dynasty|Ezhimala rulers]] controlled the northern Kerala.{{sfn|Gurukkal|2015|pp=26-27}}{{sfn|Karashima|2014|pp=50-51}}

== State formation ==
[[File:Noyyal,_Ungampalayam6.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Noyyal River]]
The nature of political organization in pre-Pallava (early historic) southern India remains a subject of active debate among scholars and historians.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=52-53}}{{sfn|Gurukkal|2002|pp=138-150}}{{sfn|Gurukkal|2015|pp=26-27}} A major point of contention is the interpretation of [[Sangam literature|early Tamil poems (or the Sangam Literature)]] alongside archaeological (and numismatic) evidence.{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=67}}{{sfn|Menon|2007|pp=75–76}} A balanced perspective indicates that the existence of at least a rudimentary [[State (polity)|state structure]] in early historic south India cannot be denied.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1039}}

A school of academics/scholars argues that developments in early historic south India occurred within the framework of a state polity.{{sfn|Karashima|2014|pp=143-145}}{{sfn|Gurukkal|2015|pp=26-27}}{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=77}} Supporting this perspective is the presence of [[Tamil-Brahmi]] inscriptions, dynastic coin issues (numismatic evidence), refined old Tamil poems ([[Sangam literature|the Sangam Literature]]), urban centers such as [[Madurai]] and [[Karur|Vanchi-Karur]] ([[urbanization]]), specialized crafts, and long-distance trade, particularly maritime commerce.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1039}} Evidence of differential access to and control over resources can be found in poetic references to rulers bestowing expensive gifts, such as gold coins and precious stones.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1039}} The traditional rulers were major consumers of luxury goods acquired through [[Spice trade|Indian Ocean spice trade]]. They also developed key trading ports, such as [[Muziris|Muchiri]] and Korkai, and imposed rudimentary tolls and [[Customs duty|customs duties]].{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1039}} The Pugalur inscriptions notably refer to the Chera king as "Ko", while princes carried the suffixes "Ko" or "Kon" in their names. Additionally, references to an "investiture ceremony" for the Chera heir apparent perhaps highlight the structured nature of succession.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1035}}

At the top of the political hierarchy of early historic south India were the three "Crowned Kings", or the [[Three Crowned Kings|Vendars]] (the Chera, Chola, and Pandya), each distinguished by their royal insignias and emblems of power. Lesser rulers, known as "[[Velir]]" chieftains, were likely required to pay [[tribute]] to the Vendars.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1029}} Violent conflicts were a common feature of early historic south Indian politics, as kings and chieftains frequently formed alliances and waged battles against one another.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1029}}

However, this view is sometimes questioned by scholars such as [[R. Champakalakshmi]].{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1039}} They argue that [[urbanization]] in early historic south India did not occur within the framework of a state polity. Instead, this period was characterized by tribal chiefdoms (or, at most, "potential monarchies").{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1039}} The Vendar rulers exercised only limited control over the rice cultivating agricultural plains and relied primarily on tribute and plunder for their sustenance. There was no regular or extensive system of [[taxation]], nor was there a centralized coercive authority.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1039}} Political organization was based on communal resource ownership, with production structured around kinship ties. Authority was maintained through various redistributive social relationships, supported by the "predatory accumulation of resources".{{sfn|Gurukkal|2015|pp=26-27}} Here, kinship-based chiefdoms operating on a redistributive system formed the economic structure of ancient south India. Subsistence was largely agro-pastoral, and politics was driven by competition and conflict.{{sfn|Gurukkal|2015|pp=26-27}}{{sfn|Narayanan|2013|p=}}

This school of scholars deliberately applies the terms "chiefs" and "chiefdoms" to denote the early historic or pre-Pallava Tamil rulers (the Chera, Chola, and Pandya) and the Tamil polities of south India, respectively.{{sfn|Veluthat|2018|pp=13–31}}{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=75}}

== Society and culture ==
[[File:Kodungallur Bhagavathy.jpg|thumb|Kodungallur Bhagavathy]]The [[Sangam literature|early Tamil texts, or Sangam literature]], reflect a society with unique cultural traditions.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1130-32}} The surviving Sangam poems often celebrate themes of war and love. The Puram poems praise the valor and generosity of rulers, while the Akam poems express human emotions through associations with specific geographical landscapes.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1130-32}}

In general, the literature reflect the southern Indian cultural tradition and some elements of the northern Indian cultural tradition, which by then was coming into contact with the south.{{sfn|Thapar|2018|pp=}}{{sfn|Gurukkal|2015|pp=26-27}} Most of the Chera population, like the rest of the Tamil country, probably followed native Dravidian belief systems.{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=83}} Notable was the belief in [[Ananku (sacred forces)|Ananku]], the sacred forces inhabiting various objects, including humans. It was controlled through the performance of specific rites and rituals. Ananku was also believed to manifest in women, with the notion that in [[Chastity|chaste]] women, it remained controlled and possessed auspicious potential. Certain communities were tasked with performing the rites and rituals needed to regulate the ananku.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1132-34}} Other religious practices might have mostly consisted of sacrifices to gods such as [[Murugan]].{{sfn|Thapar|2018|pp=}} The worship of departed heroes was common in the Tamil country, along with tree worship and different kinds of [[ancestor worship]]. The war goddess [[Korravai]] was perhaps propitiated with elaborate offerings of meat and [[Palm toddy|toddy]]. Korravai was later assimilated into the present-day goddess [[Durga]].{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=83}}
* The first wave of Brahmin migrants from northern India perhaps arrived in southern India around the third century BCE, with or behind the Jain and Buddhist missionaries.{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=89}} Though the vast majority of the population followed native practices, a small percentage, mainly migrants, followed [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]] and north Indian [[Brahmanism]].{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=83}}
* Ancient Populations of [[Jews]] and [[Saint Thomas Christians|Christians]] were also known to have lived in Kerala.{{sfn|Slapak|2003|p=78}}{{sfn|P. Gregorios and R. G. Roberson|2008|p=285}}
The [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna classification]] had limited relevance in early Tamil society. The [[Jāti|jati system]] was also not characteristic of this society, especially as reflected in the restrictions on inter-dining and [[social interaction]].{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1130-32}} However, early Tamil texts refer to a "kudi"-based social classification in early historic south Indian society.{{sfn|Thapar|2018}} The kudis were clan-based descent groups, linked to production and associated with lineage and hereditary occupations.{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=78}}{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=77}}{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1130-32}}

In the early historic southern India, women were probably accorded high status (in comparison to the medieval period, in southern India),{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=78}}{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=77}} and poets, bards and musicians were held in high regard in society. Early Tamil texts include several references about the lavish patronage of court poets. Professional poets of all genders composed texts praising their patron rulers, for which they were generously rewarded.{{sfn|Menon|2007|pp=79–80}} It is assumed the institution of "sabha" in south-Indian villages for local administration began during the early historic period.{{sfn|Thapar|2018|pp=}}

==Economy==
The Sangam poems indicate that agriculture, fishing, and cattle rearing were widespread in ancient Tamil society. They also highlight the significance of Indian Ocean maritime trade and the practice of [[Forging|iron forging]].{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1130-32}} The initial phase of [[urbanization]] in southern India, and the Chera country, is typically linked to the period from the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1070 and 78}}

Some scholars argue that this urbanization was not driven by socio-economic changes but was instead stimulated by external trade. However, historians sometimes find this view difficult to accept, as trade cannot be regarded as an independent factor, separate from socio-economic processes.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1070 and 78}}

===Spice trade===
[[File:Pattanam Archaeological Excavations.jpg|thumb|243x243px|Pattanam archaeological excavations]]
[[File:Italy_to_India_Route.svg|thumb|243x243px|Mediterranean/Middle East to India Route]]
Trading relations with merchants from [[Greco-Roman world|Graeco-Roman world]], or the [[Yavanas]], and with northern India provided considerable economic momentum for southern India; the main economic activity was trade across the Indian Ocean.{{sfn|Thapar|2018|pp=}} The earliest Graeco-Roman accounts referring to the Cheras are by [[Pliny the Elder]] in the first century, in the first-century text [[Periplus Maris Erythraei]], and by [[Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolemy]] in the second century.{{sfn|Caldwell|1998|p=92}} The Periplus Maris Erythraei portrays the trade in the territory of Cheras or "Keprobotras" in detail. The port of [[Muziris]], or Muchiri in Tamil, located in the Chera country, was the most-important centre in the [[Malabar Coast]], which according to the Periplus "abounded with large ships of Romans, Arabs and Greeks".{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|pp=105–}} Bulk spices, ivory, timber, pearls and gems were exported from Chera country, and southern India, to the Middle East/Mediterranean regions.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|pp=105–}}

Geographical advantages, such as favorable monsoon winds that carried ships directly from Arabia to south India, the abundance of exotic spices in the interior [[Western Ghats|Ghat Mountains]] and the many rivers connecting the Ghats with the [[Arabian Sea]] allowed the Cheras to become a major power in ancient southern India.{{sfn|Balfour|1871|p=584}}{{sfn|Gurukkal|2015|pp=26-27}} Trading in spices and other commodities with Middle Eastern/Mediterranean Graeco-Roman navigators was perhaps extant before beginning of the Common Era and was consolidated in the first century CE.{{sfn|Gurukkal|2015|pp=26-27}}<ref>{{harvnb|''The Hindu''|2014}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|''The Hindu''|2009}}</ref> In the first century, the Romans conquered [[Egypt]], which probably helped them gain dominance in the Indian Ocean spice trade.{{sfn|Caldwell|1998|p=92}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|pp=105–}}
[[File:Indian_Spices.jpg|thumb|243x243px|Indian Spices]]
The Graeco-Romans brought vast amounts of gold in exchange for commodities such as [[black pepper]].{{sfn|Gurukkal|2015|pp=26-27}}{{sfn|McLaughlin|2010|pp=}} The Roman coin hoards that have been found in Kerala and Tamil Nadu provide evidence of this trade. The first-century writer Pliny the Elder lamented "the drain of Roman gold into India and China" for luxuries such as spices, silk and muslin. The Indian Ocean spice trade dwindled with the decline of the Roman empire in the third and fourth centuries,{{sfn|Gurukkal|2015|pp=26-27}} and they were replaced by Chinese and Arab/Middle Eastern navigators.{{sfn|Karashima|2014|pp= 143-145}}

The nature of the spice trade between the ancient Chera country, and southern India, and the Middle East/Mediterranean regions is disputed.{{sfn|Gurukkal|2015|pp=26-27}}{{sfn|Menon|2007|pp=79–80}} It remains uncertain whether this trade with the Mediterranean world was conducted on equal terms by local rulers and merchants, such as the Cheras and Pandyas.{{sfn|Subbarayalu|2015|pp=21–26}}{{sfn|Thapar|2018|pp=}} However, early Tamil poems record that these rulers were consumers of luxury goods associated with the Indian Ocean spice trade. They were also involved in long-distance maritime trade, likely by developing ports and imposing rudimentary tolls and customs duties.{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=1029}}

=== Iron technology ===
[[File:Archaeological_Excavation,_Kodumanal.jpg|thumb|382x382px|Archaeological excavation, Kodumanal]]
There are several ancient Tamil, Greek and Roman literary references to high-carbon steel from South Asia. The crucible steel production process probably started in the sixth century BCE in southern India (as evidenced from [[Kodumanal]] in Tamil Nadu, [[Golconda]] in [[Telangana]], and [[Karnataka]]) and [[Sri Lanka]]. The Romans called this steel "the finest steel in the world" and referred to it as "Seric". It was perhaps exported to the Middle East/Mediterranean world by c. early 5th century BC.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Srinivasan |first=Sharada |date=15 November 1994 |title=Wootz crucible steel: a newly discovered production site in South India |journal=Papers from the Institute of Archaeology |volume=5 |pages=49–59 |doi=10.5334/pia.60 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Coghlan |first=Herbert Henery |title=Notes on prehistoric and early iron in the Old World |publisher=[[Pitt Rivers Museum]] |year=1977 |edition=2nd |pages=99–100}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sasisekharan |first=B. |year=1999 |title=Technology of Iron and Steel in Kodumanal |url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b66_263.pdf |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=34 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724033115/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b66_263.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2015 |number=4}}</ref>

The steel was exported as cakes of steely iron that were known as "wootz".<ref name="Davidson20">{{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Hilda Roderick Ellis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nY0T9n4zAQAC&pg=PA20 |title=The Sword in Anglo-Saxon England: Its Archaeology and Literature |date=1998 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd |isbn=978-0-85115-716-0 |page=20}}</ref> Wootz steel was produced by heating black [[magnetite]] ore in the presence of carbon in a sealed clay crucible inside a charcoal furnace to completely remove slag. An alternative was to smelt the ore to give [[wrought iron]], then heat and hammer it to remove slag. The carbon source was probably bamboo trees and leaves from plants such as avārai ([[Senna auriculata]]).<ref name="Davidson20" /><ref name="Burton111">{{cite book |last=Burton |first=Sir Richard Francis |author-link=Richard Francis Burton |url=https://archive.org/stream/booksword00unkngoog#page/n152/mode/2up |title=The Book of the Sword |publisher=Chatto & Windus |year=1884 |location=London |page=111}}</ref> The Chinese and Sri Lankans perhaps adopted the production methods of wootz steel from the south Indians by the fifth century BCE.<ref name="Needham282">{{cite book |last=Needham |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Needham |title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology |date=1 April 1971 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-52107-060-7 |page=282}}</ref><ref name="Manning365">{{cite book |last=Manning |first=Charlotte Speir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmESJR3a0RYC&pg=PA365 |title=Ancient and Medieval India |isbn=978-0-543-92943-3 |volume=2 |page=365}}</ref>

In Sri Lanka, this early steel-making method employed a unique wind furnace that was driven by the monsoon winds. Production sites from early historic period have been found at [[Anuradhapura]], [[Tissamaharama]] and [[Samanalawewa]], as well as imported iron and steel artefacts from Kodumanal in southern India. A c. 2th century BC Tamil trade guild in Tissamaharama, in the south-east of Sri Lanka, transported some of the oldest iron and steel artefacts and production processes to the island from early historic southern India.<ref>''Hobbies'' (April 1963) Vol. 68, No. 5, p.45, Chicago: Lightner Publishing Company.</ref><ref name="Mahathevan">{{cite news |last=Mahathevan |first=Iravatham |date=24 June 2010 |title=An epigraphic perspective on the antiquity of Tamil |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/An-epigraphic-perspective-on-the-antiquity-of-Tamil/article16265606.ece |access-date=31 October 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |publisher=The Hindu Group}}</ref><ref name="Ragupathy">{{cite news |last=Ragupathy |first=P. |date=28 June 2010 |title=Tissamaharama potsherd evidences ordinary early Tamils among population |url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=79&artid=32303 |access-date=31 October 2010 |work=Tamilnet}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=February 2012 |title=Dinithi |url=http://www.archaeology.lk/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Dinithi-Volume-1-Issue-4.pdf |journal=Sri Lanka Archaeology |volume=1 |issue=4}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
{{Main|Kongu Chera dynasty|Chera Perumals of Makotai}}
[[File:Cheraman Perumal Nayanar.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Cherman Perumal Nayanar ([[Brihadisvara Temple]], [[Thanjavur]])|313x313px]]

After about the fifth century, the influence of the Cheras appears to have declined significantly compared to the early historic period.{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=118}} Comparatively little is known about the Cheras during this time.{{sfn|Narayanan|2013|pp=80–81 and 88–93}} The Cheras ruling at Vanchi-Karur (present-day [[Karur]]) in the Kongu country (western Tamil Nadu), also called the "Keralas", seems to have dominated the former Chera territories, including present-day [[Kerala]], in this period.{{sfn|Narayanan|2013|pp=89-90 and 92-93}}

The region subsequently experienced the rise of the [[Kalabhra dynasty|Kalabhras]],{{sfn|Narayanan|2013|pp=80–81 and 88–93}} followed by [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] or [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava-]][[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] domination, and later the ascendancy of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]] and the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]].{{sfn|Narayanan|2013|pp=93-95}}{{sfn|Narayanan|2013|pp=90-91 and 103-04}} By around the ninth century CE, central Kerala appears to have separated from the larger "Chera/Kerala kingdom" to form the "medieval Chera kingdom of Kerala" (Mahodayapuram).{{sfn|Narayanan|2013|pp=89-90 and 92-93}} The medieval Cheras maintained a fluctuating relationship with the neighbouring [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]], alternating between alliance and conflict.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|pp=364-65}} In the early eleventh century CE, the Cholas attacked and eventually forced the Chera kingdom into submission, primarily to break its monopoly on the [[Indian Ocean]] [[spice trade]] (especially pepper) with the Middle East.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|pp=364-65}}{{sfn|Karashima|2014|pp=143-144}} When the Chera kingdom in Kerala was dissolved in the early 12th century, most of its constituent chiefdoms became independent.{{sfn|Ganesh|2009|pp=3–21}}

Scholars often identify the Alvar saint [[Kulashekhara Alwar|Kulasekhara]] and the [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saint [[Cheraman Perumal Nayanar|Cherman Perumal]] (literally "the Chera king") with some of the earliest medieval Chera rulers of Kerala.{{sfn|Karashima|2014|pp=143-44}} During this period, the port of Kollam (later Quilon) emerged as a major hub of Indian Ocean trade with the Middle East and Southeast Asia.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|pp=382-83}} The Cheras, along with the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]], also made extensive use of the [[Vattezhuthu script]].{{sfn|Singh|2024|pp=190}}

It is also recorded that in the late 12th century AD, the [[Athiyamān|Satiyaputra]] Kerala or Adigaman Chera rulers governed Thagadur ([[Dharmapuri]]) in northern Tamil Nadu under the Chola authority.<ref name=":032">{{Cite journal |editor-last=Hultzch |editor-first=E. |title=No. 34: Two Inscriptions of Vidugadalagiya Perumal |url=https://archive.org/details/EpigraphiaIndicaVol6/page/n410/mode/1up |journal=Epigraphica Indica |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=VI |pages=331–334}}</ref><ref name=":202">{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=1890 |editor-last=Hultzsch |editor-first=E. |title=Tirumalai Inscriptions (No. 75 and 76) |url=https://archive.org/details/southindianinscr014359mbp/page/n119/mode/1up |journal=South Indian Inscriptions |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=I |pages=106–07}}</ref> In southern Kerala, the ruling lineage of Venad — the Kulasekharas — was likewise known as the "Chera dynasty" from the 12th century onwards.<ref name=":1" />{{sfn|Karashima|2014|p=124}}

== See also ==
* [[Chola dynasty]]
* [[Pandya dynasty]]
* [[Pallava dynasty]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Books cited===

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=== Encyclopedic articles ===
* {{Cite encyclopedia |editor1=Balfour |editor-first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eONSAAAAcAAJ&q=Muziris |title=Muziris |encyclopedia=Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia |language=en |year=1871 |volume=II |edition=2nd}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Dalziel |first=N. R. |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe416 |title=Pandyan Empire |encyclopedia=The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Empire |language=en |year=2016 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe416 |isbn=9781118455074 |editor1=J. M. MacKenzie|url-access=subscription }}
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* {{Cite encyclopedia |editor1=P. Gregorios and R. G. Roberson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC&q=Muziris |title=Muziris |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |language=en |year=2008 |volume=5 |isbn=9780802824172 |edition=}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last= |first= |editor-last=Pletcher |editor-first=Kenneth |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cera-dynasty |title=Cera Dynasty |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |year=2018}}

=== Journal articles ===
* {{Cite journal|last=Fawcett|first=F.|date=1901|title=Notes on the Rock Carvings in the Edakal Caves, Wynaad|journal=The Indian Antiquary|language=en|volume=XXX|issue=|pages=409–421|doi=|issn= }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fischel|first1=Walter J.|title=The Exploration of the Jewish Antiquities of Cochin on the Malabar Coast|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=1967|volume=87|issue=3|pages=230–248|doi=10.2307/597717|jstor=597717}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Ganesh|first=K. N.|date=2009|title=Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala|journal=Indian Historical Review|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/037698360903600102|language=en|volume=36|issue=1|pages=3–21|doi= 10.1177/037698360903600102|s2cid=145359607|issn= |url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Gurukkal|first1=Rajan|date=2002|title=Did State Exist in the Pre-Pallavan Tamil Region?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158082|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|language=en|volume=63|pages=198–150|jstor=44158082}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Gurukkal|first1=Rajan|date=2015|title=Classical Indo-Roman Trade: A Misnomer in Political Economy|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2013/26-27/special-articles/classical-indo-roman-trade.html?0=ip_login_no_cache=3b49b785309ca821ff5e0a285f43e078|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|volume=48|issue=26–27}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Subbarayalu|first=Y.|date=2015|title=Trade Guilds of South India up to the Tenth Century|journal=Studies in People's History|language=en|volume=02|issue=1|pages=21–26|doi=10.1177/2348448915574403|s2cid=133144002|issn= }}
* {{Cite journal|last=Veluthat|first=Kesavan|date=2018|title=History and Historiography in Constituting a Region: The Case of Kerala|journal=Studies in People's History|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=13–31|doi=10.1177/2348448918759852|s2cid=166060066|issn=2348-4489}}

=== Magazine articles ===
* {{cite magazine |last=Champakalakshmi |first=R. |date=2003 |title=Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD (Review) |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30217581.ece |magazine=Frontline Magazine |location= |publisher=The Hindu}}
* {{cite magazine |date=2012 |title=Digging up the Past |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30166888.ece |magazine=Frontline Magazine |location= |publisher=The Hindu |ref={{harvid|''Frontline''|2012}}}}

=== Newspaper reports/features ===
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/edakal-cave-yields-one-more-tamilbrahmi-inscription/article2872568.ece|title=Edakal Cave Yields One More Tamil-Brahmi Inscription|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|date=9 February 2012|work=The Hindu|issn=0971-751X|ref={{harvid|''The Hindu''|2012}}}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Roman-connection-in-Tamil-Nadu/article14712060.ece|title=Roman Connection in Tamil Nadu|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|date= 28 January 2007|work=The Hindu|issn=|ref={{harvid|''The Hindu''|2007}}}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/copper-coins-of-adi-chera-period-excavated/article27605129.ece|title= Copper Coins of Adi Chera Period Excavated|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 April 2004|last1=Sudhi|first1=K. S.|ref={{harvid|''The Hindu''|2004}}}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/artefacts-from-the-lost-port-of-muziris/article6657446.ece|title= Artefacts from the Lost Port of Muziris|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 December 2014|last1=Bhanj|first1=J. D.|ref={{harvid|''The Hindu''|2014}}}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Pattanam-richest-Indo-Roman-site-on-Indian-Ocean-rim/article16589683.ece|title= Pattanam Richest Indo-Roman Site on Indian Ocean Rim|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 May 2009|last1=Nair|first1=C. G.|ref={{harvid|''The Hindu''|2009}}}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Chera Dynasty}}
* {{Cite book |last=Subbarayalu |first=Y. |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-concise-history-of-south-india-9780198099772 |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2014 |editor-last=Karashima |editor-first=Noburu |location=New Delhi |publication-date= |pages= |chapter=Early Tamil Polity}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=K. A. Nilakanta |author-link1= |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/history-south-india-prehistoric-times-fall-vijayanagar |title=A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1958 |isbn= |edition=2nd |location= |pages= |chapter= |orig-year=}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=K. A. Nilakanta |author-link1= |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/comprehensive-history-india-vol-ii-mauryas-and-satavahanas |title=Comprehensive History of India, Vol. 2: The Mauryas and Satavahanas |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1957 |isbn= |location=Bombay |pages= |chapter= |orig-year=}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nagaswamy |first1=R. |title=Tamil Coins: A Study |date=1981 |publisher=Institute of Epigraphy, Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology |location= |isbn= |url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0010678_Tamil_Coins.pdf |orig-year=}}
{{Chera dynasty topics}}
{{Middle kingdoms of India}}

[[Category:Chera dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Chera Kingdom|*]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Kerala]]
[[Category:Tamil monarchs]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 3rd century BC]]
[[Category:Sangam period]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 5th century]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC establishments in India]]
[[Category:Ancient India]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian dynasties]]

Leela Samson

2026-03-15T08:54:00Z

Serzeqy:

{{short description|Indian choreographer (born 1951)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox dancer
| name = Leela Samson
| image = File:Leelasamson2.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Leela Samson
| full_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1951|05|06}}
| birth_place = [[Coonoor]], [[The Nilgiris District]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]]), India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| father = [[Benjamin Abraham Samson]]
| occupation = Chairperson: [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (2011–15) Director: [[Kalakshetra]] (2005–13) Chairperson: [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] (2010–14) Actor: ''[[OK Kanmani]]'' (2015), ''[[Adithya Varma]]'' (2019), ''[[Sillu Karupatti]]'' (2019)
| current_group = ''Spanda'' (1995–present)
| dances = [[Bharatanatyam]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.leelasamsondance.com}}
|awards=[[Padma Shri]] [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] [[Kalaimamani]] (2005)
}}

'''Leela Samson''' (born 6 May 1951) is a [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer, choreographer, instructor, writer and actress from [[India]]. As a soloist, she is known for her technical virtuosity and has taught Bharatanatyam at [[Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra|Shriram Bhartiya Kala Kendra]] in [[Delhi]] for many years.<ref name="index">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Borders-no-Bar/475804/ |title=Borders no Bar |date=13 June 2009 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

She was appointed as the director of [[Kalakshetra]] by the Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]] in April 2005.<ref>{{cite news |title=Leela Samson takes over as Kalakshetra director |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/18/stories/2005041812230500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050420161831/http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/18/stories/2005041812230500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 April 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 April 2005 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>[http://www.artindia.net/leela.html Leela Samson Profile] artindia.net.</ref> She was subsequently also appointed as the chairperson of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] in August 2010<ref name="ak">{{cite web |url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/files/Press-Release-12082010.pdf |title=Press Release |date=10 August 2010 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Academi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sangeet-natak-akademi-chairperson-leela-samson-resigns/505174-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010204827/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sangeet-natak-akademi-chairperson-leela-samson-resigns/505174-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 October 2014 |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi chairperson Leela Samson resigns |date=10 October 2014 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Leela-Samson-to-be-Sangeet-Natak-Academy-chairperson/articleshow/6111583.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103201147/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-01/india/28306065_1_chairperson-sangeet-natak-academy-charge |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Leela Samson to be Sangeet Natak Academy chairperson |date=1 July 2010}}</ref> and as the chairperson of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) in April 2011.<ref name="tnie" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1592304.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=New censor board chief Leela Samson promises balanced approach |date=2 April 2011}}</ref>

She resigned from her position as director of Kalakshetra in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article3368579.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=I'll try through my dance to find myself again |date=30 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3361530.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=Leela Samson to quit as Kalakshetra director |date=28 April 2012}}</ref> She resigned from her position as chairperson of the CBFC after the Film Certification Appellate Tribunal overturned her attempt to ban the film ''[[MSG: The Messenger of God]]'' featuring [[Dera Sacha Sauda]] founder [[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh]] in a lead role and gave it clearance.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/censor-board-chief-leela-samson-decides-to-quit/article1-1307305.aspx#sthash.MrDW2c7U.dpuf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116025245/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/censor-board-chief-leela-samson-decides-to-quit/article1-1307305.aspx#sthash.MrDW2c7U.dpuf |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 January 2015 |location=New Delhi, India |work=Hindustan Times |title=Censor Board chief Leela Samson quits over MSG nod, govt denies interference |date=16 January 2015}}</ref>

She made her film acting debut in 2015 through the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film, ''[[OK Kanmani]]'' directed by [[Mani Ratnam]]. She reprised her role in the film's [[Hindi language|Hindi]] remake, ''[[OK Jaanu]]'' (2017). She also appeared in ''[[Adithya Varma]]'' (2019) and ''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]'' (2020).

==Early life and training==
Samson was born on 6 May 1951<ref name="ak"/><ref name="sruti">Sruti, Issues 160-171, Publisher P.N. Sundaresan, 1998</ref> in [[Coonoor]], Tamil Nadu, daughter of [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Benjamin Abraham Samson]] and Laila Samson. Her father belonged to the [[Jewish]] [[Bene Israel|Bene-Israelite]] community from [[Pune]], and her mother belonged to the [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[Roman Catholic]] community from [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name="sruti"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://thiraseela.com/artist/profile.php?perfmrid=297 |title=Leela samson (Padma Shri) Bharatanatyam Dancer & Choreographer Profile, Programs, Awards, Photos & Videos |website=thiraseela.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230110622/http://thiraseela.com/artist/profile.php?perfmrid=297 |archive-date=30 December 2014}}</ref> Leela's paternal aunt Annie was the Principal of Anjum-e-Islam Muslim school for girls in [[Mumbai]] for 31 years.<ref name="rediff2003">{{Cite web |title=For these Jews, Mumbai is the chosen land |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/11spec.htm |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

When Samson was nine years of age, her father sent her to [[Kalakshetra]] to learn Indian classical dance and music under the founder, [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]] and she studied in the Besant Theosophical High School at the same time.<ref name="rediff2003"/> She completed her B.A. from [[Sophia College for Women]] and this is where she was inspired to make her career in Bharatnatyam.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/sophia-at-75-its-legacy-how-it-always-brought-our-dreams-to-life-say-alumni/story-XnocpprcS0QeDFcyVz5NFL_amp.html |title=Sophia at 75: Its legacy? How it always brought our dreams to life, say alumni |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=20 June 2017}}</ref> After completing her B.A., Samson continued to learn [[Bharatanatyam]] at Kalakshetra.<ref name=cct/><ref>[http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1993/11/1993-11-02.shtml Noted students of Kalakshetra] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312002731/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1993/11/1993-11-02.shtml |date=12 March 2008 }}</ref>

==Career==
Starting her career as a Bharatanatyam soloist, Samson taught at [[Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra]], Delhi, and [[Gandharva Mahavidyalaya]], Delhi. Over the years, she started performing across India and abroad including [[Europe]], [[Africa]] and the [[Americas]].<ref name=cct>[http://www.ccrtindia.gov.in/leela-samson.htm Artiste's Profile: Leela Samson] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710033820/http://ccrtindia.gov.in/leela-samson.htm |date=10 July 2011 }}, Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT), Government of India.</ref>

In 1995, Samson formed Spanda, a dance group to review the traditional vocabulary of Bharatanatyam. Two documentary films – ''Sanchari'' and ''The Flowering Tree'' – have been made on her works.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.penguin.co.in:443/|title=Penguin Books|website=Penguin Random House India}}</ref> Her notable disciples included [[Joyce Paul Poursabahian]] and [[Justin McCarthy (dancer)|Justin McCarthy]], who now teaches at Sri Ram Bhartiya Kala Kendra.<ref name="index"/> She has taught and mentored performers including the late Kamaljit Bhasin Maalik (Meeto), Jin Shan Shan (Eesha), Navtej Singh Johar and Anusha Subramanyam.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

She authored a biography of Rukmini Devi Arundale. She has taught Bharatanatyam across the world, including at the [[Royal Opera House]], [[Covent Garden]], London,<ref name=cct/> and the annual Milapfest in Manchester.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

==Awards==
Samson has received the [[Padma Shri]] (1990),<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards |publisher=[[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]] |url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/padma_awards.php}}</ref> the Sanskriti, ''Nritya Choodamani'', ''[[Kalaimamani]]'' (2005) given by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061029105424/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/15/stories/2006021513330100.htm Kalaimamani Awards for 123 persons announced] ''The Hindu'', 15 February 2006.</ref> and the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1999–2000) for contributions to [[Bharatanatyam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |title=SNA: List of Akademi Awardees |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Official website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185616/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archive-date=17 February 2012}}</ref>

She was also nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress-Tamil at the 63rd Filmfare Awards South.

==Controversy==
Samson is known for her proximity to the [[Nehru-Gandhi family|Nehru-Gandhi]] of the [[Indian National Congress]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/buzzword/samson-is-sonia-choice |title=Samson is Sonia's choice |work=Sunday Guardian |access-date=19 January 2015 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020831/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/buzzword/samson-is-sonia-choice |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="tune" /> as she was the dance tutor of [[Priyanka Vadra]].<ref name="tnie">{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article298014.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117135956/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article298014.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 January 2015 |title=A silent rebel against extremism |date=5 September 2010 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="tune">{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/missing-invitations/770840/ |title=Dancing to her tune |date=3 April 2011 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Samson held six key positions in the 10 years of Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]] regime. Many papers including the ''[[Indian Express]]'' alleged favouritism regarding her appointment as the chairperson of the censor board by UPA govt in 2011:

{{blockquote|Leela Samson's appointment as chairperson of the Censor Board has raised the question as to whether the well-known Bharatanatyam dancer will have time to devote to her new assignment. Last year, Samson was appointed chairperson of the Sangeet Natak Akademi, another prestigious position. The academy is the apex body for the performing arts. Samson is also ex-officio head of the south zone cultural centre. Apart from these commitments, she has a full-time job as director of Kalakshetra in Chennai. Samson, who was once Priyanka Gandhi's dance teacher, has no particular connection with the world of cinema. After her appointment, Samson candidly admitted that she seldom watches films.<ref name="tune" />}}

Samson's tenures at Kalakshetra, Sangeet Natak Akademi and the censor board were mired with many controversies amid allegations of corruption,<ref name="pil">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20120514-leela-samson-quits-kalakshetra-after-pil-questions-continuance-758300-2012-05-04 |title=The Dance of Controversy |date=4 May 2012 |work=India Today}}</ref> illegal appointments and arbitrary awarding of contracts,<ref name="pioneer">{{cite news |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/todays-newspaper/leelas-kala-as-kalakshetra-director-questioned.html |title=Leela's Kala as Kalakshetra Director Questioned |date=14 July 2013 |work=Daily Pioneer}}</ref> as well as financial irregularities.<ref name="dirt">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/the-dirt-beneath-the-charm/article3371588.ece |title=The Dirt beneath the Charm |date=1 May 2012 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Samson was criticised by the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] when she passed the 2014 [[Aamir Khan]]-starrer movie ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' without any cuts, even after two board members resigned after it was granted certification, due to content allegedly designed to ridicule [[Hinduism|Hindu]] religious philosophy and hurt Hindu sentiments. Veteran [[Bollywood]] actor and a former chairperson of the censor board [[Anupam Kher]] criticised Samson for playing politics by making partisan allegations while tendering her resignation.<ref name="pkmsg">{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/if-pk-was-cleared-why-not-msg-vhp-accuses-leela-samson-of-playing-politics-2054531.html |title=If PK was cleared, why not MSG? VHP accuses Leela Samson of 'playing politics' |date=20 January 2015 |work=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anupam-kher-criticises-censor-board-chairman-leela-samson-for-resigning-from-her-post/523648-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119212452/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anupam-kher-criticises-censor-board-chairman-leela-samson-for-resigning-from-her-post/523648-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 January 2015 |title=Anupam Kher criticizes Censor Board chairman Leela Samson for resigning from her post |date=19 January 2015 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref> This criticism was made highlighting the history of CBFC under her leadership which agreed to make cuts in ''[[Entertainment (2014 film)|Entertainment]]'' after protests by Muslim groups<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/censor-board-and-its-uncensored-leelas.html |title=Censor Board and its uncensored leelas |work=Daily Pioneer}}</ref> and also agreed to make cuts in ''[[Kamaal Dhamaal Malamaal]]'' after protests by Christian groups,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-catholic-groups-get-objectionable-kamaal-dhamaal-malamaal-scenes-out-1747250 |title=Catholic groups get objectionable 'Kamaal Dhamaal Malamaal' scenes out |work=DNA India}}</ref> personally assuring them that "necessary action had been taken".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kemmannu.com/index.php?action=flashnews&type=269we|title=Kemmannu.com | Censor Board Assures Objectionable Scenes Deleted from 'Kamaal Dhamaal Malamaal' (KDM)|website=www.kemmannu.com}}</ref>

In December 2019, [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] filed a case of corruption and criminal breach of trust against Samson and three other Kalakshetra colleagues for financial irregularities.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cbi-books-ex-sangeet-natak-akademi-chairperson-leela-samson-over-irregularities/articleshow/72591891.cms |title=CBI registers corruption case against Leela Samson,3 other Kalakshetra officials |date=14 December 2019 |work=TOI}}</ref>

On 23 December 2022, as a comment on a facebook post, Leela had accused a male faculty of Kakakshetra of molesting young girls of the institute. She alleged that the male faculty was in inappropriate relationsship with an intern, Athena Sadiq. The faculty as well as Athena denied the allegations and filed a criminal defamation case against Leela. The case was settled in June 2025 after a mediation. As per terms of settlement, the XVI additional civil court ordered Leela to pay her Rs. 8 lakh to Athena and publish a regret post on Fecebook.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-06-17 |title=Kalakshetra row: Leela Samson expresses regret over FB post |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Jun/17/kalakshetra-row-leela-samson-expresses-regret-over-fb-post |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=EdexLive |date=2025-06-17 |title=Leela Samson expresses regret for 2022 post which triggered Kalakshetra sexual harassment row |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2025/Jun/17/leela-samson-expresses-regret-for-2022-post-which-triggered-kalakshetra-sexual-harassment-row |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=EdexLive |language=en}}</ref> Leela posted on Facebook,
<blockquote>On December 23, 2022, I put a post on Athena, former student and presently Tutor at the Kalakshetra Foundation, on Facebook. I had wrongly mentioned her name in connection with a male faculty. I regret the error and no further comments will be made by me on her in the future.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>
It is also alleged that before making the regret post on the Facebook, Leela reduced the visibility of her post by reducing her 2000 facebook friends of her account to just 5 friends.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-16 |title=Former Kalakshetra Director Leela Samson Expresses 'Regret' For Wrongly Linking A Female Student With A Male Faculty - The Commune |url=https://thecommunemag.com/former-kalakshetra-director-leela-samson-expresses-regret-after-wrongly-naming-student-in-facebook-post/ |access-date=2025-06-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Works==
* Samson, Leela (1987). ''Rhythm in Joy: Classical Indian Dance Traditions''. New Delhi: Lustre Press.
* Samson, Leela (2010). ''Rukmini Devi: A Life'', Delhi: Penguin Books, India, {{ISBN|0-670-08264-3}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?264007|title=First Light | Jaya Jaitly|website=www.outlookindia.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'' || Bhavani || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||Debut Tamil film
|-
| 2017 || ''[[OK Jaanu]]'' || Charu Srivastava || [[Hindi]] ||Debut Hindi film
|-
| 2018 || ''[[America Mappillai]]'' ||Vasantha ||rowspan="4"|Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2019 || ''[[Adithya Varma]]'' || Adithya's grandmother ||
|-
| ''[[Sillu Karupatti]]'' || Yashoda || Anthology film; Segment: ''Turtles''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020 || ''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]'' || Bhairavi || [[Amazon Prime]] anthology film; Segment: ''Reunion''
|-
| ''[[Kaali Khuhi]]'' || Dadi || Hindi || [[Netflix]] Original
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2021 || ''[[Bhramam]]'' ||Irene Dicotta|| [[Malayalam]] ||Debut Malayalam film
|-
| ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]'' || Psychologist || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||Debut Telugu film
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Priyan Ottathilanu]]'' ||Priscilla's mother||Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2023 || ''[[Music School (film)|Music School]]'' ||Devika Reddy || Hindi Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Vaan Moondru]]'' || Chitra || rowspan=2|Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' || Public Prosecutor ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024||''Jananam 1947 Pranayam Thudarunnu''|| Gowri || rowspan=2|Malayalam||
|-
|''[[Jai Ganesh (film)|Jai Ganesh]]''|| Uma Moorthi||
|-
| ''[[Andhagan]]'' || D'Susa || Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Bhale Unnade]]'' || Ravethi || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025||''[[Red Flower]]'' || || rowspan=2| Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Yellow (2025 film)|Yellow]]'' || Kalyani || |
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
| rowspan="2"| ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Who will win the award for Best Supporting Actor (Female) - Tamil? |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/who-will-win-the-award-for-best-supporting-actor-female-tamil-13856.html |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
|[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{won}}
||-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.leelasamsondance.com/ Leela Samson Official Website]
* [http://www.narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrvw64.html ''Her Majesty'', Richard Turner interviewed Leela Samson (August 2003)]

{{Commons category}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samson, Leela}}
[[Category:Bene Israel]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Dance writers]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Jews]]
[[Category:Women writers from Tamil Nadu]]
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[[Category:Sophia College for Women alumni]]

Mangaloreans

2026-03-14T17:50:09Z

Serzeqy: further fix structure as per guidelines further

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Mangaloreans
|langs = [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Beary Bashe|Beary]], [[Urdu]]
|rels = [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]]
|region1 =[[Dakshina Kannada]]
|pop1 = 2,083,625 (2011)
|ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/252-dakshina-kannada.html|title=Dakshina Kannada District Population Census 2011-2021, Karnataka literacy sex ratio and density}}</ref>
|region2 = [[Udupi district]]
|pop2 = 1,177,908 (2011)
|ref2 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/268-udupi.html|title = Udupi District Population Census 2011-2021, Karnataka literacy sex ratio and density}}</ref>
|region3 = [[Kassergode]]
|pop3 = 150 (2020)
|ref3 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/jun/30/kasaragod-chucks-out-150-mangaloreans-at-night-2163151.html|title = Kerala chucks out 150 Mangaloreans at night from Kassergode}}</ref>
|related =
}}

'''Mangaloreans''' ([[Tulu language|Tulu]]: ''Kudladaklu''; [[Kannada]]: ''Mangaloorinavaruu''; [[Konkani language|Konkani]]: ''Kodialkar''; [[Beary bashe|Beary]]: ''Maikaltanga''; [[Urdu language|Urdu]]: ''Kaudalvale'') are a collection of diverse ethnic groups that hail from the historical locales of [[South Canara]] ([[Tulunaad]]) on the south western coast of [[Karnataka, India]], particularly the residents native to [[Mangaluru (Mangalore)]].<ref>Venkatesh Srinivas Kulkarni
Journal of South Asian Literature, vol. 25, no. 1, The City in South and Southeast Asian Literature (Winter, Spring 1990), pp. 55-66. Published by: Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Mangaluru}}

===Classical history===
According to the works of [[Sangam literature]] (300 BCE – 300 CE),<ref name="Singh2008p27">{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA27 |year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|pages=27–28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nadarajah|first=Devapoopathy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ7b6msS3kgC&q=info:Q1h0NSIwwIEJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR9|title=Love in Sanskrit and Tamil Literature: A Study of Characters and Nature, 200 B.C.-A.D. 500|date=1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1215-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=University|first=Vijaya Ramaswamy, Jawaharlal Nehru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&q=info:YtwrhAmuSNIJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR9|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|date=2017-08-25|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-5381-0686-0|language=en}}</ref> Tulu Nadu was one of the 12 socio-geographical regions included in the ancient [[Tamilakam]].<ref>A handbook of Kerala Band 1 (2000), T. Madhava Menon, International School of Dravidian Linguistics, p.98</ref> Tulu Nadu must certainly at one time have formed part of ancient [[Kerala]] ([[Chera dynasty]]), where the western coastal dialect of [[Old Tamil]] was spoken.<ref name="Namma Tulu Nadu">{{cite book
| author = J. Sturrock | year=1894
| title= Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3200/page/n1/mode/2up
}}</ref> It must have separated from [[Tamilakam]] sometime between 300 CE and 500 CE, when the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]] invaded the northern portions of [[Chera dynasty|Chera kingdom]].<ref name="Namma Tulu Nadu"/> No definite historical record relating to Tulu Nadu, other than those were found from [[Sangam literature]], have been found of earlier date than 8th or 9th century CE.<ref name="Namma Tulu Nadu"/>

===Emergence of Tulunaad as a distinct cultural entity===
{{Further|History of Tulu Nadu}}
Historically, [[Tulunaad]] included the two separate lands of ''[[Haiva]]'' and ''Tuluva''. The Ballal kings of [[Sullia]] had ruled this area around 1100 years back. The [[Tulu Brahmin]] migration to Tulunaad might have happened during the lifetime of the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]] king [[Mayuravarma]] at 345 AD. During the 13th century, the Hindu philosopher [[Madhvacharya]] built the ''[[Ashta Matha]]galu'' (eight temple complexes) in the present-day [[Udipi district]], that was partitioned from the older [[South Canara]] district, other parts being [[Mangalore district]] and [[Kassergode district]].

During the rule of [[Vijayanagara]], Tulu Nadu comprised two [[administrative subdivisions]]— ''Mangaluru'' and ''Barakuru'' along with others such as the [[Hosdurg fort]] in Kassergode. In Tulunaad lied the [[home turf]] of the [[Tuluva dynasty]], the third to take charge of the [[Vijayanagara dynasty]]. Tulu Nadu was governed by feudatories of the Vijayanagara Empire until the 17th century. The longest reigning dynasty of Tulu Nadu were the [[Alupas]], feudatories and nobility of the prominent dynasties of [[Carnatic region]]. The [[Kadamba dynasty]] of Banavasi was the earliest, under which the Alupas flourished. Later the [[Rashtrakutas]] of Manyakheta, [[Chalukyas of Badami]], [[Chalukyas of Kalyani]], [[Hoysalas]] of Durasamudra & ''Rayas'' (kings) of Vijayanagara were the overlords. The Alupas however, were [[feudatories]], since they ruled as subordinates in the Vijaynagara dominion of Tulunaad from 14th century onwards. The area became prosperous during the Vijayanagara period, with [[Barcoor]] and Mangalore gaining importance. After the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, much of Tulu Nadu came under the control of the [[Keladi Nayaka]]s of [[Ikkeri]].
[[File:Mangalore 075.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A typical red tile-roofed house in Tulu Nadu]]

[[Jain Bunt]]s were already a prominent group and even today are uniquely preserved in [[Tulunaad]]. Though small in number, the Jains left behind indelible reminders of their past with a number Jain sites (''[[Basadi|bastis]]'') in [[Moodabidri]]; and [[monolith]]s of [[Bahubali]] and the [[Gomateshwara]] in [[Karkala]], [[Venoor]]& [[Dharmasthala]]. Over the centuries, more ethnic groups migrated to the area. Various Hindu [[Konkani people]] namely [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]]s, [[Daivajnya Brahmin]]s, [[Karhad Brahmin]]s; also a few [[Chitpavan]]s ([[Konkanastha Brahmin]]s), [[Vaishya Vani]]s& [[Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins]] arrived by sea, during the period of [[Xenddi|religious oppression]] by the intolerant [[Portuguese colonial]] regime.

[[Abbakka Chowta]] killed General Jao Peixoto and Admiral Mascarenhas in battle at Ullal. [[Shivappa Nayaka]] defeated [[Portuguese Armadas|Portugal's armada]] in battle. In the 16th century, the area saw the first arrival of Konkani [[New Christians]] who were fleeing the [[Portuguese Inquisition|Inquisition]] in [[Portuguese Goa]] and were given refuge by [[Vijayanagar]], the influx of migrants resumed with the violent [[Mahratta Invasion of Goa and Bombay]] when they were again welcomed, particularly by [[Keladi Chennamma]]. The settlements of these New Christians in the area gave rise to their own unique hybrid culture, they developed into a localised community of [[Mangalorean Christians]], who are distinct from [[Goan Christians]] and [[Bombay East Indian Christian]]s. They built a number of prominent educational institutions and contributed to [[socio-economic]] progress in the area. The Muslims of Tulu Nadu are basically descended from [[Arabia]]n traders who intermarried local women and settled there. Muslims in Mangaluru speak [[Beary]] language different from [[Hindi-Urdu]]. A few [[Konkani Muslims]] and [[Konkani language|Konkani Jains]] are also found near the border with Karwar district ([[North Canara]]).

==Demographics==
Majority of Mangaloreans belong to the [[Tuluva]] ethnic group. The Tuluvas have historically been concentrated in the coastal areas. The major Tulu speaking castes are Shettigar, Mundalas, Mogeras, Okkaliga Gowda's, Bairas, Samagaras, [[Billava]]s,[[Kulala]]'s, Sapaliga, Rajaka (Madival), [[Bunt (community)|Bunts]], [[Mogaveera]]s, [[Devadiga]]'s, Tulu Brahmins, [[Vishwakarma (caste)|Vishwakarmas]]& Nayak's.<ref name="MalavikaS">{{cite book |last1=Shetty |first1=Malavika |title=Telling Stories: Language, Narrative, and Social Life (Identity building through Narratives on a Tulu Call-in Show) |date=2010 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=9781589016743 |pages=95–108 }}</ref> [[Mangalorean Protestants]] are mostly Tulu speakers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=Denis |title=Responses of Kanara Christians to the Indian National Movement in the Early 20 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |pages=686–696 |date=2012|volume=73 |jstor=44156264 }}</ref> Beary speaking muslims are next largest community. [[Konkani people]], in particular the [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]]s, [[Daivadnya Brahmin]]s, and the [[Mangalorean Catholics]] whose ancestors migrated here from the [[Konkan region]], to escape the [[Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and Bombay-Bassein]] and the [[Mahratta Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein]]. Other groups who historically settled in Tulu Nadu, include the [[Kundagannada]]ns and [[Byari]]s and Dakhini [[Urdu]] Speaking Muslims.

==Culture==
{{main|Culture of Mangaluru}}
{{See also|Tulu Nadu#Culture|l1=Tulu Nadu (Culture)}}
{{See also|Mangalorean cuisine|l1= Mangalorean cuisine}}
===Cuisine===
[[File:Neer Dosa.jpg|thumb|right|[[Neer dosa]], a variant of [[Dosa (food)|dosa]], is native to Mangalore.]]
Mangalorean cuisine is largely influenced by the [[South Indian cuisine]], with several cuisines being unique to the diverse communities of the city. [[Coconut meat]] and [[curry leaves]] are common ingredients in Mangalorean curries, as are ginger, garlic& chilli. The [[Tulu people|Tulu community]]'s well-known dishes include ''[[Kori Rotti]]'' (dry rice flakes dipped in gravy), [[Chicken Ghee Roast]], ''Bangude Pulimunchi'' (silver-grey mackerels), ''Beeja-Manoli Upkari'', ''[[Neer dosa]]'' (lacy rice-[[crêpe]]s), ''Boothai Gasi'', ''Kadabu'', and ''[[Patrode]]''. The ''Kube Sukkhe'', a [[clam]] dish of [[Mangalorean Protestants]] is also very popular. The Konkani community's specialities include ''Daali thoy'', ''beebe-upkari'' (cashew based), ''val val'', ''avnas ambe sasam'', ''Kadgi chakko'', {{transliteration|tcy|paagila podi}}, and ''chana gashi''. [[Tuluva]] vegetarian cuisine in Mangalore, also known as [[Udupi cuisine]] is known for its [[signature dish]]es like the ''[[masala dosa]]''. Udupi restaurants are found throughout [[south India]], [[northwestern India]]& relished overseas by the [[Indian diaspora]]. Since Mangalore is a coastal town, [[sea food|fish dishes]] are the [[staple diet]] of most people.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/11/stories/2007081150880400.htm
|title=Typically home
|access-date=2008-07-09
|date=2007-08-11
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|location=Chennai, India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103043142/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/11/stories/2007081150880400.htm
|archive-date=3 November 2012
}}</ref> [[Mangalorean Catholic cuisine]] includes ''Sanna-Dukra Maas'' (''Sanna'' –[[idli]] fluffed with [[Hot toddy|toddy]] or yeast; ''Dukra Maas'' –[[Pork]]), ''Pork Bafat''& ''[[Sorpotel]]''; and the Mutton [[Biryani]] of the local Muslims are well-known [[delicacies]]. Pickles such as {{transliteration|tcy|happala}}, {{transliteration|tcy|sandige}} and {{transliteration|tcy|puli munchi}} are unique to Mangalore. ''Sheindi'' ([[Palm toddy|toddy]]), a country [[wine]] prepared by [[toddy tapper]]s from coconut flowers or [[tree sap]] is local speciality.<ref name="DAJ"/>

===Traditions===
Many classical dance forms and folk art are practised among Mangaloreans. The ''[[Yakshagana]]'', a night-long dance and drama performance, is held in Mangalore,<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/10/stories/2004061000340300.htm
|date=2004-01-10
|title=Enduring art
|access-date=2008-07-20
|first=Ganesh
|last=Prabhu
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|location=Chennai, India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103015415/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/10/stories/2004061000340300.htm
|archive-date=3 November 2012
}}</ref> while ''[[Hulivesha]]'' (literally, ''tiger dance''), a [[folk dance]] unique to the city, is performed during [[Navratri|Dasara]] and [[Krishna Janmashtami]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/354160109.cms
|date=2001-10-26
|title=Human 'tigers' face threat to health
|access-date=2007-12-07
|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
|first1=Stanley G
|last1=Pinto
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113160219/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/354160109.cms
|archive-date=13 January 2009
}}</ref> ''Karadi Vesha'' (bear dance) is another well known dance performed during ''Dasara''.<ref name="DAJ">{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726 |title=What's in a Name? |access-date=2008-03-04 |first=Stephen |last=D'Souza |publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208022637/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726 |archive-date=8 February 2012 }}</ref> ''[[Paddanas]]'' (Ballad-like epics passed on through generations by word of mouth) are sung by a community of impersonators in Tulu and are usually accompanied by the rhythmic drum beats.<ref name="DAJ"/> The Bearys' unique traditions are reflected in such folk songs as {{transliteration|tcy|kolkai}} (sung during [[kolata]], a valour folk-dance during which sticks used as props), {{transliteration|tcy|unjal pat}} (traditional lullaby), {{transliteration|tcy|moilanji pat}}, and {{transliteration|tcy|oppune pat}} (sung at weddings).<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/13/stories/2007101361130300.htm
|title=Beary Sahitya Academy set up
|access-date=2008-01-15
|date=2007-10-13
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|location=Chennai, India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102025141/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/13/stories/2007101361130300.htm
|archive-date=2 November 2012
}}</ref> The ''Evkaristik Purshanv'' (Konkani: [[Eucharist]]ic procession) is an annual Catholic religious procession led on the first Sunday of each New Year.<ref name="DAJ"/>

===World record===
On 26–27 January 2008, a Konkani cultural event, Konkani Nirantari, held in [[Mangaluru]] by a Mangalorean organization, Mandd Sobhann, entered the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]] for non-stop singing of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] hymns. Mandd Sobhann members sang for 40 hours, surpassing the old record of 36 hours held by a Brazilian musical troupe.<ref name="GUI">{{cite news
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=42855&n_tit=Mangalore%3A%20Guinness%20Adjudicator%20Hopeful%20of%20Certifying%20Konkani%20Nirantari
|title=Mangalore: Guinness Adjudicator Hopeful of Certifying Konkani Nirantari
|access-date=2008-02-01
|date=2008-01-25
|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120728235422/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=42855&n_tit=Mangalore:+Guinness+Adjudicator+Hopeful+of+Certifying+Konkani+Nirantari
|archive-date=28 July 2012
}}</ref>

==Notable Mangaloreans==
* [[Abbakka Rani]] – [[Chowta dynasty (Tulu Nadu)|Chowta]] queen of Tulu Nadu
* [[Ganesh Karnik]] – former member of [[Karnataka Legislative Council]]
* [[John Richard Lobo]] – former member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Aarti Sequeira]] – Indian American cook and television personality
* [https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener-waterloo/author/aastha-shetty-1.6219746 Aastha Shetty] - Canadian news reporter
* [[Abdussalam Puthige]] – managing director and editor-in-chief of ''[[Varthabharathi]]'' newspaper
* [[Adline Castelino]] – winner of [[Miss Diva Universe]] [[Miss Diva 2020|2020]]
* [[Aishwarya Rai]] – Bollywood actress and former [[Miss World]]
* [[Anup Bhandari]] – [[Kannada cinema|Sandalwood]] director
* [[Ashrita Shetty]] – model and [[Kollywood]] actress, former wife of Indian cricketer Manish Pandey
* [[Nirup Bhandari]] – Sandalwood actor
* [[Anant Pai]] – educationist and creator of [[Indian comics]]
* [[Anushka Shetty]] – Kollywood and [[Telugu film|Tollywood]] actress
* [[Aravind Adiga]] – writer and journalist
* [[Ashish Kumar Ballal]] – captain of the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian National Hockey team]]
* [[Ashwini Akkunji]] – sprint athlete, Asian Games and Commonwealth Games gold medalist
* [[B. M. Idinabba]] – Kannada writer, poet, social activist, MLA, and freedom fighter
* [[B. R. Shetty]] – entrepreneur
* [[B. V. Karanth]] – playwright and director
* [[Bannanje Govindacharya]] – [[Venkata Madhava|Madhava]] scholar
*[[Betty Naz]], Indian former actress and singer
* [[Bolwar Mahammad Kunhi]] – Kannada writer
* [[Brian J. G. Pereira]] – veteran biopharmaceutical and healthcare leader
* [[Budhi Kunderan]] – cricketer
* [[Daya Nayak]] – sub-inspector in the [[Mumbai Police]]
* [[Dayanand Shetty]] – Indian film actor and model
* [[Devi Prasad Shetty]] – cardiac surgeon and philanthropist
* [[Egan Steven Dantis]] – Spanish Indian cricketer
* [[Erica Fernandes]] – television actress
* [[Ester Noronha]] – Indian actress and singer
* [[Faye D'Souza]] – Indian journalist and television news anchor
* [[Freida Pinto]] – Indian actress and model
* [[Ganesh Hegde]] – singer, performer, video director, and Bollywood choreographer
* [[George Fernandes]] – [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railway]] and [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]]
* [[Gopalakrishna Adiga]] – Kannada poet
* [[Guru Dutt]] – film director, producer, and actor
* [[Gurukiran]] – singer and music director in the Kannada film industry
* [[Isha Koppikar]] – Bollywood actress {{Citation needed|date=October 2016|reason=}}
* [[Janalynn Castelino]] – Indian-Italian pop singer, songwriter and doctor
* [[Janardhana Poojary]] – former [[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Minister of State for Finance]]
* [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] – All formats active India woman cricketer
* [[K. S. Hegde]] – former speaker of [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] judge
* [[K. Shivaram Karanth]] – Kannada writer, social activist, environmentalist, Yakshagana artist, film maker, and thinker
* [[K. V. Kamath]] – chairman of [[Infosys Limited]]
* [[Kadri Gopalnath]] – Carnatic musician, saxophone
* [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]] – Indian Kannada film actress
* [[Krithi Shetty]] – Indian actress
* [[M. Govinda Pai]] – Kannada poet
* [[M. V. Kamath]] – journalist and former chairman of [[Prasar Bharthi]]
* [[Madhwacharya]] – Hindu saint and philosopher
* [[M. K. Seetharam Kulal]] – Tulu-Kannada dramatist, poet, Karnataka State Tulu Sahitya Academy Award, Mangalorean Star
* [[Malishka Mendonsa]] – Indian radio personality and actress
* [[Mamatha Maben]] – former captain of [[India women's national cricket team]]
* [[Mamatha Poojary]] – former captain of [[India women's national kabaddi team]]
* [[Manvitha Harish]] – Sandalwood actress
* [[Margaret Alva]] – former Union Minister and parliamentarian
* [[Michael Lobo]] – Indian writer, scientist and genealogist
* [[Nikhil Poojari]] – Indian professional football player (forward), plays for [[Hyderabad FC]]
* [[Nitte Santosh Hegde]] – justice of the [[Supreme Court Of India]], former [[Solicitor General of India]], and [[Lokayukta]] (ombudsman) for Karnataka State of India from 2006–2011 and activist
* [[Oscar Fernandes]] – Congress Chief Secretary and Parliamentarian
* [[Pooja Hegde]] – Miss Universe India 2010 second runner up and Kollywood actress
* [[Prakash Rai|Prakash Raj]] – actor, director, and producer who won the [[National Film Award for Best Actor|National Award winner]] in 2008
* [[Rakshith Shetty]] – Kannada film director and actor
* [[Ratnakaravarni]] – Kannada poet and writer
* [[Ravi Shastri]] – former captain of the [[India national cricket team]]
* [[Rishab Shetty]] – Sandalwood director
* [[Rita Lobo]] – Indian former actress and singer
* [[Rohit Shetty]] – Bollywood director
* Rommel Rodrigues – journalist, author, film director, screenwriter, and producer
* [[Sanjay Manjrekar]] – former Indian cricketer and commentator
* [[Sandeep Chowta]] – [[Bollywood]] and [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Tollywood]] music director, head of [[Columbia Records]] in India
* [[Sheetal Mallar]] – model
* [[Shamita Shetty]] – Bollywood actress
* [[Shilpa Shetty]] – Bollywood actress
* [[Shirish Kunder]] – Bollywood director
* [[Shweta Shetty]] – Indian pop singer
* [[Siddhanth Thingalaya]] – track and field athlete
* [[Sneha Ullal]] – Bollywood actress
* [[Sonal Monteiro]] – Sandalwood actress
* [[Sudarshan Shetty]] - contemporary Indian artist
* [[Sunil Shetty]] – Bollywood actor, producer, and entrepreneur
* [[Suman Talwar]] – film actor
* [[T. M. A. Pai]] – doctor, educationist, banker and philanthropist, founder of the university town of [[Manipal]] in [[Udupi]]
* [[Tanush Kotian]] – Indian cricketer
* [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)]] – Indian dancer, singer and choreographer
* [[Thumbay Moideen]] – entrepreneur and founder of [[Thumbay Group]], UAE
* [[U. R. Rao]] – space scientist and former chairman of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] – Kannada film actor, director, screen writer, lyricist and singer
* [[V. J. P. Saldanha]] – Konkani littérateur, dramatist, novelist, short-story writer and poet
* [[V. Manohar]] – music director, lyricist, film director and actor in Kannada Cinema
* [[V. S. Acharya]] – higher education minister in the Karnataka state government
* [[V. T. Rajshekar]] – journalist, founder and editor of the ''[[Dalit Voice]]''
* [[Veerappa Moily]] – Minister of Corporate Affairs and former chief minister of Karnataka
* [[Veerendra Heggade]] – philanthropist and the ''Dharmadhikari'' (hereditary administrator) of the [[Dharmasthala]] Temple
* [[Victor Rodrigues]] – Konkani novelist and short story writer
* [[Viren Rasquinha]] – captain of India's national [[field hockey]] team
* [[Vishal Kotian]] – Indian film and television actor
* [[Vittal Mallya]] – entrepreneur
* [[Vijay Mallya]] – liquor and airline baron

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[Byari]]s
*[[Chickmangaloreans]]
*[[Konkani Brahmins]]
*[[Mangalorean Christians]]
*[[Tuluver]]s
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{wiktionary|Mangalorean}}

[[Category:Mangaloreans| ]]
[[Category:Mangalorean society]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tulu Nadu]]

Challenge (2017 film)

2026-03-11T14:00:39Z

Serzeqy: rework layout for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Challenge
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = Hindi: चैलेन्ज
| director = Satish Jain
| producer = {{unbulleted list| Ankur Prasad| Anshuman Singh|Samir Aftab }}
| writer = Satish Jain
| screenplay = Satish Jain
| story = Satish Jain
| based_on = 
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Pawan Singh]]|[[Madhu Sharma]]}}
| narrator =
| music = {{unbulleted list|Chhote Baba|Pankaj Tiwari Govind Ojha}}
| cinematography = Pappu Khanna, Kannu Mukherji
| editing = Preetam Naik
| studio = Yashi Films Pvt Ltd
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|7|14}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = {{unbulleted list|Hindi Bhojpuri}}
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Challenge''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Bhojpuri language]] [[action film]] directed by Satish Jain<ref>{{Cite web |last=bhojpuri |date=2020-12-05 |title=Challenge {{!}}Bhojpuri Movie {{!}} Pawan Singh Superstar |url=https://zeronplus.com/challenge-bhojpuri-film-2017-popular-film/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=हिंदी + }}</ref> and starring [[Pawan Singh]], [[Madhu Sharma]], Samir Aftab. It was produced by Abhay Sinha's Yashi Films Pvt Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MX Player |url=https://www.mxplayer.in/movie/watch-challenge-bhojpuri-movie-online-d37086feef5137ce853a7acf2db4ad55 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=mxplayer.in}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Pawan Singh]]
* [[Madhu Sharma]]
* Samir Aftab
* Raj Premi
* Shivika Diwan
* Chandan Sahu
* Ehsaan Khan
* Maya Yadav
* Mehnaaz Shroff
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|11242846}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Challenge}}
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 action films]]
[[Category:2010s Bhojpuri-language films]]
[[Category:2017 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]

{{Bhojpuri-film-stub}}

Deepan Sivaraman

2026-03-10T04:04:36Z

Serzeqy:

{{short description|Indian theatre director and scenographer}}
{{Use Indian English|date= February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deepan Sivaraman ദീപൻ ശിവരാമൻ
| image = Deepan Sivaraman.jpg
| caption = Deepan Sivaraman in 2012
| birth_name = Deepan Sivaraman
| native_name_lang = ml
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]
| alma_mater = [[Central Saint Martins]], [[Wimbledon College of Arts]]
| occupation = [[Theatre director]], [[scenographer]] and [[Academic staff|academic]]
| website =
}}

'''Deepan Sivaraman''' is an Indian [[theatre director]], [[scenographer]] and [[Academic staff|academic]].<ref name="Interview with Deepan Sivaraman"/> He is the founder of Oxygen Theatre Company based in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxygen Theatre Company |url=https://oxygentheater.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022161313/http://www.oxygentheatre.in/ |archive-date=22 October 2015}}</ref> He is from [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]].

Sivaraman received Charles Wallace India Trust Award in 2003,<ref name="Charles Wallace India Trust Awards">{{cite news|last1=Menon|first1=Anasuya|title=Wallace Route to Education|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/wallace-route-to-education/article2994764.ece|accessdate=7 September 2014|publisher=Hindu Group|date=14 March 2012}}</ref> ''[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]'' and ''[http://www.metawards.com/ Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards]'' in 2011 and 2010, respectively.<ref name="Interview with Deepan Sivaraman">{{cite journal|last=Punjani|first=Deepa|title=Mrs|journal=Critical Stages|issue=June 2013: Issue 8|url=http://archive.criticalstages.org/criticalstages8/entry/ldquoThe-Future-of-Indian-Theatre-Will-Be-Based-on-Our-Ability-to-Intermingle-With-Other-Art-Disciplinesrdquo-mdash-Interview-with-Deepan-Sivaraman-Indian-Theatre-Director-and-Scenographer?category=3#sthash.nT9AB4lQ.dpbs|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-date=19 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519145605/http://archive.criticalstages.org/criticalstages8/entry/ldquoThe-Future-of-Indian-Theatre-Will-Be-Based-on-Our-Ability-to-Intermingle-With-Other-Art-Disciplinesrdquo-mdash-Interview-with-Deepan-Sivaraman-Indian-Theatre-Director-and-Scenographer?category=3#sthash.nT9AB4lQ.dpbs|url-status=dead}}</ref> Deepan served as the Artistic Director for the [https://web.archive.org/web/20141006072026/http://theatrefestivalkerala.com/itfok.php International Theatre Festival of Kerala](ITFOK) for 2014 edition which had a curatorial focus on transition, gender and spectatorship.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ganesh|first1=Deepa|title=For Visual Language|journal=Frontline|date=18 April 2014|url=http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/for-visual-language/article5848123.ece#|accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref> Deepan Sivaraman currently is an [[associate professor]] of [[performance studies]] at School of Culture and Creative Expressions at the [http://aud.ac.in/ Ambedkar University in Delhi].

[[File:Deepan Sivaraman, Ajai Narendran, Anand Narayanan, T P Vinod.jpg|thumb|Deepan Sivaraman speaking at the KSSP Malappuram Science Festival 2026, alongside Ajai Narendran, Dr. Anand Narayanan, and Dr. T. P. Vinod]]

==''The Legend of Khasak'' [[Khasakkinte Itihasam]] – The Play a Milestone==
[[File:Entry Pass Khasakkinte Ithihasam Play.jpg|thumb|Entry Pass to a screening of the play ''Khasakkinte Ithihasam'', directed by Deepan Sivaraman]]
Deepan involved with KM Kunjambu Smaraka Kalasamaithi.(KMK) Trikaripur for the project of ''The Legends of Khasak'' [[Khasakkinte Itihasam]] with the local village actors, it was a unique theatre project that has no similarities in the recent Indian theatre history in the terms of its production of working with village actors and the way in which the entire village got part of it. The trans – chronic post-modern novel of [[O. V. Vijayan]], ''The Legends of Khasak'' [[Khasakkinte Itihasam]] is revived onto the stage, in the Land of dark native myths and tantalizing legends – [[Kasaragod]]. The geographical memory of Khasak is transplanted to the landscape of Kasaragod. The tree of life, Revered Time, Slits of spreading self and sins and mythologized nature of Khasak takes a re-birth to burn down into the body of the spectator. The performance fuses native religious rituals and native art forms in separately. The three months of theatre camp for the regional artists were a refreshing wind to the cultural present of Kerala, which proved that the rural art gatherings were not extinct in the cultural space. From the last remaining sapling spread a green hope which rushed the village into a spring of artistic thought. There were muted tunes, silenced slogans and an unbroken harmony which united the whole village onto the theatre. Portraying, or interpreting Khasak into its multidimensional plurality was a challenge to any medium, to which this theatrical interpretation stands as an exemption. The characters of Khasak Allapicha Mollakka, Maimuna, Appukili, Naizam Ali, Kuttandan Pushari and Ravi meet the spectators in the aesthetically subverted, politically deconstructed, surreal space.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/it-takes-a-village-2756713|title = It Takes a Village|date = 17 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/lifestyle/travel/khasakkinte-ithihasam-staged-at-kochi/articleshow/58329244.cms|title = ഖസാക്കിലെ ആത്മാക്കളുടെ സമാന്തര ജീവിതങ്ങള്‍}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/interviews/2017/05/08/interview-with-deepan-sivaraman.html|title = ദീപൻ കണ്ട ഖസാക്ക്}}</ref>

== Directorial works along with its design ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! Year !! Title !! Credit
|-
| 2018||''Dark Things'' || Scenographer and co-director with Dr. Anuradha Kapur
|-
| 2018|| ''Nationalism Project'' || Director, Scenographer
|-
| 2015|| ''The Legends of Khasak'' || Director, Scenographer<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lal|first1=Amrith|title=It Takes a Village|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/it-takes-a-village-2756713/|accessdate=22 July 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=17 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2015|| ''The Cabinet of Dr Caligari'' || Director, Scenographer<ref name="Master of Dark Arts">{{cite news|last1=Nath|first1=Dipanitha|title=Mrs|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/master-of-the-dark-arts/|accessdate=30 June 2015|work=The Indian Express|date=8 February 2015|ref=Master of Dark Arts}}</ref>
|-
| 2014|| ''It’s Cold in Here'' || Director, Scenographer<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nath|first1=Dipanita|title=A play on sexual violence will take you into a discomfort zone|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/i-want-you-to-feel-the-pain-of-the-performance/|accessdate=10 August 2014|agency=The Indian Express|work=The Indian Express|date=7 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2014|| ''Project Nostalgia'' || Director, Scenographer<ref>{{cite web|title=Project Nostalgia - a theatre performance|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfncRlwPYVE|date=22 April 2014|website=[[youtube.com]]|publisher=AUD Institutional Memory Project|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2013|| '' The Little Prince'' || Director, Scenographer
|-
| 2011|| '' Ubu Roi'' || Director, Scenographer & Dramaturge<ref name="Skeletons in The Kings Cupboard">{{cite news|last1=Nath|first1=Dipanitha|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/national-award-inshallah-football-ashvin-kumar-film-on-social-causeskeletons-in-the-kings-cupboard/|title=National Award, Inshallah Football, Ashvin Kumar, Film on Social Cause Skeletons in the King's Cupboard|accessdate=30 June 2015|work=The Indian Express|date=8 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2010|| '' Peer Gynt Director'' || Scenographer, Dramaturge<ref name="Deep into theatre">{{cite news|last1=Nair|first1=Shilpa|title=Deep into Theatre|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/deep-into-theatre/article916164.ece|accessdate=8 June 2014|date=2010-11-27}}</ref>
|-
| 2009|| '' Spinal Cord'' || Director, Scenographer & Dramaturge<ref>{{cite web|title=A study in scenography|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article441053.ece?service=print|accessdate=15 August 2014|archive-date=19 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519132700/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article441053.ece?service=print|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2004|| '' The circle of the seasons'' || Director, Scenographer
|-
| 2004|| '' Dream of Death'' || Director, Scenographer
|-
| 2002|| '' Kamala'' || Director, Scenographer<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sadanandan|first1=Smitha|title=Woman redefined|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/17/stories/2002061701420200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031107000014/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/17/stories/2002061701420200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2003-11-07|accessdate=8 June 2014|date=2002-06-17|work=[[The Hindu]]|ref=Kamala}}</ref>
|-
| 1998|| '' Lord of the Flies'' || Director, Dramaturge
|-
|}
[[File:Ubu Roi-2012 Scenography& Direction Deepan Sivaraman. Produced by National School of Drama Delhi.JPG|thumb|right|Ubu Roi-National School of Drama Delhi(2012)]] [[File:Peer Gynt-2010 Scenography& Direction Deepan Sivaraman. Produced by Oxygen Theatre Company Kerala.jpg|thumb|right|Peer Gynt-Produced by Oxygen Theatre Company Kerala(2010)]] [[File:Spinal Cord - 2009 Scenography& Direction Deepan Sivaraman. Produced by Oxygen Theatre Company Kerala.jpg|thumb|right|Spinal Cord-Produced by Oxygen Theatre Company(2009)]]

== Scenography works==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! Year !! Title !! Director!! Producer
|-
| 2018|| ''The Girl in the Drain'' || Dr. Anuradha Kapur || National School of Drama Delhi
|-
| 2017|| ''Naked Voices''|| Neelam Mansingh Chowdhry || National School of Drama Delhi
|-
| 2016|| ''Talatum'' || [[Abhilash Pillai (director)|Abhilash Pillai]] || Serendipity Art Trust Delhi
|-
| 2016|| ''Bitter Fruit'' || Neelam Mansingh Chowdhry || National School of Drama Delhi<ref>{{cite news|last1=Utpal K|first1=Banarjee|title=Method to Madness|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/vivacity/method-to-madness.html|accessdate=22 July 2015|publisher=The Pioneer|date=2015-05-18|ref=Bitter Fruit|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072102/http://www.dailypioneer.com/vivacity/method-to-madness.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2012|| ''Virasat'' || Dr. Anuradha Kapur || National School of Drama Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Utpal K|first1=Banarjee|title=Epic of the ordinary|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/vivacity/epic-of-the-ordinary.html|accessdate=8 June 2014|publisher=The Pioneer|date=2013-05-28|ref=Virasat|archive-date=4 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504131839/http://www.dailypioneer.com/vivacity/epic-of-the-ordinary.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2008|| ''The Little India'' || Emily Grey || Trestle Theatre, UK
|-
| 2006|| ''Palm Grove Tales'' || [[Abhilash Pillai (director)|Abhilash Pillai]] || School of Drama Thrissur
|-
| 2003|| ''Siddartha'' || Jyothish MG|| Abhinaya Theatre Centre Thiruvananthapuram
|-
| 2002|| ''Bhagvadujjukeeyam'' || Jyothish MG|| Abhinaya Theatre Centre Thiruvananthapuram
|-
| 2001|| ''Verdigris'' ||[[Abhilash Pillai (director)|Abhilash Pillai]] || Abhinaya Theatre Centre Thiruvananthapuram
|-
| 2000|| ''Thatri Realizing Self'' || J Shailaja || Kriya Collective Thiruvananthapuram
|-
|}

== Major Theatre Festivals participated==

* 2019 – [[International Theatre Festival of Kerala]] Kerala, Dark Things
* 2018 – Wuzhen International Theatre Festival Shanghai, The Cabinet of Dr Caligari
* 2018 – YULICA International theatre festival Krakow, Nationalism Project.
* 2017 – International Theatre Festival of Kerala 9th Edition, The Cabinet of Dr Caligari
* 2016 – International Theatre Festival of Kerala 8th Edition, The Legends of Khasak
* 2016 – Bharat Rang Mahotsav Delhi, The Cabinet of Dr Caligari
* 2013 – International Theatre Festival of Kerala 7th Edition, Virasat
* 2012 – International Theatre Festival [[National School of Drama]] Delhi, Peer Gynt
* 2011 – International Theatre Festival of Kerala 5th Edition, Peer Gynt
* 2011 – National theatre Festival of Kerala, Peer Gynt
* 2010 – Ibsen Festival New Delhi, Peer Gynt
* 2010 – Mahindra Excellence in theatre Awards New Delhi, Spinal Cord
* 2010 – Rangayana National Theatre Festival Bangalore, Spinal Cord
* 2009 – International Theatre Festival National School of Drama Delhi, Spinal Cord
* 2009 – International Theatre Festival of Kerala, Spinal Cord
* 2009 – National Theatre Festival Thiruvananthapuram Kerala, Spinal Cord
* 2007 – Avignon Theatre Festival France, Siddhartha
* 2006 – [[Prithvi Theatre]] Festival Mumbai, Bagavdajjukam
* 2006 – South Asian Theatre Festival New Delhi, Siddhartha
* 2004 – International Theatre Festival National School of Drama New Delhi, Siddhartha
* 2003 – International Theatre Festival National School of Drama Delhi, Bagavadajjukam
* 2001 – International Theatre Festival National School of Drama New Delhi, Verdigris
* 2000 – Festival De Alameda Lisbon Portugal, Verdigris
* 2000 – Asian Woman Theatre Festival New Delhi, Thathri Realising Self

== Awards ==
*2010 – ''Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards''<ref name="A study in scenography">{{cite news|last1=Ramunath|first1=Renu|title=A study in scenography|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article441053.ece?service=print|accessdate=8 June 2014|work=The Indian Express|date=2010-06-20|archive-date=19 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519132700/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article441053.ece?service=print|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*2012 – ''[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]''<ref>{{cite news| title=Sangeetha Nataka Akademi awards announced|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-awards-announced/article2791885.ece|accessdate=8 June 2014|work=The Hindu|date=11 January 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivaraman, Deepan}}
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Theatre practitioners]]
[[Category:Indian drama teachers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Pondicherry University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Graphic Era University

2026-03-09T10:53:02Z

Serzeqy: creating basic article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Private university in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Distinguish|Graphic Era Hill University}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}{{Infobox university
| name = Graphic Era (Deemed to be University)
| image = Aerial view of graphic era university.jpg
| motto = Transforming Dreams into Reality
| established = {{start date and age|1993}}
| type = [[Deemed to be University]]
| chancellor = Dr. Vijay Kumar Saraswat
| vice_chancellor = Narpinder Singh
| students = 7584 (undergrad and postgrad)
| doctoral = 326
| academic_staff = 442
| administrative_staff = 244
| address = 566/6, Bell Road, Society Area, Clement Town
| city = [[Dehradun]]
| state = Uttarakhand
| postalcode = 248002
| country = India
| campus = {{convert|25|acre|m2}} [[Urban area|Urban]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=NAAC |first=Self Study Report GANPAT UNIVERSITY |date=2023 |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://geu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/GEU_NAAC_SSR_V2.pdf |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=geu.ac.in}}</ref>
| free_label1 = Advisor
| free1 = R. C. Joshi
| colors = {{Color box|#BC1839}} {{Color box|#fff}} {{Color box|#000}} Red, white and black
| former_names = Graphic Era Institute of Technology (GEIT)
| logo = Graphic era university logo colored.svg
| website = {{url|www.geu.ac.in}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.2675|77.9959|region:IN-OR_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| academic_affiliations = [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]
| founder = Dr. Kamal Ghanshala ([[President (education)|President]])
| accreditation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]], [[MHRD]], [[AICTE]], [[NIRF]]
}}
'''Graphic Era (Deemed to be) University''' (formerly known as '''Graphic Era Institute of Technology''') is an Indian [[Private university|private]] [[graphic]] [[university]] located in [[Clement Town, Dehradun, Uttarakhand]]. It was founded by Dr. Kamal Ghanshala in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-05 |title=About Us - Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun |url=https://geu.ac.in/about-us/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=geu.ac.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2008, the institution was granted the status of a deemed university. In 2022, it received accreditation from the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)]] with a Grade A+.<ref name=":0">[http://naac.gov.in/images/docs/ACCREDITATION_STATUS/Institutions_accredited_by_NAAC_having_valid_accreditation_as_on_19-05-2023_Upld_02-06-2023.xlsx Excel sheet released by NAAC]</ref><ref name="University">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/deemeduniversitylist.aspx?id=34&Unitype=4|title=University|website=ugc.ac.in|access-date=2017-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Unlimited Graphic Design |url=https://unicorngo.com/}}</ref> The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] ranked it 72nd overall in India in 2025<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=2025 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2025/pdf/Report/IR2025_Report.pdf}}</ref> and 52nd in the engineering category.<ref name=":1" />

''Grafest'' is a yearly college festival held at the university.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grafest |url=https://geu.ac.in/grafest/}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Graphic Era Hill University]]

{{Commons category|Graphic Era University}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Universities in Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Universities in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Education in Dehradun district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

St. Mary's School

2026-03-09T07:08:20Z

Serzeqy: Creating The Article V1 - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
'''St. Mary's School''' may refer to:

{{tocright}}


==Australia==
* [[St Marys Senior High School]], St Marys, New South Wales
* [[St Mary's College, Hobart]], Tasmania
* [[St Mary's Primary School, West Melbourne]], Victoria
* [[St Mary's Anglican Girls' School]], Perth, Western Australia

==Canada==
* [[St. Mary's High School (Calgary)]], Alberta
* [[St. Mary's Academy (New Brunswick)]]
* [[St. Mary's Catholic Secondary School, Cobourg]], Ontario
* [[St. Mary Catholic Secondary School (Hamilton, Ontario)]]
* [[St. Mary's High School (Kitchener)]], Ontario
* [[St. Mary Catholic Secondary School (Pickering, Ontario)]]
* [[St. Mary's Catholic Secondary School (Toronto)]], Ontario
* [[St. Mary's Catholic High School (Woodstock, Ontario)]]

==Costa Rica==
* [[Saint Mary High School (Guachipelin)]]

==Ghana==
* [[St Mary's Senior High School (Ghana)]], Korle Gonno

==India==
* [[St. Mary's English High School, Guwahati]], Assam
* [[St. Mary's High School, Jorhat]], Assam
* [[St. Mary's High School, North Lakhimpur]], Assam
* [[St. Mary's Anglo-Indian Higher Secondary School]], Chennai
* [[St. Mary's Convent High School, Goa]], Mapusa, Goa
* [[St. Mary's High School (Rajkot)]], Gujarat
* [[St. Mary's Convent School, Kasauli]], Himachal Pradesh
* [[St. Mary's Convent Girls High School, Ollur]], Thrissur, Kerala
* [[St. Mary's Higher Secondary School, Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala
* [[St. Mary's Convent School, Dewas]], Madhya Pradesh
* [[St. Mary's Convent School, Ujjain]], Madhya Pradesh
* [[St. Mary's School, Mumbai]], Maharashtra
* [[St. Mary's High School SSC]], Mumbai, Maharashtra
* [[St. Mary's Convent High School, Mulund]], Mumbai, Maharashtra
* [[St. Mary's School, Pune]], Maharashtra
* [[St. Mary's Higher Secondary School, Jharsuguda]], Odisha
* [[St. Mary's Higher Secondary School, Dindigul]], Tamil Nadu
* [[St. Mary's Convent High School, Nainital]], Uttarakhand

==Ireland==
* [[St Mary's Secondary School, Charleville]], County Cork
* [[St Mary's College, Dublin]]

==Jamaica==
* [[St Mary High School, Jamaica]], Saint Mary Parish, Jamaica

==Japan==
* [[St. Mary's International School]], Tokyo

==Kenya==
* [[St. Mary's School, Nairobi]]
* [[St. Mary's School, Yala]]

==Malaysia==
* [[St. Mary's School, Kuala Lumpur]]
* SMK St Mary Papar

==New Zealand==
* [[St Mary's Catholic School, Gisborne District]]
* [[St Mary's Catholic School, Otorohanga District]]

==Pakistan==
* [[St. Mary's High School, Peshawar]], Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
* [[St Mary's Convent High School, Hyderabad]], Sindh

==South Africa==
* [[St Mary's School, Waverley]], Gauteng
* [[St. Mary's Diocesan School for Girls, Pretoria]], Gauteng
* [[St. Mary's Diocesan School for Girls, Kloof]], KwaZulu-Natal

==Tristan da Cunha==
* [[St. Mary's School, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas]]

==Uganda==

==United Arab Emirates==
* [[St. Mary's Catholic High School, Dubai, UAE]]
* [[St. Mary's Catholic High School, Fujairah]]

==United Kingdom==
===England===
* [[St Mary's School Ascot]], South Ascot, Berkshire
* [[St Mary's School, Gerrards Cross]], Buckinghamshire
* [[St Mary's School, Cambridge]], Cambridgeshire
* [[St Mary's School, Eccleston]], Cheshire
* [[St Mary's Catholic High School, Chesterfield]], Derbyshire
* [[St Mary's School, Shaftesbury]], Dorset
* [[St Mary's School, Colchester]], Essex
* [[St Mary's Primary School, Yate]], Gloucestershire
* [[St Mary's Catholic High School, Astley]], Greater Manchester
* [[St Mary's Catholic School, Bishop's Stortford]], Hertfordshire
* [[St Mary's Church of England High School]], Cheshunt, Hertfordshire
* [[St Mary's Roman Catholic High School, Lugwardine]], Herefordshire
* [[St. Mary's Catholic High School, Menston]], Leeds
* [[St Mary's Catholic High School, Grimsby]], Lincolnshire
* [[St. Mary's Roman Catholic Primary School, Clapham]], London
* [[St Mary's Roman Catholic High School, Croydon]], London
* [[St Mary's College, Crosby]], Merseyside
* [[St Mary's Convent School, Scarborough]], North Yorkshire
* [[St Mary's School, Banbury]], Oxfordshire
* [[St Mary's School, Wantage]], Oxfordshire
* [[St Mary's Catholic Primary School, Portslade]], Sussex
* [[St. Mary's Catholic School, Newcastle]], Tyne and Wear
* [[St Mary's C of E Primary School]], South Shields, Tyne and Wear
* [[St Mary's School, Calne]], Wiltshire

===Northern Ireland===
* [[St Mary's Christian Brothers' Grammar School, Belfast]], County Antrim
* [[St Mary's Primary School, Ballyward]], County Down
* [[St Mary's High School, Newry]], Newry, County Down
* [[St Mary's High School, Limavady]], County Londonderry
* [[St Mary's Grammar School]], Magherafelt, County Londonderry
* [[St Mary's Primary School, Fivemiletown]], County Tyrone

===Scotland===
* [[St. Mary's School, Melrose]]
* [[St Mary's primary school, Bathgate|St Mary's primary, Bathgate]]

==United States==
''Listed alphabetically by state, then by city''

===A–M===
* [[St. Mary's High School (Phoenix, Arizona)]]

* [[St. Mary's College High School]], Berkeley, California
* [[St. Mary's High School (Stockton, California)]]
* [[St. Mary's High School (Colorado Springs)]], Colorado
* [[St. Mary's School (Wilmington, Delaware)]]

* [[St. Mary's School (Knoxville, Illinois)]]
* [[School of St. Mary (Lake Forest, Illinois)]]
* [[St. Mary's School (Guttenberg, Iowa)]]
* [[St. Mary's High School (Remsen, Iowa)]]
* [[St. Mary's High School (Storm Lake, Iowa)]]

* [[St. Mary High School (Paducah, Kentucky)]]

* [[St. Mary's High School (Natchitoches, Louisiana)]]

* [[St. Mary's High School (Annapolis, Maryland)]]
* [[St. Mary's Ryken High School]], Leonardtown, Maryland
* [[St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church-St. Mary's School]], Southbridge, Massachusetts
* [[Saint Mary High School (Westfield, Massachusetts)]]
* [[St. Mary's High School (Lynn, Massachusetts)]]
* [[Saint Mary's School (Chelsea, Michigan)]]
* [[St. Mary High School (Lake Leelanau, Michigan)]]
* [[St. Mary High School (Royal Oak, Michigan)]]
* [[Shattuck-Saint Mary's]], Faribault, Minnesota
* [[St. Mary's High School (Sleepy Eye, Minnesota)]]
* [[St. Mary's High School (Independence, Missouri)]]
* [[St. Mary's High School (St. Louis)]], Missouri

===N–Z===

* [[St. Mary's High School (O'Neill, Nebraska)]]
* [[Saint Mary School, Bordentown]], New Jersey
* [[St. Mary's Hall-Doane Academy]], Burlington, New Jersey
* [[St. Mary High School (Jersey City, New Jersey)]]
* [[St. Mary High School (Rutherford, New Jersey)]]
* St. Mary High School, renamed in 2000 as [[Cardinal McCarrick High School]], South Amboy, New Jersey
* [[St. Mary's High School (Lancaster, New York)]]
* [[St. Mary's High School (Manhasset, New York)]]
* [[Saint Mary's School (Raleigh, North Carolina)]]
* [[St. Mary Catholic School (Wilmington, North Carolina)]]
* [[St. Mary's High School (Devils Lake, North Dakota)]]

* [[St. Mary's Catholic School, Mansfield, Ohio]]
* Old St. Mary's School, Marietta, Ohio, [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Ohio|listed on the NRHP in Washington County, Ohio]]
* St. Mary's School (Sandusky, Ohio), [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Erie County, Ohio|listed on the NRHP in Erie County, Ohio]]
* [[St. Mary Catholic Central High School]], Sandusky, Ohio
* [[St. Mary's School (Medford, Oregon)]]

* [[St. Mary High School (Dell Rapids, South Dakota)]]
* St. Mary's School (Elkton, South Dakota), [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Brookings County, South Dakota|listed on the NRHP in Brookings County, South Dakota]]

* [[St. Mary's Episcopal School]] (Memphis, Tennessee), private school for girls
* [[St. Mary's Catholic School (Brownsville, Texas)]]
* [[St. Mary's Catholic School (Longview, Texas)]]
* [[St. Mary's Hall (San Antonio, Texas)]], a private school
* [[St. Mary's Catholic School (Temple, Texas)]]
* [[St. Mary's Catholic School (Richmond, Virginia)]]
* [[St. Mary Catholic High School (Neenah, Wisconsin)]]

* [[St. Marys High School (West Virginia)]], a high school in [[List of high schools in West Virginia#St. Marys|St. Marys, West Virginia]]

==See also==
* {{in title|St. Mary's School}}
* [[St. Mary's Academy (disambiguation)]]
* [[Saint Mary's College (disambiguation)]]
* [[Saint Mary's University (disambiguation)]]
* [[Scoil Mhuire (disambiguation)]]

{{School disambiguation}}

List of leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Assembly

2026-03-06T09:37:20Z

Serzeqy: created info

{{Short description|none}}
{{For|Legislative Council|List of leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Council}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox political post
| post = Leader of the Opposition
| body = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| insignia = Bihar Government Banner.png
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption = Seal of Bihar Government
| image =File:Tejaswi Yadav 2023.jpg
| imagesize = 150px
| incumbent = [[Tejashwi Yadav]]
| incumbentsince = 16 February 2024
| style =
| termlength = 5 years No renewable limit
| appointer = Speaker of Bihar assembly
| nominator = Members of Official Opposition
| member_of = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| seat = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Raghopur]]
| deputy =
| residence =
| formation =
| succession =
| salary =
| inaugural =
| website =
}}

The '''leader of the opposition''' is the politician who leads the official opposition in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. The incumbent leader of opposition is [[Tejashwi Yadav]].

== Leaders of the opposition ==
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
!No<ref>{{Cite web|title=BIHAR VIDHAN SABHA/LEADER OF OPPOSITION|url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/leader_of_opposition.html|access-date=25 September 2021|website=vidhansabha.bih.nic.in}}</ref>
!Portrait
!Name
![[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" |Term of office
![[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Assembly]]
([[Elections in Bihar|election]])
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1
|[[File:Basawon Singh 2000 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|[[Basawon Singh]]
|[[Dehri Assembly constituency|Dehri]]
|1952
|1957
|{{Ayd|20 may 1952|15 March 1957}}
|1st ([[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952 election]])
|[[Socialist Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}" |
|- align="center"
| style="height: 60px;" |2
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[Sushil Kumar Bage]]
|[[Kolebira Assembly constituency|Kolebira]]
|20 May 1957
|15 March 1962
|{{Ayd|20 may 1957|15 March 1962}}
|2nd ([[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957 election]])
|[[Jharkhand Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Party}}" |
|- align="center"
| style="height: 60px;" |3
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[Kamakhya Narain Singh]]
|[[Barhi Assembly constituency|Barhi]]
|16 March 1962
|16 March 1967
|{{Ayd|16 March 1962|16 March 1967}}
|3rd ([[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962 election]])
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
|- align="center"
|4
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[Mahesh Prasad Singh]]
|
|17 March 1967
|26 February 1969
|{{Ayd|17 March 1967|26 February 1969}}
|4th ([[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967 election]])
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center"
| style="height: 60px;" |5
|[[File:Bhola Pawan Shastri portrait.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Bhola Paswan Shastri]]
|[[Korha Assembly constituency|Korha]]
|18 March 1969
|15 March 1970
|{{Ayd|18 March 1969|15 March 1970}}
| rowspan="3" |5th ([[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969 election]])
|Lok Tantrik Congress
|style="background-color: {{party color|Akhil Bharatiya Lok Tantrik Congress}}" |
|- align="center"
| style="height: 60px;" |6
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[Ramanand Tiwary]]
|[[Shahpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Shahpur]]
|16 March 1970
|15 March 1971
|{{Ayd|16 March 1970|15 March 1971}}
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|- align="center"
|7
|[[File:NitishKumarPayingTributeToDPRai.jpg|84x84px]]
|[[Daroga Prasad Rai]]
|[[Parsa Assembly constituency|Parsa]]
|16 March 1971
|28 March 1972
|{{Ayd|16 March 1971|28 March 1972}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center"
|8
|[[File:Karpoori_Thakur_1991_stamp_of_India.jpg|99x99px]]
|[[Karpoori Thakur]]
|Tajpur
|
|
|
| rowspan="2" |6th ([[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972 election]])
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|9
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[Sunil Mukherjee]]
|[[Patna West Assembly constituency|Patna West]]
|
|
|
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|10
|[[File:RLSY_Potrait.jpg|75px]]
|[[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav]]
|[[Danapur Assembly constituency|Danapur]]
|
|
|
| rowspan="2" |7th ([[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977 election]])
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|11
| [[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[Jagannath Mishra]]
|[[Jhanjharpur Assembly constituency|Jhanjharpur]]
|
|
|
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
| rowspan="2" |(7)
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Karpoori_Thakur_1991_stamp_of_India.jpg|99x99px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karpoori Thakur]]
|[[Samastipur Assembly constituency|Samastipur]]
| rowspan="2" |30 June 1980
| rowspan="2" |12 February 1988
| rowspan="2" |{{Ayd|30 June 1980|12 February 1988}}
|8th ([[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980 election]])
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|[[Sonbarsha Assembly constituency|Sonbarsha]]
| rowspan="3" |9th ([[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985 election]])
|rowspan="3"|[[Lokdal]]
|rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Lok Dal}}"|
|- align="center"
| style="height: 60px;" |12
|[[File:Lalu_Prasad_Yadav.jpg|86x86px]]
|[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
|[[Sonpur Assembly constituency|Sonpur]]
|18 March 1989
|7 December 1989
|{{Ayd|18 March 1989|7 December 1989}}
|- align="center"
|13
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[Anup Lal Yadav]]
|[[Triveniganj Assembly constituency|Triveniganj]]
|18 January 1990
|19 March 1990
|{{Ayd|18 January 1990|19 March 1990}}
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|(10)
| [[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[Jagannath Mishra]]
|[[Jhanjharpur Assembly constituency|Jhanjharpur]]
|20 March 1990
|14 April 1994
|{{Ayd|20 March 1990|14 April 1994}}
| rowspan="2" |10th ([[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990 election]])
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|14
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[Ramashray Prasad Singh]]
|Konch
|29 June 1994
|15 March 1995
|{{Ayd|29 June 1994|15 March 1995}}
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|15
|[[File:Yashwant_Sinha_IMF.jpg|108x108px]]
|[[Yashwant Sinha]]
|[[Ranchi Assembly constituency|Ranchi]]
|17 April 1995
|24 January 1996
|{{Ayd|17 April 1995|24 January 1996}}
| rowspan="2" |11th ([[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995 election]])
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
| rowspan="2" |16
| rowspan="2" |[[File:The_Leader_of_Opposition,_Bihar,_Shri_Sushil_Kumar_Modi_in_New_Delhi_on_January_08_(cropped2).jpg|82x82px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sushil Kumar Modi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Patna Central Assembly constituency|Patna Central]]
|19 March 1996
|1 March 2000
| rowspan="2" |{{Ayd|19 March 1996|28 March 2004}}
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|15 March 2000
|28 March 2004
| rowspan="2" |12th ([[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000 election]])
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|17
|[[File:Upendra Kushwaha in 2018 (cropped).jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Upendra Kushwaha]]
|[[Jandaha Assembly constituency|Jandaha]]
|29 March 2004
|5 March 2005
|{{Ayd|29 March 2004|5 March 2005}}
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|18
|[[File:Rabri_Devi_(cropped).jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Rabri Devi]]
|[[Raghopur Assembly constituency|Raghopur]]
|30 November 2005
|24 November 2010
|{{Ayd|30 November 2005|24 November 2010}}
|14th ([[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 election]])
| rowspan="2" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|19
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[Abdul Bari Siddiqui]]
|[[Alinagar Assembly constituency|Alinagar]]
|6 December 2010
|19 June 2013
|{{Ayd|6 December 2010|19 June 2013}}
| rowspan="2" |15th ([[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010 election]])
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|19
|[[File:Nand_kishore_yadav.JPG|113x113px]]
|[[Nand Kishore Yadav]]
|[[Patna Sahib Assembly constituency|Patna Sahib]]
|19 June 2013
|4 December 2015
|{{Ayd|19 June 2013|4 December 2015}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|21
|
|[[Prem Kumar (politician)|Prem Kumar]]
|[[Gaya Town Assembly constituency|Gaya Town]]
|4 December 2015
|28 July 2017
|{{Ayd|4 December 2015|28 July 2017}}
| rowspan="2" |16th ([[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015 election]])
|- align="center"
| rowspan="2" |22
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Tejaswi Yadav 2023.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tejashwi Yadav]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Raghopur Assembly constituency|Raghopur]]
| rowspan="2" |28 July 2017
| rowspan="2" |9 August 2022
| rowspan="2" |{{Ayd|28 July 2017|9 August 2022}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|- align="center"
| rowspan="3" |17th ([[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020 election]])
|-
|23
| [[File:Shri Vijay Kumar Sinha.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
|[[Lakhisarai Assembly constituency|Lakhisarai]]
|24 August 2022
|28 January 2024
|{{Ayd|24 August 2022|28 January 2024}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |(22)
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Tejaswi Yadav 2023.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tejashwi Yadav]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Raghopur Assembly constituency|Raghopur]]
| rowspan="2" |16 February 2024
| rowspan="2" |''incumbent''
| rowspan="2" |{{Ayd|16 February 2024}}
| rowspan="1" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|-
|18th ([[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025 election]])
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|}
== Statistics ==
{{empty section|date=December 2025}}
== See also ==
[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Council]]

== References ==

<references />

{{Current Indian opposition leaders}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lists of leaders of the opposition of Indian states and territories|Bihar ]]
[[Category:Bihar-related lists]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Assembly| ]]

Ananya (film)

2026-03-04T09:35:50Z

Serzeqy: added new article basic info.

{{Short description|2022 film by Pratap Phad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ananya
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Pratap Phad
| writer =
| screenplay =
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Hruta Durgule]]
*[[Amey Wagh]]
*[[Suvrat Joshi]]
}}
| cinematography = Arjun Sarote
| editing =
| music = Sameer Saptiskar
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|07|22}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ananya''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language film directed by Pratap Phad and produced by [[Ravi Jadhav]] and Dhruv Das. The film stars [[Hruta Durgule]], [[Amey Wagh]], Chetan Chitnis, Yogesh Soman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2022 |title= 'Ananya': Reasons To Watch The Hruta Durgule Starrer Film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ananya-reasons-to-watch-the-hruta-durgule-starrer-film/photostory/93031971.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213051900/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ananya-reasons-to-watch-the-hruta-durgule-starrer-film/photostory/93031971.cms |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref> Music by Sameer Saptiskar. The film was released on 22 July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2022 |title= Ananya : जगण्याची नवी दिशा देणाऱ्या 'अनन्या'चा ट्रेलर प्रदर्शित; 22 जुलै रोजी चित्रपट होणार रिलीज |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/ananya-official-trailer-hruta-durgule-chetan-chitnis-movie-will-release-on-22-july-1074031 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213050348/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/ananya-official-trailer-hruta-durgule-chetan-chitnis-movie-will-release-on-22-july-1074031 |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website= [[ABP Majha]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
When a spirit-crushing mishap disrupts Ananya's perfect life, she cannot seem to stop sulking over her miseries. However, a whole new world of possibilities opens up after she decides to stand on her own two feet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2022 |title= Ananya Review: अनन्याच्या जिद्दीची 'प्रेरणादायी कथा'! |url=https://www.esakal.com/amp/manoranjan/marathi-movie-ananya-review-pratap-fad-director-hruta-durgule-yogesh-soman-star-cast-yst88 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213071113/https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/marathi-movie-ananya-review-pratap-fad-director-hruta-durgule-yogesh-soman-star-cast-yst88 |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website= [[Sakal]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Hruta Durgule]] as Ananya Deshmukh
* [[Amey Wagh]] as Jay Dixit
* [[Suvrat Joshi]] as Dhananjay Deshmukh
* Chetan Chitnis as Shekhar Sarpotdar
* Rucha Apte as Priyanka Deshpande
* Yogesh Soman as Avinash Deshmukh
* Sunil Abhyankar as Nikama Deshpande
* Renuka Daftardar as Rama Deshpande
* Shivraj Walvekar as Madhavrao Sarpotdar
* Leena Pandit as Shalini Sarpotdar

== Production ==
===Filming===
Muhurat shot and formal launch was done on 13 January 2020 in Pune, India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2020 |title= 'Ananya': Ravi Jadhav shares a picture with clapboard from the sets as he kick-starts shooting for the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ananya-ravi-jadhav-shares-a-picture-with-clapboard-from-the-sets-as-he-kick-starts-shooting-for-the-film/articleshow/73228339.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213053104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ananya-ravi-jadhav-shares-a-picture-with-clapboard-from-the-sets-as-he-kick-starts-shooting-for-the-film/articleshow/73228339.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began that day, as informed by the makers. On 7 February 2020, entire shooting of the film has been wrapped up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2020 |title= 'Ananya': Hruta Durgule calls it a wrap, shares film's clapboard |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ananya-hruta-durgule-calls-it-a-wrap-shares-films-clapboard/articleshow/74001355.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213053832/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ananya-hruta-durgule-calls-it-a-wrap-shares-films-clapboard/articleshow/74001355.cms |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ananya
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Sameer Saptiskar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2022 |title= ‘अनन्या’च्या भावना व्यक्त झाल्या ‘न कळत’, रोमँटिक गाणं प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/ananya-movie-hruta-durgule-new-song-na-kalta-romantic-song-dcp-98-3004436/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213065300/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/ananya-movie-hruta-durgule-new-song-na-kalta-romantic-song-dcp-98-3004436/ |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2022 |title= तू धगधगती आग... म्हणत केलाय अनन्याच्या जिद्दीला सलाम, हृता दुर्गुळेचं हे गाणं पाहाच |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/hruta-durgule-ananya-marathi-film-new-song-release-video-gets-viral/articleshow/92826121.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213065554/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/hruta-durgule-ananya-marathi-film-new-song-release-video-gets-viral/articleshow/92826121.cms |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>
| recorded = 2022
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 16:04
| language = Marathi
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2021
| year = 2023
| next_title =
| next_year = 2022
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|CeSbF2Qrk_w| Ananya – Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 16:04
| title1 = Tu Dhagdhgti Aag
| extra1 = [[Vishal Dadlani]]
| length1 = 5:28
| title2 = Na Kalata
| extra2 = [[Bela Shende]]
| length2 = 3:56
| title3 = Alahida Parawa
| extra3 = Mugda Karhade
| length3 = 3:23
| title4 = Celebration
| extra4 = Neha Adarsh Shinde
| length4 = 2:54
| title5 = A Special Moment
| extra5 = Mandar Pilwalkar, Radhika Nandey
| length5 = 1:43
}}

== Critical response ==
Ananya film received positive reviews from critics. A reviewer of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "Hruta Durgule’s performance is praiseworthy. Her portrayal of Ananya’s silent frustration will grip you to your core. Amey Wagh comes in as a chaotic character that induces a bit of levity into the story".<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |title= Ananya Movie Review : Hruta Durgule shines in this film with a big heart |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/ananya/movie-review/93053715.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213054607/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/ananya/movie-review/93053715.cms |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref> Salonee Mistry of ''[[Pune Mirror]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote "the film makes you smile, cry and feel proud of Ananya. A film that connects with you this well doesn’t get made every day".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2022 |title= NOW SHOWING: A unique, inspiring story of willpower |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/film-reviews/NOW-SHOWING-A-unique-inspiring-story-of-willpower/cid8093933.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213055145/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://punemirror.com/entertainment/film-reviews/NOW-SHOWING-A-unique-inspiring-story-of-willpower/cid8093933.htm |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website= [[Pune Mirror]] |language=English
}}</ref> Suyog Zore of Cinestaan.com gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote "Overall, Ananya is a well-made drama about the girl's struggle to overcome her physical disability with courage and determination".<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |title= Ananya review: Riveting saga about overcoming adversity |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/ananya-42068 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213055655/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/ananya-42068 |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website= Cinestaan.com |language=English
}}</ref> Reshma Raikwar of ''[[Loksatta]]'' says "On the strength of good production values, story-direction, good acting, background music, 'Ananya' has been successful in portraying a story of stubborn stubbornness effectively".<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |title= Ananya Movie Review : एका जिद्दीची कहाणी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/ananya-marathi-movie-review-by-reshma-raikwar-zws-70-3036807/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213060252/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/ananya-marathi-movie-review-by-reshma-raikwar-zws-70-3036807/lite/ |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> KalpeshRaj Kubal of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and Wrote "A discerning viewer will not fail to feel this 'exclusive general interest'. And for those who just want to be entertained, the movie has drama and comedy".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2022 |title= अनन्या |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ananya/amp_moviereview/93023336.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213060900/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ananya/amp_moviereview/93023336.cms |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> Vinod Ghatge of ''[[ABP Majha]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and Wrote "There is no doubt that 'Ananya' as a movie will surely give you the experience of watching something nice, positive and cool".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2022 |title= Ananya Movie Review : सकारात्मकता पेरणारी 'अनन्या' |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-review-by-vinod-ghatge-on-ananya-marathi-movie-1082682 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213061529/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://marathi.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-review-by-vinod-ghatge-on-ananya-marathi-movie-1082682 |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website= [[ABP Majha]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Kendriya Vidyalaya Hebbal, Bengaluru

2026-02-21T04:57:05Z

Serzeqy: Added the data basic info!

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Kendriya Vidyalaya Hebbal
| native_name =
| latin_name =
| logo =
| seal_image =
| image = KVH Campus.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = KV Hebbal campus
| motto = Tattvaṃ Pūṣanapāvṛṇu {{langx|sa|तत्त्वं पूषनपावृणु}}
| motto_translation = "The face of Truth is covered by a golden vessel, Remove Thou, O Sun, that covering, for the law of Truth to behold."
| location = Sadashivanagar Post, Bangalore, Karnataka
| address =
| region = [[South India]]
| city = [[Bangalore]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13|0|56|N|77|34|33|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| schooltype = ([[Defense (military)|Defense]])<ref>{{cite web|url= http://kvsrobgr.org/dir.htm|title= DIRECTORY OF KVs IN BANGALORE REGION|publisher= Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan|location= Bangalore, India|access-date= September 28, 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130609172051/http://kvsrobgr.org/dir.htm|archive-date= 9 June 2013|url-status= dead}}</ref>
| type = [[Government|Central Government]]
| established = 1 September 1965
| sister_school = All [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]]s across [[India]]
| authority = [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)]]
| chairman = <ref>{{cite web|title=DIRECTORY OF CHAIRMAN IN KVs of BANGALORE REGION|url=http://kvsrobgr.org/chair.htm|publisher=KVS Bangalore Region|access-date=28 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903083158/http://www.kvsrobgr.org/chair.htm|archive-date=3 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| principal = Vinayak <ref>{{cite web | url=http://kvsrobgr.org/chair.htm | title=Directory of Principals of KVs in Bangalore Region | publisher=KVS, Bangalore Region | access-date=September 28, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903083158/http://www.kvsrobgr.org/chair.htm | archive-date=3 September 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| headmistress = Mrs.Anusuya Shrivastava <ref name="bare_url">{{cite web | url=http://kvhebbal.org/staff.html | title=KV Hebbal Staff list | publisher=KV Hebbal, Bangalore | access-date=September 28, 2011 | archive-date=2 May 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502103437/http://kvhebbal.org/staff.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| staff = 85<ref name="bare_url" />
| teaching_staff = 100 73<ref name="bare_url" />
| enrollment = 3600
| ratio = 36:1<ref name="bare_url_a">{{cite web | url=http://kvhebbal.org/ict.html | title=ICT (Infrastructure) | publisher=KV Hebbal, Bangalore | access-date=September 28, 2011 | archive-date=27 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727011432/http://kvhebbal.org/ict.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| language = [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]]
| classrooms = 57<ref name="bare_url_a" />
| campuses =
| area =
| houses = Shivaji, Tagore, Ashoka, Raman, Subhash [Former]
| colours = Blue, orange, green, yellow and red {{color box|blue}}{{color box|orange}}{{color box|green}}{{color box|yellow}}{{color box|red}}
| slogan = ''"Vidya Sarvatra Shobhate"''
| song = ''"Bharat Ka Svarnim Gaurav Kendriya Vidyalaya Layega"''
| fight_song =
| athletics = [[Long jump]], [[high jump]], [[Shot Put]], [[Javelin throw]]
| athletic_conference =
| sports = [[Association football|Football]], [[cricket]], [[volleyball]], [[basketball]], [[Team handball|handball]], [[table tennis]], [[throwball]], [[field hockey|hockey]], [[kabaddi]], and [[kho kho]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://kvhebbal.org/gamesandsports.html | title=KVH Games and Sports list | publisher=KV Hebbal, Bangalore | access-date=September 28, 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| mascot =
| nickname =
| team_name =
| rival =
| accreditation = [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]], QCI<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.3dsyndication.com/dna/article/DNBAN10232 |title=KV Hebbal's credentials endorsed by quality certificate - DNA - English News & Features - Education & Careers |publisher=3dsyndication.com|access-date=2011-10-29}}</ref>
| USNWR_ranking =
| national_ranking =
| publication = 30<ref name="bare_url_b">{{cite web | url=http://kvhebbal.org/gamesandsports.html | title=Facilities | publisher=KV Hebbal, Bangalore | access-date=September 28, 2011 | archive-date=2 May 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502103411/http://kvhebbal.org/gamesandsports.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| budget =
| fees = ₹ 2400<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kvsangathan.nic.in/FeeStructure.aspx |title=Kendriaya Vidyalaya Sangathan |publisher=Kvsangathan.nic.in |access-date=2011-10-29}}</ref>
| revenue =
| communities =
| graduates =
| affiliations = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.educationbangalore.com/schools/nos_schools.shtml |title=List and Details of All CBSE Schools in Bangalore : EducationBangalore.com Special Section on Nursary, Montessori, S jobs offered as school cleanerecondary, High school, CBSE, ICSE, SSLC - State Syllabus, IGCSE, ICE, International, Residential, Public Schools and Convents etc |publisher=Educationbangalore.com |access-date=2011-10-29}}</ref>
| alumni = Kendriya Vidyalaya Hebbal Alumni Association<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kvhebbal.org/alumni.html |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya |publisher=Kvhebbal.org |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727010946/http://kvhebbal.org/alumni.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| nobel_laureates =
| information =
| website = {{URL|https://hebbalbangalore.kvs.ac.in/}}
| footnotes =
| picture_caption2 =
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]](CBSE), [[Kendriya Vidyalaya|KVS]]
| postal_code = 560080
| enrollment_as_of = 31-8-2011<ref>{{cite web | url=http://kvhebbal.org/enrolment.html | title=Enrollment List | publisher=KV Hebbal, Bangalore | access-date=September 28, 2011 | archive-date=2 May 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502103405/http://kvhebbal.org/enrolment.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| campus_size = ~{{convert|15|acre|m2|adj=on}}
| campus_type = [[Co-educational]]
| campus_Bound =
| mascot image =
| vision =
| free_label = Highest grade
| free_text = XII ([[Science]] and [[Commerce]])
| free_label2 = Library volume
| free_text2 = ~20,000<ref name="bare_url_b" />
| products =
| endowment =
| tuition =
| other_names = KVH
| feeder_schools =
| feeder_to =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

'''Kendriya Vidyalaya Hebbal''', is a [[school]] in [[Bangalore]] and part of the [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]] in [[India]]. It was started in 1965. The school is affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kvhebbal.org/cbseaffiliations.html |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya |publisher=Kvhebbal.org |access-date=2011-10-29 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The school has classes from I to XII with an enrollment of 2800.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kvhebbal.org/enrolment.html |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya |publisher=Kvhebbal.org |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502103405/http://kvhebbal.org/enrolment.html |archive-date=2 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It has maintained a 100% pass percentage record in class X for seven consecutive years.<ref name="kvhebbal">{{cite web |url=http://www.kvhebbal.org/results.html |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya |publisher=Kvhebbal.org |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828210340/http://kvhebbal.org/results.html |archive-date=28 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Apart from academics, the school encourages students to participate in extra-curricular activities, competitions and games and sports events organized by the [[Kendriya Vidyalaya|KV Sangathan]] and other schools at national level.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kvhebbal.org/gamesandsports.html |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya |publisher=Kvhebbal.org |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502103411/http://kvhebbal.org/gamesandsports.html |archive-date=2 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

KVH is also one of the few schools in [[India]] to get accredited by the Quality Council of India (QCI) and the National Accreditation Board for Education and Training (NABET). It has signed an [[MoU]] with QCI for promoting quality education in [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]]s across [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/academy/report_kv-hebbals-credentials-endorsed-by-quality-certificate_1270986 |title=KV Hebbal's credentials endorsed by quality certificate - Academy - DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=2009-07-04 |access-date=2011-10-29}}</ref>

== Campus ==
The school won the [[Lal Bagh|Lal Bagh Botanical Garden]] award for the best garden for six consecutive years.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} There are trees and flowering plants all around the campus. The main building of the school is a large open-centered [[pentagon]]. At the center of the pentagon is an assembly ground.

[[Rain water harvesting]] is practiced in campus. The campus has staff quarters and a play area to accommodate the faculty and their families.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.schools.indiawaterportal.org/node/516 |title=Presentation On Water KV Hebbal | Schools Water Portal |publisher=Schools.indiawaterportal.org |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413001815/http://www.schools.indiawaterportal.org/node/516 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

KVH is one of the few chosen [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]]s to have upgraded to [[Electronic Classroom of Tomorrow|E-Classroom]] and [[e-Learning]] teaching process with the implementation of [[Smart Board]]s in the classrooms.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Kendriya-Vidyalaya-classrooms-to-go-hi-tech/articleshow/10071316.cms |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya classrooms to go hi-tech |work=The Times of India |date=2011-09-22 |access-date=2011-10-29}}</ref>

== Faculty ==
The school has 73 teaching staff members, in three categories: post-graduate teachers (PGTs), trained graduate teachers (TGTs) and primary teachers (PRTs).<ref name="bare_url" />

== Student activities ==
The school encourages the students to take part in national level competitions and examinations to increase their exposure and also conducts workshops to update the students with information in the fields of [[Science education|Science]], [[Humanities]] and [[Commerce]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date= 29 October 2011 |url=http://schools.papyrusclubs.com/kvclri/events/inmo-camp |title=The INMO Camp - Events | Kendriya Vidyalaya - CLRI Online Campus Newspaper | PRAIRIE - PapyrusClubs |publisher=Schools.papyrusclubs.com |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817085430/http://schools.papyrusclubs.com/kvclri/events/inmo-camp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-10/bangalore/28068021_1_judges-schools-kendriya-vidyalaya |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928221301/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-10/bangalore/28068021_1_judges-schools-kendriya-vidyalaya |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-09-28 |title=22nd Regional Youth Parliament Competition |date= 2009-09-10|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2011-10-29}}</ref>

A few student activities are listed below :<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kvhebbal.org/aboutus.html |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya |publisher=Kvhebbal.org |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-date=28 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828132509/http://kvhebbal.org/aboutus.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Educational Trips
* Green Olympiad
* [[International Mathematical Olympiad|Mathematics Olympiad]]
* National Level Essay and Painting Competitions
* National Talent Search Exam
* Scouting activities
* Think Quest
* Youth Parliament
* National Cyber Olympiad
* National Science Olympiad
* International Mathematics Olympiad
Mock parliament sessions
British council incentives

For CCA activities and house contests, the students are placed into four houses: Shivaji (red), Tagore (green), Ashoka (yellow) and Raman (blue). Earlier, there used to be five houses, the fifth one being Subhash with house colour orange.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

== Campus learning aids and facilities ==
Campus learning facilities are listed below :<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kvhebbal.org/ict.html |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya |publisher=Kvmuzaffarpur.org |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727011432/http://kvhebbal.org/ict.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 4 Mbit/s campus broadband access.
* Art Room.
*Atal Tinkering Lab.
* Audio Visual Room with [[overhead projector]], [[LCD projector]]s and [[Smart Board]]s.
* Computer labs (two).
* [[Intel]] Technology Aided Learning (TAL) Project.
* Junior Science Lab (one) for classes taught by science TGTs.
* Library of 20,000 volumes of books and 30 national and international publications.
* Resources Rooms (two), for primary and secondary students.
* Science Labs (three) for secondary and higher students.
* Sports Room, Music Room and Dance Room.
* Student Activity Room with recreational facilities.

== Sports activities ==
{{Infobox anthem
| title = दया कर दान
| transcription =
| english_title = Daya Kar Daan (KVH Morning Prayer)
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| prefix =
| country =
| author =
| composer =
| lyrics_date =
| music_date =
| adopted =
| sound =
KV Morning Prayer- Daya kar daan.ogg
| sound_title = KV Hebbal Morning Prayer- ''Daya Kar Daan''
}}

The school organises a sports day annually in which the Houses take part in intra-school sports events.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2010/01/26/stories/2010012650680400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110171755/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2010/01/26/stories/2010012650680400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-10 |title=Young World / School Notes : Kendriya Vidyalaya (KV), Hebbal |date=2010-01-26 |access-date=2011-10-29 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
The school has won many trophies in [[Association football|Football]], [[Cricket]], [[Athletics (sport)|Athletics]] and other games at the [[regional]] and [[nation]]al levels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/23430/shobham-utkarsh-spur-kv-hebbal.html |title=Shobham, Utkarsh spur KV, Hebbal to smooth win |publisher=Deccanherald.com |date=2009-09-04 |access-date=2011-10-29}}</ref>

The school consists of three [[Parks|Children Parks]] which provide recreation to the primary students.

KVH is equipped with sports facilities which are shown in the table below :<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kvhebbal.org/facilities.html |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya |publisher=Kvhebbal.org |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502102702/http://kvhebbal.org/facilities.html |archive-date=2 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sports/games !! Infrastructure !! Number
|-
|[[Basketball]] || Court || 1
|-
| [[Cricket]]|| Ground || 1
|-
|[[Association football|Football]]|| [[Playing field|Field]] || 2
|-
|[[team handball|Handball]] || Court || 1
|-
| [[High jump]] || Pit ||1
|-
|[[Long jump]] || Pit ||1
|-
|[[Table tennis]] || Tables || 2
|-
|[[Throwball]] || [[Arena|Throw arena]] || 1
|-
|[[Volleyball]] ||Court || 3
|-
|[[Kabaddi]]
|Court
|2
|-
|[[Kho kho|Kho Kho]]
|Court
|2
|}

== Alumni ==
The school has an [[alumni association]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kvhalumni.com |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya Alumni Association|publisher=kvhalumni.com |access-date=2014-03-18}}</ref> that meets annually in the school campus on the eve of the [[Indian Independence Day]].

== Gallery ==

<gallery mode=packed>
File:KVH Campus.jpg|KV [[Hebbal, Bangalore|Hebbal]] Campus
File:KVH Assembly view.jpg|Assembly ground
</gallery>

== See also ==

{{Portal|Schools}}
* [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]]
* [[List of Kendriya Vidyalayas]]
* [[NCERT]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Kendriya Vidyalaya Hebbal}}
*[http://kvsangathan.nic.in/ Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]
*[http://kvsrobgr.org/ KV Regional Office Bangalore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930141310/http://kvsrobgr.org/ |date=30 September 2011 }}
* {{Official website|http://kvhebbal.org/}}
*[http://www.sakshat.ac.in/ Sakshat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501035355/http://www.sakshat.ac.in/ |date=1 May 2011 }}
*{{Official website|http://mhrd.gov.in/|name=Ministry of HRD}}

{{Bangalore topics}}

[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalayas in Bengaluru]]

Alavi Bohras

2026-02-18T12:38:16Z

Serzeqy: added the post initial version.

{{Short description|Muslim community from Gujarat, India}}
{{distinguish|Alevi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Alavi Bohras
| flag = Jamaat alaviyah.png
| caption = Entrance of the [[Aqmar Mosque|Jaame' al-Aqmar]], Mosque of 20th Fatimid Imam [[Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah]], [[Cairo]]
| poptime =
| popplace =
| regions = [[India]]
| region1 =
| pop1 =
| ref1 =
| region2 =
| pop2 =
| ref2 =
| langs = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Classical Arabic]] (liturgical), [[English language|English]] ([[Indian English|Indian dialect]]), [[Urdu]]
| rels = [[Tayyibi Isma'ilism]]
| related = Yemeni [[Sulaymani]], other [[:Category:Bohra|Bohras]], [[Gujarati Muslims]]
}}
{{Ismailis|Isma'ili Concepts and Leaders}}
The '''Alavi Bohras''' are a [[Tayyibi Isma'ilism|Tayyibi]] [[Musta'li Ismailism|Musta'lavi]] [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili]] [[Shia Islam|Shi'i]] [[Islam|Muslim]] community from [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Modern History of the Ismailis: Continuity and Change in a Muslim Community|last=Daftary|first=Farhad|publisher=I.B.Tauris and The Institute of Ismaili Studies|year=2011|isbn=978-1-84511-7177|location=London|pages=355}}</ref> In India, during the time of the 18th [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] [[Imamate in Ismaili doctrine|Imam]] [[Al-Mustansir Billah]] around 1093 AD in Egypt, the designated learned people (''wulaat'') who were sent from [[Yemen]] by missionaries (''du'aat'') under the guidance of the imam established a ''[[dawah|da'wah]]'' in [[Khambhat]] (Gujarat, India).

After the division of the Musta'lid community,<ref name=":18">{{Cite book|title=The Fatimids and their Traditions of Learning|last=Halm|first=Heinz|publisher=I B Tauris|year=2001|isbn=1-86064-313-2|location=New York|pages=17, 18, 19, 82}}</ref> the Yemenite Da'wah followed their 21st imam, the son of 20th Imam [[Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah]] in the succession of Fatimid Imams of Egypt, [[At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alavibohra.org/imam%20taiyeb%20history.htm|title=Imam|last=Abul Qaasim|first=Taiyeb|date=2008-03-14}}</ref> as their Imam of seclusion, and the Bohras are the modern descendants of [[Tayyibi Isma'ilism|Tayyibi]] Da'wah established from Khambhat, Patan and Sidhpur in the 5th century Hijri and also the immigrants from Yemeni Tayyibi Da'wah.

Subsequently, splits occurred at various instances in the mainstream Bohra community regarding the spiritual appointment in the succession of the representative of the Imam us Satr or Da’i in [[Ahmedabad]] between 1422 and 1640 AD. Two major splits during this period resulted in the formation of three major groups of Bohras: Alavis,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alavibohra.org/|title=Welcome to the Official Website of Shi'a Isma'ili Musta'alavi Taiyebi Alavi Bohras - Home page|website=alavibohra.org|accessdate=16 April 2023}}</ref> [[Dawoodi Bohra|Dawoodis]] and [[Sulaymani]]s.

==History==
After the death of the legatee of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], [[Ali]] in 40 AH, his son [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] became the first Imam and this institution of Imamat i.e. succession of al-A'immat al-Faatemiyeen-الائمۃ الفاطمیین<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alavi Bohras - History - FAATIMI A'IMMAT-E- MA'SUMEEN (A.S. )|url=http://alavibohra.org/THE%20SUCCESSION%20OF%20THE%20FATIMI.htm|access-date=2020-12-29|website=alavibohra.org}}</ref> continued from father to son till the 21st Imam. This 21st Fatimid Imam [[At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim]]<ref>The succession of the Fatimd Imam al-Amir; by: S M Stern;p.195-230</ref> went into seclusion from Egypt in 528 AH, in Yemen under the guidance of [[Arwa al-Sulayhi|Al-Hurrah Al-Malikah Arwa bint Ahmad]]<ref>The last hujjat of the Manifest Imam (Imam e Zaahir) 21st Fatimid Imam Abu'l-Qasim At-Tayyib in Yemen organizing Da'wah activities after the seclusion of Imam in 528 AH from Cairo</ref> from 532 AH, one ''da'i'' succeeded another through the tradition of ''nass'': the exclusive spiritual appointment, until the 23rd Da'i i.e. from 1st Da'i [[Dhu'ayb ibn Musa|Zoeb bin Saiyedi Moosa]] till 23rd Da'i [[Muhammad Izz al-Din I|Mohammad Izzuddin]]. In Sindh and India too Wali-ul-Hind ولي الھند were appointed by these Du'aat دعاۃ one after another until Wali-ul-Hind Ja'far, Abd ul Wahab and Qasim Khan bin Hasan (11th and last Wali-ul-Hind, d.950AH, [[Ahmedabad]]). The last three wali were of great help in the era of the 21st to 24th Da'i i.e. [[Al-Husayn Husam al-Din|Husamuddin]] (921–932 AH), [[Ali Shams al-Din III|Shamsuddin]] (933 AH), [[Muhammad Izz al-Din I|Izzuddin]] (933–946 AH) and [[Yusuf Najmuddin I|Najmuddin]] (946–974 AH). It was during this time when the seat of Da'wat e Haadiyah was transferred to India from Yemen, that the 23rd Da'i ul-Mutlaq الداعي المطلق [[Muhammad Izz al-Din I]] performed Nass (transfer of authority) on [[Yusuf Najmuddin I]] in [[Siddhpur|Sidhpur]], Gujarat, India.

Due to constant harassment and persecution by the local [[Zaidiyyah|Zaydi Shi'a]] ruler in Yemen, the 24th Da'i, [[Yusuf Najmuddin I]] (d.1567 AD), shifted the whole administration of the Da'wat Haadiyah (rightly guided mission) to India but continued to live in Yemen in the last years of his tenure and died there in Taibah. See [[Al-Mutahhar]] for further information. The 25th Da'i [[Jalal Shamshuddin bin Hasan]] (d.1567 AD) was first Da'i to die in India and he was torch-bearer in establishing the representation (نیابۃ) of the Imam of the Time (امام الزمان) from the progeny of Muhammad though he stayed for only 4 months on the Seat of Da'wat (عرش الدعوۃ); his mausoleum is in [[Ahmedabad]], India. As mentioned his tenure as a Da'i al-Mutlaq was very short but he played a pivotal role as one of the most trusted person from Hudood and as a Mazoon during the period of 23rd and 24th Da'i.

Following the death of the 26th Da'i [[Dawood Bin Ajabshah|Dawoodji Burhanuddin bin Saiyedi Ajabshah]] in 997AH/1591AD in Ahmedabad, there was a dispute as to who was to succeed him. [[Sulayman bin Hassan]], the grandson of 24th Da'i [[Yusuf Najmuddin I]], was wali in Yemen and claimed the succession, supported by the other Yemeni Bohra. However, the Indian Bohra denied his claim of nass, declaring supporting documentation to be forged. The two factions separated, with the followers of Sulayman becoming the [[Sulaymani]]s, and the followers of 27th Da'i [[Dawood Bin Qutubshah|Dawoodji Burhanuddin bin Qutubshah]] becoming the Dawoodi Bohra.<ref name=":20">{{Cite book|last=Delia|first=Cortese|title=Arabic Ismaili Manuscripts - Zahid Ali's Collection|publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. & IIS|year=2003|isbn=186064-860-6|location=London|pages=7, 9}}</ref>

After the death of the 28th Da'i, [[Sheikh Adam Safiuddin]], in 1030 AH/1621 AD, a small faction of Alavi Bohra in Ahmedabad recognized his grandson Ali bin Ibrahim<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alavibohra.org/haqqaaniyat%20of%20maulaa%20ali%20saheb%20from%20dawat%20mss.htm|title=Saiyedna Ali|last=Shaheed Aazam|first=29th Alavi Da'i|date=2014-08-25}}</ref> (1046 AH/ 1637 AD) who was Mazoon, Mansoos and treasurer of Kutub e Da'wat, as his successor and got separated in 1030 AH from the majority Dawoodi Bohra who believed in [[Abduttayyeb Zakiuddin I]],<ref name=":21" /> and Alavi Bohras<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Daftary|first=Farhad|title=The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines|publisher=Cambridge University Press & Institute of Isma'ili Studies|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-61636-2|location=UK|pages=218, 238–239, 261–264, 276, 277, 515, 522}}</ref> followed a separate line of Du'aat residing mainly in [[Vadodara]] (Gujarat, India) where they have their own locality.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Muslim Communities in Gujarat|last=Misra|first=Satish C|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd|year=1985|location=New Delhi|pages=73}}</ref> Ali was supported by his uncle and secured very few followers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Shi'a of India|last=Hollister|first=John Norman|publisher=Oriental Books Reprint Corporation|year=1979|location=New Delhi|pages=277}}</ref> Ali never carried his protest to the court of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Jahangir]] to declare him as a legitimate Da'i. Unverified accounts of this episode could be found in many publications. But Ali ordered his associate Hasan Badruddin in 1031 AH/1622 AD to go to the Mughal court in Lahore to meet Jahangir to complain on his behalf about the atrocities meted upon Alavis in Ahmedabad by their opponents. The help came and the lives of Alavis became better than before.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Diwaan e Hasan|last=Badruddin|first=Hasan bin Wali|year=1669|location=Ahmedabad|pages=99}}</ref> This relief was short-lived and again the harassment sprung up more fiercely. Hasan Badruddin went again to Lahore for the same reason and then traveled to Kashmir to meet Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] in 1046 AH/1637 AD, the year of Ali's death. Hasan Badruddin was not present at the time of the burial of Ali.<ref>''Diwaan-e-Shams'': 37th Da’i-e-Mutlaq Shaikhali Shamsuddin bin Hameeduddin (d. 1248 AH/1833 AD)</ref>

Ali, the 29th Alavi Da'i was born in the walled city of Vadodara in Fakhri Mohalla, when 27th Da'i [[Dawood Bin Qutubshah|Dawoodji bin Saiyedi Qutubshah]] was alive in Ahmedabad. His father Ibrahim died during his childhood. He was [[Hafiz (Quran)|Hafiz ul-Qur'an]] in a tender age and when his grandfather 28th Da'i Sheikh Adam Safiuddin brought him to Ahmedabad for further studies in Uloom-e-Da'wat in the Majlis of 27th Da'i, by seeing face of Ali, 27th Da'i gave glad-tidings بشارۃ to 28th Da'i that, "This son will become the Light of your Eyes, so educate him as he is going to become the man of great acclaim"

Holding that the era of [[Muhammad]] had come to an end, a group of Alavi Bohras seceded in 1178 AH/1764 AD during the da'iship of 36th Da'i Shamsuddin Hameeduddin in [[Vadodara]]. Because of their abstention from eating meat they were called Nagoshias (non meat eaters). They followed their separate line of leaders for the next 100 years. In 1310 AH/1892 AD, 41st Alavi Da'i Jivabhai Fakhruddin summoned their elders and after explaining them the realities of [[Sharia|Shari'at]] he respectfully accepted them and took them into the fold of Alavi Bohras.<ref name=":10" />

==Meaning and origin of Bohras==
In India, during the time of the 18th Fatimid Imam, [[Al-Mustansir Billah]] around 486 AH/1093 AD, the designated learned people ''(wulaat -'' ولاۃ) who were sent from '''Yemen''' by the celebrated missionaries (''du'aat ul-balaagh''<ref name=":3" /> – دعاۃ البلاغ) under the guidance of the manifest ''Imam'' (as opposed to the imam of the time of seclusion) established the foundation of Isma'ili-Tayyibi Da'wat<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Creed of the Fatimids|last=W|first=Ivanow|year=1936|location=Bombay|pages=13–17}}</ref> in the region of '''[[Gujarat]]''' (Cambay or [[Khambhat]]). It was the result of their perseverance and efforts that people started believing and accepting the Isma'ili-Tayyibi principles and gradually the mission of Yemen gave birth to a new community in India – '''[[Fatimid Caliphate|The Bohras]]'''.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=Blois|first=Francois de|title=Arabic, Persian and Gujarati Manuscripts|publisher=I.B. Tauris & IIS|year=2011|isbn=978-1-84885-764-3|location=London|pages=xvi}}</ref> The succession of those designated learned people who worked as deputies of the missionaries of Yemen came to be known as '''''Wulaat ul-Hind'''''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alavi Bohras - History - Wulaat ul-Hind - Mawaali-e-Taahereen of India|url=http://alavibohra.org/wulaat%20ul-hind.htm|access-date=2020-12-29|website=alavibohra.org}}</ref> in India. They were all in close contact with the spiritual authority of Yemen i.e. the ''[[Da'i al-Mutlaq]]'' after the seclusion of the 21st Imam, [[At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim]] from Egypt.

In [[Ahmedabad]] between 825 and 1050 AH/1422-1640 AD the mainstream Bohra community got divided into 3 major groups. Among them, Alavi Bohras, who are mainly traders and merchants, are patriotic, peace-loving and harmonious people. The word ‘Bohra-بھرۃ or Vohra or Vohorwu or Vyavahar' itself indicates maintaining healthy relations and is derived from the Gujarati word ‘vohorvu’ or ‘vyavahar’, which means '''"to trade"'''.<ref name=":21" /> Secondly its name reflects the characteristic of "''al-Jamaa'at ul-Baaherah'' – الجماعۃ الباھرۃ" meaning the extraordinary brilliant community with full of life and love. Their cultural and social upbringing is such that the values of peace and prosperity are in their blood and they do not believe in '''social discord or religious conflicts'''. Some of the groups or clans of [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]] in Gujarat who also are traders and do not belong to the mainstream Bohras<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines|last=Daftary|first=Farhad|publisher=Cambridge University Press & Institute of Isma'ili Studies|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-61636-2|location=UK|pages=276}}</ref> have adopted the name of Vohra or Vora, owing to the fame and respect of the "Bohra" name. But they do not follow the basic doctrines and customs of the Isma'ili-Tayyibi Bohras. The early Indian converts of the 11th century AD during the reign of 18th Fatimid Imam [[Al-Mustansir Billah]] consisted of a single group of '''[[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili]]''' Bohras owing allegiance to the missionaries (''du'aat ul-balaagh''<ref name=":3" />) who conveyed spiritual orders of manifest ''Imam'' (''imaam-e-zaahir'') to common believers in Yemen and India.

== Certain Isma'ili Tayyibi terminology ==

=== Spiritual mission ===
* دعوۃ – Da’wat<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|title=A Modern History of the Isma'ilis|last=Daftary|first=Farhad|publisher=I B Tauris Publishers & IIS|year=2011|isbn=978-1-84511-7177|location=New York|pages=360}}</ref> is a call, mission, invitation or summons related to divinity or spirituality towards the unity and oneness of [[Allah]]. The mission is of Truth and the truth could never be separated from the Almighty (''al-Qur'an'' ch.13 v.14). It existed before this material world and will be there after its annihilation. It is the Mission of Truth, the Bridge towards Salvation, an Arc of Guidance, the Light showing the Point of Return, the Way to Heavens, the Proof of [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Imamat-امامۃ]] and an institution to attain ranks as per the deeds. It also refers to the hierarchy of ranks (hudood<ref name=":5">Hudood: 24 Spiritual Ranks governed by the head-Ra's under the supervision of Mukaasir e Mutlaq</ref>-حدود)<ref name=":21">{{Cite book|last=Poonawala|first=Ismail K|title=Biobibliography of Isma'ili Literature|publisher=Undena Publications|year=1977|isbn=0890030057|location=California|pages=10, 12, 13, 19, 375}}</ref> within the rightly guided religious organization called ad-Da’wat ul-Haadiyah-الدعوۃ الھادیۃ. The one who calls is called Da’i-داعي or Haadi-ھادي (missionary or guide) who is divinely appointed by his predecessor. Everyone who heads Da’wat right from the first prophet [[Adam in Islam|Adam]] until [[Muhammad]], his [[Ahl al-Bayt|progeny]] and their deputies are called Da’i with the same aim, guidance and directives. [[Divine call|Da’wat]] is for Unity and Peace. Outwardly it is in the form of Islam and inwardly it is Imaan-ایمان (faith). Today, [[Haatim Zakiyuddin|45th Da’i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna saheb]] is the deputy of the Da’wat of Imaam uz Zamaan-امام الزمان, the hidden imaam from the lineage of [[At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim|21st Imam Abul Qasim At-Tayyib]].
<blockquote>The Da'wat<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines|last=Daftary|first=Farhad|publisher=Cambridge University Press & IIS|year=2007|isbn=9780521616362|location=New York|pages=217, 515}}</ref> is organized hierarchically, in line with the particular importance accorded to hierarchism and step by step designation in Fatimid [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili thought]] carried forward in its Tayyibi branch in Yemen and India called as Tayyibi Isma'ilism, continuing down to the present time.<ref name=":4" /> Indeed, there is a close analogy between the terrestrial hierarchy of the Fatimid Da'wat organization with its highest ranks of Naatiq (''Nabi'', prophet), Asaas (''Wasi'', vicegerent) and Imam, and the celestial or cosmological hierarchy developed during the period of the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] and strictly followed by the missionaries in India today.</blockquote>

=== Designating a person on a spiritual rank ===
* نص – Nass: It is an explicit, clear and specific declaration and designation through [[Spirituality|Divine Indication]] and Spiritual Intervention-تأئید إلھي for the appointment of a successor-منصوص, be it an Imam or his deputy-داعي during Imam's concealment by his predecessor-ناص amongst his subjects, publicly-نص جلي or privately نص خفي and at times supported by written documentary orders-سجل شریف. This tradition and practice-سنۃ اللہ is related to the Isma’ili Taiyebi succession to the seat of Imaamat, whereby each Imam under hidden heavenly commands designates his successor, when he witnesses the [[Imamate in Ismaili doctrine|Light of Imaamat]]-نور الإمامۃ has got transferred to one of his sons whom he selects for Nass. During the seclusion of Imam, his deputy-Da’i performs this act of succession whom he finds eligible for the status of Da’i. He might not be from his sons, unlike the succession of Imam where an Imam always appoints his successor from one of his sons. The succession of Imaamat has begun from the [[Adam in Islam|Adam Safiyullaah]]-آدم صفي اللہ and will continue till the last day when [[Islamic eschatology|Qaa’im ul Qeyaamah]]-قائم القیامۃ will act as the final authority on the Day of Judgement.

=== Da'i al-Mutlaq ===
[[File:Alavi Bohras-Saiyedna saheb aqaa maulaa.jpg|thumb|The 45th Da'i al-Mutlaq, [[Haatim Zakiyuddin]]]]
* الداعي المطلق، داعي المطلق – ad-Da'i ul-Mutlaq or Da'i al-Mutlaq: It is the spiritual rank in [[Tayyibi Isma'ilism|Isma'ili Tayyibi Da'wah]] which became more explicit and operational after the seclusion of 21st Fatimid Imam of Cairo, [[At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim]] in 528 AH/1134 AD. After Muhammad this rank is on the 6th position and after this comes Mazoon-مأذون and Mukaasir-مکاسر. Before the seclusion, the Da’i or a missionary used to work under the direct orders of an Imam and his trusted associates in all the 12 islands-جزائر where faithful were present and living either openly propounding their faith or secretly due to the fear of their lives. In Yemen, after the seclusion of an Imam, Da’i was given Itlaaq-إطلاق or a free conduct and absolute religious and social authority<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":22" /> but under the governing principles of Isma'ili Tayyibi Faith. His command is now regarded as a final decree guided by the divine support-الهام of Imam and this is the reason he is called [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]]. After the death of 20th Fatimid Imam [[Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah]] (d. 526 AH/1132 AD), his hujjat<ref>A high rank in Isma'ili Tayyibi Da'wah working as a representative of an Imam in different Jazirah (island, specific type of territory)</ref> in Yemen [[Arwa al-Sulayhi|al-Hurrah al-Malekah]] (d. 532 AH/1138 AD) appointed the first Da'i al-Mutlaq [[Dhu'ayb ibn Musa|Zo'eb bin Moosa al-Waade’i]]. From this time onwards 532 AH/1138 AD the headquarters of Tayyibi Isma'ilism was established in Yemen where the development of Tayyibi Da'wah came under the powerful leadership of Da'i al-Mutlaq.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":21" /> The Musta'lavi Tayyibi Da'is of Yemen and their aides were accredited and responsible for maintaining the high standards of the Fatimid literary tradition.<ref name=":20" /> Da'i is considered "like infallible"-كالمعصوم as he is not self-proclaimed head of the community but he is only acting as a legatee to Imam. He is not an Imam but enjoying all powers that an Imam holds under the capacity of [[Imamate|Imamat]].
<blockquote>Unlike the case of Imam, where he appoints his successor only from his sons through divinely guided practice called Nass-نص, the Da’i can appoint anyone in his place who is most trusted, pious and capable of carrying responsibility of Da’wah affairs with wisdom and proficiency.<ref name=":20" /> Once a Da'i propagates Nass to a person or appoints his successor it could not be reverted. [[Haatim Zakiyuddin]] is the 45th Da’i al-Mutlaq of Alavi Bohras in the line of succession of these Da’is in which 24 are in [[Yemen]], 7 are in [[Ahmedabad]], 1 is in [[Surat]] and 12 are in [[Vadodara]]. Followers call him with honorific title of "Saiyedna saheb", "Aqaa Maulaa" or "Bawa saheb".<ref name=":10" /></blockquote>

=== Mazoon al-Mutlaq ===
* المأذون المطلق – al-Mazoon al-Mutlaq, Mazoon e Mutlaq: The Licentiate, Authoritative Rank, the most trusted associate in Da’wah ranks who takes [[Bayat]] -Pledge of Loyalty from his subjects by the orders of Da’i al-Mutlaq. He is on a Spiritual Rank in the Isma’ili Tayyibi Da’wah hierarchy immediately below the authority of Da’i who sits in his right side and who carries out the religious activities as per the regulations of Da’wah organization. At any cost he always assists and obeys his superior and his Master, the Da’i al-Mutlaq. His prime responsibility is to conduct teaching sessions and make them understand the basic things of Isma’ili Tayyibi faith. In the absence of Da’i he acts as his legatee. Da’i may appoint his Mazoon as his successor. And if not Da’i can appoint someone more learned and efficient for the post of Da’i after him and can never disqualifies Mazoon from his post. As the respectable post of Mazoon is necessary for the completeness of Spiritual Hierarchy. As far as Alavi Da'wah is concerned, from the time of 28th Da'i in Ahmedabad till 45th Da'i in Vadodara, every Mazoon has become Mansoos (successor) of a former Da'i. There exist not a single instance where Mazoon and Mansoos are separate entities. Da'i after examining minutely appoints his Mazoon only when he finds him eligible to be his successor. On the death of Mazoon, Da'i immediately appoints another trusted person on this rank.

=== Mukaasir al-Mutlaq ===
* المکاسر المطلق – al-Mukaasir al-Mutlaq, Mukaasir e Mutlaq – The Eight and the last rank in the Spiritual Hierarchy of the Isma’ili Tayyibism.<ref>A branch of Isma'ilism who believe in the seclusion of Imam At-Tayyib, the son of Fatimid caliph Imam Al-Amir from Cairo in 528/1134 and then began the succession of his representatives from Yemen in 532/1138 known as du'aat e mutlaqeen and majority of them are today known as Bohras</ref> He sits left to the Da’i al-Mutlaq during the religious gathering-Majlis. He is lower to the rank of Mazoon. He is well versed and well informed about the baseless beliefs of other sects for which he thinks as a threat to the faith of believers. His responsibility is to train the beginner – مستجیب مؤمن and win over the neophyte who is little aware of the overall understanding of Islamic Faith and by proper grooming he enters him into the fold of [[Isma'ilism|Isma’ilism]] by taking Oath of Fealty in the name of the present Da’i al-Mutlaq. He is quite expert in putting Rational and Logical arguments with necessary ideological and doctrinal proofs and healthy debates. On the death of Mukaasir, Da'i entrusts this rank to one of his close associates. In some cases, on the death of Mazoon, Da'i elevates Mukaasir to the rank of Mazoon.

=== A Beginner in Isma'ili Tayyibi Faith ===
* مؤمن مستجیب – Mu'min Mustajeeb – A Believer or a Beginner in Isma'ili Tayyibi Faith who pure-heartedly, respectfully, devotionally and uncondionally accepts the guidance from Mukaasir e Mutlaq and gives Oath of Obedience to all the Eight Spiritual Ranks viz. from Mukaasir to Nabi (prophet). After giving oath he initiates his long journey of learning, piety and salvation. With every passing day he only learns and acquires the articles of faith which his Superiors think beneficial for him. As he is a beginner, as per Isma'ili Faith, he cannot doubt or question a little bit on any command of his Masters (صاحب مقام).

=== Salaam and Qadam-bosi ===

[[File:Salaam and qadambosi.jpg|alt=Respect of Saiyedna saheb|thumb|Paying respect by offering Salaam and performing Qadam-bosi to Saiyedna saheb]]

* سلام – Salaam – Salutation, Safety, Greeting, Peace or Respect of a person with Spiritual status or a general believer of ''Da'wat ul-Haqq'' (mission of truth). It is one of the [[Names of God in Islam|beautiful attributes of Allah]] the Almighty. This term is used 19 times in the [[Quran|Qur'an]] and it is equal to the letters if "Bismillaah ir Rahman ir Raheem", the beginning of the Qur'an and the most recited verse in the [[Muslim world|Islamic World]]. The completion of any supplication (''du'aa''-دعاء) is endorsed with the Salaam (''salawaat''-صلوات) on the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophets]] and their households. It also refers to the prescribed [[Zakat|Islamic voluntary or compulsory monetary payments]] done by a believer throughout the year to the [[Da'i al-Mutlaq|Da'i]] (missionary). It is the basic element of [[Adab (Islam)|Islamic etiquette]] and ethics. It is regarded as good practice to start any talk with "as-''salaam''o 'alaykum"-السلام علیکم (peace be upon you). The greeting of the people of Paradise-اھل الجنۃ is Salaam. The faith of [[Islam]] is nothing but ''Salaam''. The core of Islam is to remain in Peace and to make others feel Peace. A believer must do ''salaam & qadam-bosi''-قدم بوسي (to kiss right knee of an Imam) after every prayer (''namaaz''). Salaam is that a believer bows down in front of an Imam then holds his right hand while keeping his right eye first then left eye then forehead and at the end kisses his hand. This he does 2 times. Then at the end kisses his right knee and does request for ''[[Dua|Du'aa]]'' and blessings. This refers to the [[Hadith|Prophetic tradition]] that, "Paradise is underneath the Feet of Mothers," Mothers here means the [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Imam]] or his representative (''da'i'') from the progeny of Muhammad.<blockquote>The Heart of the ''Qur'an'' is its Chapter ''Yaa Seen'' (36). The heart of this chapter is its verse "Peace is the word from a Merciful Lord" (58). The heart of this verse is ''Salaam''. So truly speaking the essence of ''Qur'an'' is Peace. The first sign of hypocrisy and enmity is to stop offering ''Salaam''. </blockquote><blockquote>Prophetic Traditions:<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Light in the Heavens: Sayings of the Prophet Mohammad|last=al-Qadi|first=al-Qudai|publisher=New York University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781479867851|location=New York|pages=4,7,11,16,31,77,83,125,131,141,157}}</ref><ref>This book "Light in the Heavens" has been edited and translated by [[Tahera Qutbuddin]]</ref> 1. Offering the peace-greeting and speaking with kindness will assuredly win God's mercy. 2. Call out the peace greeting and you will know peace. 3. Show concern for your relatives, even with a greeting. 4. The greeting of our people is "Peace", our subject's security. 5. Greet before conversing. </blockquote><blockquote>41st Indian missionary Saiyedna Jivabhai Fakhruddin (d. 1347 AH/1929 AD) says in his poetic verses, "Khuda ne kaha jinko har dam '''Salaam''', Kalaam unka hai goya Haqq ka Kalaam", God has offered '''Salaam''' to the ones whose dialogue and words are the words of Truth (God).</blockquote>[[File:Roots-of-alavi-bohras.jpg|alt=Tree of Spiritual Hierarchy of Alavi Bohras|thumb|7486 years of Spiritual Tree of Alavi Bohras<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis|last=Daftary|first=Farhad|publisher=The Scarecrow Press, Inc.|year=2012|isbn=9780810861640|location=UK|pages=15,31,111,133,151,155,166,202,205}}</ref>|368x368px]]

=== Shajarah ===
* شجرۃ - Shajarah - Tree. Tree means the [[Isma'ilism|spiritual hierarchy]] within the [[Tayyibi Isma'ilism|Tayyibi Da'wat]]. It starts from the first prophet of Islam [[Adam in Islam|Maulaana Adam]] who conveyed the core message of the oneness of Allah till the Last prophet of Islam [[Muhammad|Muhammad al-Mustafa]] who is the Seal of Prophethood. After him his progeny became the guardian of Islam and this will continue till the Last day of Judgement. This holy tree will never die and it will provide the cool shadow of peace and progress to the travellers in this world in the form ''Du'aat''-missionaries.
<blockquote>In [[Quran|Qur'anic verses]] the Holy Tree-شجرۃ طیبۃ is referred to the Light of Allah which means keeping faith in Aal e Muhammad and their ''Da'i'' and this faith gives ''Noor'' to the heart of the faithful (ch. 24 v. 35). This Holy Tree is also related to the Good Utterance-کلمۃ طیبۃ i.e. the Imam from the Pure Progeny-ذریۃ طیبۃ of prophet Muhammad who will remain all the time for the guidance of humanity. The roots of this holy tree is very strong and spread across the land and its branches have gone high in the heavens (ch. 14 v. 24). </blockquote><blockquote>Muhammad says in one of his [[Hadith|Hadees]]: "I am in this world like a traveler who takes a nap in the shade of a tree on a hot day, then continues on his way."<ref name=":6" /> Here, the shade of tree is ''[[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Nubuwat]]'' (prophethood) and the hot day is the world of ignorance. After getting divine attachment one can proceed in his travel and hope for the better [[Hereafter|Hereafter-آخرۃ]]</blockquote><blockquote>Saiyedna Hasan bin Nooh Bharuchi in one of his works brings vivid description of this Holy Tree: "Muhammad al-Mustafa is the base (root), 'Ali Ameer ul-Mumineen is its trunk, [[Fatimah|Faatimah az-Zahraa]] is its branches, Imam Hasan and Imam Husain are its fruits and flowers and [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] is its leaves. It has been grown in the Paradise, the like of which one can never find on this earth."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kitaab ul Azhaar wa Majma' ul Anwaar|last=Hasan bin Nooh|first=al-Bharuchi|publisher=Matba't ul-Jaame'at us-Suriyah|year=1958|location=Damascus|pages=221}}</ref></blockquote>

== List of missionaries ==

=== Yemen - يمن ===
During the time of 18th Fatimid Imam [[Al-Mustansir Billah]] and his son, 19th Fatimid Imam [[Al-Musta'li]], four important personalities strengthened the foundation of [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid Da’wat]] in Yemen. They were [[Ali al-Sulayhi|Saiyedna ‘Ali bin Muhammad as-Sulayhi]], [[Sulayhid dynasty#Al-Mukarram Ahmad|Saiyedna Ahmad al-Mukarram]], [[Arwa al-Sulayhi|Saiyedatona Hurrat ul-Malekah Arwaa binte Ahmad]] and Saiyedna Lamak bin Maalik. They injected new life in the Walaayat<ref name=":7">A doctrinal term of Shi'i Isma'ili Faith denoting the Obedience and Submission to the Rightful person, be it vicegerent-wasi of Prophet, Imam in the progeny of wasi or Da'i in the place of Imam during his seclusion</ref> of Imaam uz-Zamaan<ref>The spiritual authority from the progeny of Wasi who is present all the time for the guidance of people</ref> and guided the faithful to the Path of Truth and Justice. Faithfuls were in peace and harmony under their leadership.

After the demise of Maulaana Imam Musta'li, his son, 20th Fatimid Imam [[Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah]], ascended to the throne of [[Imamate in Ismaili doctrine|Imamat]] on 17th Safar 495 AH/1101 AD. His period of Imamat is 31 yrs. He was martyred by his enemies in Cairo on the night of 4th Zul Qa’dah 526 AH/1132 AD and died on the same night. Maulaatona Hurrat ul-Malekah, who was in Yemen during all these hard times, was preparing to establish firmly the institution of Fatimid Tayyibi Da'wat in Yemen in the name of the 21st Fatimid Imam [[At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim]] who was born to 20th Imam Aamir on 4 Rabi' al-Aakhar 524 AH/1130 AD in Cairo. She acted as Hujjat-proof of Imam during this period. She came to know the fate of Fatimid Caliphate through the signs sent to her by 20th Imaam. Saiyedna Lamak bin Maalik and Saiyedna Yahya bin Lamak learned the knowledge of Da’wat from Maulaatona Hurrat ul-Malekah that helped her by all means in the administration of Da’wat. This was a crucial time when there was an imminent fall of Caliphate in Cairo and simultaneous reinforcement and establishment of Fatimid Da’wat in Yemen.

There were numerous Hudood<ref name=":5" /> who were seeking the knowledge of Da’wat by the permission of Maulaatona Hurrat ul-Malekah from Saiyedna Lamak bin Maalik and Saiyedna Yahya bin Lamak. Out of all Hudood, Saiyedna [[Dhu'ayb ibn Musa|Zo’eb bin Moosa]] and Saiyedna as-Sultan al-Khattaab were outstanding in grasping the teachings and intricacies of the Fatimid Da’wat. They both clearly stood out of the group in their smartness and intelligence. With the permission of Maulaatona Hurrat ul-Malekah, they were ascended to the higher ranks of the Hudood and were given privilege to acquire the complete knowledge of Da’wat. These two personalities, in future, were to become pivotal forces in the beginning of the succession of Du’aat ul-Akrameen-missionaries in Yemen. Maulaatona Hurrat ul-Malekah now had two more loyal Hudood to support her. No one knew, but this was Hikmat (wisdom) of Allah that within a span of 10 years Saiyedna Lamak bin Maalik and Saiyedna Yahya bin Lamak died in Yemen, In their absence, Saiyedna Zo’eb bin Moosa and Saiyedna as-Sultaan al-Khattaab served Da’wat with full devotion in such a way that Maulaatona Hurrat ul-Malekah never felt void of anyone.<ref name=":4" />

Before her death on 22nd Sha'baan 532 AH/1138 AD, she appointed Saiyedna Zo'eb as the First [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]] داعي المطلق of three 3 jazaa'ir Hind, Sindh and Yemen. Thus one after the other this succession of Du'aat al-Mutlaqeen دعاۃ المطلقین continued in Yemen until the death of 24th Da'i Saiyedna [[Yusuf Najmuddin I]] on 16th Zul Hijjah 974 AH/1567 AD.
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Name of the Da'i (Saiyedna – سیدنا)
!Death – تأریخ الإنتقال
!Place of the Tomb – قبر مبارک
!Period of Da'wat – مدۃ الدعوۃ
!Licentiate – مأذون
!Associate – مکاسر
!Works – تألیفات
|-
|1
|[[Dhu'ayb ibn Musa|Zo'eb bin Moosa Al Waadei]]
|10 Moharram 546 AH – 28/4/1151 AD
|Haws Mubaarak
|13 yrs 4 mts 18 days
|as-Sultaan al-Khattaab bin Hasan, Ibraahim bin Husain al-Haamedi
|'Ali bin Husain
|Risaalat un-Nafs fi Ma'refat il-Jussah – رسالۃ النفس فی معرفۃ الجثۃ
|-
|2
|[[Ibrahim ibn al-Husayn al-Hamidi|Ibraahim bin Husain Al Hamidi]]
|16 Sha’baan 557 AH – 30/7/1162 AD
|Ghail-e-Bani Haamid, Hamdaan
|11 yrs 7 mts 6 days
|'Ali bin Husain bin Ahmad bin al-Waleed, Haatim bin Ibraahim al-Haamedi
|Mohammad bin Taaher
|Kanz ul-Walad – کنز الولد
|-
|3
|[[Hatim ibn Ibrahim]] Al Hamidi
|16 Moharram 596 AH – 6/11/1199 AD
|Hutayb Mubaarak
|38 yrs 5 mts
|Mohammad bin Taaher al-Haaresi, 'Ali bin Mohammad al-Waleed
|
|Tanbeeh ul-Ghaafeleen – تنبیہ الغافلین
|-
|4
|[[Ali ibn Hatim]] Al Hamidi
|25 Zul Qa’adah 605 AH – 30/5/1209 AD
|Sana’a
|9 yrs 10 mts 10 days
|'Ali bin Mohammad al-Waleed
|
|
|-
|5
|[[Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid|Ali bin Muhammad Al Walid]]
|27 Sha’baan 612 AH – 20/12/1215 AD
|Hiraaz
|6 yrs 9 mts 3 days
|'Ali bin Hanzalah
|Ahmad bin Mubaarak
|Taaj ul-Aqaa'id wa Ma'dan ul-Fawaa'id – تاج العقائد و معدن الفوائد
|-
|6
|[[Ali ibn Hanzala]] Al Waadei
|12 Rabi’ I 626 AH – 7/2/1229 AD
|Hamadaan
|13 yrs 6 mts 15 days
|Ahmad bin Mubaarak
|Husain bin ‘Ali
|Simt ul-Haqaa'iq – سمط الحقائق
|-
|7
|[[Ahmad ibn Mubarak]] Al Waadei
|28 Jumaadi II 627 AH – 12/5/1230 AD
|Hamadaan
|1 yr 3 mts 16 days
|Husain bin 'Ali
|al-Qaazi Ahmad bin 'Ali bin Hanzalah
|
|-
|8
|[[Al-Husayn ibn Ali (Ibn al-Walid)|Husain bin Ali Al Walid]]
|22 Safar 667 AH – 30/10/1268 AD
|Hiql, Sana’a
|39 yrs 7 mts 24 days
|al-Qaazi Ahmad bin 'Ali bin Hanzalah, 'Ali bin Husain
|Mohammad bin Asad
|Kitaab ul-Izaahe wal Bayaan fil Jawaab 'an Masaa'il il-Imtihaan – کتاب الإیضاح و البیان فی جواب عن مسائل الإمتحان
|-
|9
|[[Ali ibn al-Husayn (Ibn al-Walid)|Ali bin Husain Al Walid]]
|13 Zul Qa’adah 682 AH – 1/2/1284 AD
|Sana’a
|15 yrs 8 mts 21 days
|Husain bin 'Ali, 'Ali bin Husain bin 'Ali bin Hanzalah
|As'ad bin Haatim
|ar-Risaalat ul-Kaamelah fi Salaas il-Layaali il-Faazalah – الرسالۃ الکاملۃ فی ثلاث اللیالي الفاضلۃ
|-
|10
|[[Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Ali ibn Hanzala|Ali bin Husain bin Ali Al Waadei]]
|1 Safar 686 AH – 17/3/1287 AD
|Sana’a
|3 yrs 2 mts 17 days
|Ibraahim bin Husain
|
|
|-
|11.
|[[Ibrahim ibn al-Husayn (Ibn al-Walid)|Ibrahim bin Husain Al Walid]]
|10 Shawwaal 728 AH – 16/8/1328 AD
|Hisn-e-Af'edah
|42 yrs 8 mts 9 days
|Mohammad bin Haatim
|
|
|-
|12.
|[[Muhammad ibn Hatim]] Al Walid
|1 Zul Hijjah 729 AH – 25/9/1329 AD
|Hisn-e-Af'edah
|1 yr 1 mt 7 days
|'Ali bin Ibraahim
|
|
|-
|13.
|[[Ali Shams al-Din I|Ali Shamsuddin bin Ibraahim]]
|18 Rajab 746 AH – 13/11/1345 AD
|Hisn-e-Zimarmar
|16 yrs 7 mts 18 days
|'Abd ul-Muttalib bin Mohammad
|
|
|-
|14.
|[[Abd al-Muttalib (Ibn al-Walid)|Abd ul-Muttalib Najmuddin bin Mohammad]]
|14 Rajab 755 AH – 3/8/1354 AD
|Hisn-e-Zimarmar
|8 yrs 11 mts 25 days
|'Abbaas bin Mohammad
|
|
|-
|15.
|[[Abbas ibn Muhammad]]
|8 Shawwaal 779 AH – 6/2/1378 AD
|Hisn-e-Af'edah
|24 yrs 2 mts 24 days
|'Abdullaah bin 'Ali
|
|
|-
|16.
|[[Abdallah Fakhr al-Din|Abdullah Fakhruddin bin Ali]]
|9 Ramazaan 809 AH – 16/2/1407 AD
|Hisn-e-Zimarmar
|29 yrs 11 mts 1 day
|'Ali bin 'Abdullaah ash-Shaybaani, Hasan bin 'Abdullaah
|'Abd ul-Muttalib bin 'Abdullaah
|al-Muneerah fi Ma'refat il-Hudood il-Jazeerah – المنیرۃ فی معرفۃ حدود الجزیرۃ
|-
|17.
|[[Al-Hasan Badr al-Din I|Hasan Badruddin bin Abdullah]]
|6 Shawwaal 821 AH – 5/11/1418 AD
|Hisn-e-Zimarmar
|12 yrs 27 days
|'Abd ul-Muttalib bin 'Abdullaah, Mohammad bin Idris
|Ahmad bin 'Abdullaah
|
|-
|18.
|[[Ali Shams al-Din II|Ali Shamsuddin bin Abdullah]]
|3 Safar 832 AH – 11/11/ 1428 AD
|Shaareqah
|10 yrs 3 mts 27 days
|Idrees bin Hasan
|
|
|-
|19.
|[[Idris Imad al-Din|Idris Imaduddin bin Hasan]]
|19 Zul Qa’adah 872 AH – 9/6/1468 AD
|Shibaam
|40 yrs 9 mts 16 days
|Ma'ad bin 'Abdullaah
|
|'Uyoon ul-Akhbaar wa Funoon ul-Aasaar – عیون الاخبار و فنون الآثار
|-
|20.
|[[Al-Hasan Badr al-Din II|Hasan Badruddin bin Idris Imaduddin]]
|15 Sha’baan 918 AH – 25/10/1512 AD
|Masaar
|45 yrs 8 mts 26 days
|'Abdullaah Fakhruddin bin 'Ali, Husain Husaamuddin bin Idrees
|'Ali bin Husain
|
|-
|21.
|[[Al-Husayn Husam al-Din|Husain Husamuddin bin Idris Imaduddin]]
|10 Shawwaal 933 AH – 9/7/1527 AD
|Masaar
|15 yrs 1 mt 25 days
|'Ali Shamsuddin bin Husain
|Mohammad 'Izzuddin bin 'Ali
|
|-
|22.
|[[Ali Shams al-Din III|Ali Shamsuddin bin Husain]]
|21 Zul Qa’dah 933 AH – 18/8/ 1527 AD
|Masaar
|1 mt 10 days
|Mohammad 'Izzuddin bin 'Ali
|
|
|-
|23.
|[[Muhammad Izz al-Din I|Mohammed Izzuddin]]
|27 Safar 946 AH – 13/7/1539 AD
|Zabeed
|12 yrs 3 mts 6 days
|Yusuf Najmuddin
|
|
|-
|24.
|[[Yusuf Najmuddin I|Yusuf Najmuddin bin Sulaiman]]
|16 Zul Hijjah 974 AH – 23/6/1567 AD
|Taibah
|28 yrs 9 mts 23 days
|Jalaal Fakhruddin bin Hasan
|
|
|}

=== Ahmedabad - احمدآباد ===
[[File:Mausoleum of du'aat.jpg|alt=tomb of syedna shaikh adam and sulaimani dome|thumb|Saraspur, Ahmedabad is the only place where mausoleums of the missionaries-''du'aat'' of 3 Bohra communities are located. This place is the converging point for all.|229x229px]]
During the 11th century AD, when 18th Fatimid Imam [[Al-Mustansir Billah]] was in power in [[Cairo]], the region of [[Khambhat]], [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]] and [[Siddhpur]] saw extensive activities of [[Isma'ilism|Isma’ili Da’wat]] and then after the concealment of the 21st Fatimid Imam [[At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim]] in 532 AH/1138 AD, the holy preachers and propagandists worked under the absolute guidance of their religious chief-[[Da'i al-Mutlaq|''da’i'' ''al-mutlaq'']] who were serving as a representatives of their concealed Imam. These preachers served as the head of the Da'wat in Indian subcontinent, locally known as the ''wali'' or ''maulaai'', were regularly selected by the ''da'i al-mutlaq'' residing in Yemen.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":20" /> It was during the ''da’iship'' of 17th Da’i [[Al-Hasan Badr al-Din I|Hasan Badruddin]] (809–821 AH/ 1406–1418 AD), the city of [[Ahmedabad]] was founded and [[Ahmad Shah I]] invited Adam Shujaa’uddin bin Sulaiman, Shaikha Mujaal and Khwaja Kalaan to convince the Bohra traders and rich merchants to start their trade from Ahmedabad and make it their home-town.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ashaab ul Yameen|last=Mohammad|first=Nuruddin|publisher=Da'wat e Haadiyah 'Alaviyah|year=2011|location=Vadodara, Gujarat|pages=76}}</ref> Till the time of 19th Da'i [[Idris Imad al-Din|Idris Imaduddin]] (832-872 AH/1428-1468 AD), due to the efforts of Adam Shujaa’uddin sizable Bohras migrated from Patan to Ahmedabad.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Haqq na Du'aato ni Tawaareekh|publisher=Progressive Publications|year=1974|location=Surat|pages=93}}</ref>

So this was the period of the first Bohra settlement in Ahmedabad as it proved to be a safe haven for the peace-loving community scattered in the other towns surrounding Ahmedabad. At that time sizable Bohra population could be found at Patan, Khambhat, Siddhpur, [[Nadiad]], [[Kapadvanj]], [[Bharuch]], [[Vadodara]], [[Umreth]], [[Mehsana]], [[Dholka]] etc. Bohras prospered in Ahmedabad but it was overshadowed with some brutal and gruesome attacks now and then by the Muslim Sultanate. The Bohras of Gujarat and their ''da'is'' were not persecuted by the local Hindu rulers, who did not feel endangered by their activities. The community thus developed without any hindrance until the Muslim conquest of [[Gujarat]] in 697 AH/1298 AD, when the Da'wat's activities came under the scrutiny of the region's Muslim governors, who recognized the suzerainty of the [[List of Indian monarchs#Delhi Sultanate (c. 1206–1526 CE)|Sultans of Delhi]], who belonged to the [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] and [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughluqid]] dynasties.<ref name=":4" /> It was chiefly because of Ja’far Patani Naherwali and his people who left [[Ahl al-Bayt|Isma’ili-Tayyibi faith]] and accepted [[Sunni Islam|Sunnism]] and they constantly instigated local Muslim rulers against the Bohras. During the time between 850 and 950 AH/1447-1544 AD many preachers-''Maulaai''<ref>Maulaai: Spiritual representative of Da'i al-Mutlaq enjoying the respectable position and protecting Isma'ili faith in every aspects under the direct instructions of Da'i</ref> were martyred or jailed. Ahmedabad became called "Nani [[Karbala]]" (small karbala) because of the large number of martyrs buried there and also "Baagh-e-Aal-e-Mohammad" (paradise of [[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahl e Bayt]]).<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|title=Hadaa'iq Sirat e Fozalaa e Ahmedabad|last=Diwanji|first=Hayderali|publisher=Matba e Mohammadi|year=1944|location=Mumbai|pages=33, 61}}</ref> 28th ''da'i al-mutlaq'' [[Sheikh Adam Safiuddin]] (d. 1030 AH/1621 AD) held the key leadership and played pivotal role in managing the internal community matters and external political affairs in Ahmedabad during the time of various ''da'is'', he studied with 24th ''da'i'' in Yemen and was authorized to propagate the mission-''da'wat'' in the Deccan.<ref name=":9" />

During the rule of [[Akbar|Mughal Emperor Akbar]] & [[Jahangir]], Bohra community witnessed 2 major splits in Ahmedabad. The Bohras got divided into three major groups viz. Alavis, [[Dawoodi Bohra|Dawoodis]] and [[Sulaymani]]s in the span of nearly 40 years- 997–1030 AH/1589-1621 AD. This way Ahmedabad today enjoys the only converging place of all the three Bohra groups after the splits as their ''du’aat''-missionaries are buried in the same graveyard located at '''''Saraspur (Bibipur)'''''. Due to the constant persecution by the Muslim rulers, Bohras left Ahmedabad permanently and shifted their seat of Da’wat.<ref name=":8" /> Alavi Bohras migrated to Vadodara in 1110 AH/1699 AD during the ''da'iship'' of 32nd ''da'i'' acting on the will of his predecessor and they were the last among Bohras to leave Ahmedabad. Dawoodi Bohras migrated to [[Jamnagar]] in 1065 AH/1657 AD and Sulaimani Bohras had their centre in [[Yemen]] after the split. Among Bohras in Ahmedabad, today Alavi Bohras remain as a minority with small number of families stay there.
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Name of the Da'i (Saiyedna – سیدنا)
!Death – تأریخ الإنتقال
!Period of Da'wat – مدۃ الدعوۃ
!Licentiate – مأذون
!Associate – مکاسر
!Works – تألیفات
|-
|25.
|[[Jalal |Jalal Fakhruddin (Shamshuddin) bin Hasan]]
|16 Rabi' II 975 AH – 19/10/1567 AD
|4 mts
|Dawoodji Burhanuddin bin Ajabshah
|Dawoodji Burhanuddin bin Qutubshah
|
|-
|26.
|[[Dawood Bin Ajabshah|Dawoodji Burhanuddin bin Ajabshah]]
|27 Rabi' II 999 AH – 21/2/1591 AD
|24 yrs 11 days
|Dawoodji Burhanuddin bin Qutubshah
|Shaikh Adam Safiyuddin bin Taiyebshah
|
|-
|27.
|[[Dawood Bin Qutubshah|Dawoodji Burhanuddin bin Qutubshah]]
|15 Jumaadi II 1021 AH – 12/8/1612 AD
|22 yrs 1 mt 18 days
|al-Qaazi Ameenshah Shujaa'uddin, Shaikh Adam Safiyuddin bin Taiyebshah
|Ameenjibin Jalaal
|
|-
|28.
|[[Sheikh Adam Safiuddin|Shaikh Adam Safiyuddin bin Taiyebshah]]
|7 Rajab 1030 AH – 27/5/1621 AD
|9 yrs 21days
|Ali Mohammad bin Firoz, 'Ali bin Ibraahim
|Ameenji bin Jalaal
|
|-
|29.
|Ali bin Ibrahim bin Sheikh Adam Safiuddin, the martyr
|23 Zul Qa’adah 1046 AH – 17/4/1637 AD
|16 yrs 4 mts 16 days
|Taiyeb Zakiyuddin bin Shaikh Adam Safiyuddin
|Ameenji bin Jalaal, Hasan Badruddin bin Wali
|Kitaab un-Naseehah fi Anwaar ish-Shari'ah – کتاب النصیحۃ فی انوار الشریعۃ
|-
|30.
|Taiyeb Zakiyuddin bin Sheikh Adam Safiuddin
|13 Shawwaal 1047 AH – 26/2/1638 AD
|10 mts 20 days
|Hasan Badruddin bin Wali
|Jivabhai Ziyauddin bin Nuhji
|
|-
|31
|Hasan Badruddin bin Wali
|19 Rabi' II 1090 AH – 29/5/1679 AD
|42 yrs 6 mts 6 days
|Jivabhai Ziyauddin bin Nuhji
|Hebatullaah Mo'ayyaduddin bin Jivabhai Ziyauddin
|Diwaan-e-Hasan – دیوان حسن
|}

=== Vadodara - ودودرة ===
[[File:Alavi bohras syedi musanji saheb mosque.jpg|alt=majlis in musanji taaj saheb mosque|thumb|Aqaa Maulaa, the then Mazoon e Mutlaq visited Fakhri Masjid in Moharram 1436 AH/2014 AD on the death anniversary of Saiyedi Musanji bin Taaj saheb]]

The city of [[Vadodara]] deserves a special attention along with the Tayyibi missionary activities in [[Ahmedabad]] as many devoted personalities worked hard to retain the community faith when the turmoil of dissidents created by Ja’far Naherwali was at its peak. During the time of 21st Da’i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna saheb (tus) Hasan Badruddin bin Idris (d. 933 AH/1537 AD) when [[Gujarat Sultanate|Mahmood Shah II]] was the sultan of Gujarat, Mulla Isma’il of Vadodara migrated to Ahmedabad and he was martyred along with his accomplices on the banks of [[Sabarmati River]].<ref name=":11" />

Vadodara is the birthplace of 28th, 29th and 30th Alavi Da'is who migrated and did Da’wat in Ahmedabad from 1021 to 1047 AH/1612-1638 AD. It was the place called Fakhri Mohalla near [[Vadodara|Gendi gate]] in the Walled city area where all 3 of them lived. Till date this mohalla is populated by Alavi Bohras. During the time of 26th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Dawoodji Burhanuddin bin ‘Ajabshah (d. 997 AH/1589 AD) when [[Muzaffar Shah III]] ruled Gujarat, Saiyedi Musanji bin Taaj saheb<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alavi Bohras - History - Wulaat of India - Saiyedi Musanji bin Taaj Shaheed (RA)|url=https://www.alavibohra.org/Saiyedi%20Musanji%20shaheed%20history.htm|access-date=2020-12-29|website=www.alavibohra.org}}</ref> (d. 986 AH/1578 AD) of Vadodara was martyred in the Mandvi gate when he invited Saiyedna saheb to inaugurate the mosque which he had built after returning from Hajj, avoiding Salaahuddin the then governor of Muzaffar Shah III. The mosque named Fakhri masjid is the oldest Bohra mosque in Vadodara where Alavi Bohras today offer daily prayers.<ref name=":10" >{{Cite book|title=al-Qaraatees ul-Haatemiyah|last=Zakiyuddin|first=Haatim|publisher=Da'wat e Haadiyah 'Alaviyah|year=2016|location=Vadodara}}</ref>

After unbearable oppression meted upon Alavi Bohras during the time of 31st Da’i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Hasan Badruddin bin Wali in Ahmedabad, he ordered 32nd Da’i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Jivabhai Ziyauddin bin Noohji to migrate along with the community to Vadodara. He spearheaded the cause of migration and in 1110 AH/1699 AD he established a new locality for the community where he built Ziyaai Masjid<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alavibohra.org/masjid-e-ziyaaii.htm|title=Alavi Bohras – Exclusive Feature – Masjid-e-Ziyaaii|website=www.alavibohra.org}}</ref> and Badri Mohalla. Badri Mohalla proved a cradle of progress and prosperity for the entire community. An Alavi Bohra who resides anywhere in the world and he visits Vadodara has to come to Badri Mohalla as the residence of Saiyedna saheb is located right in the middle of it.

Since 328 years (1110–1438 AD/1699-2017 AD), Vadodara has remained the centre and the seat of modern Alavi Bohras<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|last=Blank|first=Jonah|title=Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity among the Daudi Bohras|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|year=2001|isbn=0226056767|location=Chicago|pages=43, 60}}</ref> (ad-Da’wat ul-Haadiyat ul-‘Alaviyah<ref name=":8" />) where 12 of its missionaries (du’aat) are buried here with a short interlude when 35th Da'i did Da’wat in Surat for 19 years between 1158 and 1178 AH/1745-1764 AD. Except 35th Da'i, all of them are from the progeny of Noohji bin Mohammadji, the father of 32nd Da'i. The present 45th Da'i Saiyedna [[Haatim Zakiyuddin]] saheb is the descendant from the same Aal-e-Noohji. Badri Mohalla, Fakhri Mohalla, Ajwa Road, Taiwada, Fatehgunj, Mughalwada, Pratapnagar, Panigate are the main areas of Vadodara where Alavi Bohras stay. They have 4 mosques and 3 community halls in Vadodara.

During the time of 41st Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Jivabhai Fakhruddin (d. 1347 AH/1929 AD), ''' '''Gaekwadi ruler Maharaja [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III|Sayajirao III]] (d. 1358 AH/1939 AD) ruled Vadodara and he single-handedly spearheaded its progress and prosperity. Saiyedna maintained cordial and healthy relationship with the ruler as during the festivals Saiyedna often sent delegation in the Gaekwadi royal court to represent Alavi Bohras. This was because most of the shops of Alavi Bohras were located in the narrow streets surrounding the Mandvi area involved in the business of turban making. At that time Alavi Bohras had a monopoly of making red turban laced with golden string and Gaekwadi courtiers used to frequent these shops. Today, many Alavi Bohras are having their shops in this area inherited from their forefathers is the testimony of the social relations with [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwads]].

=== Surat - سورة ===
[[File:Urs surat syedna nuruddin saheb 1435.jpg|alt=qabr of syedna nuruddin saheb|thumb|Mausoleum of 35th Alavi Da'i Saiyedna Noorbhai Nuruddin saheb in Surat]]

When Saiyedna Jivabhai Ziyauddin saheb, the 32nd Da'i al-Mutlaq migrated from [[Ahmedabad]] to [[Vadodara]] in 1110 AH/1699 AD, Saiyedi Shaikhali from [[Surat]] along with his son Noorbhai visited Saiyedna saheb when he was busy constructing the mosque at the corner of Badri Mohalla named Masjid-e-Ziyaai. During that time Noorbhai was very young and with pure intellect he witnessed the spiritual supremacy of Saiyedna saheb. Saiyedna saheb ordered Saiyedi Shaikhali to leave Noorbhai in Vadodara for religious education and training and granted him all the permissions to carry out community responsibilities of Surat. Saiyedi Shaikhali was a successful merchant but at the same time an ardent follower of Saiyedna saheb. Along with many Alavi Bohra families, he stayed in Noorpura Mohalla near Jhapa bazaar. In the same area there was a mosque, graveyard and musaafir-khaana that were managed by Saiyedi Shaikhali. After his death, Alavi Bohras of Surat relied upon Noorbhai for all Da’wat<ref name=":8" /> affairs as he was among the most trusted Hudood <ref name=":5" /> of Saiyedna saheb, the 33rd Da'i Hebatullaah Mo'ayyaduddin.

Saiyedna Hebatullaah Mo'ayyaduddin, conferred him the status of Mukaasir by bestowing him the epithet of "Nuruddin-نورالدین (the light of religion)". He often visited Vadodara along with the people of Surat and used to give oath of loyalty<ref name=":12" >{{Cite web|url=http://alavibohra.org/takht-nasheeni%2020-8-1436.htm|title=Misaaq|last=Oath|first=Allegiance|date=2015-06-07}}</ref> to Saiyedna saheb. Surat city became the centre of Alavi Bohras, though for a short period of time i.e. 19 years<ref name=":14" /> was only because of the pure heartedness and trustworthiness of Noorbhai Nuruddin, the 35th Da'i of Alavi Bohras. This was the time when Surat witnessed the transition period from Mughal rule to [[British Raj|British dominion]] and the place where Saiyedna Noorbhai Nuruddin lived in the railway station area near [[Tapti River]] is considered the oldest area of the city and it is from here that the development of the city started in the early 20th century AD. After his death in 1178 AH/1764 AD, his son Shaikh Adam stayed in Surat and looked after the community like his father and grandfather. During this time there were around 50 Alavi Bohra families staying in Surat. The centre again got transferred to [[Vadodara]] and majority of Alavi Bohras migrated there along with their identity and surname as '''''“Surtis”'''''. Today the tomb of Saiyedna Noorbhai Nuruddin is the most revered place where mosque, community hall and musaafir-khaana are situated. For divine blessings every Alavi Bohra visit this place once in a year. Every year on the occasion of ‘Urs Mubaarak (death anniversary)<ref name=":15" /> of Saiyedna Noorbhai Nuruddin in Moharram a grand function is held in Surat where Alavi Bohras participate with great fervor and faith.
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Name of the Da'i (Saiyedna – سیدنا)
!Death – تأریخ الإنتقال
!Place of the Tomb – قبر مبارک
!Period of Da'wat – مدۃ الدعوۃ
!Licentiate – مأذون
!Associate – مکاسر
!Works – تألیفات
|-
|32.
|Jivabhai Ziyauddin bin Nuhji
|10 Zul Qa’adah 1130 AH – 4/10/1718 AD
|Bustaan-e-Badri, Wadi
|40 yrs 6 mts 20 days
|Hebatullaah Mo'ayyaduddin bin Jivabhai Ziyauddin
|Jalaal Shehaabuddin bin Nuhji
|
|-
|33.
|Hebatullaah Mo'ayyaduddin bin Jivabhai Ziyauddin
|17 Rajab 1151 AH – 30/10/ 1738 AD
|Bustaan-e-Badri, Wadi
|20 yrs 8 mts 7 days
|Jalaal Shehaabuddin bin Nuhji
|Noorbhai Nuruddin bin Shaikhali
|
|-
|34.
|Jalaal Shehaabuddin bin Nuhji
|14 Safar 1158 AH – 17/3/1745 AD
|Jannat ul-Mumineen, Pratapnagar
|6 yrs 6 mts 27 days
|Shamsuddin Hameeduddin bin Hebatullaah Mo'ayyaduddin
|Noorbhai Nuruddin bin Shaikhali
|
|-
|35.
|Noorbhai Nuruddin bin Shaikhali
|9 Moharram 1178 AH – 7/7/ 1764 AD
|'''SURAT'''
|19 yrs 10 mts 24 days
|Shamsuddin Hameeduddin bin Hebatullaah Mo'ayyaduddin
|Shaikh Adam bin Nuruddin
|as-Saheefat un-Nooraaniyah – الصحیفۃ النورانیۃ
|-
|36.
|Shamsuddin Hameeduddin bin Mo'ayyaduddin Hebatullaah
|26 Sha'baan 1189 AH – 20/10/1775 AD
|Bustaan-e-Badri, Wadi
|11 yrs 7 mts 17 days
|Shaikh Adam bin Nuruddin
|Shaikhali Shamsuddin bin Shamsuddin Hameeduddin
|
|-
|37.
|Shaikhali Shamsuddin bin Shamsuddin Hameeduddin
|25 Rajab 1248 AH – 17/12/1832 AD
|Bustaan-e-Badri, Wadi
|58 yrs 10 mts 28 days
|Shamsuddin Hameeduddin bin Shaikhali Shamsuddin
|Najmuddin Mufeeduddin bin Shaikhali Shamsuddin
|Kitaab ul-Miraas – کتاب المیراث
|-
|38.
|Shamsuddin Hameeduddin bin Shaikhali Shamsuddin
|30 Ramazaan 1252 AH – 7/1/1837 AD
|Bustaan-e-Badri, Wadi
|4 yrs 2 mts 5 days
|Najmuddin Mufeeduddin bin Shaikhali Shamsuddin
|'Abd ur-Raheem bin Shaikhali Shamsuddin
|
|-
|39.
|Najmuddin Mufeeduddin bin Shaikhali Shamsuddin
|6 Rajab 1282 AH – 24/11/1865 AD
|Jannat ul-Mumineen, Pratapnagar
|29 yrs 9 mts 6 days
|Ameeruddin Ameenuddin bin Najmuddin Mufeeduddin
|Sharafuddin bin Najmuddin Mufeeduddin
|as-Saheefat un-Najmiyah – الصحیفۃ النجمیۃ
|-
|40.
|Ameeruddin Ameenuddin bin Najmuddin Mufeeduddin
|18 Zul Hijjah 1296 AH – 2/12/1879 AD
|Jannat ul-Mumineen, Pratapnagar
|14 yrs 5 mts 12 days
|Sharafuddin bin Najmuddin Mufeeduddin
|Jivabhai Fakhruddin bin Ameeruddin Ameenuddin
|
|-
|41.
|Jivabhai Fakhruddin bin Ameeruddin Ameenuddin
|20 Shawwaal 1347 AH – 30/3/1929 AD
|Bustaan-e-Badri, Wadi
|50 yrs 10 mts 2 days
|Sharafuddin bin Najmuddin Mufeeduddin
|Fidaali Badruddin bin Jivabhai Fakhruddin
|Ta'weel-o-Salaat-e-Laylat il-Qadr – تأویل صلوۃ لیلۃ القدر
|-
|42.
|Fidaali Badruddin bin Jivabhai Fakhruddin
|8 Sha'baan 1377 AH – 26/2/1958 AD
|Bustaan-e-Badri, Wadi
|29 yrs 9 mts 18 days
|Yusuf Nuruddin bin Fidaali Badruddin
|Nazarali bin Fidaali Badruddin
|
|-
|43.
|Yusuf Nuruddin bin Fidaali Badruddin
|17 Rajab 1394 AH – 5/8/1974 AD
|Mazaar-e-Yusufi, Behind Nooraani Masjid, Wadi
|16 yrs 11 mts 9 days
|Tayyib Ziyauddin bin Yusuf Nuruddin
|Nazarali bin Fidaali Badruddin
|
|-
|44.
|[[Abu Haatim Tayyib Ziyauddin|Tayyib Ziyauddin bin Yusuf Nuruddin]]
|5 Sha'baan 1436 AH – 23/5/2015 AD
|Mazaar-e-Yusufi, Behind Nooraani Masjid, Wadi
|42 yrs 18 days
|Haatim Zakiyuddin bin Taiyeb Ziyauddin
|Nazarali bin Fidaali Badruddin, Husain Mo'eenuddin bin Taiyeb Ziyauddin, Mohammad Nuruddin bin Taiyeb Ziyauddin
|
|}

== Reasoning and Religiosity of Esotericism ==
Knowledge (‘ilm-علم) and wisdom (hikmah-حكمۃ) are, according to [[Isma'ilism|Isma’ili belief]], eternal gifts from God, revealed to humanity through His prophets. God has successively dispatched six prophets bearing a law (shari’ah): Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus Christ and Muhammad. These prophets are ‘speakers’<ref>A speaking or divine law-announcing prophet who brings a new set of religious law based on the Oneness of God.</ref> (naatiq-ناطق), because they talk to men, proclaiming to them a shari’ah, an exoteric (zaahir-ظاهر) law with its commandments and prohibitions, its ritual obligation and legal definitions. By the side of each prophet-speaker stands an authorized representative (wasi or asaas-وصي، اساس) who knows and teaches eternally immutable ‘esoteric meaning’ (baatin-باطن) of all these prescriptions and regulations-though only to a small number of the elect.

Thus, [[Adam]] and his son [[Seth]] at his side, [[Noah]] and his son [[Shem]], [[Abraham]]'s wasi was his son [[Ishmael|Ishmeal]], [[Moses]]'s wasi was his brother Aron, and [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]]'s was Simon Peter. The speaker-prophet of our era is [[Muhammad]]. His wasi or asaas is his cousin and son in law [[Ali|‘Ali ibn Abi Taalib]]. The latter's descendants are the true imams of Islamic community (ummah); they alone know and transmit the ‘esoteric meaning’ of the divine revelation proclaimed by Muhammad. The imams, whose succession continued with the Fatimid caliphs in Cairo till the 21st imam [[At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim|Abul Qaasim at-Taiyeb]] and their succession is in its place till date though in seclusion, are thus the repositories of the divine message; they are the upholders of ‘Knowledge’ and ‘Wisdom’, which they transmit to their followers, they are the ‘friends of God’ (awliya Allah-أولیاء الله).<ref name=":18" />

The imams spread ‘Knowledge’ and ‘Wisdom’ based on exoteric and esoteric interpretation of divine law through ‘Summoners’, da’is, these are propagators or missionaries who summon people to follow the true imam and instruct the individual who ‘responds to the summons’, al-mustajib or the initiate, through wise sayings and necessary knowledge. The missionary or Da'i as a teacher is the most characteristic figure of the Isma’ili movement. From the very beginning, the Da'i's travelled far and wide to spread the good tidings.

[[Tanzil|Tanzeel]]-تنزیل or [[Tafsir]]-تفسیر (outer meaning or commentary on the Qur'an) is completely based on [[Esoteric interpretation of the Quran|Ta’weel]]-تأویل (inner meaning) without which Tanzeel becomes void and meaningless. The everlasting beautiful outward appearance is from inside and that which could not be seen and could not be understood by everyone. The belief that each and every Qur'anic verse has both outer and inner meaning as the same is the case with the sayings of Mohammad which are applicable and acceptable in all times till the last Day of Doom.

As distinct from the zaahir (evident meaning) of the literal wordings of sacred texts and religious prescriptions, notably the Qur'an and the Shari’ah, the baatin is the inward, hidden or esoteric meaning having deep and stronger impact on the deeds and thoughts of the believers.<ref name=":19" >{{Cite book|title=The Pillars of Islam|last=Ismail K|first=Poonawala|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0195655354|location=New Delhi|pages=367, 496, 502}}</ref> In the Isma’ili-Taiyebi gnosis the word baatin goes hand in hand with ta’weel and it exclusively denotes the method of inducing the baatin for the [[Esoteric interpretation of the Quran|allegorical, symbolic and esoteric interpretation]] or spiritual-hermeneutic exegesis of historic events and the world of nature as described by the sacred Islamic texts.<ref name=":4" /> Ta’weel became the hallmark of Isma’ili thought and literature. It is to manifest the hidden so as to unveil the true spiritual reality only to those who are properly initiated into the community and who have acknowledged the spiritual guidance of the rightful imam of his era or his representatives who possess the rightful authority to interpret Islam in all its dimensions.<ref name=":9" /> Qur'anic verses throws light on this subject in the following way:
* And bestowed His favours, external and esoteric, in abundance on you? And yet there are men who contend about God without any knowledge or guidance or the Book enlightening. ([[Quran|al-Qur'an]] 31–20)
* He is the first and He the last, the transcendent and the immanent; and He has knowledge of everything.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.ahmedali/57:3|title=Tanzil – Quran Navigator {{!}} القرآن الكريم|website=tanzil.net|access-date=2017-12-29}}</ref> (al-Qur'an 57–3)
* But those who are twisted of mind look for verses metaphorical, seeking deviation and giving to them interpretations of their own; but none knows their meaning except God; and those who are steeped in knowledge affirm: "We believe in them as all of them are from the Lord." But only those who have wisdom understand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.ahmedali/3:7|title=Tanzil – Quran Navigator {{!}} القرآن الكريم|website=tanzil.net|access-date=2017-12-29}}</ref> (al-Qur'an 3–7)
This type of allegorical interpretation is applied on the [[Hadith]] of Mohammad:
* Unity is mercy, dissent punishment.<ref name=":6" />
* The Qur'an is the real cure.
* The mosque is where the pious live.
* The pinnacle of wisdom is fear of God.
* Paradise lies beneath your mother's feet.
Numerous books are dedicated to this topic and it has been written throughout the Islamic era and the same is carried out today too by the missionaries. The distinction between the zaahir and baatin was an integral part of the religious system of thought elaborated by the Isma’ili missionaries of different periods and this particular process continued with the Taiyebis in [[Yemen]]. Below is a small example of esoteric text taken from Kitaab al-Kashf by Ja’far b. Mansur al-Yemen in the mid 4th century AH/10th century AD.

"The Qur’an begins with [[Basmala|bismillaah al-rahmaan al-raheem]] (بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم); bismillaah is composed of seven letters. twelve letters emerges from this and that are al-rahmaan al-raheem. This verse is the beginning of the first chapter of Qur’an surat ul-hamd which has total seven verses. The seven letters, which are the bismillaah, signify the seven naatiq. The twelve letters that arise from these signify that for each naatiq there are twelve naqeebs or hujjats.<ref>A high rank person in the spiritual hierarchy of divine mission-da’wah of Fatimid Imams and they were twelve in number each in charge of a separate da’wah region called jazeerah (pl. jazaa’ir)</ref> Thus the twelve letters, which are al-rahmaan al-raheem, that arise from the seven lettered bismillaah, together become nineteen letters. This signifies that from the naatiqs – after each naatiq – seven imaams and twelve hujjats arise, which makes nineteen. The same is the case with pillars of Islam, in which there are seven pillars each having twelve traditions."<ref>{{Cite book|title=An Apocalyptic History of the Early Fatimid Empire|last=Velji|first=Jamel A.|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2016|isbn=9780748690886|location=Edinburgh|pages=62}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Zaahir (ظاهر)-Exoteric
!Baatin (باطن)-Esoteric
|-
|Islam-إسلام
|Faith
|-
|Skies-سموات
|Prophets
|-
|Qur'an-قرآن
|Household of Muhammad
|-
|Earth-أرض
|Ali bin Abi Taalib
|-
|Temporal world-دنيا
|Spiritual world
|-
|Body-جسم
|Soul
|-
|Prayer-صلٰوة
|Spiritual Mission
|-
|Ka’bah-كعبة
|The Imam of the time
|-
|Water-ماء
|Knowledge
|-
|Oath of Allegiance-ميثاق
|The right path
|-
|Honeybee-نحل
|Believer
|-
|Salt-ملح
|Wisdom
|-
|Fruits-فواكه
|The Imams from the progeny of prophets
|}

== Library ==
The Personal Alavi Library,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines|last=Daftary|first=Farhad|publisher=Cambridge University Press and IIS|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-61636-2|location=UK|pages=241}}</ref> housed in the Residence of Saiyedna saheb<ref>He is the Supreme Authority as a Da'i ul Mutlaq of Alavi Bohras during the seclusion of 21st Fatemi Imam Maulaana Abul Qasim at-Taiyeb</ref> is the centre of Isma'ili Studies with special reference to the Taiyebi Branch of Literature. There are various Academic and Research Institutions which carry out studies on Isma'ili Taiyebi Literature basically starting from 225 AH (c. 840 AD) until the present based on [[Hadith|Ahaadees]],<ref>Actions, Sayings and Traditions of Mohammad al-Mustafaa, the last Prophet of Islam described in various pieces of Islamic Literature</ref> Akaaleem,<ref>Supplications, Wise Sayings and Traditions of Maulaana Ali al-Murtazaa, the Vicegerent of Mohammad</ref> Riwaayaat<ref>Quotes, Events, Miraculous Descriptions, Sayings, Esoteric Meanings explained by the Imam or Da'i, from the progeny of Mohammad</ref> and historic events with the assistance of renowned and experienced scholars in their respective fields. Specifically the study of Isma'ili Literature is part and parcel of the studies of Near-Eastern Languages and Culture. Generally every University that carries out these studies also includes the study of [[Arabic|Arabic Language]] which is fostered by Isma'ili scholars. These specific, selective, and special studies are centered in a very few Institutions which house Isma'ili Taiyebi [[Manuscript]]s (MSS) found in Arabic.

During the second half of the 20th century AD and in recent years scholarly, critical, and significant research work is being carried out in European, American, and Middle-Eastern Universities. But it always requires second thought and important inputs based on Isma’ili dogmas from the authoritative seat of Da’wat. Scholars who are not at all in the system of Isma’ili Faith lack that special touch while dealing or summarizing or translating texts of Core Beliefs. It is because these Isma’ili literary gems<ref>Books based on beliefs, customs, traditions, jurisprudence, justice, dialogue, history etc.</ref> had been written by Du’aat in the presence of an Imam or by his commands. It contains an Oath<ref name=":16">Bay'at-Pact of Promise taken from a reader that he will read, understand, copy and convey the text written by the author with its true spirit and pure meaning and will only study this book by the authority appointed by the Imam or Da'i</ref> for the Imam on which its reader must follow and without which one is not supposed to even open a book.

As these books which were guarded in the private possessions made their way to Scholars and Researchers, the central point of the Oath was mindlessly neglected and anyone who had an access to these books started their work. No doubt great efforts and hard work have been carried out by the researchers but still there remains always a dot of doubt. The Institutions which possess rich and periodically diversified Isma’ili manuscripts have now become epicenter of scholarly activities and academic journalism. The centre of ad-Da’wat ul-Haadiyat ul-‘Alaviyah<ref>The Spiritual Seat, Divine Mission and Heavenly Call of Da'i of Alavi Bohras linked to the first Prophet of Islam and the First Creation of Allaah</ref> houses several hundred manuscripts which is managed, preserved, conserved, and enriched by the 45th [[Haatim Zakiyuddin|Da’i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna saheb]]. This personal library contains some of the rare Islamic and Isma’ili titles and with every passing day newer titles are added.

This collection is under the direct access, supervision, and control of the Da’i al-Mutlaq and therefore the nature and process of addition to the collection is also noteworthy and the fact is that the Da’i being the sole authority of Isma’ili-Taiyebi learning is cognizant of the contents of each and every manuscript, old as well as recent ones. It has been observed that due to the maintenance of secrecy of Isma’ili Literature, the private family collections in Yemen, Sindh, and Hind<ref>The three Jazirah-Islands controlled by Da'i al-Mutlaq after the Satr-concealment of the Imam of Progeny of Mohammad Rasoolullaah, the last messenger of Islam</ref> are never in direct access to the public domain nor are the manuscripts lent or shared to any aspirant of the study. But, regarding the ad-Da’wat ul-Haadiyat ul-‘Alaviyah collection, despite its original and unique source, the Da’i is lenient in sharing the manuscripts after thoroughly assessing the just and critical way of translating, editing and publishing. Though the centre of ‘Alavi Da’wat does not directly invite scholars or researchers from foreign universities, time and again many interested foreign scholars have come straightforwardly and studied Isma’ili titles with the Da’i himself from Iran, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Europe.

At times, when the scholars who worked for the critical study and edition of any Isma’ili title might be having only two to three manuscripts from different origins, i.e. where the writer, place and period differ, there arose the demand for the consultation of more manuscripts. For this purpose, the manuscripts of the ‘Alavi Da’wat collection, because of its Indian origin, proved more fruitful for better text reading and editing. The other salient feature of the ‘Alavi Library is that it is housed at the Da’i's residence and most of the manuscripts are copied by the Du’aat from those which were brought to Vadodara when the Da’wat headquarters were shifted from Ahmedabad.

It has been well-preserved and well-maintained by the Da’i's great efforts. Like many other places where such manuscripts were bundled for centuries and remained under lock-and-key and were never referred to or studied, the case is entirely different here. At the ‘Alavi Library, the Da’i consults and refers to these manuscripts and accordingly copies its texts in individual papers for lecturing purposes and hands over certain old manuscripts to his close aides to make a fresh copy by penning the entire text. With age-old methods the preservation of the manuscripts is carried out. As the Da’i personally handles all library affairs, the question of precaution, curing, or fumigation never arises. But the Du’aat felt it compulsory to make a copy of every manuscript as there was a constant fear of a single copy being damaged by any unexpected accident or worm attack. Every year more and more manuscripts are added to the collection and also they are copied as and when required.

The manuscripts copied by the 45th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Haatim Zakiyuddin saheb since 1405 AH/1985 AD:

{| class="wikitable"
!Sr. No.
!Name – اسم الکتاب
!Saiyedna (Author) – اسم سیدنا المؤلف
|-
|1.
|Asaas ut-Ta'weel – اساس التأویل
|Qaadi an-No'maan bin Mohammad
|-
|2.
|Munirat ul-Basaa'ir – منیرۃ البصائر
|as-Sultaan al-Khattaab
|-
|3.
|al-Ibtidaa wal Intihaa – الإبتداء و الإنتھاء
|Hebatullaah al-Mo'ayyad ash-Shiraazi
|-
|4.
|Nahj ul-'Ibaadah – نھج العبادۃ
|Hebatullaah al-Mo'ayyad ash-Shiraazi
|-
|5.
|Risaalat un-Naqd – رسالۃ النقد
|Haatim bin Ibraahim al-Haamedi
|-
|6.
|Risaalat ul-Muqezah – رسالۃ الموقظۃ
|Sharafuddin bin Hamzah
|-
|7.
|Ziyaa ul-Basaa'ir – ضیاء البصائر
|Idrees 'Imaaduddin bin Hasan
|-
|8.
|Asraar ul-Imaam il-Mahdi – أسرار الإمام المھدي
|Imam 'Abdullaah al-Mahdi
|-
|9.
|Risaalat ul-Amn min al-Hayrat – رسالۃ الأمن من الحیرۃ
|Ya'qub as-Sijistaani
|}

== Islamic calendar: occasions and commemoration as per the calculation of Fatimid imams ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Months – شھور
!Date – تأریخ
!Events – واقعات
|-
|
# Moharram ul-Haraam<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alavibohra.org/Moharram%20ul-Haraam%20-%20Asharah%20Mubaaraka.htm|title=Alavi Bohras - MOHARRAM ul-Haraam - Excerpts from the Bayaanat of Asharah Mubaarakah|accessdate=16 April 2023}}</ref> – محرم الحرام
|1
|
* New Year
* Urs Mubaarak<ref name=":15">Death Anniversary and social gathering or Majlis to commemorate the life and works of a high esteemed person in Da'wah Hierarchy</ref> of Da'i al-Balaagh<ref name=":3">Da'i or missionary in India following the command of Manifest Fatimid Imam (Imaam e Zaahir) of Cairo acting as bridge between Imam and his faithful subjects</ref> Maulaai 'Abdullaah – [[Khambhat]]
|-
|
|2–9
|Daily Majlis<ref>A private or public gathering of Alavi Bohras in presence of Saiyedna saheb where Ash'aar e Husainiyah, Marsiyah, Lecture and Rusoomaat e Da'wah are performed</ref> conducted in the presence of [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]] Saiyedna saheb where detailed account of Shohadaa-e-Karbalaa – شھداء کربلاء is presented coupled with the Admonition and Explanation of Shari'ah laws and Tenets
|-
|
|10
|
* Yaum-e-Aashuraa – یوم عاشوراء: The holy martyrdom of 2nd [[Fatimid caliph|Fatimid Imam]] Shaah-e-Karbalaa [[Husayn ibn Ali|Maulaana Husain]] – d. 61 AH – [[Karbala|Karbalaa Mo'allaa]]
* Urs Mubaarak of 1st Da'i al Mutlaq Saiyedna [[Zoeb bin Moosa]] saheb – d. 546 AH/1151 AD – Haws Mubaarak – Yemen
|-
|
|13
|Birth of 20th Fatimid Imam Maulaana Aamir – 490 AH/1097 AD, Cairo
|-
|
|15
|Birth of 15th Fatimid Imam Maulaana Nazaar al-Azeez – 344 AH/955 AD, Cairo
|-
|
|16
|Urs Mubaarak of 3rd Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna [[Hatim (Dawoodi Bohra)|Haatim Mohiyuddin]] bin Saiyedna Ibraahim saheb – d. 596 AH/1199 AD – Hutayb Mubaarak – Yemen
|-
|
|18
|Urs Mubaarak of 3rd Fatimid Imam Saiyed ur-Raake'een was Saajedeen Maulaana [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin|Ali Zayn ul-Aabedeen]] – d. 94 AH/712 AD – [[Al-Baqi'|Jannat ul-Baqee']] – Madinat ul Munawwarah
|-
|
|20
|
* Urs Mubaarak of 35th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Nuruddin Noorbhai bin Shaikh Ali saheb – d. 1178 AH/1764 – Surat
* Birth of 19th Fatimid Imam Maulaana Ahmad al-Musta'ali – 467 AH/1074 AD, Cairo
|-
|
|22
|Birth of Ra's ul-Hudood Dr. Hakeemuddin Bhaisaheb Zulqarnain saheb – 1400 AH/1979 AD – Vadodara, Gujarat
|-
|
|23
|
* Urs Mubaarak of Saiyedi Hasan Feer saheb Shaheed – d. 795 AH/1392 AD – Denmaal, Gujarat
* Urs Mubaarak of Noor Bibi (Mother of 24th Da'i al-Mutlaq al-Yemeni Saiyedna [[Yusuf Najmuddin ibn Sulaiman|Yusuf Najmuddin]] bin Sulaymaan) and Faatimah Bibi (Sister of the said Saiyedna saheb) – Dandi gaam (Maai saheb, Navsari)
|-
|
|27
|Urs Mubaarak of Da'i al-Balaagh Saiyedi Fakhruddin saheb Shaheed – Galiyakot, Rajasthan
|-
|
|28
|Urs Mubaarak of Saiyedi Musanji bin Taaj saheb Shaheed – Vadodara, Gujarat
|-
|
|
|
|-
|2. Safar ul-Muzaffar – صفر المظفر
|2
|
* Urs Mubaarak of 18th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Ali Shamsuddin bin Saiyedna Abdullaah – d. 832 AH/1428 AD – Shaareqah, Yemen
* Urs Mubaarak of Saiyedna as-Sultaan al-Khattaab bin Hasan – d. 533 AH/1138 – Yemen
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|14
|
* Urs Mubaarak of 34th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Jalaal Shehaabuddin bin Saiyedi Nuhji saheb – d. 1158 AH/1745 AD – Jannat ul-Mumineen (Pratapnagar, Vadodara)
* Urs Mubaarak of Kaka Akela – Kaki Akela saheb – Khambhat
|-
|
|17
|Urs Mubaarak of 19th Fatimid Imam Maulaana [[Al-Musta'li|Ahmad al-Musta'ali]] – d. 495 AH/1101 AD – [[Fatimid Egypt|al-Qaaherah al-Mo'izziyah]] – Cairo
|-
|
|18
|Urs Mubaarak of [[Sakinah (Fatima al-Kubra) bint Husayn|Maulaatona Sakinah]], the daughter of Imam Husain
|-
|
|20
|[[Arba'een Pilgrimage|Arba'een – Chehlum]] of Saiyed ush-Shohadaa Maulaana Imam Husain
|-
|
|22
|Urs Mubaarak of 8th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Husain bin Saiyedna Ali saheb – d. 667 AH/1268 AD – San'aa (Yemen)
|-
|
|25
|Urs Mubaarak of Khateebat-o-Karbalaa Maulaatona Zainab
|-
|
|27
|Urs Mubaarak of 23rd Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Mohammad Ezzuddin bin Saiyedna Hasan saheb – d. 946 AH/1539 – Zabeed (Yemen)
|-
|
|29
|Urs Mubaarak of Maulaana Imam [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan al-Mujtabaa]] – d. 49 AH/669 AD – [[Al-Baqi'|Jannat ul-Baqee']] – Madinat ul Munawwarah
|-
|
|
|
|-
|3. Rabi' ul-Awwal – ربیع الأول
|2
|Urs Mubaarak of Khaatim ul-Ambiyaa Saiyed ul-Awliyaa Muhammad – d. 11 AH/632 AD – Madinat ul Munawwarah and his Birth in Makkat ul Mukarramah in 1 'Aam ul-Feel<ref>The year of the Attack of the army with While Elephants on Makkah which was led by Yemeni Commander Abrahah who came to destroy Ka'bah</ref>/570 AD
|-
|
|3
|Birth of 16th Fatimid Imam [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|Maulaana Husain al-Haakim]] – 375 AH/985 AD – al-Qaaherah al-Mo'izziyah, Cairo
|-
|
|8
|Birth of 45th Da'i al-Mutlaq [[Haatim Zakiyuddin|Saiyedna Haatim Zakiyuddin saheb]] (the incumbent missionary of Alavi Bohras) – 1379 AH/1959 AD – Vadodara, Gujarat
|-
|
|12
|Urs Mubaarak of 6th Da'i al-Mutlaq Ali bin Hanzalah saheb – d. 626 AH/1229 AD – Hamdaan (Yemen)
|-
|
|14
|Urs Mubaarak of Saiyedi Miyaji bin Taaj saheb – Umreth, Gujarat
|-
|
|15
|Urs Mubaarak of 11th Fatimid Imam Maulaana Abdullaah al-Mahdi – d. 322 AH/934 AD – Mahdiyah, North Africa
|-
|
|17
|Birth of 5th Fatimid Imam, Maulaana [[Ja'far al-Sadiq|Imam Abu Abdillaah Ja'far us-Saadiq]] – 83 AH/702 AH – Madinat ul Munawwarah
|-
|
|22
|Urs Mubaarak of Mukaasir ud-Da'wat Saiyedi Nazarali Bhaisaheb Najmuddin – d. 1397 AH/1977 AD – Jannat ul-Mumineen (Pratapnagar, Vadodara)
|-
|
|
|
|-
|4. Rabi' ul-Aakhar – ربیع الآخر
|4
|Milaadayn Kareemayn – میلادین کریمین : Two Birthdays – Birth of Maulaana Imam uz-Zamaan<ref>The Imam of the time from the progeny of Mohammad who is present on the back of this earth at all times appointed by his father through Nass</ref> [[Fatimid Caliphate|Abul Qaasim Taiyeb ul-'Asre wal Heen]] – 524 AH/1130 AD – al-Qaaherah al-Mo'izziyah and Birth of 44th Da'i al-Mutlaq al-Alavi al-Faatemi Saiyedna Abu Haatim Taiyeb Ziyauddin saheb<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alavibohra.org/huzor.htm|title=Alavi Bohras – 44th Ad-Da'i al-Faatemi HUZOOR-E-'AALI SAIYEDNA TAIYEB ZIYAUDDIN SAHEB|website=alavibohra.org}}</ref> – 1351 AH/1932 AD – Badri Mohalla, Wadi, Vadodara (Gujarat, India)
|-
|
|11
|Urs Mubaarak of 14th Fatimid Imam Maulaana [[List of Fatimid caliphs|Ma'ad al-Mo'iz]] – d. 365 AH/975 AD – al-Qaaherah al-Mo'izziyah, Cairo
|-
|
|16
|Urs Mubaarak of 25th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Fakhruddin Jalaal bin Hasan saheb – d. 975 AH/1567 AD – Ahmedabad
|-
|
|19
|Urs Mubaarak of 31st Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Badruddin Hasan bin Wali saheb – d. 1090 AH/1679 AD – Ahmedabad
|-
|
|27
|Urs Mubaarak of 26th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Burhaanuddin Dawood bin Ajabshah saheb – d. 997 AH/1589 AD – Ahmedabad
|-
|5. Jumaadi ul-Ulaa – جمادي الأولی
|1
|Urs Mubaarak of 7th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Ahmad bin Mubaarak saheb – d. 627 AH/1230 AD – Hamdaan (Yemen)
|-
|
|11
|Urs Mubaarak of Saiyedi Nuruddin saheb – Dongaam (Aurangabad)
|-
|
|12
|Urs Mubaarak of Saiyedato Nisaa il-Aalameen, Umm ul-A'immat il-Mayaameen, Maulaatona [[Fatimah|Faatimah az-Zahraa]] bint Mohammad ul-Mustafaa – d. 11 AH/632 AD – Madinat ul Munawwarah
|-
|
|
|
|-
|6. Jumaadi ul-Ukhraa – جمادي الأخری
|14
|Urs Mubaarak of Gunj Shohadaa – Ahmedabad
|-
|
|15
|Urs Mubaarak of 27th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Burhaanuddin Dawoodji bin Qutubshah saheb – d. 1021 AH/1612 AD – Ahmedabad
|-
|
|20
|Birth of Umm ul-A'immah Ziyaa ul-Madeenah [[Fatimah|Maulaatona Faatimah az-Zahraa]] – 5 Year of Nubuwat/614 AD – Makkat ul-Mukarramah
|-
|
|25
|44th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Taiyeb Ziyauddin saheb (d. 1436 AH/2015 AD) became the first Indian Da'i who along with his Mazoon and Mukaasir took the longest pilgrimage tour-زیارات مقدسات covering all the holy places for 45 days
|-
|
|27
|Urs Mubaarak of Da'i al-Balaagh Saiyedna Lamak bin Maalik saheb – d. 510 AH/1116 AD – Hamadaan, Yemen
|-
|
|28
|
* Urs Mubaarak of Da'i al-Balaagh Saiyedna Yahyaa bin Lamak saheb – d. 520 AH/1126 – Hamadaan, Yemen
* Urs Mubaarak of 7th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Ahmad bin Mubaarak saheb – d. 627 AH/1230 AD – Hamadaan, Yemen
|-
|
|29
|Urs Mubaarak of Da'i ad-Du'aat Qaazi al-Quzaat<ref>It is the supreme authoritative position during Fatimid Caliphate where he enjoyed the status of Chief Missionary and Chief Justice under the direct commands of an Imam</ref> Saiyedna Qaazi No'maan bin Mohammad at-Tameemi al-Maghrebi – d. 363 AH/974 AD, Cairo
|-
|
|
|
|-
|7. Rajab ul-Murajjab – رجب المرجب
|6
|Urs Mubaarak of 39th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Mufeeduddin Najmuddin bin S Shaikhali saheb – d. 1282 AH/1865 AD – Jannat ul-Mumineen (Pratapnagar, Vadodara)
|-
|
|7
|Urs Mubaarak of 28th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Shaikh Aadam Safiyuddin bin Taiyeb shah saheb – d. 1030 AH/1621 AD – Saraspur, Ahmedabad
|-
|
|13-14-15
|Ayyaam ul-Beez – أیام البیض : Wilaadat (birth) of [[Ali|Ameer ul-Mumineen Maulaana 'Ali bin Abi Taalib]] in [[Kaaba|Ka'batullaah]] – 30 'Aam ul-Feel and Fasting of Umm-e-Daawood
|-
|
|14
|
* Urs Mubaarak of Da'i al-Balaagh Saiyedi Ya'qoob saheb – Patan
* Urs Mubaarak of 14th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Abdul Muttalib Najmuddin bin S. Mohammad saheb – d. 755 AH/1354 AD – Hisn-e-Zimarmar, Yemen
|-
|
|15
|8 Rak'aat<ref>A unit of prayer-namaaz which consists of standing, one time bowing and two times prostrating</ref> Prayer of afternoon – صلوۃ الزوال : The day when Maulaatona Faatimah bint Asad came out from Ka'batullaah holding Maulaana 'Ali in her hands
|-
|
|17
|
* Urs Mubaarak of 43rd Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Yusuf Nooruddin bin S. Badruddin saheb – d. 1394 AH/1974 AD – Mazaar-e-Yusufi, Badri Mohalla, Vadodara
* Urs Mubaarak of 33rd Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Mo'ayyaduddin Hebatullaah bin S. Ziyauddin saheb – d. 1151 AH/1738 AD – Bustaan-e-Badri, Wadi, Vadodara
|-
|
|18
|Urs Mubaarak of 13th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Ali Shamsuddin bin S. Ibraaheem saheb – d. 746 AH/1345 AD – Hisn-e-Zimarmar, Yemen
|-
|
|21
|
* Urs Mubaarak of Saiyedi Shaikh Aadam bin S. Nooruddin saheb – Surat
* Urs Mubaarak of Mazoon ud-Da'wat Saiyedi Bhaisaheb Sharafuddin bin S. Najmuddin saheb – Jannat ul-Mumineen (Pratapnagar, Vadodara)
* Mohtaramah Maa-sahebah<ref>The wife of the Da'i who presides every assembly or majlis meant for only ladies in houses or in masjids and she takes care of their complains and daily affairs</ref> Keebu bint Sharafuddin, Zawjat-e-Saiyedna Badruddin saheb – Jannat ul-Mumineen (Pratapnagar, Vadodara)
|-
|
|25
|Urs Mubaarak of 37th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Shamsuddin Shaikhali bin S. Shamsuddin saheb – d. 1248 AH/1832 AD – Bustaan-e-Badri, Wadi, Vadodara
|-
|
|26
|Laylat ul-Mab'as or Laylat ul-Israa wal Me'raaj – لیلۃ المبعث، لیلۃ الإسراء و المعراج – Great night of the Ascention of Mohammad to the 8 Heavens
|-
|
|27
|Yaum ul-Mab'as – یوم المبعث and Fasting : First Aayat of [[Quran|Qur'an]] i.e. the beginning of سورۃ العلق was revealed on Ghaar-e-Hiraa, Mohammad was honoured as Nabi and Master of all Ambiyaa – 40 'Aam ul-Feel/610 AD – Makkat ul Mukarramah
|-
|
|
|
|-
|8. Sha'baan ul-Kareem – شعبان الکریم
|5
|
* Birthday of 2nd Imam, Maulaana Husain Saiyed ush-Shohadaa – 4 AH/626 AD – Madinah
* Birthday of 3rd Imam, [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin|Maulaana 'Ali Zayn ul-Aabedeen]] – 33 AH/654 AD – Madinah
* Urs Mubaarak of 44th Da'i al-Mutlaq [[Abu Haatim Tayyib Ziyauddin|Saiyedna Abu Haatim Taiyeb Ziyauddin saheb]] – d. 1436 AH/2015 AD – Mazaar-e-Yusufi, Behind Nooraani Masjid, Vadodara
|-
|
|7
|Inauguration of the mausoleum of 42nd Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Badruddin Fidaali located at Bustaan-e-Badri, Wadi, Vadodara in 1435 AH/2014 AD on the hands of 44th Da'i Saiyedna Taiyeb Ziyauddin saheb – d. 1436 AH/2015 AD
|-
|
|8
|Urs Mubaarak of 42nd Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Badruddin Fidaali bin S Fakhruddin saheb – d. 1377 AH/1958 AD – Bustaan-e-Badri, Wadi, Vadodara
|-
|
|10
|Inauguration of Masjid e Badri, Worli, Mumbai in 1435 AH/2014 AD on the hands of 44th Da'i Saiyedna Taiyeb Ziyauddin saheb – d. 1436 AH/2015 AD
|-
|
|14
|Laylat un-Nisf {Shab-e-Baraat} – لیلۃ النصف. A special prayer of 14 Rak'aat called Washsheq<ref name=":0">It is Naafelat (Voluntary) prayer offered after Maghrib and 'Ishaa il-Aakherat Namaaz. It has multiple Rak'aat and one who prays it is supposed to have prayed for the whole night. Technically, during such meritorious nights, a faithful must pray for the whole night, but this designated Naafelat prayer amounts to the Reward of the prayer of Whole Night.</ref>
|-
|
|15
|
* Yaum-e-Tahweel ul-Qiblah – یوم تحویل القبلۃ: [[Kaaba|Ka'batullaah]] became the [[Qibla]]h of Islam in 2 AH/624 AD – Madinah
* Marriage of Maulaana 'Ali Ameer ul-Mumineen with Daughter of Muhammad, Maulaatona Faatimah az-Zahraa – 2 AH/624 AD – Madinah
* Urs Mubaarak of 17th Faatemi Imam Maulaana 'Ali az-Zaahir – d. 427 AH/1036 AD – al-Qaaherah al-Mo'izziyah, Cairo
* Urs Mubaarak of 20th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Hasan Badruddin bin S. Idrees saheb – d. 918 AH/1512 AD – Masaar, Yemen
|-
|
|16
|Urs Mubaarak of 2nd Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Ibraaheem bin Husain al-Haamedi saheb – d. 557 AH/1162 AD – Ghail-e-Bani Haamid, Yemen
|-
|
|20
|Saiyedna Haatim Zakiyuddin saheb took the reign of Da'wat e 'Alaviyah as a 45th Da'i al-Mutlaq by taking Oath of Allegiance of the community in Masjid e Nooraani, Wadi, Vadodara in 1436 AH/2015 AD
|-
|
|22
|Urs Mubaarak of Saiyedatona Hurrat ul-Malekah Arwa binte Ahmad saheba. Hujjat of 20th Faatemi Imam Maulaana Mansoor al-Aamir – d. 532 AH/1138 AD – Zi-Jablah, Yemen. Beginning of Da'wat e Itlaaqiyah.<ref name=":8">The Taiyebi spiritual mission led by the 1st Da'i Saiyedna Zo'eb in Yemen under the hidden guidance of Imam us Satr, the Imam under Occultation 21st Imam at-Taiyeb and his progeny.</ref>
|-
|
|26
|Urs Mubaarak of 36th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Hameeduddin Shamsuddin bin S Hebatullaah saheb – d. 1189 AH/1775 AD – Bustaan-e-Badri, Wadi, Vadodara
|-
|
|27
|Urs Mubaarak of 5th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Ali bin Mohammad bin al-Waleed saheb – d. 612 AH/1215 AD – Haraaz, Yemen
|-
|
|
|
|-
|9. Ramazaan ul-Mo'azzam<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alavibohra.org/ramazaan%20ul-mubaarak.htm|title=Alavi Bohras - Ramazaan ul-Mu'azzam - Riwaayaat of its Merits, Articles and Akhbaar pur-Anwaar|accessdate=16 April 2023}}</ref> – رمضان المعظم
|5
|14th Fatemi Imam Maulaana Ma'ad al-Mo’iz entered the city of Cairo and offered prayers in his Palace. The city of Cairo got its name from him as al-Qaaherah al- Mo’izziyah
|-
|
|7
|By the order of Imam al-Mo’iz, Jaame’-e-Azhar was inaugurated by Maulaana al-Qaa’id Jawhar in Cairo that became the Capital of Fatemi Sultanate. Usage of Misri Calendar was officiated in the entire Hukumat. Azaan was said publicly with the recitation of "Mohammadun wa 'Aliyun Khayr ul-Bashar wa ‘Itratohoma Khayr ul-‘Itar". Fatemi law and jurisprudence was practiced.
|-
|
|8
|This was the memorable day in the history of Fatemi Imamat. Under the guidance of Imam al-Mo’iz, his commander Maulaana al-Qaa’id al-Jawhar as-Saqali conquered Egypt. The foundation of Cairo was laid along with [[Al-Azhar Mosque|Jaame’-e-Azhar]] and Palaces.
|-
|
|9
|Urs Mubaarak of 16th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Abdullaah Fakhruddin bin Ali saheb – d. 809 AH/1407 AD – Hisn-e-Zimarmar, Yemen
|-
|
|10
|
* Birth of 17th Fatemi Imam Maulaana 'Ali az-Zaahir in Cairo – 395 AH/1005 AD
* 41st Da’i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Fakhruddin Jivabhai bin Saiyedna Ameeruddin saheb began composing the ash'aar for the beginning (إبتداء) and ending (وداع) of Shahrullaah. Till 1332 AH/1914 AD, he completed composing 19 abyaat which is based on the 19 huroof-حروف of 'Bismillaah'. Many of these abyaat are recited in Shahrullaah
|-
|
|12
|Urs Mubaarak of 15th Fatemi Imam [[Al-Aziz Billah|Maulaana Nazaar al-'Azeez]] – d. 386 AH/996 AD – al-Qaaherah al-Mo'izziyah, Cairo
|-
|
|15
|Birth of the 1st Fatemi Imam, Maulaana Hasan al-Mujtabaa – 3 AH/631 AD – Madinah
|-
|
|16
|Birth of 18th Fatemi Imam Maulaana Ma'ad al-Mustansir in Cairo – 420 AH/1029 AD – al-Qaaherah al-Mo'izziyah
|-
|
|17
|First battle of Islam, [[Battle of Badr]] fought in which Abul Qaasim Mohammad became victorious and the arch-enemy Abu Jahal was killed
|-
|
|18
|Night to offer 24 Rak'at Naafelat namaaz<ref>After farz and sunnat namaaz, this type of prayer is offered voluntarily and it is up to the believer how many rak'at he intends to offer</ref> when Ameer ul-Mumineen Maulaana [[Ali|'Ali bin Abi Taalib]] was severely injured in the mehrab of [[Kufa|Masjid e Kufa]]
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|20
|24 Rak'at Naafelat namaaz, Night of the Martyrdom of Ameer ul-Mumineen Maulaana 'Ali bin Abi Taalib in Kufa in 40 AH/661 AD
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|21
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* Martyrdom of Ameer ul-Mumineen Maulaana 'Ali bin Abi Taalib
* Birth of 14th Fatemi Imam Maulaana Ma'ad al-Mo'iz in Cairo – 319 AH/931 AD
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|22
|Laylat ul-Qadr – لیلۃ القدر : Washsheq<ref name=":0" /> of 24 salaams, 20 rak'ats and Waseelah Mubaarakah<ref name=":1">Intercession and Intermediary person from Da'wah Shareefah with special status who is granted permission and has spiritual powers to pardon mistakes of Believers and invites reward for good deeds from Allaah Ta'aala</ref>
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|28
|Birth of Mukaasir ud-Da'wat Saiyedi Mohammad Bhaisaheb Nuruddin saheb – 1394 AH/1974 AD – Vadodara, Gujarat
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|29
|Urs Mubaarak of 38th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Hameeduddin Shamsuddin bin Saiyedna Shaikhali saheb – d. 1252 AH/1837 AD – Bustaan-e-Badri, Wadi, Vadodara
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|30
|Night of Eid ul-Fitr – عید الفطر. Washsheq Raat of 24 rak'ats
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|The night of the last [[Jumu'ah|Jumo'ah]] of Shahrullaah is the Night of Aakhri Jumo'ah: Washsheq of Wadaa'-e-Ramazaan – وداع شھر اللہ & Waseelah<ref name=":1" /> of [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Ambiyaa]] and the day of Jumo'ah is Aakhri Yaum ul-Jumo'ah: Waseelah of Ambiyaa
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|10. Shawwaal ul-Mukarram – شوال المکرم
|1
|[[Eid al-Fitr|'Eid ul-Fitr]] – عید الفطر also known as Ramazaan 'Idd (The Celebration after the 30 days of [[Ramadan|Ramazaan Fasting]])
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|6
|Urs Mubaarak of 17th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Hasan Badruddin bin S. Abdullaah – d. 821 AH/1418 AD – Hisn-e-Zimarmar, Yemen
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|7
|Urs Mubaarak of Saiyedna Mohammad bin Taaher al-Haarisi – Ma'zoon-e-Mutlaq of [[Hatim (Dawoodi Bohra)|3rd Da'i Saiyedna Haatim]] and author of the Du'aa of al-Aql al-Awwal
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|8
|Urs Mubaarak of 15th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Abbaas bin S. Mohammad saheb – d. 779 AH/1378 AD – Hisn-e-Zimarmar, Yemen
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|10
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* Urs Mubaarak of Saiyedna Hebatullaah al-Mo'ayyad ash-Shiraazi – Baab ul-Abwaab<ref>Baab is the Shi'a-Isma'ili term used for the immediate person who is of high spiritual status after Muhammad or the Imam from his progeny. Baab ul Abwaab means the Door of the Doors, that leads to the Zenith of Spiritual Hierarchy i.e. Imam. Maulaa 'Ali is the Baab of Mohammad</ref> of 18th [[Al-Mustansir Billah|Fatimid Imam Maulaana Mustansir Billaah]] – d. 470 AH/1078 AD
* Urs Mubaarak of 21st Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Husain Husaamuddin bin S. Idrees – d. 933 AH/1527 AD – Masaar, Yemen
* Urs Mubaarak of 11th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Ibraaheem bin S. Husain – d. 728 AH/1328 AD – Hisn-e-Af'edah, Yemen
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|12
|Birthday of 11th Fatimid Imam Maulaana [[Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah|'Abdullaah al-Mahdi]] – 260 AH/874 AD
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|13
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* Urs Mubaarak of 12th Fatimid Imam [[Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)|Maulaana Mohammad al-Qaa'im]] – d. 334 AH/946 AD – [[Mahdia|Mahdiyah, North Africa]]
* Urs Mubaarak of 30th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Zakiyuddin Taiyeb bin S Shaikh Aadam – d. 1047 AH/1638 AD – Saraspur, Ahmedabad
* Saiyedi Ameenji bin Jalaal – Witness of the Nass-e-Jali<ref name=":23">Nass-e-jali is the explicit appointment or public declaration of a Spiritual Authority as a successor by a predecessor</ref> of Saiyedna Ali saheb – d. 1031 AH/1622 AD – Saraspur, Ahmedabad
* Urs Mubaarak of Mukaasir ud-Da'wat during the 44th Da'i, Saiyedi Husain Mo'eenuddin saheb – d. 1429 AH/2008 AD – Jannat ul-Mumineen, Pratapnagar, Vadodara
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|20
|Urs Mubaarak of 41st Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Fakhruddin bin Saiyedna Ameeruddin saheb – d. 1347 AH/1929 AD – Bustaan-e-Badri, Wadi, Vadodara. He is the Da'i who did Wa'az<ref>Wa'az-Lectures delivered by a Da'i among his subjects citing references from Qur'an and the traditions of the Prophets. It is done privately or publicly during various social events.</ref> in Arabic-Persian simultaneously. He composed an Anthology of Poetry in Arabic, Persian, Urdu and [[Lisaan ud-Da'wat il-'Alaviyah|Lisaan ud-Da’wat il-‘Alaviyah]] comprising many topics such as prayers, holy months, obedience, Da’wat, Da’i, Ahl ul-Bayt, misaaq, pillars of Islam, salutation, love and respect etc.
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|27
|Urs Mubaarak of 16th Fatimid Imam [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|Maulaana Husain al-Haakim]] – d. 411 AH/1021 (Ascention towards the Heavens)
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|28
|Urs Mubaarak of 13th Fatimid Imam Maulaana Isma'il al-Mansoor – d. 341 AH/953 AD – Mahdiyah
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|-
|11. Zulqa'adat il-Haraam – ذو القعدۃ الحرام
|4
|Urs Mubaarak of 20th Fatimid Imam Maulaana Mansoor al-Aamir – d. 526 AH/1132 AD – al-Qaaherah al-Mo'izziyah – Cairo
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|10
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* Birth of Umm ul-Mumineen Mohtaramah Mokarramah Maa Saahebah Azimahbu binte Mukaasir ud-Da'wat Saiyedi Bhaisaheb Nazarali saheb – 1360 AH/1941 AD – Vadodara
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|12
|Urs Mubaarak of Yemeni Da'i [[Sulayhid dynasty|Saiyedna Ali bin Mohammad as-Sulayhi]] saheb, Yemen
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|13
|Urs Mubaarak 9th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Ali bin S Husain saheb – d. 682 AH/1284 AD – San'aa, Yemen
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|19
|Urs Mubaarak of 19th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Idrees Imaaduddin bin S Hasan saheb – d. 872 AH/1468 AD – Shibaam, Yemen
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|21
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* Urs Mubaarak of 22nd Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Ali Shamsuddin bin S Husain saheb – d. 933 AH/1527 AD – Masaar, Yemen
* Inauguration of Masjid e Nooraani, Wadi, Vadodara in 1393 AH/1973 AD on the hands of 43rd Da'i Saiyedna Yusuf Nooruddin saheb – d. 1394 AH/1974 AD
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|23
|Urs Mubaarak of Da'i al-Mutlaq Shaheed-e-Aazam Saiyedna Ali Shamsuddin bin S. Ibraheem<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alavibohra.org/urs%20saiyedna%20ali%20ahmedabad.htm|title=Alavi Bohras - 'URS-E-MAYMOON - Saiyedna Ali Shamsuddin bin Ibraheem Ash-Shaheed (QR) - Ahmedabad|accessdate=16 April 2023}}</ref> 29th saheb – d. 1046 AH/1637 AD – Ahmedabad
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|25
|Urs Mubaarak of 4th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Ali Shamsuddin bin S. Haatim saheb – d. 605 AH/1209 AD – San'aa – Yemen
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|29
|Fasting (Roza) of Nuzool-e-[[Kaaba|Ka'batullaah]] (Baytullaah descended on the earth)
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|12. Zul Hijjat il-Haraam – ذو الحجۃ الحرام
|1
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* Urs Mubaarak of Maa-sahebah Mohtaramah Khadeejah al-Kubraa Meethibu binte Rajabali, wife (زوجۃ طاھرۃ) of 43rd Da'i Saiyedna Yusuf Nooruddin saheb – d. 1405 AH/1985 AD – Jannat ul-Mumineen, Pratapnagar, Vadodara
* Urs Mubaarak of 12th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Mohammad bin Saiyedi Haatim – d. 729 AH/1329 AD – Hisn-e-Af'edah, Yemen
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|4
|Urs Mubaarak of Maa-sahebah Mohtaramah Ne'matbu binte Mukaasir ud-Da'wat Saiyedi Sharafuddin saheb, wife (زوجۃ طاھرۃ) of 41st Da'i Saiyedna Jivabhai Fakhruddin saheb – 1336 AH/1918 AD – Jannat ul-Mumineen, Patapnagar, Vadodara
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|6
|Urs Mubaarak of Saiyedi Khawj bin Malak saheb – 1009 AH/1601 AD – Kapadwanj, Gujarat
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|9
|[[Mount Arafat|Yaum-e-Arafah]] – یوم عرفۃ and Night of '[[Eid al-Adha|Eid ul-Azhaa]] – عید الاضحی. [[Takbir|Takbeerah]] of the ritual slaughter (بھیمۃ الانعام) begins from the farz of Fajr prayer
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|10
|Yaum-e-'Eid ul-Azhaa (عید قرباني). The day of the [[Dhabihah|Ritual Sacrifice of a Halaal Animal]] – Zabeehat (ذبیحۃ)
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|13
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* Takbeerah ends on the farz of 'Asr prayer
* Urs Mubaarak of Maulaai Firoz saheb – Ahmedabad
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|16
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* Urs Mubaarak of Maa-sahebah Mohtaramah Raanibu binte Ghulaam Husain, wife (زوجۃ طاھرۃ) of 42nd Saiyedna Fida'ali Badruddin saheb – d. 1381 AH/1962 AD – Jannat ul-Mumineen, Patapnagar, Vadodara
* Urs Mubaarak of 24th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Yusuf Najmuddin bin Saiyedi Sulaymaan saheb – d. 974 AH/1567 AD – Taybah, Yemen. The last Taiyebi Da'i who did Da'wat in Yemen and is buried there but was born in Sidhpur, Gujarat
* Dhaaro – Death Anniversary of Khaadim-e-Da'wat Naiknaam Shaikhali bin Alibhai, Jannat ul-Mumineen, Patapnagar, Vadodara
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|18
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* 'Eid ul-Walaayat – عید الولایۃ ('Eid-e-Ghadeer-e-Khumm – عید غدیر خم) – [[Muhammad|Mohammad ul-Mustafaa]] appointed his cousin and son-in-law [[Ali|'Ali ibn Abi Taalib Ameer ul-Mumineen]] as his vicegerent and legatee in front of 70,000 pilgrims
* Urs Mubaarak of 18th Fatimid [[Al-Mustansir Billah|Imam Maulaana Ma'ad al-Mustansir]] – d. 487 AH/1095 AD – al-Qaaherah al-Mo'izziyah, Cairo
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|20
|Urs Mubaarak of 40th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Ameenuddin Ameeruddin bin Saiyedna Najmuddin saheb – 1296 AH/1879 AD – Jannat ul-Mumineen, Pratapnagar, Vadodara
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|29
|First night of the first month Muharram ul-Haraam of the New Year. The most important tradition to arrange Maa'edto Aal-e-Mohammad – مائدۃ آل محمد – Thaal<ref name=":17">Maa'edah is a term used specially in Alavi & Dawoodi Bohras customary social events when followers get together and sit around a big platter in a group of 7 on the floor and eat from a single plate. Each item they eat or drink together with strict discipline and in the last the food left in the plate is equally distributed among a group</ref> (big plate) of different items and dishes is kept and all the members of the family sit together on the floor and take the grace – برکات and pray for the blessings, progress, health and peace in the New Year
|}

== Salient features ==

===The City of Vadodara===
The Peaceful City of Vadodara (Gujarat, India)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alavibohra.org/Why%20did%20the%20pure%20land%20of%20India%20became%20the%20centre%20of%20Dawat.htm|title=Vadodara|last=Centre|first=Da'wat e Haadiyah|date=2007-07-23}}</ref> is the Centre of Da'wah Haadiyah 'Alaviyah الدعوۃ الھادیۃ العلویۃ (Alavi Bohras, Alavi Da'wat) since 1110 AH/1698 AD when 32nd Da'i e Mutlaq الداعي المطلق Saiyedna Jivabhai Ziyauddin migrated along with community members to Vadodara due to persecution and tyranny of other Muslim and Bohra communities. Saiyedna helped each and every Alavi Bohra migrant to get settled in Wadi area gifted by the Shi'a benevolent person Miya Mahmood. He constructed a Mosque, named Ziyaai Masjid at the entrance of the Mohalla (locality) called Badri Mohalla.

===Du'aat (missionaries) after migration===
Alavi Bohras have all the Du'aat دعاۃ from 32nd till the 44th Da'i e Mutlaq Saiyedna Taiyeb Ziyauddin buried in Vadodara except 35th Da'i whose grave is in Surat. So during these 3 centuries 12 Du'aat have their mausoleum at a single place i.e. Vadodara.

===Da'i knows everyone===
8000 believers of Well-Knit, Educated and Organized Alavi Bohra Worldwide Community has a distinction that their Saiyedna saheb known popularly as Aqaa Maulaa knows each and every of the community by his Name, Family, Social Status, Education and Occupation. He directly meets everyone and resolves issues with his own capacity be it Spiritual, Social, Financial, Marital or Personal. He is surrounded by his Ashaab اصحاب or believers wherever he goes and doesn't need any security.

===Asbaaq===
[[File:Alavi bohras hatim zakiyuddin muqaddas maula 32 1436 (2).jpg|alt=Aqaa Maulaa near the qabr of Saiyedna Ziyauddin saheb|thumb|Aqaa Maulaa in the Mausoleum of 6 Du'aat in Bustaan e Badri (Vadodara) during the 'Urs Mubaarak of 32nd Da'i Saiyedna Jivabhai Ziyauddin bin Saiyedi Nuhji – 9-11-1436 AH]]

Asbaaq<ref>Asbaaq means the religious assemblies and private gathering in which Authorities impart knowledge on faith and practices among trustworthy subjects</ref> of Faith: For years together, Da'i, Mazoon, Mukaasir and Ra's ul-Hudood impart Religious Knowledge centred on Isma'ili Taiyebi Literature,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alavibohra.org/Rasaail%20Ikhwaan%20is%20Safaa%20wa%20Khullaan%20il%20Wafaa%20imam%20ahmad.htm|title=Isma'ili|last=Literature|first=Faatemi Imaam|date=2007-03-13|website=Team Alavi}}</ref> dealing with Aqaa'id-عقائد (dogmas, beliefs), Sunan-سنن (traditions), Rusoomaat-رسومات (customs), Aa'maal-اعمال (deeds), Zamaan-e-Haal-زمانۂ حال (current affairs) by conducting Special as well as General Daras-درس<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alavi Bohras - Akhbaar & Video - Dars-e-Haatemi 4-1435|url=http://alavibohra.org/mix%20videos%20from%205-1432/dars-e-haatemi%2014-5-1435.html|access-date=2020-12-29|website=alavibohra.org}}</ref> (learning classes) weekly. Alaviyeen-علویین i.e. Believers from all walks of life come to acquire knowledge directly from Da'wah Central Authority to enhance their Intelligence and Wisdom.

===‘Urs Mubaarak===

‘Urs Mubaarak-عرس مبارک is the auspicious and historic day commemorating the Death Anniversary of the holy personalities of [[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahl ul-Bayt]], Missionaries (Du’aat-دعاۃ) or the Deputies (Walis) of the missionaries in India during the period of Da’wat when it was in either Misr or Yemen. After the prayer of sunset (maghrib-مغرب) people gather in a mosque or in a mausoleum in the presence of [[Da'i al-Mutlaq|Da’i al-Mutlaq]] to pay respect in the form of sweets, chaadar (flowery sheet), ghilaaf (decorative drape). It is a unique socio-religious festival in which Da’i al-Mutlaq (Saiyedna saheb) addresses people and makes them aware about the simple and pious life of Du’aat-دعاۃ, their works and sacrifices, their prayers and admonitions. Tenets of [[Isma'ilism|Isma’ili-Taiyebi faith]] are dealt with in detail in such gatherings such as salvation, life after this world, accounts and answers to be given to angels, paradise and hell, good and bad deeds and its reward or punishment, [[Qiyaamah|the day of qeyaamah]] (یوم القیامۃ), the proceedings of the deceased in his grave, supplication and prayer for the pardon of evil actions etc. In the gathering eulogy of the deceased holy personality (Da’i) is recited by the Zaakireen.<ref>Zaakireen are the assembly members of a Da'i who sit directly in the row opposite to him and they are assigned special task to recite the poetic composition in rhythmic or non-rhythmic way in various social gatherings</ref> A feast is arranged for all of them present in the majlis and Supplication of Purity (Faatihah-فاتحۃ) is recited before taking the food. In the morning, the next day after offering prayer of dawn (fajr-فجر) the same type of majlis is held but a special supplication called “Sadaqallaah-صدق اللہ” <ref>It is the unique supplication composed by the orders of Imam which contains the merits of Ahl e Bayt, Qur'anic verses, Hadees of Mohammad and holy words of Imam pertaining to the realities of this life and the Hereafter. It begins with Sadaqallaah, means the truth prevails only through the Almighty and His Messenger</ref> is recited for the deceased and then after paying respects a special dish called Malida is arranged for all the participants. This is the unique way to offer tribute to the deceased who had laid their lives for the Truth and Justice and to commemorate their true stories of piety and strive to get the best in the Hereafter.

=== Ten days of Moharram ===
[[File:Sabeel e husaini.jpg|alt=Sabeel e Husaini of Silver|thumb|Sabeel (water-outlet with earthen pots) made up of Silver erected on the corner of Badri Mohalla every year 2 days before the day of 'Aashuraa]]

[[Muharram|Moharram ul-Haraam]]-محرم الحرام is the first month of [[Islamic calendar|Islamic Lunar Year]] and its first ten days have a great significance in [[Shia Islam|Shi’i]] world. When New Year is celebrated with merriment and joy, Alavi Bohras have a total different course of traditions to greet the gracefulness of the New Year. The first ten days are called ‘Asharah Mubaarakah-عشرۃ مبارکۃ as it is marked with weeping and mourning on the Martyrdom of the 2nd Imaam [[Husayn ibn Ali|Abu ‘Abdillaah Husain]], grandson of Muhammad in [[Karbala]]a. 72 martyrs laid their lives for Truth against the demand of Bay’at-Oath of Allegiance<ref name=":16" /> by [[Yazid I|Yazeed]]. Till the tenth day known as [[Ashura|Yaum e ‘Aashuraa]], [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]] recites sermons and delivers lectures everyday in the morning in Jaame’ Masjid, [[Vadodara]]. Lectures encompass guidance and admonitions relating to all aspects of life and it is the golden opportunity for the community members to meet each other. All these days are packed with the religious and social activities revolving around the life and sacrifices of [[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahl ul Bayt]]. A beautiful Sabeel-water outlet made of silver is erected every year at the entrance of Badri Mohalla conceptualized by Neknaam Shaikhali Alibhai acting on the orders od 42nd da’i Saiyedna Fidaali Badruddin in 1366 AH/1946 AD. It was first erected publicly only for a year in [[Mumbai]] at Mohammad Ali road and then it was taken to Vadodara. Alavi Bohras cook a special sweet dish "Lachko"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fr99uSFTXoA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/Fr99uSFTXoA |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=Alavi Bohras: Traditional Recipe of New Year – Lachko|last=Alavi Bohra Recipes at-Taiyebaat|date=15 September 2017|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>"Lachko" is a traditional sweet dish of Alavi Bohra community which is made by all, only once in a year. People of the community make it on New Year's Eve and have it with all family members after offering Namaaz of Magrib-Ishaa, and also in the Breakfast on New Year Day.</ref> on the first night and first day of a New Year and it is kept in a big platter-Thaal<ref name=":17" /> adorned with many types of dishes and fruits. On the tenth day of Moharram i.e. ‘Aashuraa a dish called "Khichdo"<ref>"Khichdo" is prepared from different cereals and mutton. It is the age-old tradition to cook it on the 10th and 21st day of every month. It was first made by the Banu Asad clan on the plains of Karbalaa at the time when the caravan of Ahl ul Bayt was about to depart towards Kufaa after the martyrdom of Imaam Husain</ref> is cooked for the whole community at different places to commemorate the martyrdom of Maulaana Imaam Husain.

==Community at a glance==
===Status===
[[File:Old rawzah of syedna ali shamsuddin saheb.jpg|alt=this missionary was martyred in Ahmedabad and his tomb stands as a testimony for that|thumb|29th [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]], the great martyr Saiyedna Ali Shamsuddin<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alavibohra.org/haqqaaniyat%20of%20maulaa%20ali%20saheb%20from%20dawat%20mss.htm#one5|title=Alavi Bohras - History - Haqeeqat of 'Alavi Tareekh from Kutub ud-Da'wat ish-Shareefah|accessdate=16 April 2023}}</ref> and the Court of the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor Jahangir]]]]

This is the Nano-Minority Community<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alavibohra.org/Minority%20and%20Majority.htm|title=Minority|last=Alavi|first=Bohras|date=2003-02-14}}</ref> of Gujarat- In the world [[Muslim]]s are in Minority. Among Muslims [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] are a Minority. Among Shi'as [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ilis]] are a minority. Among Isma'ilis, [[Bohra fatimid|Bohras]] are a minority. Among Bohras Alavi Bohras are a minority. Meaning Alavi Bohras are a minority (Bohras) within a minority (Isma'ilis) within a Minority (Shi'a) within a Minority (Muslims).

===Language===
[[File:The Devdi Mubaarak - The residence of His Holiness 01.jpg|thumb|Devdi Mubaarak: Residence of Da'i al-Mutalq of Alavi Bohras since 300 yrs. This is the centre of Alavi Heritage and Culture<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alavibohra.org/alavi%20heritage-antique-architecture-culture.htm|title=Alavi Bohras - Akhbaar - Alavi Heritage and Culture|accessdate=16 April 2023}}</ref>]]

[[Lisaan ud-Da'wat il-'Alaviyah]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alavibohra.org/A%20Research%20Paper%20on%20Alavi%20Bohra%20Language%20-%20Lisaan%20ud-Dawat.htm|title=Lisaan al-Da'wah al-'Alaviyah|last=Lisaan e Da'wat|first=Arabicized Gujarati Language|date=15 Nov 2011}}</ref> (LDA) لسان الدعوۃ العلویۃ is the Unique language spoken by Worldwide Alavi Bohras. It is basically Gujarati Language but it is embellished, supported and structured by Arabic, Persian and Urdu words, idioms, phrases, adverbs, proverbs or sometimes the whole sentence.<ref name=":21" /> It is very sweetly spoken among community members in homes, daily routine and socio-religious gatherings. [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]] is doing lot many efforts in keeping this language alive. He prefers to speak in LDA and advocates others too to follow him. It has been evolved since centuries in Gujarat during the time of 18th Faatemi Imaam Maulaana Mustansir billaah who sent his missionaries for the propagation of [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili faith]] around the end of 5th century AH.

===Culture===
Alavi Bohras have a culture that is unique in terms of dressing style, eating habits and working for livelihood. Majority of the Alavi Bohras stay in [[Vadodara|Vadodara, Gujarat]] and are engaged in their own business be it their shops or factories. Learning and Education is given a lot of importance but the preference of carrying on their family business always remains on top. There is no restriction for females as far as education, job and business is concerned, as the same is not the case in other societies and cultures. Females are given the same status and freedom as the males of the communities, but the things should be done under the Islamic practices and social framework. There are many initiatives carried out for the overall progress and development of the skills pertaining to ladies. In terms of eating habits, Alavi Bohras like each and every type of food and being a Gujarati say, "yes" to everything lawful and healthy. They are very peaceful people with no interests in behavior that is termed as unlawful in the society. They believe in "The Love for All", gives the reward as, "The Love from All".

===Website===
In 1425 AH/2004 AD during the time of 44th Da'i al-Mutlaq [[Abu Haatim Tayyib Ziyauddin|Saiyedna Abu Haatim Taiyeb Ziyauddin]] saheb, the website<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alavibohra.org|title=Welcome to the Official Website of Shi'a Isma'ili Musta'alavi Taiyebi Alavi Bohras – Home page|website=www.alavibohra.org|access-date=5 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623084316/http://www.alavibohra.org/|archive-date=23 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> was conceptualized and launched with the sole aim of making the community and World aware of the History, Practices, Customs, Events, News, Principles, Calendar, Literature, Prayers, Business, Family and Social life, Education, Occupation etc. of Alavi Bohras. It has been controlled, edited and promoted by the office of Saiyedna saheb. Hence there remains no need to confirm any information and news of the community. It can be said that, the World gets the first-hand information directly from the Da'i himself. Since its launch it caters to each and every aspect of the community. If any layman who doesn't know the ABC of Alavi Bohras, then by visiting the website no question of his will remain unanswered. Every scholar or a researcher who is doing work on Alavi Bohras will dedfinitely have to go through this community website.

===Mobile app===
Exclusive Mobile Application "Ahl uz Zikr"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.alientechsol.ahluzzikr|title=Ahl uz Zikr|first=Da'wat-e-Haadiyah, Alavi|last=Bohras|date=16 September 2017|via=Google Play}}</ref> was launched in June 2016 on Android as well as on iOS platform. This application has now become the main medium of connectivity between Da’wat e Haadiyah-Chief Religious Authority and the community members. Office of Da'i saheb is gradually updating and adding all required features for community learning and development. Ahl uz Zikr has become the prime source of all Divine Knowledge apart from the community website. Looking at the wide acceptance of mobile phones among the youngsters, it is time to have an acceptable platform for the propagation of Right Ideas. It includes News, Events, Farmaan, Conversation, Audio, Video, Classifieds, Calendar, Date Conversation, Namaaz Timings, History, Qiblah Direction, Supplication, Hadees, Tasbeeh counter, etc.

===Bank===
Alavi Bohras have a leading co-operative bank in the city of Vadodara named as 'Alavi Bohra Co-operative Bank'. It is a very popular bank among the city residents and serve as good employer for the Alavi Bohra community and its people.

== History of the Imāmī-Alāvī Bohras ==
{{Chart top|The historical emergence of the [[Shī‘ah]] [[Imamah (Ismaili doctrine)|Imāmī]] [[Taiyabi|Tāyyībī]]-[[Musta'li|Mustā‘lī]] Alāvī-[[Ismā'īlī]]s }}
{| class="navbox" style="float:center; margin: 2ex 0 0.6em 0.5em; width: 8em; line-height:111%;"
!The schematic history of the development of the [[Taiyabi|Imāmī]]-[[Musta'li|Mustā‘lī]] Alāvī Bohras from other [[Shī‘ah]] [[Muslim sects]]
|-
|
{{tree chart/start|align=right}}
{{tree chart|WAM|v|BAU| |FBA|v|AMJ|v|NBJ| |BAU=[[Barrah bint Abdul Uzza|Barrah]]|WAM=[[Wahb ibn Abd Manaf|Wahb]]|FBA=[[Fatimah bint Amr|Fatimah]]|AMJ=[[Abdul-Muttalib]]|NBJ=[[Natila bint Janab|Natīla]] |boxstyle_AMJ= background-color:Aquamarine; |boxstyle_FBA= background-color:Aquamarine; |boxstyle_WAM= background-color:MediumSpringGreen; |boxstyle_BAU= background-color:MediumSpringGreen; }}
{{tree chart| |,|-|'| |,|-|v|-|-|-|'| | | |`|-|.| |}}
{{tree chart|ABW|v|ABM|!|ABH|v|FBQ| |ABB|ABW=[[Aminah bint Wahab]]|ABM=[[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|ʿAbd Allāh]] |HMZ=[[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|Hamza]]|ABB= [[‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|‘Abbas]]|FBQ=Fatimah bint Qays|ABH=[[Asad ibn Hashim|Asad]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd al-Manaf|Hashim]]|boxstyle_ABH= background-color:PaleGreen; |boxstyle_ABT= background-color:MediumSpringGreen; |boxstyle_ABW= background-color:MediumSpringGreen; |boxstyle_FBQ= background-color:PaleGreen; |boxstyle_ABM= background-color:Aquamarine; }}
{{tree chart| | | |`|-|.| |`|-|.| |`|-|.| | | |!| | }}
{{tree chart|HBH|v|MHD| |ABT|v|FBA| |ABA| | | | | | | |MHD= '''[[Muhammad]]''' ([[Family tree of Muhammad|Family tree]]) |HBH=[[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]] bint [[Khuwaylid ibn Asad|Khuwaylid]]|ABA=[[Abdullah ibn Abbas|ʿAbd Allāh]] |ABT=[[Abi Talib]]| FBA=[[Fatimah bint Asad]]|boxstyle_MHD= background-color:DeepSkyBlue; |boxstyle_HBH= background-color:Aqua; |boxstyle_ABH= background-color:MediumSpringGreen; |boxstyle_FBA= background-color:PaleGreen; |boxstyle_ABT= background-color:Aquamarine; }}
{{tree chart| |,|-|'| | | |,|-|-|-|'| | | | | |!|}}
{{tree chart|FAT|-|v|-|ALİ|-|v|-|KBJ| |AAA|FAT='''[[Fatima Zahra]]'''|AAA=ʿAli bin [[Abdullah ibn Abbas|ʿAbd Allāh]] b. [[‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|‘Abbas]]|KBJ=[[Khawlah bint Ja'far|Khawlah b. Ja'far]] [[Banu Hanifah|al-Hanafiyyah]]| ALİ='''[[Ali al Murtaza]]''' ([[Family tree of Ali|Family tree]]) |boxstyle_ALİ= background-color:DodgerBlue; | boxstyle_FAT= background-color:SkyBlue; |boxstyle_KBJ= background-color:PowderBlue; }}
{{tree chart| | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |`|-|-|-|.| | |!| | | |}}
{{tree chart| |HAS| |HUS|v|SBN| |MBH|7|`|.|SBN=[[Shahr Banu]]|MBH='''[[Ibn al hanifiyyah|Ibn al-Hanifiyyah]]'''|HAS='''[[Hasan al Mujtaba]]'''|HUS='''[[Husayn ibn Ali]]''' ([[Family tree of Husayn ibn Ali|Family]])|boxstyle_HAS= background-color:LightSkyBlue; |boxstyle_HUS= background-color:LightSkyBlue; |boxstyle_MBH= background-color:LightSteelBlue; }}
{{tree chart| | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | |!| |:| |!| }}
{{tree chart| |FTM|-|v|-|ZAYN|v|JSN|!|KAY|!| | | | | |ZAYN=[[Ali al-Sajjad|Zayn al-'Abidin]]|FTM=[[Fatimah bint Hasan|Fatimah]] bint [[Hasan al Mujtaba|Hasan]]|JSN=Jayda al-Sindhi|KAY=[[Kaysanites]] ([[Al-Mukhtar]])|boxstyle_KAY= background-color:Thistle;|boxstyle_ZAYN= background-color:Turquoise;|boxstyle_FTM= background-color:Turquoise; }}
{{tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | |!| |:| |!| }}
{{tree chart|UFQ|v|BAQ| | |ZAY| |AHS|J| |!|BAQ=[[Muhammad al-Baqir]]|UFQ=[[Farwah bint al-Qasim|Farwah]] bint [[Al-Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr|Al-Qasim]] ibn [[Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr|Muhammad]]|ZAY=[[Zayd ibn Ali|Zayd ash-Shahīd]] ([[Zaydiyyah]])||AHS= First [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Abu Hashim]] ([[Hashimiyya]])|boxstyle_HUS1= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_AHS= background-color:Lavender; |boxstyle_UFQ= background-color:Azure; |boxstyle_ZAY= background-color:PaleTurquoise;|boxstyle_BAQ= background-color:Turquoise; }}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | | |:| | | |L|~|~|T2|'|}}
{{tree chart| | |AMJ| | AMJ=[[Ja'far al-Sadiq]]| boxstyle_AMJ= background-color:LightCyan;| |YEM|A|ZYD| | |MAI| |MAI=[[Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah|Muhammad "al-Imām"]]|ZYD=[[Zaydi]]-[[Alavids]]|boxstyle_ZYD= background-color:AliceBlue;|YEM=[[Imams of Yemen|Yemen]]-[[Fiver (sect)|Fivers]] |boxstyle_YEM= background-color:AliceBlue; |boxstyle_MAI= background-color:Plum;}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | }}
{{Tree chart|İBJ| |FAT| |ALD|,|KAD| |IAI| |İBJ= [[Isma'il ibn Jafar]]|IAI=Ibrāhim ibn Ali ibn [[Abdullah ibn Abbas|′Abd Allah]]| |FAT=[[Abdullah al-Aftah ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq|Al-Aftah]] ([[Aftahiyya]])|ALD=[[Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq (Al-Dibaj)|Al-Dibaj]] (Sumaytiyya)|KAD= [[Musa al-Kadhim]]|boxstyle_FAT= background-color:LemonChiffon; |boxstyle_İBJ= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_KAD= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_ALD= background-color:Ivory;}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | |!| | | |,|-|+|-|.| | | |:| | |}}
{{tree chart|İSM|7|AAA| |İBR|!|İSN| |MUS| |İSM=[[Imamah (Ismaili doctrine)|Imāmī]] [[Ismā'īlī]]sm|MUS=[[Abu Muslim Khorasani|Muslim’īyyah]] ([[Sinbad the Magean|Sīnbād]])|boxstyle_İSM= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_İSN= background-color:#FFFFCC;|İSN=[[Imāmī]] [[Athnā‘ashariyyah]]|AAA=[[Muhammad ibn Abdullah al-Aftah|Muhammad al-Aftah]]|İBR=[[Ibrahim ibn Musa al-Kazim|Ibrāhim ibn Mūsā]]|boxstyle_MUS= background-color:LightPink; }}
{{Tree chart| |F|~|A|~|7| | | |,|-|'| |!| |,|-|(| | }}
{{tree chart|MBİ| |SEV| |FTM|F|ARD|!|TUR|TUR=[[Ishaq al-Turk]]|MBİ= [[Muhammad ibn Isma'il|Al-Maktūm]] (Mubārakʾiyya)| |SEV=[[Seveners]]|FTM=[[Fatima bint Musa|Fātimā al-Ma‘sūmah]] | |ARD= [[Ali al-Rida]]| |boxstyle_MBİ= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_SEV= background-color:PeachPuff;}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | |:| |F|~|~|~|J| |!| |`|-|.| | }}
{{Tree chart|WAF| |QAR|D|TUS|,|JAW| |MUH|QAR=[[Hamdan Qarmat|Ḥamdān Qarmaṭ'l-ʾAšʿaṯ]]| | |WAF= [[Ahmad al-Wafi|ʿAbadullāh ''(Wafī Aḥmad)'']]|TUS=[[Al-Tustari]] ([[Taṣawwuf]])|JAW= [[Muhammad al-Jawad|Muhammad al-Taqī ''(Jawad)'']]|MUH=[[Muḥammirah|Muhammerah]] ([[Muqanna]])|boxstyle_MUH= background-color:HotPink; |boxstyle_TUS= background-color:Linen;}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | |:| |:| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | }}
{{tree chart|HAS1132| |SAD|:|MUS|,|HAD|7|KHR|HAD= [[Ali al Hadi]]|SAD=[[Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi|Abū Sa'id]]|HAS1132= [[Muhammad at-Taqi (Ahmed ibn Abadullah)|Aḥmad ''(Taqī Muhammad)'' ]]|MUS=[[Musa al-Mubarraqa|Mūsā al-Mūbārraqā]]|KHR=[[Khurramites|Khurrāmīyah]] ([[Babak Khorramdin|Pāpak]], [[Mazyar|Maziar]])| boxstyle_KHR= background-color:Coral; }}
{{tree chart| |!| | | |:| |:| |,|-|^|-|.| |:| |:| | }}
{{tree chart|HAS2132| |TAH|:|MAH| |HAS|:|KIZ| |HAS2132= [[Radi Abdullah|Ḥusayn ''(Raḍī ʿAbdillāh)'']]| |HAS=[[Hasan al-Askari]]| TAH=[[Abū-Tāhir Al-Jannābī|Abū-Tāhir]]|KIZ=[[Kızılbaş]]|MAH=[[Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi]] |boxstyle_KIZ= background-color:LightCoral; }}
{{Tree chart|boxstyle=background:LightBlue;| |!| | | |!| |L|~|~|7| | |!| |:| |:| | | | }}
{{Tree chart|UAM| |QAR| | |NAM| |!|NUS|:|NUS=[[Ibn Nusayr]] ([[Namiriya|‘Ulyāʾiyya]])|UAM= [[Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah|Ubayd Allāh]] ([[Fatimids]])|NAM=[[Fazlallah Astarabadi (Naimi)|Nāimī]]-[[Hurufi|Ḥurūfīs]]|QAR=[[Qarmati]]s| |boxstyle_QAR= background-color:PeachPuff; |boxstyle_UAM= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_NUS= background-color:Moccasin; |boxstyle_NAM= background-color:Linen;}}
{{Tree chart| |!| | | |,|-|v|-|-|'| | |!| |:| |:| | | | }}
{{tree chart|HAS223|HAS223= [[Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)|al-Qāʾim]]| |AAA|!| | |MAH|^|ALK|:| |AAA=ʿAlī Al-Aʿlā ([[Bektashiyyah|Baktāsh’īyyah]])|MAH=[[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Muhammad]] ([[Imam e Zamana|Imām Zāmān]])|ALK=[[Al-Khaṣībī]] ([[Nusairi]]s)|boxstyle_NAM= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_MAH= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_ALK= background-color:Moccasin;|boxstyle_AAA= background-color:Linen; }}
{{tree chart| |!| | | |:| |!| | | |!| | | | | |:| | | | }}
{{tree chart|HAS224| | |:|MPS| |TWE| |SAR|:|HAS224= [[al-Mansur Billah|al-Manṣūr]]|MPS=[[Mahmoud Pasikhani|Pasīkhānī]] ([[Nuktawiyya]])|NUS=[[Nusairi]]s| |TWE=[[Imamiyyah]] ([[Theology of Twelvers|Twelvers]])|SAR=[[Sarı Saltuk]] ([[Bektaşi|Baktāshī]]s)|boxstyle_NUS= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_TWE= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_MPS= background-color:Linen; |boxstyle_SAR= background-color:MistyRose; }}
{{tree chart| |!| | | |:| | | |,|-|^|-|.| |:| |:| | }}
{{Tree chart|HAS225| |NES| |JAF| |ALE|X|OTM|OTM=[[Otman Baba]]|HAS225= [[Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah|al-Muʿizz]]|NES=[[Nesîmî|Nasīmī]]|JAF=[[Ja'fari]]s|ALE=[[Alevi]]s| boxstyle_JAF= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_ALE= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_NES= background-color:Linen;|boxstyle_OTM= background-color:MistyRose;}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| |:| |!| }}
{{tree chart|ALA| |AKH| |SHY| |USL|:|BAL|BAL=[[Balım Sultan]]| |ALA= [[Al-Aziz Billah|al-ʿAzīz]]|AKH=[[Akhbari]]s|SHY=[[Shaykhi]]s|USL=[[Usuli]]s | | | boxstyle_QAR= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_AKH= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_SHY= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_USL= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_BAL= background-color:MistyRose;}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | |!| | | |:| | | |!| |:| |!| }}
{{tree chart|HAS234|7|SAF| |BAB|.|VEF|:|HAS234=[[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|al-Ḥākim]]|BAB=[[Nuqta-yi Ula]] ([[Bábis]])| VEF=[[Velayat-e-faqih]] ([[Iran, Islamic Rep.]])|GÜL|GÜL=[[Gül Baba]] ([[Hurufi]]-[[Bektaşi]])|SAF=[[Safavids]] ([[Safaviyya|Safavī]] [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|Iran]])| | | |boxstyle_GÜL= background-color:MistyRose;}}
{{tree chart| |!| |L|~|7| | | |,|-|^|-|.| |L|~|7| | }}
{{tree chart|HAS312|HAS312=[[Ali az-Zahir|al-Ẓāhir]]| |DRZ| |AZL| |BHI|F|OAL|DRZ=[[Durzi]]s ([[Al-Muqtana]]) |OAL=[[Aleviler|Other Alevis]] ([[Schools of Islamic theology#Bakt.C4.81shism .28Bekta.C5.9Filik.29|Bektashism]])|AZL=[[Mirza Yahya|Mírzá Yaḥyá]] ([[Azalis]])|BHI=[[Mírzá Ḥusayn-`Alí Núrí|Mírzá Ḥusayn]] ([[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]])|boxstyle_OAL= background-color:Pink; }}
{{tree chart| |`|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | |:| |!| }}
{{tree chart| | |ALM|~|NKH|-|BAP|F|YAR|!|YAR=[[Yarsani]]s ([[Sultan Sahak]])|ALM=[[Al-Mustansir Billah|Al-Mustanṣir bi-Llāh]]|NKH=[[Dā'ī al-Mutlaq|Dā'ī]] [[Nasir Khusraw]]| | | | | |BAP=[[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region|Badakhshan]] & [[Badakhshan Province|Afgan]] [[Pamiris]] | boxstyle_NKH= background-color:Seashell; | boxstyle_BAP= background-color:Seashell;}}
{{Tree chart| |,|-|^|-|j|-|-|-|.| |!| |:| |:| |!| | | | }}
{{Tree chart|HAS3112|HAS3112=[[Al-Musta'li]] ([[Musta'li]]s)| |MBM| |NIZ|!|NIZ=[[Nizār ibn al-Mustanṣir billāh|Al-Nizār]] ([[Nizārī]]s)|YEZ|:| |!|YEZ=[[Ostad Elahi]] ([[‘Ali-Ilahis]])| |BAM=[[Baha'uddin al-Muqtana|Baha'uddin Muqtana]]|ADD=[[Nashtakin al-Darazi|Nashtakin al-Darazi]]|MBM=Muḥammad ibn [[Abū Tamīm Ma'add al-Mustanṣir bi-llāh|Abū Tamīm]] | boxstyle_HAS3112= background-color:#FFFFCC;| boxstyle_ADD= background-color:#FFFFCC;| boxstyle_NIZ= background-color:PapayaWhip; }}
{{Tree chart| |`|-|.| |!| | | |:| |!| | | |:| |!| | }}
{{Tree chart| |,|AMR|AMR=[[Al-Amir|Al-Āmir]]|l4| | |SAB|!| | |BFR|!|BFR=[[Ishikism|Işık Alevis]]|SAB=[[Hashshashins]] ([[Hassan Sabbah|Ḥ. bin Sabbah]]) | |boxstyle_SAB= background-color:PapayaWhip; }}
{{Tree chart| |!| |:| |:| | | |:| |!| | | |,|-|+|-|.| }}
{{tree chart|TAQ|TAQ=[[At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim|At-Tayyib]] ([[Tayyibi]]s)|:|HAF|HAF=[[Al-Hafiz|Al-Ḥāfīz]] ([[Hafizi]]s)| |HAS|!|HAS=[[Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam|Ḥasan ʿAlā]] ([[Alamut Castle|Alamūt]] [[Nizārī Ismā'īlī state|Nizārī]]s) | | |ALN|!|HAR|HAR=[[Harabati baba tekke|Harabatis]] ([[Baba Rexheb]]) |ALN=[[Alians]] ([[Demir Baba Teke|Demir Baba]]) | | |boxstyle_HAR= background-color:LavenderBlush; |boxstyle_HAF= background-color:LightYellow; | boxstyle_HAS= background-color:PapayaWhip; |boxstyle_TAQ= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_ALN= background-color:LavenderBlush; }}
{{Tree chart| |G2|~|J| | | | | |!| |`|-|.| | | |!|}}
{{tree chart|ARW|ARW=[[Arwa al-Sulayhi|Arwa al-Sulayhi]]|-|DAW|.|AGA|~|PAM| |CEP| |CEP=[[Chepni]]s|DAW=[[Zoeb bin musa|Zoeb Musa]] ([[Dawoodi Bohra|Dawoodis]])|AGA=[[Aga Khan|Agha Khans]] ([[Imamate in Nizari doctrine|Nizārī Ismā'īlī]]s)|boxstyle_DRZ= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_DAW= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_AGA= background-color:PapayaWhip; |HUS2232=[[Dawoodi Bohra#Intra-Bohra schisms|Other Bohra]]s |PAM=[[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]] [[Pamiris|Ismāʿīlīsm]] | boxstyle_CEP= background-color:LavenderBlush; | boxstyle_PAM= background-color:Seashell;}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|+|-|v|-|-|-|.|}}
{{tree chart|SUL| |ALA|!|HEB|,|ATB| |SUL=[[Sulayman bin Hassan|Sulayman]] ([[Sulaymanis]]) |HEB=[[Hebtiahs Bohra]]|ALA=Ali bin Ibrāhim ('''Alavi Bohra''') |PDB=[[Progressive Dawoodi Bohra|Progressive Dawoodis]] |boxstyle_HEB= background-color:#FFFFCC;|ATB=[[Abdul Hussain Jivaji|A . Hussain Jivaji]] ([[Atba-i-Malak]]) | boxstyle_SUL= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_ALA= background-color:Yellow;| boxstyle_ATB= background-color:#FFFFCC;| }}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|'| |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{tree chart|JAF| |PDB| |AMV| |AMB| |JAF=[[Jafari Bohras]] ([[Syed Jafar Ahmad Shirazi]])|PDB=[[Progressive Dawoodi Bohra|Progressive Dawoodis]] ([[Asghar Ali Engineer|Asghar Ali]])|AMB=[[Atba-e-Malak Badar|Atba-i-Malak Badar]] ([[Badruddin Ghulam Hussain Miya Khan Saheb|Ghulam Hussain Miya Khan]])|AMV=[[Atba-i-Malak Vakil]] ([[Abdul Qadir Ebrahimji|A. Qadir Ebrahimji]])| boxstyle_PDB= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_AMB= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_AMV= background-color:#FFFFCC;| }}
{{tree chart/end}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery perrow="6">
File:Huzoor e aali saiyedna saheb.jpg|44th and 45th Da'i at the residence on Vadodara called Devdi Mubaarak - 11 Nov 2013
File:Tree shia islam n3.pdf|Alavi Bohras are marked as dark blue
File:Ilmi discussionwith dr daftary devdi.jpg|Renowned Isma'ili Scholar Dr. [[Farhad Daftary]] meets Saiyedna saheb on 26 Oct 2007 at Devdi Mubaarak, Alavi Library, the then Mazoon al-Mutlaq
File:Mehfil at masjid e faatemi saiyedna ziyauddin saheb.jpg|Late 44th Da'i Saiyedna Taiyeb Ziyauddin saheb in the newly constructed Masjid e Faatemi in Nadiad during its inauguration - 9 Sep 2007
File:Rawzah badruddin saheb.jpg|The holy tomb of 31st 'Alavi Da'i Saiyedna Hasan Badruddin saheb at Saraspur, Ahmedabad - 24 Apr 2008
File:Maulaa and duaa.jpg|44th 'Alavi Da'i Saiyedna Taiyeb Ziyauddin saheb reciting Du'aa near Shehaabi Masjid, Pratapnagar, Vadodara - 16 Dec 2008
File:S Fidaali Badruddin Hajj procession.jpg|42nd Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Fidaali Badruddin going for Hajj Pilgrimage on 1-10-1947 from Badri Mohalla, Vadodara
File:Mausoleum of Saiyedna Ali Ahmedabad.jpg|On 29-6-2009, the day when 29th Da'i Saiyedna Ali saheb became Da'i al-Mutlaq before 400 years, Alavi Bohras gathered in large numbers near Saiyedna Ali's tomb in Ahmedabad and 45th Da'i addressing the gathering
File:Syedna yusuf nuruddin saheb moharram waaz.jpg|43rd Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Yusuf Nuruddin saheb delivering Moharram lecture in Vadodara - 5 Apr 1968
File:Saiyedna saheb procession in badri mohalla.jpg|Procession of 44th Da'i Saiyedna T Ziyauddin saheb during his birthday celebration on 25 Nov 1987
File:Middle mehrab of masjid e ziyaai.jpg|Middle Mehraab of Masjid e Ziyaai having Qur'anic inscriptions constructed by 32nd Da'i Saiyedna Jivabhai Ziyauddin saheb in 1110 AH/1699 AD in Badri Mohalla
File:Madrasah place of mukaasir saheb.jpg|Mukaasir Saiyedi Nazarali Bhaisaheb used to teach his pupils besides Masjid e Ziyaai in Badri Mohalla that proved to be the cradle of learning - 1381 AH/1961 AD
File:Darwaza of badri mohalla.jpg|An Iconic gate called "Darwaza" of Badri Mohalla which was demolished to give a way for the construction of new mosque - 1389 AH/1969 AD
File:Alavi bohras urs syedna ali ahmedabad 389 mazoon saheb.jpg|The place covered with flowers is the flattened grave of 29th 'Alavi Da'i Saiyedna 'Ali saheb - 1435 AH/2014 AD
File:Badri mohalla nooraani masjid layl e qadr.jpg|The outer view of Nooraani Masjid in Badri Mohalla - 1430 AH/2009 AD
File:Bayat imam e zamaan alavi 1430.jpg|At the age of puberty, to become an Alavi Bohra, boys-girls offering oath of loyalty to Saiyedna saheb at his residence - 1430 AH/2009 AD
File:Aqaa maulaa in computer education class.jpg|Saiyedna saheb operating a computer after inaugurating a Computer Class and always of the opinion to learn it at the earliest - 4-2-2018
</gallery><gallery>
File:Alavi bohras in QJSP seminar new delhi JNU.jpg|The representatives of Alavi Da'wat participated in the seminar organized by QJSP-Qutbi Jubilee Scholarship Program under the title "Ideas of Harmonious Coexistence - Religions and Philosophies of India" in New Delhi - 27-12-2017
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Atba-i-Malak]]
**[[Atba-e-Malak Badar]]
**[[Atba-i-Malak Vakil]]
*[[Dawoodi Bohra]]
**[[Progressive Dawoodi Bohra]]
**[[Succession to 52nd Dai al-Mutlaq]]
*[[Hebtiahs Bohra]]
*[[Sulaymani Bohra]]
*[[Sunni Bohra]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Daftary, Farhad: ''Isma'ili Literature: A Bibliography of Sources and Studies''. London, 2004.
* Abdul Husain, Mian Bhai Mulla: ''Gulzar e Daudi for The Bohras of India''. Progressive Publication, Surat, 1977. p. 31, 46
* {{Daftary-The Ismailis|pages=3, 201, 241, 276, 282, 299, 512, 513}}
* Poonawala, Isma'il K: ''Bibliography of Isma'ili Literature''. Undena Publication, Malibu, California, 1977. p. 13, 369, 368
* {{cite journal | first = S. M. | last = Stern | author-link = Samuel Miklos Stern | title = The Succession to the Fatimid Imam al-Āmir, the Claims of the Later Fatimids to the Imamate, and the Rise of Ṭayyibī Ismailism | journal = Oriens | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | year = 1951 | pages = 193–255 | jstor = 1579511 | doi = 10.2307/1579511 }}
* Daftary Farhad: ''Sayyida Hurra: The Isma‘ili Sulayhid Queen of Yemen.''
* SV Mir Ahmed Ali: ''The Holy Qur'an: Commentary of Qur'an-e-Majeed''. Peer Mahomed Ebrahim Trust, Karachi. 1976
* Daftary, Farhad: ''A Modern History of the Ismail''. Article on "Alavi Bohras" by Tahera Qutbuddin. IIS, London, 2011. p. 355

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.alavibohra.org }}
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCrUNaMwmH4HvzbKra-gIMsg Alavi Traditional Recipes]
* Videos: [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLOD2tgeprimVfP-WNCqhV4SU3k7BSDVhC Ritual Purity (Wuzu)]
* Videos: [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8B9FE2101CBB6B8C Ritual Prayer (Namaaz)]

{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Alavi Bohras| ]]
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Muhajir communities]]
[[Category:Vadodara]]
[[Category:Tayyibi Isma'ili branches]]
[[Category:Bohra]]

Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer

2026-02-11T15:37:19Z

Serzeqy:

{{Short description|Annual award for Hindi films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox award
| image= File:Madhubanti Wiki1.jpg
| caption= The 2025 recipient: [[Madhubanti Bagchi]]
| awarded_for = Best Performance by a playback singer female
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''
| country = India
| year = [[Lata Mangeshkar]], "Aaja Re Pardesi" ''[[Madhumati]]'' ([[6th Filmfare Awards|1959]])
| holder = [[Madhubanti Bagchi]], "Aaj ki Raat" ''[[Stree 2]]'' ([[70th Filmfare Awards|2024]])
| website = [http://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2017/ Filmfare Awards]
}}

The '''Filmfare Best Female Playback Award''' is given by ''[[Filmfare]]'' as part of its annual [[Filmfare Awards]] for [[Bollywood|Hindi films]], to recognise outstanding performance in a film song by a female [[playback singer]].

Although the award ceremony was established in 1954, the category for best [[playback singer]] was introduced in 1959. The award was initially common for both male and female singers until 1967. The category was divided the following year, and ever since there have been two awards presented for male and female singers separately.

==Superlatives==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Superlative
! Artist
! Record
|-
|- style="height:1em;"
|Most wins
|Asha Bhosle Alka Yagnik
|7
|- style="height:1em;"
|Most nominations
|Alka Yagnik
|36
|- style="height:1em;"
|Most nominations without ever winning
|[[Jonita Gandhi]]
|4
|- style="height:1em;"
|Most nominations in a single year
|Asha Bhosle (1975) Alka Yagnik (1994)
|4
|-
|- style="height:1em;"
|Oldest winner
|rowspan =2 |[[Usha Uthup]]
|rowspan =2 |64 age
|- style="height:1em;"
|Oldest nominee
|- style="height:1em;"
|Youngest winner
|rowspan =1 |[[Nazia Hassan]]
|rowspan =1 |15 age
|- style="height:1em;"
|Youngest nominee
|rowspan =1 |[[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]]
|rowspan = |14 age
|- style="height:1em;"
|Longest win span
|[[Alka Yagnik]] [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|16 years
|- style="height:1em;"
|Longest nomination span
|[[Alka Yagnik]]
|33 years
|}

With seven wins each, [[Asha Bhosle]] and [[Alka Yagnik]] hold the record for most awards in this category. [[Shreya Ghoshal]] has won the award six times. [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]] and [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] have won the award four times. Bhosle won the award in a record of four consecutive years (1972–75), followed by the three consecutive wins of Paudwal (1991–1993), Krishnamurthy (1995–1997) and Yagnik (2000–2002), respectively.

Two singers have achieved the feat of receiving all the nominations of this category in a particular year: Asha Bhosle was the single nominee in 1973, having all the three nominations to her credit, and Alka Yagnik was the single nominee in 1994, having all the four nominations to her credit, one of which she shared—and eventually jointly won—with [[Ila Arun]].

At age 15, [[Nazia Hassan]] became the youngest and the first Pakistani singer to win a Filmfare Award for the song "[[Aap Jaisa Koi]]" from ''[[Qurbani (film)|Qurbani]]'' (1980), while [[Usha Uthup]] is the older winner and nominee for the song ""Darling" from ''[[7 Khoon Maaf]]'' (2011), winning at the age of 64.

In 1971, [[Lata Mangeshkar]] made the unusual gesture of not having her name be considered for the Filmfare Best Female Playback Award, in order to promote fresh talent. After receiving seventh award in 1979, [[Asha Bhosle]] emulated her elder sister and requested that her name not be considered for the nominations thereafter.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Pinto, Jerry|journal=Filmfare|date=April 1997|title=Tangy titbits from the Filmfare past}}</ref> There were ties for two consecutive years between 2010 and 2011.

Before the award was officially divided by gender (1968), [[Lata Mangeshkar]] was the only female artist to not only win the Best Playback Singer among female singers, she was the only female singer to be even nominated for the awards. She was also the earliest recipient of this award in 1959. Mangeshkar was the most successful singer in 60s with three wins. Moreover, out of the four awards she got before retiring from the awards voluntarily, Mangeshkar won three of her awards when there was only one award given for playback singing including both male and female singers. Bhosle dominated in the 70s with five wins (Mangeshkar not considered from hereon). In 80s no singer dominated the epoch (Bhosle not considered from hereon); however in 90s [[Anuradha Paudwal]] and [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] both had three wins each. [[Alka Yagnik]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]] garnered four wins each in the 2000s. [[Rekha Bhardwaj]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]] led the 2010s with two wins each, and [[Asees Kaur]] and [[Shilpa Rao]] each have two wins in the 2020s.

Alka Yagnik holds the record of getting nominated for consecutively 14 years from 1992 till 2005, resulting in 31 nominations and 6 wins, followed by [[Shreya Ghoshal]] getting nominated consecutively for 11 years from 2006 to 2016 that resulted in 3 wins and 17 nominations.

=== Most consecutive wins ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Artist
! Number of Wins
! Year
|-
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|4
|1972-75
|-
|[[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| rowspan="3" |3
|1991-93
|-
|[[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|1995-97
|-
|[[Alka Yagnik]]
|2000-02
|-
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
| rowspan=4| 2
| 1968-69
|-
| rowspan=2| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| 2003-04
|-
| 2008-09
|-
|[[Asees Kaur]]
|2021-22
|}

=== Multiple winners ===

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Winners
! Number of wins
! Years
|-
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
| rowspan="2" | 7
| 1968, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1979
|-
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
| 1989, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005
|-
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| 6
| 2003, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2016, 2019
|-
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| rowspan="3" | 4
| 1959, 1963, 1966, 1970
|-
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| 1986, 1991, 1992, 1993
|-
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| 1995, 1996, 1997, 2003
|-
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| rowspan="5" | 2
| 2007, 2011
|-
| [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
| 2010, 2012
|-
| [[Asees Kaur]]
| 2021, 2022
|-
| [[Kavita Seth]]
| 2010, 2023
|-
| [[Shilpa Rao]]
| 2020, 2024
|}

=== Multiple nominees ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Singer
! Number of nominations
! Number of wins
|-
|[[Alka Yagnik]]
|36
|7
|-
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|30
|6
|-
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|20
|7
|-
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|19
| rowspan="2" |4
|-
|[[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|18
|-
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|17
|2
|-
|[[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|12
|4
|-
|[[Alisha Chinai]]
|6
|1
|-
|[[Shilpa Rao]]
|6
|2
|}

==Winners and nominees==
In 1959, the award category for Best Playback Singer was first instituted after [[Lata Mangeshkar]] refused to perform the song "Rasik Balma Se Dil Kyon Lagaya" from the film ''[[Chori Chori (1956 film)|Chori Chori]]'' by [[Shankar Jaikishan]] at the [[3rd Filmfare Awards]]. Mangeshkar also became the first recipient of this award. Separate awards for male and female singers were introduced from 1968.<ref name="filmfarebifurcation">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg09BAAAQBAJ | title=Naushadnama: The Life and Music of Naushad | publisher=Hay House Publishers | author=Bharatan, Raju | year=2013 | isbn=978-93-81431-93-1}}</ref>

Note: The category for Best Playback Singer was established in 1959, and until 1967 both male and female singers used to compete for a single award.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Table key
|-
|style="background:#FAEB86; height:20px; width:20px"|{{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
|Indicates the winner
|}
[[File:Lata Mangeshkar at Vishwashanti Kala Academy Award.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lata Mangeshkar]] was the first winner in this category for her rendition of "Aaja Re Pardesi" from ''[[Madhumati]]'' (1958).]]
[[File:Asha Bhosle at 18th Annual Colors Screen Awards 2012.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Asha Bhosle]] received this award seven times from twenty nominations. She is the only female vocalist to have won four times consecutively.]]
[[File:Vani Jayaram and Rajan.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Vani Jairam]] won for her contribution to the song "Mere To Giridhar Gopal" from ''[[Meera (1979 film)|Meera]]'' (1979).]]
[[File:Nazia Hassan.jpg|thumb|120px|At age 15, [[Nazia Hassan]] became the youngest and the first Pakistani singer to win a Filmfare Award for the song "[[Aap Jaisa Koi]]" from ''[[Qurbani (film)|Qurbani]]'' (1980).]]
[[File:Anuradha Paudwal 57th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Anuradha Paudwal]] has four wins in this category from twelve nominations.]]
[[File:Kavita Krishnamurthy (2014-03-03).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] has four wins in this category from eighteen nominations.]]
[[File:AlkaYagnik.jpg|thumb|120px|With thirty-six nominations, [[Alka Yagnik]] is the most nominated woman in this category, winning seven times between 1988 and 2005.]]
[[File:Shreya ghoshal song saali khushi (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|Winning for the second time at age 19 for her work in the song "Jaadu Hai Nasha Hai" from ''[[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]]'' (2003), [[Shreya Ghoshal]] became the youngest two-time Filmfare Award-winning singer.]]

===1950s===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!scope="col" style="width:8%;"|Year
!scope="col" style="width:25%;"|Singer
!scope="col" style="width:30%;"|Song
!scope="col" style="width:70%;"|Film
!scope="col" style="width:2%;" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center"|[[1958 in film|1959]] [[6th Filmfare Awards|(6th)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Mangeshkar, Lata|[[Lata Mangeshkar]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"Aaja Re Pardesi"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"| '''''[[Madhumati]]'''''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-flashback-super-performers-26074-16.html|title=Filmfare Flashback: Super Performers|date=11 January 2018|website=[[Filmfare]]|publisher=Worldwide Media|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117090103/https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-flashback-super-performers-26074.html|archive-date=17 January 2020}}</ref>
|}
===1960s===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!scope="col" style="width:8%;"|Year
!scope="col" style="width:25%;"|Singer
!scope="col" style="width:30%;"|Song
!scope="col" style="width:70%;"|Film
!scope="col" style="width:2%;" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|[[1959 in film|1960]] [[7th Filmfare Awards|(7th)]]
| colspan=3 style="background:#FAEB86; text-align:center" | '''Award was Won by a Male singer'''
|-
|{{sort|Mangeshkar, Lata|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]}}
|"Bhaiya Mere"
|''[[Chhoti Bahen]]''
|<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://hindi-films-songs.com/rmim/Filmfare_1960Feb26_AwardNominations.pdf|title=Seventh Annual 'Filmfare' Awards: Full List of Nominations|date=26 February 1960|magazine=[[Filmfare]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125043004/http://hindi-films-songs.com/rmim/Filmfare_1960Feb26_AwardNominations.pdf|archive-date=25 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://hindi-films-songs.com/rmim/Filmfare_1960Mar11_AwardWinners.pdf|title=The Winners: Results of the Seventh Annual "Filmfare" Awards|date=11 March 1960|magazine=[[Filmfare]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402153901/http://hindi-films-songs.com/rmim/Filmfare_1960Mar11_AwardWinners.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|[[1960 in film|1961]] [[8th Filmfare Awards|(8th)]]
| colspan=3 style="background:#FAEB86; text-align:center" |'''Award was Won by a Male singer'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{sort|Mangeshkar, Lata|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]}}
|"Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai"
|''[[Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai]]''
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite book|last=Bharatan|first=Raju|date=14 April 2014|title=Naushadnama: The Life and Music of Naushad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN9381398631|publisher=[[Hay House]]|isbn=978-9-381-39863-0|author-link=Raju Bharatan}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ekbal|first=Nikhat|year=2009|title=Great Muslims of Undivided India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN8178357569|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|page=25|isbn=978-8-178-35756-0}}</ref>
|-
|"[[Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya]]"
|''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]''
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=1 style="text-align:center"|[[1961 in film|1962]] [[9th Filmfare Awards|(9th)]]
| colspan=3 style="background:#FAEB86; text-align:center" |'''Award was Won by a Male singer'''
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|[[1962 in film|1963]] [[10th Filmfare Awards|(10th)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Mangeshkar, Lata|[[Lata Mangeshkar]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"[[Kahin Deep Jale Kahin Dil]]"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Bees Saal Baad (1962 film)|Bees Saal Baad]]'''''
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366477.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1962|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040323040629/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366477.cms|archive-date=23 March 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366484.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1962|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040309062139/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366484.cms|archive-date=9 March 2004}}</ref>
|-
|Lata Mangeshkar
|"Aap Ki Nazaron Ne Samjha"
|''[[Anpadh]]''
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|[[1963 in film|1964]] [[11th Filmfare Awards|(11th)]]
| colspan=3 style="background:#FAEB86; text-align:center" |'''Award was Won by a Male singer'''
|-
|{{sort|Mangeshkar, Lata|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]}}
|"Jo Vada Kiya"
|''[[Taj Mahal (1963 film)|Taj Mahal]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366542.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1963|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040323040927/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366542.cms|archive-date=23 March 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366550.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1963|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040309062207/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366550.cms|archive-date=9 March 2004}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|[[1964 in film|1965]] [[12th Filmfare Awards|(12th)]]
| colspan=3 style="background:#FAEB86; text-align:center" |'''Award was Won by a Male singer'''
|-
|{{sort|Mangeshkar, Lata|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]}}
|"Jyot Se Jyot"
|''[[Sant Gyaneshwar]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366555.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1964|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040323040547/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366555.cms|archive-date=23 March 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366557.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1964|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040309062230/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366557.cms|archive-date=9 March 2004}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|[[1965 in film|1966]] [[13th Filmfare Awards|(13th)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Mangeshkar, Lata|[[Lata Mangeshkar]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"Tumhi Mere Mandir"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Khandan (1965 film)|Khandan]]'''''
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366560.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1965|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040323041011/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366560.cms|archive-date=23 March 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366567.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1965|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040309062320/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366567.cms|archive-date=9 March 2004}}</ref>
|-
|Lata Mangeshkar
|"Ek Tu Na Mila"
|''[[Himalay Ki God Mein]]''
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|[[1966 in film|1967]] [[14th Filmfare Awards|(14th)]]
| colspan=3 style="background:#FAEB86; text-align:center" |'''Award was Won by a Male singer'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{sort|Mangeshkar, Lata|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]}}
|"Lo Aagai Unki Yaad"
|''[[Do Badan]]''
|
|-
|"Aaj Phir Jeene Ki Tamanna Hai"
|''[[Guide (film)|Guide]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366575.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1966|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040323040505/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366575.cms|archive-date=23 March 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366585.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1966|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040309062426/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366585.cms|archive-date=9 March 2004}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|[[1967 in film|1968]] [[15th Filmfare Awards|(15th)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Bhosle, Asha|[[Asha Bhosle]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"Garibon Ki Suno"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Dus Lakh]]'''''
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366594.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1967|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029231245/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366594.cms|archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366620.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1967|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508090229/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366620.cms|archive-date=8 May 2006}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{sort|Mangeshkar, Lata|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]}}
|"Baharo Mera Jeevan Bhi Sawaro"
|''[[Aakhri Khat]]''
|-
|"Sawan Ka Mahina"
|''[[Milan (1967 film)|Milan]]''
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|[[1968 in film|1969]] [[16th Filmfare Awards|(16th)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Bhosle, Asha|[[Asha Bhosle]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"Parde Men Rahne Do"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Shikar (1968 film)|Shikar]]'''''
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366805.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1968|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014015532/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366805.cms|archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366813.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1968|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508090535/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366813.cms|archive-date=8 May 2006}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|Mangeshkar, Lata|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]}}
|"Milti Hai Zindagi Men"
|''[[Ankhen (1968 film)|Ankhen]]''
|-
|{{sort|Sharda|[[Sharda (singer)|Sharda]]}}
|"Tumhari Bhi Jai Jai"
|''[[Diwana (1967 film)|Diwana]]''
|}

===1970s===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!scope="col" style="width:8%;"|Year
!scope="col" style="width:25%;"|Singer
!scope="col" style="width:30%;"|Song
!scope="col" style="width:70%;"|Film
!scope="col" style="width:2%;" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|[[1969 in film|1970]] [[17th Filmfare Awards|(17th)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Mangeshkar, Lata|[[Lata Mangeshkar]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"Aap Mujhe Achhe Lagne Lage"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Jeene Ki Raah]]'''''
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite book|last=Premchand|first=Manek|date=27 December 2018|title=Yesterday's Melodies Today's Memories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN1644298775|publisher=[[Notion Press]]|isbn=978-1-644-29877-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366821.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1969|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028093341/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366821.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
|Lata Mangeshkar
|"Kaise Rahun Chup"
|''[[Intaqam]]''
|-
|{{sort|Sharda|[[Sharda (singer)|Sharda]]}}
|"Tere Ang Ka Rang Hai Angoori"
|''[[Chanda Aur Bijli]]''
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|[[1970 in film|1971]] [[18th Filmfare Awards|(18th)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Sharda|[[Sharda (singer)|Sharda]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"Baat Zara Hai Apas Ki"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Jahan Pyar Miley]]'''''
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366830.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1970|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014064448/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366830.cms|archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366835.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1970|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014015523/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366835.cms|archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{sort|Mangeshkar, Lata|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]}}
|"Bindiya Chamke Gi"
|''[[Do Raaste]]''
|-
|"Babul Pyare"
|''[[Johny Mera Naam]]''
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|[[1971 in film|1972]] [[19th Filmfare Awards|(19th)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Bhosle, Asha|[[Asha Bhosle]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"[[Piya Tu Ab To Aja]]"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Caravan (1971 film)|Caravan]]'''''
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366843.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1971|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029231250/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366843.cms|archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366844.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1971|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225307/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366844.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
|Asha Bhosle
|"[[Zindagi Ek Safar Hai]]"
|''[[Andaz (1971 film)|Andaz]]''
|-
|{{sort|Sharda|[[Sharda (singer)|Sharda]]}}
|"Aapke Peeche"
|''[[Ek Nari Ek Brahmachari]]''
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|[[1972 in film|1973]] [[20th Filmfare Awards|(20th)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Bhosle, Asha|[[Asha Bhosle]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"[[Dum Maro Dum (song)|Dum Maro Dum]]"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Haré Rama Haré Krishna]]'''''
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366869.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1972|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029231254/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366869.cms|archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366872.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1972|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225313/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366872.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |Asha Bhosle
|"Sooni Sooni Sans Ke Sitar Par"
|''[[Lal Patthar]]''
|-
|"Maine Kaha Na Na Na"
|''[[Lalkar]]''
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|[[1973 in film|1974]] [[21st Filmfare Awards|(21st)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Bhosle, Asha|[[Asha Bhosle]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"Hone Lagi Hai Raat"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Naina (1973 film)|Naina]]'''''
|rowspan=5|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366885.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1973|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029231300/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366885.cms|archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366892.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1973|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225317/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366892.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |Asha Bhosle
|"Hungama Ho Gaya"
|''[[Anhonee (1973 film)|Anhonee]]''
|-
|"Jab Andhera Hota Hai"
|''[[Raja Rani (1973 film)|Raja Rani]]''
|-
|[[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]]
|"Tera Mujh Se"
|''[[Aa Gale Lag Jaa (1973 film)|Aa Gale Lag Jaa]]''
|-
|{{sort|Purshottam, Minoo|[[Minoo Purshottam]]}}
|"Raat Piya Ke Sang Jagi Re Sakhi"
|''[[Prem Parbat]]''
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|[[1974 in film|1975]] [[22nd Filmfare Awards|(22nd)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Bhosle, Asha|[[Asha Bhosle]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"Chain Se Ham Ko Kabhi"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Pran Jaye Per Vachan Na Jaye]]'''''
|rowspan=5|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366900.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1974|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029231305/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366900.cms|archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366903.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1974|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225322/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366903.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |Asha Bhosle
|"Main Ja Rahi Thi"
|''[[Bidaai (film)|Bidaai]]''
|-
|"Yeh Hawas Kya Hai"
|''[[Hawas (1974 film)|Hawas]]''
|-
|"Chori Chori Solah Shringar Karoongi"
|''[[Manoranjan]]''
|-
|{{sort|Kalyanpur, Suman|[[Suman Kalyanpur]]}}
|"Behna Ne Bhai Ki Kalai Se Pyar Bandha Hai"
|''[[Resham Ki Dori]]''
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|[[1975 in film|1976]] [[23rd Filmfare Awards|(23rd)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Pandit, Sulakshana|[[Sulakshana Pandit]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"Tu Hi Sagar Tu Hi Kinara"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Sankalp]]'''''
|rowspan=5|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366907.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1975|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029231309/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366907.cms|archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366915.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1975|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225326/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366915.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{sort|Bhosle, Asha|[[Asha Bhosle]]}}
|"Kal Ke Apne"
|''[[Amanush (1975 film)|Amanush]]''
|-
|"Sapna Mera Toot Gaya"
|''[[Khel Khel Mein (1975 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]''
|-
|{{sort|Sagar, Preeti|[[Preeti Sagar]]}}
|"My Heart Is Beating"
|''[[Julie (1975 film)|Julie]]''
|-
|{{sort|Mangeshkar, Usha|[[Usha Mangeshkar]]}}
|"Main To Arti Utaroon"
|''[[Jai Santoshi Maa]]''
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=4 style="text-align:center"|[[1976 in film|1977]] [[24th Filmfare Awards|(24th)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Hemlata|[[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"Tu Jo Mere Sur Mein"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Chitchor]]'''''
|rowspan=4|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366919.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1976|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029231315/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366919.cms|archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366995.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1976|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225331/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366995.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|Bhosle, Asha|[[Asha Bhosle]]}}
|"I Love You, You Love Me"
|''[[Barood (1976 film)|Barood]]''
|-
|Hemlata
|"Sun Ke Teri Pukar"
|''[[Fakira]]''
|-
|{{sort|Pandit, Sulakshana|[[Sulakshana Pandit]]}}
|"Bandhi Re Kahe Preet"
|''[[Sankoch]]''
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=4 style="text-align:center"|[[1977 in film|1978]] [[25th Filmfare Awards|(25th)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Sagar, Preeti|[[Preeti Sagar]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"Mero Gaam Katha Parey"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Manthan]]'''''
|rowspan=4|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367006.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1977|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029231320/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367006.cms|archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/367016.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1977|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225337/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/367016.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|Bhosle, Asha|[[Asha Bhosle]]}}
|"Layi Kahan Hai Zindagi"
|''[[Taxi-Taxie]]''
|-
|[[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]]
|"Kya Hua Tera Wada"
|''[[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen]]''
|-
|{{sort|Mangeshkar, Usha|[[Usha Mangeshkar]]}}
|"O Mungda, Mungda Main Gud Ki Dali"
|''[[Inkaar (1977 film)|Inkaar]]''
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" |[[1978 in film|1979]] [[26th Filmfare Awards|(26th)]]
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Bhosle, Asha|[[Asha Bhosle]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Yeh Mera Dil Yaar Ka Diwana"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367020.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1978|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029231325/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367020.cms|archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/367045.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1978|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225342/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/367045.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
|Asha Bhosle
|"O Saathi Re"
|''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]''
|-
|{{sort|Hemlata|[[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]]}}
|"Ankhiyon Ke Jharokhon Se"
|''[[Ankhiyon Ke Jharokhon Se]]''
|-
|{{sort|Gurtu, Shobha|[[Shobha Gurtu]]}}
|"Saiyan Rooth Gaye"
|''[[Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki]]''
|-
|{{sort|Uthup, Usha|[[Usha Uthup]]}}
|"One Two Cha Cha Cha"
|''[[Shalimar (1978 film)|Shalimar]]''
|}

===1980s===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!scope="col" style="width:8%;"|Year
!scope="col" style="width:25%;"|Singer
!scope="col" style="width:30%;"|Song
!scope="col" style="width:70%;"|Film
!scope="col" style="width:2%;" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|[[1979 in film|1980]] [[27th Filmfare Awards|(27th)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Jairam, Vani|[[Vani Jairam]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"Mere To Giridhar Gopal"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Meera (1979 film)|Meera]]'''''
|rowspan=5|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367059.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1979|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029231330/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367059.cms|archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/367061.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1979|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225348/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/367061.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|Ganguli, Chhaya|[[Chhaya Ganguly]]}}
|"Aap Ki Yaad Aati Rahi Raat Bhar"
|''[[Gaman]]''
|-
|{{sort|Hemlata|[[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]]}}
|"Megha, O Re Megha"
|''[[Sunayana (film)|Sunayana]]''
|-
|{{sort|Mangeshkar, Usha|[[Usha Mangeshkar]]}}
|"Ham Se Nazar To Milao"
|''[[Ikraar]]''
|-
|Vani Jairam
|"Ayri Main To Prem Diwani"
|''Meera''
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|[[1980 in film|1981]] [[28th Filmfare Awards|(28th)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Hassan, Nazia|[[Nazia Hassan]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"[[Aap Jaisa Koi]]"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Qurbani (film)|Qurbani]]'''''
|rowspan=5|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367074.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1980|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029001847/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367074.cms|archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/367076.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1980|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028113028/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/367076.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|Mukherjee, Chandrani|[[Chandrani Mukherjee]]}}
|"Pehchan To Thi"
|''[[Griha Pravesh (1979 film)|Griha Pravesh]]''
|-
|{{sort|Hemlata|[[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]]}}
|"Too Is Tarah Se"
|''[[Aap To Aise Na The]]''
|-
|[[Babla & Kanchan|Kanchan]]
|"Laila O Laila"
|''Qurbani''
|-
|{{sort|Uthup, Usha|[[Usha Uthup]]}}
|"Hari Om Hari"
|''[[Pyaara Dushman]]''
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|[[1981 in film|1982]] [[29th Filmfare Awards|(29th)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Sultana, Parween|[[Parween Sultana]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"Hamen Tumse Pyaar Kitna"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Kudrat]]'''''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=Girijesh|last2=Singh|first2=Shivendra Kumar|year=2019|title=Raaggiri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN9353225078|language=Hindi|publisher=[[Prabhat Prakashan]]|isbn=978-9-353-22507-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/367118.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1981|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028113034/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/367118.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|Yagnik, Alka|[[Alka Yagnik]]}}
|"Mere Angne Men"
|''[[Laawaris (1981 film)|Laawaris]]''
|-
|{{sort|Mukherjee, Chandrani|[[Chandrani Mukherjee]]}}
|"Mohabbat Rang Layegi"
|''Poonam''
|-
|{{sort|Prabhakar, Sharon|[[Sharon Prabhakar]]}}
|"Mere Jaesi Haseena"
| rowspan="2" |''[[Armaan (1981 film)|Armaan]]''
|
|-
|{{sort|Uthup, Usha|[[Usha Uthup]]}}
|"Ramba Ho-Ho-Ho Samba Ho-Ho-Ho"
|
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|[[1982 in film|1983]] [[30th Filmfare Awards|(30th)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Agha, Salma|[[Salma Agha]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"Dil Ke Arman Ansuon Men Bah Gaye"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Nikaah (film)|Nikaah]]'''''
|rowspan=5|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367120.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1982|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029231335/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367120.cms|archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/367125.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1982|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225353/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/367125.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|Paudwal, Anuradha|[[Anuradha Paudwal]]}}
|"Maine Ek Geet Likha Hai"
|''[[Yeh Nazdeekiyan]]''
|-
|{{sort|Hassan, Nazia|[[Nazia Hassan]]}}
|"Boom Boom"
|''[[Star (1982 film)|Star]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Salma Agha
|"Dil Ki Yeh Arzoo Thi"
| rowspan="2" |''Nikaah''
|-
|"Faza Bhi Hai Jawan"
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|[[1983 in film|1984]] [[31st Filmfare Awards|(31st)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Mukherjee, Aarti|[[Aarti Mukherjee]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"Do Naina Aur Ek Kahaani"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]'''''
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367131.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1983|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029231340/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367131.cms|archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/367133.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1983|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225357/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/367133.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|Paudwal, Anuradha|[[Anuradha Paudwal]]}}
|"Too Mera Hero Hai"
|''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]''
|-
|{{sort|Mukherjee, Chandrani|[[Chandrani Mukherjee]]}}
|"Aa Ja Ke Teri Raah Men Palke Bicha"
|''[[Lal Chunariya]]''
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|[[1984 in film|1985]] [[32nd Filmfare Awards|(32nd)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Deshpande, Anupama|[[Anupama Deshpande]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"Sohni Chenab De Kinare"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Sohni Mahiwal (1984 film)|Sohni Mahiwal]]'''''
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367137.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1984|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028152024/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367137.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/367144.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1984|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225402/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/367144.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|Agha, Salma|[[Salma Agha]]}}
|"Dance Dance"
|''[[Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki]]''
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|[[1985 in film|1986]] [[33rd Filmfare Awards|(33rd)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Paudwal, Anuradha|[[Anuradha Paudwal]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"Mere Man Baaja Mirdang"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Utsav]]'''''
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368577.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1985|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014104908/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368577.cms|archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368580.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1985|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014030328/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368580.cms|archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|Krishnamurti, Kavita|[[Kavita Krishnamurti]]}}
|"Tumse Milkar Na Jane"
|''[[Pyar Jhukta Nahin]]''
|-
|{{sort|Janaki, S.|[[S. Janaki]]}}
|"Yaar Bina Chen Kahan Ray"
|''[[Saaheb]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | 1987
| colspan=3 style="background:#FFAA00; text-align:center" | '''NO CEREMONY'''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | 1988
| colspan=3 style="background:#FFAA00; text-align:center" | '''NO CEREMONY'''
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|[[1988 in film|1989]] [[34th Filmfare Awards|(34th)]]
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''{{sort|Yagnik, Alka|[[Alka Yagnik]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''"Ek Do Teen Char"'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Tezaab]]'''''
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368585.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1988|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014064353/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368585.cms|archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368584.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1988|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014010946/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368584.cms|archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|Paudwal, Anuradha|[[Anuradha Paudwal]]}}
|"Jeena Nahi"
|''Tezaab''
|-
|{{sort|Sargam, Sadhana|[[Sadhana Sargam]]}}
|"Main Teri Hoon Janam"
|''[[Khoon Bhari Maang]]''
|-
|}

===1990s===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Singer
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Song
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:2%;" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 1990 [[35th Filmfare Awards|(35th)]] 
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:SapnaMukherjee.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Sapna Mukherjee]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Tirchhi Topiwale"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Tridev]]'''''
|rowspan=5|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368588.cmss|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1989|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028101703/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368588.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368589.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1989|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225408/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368589.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
| [[Alisha Chinai]]
| "Raat Bhar"
| ''Tridev''
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| "Bekhabar Bewafa"
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ram Lakhan]]''
|-
| "Tera Naam Liya"
|-
| [[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| "Na Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hain"
| ''[[ChaalBaaz]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1991 [[36th Filmfare Awards|(36th)]] 
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Anuradha Paudwal 57th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Anuradha Paudwal]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Nazar Ke Saamne"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Aashiqui]]'''''
| rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368593.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1990|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029024552/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368593.cms|archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368594.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1990|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028113042/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368594.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
| Anuradha Paudwal
| "Mujhe Neend Na Aaye"
| ''[[Dil (1990 film)|Dil]]''
|-
| [[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| "Chandni Raat Hain"
| ''[[Baaghi: A Rebel for Love]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | 1992 [[37th Filmfare Awards|(37th)]] 
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Anuradha Paudwal]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin]]'''''
|rowspan=4|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368596.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1991|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225515/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368596.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368599.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1991|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028113044/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368599.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
| "Dekha Hai Pehli Baar"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Saajan]]''
|-
| Anuradha Paudwal
| "Bahut Pyar Karte Hain"
|-
| [[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| "Saudagar Sauda Kar"
| ''[[Saudagar (1991 film)|Saudagar]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | 1993 [[38th Filmfare Awards|(38th)]] 
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Anuradha Paudwal]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Dhak Dhak Karne Laga"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Beta (film)|Beta]]'''''
|rowspan=4|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368601.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1992|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225520/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368601.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368606.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1992|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225412/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368606.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
| "Aisi Deewangi"
| ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]''
|-
| [[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| "Main Tujhe Kabool"
| ''[[Khuda Gawah]]''
|-
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| "O Rabba Koi To Bataye"
| ''[[Sangeet (1992 film)|Sangeet]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | 1994 [[39th Filmfare Awards|(39th)]] 
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Alka Yagnik.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}} {{border|[[File:Ila Arun (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Alka Yagnik]] and [[Ila Arun]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Choli Ke Peechhe Kya Hai"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Khalnayak]]'''''
|rowspan=4|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368610.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1993|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225527/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368610.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368614.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1993|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028113049/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368614.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | Alka Yagnik
| "Baazigar O Baazigar"
| ''[[Baazigar]]''
|-
| "Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke"
| ''[[Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke]]''
|-
| "Paalki Pe Hoke Sawaar"
| ''Khalnayak''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 1995 [[40th Filmfare Awards|(40th)]] 
| rowspan="14" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Kavitha Krishnamurty DSC 0510.JPG|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Pyaar Hua Chupke Se"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[1942: A Love Story]]'''''
| rowspan=5 | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368622.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1994|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028152030/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368622.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368623.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1994|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225417/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368623.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
| [[Alisha Chinai]]
| "Ruk Ruk"
| ''[[Vijaypath]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Alka Yagnik]]
| "Chura Ke Dil Mera"
| ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]''
|-
| "Raah Mein"
| ''Vijaypath''
|-
| Kavita Krishnamurthy
| "Tu Cheez Badi Mast Mast"
| ''[[Mohra]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 1996 [[41st Filmfare Awards|(41st)]] 
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Mera Piya Ghar Aaya"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Yaraana (1995 film)|Yaraana]]'''''
| rowspan=5|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368630.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1995|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225532/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368630.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368633.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1995|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028152014/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368633.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Alka Yagnik]]
| "Raja Ko Rani Se Pyar"
| ''[[Akele Hum Akele Tum]]''
|-
| "Aankhiyan Milao"
| ''[[Raja (1995 film)|Raja]]''
|-
| Kavita Krishnamurthy
| "Pyaar Ye Jaane"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]]''
|-
|[[Shweta Shetty]]
|"Mangta Hai Kya"
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | 1997 [[42nd Filmfare Awards|(42nd)]] 
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Aaj Main Upar"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Khamoshi: The Musical]]'''''
|rowspan=4|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368652.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1996|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225422/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368652.cms|archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Alka Yagnik]]
| "Baahon Ke Darmiyan"
| ''Khamoshi: The Musical''
|-
| "Pardesi Pardesi"
| ''[[Raja Hindustani]]''
|-
| Kavita Krishnamurthy
| "O Yaara Dil Lagana"
| ''[[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)|Agni Sakshi]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 1998 [[43rd Filmfare Awards|(43rd)]] 
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Alka Yagnik.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Alka Yagnik]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Meri Mehbooba"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]'''''
| rowspan=5|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1998 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1998/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Alka Yagnik
| "Mere Khwaabon Mein Tu"
| ''[[Gupt: The Hidden Truth]]''
|-
| [[K. S. Chithra]]
| "Paayale Chhun Mun"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| "Dhol Bajne Laga"
|-
| "I Love My India"
| ''Pardes''
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999 [[44th Filmfare Awards|(44th)]] 
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Jaspinder Narula graces the special screening of ‘Mr. Kabaadi’ 02.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Jaspinder Narula]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1999 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1999/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Alka Yagnik]]
| "[[Chamma Chamma]]"
| ''[[China Gate (1998 film)|China Gate]]''
|-
| "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''
|-
|"Ladki Badi Anjaani Hai"
|-
| [[Sanjivani (singer)|Sanjivani]]
| "Chori Chori Jab Nazrein Mili"
| ''[[Kareeb]]''
|-
| [[Sapna Awasthi]]
| "[[Chaiyya Chaiyya]]"
| ''[[Dil Se..]]''
|-
|}

===2000s===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Singer
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Song
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Ref
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2000 [[45th Filmfare Awards|(45th)]] 
| rowspan="15" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Alka Yagnik.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Alka Yagnik]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Taal Se Taal Mila"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2000 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2000/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Alka Yagnik
| "Chand Chupa Badal Mein"
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| "Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam"
|-
| "[[Nimbooda]]"
|-
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| "Ruki Ruki"
| ''[[Mast (film)|Mast]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2001 [[46th Filmfare Awards|(46th)]] 
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Alka Yagnik]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Dil Ne Yeh Kaha Hain Dil Se"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2001 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2001/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | Alka Yagnik
| "Haaye Mera Dil"
| ''[[Josh (2000 film)|Josh]]''
|-
| "Panchhi Nadiyan"
| ''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]''
|-
| [[Preeti & Pinky]]
| "Piya Piya"
| ''[[Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega]]''
|-
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| "Mehboob Mere"
| ''[[Fiza]]''
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002 [[47th Filmfare Awards|(47th)]] 
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Alka Yagnik]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"O Re Chhori"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Lagaan]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2002 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2002/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |Alka Yagnik
| "San Sanana"
| ''[[Asoka (2001 film)|Asoka]]''
|-
| "Jaane Kyun"
| ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]''
|-
| [[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| "Dheeme Dheeme Gaaon"
| ''[[Zubeidaa]]''
|-
| [[Vasundhara Das]]
| "Rabba Mere Rabba"
| ''[[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2003 [[48th Filmfare Awards|(48th)]] 
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Shreya Ghoshal at Filmfare Awards South.jpg|60px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}} {{border|[[File:Kavitha Krishnamurty DSC 0510.JPG|60px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Shreya Ghoshal]] and [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"[[Dola Re Dola]]"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2003 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2003/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Alka Yagnik]]
|"Sanam Mere Humraaz"
|''[[Humraaz]]''
|-
| "Aapke Pyaar Mein"
| ''[[Raaz (2002 film)|Raaz]]''
|-
| Kavita Krishnamurthy
| "Maar Daala"
| rowspan="2" | ''Devdas''
|-
| Shreya Ghoshal
| "[[Bairi Piya]]"
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004 [[49th Filmfare Awards|(49th)]] 
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Shreya Ghoshal at Filmfare Awards South.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Shreya Ghoshal]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Jaadu Hai Nasha Hai"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2004 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2004/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Alisha Chinai]]
| "Chot Dil Pe Lagi"
| ''[[Ishq Vishk]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Alka Yagnik]]
|"Tauba Tumhare"
|[[Chalte Chalte (2003 film)|''Chalte Chalte'']]
|-
|"Odhni Odh Ke"
|''[[Tere Naam]]''
|-
| [[K. S. Chithra]]
| "Koi Mil Gaya"
| ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2005 [[50th Filmfare Awards|(50th)]] 
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Alka Yagnik.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Alka Yagnik]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Hum Tum"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2005 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2005/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | Alka Yagnik
| "Lal Dupatta"
| ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]''
|-
| "Saanwariya"
| ''[[Swades]]''
|-
| [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| "Aao Naa"
| ''[[Kyun! Ho Gaya Na...]]''
|-
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| "Dhoom Macha Le"
| ''[[Dhoom]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2006 [[51st Filmfare Awards|(51st)]] 
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Alisha Chinai 2009 - still 64293 crop.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Alisha Chinai]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"[[Kajra Re]]"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2006 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2006/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "Piyu Bole"
| [[Parineeta (2005 film)|''Parineeta'']]
|-
|"Agar Tum Mil Jao"
|''[[Zeher]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| "Deedar De"
| ''[[Dus]]''
|-
| "Kaisi Paheli Zindagani"
| ''Parineeta''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2007 [[52nd Filmfare Awards|(52nd)]] 
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Sunidhi Chauhan Voice India.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Beedi"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2007 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2007/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
| "Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna"
| ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]''
|-
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "Pal Pal Har Pal"
| ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | Sunidhi Chauhan
| "Aashiqui Mein"
| ''[[36 China Town]]''
|-
| "Soniye"
| ''[[Aksar]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2008 [[53rd Filmfare Awards|(53rd)]] 
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Shreya Ghoshal at Filmfare Awards South.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Shreya Ghoshal]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"[[Barso Re]]"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2008 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2008/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Alisha Chinai
| "It's Rocking"
| ''[[Kya Love Story Hai]]''
|-
| Shreya Ghoshal
| "Yeh Ishq Haaye"
| ''[[Jab We Met]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| "Aaja Nachle"
| ''[[Aaja Nachle]]''
|-
| "Sajanaji Vari Vari"
| ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 2009 [[54th Filmfare Awards|(54th)]] 
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Shreya Ghoshal]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Teri Ore"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Singh Is Kinng]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2009 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2009/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Alka Yagnik
| "Tu Muskura"
| ''[[Yuvvraaj]]''
|-
| [[Neha Bhasin]]
| "Kuchh Khaas"
| ''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]''
|-
| [[Shilpa Rao]]
| "Khuda Jaane"
| ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''
|-
| [[Shruti Pathak]]
| "Mar Jaava"
| ''Fashion''
|-
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| "Dance Pe Chance"
| ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]''
|-
|}

===2010s===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Singer
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Song
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Ref
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2010 [[55th Filmfare Awards|(55th)]] 
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Kavita Seth in a concert.JPG|85px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}} {{border|[[File:Rekha Bhardwaj.jpg|85px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Kavita Seth]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}} '''[[Rekha Bhardwaj]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Iktara"''' '''"Genda Phool"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Wake Up Sid]]''''' '''''[[Delhi-6]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2010 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2010/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Alisha Chinai]]
| "Tera Hone Laga Hoon"
| ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]''
|-
| [[Shilpa Rao]]
| "Mudi Mudi"
| ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]''
|-
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "Zoobi Doobi"
| ''[[3 Idiots]]''
|-
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| "Chor Bazaari"
| ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | 2011 [[56th Filmfare Awards|(56th)]] 
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Mamta sharma shabbir's wedding (cropped).jpg|85px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}} {{border|[[File:Sunidhi Chauhan Voice India.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Mamta Sharma]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}} '''[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"[[Munni Badnaam Hui]]"''' '''"[[Sheila Ki Jawani]]"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Dabangg]]''''' '''''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]'''''
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2011 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2011/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "Bahara"
| ''[[I Hate Luv Storys]]''
|-
| "Noor-e-Khuda"
| ''[[My Name Is Khan]]''
|-
| Sunidhi Chauhan
| "Udi"
| ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2012 [[57th Filmfare Awards|(57th)]] 
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Usha Uthupji.jpg|85px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}} {{border|[[File:Rekha Bhardwaj.jpg|85px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Usha Uthup]] and [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Darling"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[7 Khoon Maaf]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2012 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2012/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Alyssa Mendonsa]]
| "Khwabon Ke Parindey"
| ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''
|-
| [[Harshdeep Kaur]]
| "[[Katiya Karun]]"
| ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "[[Teri Meri]]"
| ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]''
|-
| "Saibo"
| ''[[Shor in the City|Shor In The City]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2013 [[58th Filmfare Awards|(58th)]] 
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Shalmali Kholgade at TOIFA 2013.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Shalmali Kholgade]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Pareshaan"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Ishaqzaade]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2013 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2013/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kavita Seth]]
| "Tumhi Ho Bandhu"
| ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''
|-
| [[Neeti Mohan]]
| "Jiya Re"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "Saans"
|-
| "[[Chikni Chameli]]"
| ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2014 [[59th Filmfare Awards|(59th)]] 
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Monali Thakur at the '21st Lions Gold Awards 2015'.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Monali Thakur]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Sawaar Loon"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Lootera]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2014 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2014/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chinmayi Sripada]]
| "Titli"
| ''[[Chennai Express]]''
|-
| [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
| "[[Balam Pichkari]]"
| ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "[[Sunn Raha Hai]]"
| ''[[Aashiqui 2]]''
|-
| "[[Nagada Sang Dhol]]"
| ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2015 [[60th Filmfare Awards|(60th)]] 
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Kanika Kapoor at Screen Awards.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Kanika Kapoor]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"[[Baby Doll (Kanika Kapoor song)|Baby Doll]]"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Ragini MMS 2]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2015 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2015/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nooran Sisters|Jyoti Nooran & Sultana Nooran]]
| "Pathaka Guddi"
| ''[[Highway (2015 film)|Highway]]''
|-
| [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
| "Hamari Atariya Pe"
| ''[[Dedh Ishqiya]]''
|-
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "[[Manwa Laage]]"
| ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''
|-
| [[Sona Mohapatra]]
| "Naina"
| ''[[Khoobsurat (2014 film)|Khoobsurat]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 2016 [[61st Filmfare Awards|(61st)]] 
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Shreya Ghoshal at Filmfare Awards South.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Shreya Ghoshal]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"[[Deewani Mastani]]"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2016 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2016/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
| "Agar Tum Saath Ho"
| ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]''
|-
| [[Anusha Mani]]
| "Gulaabo"
| ''[[Shaandaar (2015 film)|Shaandaar]]''
|-
| [[Monali Thakur]]
| "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage"
| ''[[Dum Laga Ke Haisha]]''
|-
| [[Palak Muchhal]]
| "Prem Ratan Dhan Payo"
| ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]''
|-
| [[Priya Saraiya]]
| "Sun Saathiya"
| ''[[ABCD 2]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 2017 [[62nd Filmfare Awards|(62nd)]] 
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Neha Bhasin 2019.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Neha Bhasin]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"[[Jag Ghoomeya]]"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2017 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2017/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jonita Gandhi]]
| "The Breakup Song"
| ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]''
|-
| [[Kanika Kapoor]]
| "Da Da Dasse"
| ''[[Udta Punjab]]''
|-
| [[Neeti Mohan]]
| "Sau Aasman"
| ''[[Baar Baar Dekho]]''
|-
| [[Palak Muchhal]]
| "[[Kaun Tujhe]]"
| ''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]''
|-
| [[Qurat-ul-Ain Balouch]]
| "Kaari Kaari"
| ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 2018 [[63rd Filmfare Awards|(63rd)]] 
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Meghna Mishra (2).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Meghna Mishra]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Nachdi Phira"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Secret Superstar]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2018 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2018/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Monali Thakur]]
| "Khol De Baahein"
| ''[[Meri Pyaari Bindu]]''
|-
| [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
| "Ghar"
| ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]''
|-
| [[Ronkini Gupta]]
| "Rafu"
| ''[[Tumhari Sulu]]''
|-
| [[Shashaa Tirupati]]
| "Kanha"
| ''[[Shubh Mangal Saavdhan]]''
|-
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "[[Thodi Der]]"
| ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]''
|-
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 2019 [[64th Filmfare Awards|(64th)]] 
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Shreya Ghoshal at Filmfare Awards South.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Shreya Ghoshal]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"[[Ghoomar (song)|Ghoomar]]"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Padmaavat]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2019 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2019/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Harshdeep Kaur]], [[Vibha Saraf]]
| "Dilbaro"
| ''[[Raazi]]''
|-
| [[Jonita Gandhi]]
| "Ahista"
| ''[[Laila Majnu (2018 film)|Laila Majnu]]''
|-
| [[Ronkini Gupta]]
| "Chaav Laga"
| ''[[Sui Dhaaga]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| "[[Ae Watan]]"
| ''Raazi''
|-
| "Manwaa"
| ''[[October (2018 film)|October]]''
|}

===2020s===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Singer
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Song
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Ref
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 2020 [[65th Filmfare Awards|(65th)]] 
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Shilpa Rao.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Shilpa Rao]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"[[Ghungroo (song)|Ghungroo]]"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[War (2019 film)|War]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2020 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2020/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Neha Bhasin]]
| "Chashni"
|''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]''
|-
| [[Sachet–Parampara|Parampara Thakur]]
| "Mere Sohneya"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Kabir Singh]]''
|-
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "Yeh Aaina"
|-
| Shreya Ghoshal and [[Vaishali Mhade]]
| "[[Ghar More Pardesiya]]"
| ''[[Kalank]]''
|-
| [[Sona Mohapatra]] and [[Jyotica Tangri]]
| "Baby Gold"
| ''[[Saand Ki Aankh]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2021 [[66th Filmfare Awards|(66th)]] 
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Asees Kaur at the 66th Filmfare Awards (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Asees Kaur]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Hui Malang"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Malang (film)|Malang]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2021 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2021/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Antara Mitra]]
| "Mehrama"
| ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''
|-
| [[Palak Muchhal]]
| "Mann Ki Dori (Female)"
| ''[[Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl]]''
|-
| Shraddha Mishra
| "Mar Jayein Hum"
| ''[[Shikara (2020 film)|Shikara]]''
|-
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| "Paas Nahi Toh Fail"
| ''[[Shakuntala Devi (film)|Shakuntala Devi]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 2022 [[67th Filmfare Awards|(67th)]] 
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Asees Kaur]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''"Raataan Lambiyaan"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Shershaah]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2022 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2022/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|Asees Kaur
|"Lakeeran"
|''[[Haseen Dilruba]]''
|-
| [[Neha Kakkar]]
| "Matlabi Yariyan"
| ''[[The Girl on the Train (2021 film)|The Girl on the Train]]''
|-
| [[Priya Saraiya]]
| "Kalle Kalle"
| ''[[Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "Chaka Chak"
| ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
|-
| "[[Param Sundari (song)|Param Sundari]]"
| ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2023 [[68th Filmfare Awards|(68th)]] 
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Kavita Seth in a concert.JPG|85px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Kavita Seth]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''"[[Rangisari]]"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Jugjugg Jeeyo]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2023 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2023/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Janhvi Shrimankar
| "Dholida"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]''
|-
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "Jab Saiyaan"
|-
|[[Jonita Gandhi]]
|"Deva Deva"
|''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
|-
| [[Shilpa Rao]]
| "Tere Hawaale"
| ''[[Laal Singh Chaddha]]''
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2024 [[69th Filmfare Awards|(69th)]] 
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Shilpa Rao.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Shilpa Rao]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''"[[Besharam Rang]]"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2024 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2024/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Shilpa Rao
| "[[Chaleya]]"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]''
|-
| [[Deepthi Suresh]]
| "Aararaari Raaro"
|-
| [[Jonita Gandhi]]
| "Hey Fikar"
| ''[[8 A.M. Metro]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "Tum Kya Mile"
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''
|-
| "Ve Kamleya"
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2025 [[69th Filmfare Awards|(70th)]] 
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Madhubanti Wiki1.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Madhubanti Bagchi]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''"Aaj ki Raat"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Stree 2]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Winners of the 70th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2025 With Gujarat Tourism: Full List Out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-78383.html |publisher=Filmfare |date=12 October 2025 |access-date=12 October 2025 }}</ref>
|-
| Anumita Nadesan
| "Tenu Sang Rakhna"
|''[[Jigra]]''
|-
| [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
| "Nikat"
|''[[Kill (film)|Kill]]''
|-
| [[Shilpa Rao]]
| "Ishq Jaisa Kuch "
| ''[[Fighter (2024 film)|Fighter]]''
|-
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "Dheeme Dheeme"
|''[[Laapataa Ladies]]''
|}

==See also==
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]]
* [[Filmfare Awards]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf Filmfare Nominees and Winners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |date=12 June 2009 }}
*[https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners Filmfare Awards Best Female Playback Singer]

{{FilmfareAwardBestFemaleSinger}}
{{Filmfare Awards}}

[[Category:Filmfare Awards|Female Playback]]
[[Category:Indian music awards]]
[[Category:Mass media awards honoring women]]

Minal Rohit

2026-02-08T17:43:02Z

Serzeqy: created new article

{{short description|Indian space scientist, systems engineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Minal Rohit
| birth_name = Minal Rohit
| birth_place = [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* Team Excellence Award from the [[ISRO]]
}}
| known_for = Intergraded Methane sensor
System Engineer
Project Engineer Manager for MOM
}}

'''Minal Rohit''' is an Indian scientist and [[Systems engineering|systems engineer]] with the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). She helped send the ''[[Mars Orbiter Mission|Mangalyaan]]'' space probe to [[Mars]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25989262|title=Indian woman's space mission|date=2014-02-07|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-03-08|language=en-GB}}</ref>

After graduating from Nirma Institute of Technology, Rohit joined the [[ISRO]].<ref name=":3" /> She worked with mechanical engineers on the team of [[Mars Orbiter Mission|MOM]].<ref name=":1" /> She monitored systems and the methane sensors involved with the spacecraft. She became part of the team that launched MOM as a system integration engineer .<ref name=":1" />

==Early life and education==
Minal Sampat<ref name="WIRED">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/03/these-scientists-sent-a-rocket-to-mars-for-less-than-it-cost-to-make-the-martian/|title=These Scientists Sent a Rocket to Mars for Less Than It Cost to Make "The Martian" Backchannel|magazine=WIRED|access-date=2018-09-17|language=en-US}}</ref> was born in [[Rajkot, India]].<ref name=":0" />

As a child, Minal dreamt of becoming a doctor, but a space show on the TV changed her mind in class 8.<ref name="MarsMission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/tech-women-minal-sampath-worked-on-indias-mars-mission/|title=Tech Women: Minal Sampath worked on India's Mars Mission|website=www.shethepeople.tv|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-28}}</ref> During her education, she noticed that her female peers aimed for scientific careers based on their possible salaries rather than the pursuit of knowledge. Although she ended up getting a full education along with college, many girls around her only received partial education.<ref name=":1" /> She graduated from [[Gujarat University]] in 1999,<ref name=":2" /> along with graduating from [[Space Applications Centre]] with a B Tech in communications and was a gold medalist in [[Electrical engineering|electronics and communication engineering]] from [[Institute of Technology, Nirma University|Nirma Institute of Technology and Science, Ahmedabad]].

== Career ==
Minal started her career as a [[Telecommunications engineering|Satellite Communications engineer]] at [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) and went on to work for the Space Application Center. She was one of 500 scientists<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25989262|title=Indian woman's space mission|date=2014-02-07|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-09-17|language=en-GB}}</ref> and engineers who worked on the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]]. As Systems Engineer for the mission, she helped integrate and test the sensors that the orbiter was carrying.<ref name="WIRED"/> She abstained from taking any leaves for two years.<ref name="MarsMission" />

Minal was a head engineer<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/8-women-in-stem-who-are-changing-the-space-game-7999206|title=8 Inspiring Women Who Are Changing The Space Game|last=Thorpe|first=J.R.|date=17 February 2018|work=Bustle|access-date=2018-04-02|language=en}}</ref> and a [[Project manager|Project Manager]] for upcoming projects such as [[Chandrayaan-2|Chandrayaan II]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://corporatecitizen.in/v2-issue21/women-power-moms-of-mars-mission.html|title=Woman Power: Moms of Mars Mission |website=corporatecitizen.in|access-date=2018-03-08}}</ref> Minal Rohit is currently Deputy Project Director at ISRO.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BuzzerBlog: Trump Announces Release of 80,000 Pages of JFK Assassination Files |url=https://www.buzzer.blog/2025/03/buzzerblog-trump-announces-release-of.html |access-date=2018-04-06 |website=www.buzzer.blog/ |language=en-US}}</ref> She aims to become the first woman director to head a national space agency.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.storypick.com/isro-women-scientists/|title=8 Hardworking ISRO Women Scientists Who Are Breaking The Space Ceilings With Their Work|date=2017-02-16|work=Storypick|access-date=2018-04-28|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Research contributions ==
Rohit was one of 500 scientists working on the Mangalyaan mission headed by the [[ISRO]], and one of the 10 women assigned to the project.<ref name=":4" /> She served as project manager as well as systems engineer and was involved with incorporating the components of the [[methane]] sensor (MSM), Lyman-Alpha Photometer (LAP), [[Thermal and infrared imaging|Thermal Infrared Imaging]] [[Spectrometer]] (TIS), and [[Mars]] Color Camera (MCC) onto the [[orbiter]].<ref name=":1" /> She is a senior engineer at the [[ISRO]].

She is currently involved with the [[Chandrayaan-II]], the follow-up mission to the [[Chandrayaan-1]], India's first successful [[Lunar probe]].<ref name=":3" /> Her primary work on the project involves improving the Insat-3DS [[satellite]] to increase atmospheric data and quality received.

== Legacy ==
Minal Rohit was one of ten women out of 500 scientists to bring India to Mars. She helped India become the first country to orbit Mars with a satellite on the first attempt.<ref name=":0" />

Minal Rohit was featured in a short film ''Snapshots from Afar'' where she discussed her contribution to the ''Mangalyaan'' space probe to Mars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/science/women-isro-mars-mangalyaan|title=Watch: The Women Who Helped India Reach Mars On the First Try|website=The Wire|access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref>

== Awards and accomplishments ==
Minal Rohit won the ''Young Scientist Merit Award'' from the [[ISRO]] in 2007 for her contributions to their [[Telemedicine]] program and the ''ISRO Team Excellence Award'' in 2013 for her work on [[INSAT]] 3D meteorological payloads. Regarding the MOM project, Minal and her colleagues were praised in a speech from Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] over their work on the mission with the 15 month time constraint. She graduated [[Gujarat University]] with a gold medal in electronic and communication engineering.<ref name=":2" />

She received the ISRO Young Scientist Merit Award 2013 for her contribution to the [[Telemedicine]] programme.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/tech-women-minal-sampath-worked-on-indias-mars-mission/|title=Tech Women: Minal Sampath worked on India's Mars Mission|last=Kathuria|first=Charvi|date=December 19, 2017|website=www.shethepeople.tv|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-08}}</ref> Minal was named one of [[CNN|CNN's]] 2014 Women of the Year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/11/opinion/ghitis-women-of-the-year-2014/index.html|title=2014 women of the year|last=Ghitis|first=Frida|date=11 December 2014|work=CNN|access-date=2018-04-02|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life ==
Minal has one son.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/flying-high-meet-three-indian-women-scientists-who-put-india-space-map-55664|website=www.thenewsminute.com|access-date=2019-02-16|title=Flying high: Meet three Indian women scientists who put India on the space map|date=2017-01-13}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name=":0">{{cite magazine|last1=Agarwal|first1=Ipsita|title=These Scientists Sent a Rocket to Mars for less than it Cost to make "The Martian"|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/03/these-scientists-sent-a-rocket-to-mars-for-less-than-it-cost-to-make-the-martian/|magazine=Wired|accessdate=10 October 2017|date=17 March 2017}}</ref>
<ref name=":3">{{cite web|author1=Joshi, Manoj|author2=Srikanth, B R|title=India's Rocket Women|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/science/science/260217/indias-rocket-women.html|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=10 October 2017|language=en|date=26 February 2017}}</ref>
<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=Indian Woman's Space Mission|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25989262|website=BBC News|accessdate=10 October 2017|date=7 February 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Minal Rohit|url=https://www.rsdiitm.org/copy-of-sreenivas-subramoney|website=RSDiitm|publisher=RSD 2017|accessdate=10 October 2017}}</ref>
<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Scientists: Minal Rohit and Dr Tara Shears, The Conversation - BBC World Service|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02d5qfm|website=BBC|accessdate=10 October 2017}}</ref>
</references>

==External links==
* {{cite web|author1=Daswani, Divia Thani|title=The Women of ISRO|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/the-women-of-isro/|website=VOGUE India|accessdate=10 October 2017|date=1 March 2016}}
* https://www.shethepeople.tv/home-top-video/chandrayaan-2-minal-rohit-scientist-systems-engineer

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rohit, Minal}}
[[Category:Women scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian space scientists]]
[[Category:Engineers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women engineers]]
[[Category:Space systems engineers]]
[[Category:Women systems engineers]]
[[Category:Indian systems scientists]]
[[Category:Engineers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Women planetary scientists]]
[[Category:Planetary scientists]]

Bitti Mohanty

2026-02-06T06:08:36Z

Serzeqy: creating basic info and citations

{{Short description|Indian rapist (died 2024)}}
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bitty Mohanty
| image =
| alt =
| occupation = Employee
| caption =
| birth_name = Bitihotra Mohanty
| death_date = 11 August 2024
| death_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], India
| other_names = Bitti, Bitty, Raghav Rajan
| known_for = [[Rape]] of German national
| years active = 2006–2024
}}

'''Bitihotra''' "'''Bitti'''" '''Mohanty''' (died 11 August 2024) was an Indian computer engineer and convict<ref name=hunt>{{cite news|last=PTI|title=Rajasthan Police will try to arrest Bitty Mohanty : CM|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/states/rajasthan-police-will-try-to-arrest-bitty-mohanty-cm_591796.html|accessdate=3 January 2013|newspaper=Zeenews|date=1 January 2010}}</ref> sentenced to seven years' imprisonment for raping a [[Germany|German]] tourist at [[Alwar]], India. After being released on parole to visit his ailing mother at [[Cuttack]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], on 20 November 2006, he absconded from custody. He was arrested again from [[Kannur]] in [[Kerala]], on Saturday, 9 March 2013.<ref name=surrender>{{cite news|title=Mohanty surrenders in Jaipur|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/mohanty-surrenders-in-jaipur/article1176745.ece?css=print|accessdate=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 January 2008|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name=where>{{cite news|title=Where is Bitti Mohanty?|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Where-is-Bitti-Mohanty/articleshow/4378929.cms|accessdate=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Times of India, Times Now|date=17 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106213000/http://www.timesnow.tv/Where-is-Bitti-Mohanty/articleshow/4378929.cms|archive-date=6 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=forgotten>{{cite news | title =Has Navin Patnaik forgotten Bitti case? | newspaper =The Times of India, Times Now | date =1 January 2010 | url =http://www.timesnow.tv/articleshow/4335447.cms | accessdate =4 January 2013 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120529104928/http://www.timesnow.tv/articleshow/4335447.cms | archive-date =29 May 2012 | url-status =dead }}</ref>

His case was one of the quickest rape trials conducted by a fast-track court; the trial was completed within 15 days of lodging the complaint.<ref name="quickest">{{cite news | last =Garg | first =Abhinav | title = Rape trials shouldn't take more than 15-20 days| newspaper =The Times of India | date =4 January 2013 | url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Rape-trials-shouldnt-take-more-than-15-20-days/articleshow/17878257.cms |accessdate=4 January 2013}}</ref> The parole was granted within 8 months of his conviction.<ref name="where" /> His father, Bidya Bhushan Mohanty (B.B. Mohanty), an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer, stood as [[surety]] for his son's 15-day parole and was subsequently suspended and arrested on the charges of helping, hiding and harbouring his son.<ref name="surrender" /><ref name="where" /> He was later reinstated into the service in 2009 and retired in 2012.<ref name="effort">{{cite news | last =Rakesh Dixit | first =Sudhanshu Mishra | title =Accused of raping a german woman, man still at large after six years| newspaper =India Today | date =3 January 2012 | url =https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/accused-of-rape-bitihotra-mohanty-still-at-large-after-six-years-150728-2013-01-02 |access-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> Six years after his son's disappearance, the father expressed ignorance about his son's whereabouts and asserted that his son did not commit any major crime.<ref name="where" />

A.S. Gill (the Director General of Police of Rajasthan) and B.B. Mohanty were [[wikt:batchmate|batchmates]], and it was alleged that the investigation was slowed down due to intervention of high-ranking officials.<ref name="effort" /> The investigating parole officer was transferred abruptly on 29 May 2007, and this hampered a speedy investigation.<ref name="effort" />

==Father==
Bitti Mohanty's father, an Indian Police Service officer, had petitioned the [[National Human Rights Commission]] and the Rajasthan State Human Rights Commission, stating his son needed urgent medical treatment and should not be arrested.<ref name=father>{{cite news | last =PTI | title =Rajasthan police arrives in Cuttack to look for rape convict | newspaper =Outlook India | date =20 December 2006 | url =http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=438736 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130216145628/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=438736 | url-status =dead | archive-date =16 February 2013 | accessdate =4 January 2012 }}</ref> He established he found out about his son's ill health through communication with other inmates.<ref name=father/> The convict's father also argued that the victim and his son were intimate and had been living together. Bitti was the elder of two children of Mr. and Mrs. Mohanty.<ref name=father/>

==Disappearance==
Mohanty was charged with raping of a German national on 21 March 2006. The German lady and Bitti Mohanty were on a holiday in [[Rajasthan]] and took a hotel room at Alwar on 20 March 2006. He was convicted on 12 April 2006 by a fast-track court and police from [[Odisha]] and Rajasthan failed to find him there.<ref name=effort/>

Chief Minister of Rajasthan assured that police were trying to trace Bitti Mohanty by forming special teams, as he was considered a high-profile convict.<ref name=hunt/> However, after seven years of the convict's disappearance, the Rajasthani government stated that it had done all that was possible to arrest Bitti Mohanty.<ref name=evades>{{cite news|title=Bitti Mohanty case: Raj Govt evades responsibility|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Exclusives/News/Bitti-Mohanty-case-Raj-Govt-evades-responsibility/videoshow/4418055.cms|accessdate=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Times of India - Times Now|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313100838/http://www.timesnow.tv/Exclusives/News/Bitti-Mohanty-case-Raj-Govt-evades-responsibility/videoshow/4418055.cms|archive-date=13 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Arrest==
Mohanty was arrested from Kannur in Kerala, 9 March 2013.<ref name=arrest/> Police got information of Bitti by an anonymous letter received by the bank branch authorities where he was working as Raghav Rajan from [[Andhra Pradesh]], suspecting that the man may be Bitti. His photo was shown on television and Internet among the pictures of accused sex offenders, which helped to identify him. He was working in a bank under the false name of Raghav Rajan.<ref name=arrest>{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/german-woman-rape-absconding-bitti-mohanty-arrested_834042.html|title = Rape convict Bitti Mohanty arrested in Kerala, remanded|date = 9 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/raghav-rajan-is-indeed-bitti-mohanty/article4512345.ece?homepage=true | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title='Raghav Rajan' is indeed Bitti Mohanty | date=15 March 2013}}</ref>

==Death==
Mohanty died on 11 August 2024 while undergoing treatment for stomach cancer at [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar|AIIMS Bhubaneswar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bitti-mohanty-german-woman-rape-accused-ips-officer-son-death-9509755/|title=Bitti Mohanty, ex-IPS officer's son convicted in 2006 rape of German woman, dies|work=[[The Indian Express]]|first=Sujit|last=Bisoyi|date=12 August 2024|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rape in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohanty, Bitti}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Indian rapists]]
[[Category:Crime in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian criminals]]
[[Category:Deaths from stomach cancer in India]]

Koncheswar Mahadev

2026-01-31T09:13:35Z

Serzeqy: Added some details needs work!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}

[[File:Bodhgaya(1878) p337 T18.jpg|thumb|upright|right
|Photograph by Joseph Belgar]]

'''Koncheswar Mahadev''' is a Shiva temple in [[Konch (community development block)|Konch]], [[Gaya district]], [[Bihar]], India.

The Shiva temple enshrining Shivalinga and dedicated to Koncheshwarnath and is made of bricks of different sizes. It has a heavy nagara (curvilinear) sikhara. Koncheswar Temple brings to mind the image of the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] at [[Bodh Gaya]]. Externally the Konch Temple differs from the two great temples at Nalanda and Buddha Gaya, in having its sides curved instead of being straight lines from top to bottom. It differs also in its style of ornamentation, as there are no niches and consequently no enshrined figures. Each wall is divided extemally into seven faces by deeply-recessed upright lines, which form part of the original construction.<ref name="Survey">{{cite web |last1=Cunningham |first1=Alexander |last2=Garrick |first2= H. B. W. |title=Report of Tours in North and South Bihar in 1880-81|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.462319 |website=Internet Archive|publisher=Archeological survey of India |pp=52-59|access-date=14 December 2025}}{{source-attribution}}</ref>

The use of different types of bricks is, perhaps, an indication that the temple has undergone extensive repairs from time to time, as held by Cunningham and Beglar of the Archaeological Survey of India. J.D. Beglar, Assistant Archaeological Suryeyor at that time, had visited the place during 1872-73 and he has mentioned in his report (1878) that the tower was surmounted by a cylindrical pinnacle as in the case of the temple of [[Bodh Gaya]]. This pinnacle had a hemispherical top. The most interesting piece inside the shrine is a panel sculpture of the Dashavataras representing Vishnu.

This temple of Shiva worship is clearly of Brahmanical origin.
In the premises of the temple are found a number of images of Vishnu, Siva, Hara-Gauri, Ganesha, Surya etc. The temple is datable to circa 14th century ce. <ref>{{cite web |title=Konch: An Ancient Site with Interesting Dasavtara Sculpture of Vishnu |url=http://silentpagesindia.blogspot.com/2013/11/konch-ancient-site-with-interesting.html |website=Silent Pages : Travels in the Historical Land of India|publisher=blogspot.com|access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{coord|24.9337|84.7716|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:14th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Jalaun district]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}
{{UttarPradesh-stub}}

Vijay Rupani

2026-01-28T06:58:25Z

Serzeqy:

{{Short description|Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2016 to 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Vijay Rupani.jpg
| caption = Rupani in 2018
| office = 16th [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]]
| term_start = 7 August 2016
| term_end = 11 September 2021
| governor = [[Om Prakash Kohli]] [[Acharya Devvrat]]
| assembly = [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Anandiben Patel]]
| successor = [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]
| office1 = [[Anandiben Patel ministry|Cabinet Minister]] in [[Government of Gujarat|Gujarat]]
| term_start1 = 19 November 2014
| term_end1 = 7 August 2016
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = Anandiben Patel
| 2blankname1 = Portfolio
| 2namedata1 = {{ubl|Transport|Labour and Employment|Water Supply}}
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Rajkot West Assembly constituency|Rajkot West]]
| term_start2 = 19 October 2014
| term_end2 = 8 December 2022
| preceded2 = [[Vajubhai Vala]]
| successor2 = [[Darshita Shah]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency3 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]]
| term_start3 = 25 July 2006
| term_end3 = 24 July 2012
| office5 = President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Gujarat]]
| term_start5 = February 2016
| term_end5 = August 2016
| predecessor5 = [[R. C. Faldu]]
| successor5 = [[Jitu Vaghani]]
| office6 =  [[Rajkot Municipal Corporation|Mayor of Rajkot]]
| predecessor6 = Bhavana Joshipura
| successor6 = [[Uday Kangad]]
| term_start6 = 1996
| term_end6 = 1997<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gujarat-cm-resigns-all-eyes-on-mlas-meet-to-select-rupanis-successor/articleshow/62197104.cms | title=Gujarat CM resigns, all eyes on MLAs' meet to select Pollard's successor | work=[[The Economic Times]] | date=21 December 2017 | access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref>
| birth_name = Vijaykumar Ramniklal Rupani
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1956|8|2}}<ref name="IA2007">{{cite web | title=Vijay Rupani: Member's Web Site | via=the Internet Archive | date=30 September 2007 | url= http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/Mainweb.asp?mpcode=2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201434/http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/Mainweb.asp?mpcode=2008 | archive-date=30 September 2007 | access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Yangon|Rangoon]], [[Yangon Region|Rangoon Division]], [[Union of Burma]] (present-day Yangon, Myanmar)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2025|06|12|1956|08|02}}
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| death_cause = [[Air_India_Flight_171|Aircraft accident]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Anjali Rupani|1980}}
| children = 3
| parents =
}}

'''Vijay Ramniklal Rupani''' (2 August 1956 – 12 June 2025) was an Indian politician who served as the  [[chief minister of Gujarat]] from 5 August 2016 to 11 September 2021 for two consecutive terms. He was a representative in the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] for the [[Rajkot West Assembly constituency|Rajkot West constituency]] from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). He was among the passengers who died in the crash of [[Air India Flight 171]].

==Early life and student politics==
Vijay Rupani was born on 2 August 1956, in [[Rangoon]], [[Union of Burma]], to a [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] family.<ref name="vrnx2016">{{cite web |date=5 August 2016 |title=How Vijay Rupani pipped Nitin Patel to become Gujarat chief minister |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/How-Vijay-Rupani-pipped-Nitin-Patel-to-become-Gujarat-chief-minister/articleshow/53563396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806042050/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/How-Vijay-Rupani-pipped-Nitin-Patel-to-become-Gujarat-chief-minister/articleshow/53563396.cms |archive-date=6 August 2016 |access-date= |website=The Times of India }}</ref><ref name="et">{{cite news |date=20 November 2014 |title=Saurashtra strongman Vijay Rupani in Gujarat Cabinet |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-20/news/56304021_1_babku-undhad-cabinet-expansion-state-bjp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127220738/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-20/news/56304021_1_babku-undhad-cabinet-expansion-state-bjp |archive-date=27 November 2014 |access-date= |publisher=Economic Times}}</ref> He was the seventh and youngest son of the couple. In 1960, his family moved to [[Rajkot]], Gujarat, India, due to political instability in Burma. His father, Ramniklal Rupani, who had been a grain merchant in Burma, became a trader of [[ball bearing]]s in Rajkot.<ref name="Indiex2016" />

Vijay Rupani graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] from Dharmendrasinhji Arts College and an [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] from [[Saurashtra University]]. Active in student politics, Rupani joined the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Hindutva]] [[paramilitary]] organisation, and the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP), a student body affiliated with the RSS.<ref name="vrnx2016" /><ref name="et" /><ref name="Indiex2016">{{cite web |date=6 August 2016 |title=Vijay Rupani: A swayamsevak, stock broker and founder of a trust for poor |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/vijay-rupani-gujarat-cm-profile-2956811/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806165746/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/vijay-rupani-gujarat-cm-profile-2956811/ |archive-date=6 August 2016 |access-date= |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In 1971, Rupani joined the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], a Hindutva party which served as the political arm of the RSS and the precursor to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2025 |title=Vijay Rupani: How the Rangoon-born came to lead Gujarat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/former-gujrat-vijay-rupani-dies-air-india-crash-london-bound-ahmedabad-airport-abvp-2739829-2025-06-12 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

==Political career==
[[File:The Vice President, Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat administering oath of office to Shri Vijay Kumar Ramnik Lal Rupani (Gujarat), newly elected Rajya Sabha MP, in New Delhi on April 20, 2006.jpg|thumb|left|Rupani taking the oath of office as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha]] in 2006, with [[Vice President of India|Vice-president]] [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] administering the oath]]
Rupani participated in the [[Navnirman Andolan]], a socio-political movement against economic crisis and corruption in the leadup to [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]]. During the Emergency, he was imprisoned for 11 months and held at jails in [[Bhuj]] and [[Bhavnagar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=12 June 2025 |title=Who was Vijay Rupani? The 'low-profile' and 'affable' ex-Gujarat CM who died in Air India plane crash |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/who-was-vijay-rupani-the-low-profile-ex-gujarat-cm-who-died-in-air-india-plane-crash-in-ahmedabad-11749737888404.html |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

Having been a member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] and the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|Jan Sangh]], Rupani was affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] since its establishment in 1980.<ref name="vrnx2016"/><ref name="et" /> He was elected to the [[Rajkot Municipal Corporation]] in 1987 and served as the mayor of Rajkot from 1996 to 1997.<ref name="Indiex2016" /><ref name=":0" />

In 2006, Rupani was made general secretary of BJP's Gujarat state unit, before he was elected as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|member of parliament in the Rajya Sabha]] from 2006 to 2012, representing Gujarat. He served as a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from 2014 to 2022, representing [[Rajkot West Assembly constituency|Rajkot West constituency]].<ref name="Indiex2016" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/guj-bypoll-bjp-wins-rajkot-west-assembly-seat-114101900341_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=19 October 2014 |access-date=19 October 2014 |title=Guj bypoll: BJP wins Rajkot-West Assembly seat |agency=PTI}}</ref>

He was inducted as a minister in the first cabinet expansion by chief minister [[Anandiben Patel]] in November 2014 and was assigned the state portfolios of Transport, Water Supply, as well as Labour and Employment.<ref name="et" /><ref name="cabexpand2014">{{cite web |date=19 November 2014 |title=Gujarat CM Anandiben Patel expands ministry, inducts 4 new ministers |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cm-anandiben-patel-expands-ministry-inducts-4-new-ministers/ |access-date=6 August 2016 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> On 19 February 2016, Rupani became the BJP's president in Gujarat, succeeding [[R. C. Faldu]]. He held the position until August 2016.<ref name="VRprez2016">{{cite web | title=Gujarat BJP declared Vijay Rupani as new president | website=The Economic Times | date=20 February 2016 | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gujarat-bjp-declared-vijay-rupani-as-new-president/articleshow/51053824.cms | access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="JVV2016">{{cite web | title=Jitu Vaghani appointed as the BJP State President for Gujarat | website=The Financial Express | date=10 August 2016 | url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/jitu-vaghani-appointed-as-the-bjp-state-president-for-gujarat/343343/ | access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref>

==Chief Minister of Gujarat (2016–2021)==
{{See also|First Rupani ministry|Second Rupani ministry}}
On 7 August 2016, Rupani was appointed [[Chief Minister of Gujarat|chief minister of Gujarat]] by the [[Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party|leadership of the BJP]], following the resignation of [[Anandiben Patel]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vijay-rupani-to-succeed-anandiben-patel-as-gujarat-cm-nitin-patel-to-be-his-deputy/articleshow/53559478.cms | title=Vijay Rupani to succeed Anandiben Patel as Gujarat CM, Nitin Patel to be his deputy | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=5 August 2016 | access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vijay-Rupani-named-Gujarat-chief-minister-Nitin-Patel-to-be-deputy-CM/articleshow/53559312.cms? | title=Vijay Rupani named Gujarat chief minister; Nitin Patel to be deputy CM | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=5 August 2016 | access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref> Rupani led the BJP in the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]], in which the party retained power, and he continued as chief minister. The BJP's election campaign was characterised by prominent usage of [[Hindutva]] themes and narratives alongside significant [[Islamophobia|Islamophobic]] rhetoric.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/OCfkWtTitubtJGc0OE8o0L/Gujarat-elections-Chief-minister-Vijay-Rupani-trails-behind.html|title=Gujarat elections: Chief minister Vijay Rupani wins from Rajkot West|agency=PTI|date=18 December 2017|work=Live Mint|access-date=23 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2017/bjp-retains-vijay-rupani-in-gujarat-but-is-undecided-in-himachal-4995239/|title=BJP retains Vijay Rupani as CM in Gujarat, but is undecided in Himachal Pradesh|date=23 December 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=23 December 2017|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Ghanshyam |date=13 January 2018 |title=BJP's Sixth Victory in Gujarat: A Puzzle |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2018/2/commentary/bjps-sixth-victory-gujarat.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116165139/https://www.epw.in/journal/2018/2/commentary/bjps-sixth-victory-gujarat.html |archive-date=16 January 2018 |website=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]}}</ref> In March 2021, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' included Rupani in its list of the 100 most powerful people in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2021 |title=IE100: The list of most powerful Indians in 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-exclusive/ie100-indias-most-powerful-2021-7248171/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328015514/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-exclusive/ie100-indias-most-powerful-2021-7248171/ |archive-date=28 March 2021 |access-date= |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Rupani faced intense criticism for his mishandling of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], with Gujarat emerging as one of India's most severely affected states. In April 2021, the [[Gujarat High Court]] remarked that his government's response to the crisis was "not satisfactory and not transparent."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K Dutta |first=Prabhash |date=13 September 2021 |title=Vijay Rupani's road to exit: Why BJP replaced chief minister in Gujarat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vijay-rupani-road-to-exit-why-bjp-replaced-chief-minister-in-gujarat-1852214-2021-09-13 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> On 11 September 2021, Rupani resigned from the post of chief minister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Langa |first=Mahesh |date=11 September 2021 |title=Gujarat Chief Minister Vijay Rupani resigns |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gujarat-chief-minister-vijay-rupani-resigns/article36400410.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911104726/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gujarat-chief-minister-vijay-rupani-resigns/article36400410.ece |archive-date=11 September 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He was succeeded by [[Bhupendrabhai Patel|Bhupendra Patel]], who subsequently led the BJP to a landslide victory in the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=12 September 2021|title=BJP MLA Bhupendra Patel named new Gujarat chief minister|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-mla-bhupendra-patel-named-new-gujarat-chief-minister/articleshow/86138067.cms |access-date=12 September 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=8 December 2022 |title=Modi's BJP clinches landslide election victory in Gujarat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/08/india-narendra-modi-bjp-landslide-election-victory-gujarat |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

Rupani was often characterised by political commentators as a low-profile and obedient figure, with some describing his tenure as that of a 'proxy' or '[[Rubber stamp (politics)|rubber-stamp]]' chief minister. His administration largely continued the policies and governance style of preceding BJP-led governments in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dahiya |first=Himanshi |date=16 September 2021 |title=Vijay Rupani – PM Modi's 'Proxy CM' or a Formidable Political Force in Gujarat? |url=https://www.thequint.com/elections/gujarat-election/5-years-of-vijay-rupani-as-gujarat-chief-minister-analysis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421203153/https://www.thequint.com/elections/gujarat-election/5-years-of-vijay-rupani-as-gujarat-chief-minister-analysis#read-more |archive-date=21 April 2024 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref>

==Alleged stock manipulation==
Between January and June 2011, 22 entities, including Vijay Rupani [[Hindu joint family|HUF]], bought and sold shares of Sarang Chemicals in an alleged [[Pump and dump|pump-and-dump scam]]. On 27 October 2017, the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI) imposed penalties on all 22 entities on the charges of [[Circular trading|artificial volume creation]], [[market manipulation]], and "getting an unlawful or unfair gain", in violation of the PFUTP (Prohibition of Fraudulent and Unfair Trade Practices relating to Securities Market). Following an investigation, SEBI discovered that the group had bought 27,697,860 shares at 32.97% of the company's market value before selling 72,408,293 shares at 86.18% of the company's market value. SEBI levied fines of {{INR}}6.9 [[crore]]s across all entities, with Rupani HUF being asked to pay {{INR}}15 [[lakh]]s within 45 days of the order. SEBI noted that the order was [[ex parte]] as the entities involved did not respond to the [[Order to show cause|show-cause notice]] within the stipulated time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2017 |title=SEBI imposes penalty on 22 entities including Gujarat CM Vijay Rupani's HUF |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/vijay-rupani-sebi-penalty-gujarat-cm-undivided-family-4929279/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109090552/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/vijay-rupani-sebi-penalty-gujarat-cm-undivided-family-4929279/ |archive-date=9 November 2017 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Shrimi |date=9 November 2017 |title=Rupani Case: SAT Asks SEBI to Hear All Parties Before Decision |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/business/sebi-fines-gujarat-cm-rupanis-huf-manipulative-trading |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2017 |title=SEBI acts against Gujarat CM Vijay Rupani in manipulative trades case, slaps Rs 15 lakh fine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sebi-gujarat-cm-vijay-rupani-trade-hindu-undivided-family-fine-sarang-chemicals-1082646-2017-11-09 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

Rupani denied any wrongdoing. In his defence, his office alleged that the HUF had purchased shares worth {{INR}}63,000 in 2009 and sold them for {{INR}}35,000 in 2011, thus incurring a loss, not a profit. On 8 November 2017, the [[Securities Appellate Tribunal]] (SAT) set aside the SEBI order, noting that it had been issued without giving a hearing to those involved. No new public hearing or ruling has been announced, effectively closing the case.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2017 |title=Did nothing wrong, says Vijay Rupani as tribunal sets aside SEBI penalty |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/did-nothing-wrong-says-vijay-rupani-as-securities-appellate-tribunal-sets-aside-sebi-penalty-huf-4930480/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109230654/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/did-nothing-wrong-says-vijay-rupani-as-securities-appellate-tribunal-sets-aside-sebi-penalty-huf-4930480/ |archive-date=9 November 2017 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2017 |title=No wrongdoing in transactions: Vijay Rupani |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/no-wrongdoing-in-transactions-vijay-rupani/article20085839.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125122728/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/no-wrongdoing-in-transactions-vijay-rupani/article20085839.ece |archive-date=25 January 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Vijay Rupani was married to Anjali Rupani, a member of the [[BJP Mahila Morcha]], the women's wing of the party. The couple had three children, a daughter named Radhika and two sons named Rishabh and Pujit. The couple lost the latter in a car accident. In his memory, the family founded the Shri Pujit Rupani Memorial Trust, a [[Non-governmental organization|non-governmental organisation]] which states that it works for the poor.<ref>{{cite news|title=From RSS cadre to CM|url=http://m.deccanherald.com/articles.php?name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F562977%2Ffrom-rss-cadre-cm.html|access-date=20 August 2016|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=8 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821041056/http://m.deccanherald.com/articles.php?name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F562977%2Ffrom-rss-cadre-cm.html|archive-date=21 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaishnavi |first=Arya |date=12 June 2025 |title=Vijay Rupani family: All on wife Anjali Rupani and their children |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/vijay-rupani-family-all-on-wife-anjali-rupani-and-their-children-101749735818333.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> A former [[stockbroker]], Vijay Rupani once served as the chairman of the Saurashtra-Kutch Stock Exchange.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dabhi |first1=Parimal |last2=Misra |first2=Leena |date=13 June 2025 |title=Former Gujarat CM Vijay Rupani among those killed in Air India crash, was on his way to London to meet daughter |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/vijay-rupani-air-india-ahmedabad-crash-gujarat-bjp-10063431/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

===Death===
{{Main|Air India Flight 171}}
On 12 June 2025, he was among the 241 people who died aboard [[Air India Flight 171]], which was bound for [[Gatwick Airport]] in [[London]]. Shortly after takeoff from [[Ahmedabad Airport|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]] in [[Ahmedabad]], the aircraft crashed into a [[Dormitory|hostel block]] of [[B. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad|B. J. Medical College]], killing all but one person on board, as well as 19 people on the ground. According to a close relative, he was travelling to London to visit his daughter, and to accompany his wife on the return journey.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 June 2025 |title=Vijay Rupani, ex Gujarat CM, killed in Ahmedabad plane crash |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ahmedabad-plane-crash-former-gujarat-cm-vijay-rupani-killed/article69687495.ece/ |access-date=12 June 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=12 June 2025 |title=Vijay Rupani, ex Gujarat CM, killed in Ahmedabad plane crash |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ahmedabad-plane-crash-former-gujarat-cm-vijay-rupani-killed/article69687495.ece/ |access-date=12 June 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2025 |title=Vijay Rupani Death: Former Gujarat CM Vijay Rupani killed in Ahmedabad plane crash, says CR Paatil |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/vijay-rupani-dead-ahmedabad-plane-crash-ex-gujarat-cm-10062657/ |access-date=12 June 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Rupani's body was identified by [[DNA identification|DNA analysis]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deshpande |first1=Abhinay |date=15 June 2025 |title=Mortal remains of former Gujarat CM Rupani, over 40 victims identified through DNA profiling; Air India contacts relatives of all victims |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mortal-remains-of-former-gujarat-cm-rupani-over-40-victims-identified-through-dna-profiling-air-india-contacts-relatives-of-all-victims/article69698527.ece |access-date=2025-06-20 |newspaper=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was the second chief minister of Gujarat to die in a plane crash, following [[Balwantrai Mehta]].<ref>{{cite web |date=15 June 2025 |title=Air India Crash: 47 Bodies Identified So Far, 24 Handed Over To Families |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/air-india-crash-bodies-identified-handed-over-families-vijay-rupani |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2025 |title=Former CM Vijay Rupani becomes second Chief Minister from Gujarat to die in plane crash |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/air-india-plane-crash-former-cm-vijay-rupani-becomes-second-chief-minister-from-gujarat-to-die-in-plane-crash-balwantrai-11749736666837.html |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.vijayrupani.in/en/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201434/http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/Mainweb.asp?mpcode=2008 Profile] on the official website Rajya Sabha (archived)

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Anandiben Patel]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chief Ministers of Gujarat|Chief Minister of Gujarat]]|years=2016–2021}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief Ministers of Gujarat}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party chief ministers|state=collapsed}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rupani, Vijay}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad municipal councillors]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh members]]
[[Category:People from Rajkot]]
[[Category:People from Yangon]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 2025]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in India]]

Regal Theatre, New Delhi

2026-01-20T23:52:37Z

Serzeqy: starting first post v1

{{Short description|Former cinema in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Regal Theatre
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| logo_image =
| image = Regal_cinema,_Connaught_Place,_New_Delhi.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Delhi central
| pushpin_map_caption=
| location = Regal Building, [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| designation =
| coordinates = {{coord|28|37|50|N|77|13|1|E|format=dms|type:landmark_scale:2000|display=inline,title}}
| architect = [[Walter Sykes George]]
| owner =
| tenant =
| operator =
| capacity =
| type =
| opened = 1932
| renovated =
| reopened =
| closed = 30 March 2017
| years_active = 1932–2017
| rebuilt =
| other_names = Regal Cinema
| production =
| current_use = Museum ([[Madame Tussauds|Madame Tussauds Delhi]])
| public_transit =
| website =
}}

The '''Regal Theatre''' also known as the '''Regal Cinema''' was a single screen [[Cinema Halls in Delhi|cinema hall]] and [[theatre]] situated in [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] in [[New Delhi]], [[India]].

==History==
The theatre, which was the biggest in [[New Delhi]], was built in 1932. It served as a venue for ballets, plays and [[talky|talkies]]. The Regal was also the site of [[premiere|theatrical premiere]] of [[Bollywood]] and [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] films. The Academy Award-winning ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'' had its Indian premiere at the Regal in 1940.<ref name="curtains">{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Manoj|title=Curtains down at Delhi’s Regal cinema: A look at its cinematic journey over 85 years|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/curtains-down-at-delhi-s-regal-cinema-a-look-at-its-cinematic-journey-over-85-years/story-GJxL4lHtLPfOdLZUvBmS5L.html|accessdate=1 April 2017|work=Hindustan Times|date=30 March 2017}}</ref> Films involving [[Raj Kapoor]] and [[Nargis]] also made its premiere at the theatre.<ref name=hindustantimes/>

The Regal was the first in Connaught Place to screen [[Hindi language|Hindi]] films and fared on its own against competitors, such as the Chanakya which was established in the 1970s. The opening of the PVR Anupam, a four-screen [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex]] marked the decline of the theater. As multiplexes started to gain widespread reception in the 2000s, the Regal Theatre resorted to screening [[B movie|B-grade]] Bollywood films to stay operational.<ref name="curtains"/>

On the last day of the theatre's operation on 30 March 2017, the Raj Kapoor-directed films ''[[Mera Naam Joker]]'' and ''[[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]'' were screened.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lights out for Regal theatre with Raj Kapoor's 'Sangam'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/lights-out-for-regal-theatre-with-raj-kapoors-sangam/articleshow/57895294.cms|accessdate=1 April 2017|work=The Times of India|date=29 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="ndtv">{{cite news|last1=Nijhawan|first1=Meghna|title=As Delhi's Regal Cinema Screens Last Show, Twitter Takes Trip Down Memory Lane|url=http://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/as-regal-cinema-screens-last-show-twitter-takes-trip-down-memory-lane-1675607|accessdate=1 April 2017|work=NDTV|date=31 March 2017}}</ref>

The owner of the cinema plans to open a multiplex in its place.<ref name=hindustantimes>{{cite news|last1=Rajput|first1=Abhinav|title=Delhi’s Regal Cinema to turn into a multiplex after shutting down, says owner|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/delhi-s-regal-cinema-to-turn-into-a-multiplex-after-shutting-down-says-owner/story-TdYHlxqAWQrVe5RthgDoBP.html|accessdate=1 April 2017|work=Hindustan Times|date=30 March 2017}}</ref>

==Building==
The building of the theatre, the Regal Building, was built in 1932. It was designed by architect [[Walter Sykes George]].<ref name="ndtv"/> and has three [[Floor (building)|floors]]. In 1996, the first and second floors above the ground floor were sold to [[Madame Tussauds]] to open a wax [[Madame Tussauds Delhi|museum]] in the building.<ref name=hindustantimes/>

The design of the building is a combination of [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] and [[Mughal architecture]].<ref name="news18">{{cite news|last1=Tulsiani|first1=Kriti|title=Delhi's Iconic Regal Cinema To Close Its Doors, Owner Says Business Can't Run On Sentiments|url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/you-cant-run-business-on-sentiments-hall-owner-on-regal-cinema-shutting-shop-1365990.html|accessdate=1 April 2017|work=News 18.com|date=30 March 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Former cinemas in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Theatres completed in 1932]]
[[Category:1932 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2017 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Cinemas in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Mansinhji I

2026-01-20T17:43:13Z

Serzeqy: created pg

{{Short description|Maharana Raj Sahib of Jhalavad}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Tone|date=January 2026}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=January 2026}}
}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Mansinhji I
| title = [[Maharana]] [[Raja|Raj]]
| image = Mansinhji I slays Malik Shajiv of Dasada.png
| caption = Maharana Raj Mansinhji I slays Malik Shajiv of Dasada, 1523
| succession = [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Maharana Raj Sahib of Jhalavad]]
| reign = 1523-1563
| predecessor = [[Ranoji]]
| successor = [[Raisinhji I of Halvad]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 31 October 1563
| death_place = [[Halvad]], [[Kingdom of Jhalavad]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
*Ganga de [[Jadeja]] of [[Dhrol State|Dhrol]]
*Amar Kunwarba [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]]of Kalol
*Kesar kunwarba [[Jadeja]] of Kanthkot
*Hirji Kunwarba [[Jadeja]] of Moda
*Dev kunwarba [[Chavda dynasty|Chavda]] of Abod}}
| issue = [[Raisinhji I of Halvad|Raisinhji I]] Ramsinhji Govindsinhji
| issue-link =
| issue-pipe =
| full name = Mansinhji I Ranoji Jhala
| house = [[File:Drapeau Dhrangadhra.png|25px]] [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Halvad]]
| father = [[Ranoji]]
| mother = Hetkunwarba or Kalyande [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] of Sanand
| dynasty = [[Jhala (clan)|Jhala]]
| module =
}}
[[Maharana]] [[Raja|Raj]] '''Mansinhji I''', also called '''Rao Man Ghelo''' ''(Rao Man, the Mad)'' was the 27th [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Maharana Raj Sahib of Jhalavad]] from 1523 to 1563 until his death.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Biography ==
Mansinhji was born to [[Ranoji]] (also known as Ranigdev), the [[Maharana]] of [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Jhalavad]]. His father, [[Ranoji]], was killed by Malik Shajiv of Dasada, whose father, Malik Bakhan, had been executed on [[Ranoji]]'s orders.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQFnsgkrkG8C |title=The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India |date=1985 |publisher=Usha |pages=517 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Mansinhji succeeded his father in 1523 and later avenged his death by killing Malik Shajiv and capturing Dasada. However, since Dasada was a jagir under the [[Gujarat Sultanate]], [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]] the Sultan of Gujarat marched against [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Jhalavad]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Wilberforce-Bell |first=Harold |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmZDAAAAYAAJ |title=The History of Kathiawad from the Earliest Times |date=1980 |publisher=Ajay Book Service |pages=94 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhala |first=Jayasinhji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSZqDwAAQBAJ&dq=mansinhji&pg=PA53 |title=Genealogy, Archive, Image: Interpreting Dynastic History in Western India, c. 1090-2016 |date=2018-07-19 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-060129-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Watson |first=John Whaley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIEoAAAAYAAJ&dq=mansinghji&pg=PA24 |title=Statistical Account of Dhrángadhrá: Being the Dhrángadhrá Contribution to the Káthiáwár Portion of the Bombay Gazetteer |date=1878 |publisher=Education Society's Press,Byculla |pages=24 |language=en}}</ref>

Mansinhji was defeated by the Sultan's army and went into outlawry for many years. He was offered shelter by the [[Cutch State|Rao of Kutch]], where he his base in [[Kutch]] near [[Bhuj]]. There are many daring tales of Mansinhji and his men of ravaging and escaping the sultans jagirs.
Mansinhji was advised to surrender by his step mother, who was the daughter of Rao Lunkaran of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]] and had her sister married to [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]]. He later sneaked into the [[Diu Fortress|Diu fort]], where the Sultan was staying, and confronted him. Sultan was touched by his noble bearing, as a result, the Sultan treated Mansinhji respectfully and restored him to the throne of [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Jhalavad]]. However the Jagirs of [[Mandal, Gujarat|Mandal]] and [[Viramgam]] were not returned back.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mayne |first=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBU-AQAAMAAJ |title=History of the Dhrangadhra State |date=1921 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |pages=76 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qHiAAAAMAAJ&q=mansinhji |title=Gujarat State Gazetteer |date=1989 |publisher=Director, Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |pages=293 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
[[File:Mansinhji-I-confronts-Sultan-Bahadurshah-in-Diu-Fort.png|thumb|Maharana Raj Mansinhji I confronts Sultan Bahadur Shah at Diu fort, 1535]]
Mansinhji died on 31 October 1563 and was succeeded by his son, [[Raisinhji I of Halvad|Raisinhji I]].<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{morecat|date=October 2025}}

[[Category:1563 deaths]]

Abdul Hafeez Rahmani

2025-12-17T12:12:43Z

Serzeqy: added new post from scratch.

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar and researcher (died 2016)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abdul Hafeez Rahmani
| native_name = عبد الحفیظ رحمانی
| native_name_lang = ur
| birth_date = 10 January 1940
| birth_place = Loharsan (now [[Siddharthnagar district]]), United Provinces, British India
| death_date = 2 August 2016
| death_place =
| occupation = Islamic scholar, researcher, author, lecturer
| alma_mater = [[Jamia Arabia Masoodia Noorul Uloom|Madrasa Noor al-Uloom, Bahraich]]; [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] (sanad, 1960; [[Kanpur University]] ([[M.A.]] Urdu)
| movement = [[Deobandi]]
| known_for = research and writing in Urdu and Arabic; service as Muhaqqiq (researcher) at Sheikhul Hind Academy, Darul Uloom Deoband
}}

'''Abdul Hafeez Rahmani''' ({{lang|ur|عبد الحفیظ رحمانی}}; 10 January 1940 – 2 August 2016) was an Indian Islamic scholar, researcher and author associated with the Deobandi scholarly milieu. He taught in madrasahs and colleges in Uttar Pradesh, published research and essays in Urdu and Arabic, and served as a researcher (Muhaqqiq) for the Sheikhul Hind Academy affiliated with Darul Uloom Deoband.

==Life and education==
Rahmani was born in the village of Loharsan (now in Siddharthnagar district).<ref name="Nayab">{{cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Nayab Hasan |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama |publisher=Idara Tahqeeq-e-Islami, Deoband |year=2013 |pages=224–226 |url=https://archive.org/details/DarulUloomDeobandKaSahafatiManzarNamah}}</ref> He received early instruction from his father, Hafiz Fateh Muhammad, and from local teachers. He studied at [[Jamia Arabia Masoodia Noorul Uloom|Madrasa Noor al-Uloom, Bahraich]], and later completed traditional Dars-e-Nizami studies at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], receiving a sanad (certificate) in 1960.<ref name="Nayab"/>

According to biographical notices, Rahmani completed modern secondary examinations in the Aligarh area and subsequently obtained an M.A. in Urdu from [[Kanpur University]] (Kanpur).<ref name="Nayab"/>{{Efn|Sources disagree on Rahmani's year of birth. This article follows Nayab Hasan Qasmi (10 January 1940) for the date of birth while noting that other reference works (for example the Arabic entry in ''Mausūʿa Ulama-e-Deoband'') give 1936 as the year of birth; both published sources are cited in the article.<ref name="Nayab"/><ref name="Mausu'a"/>}}

==Career==
Rahmani contributed regularly to Urdu and Arabic journals and periodicals associated with the Deobandi milieu and other Urdu press. During his career he edited and wrote for a number of monthlies and weeklies and presented papers at seminars and conferences.<ref name="Nayab"/>

He taught at various madrasahs and also worked as a college Urdu lecturer in the Siddharthnagar region for many years. Later he served as a researcher (Muhaqqiq) at the Sheikhul Hind Academy, [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]; his tenure there is recorded for the mid-2000s (2004–2006).<ref name="Qasmi2020">{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah Khalili|author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi|url=https://archive.org/details/darul-uloom-deob-ki-jamey-wa-mukhtasar-tareekh-edition-2|title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh |publisher=Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy |edition=2nd|page=790|date= October 2020 |location=India|language=ur|oclc=1345466013}}</ref><ref name="Mausu'a">{{Cite book |last=Mubarakpuri|first=Arif Jameel|author-link=Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri|title=Mausoo'a Ulama-u- Deoband|trans-title=The Encyclopedia of Deobandi Scholars|date=2021|edition=1st|publisher=Shaikhul Hind Academy|location=Deoband|page=169|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Daryabadi |first=Shamsul Hoda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFJuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B8+%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%22 |title=Hindustānī Nashāt̤-e-Thāniyah mein Qadīm Dihlī Kālij kā Kirdār |date=2005 |publisher=Shahid Publications |page=24 |language=ur |trans-title=The Role of the Old Delhi College in the Indian Renaissance}}</ref>

Rahmani was active in district-level organisational work with bodies such as [[Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind|Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]] and took part in public meetings, conferences and campaigns in the Basti / Siddharthnagar area.<ref name="AllOnline">{{cite web |last=Qasmi |first=Qiyāmuddin |date=19 February 2025 |title=Maulana Abdul Hafeez Nomani aur Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind |url=https://allonlineislam.com/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B8-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930194751/https://allonlineislam.com/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B8-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA/ |archive-date=2025-09-30 |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Online Islam |language=ur}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
Rahmani authored and edited several books and many articles. Selected titles reported in bibliographies and tributes include:<ref name="AllOnline" /><ref name="Mausu'a" /><ref name="Nayab" />
* ''Taurat aur Yahood Apne Āiney Mein''
* ''Bible aur Nabi-i Akhir-uz-Zamān''
* ''Aasar-e-Imam Aʿzam Abū Hanīfah''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alavi |first=Rashid Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GflHDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B8+%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%22&pg=PT283 |title=المتون السبعة في عقائد أهل السنة |date=1 January 2017 |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah |isbn=978-2-7451-8151-0 |location=[[Beirut, Lebanon]] |page=284 |language=ar}}</ref>
* ''Al-Imam Nanotvi ke Mujahidānah Kārnāmey''
* ''Tarikh-e-Qiyam Madaris: Ek Tareekhi Jaiza''
* ''Tasawwuf ki Haqiqat aur us ke Masā'il''
* ''Zikr-e-Ilāhi: Shari'i Haqeeqat''
* ''Ghair-Muqallideen ka Aaina''
* ''Marzā Ghulam Ahmad Qadiyani ke Muraqbat-e-Nubuwwat ke Khud o Khal''
* ''Sawaneh: Hazrat Shah Abdul Halim Junpuri''
* ''Sawneh: Hazrat Maulana Zain-ud-Din Kandhlavi''
* ''Pasandeeda Murshid''
* ''Khādim-e-Millat Hayāt wa Khidmāt''
* ''Sayed Maudūdi: Ek Jami' Ta'āruf''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iqbal |first=Syed Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zSdkAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B8+%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%22 |title=Syed Maudūdi: Ek Jami' Ta'āruf (Book Review)|journal=Urdu Book Review |publisher=Javed Akhtar |language=ur |issue=73–74|pages=33–34|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
* ''Baani-e-Darul Uloom Deoband aur Tarīkhi Haqāiq''<ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/20231213_20231213 |title=Baani-e-Darul Uloom Deoband aur Tarīkhi Haqāiq by Abdul Hafeez Rahmani |year=2007 |language=urdu}}</ref>
* ''Jadīd Fikri Buhrān: Nishāndihī aur Hal''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narang |first=Gopi Chand |author-link=Gopi Chand Narang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XbxVAAAAYAAJ&q=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B8+%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C |title=Vazahatī Kitabiyyat |publisher=Taraqqi-e-Urdu Bureau |year=1980 |location=New Delhi |page=259 |language=ur}}</ref>

==Death==
Rahmani died on 2 August 2016. Regional memorial accounts describe his funeral and burial in his native area.<ref name="AllOnline"/>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahmani, Abdul Hafeez}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:People from Siddharthnagar district]]

Foradian

2025-12-16T14:39:19Z

Serzeqy: creating basic post basic info

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Foradian Technologies
| logo = Foradian-logo.png
| logo_size = 200px
| type = [[Privately held company]]
| foundation = 2009
| location_city = [[Bangalore]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| industry = [[Educational technology]], [[Education]]
| products = Fedena, Uzity,<ref name="Bloomberg.com 2016"/> Fluxday
| homepage =
| founders = Unni Koroth, Arvind G S, Abdulla Hisham, Vishwajith A, Abdul Salam, Arun Raveendran<ref name="TEC 2014">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-30/news/50974362_1_software-products-rs-25-lakh-22-lakh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703034907/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-30/news/50974362_1_software-products-rs-25-lakh-22-lakh|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2014|title=Foradian Technologies: How 6 childhood friends are making big bucks from the educational venture|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|author=Shanbaug, Amit|accessdate=17 August 2016}}</ref>
}}
'''Foradian Technologies''' is a privately held software provider of [[ERP software|ERP Solutions]] for education institutions. Foradian is based in [[Bangalore]] ([[Bengaluru]]), Karnataka, India.<ref name="TEC 2014"/><ref>[http://www.foradian.com/about.php ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726050604/http://www.foradian.com/about.php |date=26 July 2010 }}</ref>

Fedena is an [[open source]] school management software developed by the company, used in over 100 countries.<ref name="Bureau 2014">{{cite web | title=Foradian Tech raises $2-mn funding | website=[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]] | date=30 April 2014 | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/foradian-tech-raises-2mn-funding/article5962695.ece | accessdate=17 August 2016}}</ref> A notable implementation of Fedena is its use in over 15,000 schools in the state of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="timesofindia-economictimes 2012">{{cite web | title=Small town education start-up offers ERP solution to schools across the globe | website=The Economic Times | date=8 May 2012 | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-08/news/31626776_1_erp-solution-schools-education | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016222544/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-08/news/31626776_1_erp-solution-schools-education | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 October 2012 | accessdate=17 August 2016}}</ref> The Education Department of the [[Government of Kerala]] has used Fedena in a state program named [[Sampoorna]] to automate the system and process of over 15,000 schools in the state.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article2378386.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu| title='Sampoorna' to give details of all schools, students | date=21 August 2011}}</ref> Uzity is a [[virtual learning environment]] and [[course management system]] developed by Foradian that assists teachers and students to collaborate and learn the contents of different courses.

Foradian gained media attention for creating a digital font for the [[Indian rupee sign]] and for popularizing the Tintumon character online. The rupee font release was covered by major Indian media outlets.<ref>[http://expressbuzz.com/Cities/Kochi/it%E2%80%99s-time-to-start-kidding!/139237.html Expressbuzz.com]{{dead link|date=August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/now-downloadusenew-rupee-symbol_470695.html |title=Now, download and use the new Rupee symbol |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |accessdate=22 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L9eCLzy6bpo |title=Rupee Symbol As A Font Character |publisher=YouTube |date=18 July 2010 |accessdate=22 October 2011}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref>

==History==
Foradian Technologies was founded in 2009 as a [[web design]] firm by six co-founders from [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]] states in India.<ref name="TEC 2014"/>

==Products==
=== Fedena ===
Fedena is an [[open source]] [[school management software]]<ref name="Bloomberg.com 2016"/> based on [[Ruby on Rails]] framework. It was selected for a presentation at International Rubyconf held at Bangalore in March 2010.<ref>{{cite web|author=Embed Video Subscribe to comments Post Comment |url=http://www.slideshare.net/arvindpotti/ruby-conf-india-project-fedena-why-ro-r-3496151 |title=Ruby Conf India – Project Fedena & Why Ro R |date=21 March 2010 |publisher=Slideshare.net |accessdate=22 October 2011}}</ref> Fedena is also presented in the [[Debconf]] 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://penta.debconf.org/dc10_schedule/events/628.en.html |title=dc10: Pedagogical Freedom |publisher=Penta.debconf.org |accessdate=22 October 2011 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930142923/http://penta.debconf.org/dc10_schedule/events/628.en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{User-generated inline|reason=directory|date=August 2016}} Fedena v3.5 was released on 15 February 2016, and Fedena is available in 22 languages, including English. Foradian Technologies also provide Fedena related services, Fedena – PRO and Fedena Enterprise.

===Uzity===
Uzity serves as a [[virtual learning environment]] and repository for course information ([[course management system]]) within an educational institution. Developed by the same team that developed Fedena, it is a [[collaboration platform]] for students, teachers, administrators and management.{{cn|date=January 2023}}

== Rupee Foradian font ==
As soon as the new [[Indian Rupee sign]] was approved, Foradian technologies published a free digital [[font]] named "Rupee Foradian" on 16 July 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Heres-how-to-download-new-rupee-symbol-for-free/articleshow/6182297.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811091113/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-18/india/28281680_1_rupee-symbol-new-rupee-youtube-video |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Here's how to download new rupee symbol for free |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 July 2010 |access-date=22 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Peter 2010">{{cite web | last=Peter | first=Petlee | title=Press tilde key to type Rupee | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=22 August 2010 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/press-tilde-key-to-type-rupee/article586958.ece | accessdate=17 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Updated Indian Rupee Font for Download | website=PC World India | date=28 July 2010 | url=http://www.pcworld.in/news/updated-indian-rupee-font-for-download | ref={{sfnref | PC World India | 2010}} | accessdate=8 August 2016 | archive-date=25 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825222023/http://www.pcworld.in/news/updated-indian-rupee-font-for-download | url-status=dead }}</ref> The font was created using [[Vector graphics|vector image]] and mapped to the [[grave accent]] key (`) on keyboards. The font gained widespread attention online following its release.<ref name="Peter 2010"/> The [[grave accent]] key of the keyboard was chosen because the grave accent key is often not used by computer users.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/now-download-the-new-rupee-symbol/story-YJs0z6zioKOaZg3OB7plaJ.html |title=Now download the new rupee symbol |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=India |date=19 July 2010 |accessdate=22 October 2011}}</ref> The font received some criticism for the mapping to the grave accent key, and per being released much ahead of its approval for [[unicode]]. The Rupee sign may be made visible on some word-processors also where the font is not installed in the system, by choosing to embed the font in the document in file saving options. However, embedding the Foradian Rupee Font renders the document read-only, i.e., the document cannot be edited on a system where the font is not installed.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

==Recognition==
For the development and support of Fedena, Foradian won the [[TR35|MIT TR35]] 2012 India award for innovation in education domain.<ref>{{cite news| title = MIT Technology Review India announces India TR35 list of young Technology Innovators under 35 for 2012 | author = NS | date = March 22, 2012 | publisher = APN News | url = https://www.apnnews.com/mit-technology-review-india-announces-india-tr35-list-of-young-technology-innovators-under-35-for-2012/}}</ref><ref name="Ltd 2012">{{cite web | last=Ltd | first=Foradian Technologies Pvt | title=Fedena – the Free and Opensource School Management Software From an Indian Startup, Now Powers /PR Newswire UK/ | website=PR Newswire UK | date=18 September 2012 | url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/general-business-latest-news/fedena----the-free-and-opensource-school-management-software-from-an-indian-startup-now-powers-40000-institutions-and-20-million-users-around-the-world-170175756.html | accessdate=17 August 2016}}</ref> Foradian also came fifteenth in the Deloitte Technology Fast50.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/Foradian-Technologies-features-in-top-20-of-Deloitte-Technology-Fast-50-India-2014-awards/articleshow/45112615.cms|title=Foradian Technologies features in top 20 of Deloitte Technology Fast 50 India 2014 awards |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=17 August 2016}}</ref> Foradian received the IT Innovation Award – MSME Category at the Express I.T Awards, 2014.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Express IT Awards: Raising a toast to technovation
| url = https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-express-it-awards-raising-a-toast-to-technovation-19213/
| work = The Financial Express
| publisher = Indian Express Limited
| date = 2014-12-07
| access-date = 2025-07-19
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foradian.com/foradian-technologies-wins-innovation-award-express-t-awards-2014/|title=Innovative Education Technology Company – Foradian|accessdate=17 August 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Bloomberg.com 2016">{{cite web | title=Company Overview of Foradian Technologies Pvt Ltd. | website=Bloomberg | date=17 August 2016 | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/Research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=262838937 | accessdate=17 August 2016}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web | title=Innovator Under 35: India: Unni Koroth, 26 | website=[[MIT Technology Review]] | url=http://www2.technologyreview.com/tr35/profile.aspx?TRID=1248 | accessdate=17 August 2016}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.tintumon.com/about/ |title=SMS Hero of Kerala |publisher=Tintumon |date=30 November 2009 |accessdate=22 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022072327/http://www.tintumon.com/about/ |archivedate=22 October 2011}}
* {{cite web|url=http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=2862755|title=Ruby on Rails to power 13,000 schools with 7million+ students in Kerala, India – Hacker News}}
* {{cite web |url=http://rubyconfindia.org/speakers.html |title=RubyConf India 2010: Get involved |publisher=Rubyconfindia.org |accessdate=22 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901015402/http://rubyconfindia.org/speakers.html |archive-date=1 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}

[[Category:Information technology consulting firms of India]]
[[Category:Software companies of India]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 2009]]
[[Category:Information technology companies of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2009]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Karnataka]]

Atmakur mandal, Nellore district

2025-12-11T16:41:39Z

Serzeqy: added the place basic info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Atmakur mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.6167|N|79.6167|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Atmakur, Nellore district|Atmakur]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 324
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = {{formatnum:150333}}
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =<ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s39c82c7143c102b71c593d98d96093fde/uploads/2019/07/2019072494-1.pdf|publisher=Chief Planning Officer, Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore District|access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 524201
| registration_plate = AP26
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Atmakur mandal''' is one of the 38 [[mandals]] in [[Nellore district]] of the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Its headquarters are located at [[Atmakur, Nellore district|Atmakur]].<ref name=map>{{cite web|title=Chittoor District Mandals |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India|access-date=19 January 2015|pages=452,518–519}}</ref> The mandal is located at [[Atmakur revenue division, Nellore district|Atmakur revenue division]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Mandals in Atmakur district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/chittoor.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|access-date=21 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224033355/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/chittoor.html|archive-date=24 December 2014}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal had a population of 61,217. The total population constitute, 30,790 males and 30,427 females —a sex ratio of 988 females per 1000 males. 5954 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 3026 are boys and 2928 are girls —a ratio of 968 per 1000. The average [[literacy rate]] stands at 69.05% with 38,161 literates.<ref name=":0" />

== Towns and villages ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 16 settlements. It includes 1 town and 15 villages. is the most populated and Anagunta is the least populated villages in the mandal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sub-District Details of Atmakur District |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=19|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref>

The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=25em|

# Gandlavedu
# Botikarlapadu
# Padakandla
# Aravedu
# Karatampadu
# Boyila Chiruvella
# Nabbinagaram
# Pamidipadu
# Nellorepalem
# Chiruvella Khandrika
# Narampeta
# Mahimalur
# Nagulapadu
# Jangalapalle
# Depuru
# Bandarupalle
# Kanupurupalle
# Nuvvurupadu
# Vasili
# Battepadu

}}

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Atmakur mandal
|North = [[Srikalahasti]] mandal [[Kovur, Atmakur|Kovur]] mandal
|Northeast = [[Srikalahasti]] mandal
|East = [[Nellore (urban) mandal]]
|Southeast = [[Yerpedu]] mandal [[Vadamalapeta]]mandal
|South = [[Vadamalapeta]] mandal
|Southwest = [[Nellore (rural) mandal]]
|West = [[Yerpedu]] mandal
|Northwest = [[Nellore district]]
}}

{{Nandyal district}}
[[Category:Mandals in Nellore district]]

List of airports in Mizoram

2025-12-07T21:14:41Z

Serzeqy: created entry

{{Short description|None}}

[[File:Lengpui Airport Building.JPG|thumb|Lengpui Airport, Aizawl]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

The [[India]]n state of [[Mizoram]] currently has only one operational airport, the [[Lengpui Airport]], 30 km from the state capital [[Aizawl]]. The airport is connected to several prominent Indian cities like [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]] and [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]]. An airport was proposed to be built at [[Lunglei]] in the southern part of Mizoram to improve connectivity in the hilly state, with planned site at [[Vuakmual Airport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/aerial-survey-conducted-for-greenfield-airport-at-vuakmual-lunglei-district|title=AERIAL SURVEY CONDUCTED FOR GREENFIELD AIRPORT AT VUAKMUAL, LUNGLEI DISTRICT|date=7 June 2023|website=dipr.mizoram.gov.in|access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/mizoram-plans-to-build-second-airport-in-light-of-upcoming-trade-route/|title=Mizoram plans to build a second airport in light of upcoming trade route|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref> There are several helipads in the state used by regional helicopter companies to facilitate tourists.

==List==
The list includes the airports in [[Mizoram]] with their respective [[ICAO]] and [[IATA]] codes.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Airports in India:|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf|publisher=Airports Authority of India|accessdate=11 September 2022}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+<big>List of airports in Mizoram</big>
|-
! Sl. no.
! Location in Mizoram
! Airport name
! [[ICAO airport code|ICAO]]
! [[IATA airport code|IATA]]
! Operator
! Category
! Role
|-
| 1 ||[[Aizawl]]|| style="background:#FFFFF0;" |[[Lengpui Airport]]|| align="center" |VELP|| align="center" |AJL||[[Airports Authority of India]]||[[Domestic airport|Domestic]]|| Commercial
|-
| 2 ||[[Lunglei]]|| style="background:#FFFFF0;" |[[Vuakmual Airport]]|| align="center" |—|| align="center" |—||[[Government of Mizoram]]||[[Domestic airport|Domestic]] (Proposed)|| Commercial/Military
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Airports in India}}
{{Transport in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Mizoram| ]]
[[Category:Lists of airports in India|Mizoram]]

Don Bosco Church, North Paravur

2025-11-29T08:30:32Z

Serzeqy: Article updated with improved flow

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

[[File:Confirmation ceremony at Don Bosco Church.jpg|thumb|Confirmation ceremony at Don Bosco Church]]

'''Don Bosco Church''' at [[North Paravur]], [[Kerala]], is a church of Paravur Parish under the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] (Latin) Diocese of [[Kottappuram, Kollam|Kottappuram]].

Situated near Perumpadanna Junction at Paravur-Cherai road, this is one of the few churches in [[India]] named after [[John Bosco|Don Bosco]]. The Church is a [[Pilgrimage church|pilgrim site]] due to the many sightings of sacred blood stains on a pedestal bronze oil lamp (Nilavilakku). Thousands of devotees of all religions attend the Novena of The Sacred Heart on Fridays. The blessed oil from the lamp is believed to possess miraculous healing power. [[Thanksgiving]] letters and offerings by the devotees are the testimonials of this Divine Intervention.

==Hosting of relics==

On 30 September 2011, the relic of '''Don Bosco''' which was on a world tour (arranged by Salasian Fathers from [[Italy]]) was received at Don Bosco Church, North Paravur and was venerated by thousands.<ref>[http://dbbanglore.org/]{{dead link|date=August 2024|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

A relic of [[Faustina Kowalska|Saint Faustina]], a Polish nun who was canonized in 2000 was brought to Don Bosco Church on 11 January 2013 by Ms. Joy Hunt and her associate Mr. Ian Gaudery. They were visiting from Australia on a tour to spread devotion to the Divine Mercy ignited by Saint Faustina. The relic was received by Rev. Fr. Jackson and placed at the altar for veneration. Mr. Ian Gaudery gave a speech to the devotees. He said "the Divine Mercy devotion was ignited by Saint Faustina, whose diary is one of the great sources of valuable, mystical and spiritual writings the Catholic Church possesses." They were also accompanied by a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] convert, Maria Tine from Singapore.

==Annual events==

The annual feast of the patron saint is celebrated in the months of January and February. The major festival is the celebration of [[Sacred Heart|Sacred Heart of Jesus]] in the month of June. A Bible Convention is also arranged for spiritual meditation before this celebration. Adoration of the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] is held in November with month-long [[Rosary]] Prayers in every parish houses and family units. A Rosary Procession is taken out through the town to mark the conclusion.

[[File:Relic of Saint Mary Faustina received at Don Bosco Church by Vicar Rev Fr Jackson Valiyaparambil.jpg|thumb|Relic of Saint Mary Faustina received at Don Bosco Church by Vicar Rev Fr Jackson Valiyaparambil]]

The 2012 celebration was inaugurated with flag hoisting by Rt Rev Dr Joseph Karikkassery,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kcbc.co.in/KCBC/DioceseDetails/16 | title=KCBC Site }}</ref> Bishop of Kottappuram Diocese on 15 June. On the day of Celebration on 17 June, around 700 Presidents ("Prasudenti" in local vernacular) took out a procession at 9:30 am followed by Holy Mass consecrated by Rev Fr Fransico Padamadan. The "Word of the Lord" was conveyed by notable biblicist and orator Rev Fr. Nelson Job.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nelsonjob.org/ |title=NelsonJob |date=20 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920194501/http://www.nelsonjob.org/ |archivedate=20 September 2011 }}</ref> Around 12,000 devotees participated in the celebration. There are about 500 families under the church's jurisdiction. Fr. Jackson Valiyaparambil is the vicar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stdonboscochurch.org|title=Donbosco|access-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011204334/http://stdonboscochurch.org/|archive-date=11 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Don Bosco Church, North Paravur}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Churches of Kerala}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Kerala]]
[[Category:Churches in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:North Paravur]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 2012]]

Sacred Heart Boys High School

2025-11-24T03:24:25Z

Serzeqy: updated page

{{Short description|Secondary school in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox school
| schooltype = [[Secondary school]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]
| established = {{start year and age|1939}}
| founder = Father Alvarez
| gender = [[Single-sex education|Boys]]
}}
'''Sacred Heart Boys' High School''' is a government aided high school for boys, affiliated to the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education|Maharashtra Secondary School Certificate (SSC) Board]]. It is located on [[Swami Vivekanand Road (Mumbai)|S. V. Road]] in [[Santa Cruz (Mumbai)|Santa Cruz (West)]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. The school was founded by Father Alvarez in 1939. Students come from all surrounding society, partly encouraged by the low cost education provided by Catholic priests of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Bombay diocese]]. The school gives importance to all religions and customs. Landmarks near the school include the Willingdon Catholic Gymkhana, St. Teresa's Convent High School and [[Ramkrishna Mission]] hospital. Around 2000 students study in this school every year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Sacred-Heart-BMC-seeks-church-land-to-widen-road/articleshow/18841058.cms|title=Sacred Heart BMC seeks church land to widen road|work= [[The Times of India]]|date=7 March 2013| accessdate=7 January 2023}}</ref>[[File:School Shot by Scrizer.jpg|thumb|The school is decorated every December to commemorate Christmas]]The [[Sacred Heart Church, Santacruz|Sacred Heart Church]], a [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] mid-sized Catholic church that caters to parish members of Santacruz (west) is located on same premises as the school. The church is built in the shape of a cross with mezzanine floors in the left and right arms. Stained glass windows adorn the church entrances. Towards the west gate of the campus and close to the church is a grotto frequented by people of all faiths.

==Infrastructure==
The school has two sections:
* Primary Section - Including [[Kindergarten#India|Jr. K.G., Sr. K.G.]] and 1st to 4th Standards
* Secondary section - Standards 5th to 10th.

The E-library can seat up to 65 students and is only open during the E-LIBRARY period.

The school has a Science laboratory accommodating 30 students at a time; The lab is on the second floor along with class rooms and next to the computer lab. Staff rooms are situated on the all floor of the old building and on the first floor of the new building.

The computer lab is situated near the school office. It can accommodate up to 30 students at a time

It has a auditorium. In the main stone structure on the second floor where skits, plays elocution competitions and the likes are staged is referred to as the "School Hall", The auditorium also hosts private wedding receptions, which are a source of revenue for the school.

The school has a approximately 187.5 metre-long playground that is used for football and athletics. There is also a tarmac area in front of the old school building and adjacent to the playground, which, though not meant for basketball, etc. if often used for playing them.

The Parish house (Rectory) and office is situated between the main school building and the new school building. The school does not have a resident doctor or a trained paramedic in the campus but medical facilities are available within 200 meters of the school campus.

The school has an AV room situated on the second floor near the "School Hall". It can situate 70-75 students at a time.

The school launched the Sacred Heart International School, a co-ed school under the Cambridge International Curriculum from the 2016-17 academic year.

==Activities==
The school has a large play ground where it hosts its annual sporting event. Inter division football matches and mass drill are also conducted on the school grounds. The school ground, although not a public playground, is open for school children to play after school hours.

On Wednesdays, the school conducts mass drill for around 2000 students assemble for around half an hour. Every week the school band remove drums from the sports store room and set it up and beat it while the exercises are done. The school also conducts prayers on the stone ground on alternate days of week (except Saturday)
.

==Principals==
* Fr. Alvarez
* Fr. Rodrigues
* Fr. Bento
* Fr. T. Pereira
* Fr. Ferdinand Fonseca - Now Bishop Fredinand Fonseca {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060615071138/http://cbcisite.com/Bombay%20Archdiocese.htm]}}
* Fr. Richard Mathias
* Fr. Herculan Silvera
* Fr. Nereus Rodrigues [http://www.standrewscollege.ac.in/managementprofile.php]
* Fr. Rodney Esperance
* Fr. Tony D'souza
* Fr. Felix Naronha
* Fr. Milton Gonsalves
* Fr. Ivan Mascarenhas
* Fr. Abel Fernandez
* Fr. Thomson Kinny
* Miss. Priscilla Pereira

==Uniforms==
The school uniform is a white, short-sleeved shirt, grey trousers and a maroon tie bearing two stripes that represent the 'house', i.e. red, yellow, blue or green. Class prefects and assistant prefects wear blue ties, without the descriptive colors. Socks are grey and shoes are black.

There is a used uniform bank operated by community groups in the school which collect clothes from students who have outgrown them and give it to poorer students who cannot afford new uniform at the start of the year. Books and shoes are also shared this way.

After the arrival of Fr Thomson Kinney, a new design for the P.T uniform was bought for the kids It is colored according to their house color, with a logo of their school on the left upper chest and black pants. for the secondary section a black pant with strips according to the house color was made.

==Notable alumni==
* [[Sunny Deol]] - Bollywood Actor
* [[Manish Malhotra]] - Fashion designer
* Vice Admiral Abhay Raghunath Karve (Retd) (Former Commander-in-Chief Indian Navy)
* [[Vinod Mehra]] - Bollywood actor
* [[Ravi Chopra]] - [[Bollywood]] Producer and Director
* [[Dinesh Vijan]] - [[Bollywood]] Producer and Director

==In popular media==
Several Bollywood films have been shot on the school campus most notable being;

* Jagruti - 1953 - The football scene in the film was shot on campus.
* [[Coolie (1983 Hindi film)|Coolie]] - 1983.
* [[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]] 1987, depicts [[Anil Kapoor]] receiving his two children featured in the first half. The scene was shot on the school premises during the lunch hour.
* [[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]] 1988 - The start of the library scene was shot in front of the church adjoining the school campus.
* [[Khoon Bhari Maang]] 1988 - where Aarti's ([[Rekha]]'s) son was shown to be studying.
* [[Ishq Vishk]] 2003 - The school premises were used to depict a college.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai topics}}

[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Primary schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1946]]
[[Category:1946 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Andheri]]

Inter-State Women's Competition

2025-11-16T17:04:20Z

Serzeqy: Added the stub v1!

{{about|the first-class inter-state women's cricket competition that took place in 2007–08 and 2008–09|the ongoing inter-state one-day competition|Senior Women's One Day League}}
{{onesource|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = Inter State Women's Competition
| country = India
| image =
| size =
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket|First-class]] (2-day matches)
| first = 2007–08
| last = 2008–09
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and knockouts
| participants = 28
| champions =
| most successful = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] (2 titles)
| TV =
| website =
| current =
}}
The '''Inter State Women's Competition''' was a [[women's cricket]] [[First-class cricket|first-class]] domestic competition organised by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]. The competition took place twice, in 2007–08 and 2008–09, with teams competing in two-day matches across five zonal divisions before a knockout stage. [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] were the most successful team in the competition, winning both tournaments.<ref name="seven">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/6/Inter_State_Womens_Competition_2007-08.html |title=Inter State Women's Competition 2007/08 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="eight">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/11/Inter_State_Womens_Competition_2008-09.html |title=Inter State Women's Competition 2008/09 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>

The tournament ran alongside the [[Senior Women's One Day League]] in 2007–08 and both the One Day League and the [[Senior Women's T20 League]] in 2008–09, before the tournament was discontinued in favour of the other two formats. Women's first-class cricket was revived in India in 2014–15, with the [[Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/IND.html |title=Tournaments in India |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>

==Competition format==
Teams in the Inter State Women's Competition were divided into five zonal groups, playing each other once in a [[round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format. The top two in each group progressed to the knockout stages. The top team from each group, and the best second-placed team, progressed straight to the quarter-finals whilst the other four second-placed teams played-off in the pre-quarter finals.<ref name="seven"/><ref name="eight"/>

Matches were played using a [[First-class cricket|two-day]] format, with the first innings limited to 90 overs per side. 5 points were awarded for a win, and 3 points awarded for a first innings lead in a drawn match. In the knockout stages, if a match was drawn the side that lead on first innings progressed to the next stage.<ref name="sevent">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/6/Inter_State_Womens_Competition_2007-08.html |title=Inter State Women's Competition 2007/08 Table |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="eightt">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/11/Inter_State_Womens_Competition_2008-09.html |title=Inter State Women's Competition 2008/09 Table |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>

==Teams==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Central Zone
|
*[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
*[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
*[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]

|-
! East Zone
|
*[[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
*[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
*[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
*[[Manipur women's cricket team|Manipur]]{{efn|Manipur only competed in the 2008–09 season.}}
*[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
*[[Sikkim women's cricket team|Sikkim]]
*[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]

|-
! North Zone
|
*[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
*[[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]]
*[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
*[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|-
! South Zone
|
*[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
*[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
*[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
*[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
*[[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
*[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]

|-
! West Zone
|
*[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
*[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]]
*[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
*[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
*[[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|}

==Seasons==
===2007–08===
The tournament began in the 2007–08 season, taking place from 10 September to 2 December 2007. [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] were the inaugural winners of the tournament, beating [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] in the final on first innings lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/125/125775.html |title=Maharashtra Women v Railways Women, 1, 2 December 2007 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> The knockout stages were as follows:<ref name="seven"/>

{{#invoke:Team bracket|main|rounds=4|compact=y
| byes=1 | seeds = y | RD1-omit = 3/4
| RD1 = Pre-Quarter-finals
| RD2 = Quarter-finals
| RD3 = Semi-finals
| RD4 = Final
| team-width = 130

| RD1-seed1 = C2
| RD1-team1 = '''[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]'''
| RD1-score1 = '''207/9'''
| RD1-seed2 = S2
| RD1-team2 = [[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| RD1-score2 = 147

| RD1-seed7 = N2
| RD1-team7 = '''[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]'''
| RD1-score7 = '''343/4'''
| RD1-seed8 = E2
| RD1-team8 = [[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
| RD1-score8 = 107

| RD2-seed1 = C2
| RD2-team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| RD2-score1 = {{nowrap|136 & 40/5}}
| RD2-seed2 = W1
| RD2-team2 = '''[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]'''
| RD2-score2 = '''136'''

| RD2-seed3 = N1
| RD2-team3 = '''[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]'''
| RD2-score3 = '''294/9'''
| RD2-seed4 = E1
| RD2-team4 = [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
| RD2-score4 = 277

| RD2-seed5 = C1
| RD2-team5 = '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD2-score5 = '''384/2'''
| RD2-seed6 = N2
| RD2-team6 = [[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| RD2-score6 = 208

| RD2-seed7 = W2
| RD2-team7 = [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
| RD2-score7 = {{nowrap|151 & 45/1}}
| RD2-seed8 = S1
| RD2-team8 = '''[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]'''
| RD2-score8 = '''163/7'''

| RD3-seed1 = N1
| RD3-team1 = [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
| RD3-score1 = 161
| RD3-seed2 = W1
| RD3-team2 = '''[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]'''
| RD3-score2 = '''188/7'''

| RD3-seed3 = C1
| RD3-team3 = '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD3-score3 = '''436/5'''
| RD3-seed4 = S1
| RD3-team4 = [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
| RD3-score4 = {{nowrap|60 & 108/6}}

| RD4-seed1 = W1
| RD4-team1 = [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| RD4-score1 = 234
| RD4-seed2 = C1
| RD4-team2 = '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD4-score2 = '''296/3'''
|}}

===2008–09===
The second edition of the tournament took place from 1 January to 14 February 2009. [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] retained their title, beating [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] in the final on first innings lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/188/188307.html |title=Madhya Pradesh Women v Railways Women, 14, 15 February 2009 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> The knockout stages were as follows:<ref name="eight"/>

{{#invoke:Team bracket|main|rounds=4|compact=y
| byes=1 | seeds = y | RD1-omit = 3/4
| RD1 = Pre-Quarter-finals
| RD2 = Quarter-finals
| RD3 = Semi-finals
| RD4 = Final
| team-width = 130

| RD1-seed1 = N1
| RD1-team1 = '''[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]'''
| RD1-score1 = {{nowrap|'''144 & 78/2'''}}
| RD1-seed2 = W2
| RD1-team2 = [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
| RD1-score2 = 96

| RD1-seed7 = C2
| RD1-team7 = '''[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]'''
| RD1-score7 = {{nowrap|'''217/7[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] & 35'''}}
| RD1-seed8 = N2
| RD1-team8 = [[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| RD1-score8 = 73 & 68

| RD2-seed1 = C1
| RD2-team1 = '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD2-score1 = {{nowrap|'''166 & 58/3'''}}
| RD2-seed2 = N1
| RD2-team2 = [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
| RD2-score2 = 130

| RD2-seed3 = E1
| RD2-team3 = [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
| RD2-score3 = 135
| RD2-seed4 = S2
| RD2-team4 = '''[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]'''
| RD2-score4 = '''136/7'''

| RD2-seed5 = C2
| RD2-team5 = '''[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]'''
| RD2-score5 = '''223'''
| RD2-seed6 = W1
| RD2-team6 = [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| RD2-score6 = 163

| RD2-seed7 = E2
| RD2-team7 = '''[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]'''
| RD2-score7 = {{nowrap|'''142 & 48/3'''}}
| RD2-seed8 = S1
| RD2-team8 = [[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| RD2-score8 = 132

| RD3-seed1 = C1
| RD3-team1 = '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD3-score1 = '''303/8[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]]'''
| RD3-seed2 = S2
| RD3-team2 = [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
| RD3-score2 = 209

| RD3-seed3 = C2
| RD3-team3 = '''[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]'''
| RD3-score3 = {{nowrap|'''128 & 32/1'''}}
| RD3-seed4 = E2
| RD3-team4 = [[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| RD3-score4 = 79

| RD4-seed1 = C2
| RD4-team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| RD4-score1 = 174
| RD4-seed2 = C1
| RD4-team2 = '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD4-score2 = '''189/5'''
|}}

==Tournament results==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Season
! Winner
! Runner up
! Leading run-scorer
! Leading wicket-taker
! Refs
|-
| 2007–08
| [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| [[Mithali Raj]] (Railways) 950
| Swaroopa Kadam (Maharashtra) 34
|<ref name="seven"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/6/Inter_State_Womens_Competition_2007-08/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's Competition 2007/08 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/6/Inter_State_Womens_Competition_2007-08/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's Competition 2007/08 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2008–09
| [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| Arpita Ghosh (Bengal) 486
| [[Reema Malhotra]] (Delhi) 30
|<ref name="eight"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/11/Inter_State_Womens_Competition_2008-09/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's Competition 2008/09 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/11/Inter_State_Womens_Competition_2008-09/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's Competition 2008/09 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cricket in India}}
{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Inter State Women's Competition}}
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2007]]
[[Category:First-class cricket competitions]]
[[Category:Indian domestic cricket competitions]]

T. M. Thomas Isaac

2025-10-30T13:22:39Z

Serzeqy:

{{short description|Indian politician and economist}}
{{Indian patronymic|Thomas Isaac or Isaac|Travancore Mathew}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. M. Thomas Isaac
| honorific_suffix =
| image = T. M. Thomas Isaac.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| office = [[Department of Finance (Kerala)|Minister for Finance]], [[Government of Kerala]]
| term_start = 25 May 2016
| term_end = 3 May 2021
| predecessor = [[K. M. Mani]]{{efn|For Finance}}
| successor = [[K. N. Balagopal]]
| term_start1 = 18 May 2006
| term_end1 = 16 May 2011
| predecessor1 = [[K. Sankaranarayanan]]
| successor1 = [[K. M. Mani]]
| office2 = [[First Vijayan ministry|Minister for Coir]], [[Government of Kerala]]
| term_start2 = 25 May 2016
| term_end2 = 3 May 2021
| predecessor2 = [[Adoor Prakash]]
| successor2 = [[P. Rajeeve]]
| office3 = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 23 May 2011
| term_end3 = 3 May 2021
| constituency3 = [[Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Alappuzha]]
| predecessor3 = A. A. Shukoor
| successor3 = [[P. P. Chitharanjan]]
| term_start4 = 16 May 2001
| term_end4 = 2011
| constituency4 = Mararikulam
| predecessor4 = PJ Francis
| successor4 = ''Constituency abolished''
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|26 September 1952}}
| birth_place = [[Kodungallur]], [[Travancore–Cochin]], India{{efn|Present-day: [[Kottappuram, Thrissur|Kottappuram]], Kodungallur, [[Kerala]], India}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| otherparty =
| spouse = Nata Duvvury ({{abbr|div.|Divorced}} 1996)
| partner =
| children = 2
| parents =
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[University of Kerala]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]])}}
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] {{small|([[Master of Philosophy|MPhil]])}}
* {{nowrap|[[Centre for Development Studies]] {{small|([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}}}}
}}
| occupation = Economist, Politician
| known_for =
| cabinet =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| website = {{URL|thomasisaac.in}}
}}

'''Travancore Mathew Thomas Isaac''' (born 26 September 1952) is an Indian author and economist who was the [[Department of Finance (Kerala)|Minister for Finance and Coir]] of the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. A central committee member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], he has authored a number of articles on economics, planning and politics, has published in leading regional, national and international periodicals, presented lectures and papers in National and International Conferences and seminars. Isaac is the author of more than 50 books, both in Malayalam and English.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-10-31 |title=Thomas Isaac {{!}} Foundation of The Billion Press |url=https://www.thebillionpress.org/people/thomas-isaac |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=The Billion Press |language=en}}</ref>

He represented the [[Mararikulam Assembly constituency|Mararikkulam]] (2001 - 2011) and [[Alappuzha Assembly constituency|Alappuzha]] (2011 - 2021). During his tenure as a member of the [[Kerala State Planning Board]], he was in charge of the [[Peoples Planning in Kerala]]. He also served as the Finance Minister of Kerala from 2006 to 2011 and 2016 to 2021.<ref name=":0" /> He was [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]] Candidate in [[Pathanamthitta Lok Sabha constituency|Pathanamthitta Lok Sabha Constituency]] at [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]].

==Biography==
The son of T. P. Mathew and Saramma Mathew, Isaac obtained a PhD from the [[Centre for Development Studies]].<ref>CDS Doctoral Studies 1975-2012. http://cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Thesis-List_-Jan2013.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713050659/http://cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Thesis-List_-Jan2013.pdf |date=13 July 2019 }}</ref> His PhD thesis is titled ''Class Struggle and Industrial Structure: A Study of Coir Weaving Industry in Kerala 1859 - 1980''.<ref>CDS Doctoral Studies 1975-2012. http://cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Thesis-List_-Jan2013.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713050659/http://cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Thesis-List_-Jan2013.pdf |date=13 July 2019 }}</ref> While a student, he became involved in student politics, being involved with the [[Students Federation of India]] (SFI), an organisation which is politically linked with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He has held posts in the SFI at college, district and state level.<ref name=":0" />

Isaac was a professor at the Centre for Development Studies, [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and has published a number of articles and books.<ref>Isaac, T.M. Thomas. "Curriculum Vitae". ''Centro de Estudos Sociais''. Retrieved 15 March 2009. http://www.ces.fe.uc.pt/emancipa/cv/gen/isaac.html</ref>

Isaac is divorced from his wife Nata Duvvury<ref>{{Cite web |last=James |first=Anu |date=2016-08-10 |title=Kerala Finance Minister Thomas Isaac's daughter Sarah to get married in New York |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-finance-minister-thomas-isaacs-daughter-sarah-get-married-new-york-689479 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref> who is currently a senior lecturer at [[University of Galway]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Political Science & Sociology - University of Galway |url=http://www.nuigalway.ie/our-research/people/political-science-and-sociology/nataduvvury/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=www.nuigalway.ie |language=en}}</ref> They have two daughters: Sara Duvisac, and Dora Duvisac.<ref>Shri. Dr. T. M. Thomas Isaac. Retrieved 05 March 2017. https://kerala.gov.in/dr-t-m-thomas-isaac {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026174533/https://kerala.gov.in/dr-t-m-thomas-isaac |date=26 October 2020 }}</ref>

==Works==
===English===
# ''Science for Social Revolution: The Experience of Kerala Shastra Sahithya Parishad'' With B. Ekbal (1989)
# ''Democracy at work in an Indian industrial cooperative: the story of Kerala Dinesh Beedi'' With Richard W. Franke and Pyaralal Raghavan. Ithaca: [[Cornell University Press]]. 1998
# ''Kalliasseri experiment in local level planning'' With P. V. Unnikrishnan, T. Gangadharan, Sreekumar Chathopadhya, Lalitha Bhai Sathyan, and Ajay Kumar Varma. Trivandrum: Centre for Development Studies. Monograph Series: Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development.1995
# ''Modernisation and employment: the coir industry in Kerala''. With R. A. Van Stuijvenberg and K. N. Nair. Indo-Dutch Studies on Development Alternatives 10. New Delhi: [[SAGE Publications]]. 1992
#''Local Democracy and Development: People's campaign for decentralised planning in Kerala'' with Richard W. Franke. New Delhi: [[LeftWord Books]]. 2000
#''Building Alternatives: The Story of India's Oldest Construction Workers' Cooperative'' with Michelle Williams. New Delhi: [[LeftWord Books]]. 2017.

===Malayalam===
# ''The Withering Coconut'' (1985)
# ''Political Economy of Poverty'' (1985)
# ''Economics Crisis in the Capitalist World'' (1987)
# ''ABC of Political Economy'' (1987)
# ''The World Bank and IMF'' (1988)
# ''Kerala: Land and Man'' (1988) [Won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Scholarly Literature]] in 1989<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Scholarly Literature |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/others_contd.htm |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |access-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420032418/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/others_contd.htm |archive-date=20 April 2019 |language=ml}}</ref>]
# ''Political Economy of Surrender'' (1992)
# ''Peoples Planning: Theory and Practice'' (1998)
# ''Peoples Planning: Questions and Answers'' (1998)
# ''Construction of False Consent : Critique of Malayalam Media 2000 - 2010'' (with N. P. Chandrasekharan)

==References==
'''Citations'''
{{reflist|30em}}
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}

{{commons category|Thomas Isaac}}

{{Pinarayi Vijayan Cabinet 2016}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Isaac, T.M. Thomas}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Marxian economists]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Kerala]]